title: Jiraiya (Naruto)

text: In Part II, Jiraiya returns to inform Kakashi Hatake and Yamato about the threat Naruto can become under the Nine-Tails's influence by telling them of his near-death experiences when the youth used only a fraction of Kurama's power. To keep Naruto from participating in Team 7's new Sasuke-related mission, Jiraiya offers to train him again and takes Naruto to Yugakure, the Village Hidden in Boiling Water. After entrusting Naruto with the key to Kurama's seal, Jiraiya begins investigating the Akatsuki's leader, Pain. His investigation leads him to battle Pain, whom he recognizes to be Nagato using the corpses of Yahiko and five other ninja he met in his journey. At the battle's conclusion, while reflecting on his life, Jiraiya realizes that Naruto is the boy foretold in the prophecy. Due to this, remembering it was his first novel that inspired Minato to name his son after the book's protagonist, Jiraiya musters the strength to send a message able Nagato's Paths of Pain, along with a disabled Animal Path, to Naruto and the rest of Konohagakure to give them an edge. While Pain kills Jiraiya, he concludes that Naruto will be a hero.


title: Jiraiya (Naruto)

text: Jiraiya makes an appearance in two "Naruto" films, "" (2008) and "" (2009). He is a playable character in most "Naruto" video games, including the , the , and the "Path of the Ninja" series. In the first "Ultimate Ninja" game (2003), he only appears as a support to Naruto during his special techniques. In the "Path of the Ninja" RPG series, he is a character who can be spoken to for information and support. In "Ultimate Ninja 2" (2004), he is an available character and has been given variations of the Rasengan, fire techniques, and toads summoning techniques. In "Path of the Ninja 2" (2006), he is not only a character in the storyline, but a "secret" acquirable character that can be added to the team as a fully active member.


title: Jiraiya (Naruto)

text: Jiraiya has appeared in several of the main Shōnen Jump popularity polls. In the second and third, he ranked in the top ten. In the fourth poll, he ranked 11th. In the last poll conducted in 2011, Jiraiya was placed 16th. Merchandise based on Jiraiya has also been released, including action figures, key chains, and headbands similar to his. Naruto's Japanese voice actress, Junko Takeuchi, was reminded of Jiraiya's close relationship with Naruto when reading the script of "The Last: Naruto the Movie".


title: Jiraiya (Naruto)

text: Several manga, anime, and video game reviewers have praised the character of Jiraiya. Davey Jones of "ActiveAnime" regarded Jiraiya's training with Naruto as good comic relief and stated that the two characters are similar. "AnimeonDVD"s Justin Rich praised Jiraiya's introduction in the series, describing him as a funny character. Jason Van Horn of "IGN" commented on Jiraiya's relationship with Naruto, writing that "they share so much in common". Matt Shingleton of "DVDTimes" viewed Jiraiya as "the greatest character Masashi Kishimoto [had] ever created in this series" and further said that "besides the fact he fills the comical pervert archetype [he is] one of the strongest characters in the series and just about everything about him is rough and unpredictable". Jason Thompson praised the character's Sage Mode, commenting that it would make a good cosplay. He also expressed shock at the character's death while fighting Pain, considering him a sympathetic person. Luke Carroll of "Anime News Network" enjoyed David Lodge's role as Jiraiya's English voice actor. Hiroshi Matsuyama found that Jiraiya's death had a major impact in his work as a game designer in the "Naruto" games due to his previous works from ".hack" never actually had a death in the narrative with the exception being Harold who is already dead during the ".hack" series.


title: Jiraiya (Naruto)

text: In 2010, Shueisha published the first novel Jiraiya wrote, which was inspired by his student Nagato and prompted Minato and Kushina Uzumaki to name their son after its protagonist. The novel is titled and follows the fictional character Naruto Musasabi. Naruto tries to track down his former comrade, Renge Momoashi, and unravel a mysterious conspiracy involving the destruction of a nearby village. In 2015, Shueisha released Jiraiya's second novel, , which presents a battle between two fighters who appear to be related.


title: ASUN Conference

text: The ASUN Conference, formerly the Atlantic Sun Conference, is a collegiate athletic conference operating mostly in the Southeastern United States. The league participates at the NCAA Division I level, and began sponsoring football at the Division I FCS level in 2022. Originally established as the Trans America Athletic Conference (TAAC) in 1978, it was renamed as the Atlantic Sun Conference in 2001, and then rebranded as the ASUN Conference in 2016. The conference headquarters are located in Atlanta.


title: ASUN Conference

text: The conference was first formed on September 19, 1978 as the Trans America Athletic Conference, at the Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport Marina Hotel. Its charter members were Oklahoma City University, Pan American University (later renamed University of Texas-Pan American), Northeast Louisiana University (now known as the University of Louisiana at Monroe), Houston Baptist University, Hardin-Simmons University, Centenary College of Louisiana, Samford University, and Mercer University, all of whom were previously D-I independents. Of the eight charter members listed, none remain in the conference today.


title: ASUN Conference

text: Almost immediately after its formation, the conference experienced a shake-up in its membership. Oklahoma City departed to become a charter member of the Midwestern City Conference (known today as the Horizon League), while UTPA returned to D-I independent status— both had only played a single season in the infant league. The TAAC was quick to replace the outgoing members with Northwestern State University and the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, along with Georgia Southern University in 1980, but this instability would prove to be a trend through the coming years— over the next 20 years, the conference would accept 16 new members, with many of these leaving after only playing a handful of seasons. 1982 saw the departure of another charter member, Northeast Louisiana, to the Southland Conference. Additionally, it saw the arrival of Nicholls State University, who was originally planned to join the TAAC as a full member. However, due to an oversight by the NCAA, adding in a new program who had not competed in Division I for at least 5 years would result in the offending conference forfeiting their automatic bid to the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. To get around this, the TAAC announced that Nicholls State would compete as a provisional member, ineligible for the men's basketball tournament until it completed its D-I transition in 1985. However, it, aloing with Northwestern State, left the conference in 1984 to join the Gulf Star Conference instead.


title: ASUN Conference

text: The remainder of the 1980s saw mostly growth for the conference, adding Georgia State University in 1983, Stetson University in 1985, and the University of Texas at San Antonio in 1986. However, near the end of the decade, the conference was hit with 5 departures over 4 consecutive years, beginning with Houston Baptist transitioning to the NAIA in 1989. This was followed by Hardin-Simmons dropping to NCAA Division III in 1990, UTSA and Arkansas-Little Rock leaving for the Southland and Sun Belt conferences in 1991, respectively, and Georgia Southern leaving for the Southern Conference in 1992. In the midst of this, the conference began to relentlessly pursue expansion throughout the 90s to offset these losses, adding Florida International University in 1990, Southeastern Louisiana University and the College of Charleston in 1991, the University of Central Florida in 1992, Florida Atlantic University in 1993, Campbell University in 1994, Jacksonville State University in 1995, Troy State University in 1997, and Jacksonville University in 1998. Of these 9 schools, though, only 2 ended up staying with the conference for longer than 15 years.


title: ASUN Conference

text: The turn of the millennium saw another charter member in Centenary depart in 1999 for the Mid-Continent Conference (now the Summit League); the league was able to offset this with the addition of Belmont University in 2001. Around this same time, the conference sought to rebrand itself, changing its name from the Trans America Athletic Conference to the Atlantic Sun Conference. The newly rebranded A-Sun continued to expand into the 2000s, adding Gardner-Webb University in 2002, Lipscomb University in 2003, East Tennessee State University, Kennesaw State University, and the University of North Florida in 2005, and Florida Gulf Coast University & the University of South Carolina Upstate in 2007. It also lost its fair share of members as well— largely some of the aforementioned members that had been added during the 90s, such as FIU, Florida Atlantic, and Troy to the Sun Belt, Georgia State to the Colonial Athletic Association, and UCF to Conference USA, but it also saw the departure of Samford to the Ohio Valley Conference, leaving Mercer as the only remaining charter member.


title: ASUN Conference

text: The start of the 2010s gave the A-Sun a bit of a reprieve from conference realignment, losing only Campbell and Belmont in 2011 and 2012 to the Big South and OVC, respectively, and only adding recent D-I upgrader Northern Kentucky University in 2012. 2014 saw the departure of its final charter member, Mercer, to the Southern Conference in 2014; however, the Bears continued to compete in the ASUN as an affiliate for beach volleyball, and added men's lacrosse to its ASUN membership in 2022. The A-Sun continued to expand and contract slowly through the mid 2010s, losing only Northern Kentucky and East Tennessee State (along with Mercer), and only adding the New Jersey Institute of Technology in 2015.


title: ASUN Conference

text: This slow pace didn't stay for long, however. The second half of the decade saw the conference rebranding a second time, to simply the ASUN Conference Two years later, the University of North Alabama arrived from the Division II Gulf South Conference, and Liberty University left the Big South for the ASUN. More recently, Bellarmine University joined from the Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference and NJIT left for the America East Conference in 2020–21.


title: ASUN Conference

text: However, arguably its biggest move in recent years was the announcement that the conference would be adding the University of Central Arkansas, Eastern Kentucky University, and former member Jacksonville State University, as incoming members on January 29, 2021, with the intent of sponsoring football in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) in 2022. However, with these three schools joining in 2021, the league partnered with another conference beginning to sponsor football also in 2022, the Western Athletic Conference (WAC), to allow the three teams to join the WAC as football affiliates for 2021, branding it interchangeably as the "ASUN–WAC Challenge" and "WAC–ASUN Challenge"; the two leagues will receive a combined bid to the FCS playoffs.


title: ASUN Conference

text: As soon as it was announced, however, the football league was thrown into jeopardy, as Jacksonville State announced it would be leaving once again in 2023 for Conference USA, an FBS conference. Liberty was also invited to C-USA for 2023, but had already competed as an FBS independent for some time and was not included in the ASUN's new football league. With the WAC also losing Sam Houston, another football-sponsoring school, to C-USA, the two conferences announced they would be renewing their alliance for the 2022 season. On September 17, 2021, the ASUN announced Austin Peay State University, a football-sponsoring school, as a new member for the 2022–23 season. In May 2022, local media in Charlotte, North Carolina, also reported that Queens University of Charlotte would start a transition from the Division II South Atlantic Conference as a new ASUN member, also effective on July 1 of that year. The ASUN officially announced this move on May 10.


title: ASUN Conference

text: The ASUN also expanded its associate membership in the 2020s. The conference started the decade with five associate members—Coastal Carolina in both beach volleyball and women's lacrosse, Mercer in beach volleyball only, and Akron, Kent State, and Howard in women's lacrosse. All of the women's lacrosse associates left by the 2021–22 school year. Akron and Kent State left after the 2020 season when their full-time home of the Mid-American Conference began sponsoring the sport. Coastal Carolina also left after the 2020 season for the SoCon. Howard moved several sports not sponsored by its full-time home of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference to the Northeast Conference, with women's lacrosse moving after the 2021 season. Coastal Carolina moved beach volleyball to C-USA after the 2020–21 school year.


title: ASUN Conference

text: However, the 2021–22 school year saw the arrival of eight new associates, as well as the return of former women's lacrosse associates Coastal Carolina and Delaware State for that sport. ASUN beach volleyball added Charleston, Stephen F. Austin, and UNC Wilmington. The largest change in associate membership involved the relaunch of ASUN men's lacrosse. Full member Bellarmine was joined by five new associates—Air Force, Cleveland State, Detroit Mercy, Robert Morris, and Utah.


title: ASUN Conference

text: For 2022–23, Mercer added men's lacrosse to its ASUN membership after the SoCon shut down its men's lacrosse league, and new D-I member Lindenwood became an associate in both men's and women's lacrosse.


title: ASUN Conference

text: On October 14, 2022, Conference USA and Kennesaw State jointly announced that KSU would start a transition to FBS after the 2022 football season and join C-USA in 2024.


title: ASUN Conference

text: ESPN reported on December 9, 2022 that the ASUN and WAC had agreed to form a new football-only conference that plans to start play in 2024. The initial membership would consist of Austin Peay, Central Arkansas, Eastern Kentucky, and North Alabama from the ASUN, and Abilene Christian, Southern Utah, Stephen F. Austin, Tarleton, and Utah Tech from the WAC. UTRGV would become the 10th member upon its planned addition of football in 2025. The new football conference also reportedly plans to move "from what is currently known as FCS football to what is currently known as FBS football at the earliest practicable date."


title: ASUN Conference

text: School names and nicknames listed here reflect those used during the schools' time in the TAAC/ASUN. One school has changed both its name and nickname, and three others have changed only their nicknames:


title: ASUN Conference

text: As of the 2022–23 school year, the ASUN sponsors championship competition in 10 men's and 11 women's NCAA sanctioned sports.


title: ASUN Conference

text: In 2008, the ASUN, in an agreement with the Southern Conference (SoCon), Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC), and Big South Conference, formed the Coastal Collegiate Swimming Association (CCSA) for schools sponsoring men's and women's swimming and diving within the associated conferences. For the past several years, the ASUN's Commissioner has served as the president of what was initially a swimming & diving-only conference. In 2014 the CCSA expanded to include several other schools from other conferences, and the following year the conference added beach volleyball (women-only at the NCAA level) as a sponsored sport, changing its name to the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association. Currently the conference has 17 member schools, with five men's swimming and diving teams, nine women's swimming & diving teams, and six beach volleyball teams.


title: ASUN Conference

text: A more recent change to the roster of ASUN sports took place after the 2013–14 school year. Under a cooperative agreement between the ASUN and SoCon, the two leagues agreed to split lacrosse sponsorship. The SoCon took over the ASUN men's lacrosse league, while women's lacrosse sponsorship remained with the ASUN. The full alliance in women's lacrosse amicably ended after the 2017 season, with the SoCon sponsoring that sport from the 2018 season forward, but the two leagues continued in a cross-scheduling agreement until the SoCon dropped women's lacrosse after the 2021 season.


title: ASUN Conference

text: Still more recently, on September 13, 2016, the ASUN and Big South announced a football partnership that allows any ASUN members with scholarship football programs to become Big South football members, provided they are located within the general geographic footprint of the two conferences. At the time of announcement, the only ASUN member with a scholarship football program, Kennesaw State, was already a Big South football member. Should any ASUN member add scholarship football, or any non-scholarship football program of an ASUN school (at the time of announcement, Jacksonville and Stetson) upgrade to scholarship football, that team will automatically join Big South football. North Alabama joined Big South football under the terms of this agreement; although the school's home state of Alabama had no schools in either conference at the time it was announced as a future ASUN member, three of its neighboring states were home to six of the ASUN's eight members at that time.


title: ASUN Conference

text: When the ASUN announced the July 2021 entry of Central Arkansas, Eastern Kentucky, and Jacksonville State, it also stated that it would launch a scholarship FCS football league, but did not specify when football competition will begin. No current member is required to add football or change its current football standing. At a press conference on February 23, 2021, the ASUN announced that it had entered into a separate football partnership with the Western Athletic Conference (WAC), which had previously announced the relaunch of its football league at the FCS level in fall 2021 with the arrival of four new FCS member schools. The three incoming ASUN members joined the four incoming WAC members in a round-robin schedule branded as the "ASUN–WAC Challenge". Both conferences proposed an amendment to NCAA bylaws that would allow the alliance to receive an automatic bid to the FCS playoffs. The alliance had seven members, one more than the six normally required for an automatic bid, but were not in the same league for an adequate period to meet the current NCAA "continuity" requirement. The two leagues' proposal was successful, resulting in an automatic qualifier from the seven-team Challenge, colloquially dubbed "AQ7". With the 2022 arrival of Austin Peay providing the ASUN its sixth scholarship FCS program, the ASUN will start its football league in the 2022 season. However, because the ASUN and WAC were each left with only five playoff-eligible football members for 2022 after Jacksonville State (ASUN) and Sam Houston (WAC) started FBS transitions in that season, both leagues renewed their football partnership for 2022.


title: ASUN Conference

text: Shortly after the addition of football was announced, the ASUN announced that it would reinstate men's lacrosse in the 2022 season, with the lacrosse partnership with the SoCon retained for the time being. The two full ASUN members with men's lacrosse programs, Bellarmine and Jacksonville, separated for that sport, with Bellarmine joining the new ASUN lacrosse league and Jacksonville remaining in SoCon men's lacrosse. Air Force moved from SoCon men's lacrosse; men's lacrosse independent Utah joined; and all three Horizon League members with men's lacrosse programs also joined, with Detroit Mercy moving from the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference and Cleveland State and Robert Morris moving from independent status. The SoCon maintained its automatic NCAA tournament berth by adding another lacrosse independent, Hampton. The ASUN men's lacrosse league was initially to be administered through the CCSA while operating under the ASUN name as part of the ASUN's intended plan to split into two conferences. This arrangement was scrapped along with the planned conference split once NJIT left for the America East; the men's lacrosse league is now directly administered by the ASUN.


title: ASUN Conference

text: The ASUN added two new beach volleyball members, Charleston and UNCW, in July 2021. At the same time, Coastal Carolina left ASUN beach volleyball for the newly formed Conference USA beach volleyball league. With the demise of SoCon women's lacrosse after the 2021 season, Coastal Carolina and Delaware State returned to the ASUN in that sport after respectively spending one and four seasons in the SoCon.


title: ASUN Conference

text: The SoCon dropped men's lacrosse after the 2022 season due to further conference realignment. Jacksonville returned men's lacrosse to the ASUN, and full SoCon member Mercer added men's lacrosse to its existing ASUN affiliate membership in beach volleyball. Lindenwood, which started a transition from D-II to D-I in 2022 as a new member of the Ohio Valley Conference, became an affiliate in both men's and women's lacrosse (neither of which is sponsored by the OVC).


title: ASUN Conference

text: The Jesse C. Fletcher and Sherman Day Trophies are awarded each year to the top men's and women's program in the conference. The Bill Bibb Trophy, combining the men's and women's results for the best overall program, was first awarded in 2006–07. East Tennessee State won this overall trophy seven of the nine years it has been awarded; Florida Gulf Coast won in 2012–13, 2014–15 and 2015-16.


title: ASUN Conference

text: "This is a partial list of the last 10 champions. For the full history, see ASUN men's basketball tournament."


title: ASUN Conference

text: "This is a partial list of the last 10 champions. For the full history, see ASUN women's basketball tournament."


title: 2024 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The 2024 UEFA Champions League Final will be the final match of the 2023–24 UEFA Champions League, the 69th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 32nd season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. It will be played at Wembley Stadium in London, England, on 1 June 2024. Due to the postponement and relocation of the 2020 final, the final hosts were shifted back a year, with London instead hosting the 2024 final.


title: 2024 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The winners will earn the right to play against the winners of the 2023–24 UEFA Europa League in the 2024 UEFA Super Cup.


title: 2024 UEFA Champions League Final

text: This will be the third UEFA Champions League final to take place at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium, having previously been held in 2011 and 2013. Overall, it is the eighth final to be held in London, with the other five matches taking place at the original Wembley Stadium in 1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, and 1992. The match will be the ninth European Cup final held in England, with the 2003 final having been held at Old Trafford in Manchester, equalling the record of nine European Cup finals held in Italy, Germany and Spain. It is also the thirteenth held in the United Kingdom, with the 1960, 1976 and 2002 finals held in Scotland and the 2017 final held in Wales. Wembley Stadium was also a host venue at UEFA Euro 2020, with eight matches played at the stadium including the semi-finals and final.


title: 2024 UEFA Champions League Final

text: An open bidding process was launched on 22 February 2019 by UEFA to select the 2022 and 2023 UEFA Champions League final venues. Associations had until 22 March 2019 to express interest, and bid dossiers had to be submitted by 1 July 2019.


title: 2024 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The Football Association was reported to have bid with Wembley Stadium in London to host the 2023 final, in order to mark the centenary of the opening of the original stadium in 1923. Wembley Stadium was selected by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting in Ljubljana, Slovenia on 24 September 2019, where the hosts for the 2021 and 2022 UEFA Champions League finals were also appointed.


title: 2024 UEFA Champions League Final

text: On 17 June 2020, the UEFA Executive Committee announced that due to the postponement and relocation of the 2020 final, London would instead host the 2024 final.


title: 2024 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The "home" team (for administrative purposes) will be determined by an additional draw held after the quarter-final and semi-final draws.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (also known as α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, α-PVP, O-2387, β-keto-prolintane, prolintanone, or desmethylpyrovalerone) is a synthetic stimulant of the cathinone class developed in the 1960s that has been sold as a designer drug. Colloquially, it is sometimes called flakka. α-PVP is chemically related to pyrovalerone and is the ketone analog of prolintane.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-PVP, like other psychostimulants, can cause hyperstimulation, paranoia, and hallucinations. α-PVP has been reported to be the cause, or a significant contributory cause of death in suicides and overdoses caused by combinations of drugs. α-PVP has also been linked to at least one death with pulmonary edema and moderately advanced atherosclerotic coronary disease when it was combined with pentedrone.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: According to Craig Crespi in the journal "Case Reports in Psychiatry", "symptoms are known to easily escalate into frightening delusions, paranoid psychosis, extreme agitation, and a multitude of other altered mental states." Common adverse effects of α-PVP are in line with other psychostimulants, and include:


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: In addition, agitated delirium may occur as an adverse effect of α-PVP, which carries its own set of symptoms, including anxiety, agitation, violent outbursts, confusion, myoclonus and convulsions, with clinical symptoms including tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, mydriasis and hyperthermia.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-PVP acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor with IC values of 14.2 and 12.8 nM, respectively, similar to its methylenedioxy derivative MDPV. Similar to other cathinones, α-PVP has been shown to have reinforcing effects in rats.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-PVP gives no reaction with the Marquis reagent. It gives a grey/black reaction with the Mecke reagent.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-PVP may be quantified in blood, plasma or urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma α-PVP concentrations are expected to be in a range of 10–50 μg/L in persons using the drug recreationally, >100 μg/L in intoxicated patients and >300 μg/L in victims of acute overdosage.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-PVP is banned in Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden, United Kingdom, Turkey, Norway, as well as the Czech Republic.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-PVP is a Schedule 9 prohibited substance under the Poisons Standard (July 2016). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities. The drug was explicitly made illegal in New South Wales after it was illegally marketed with the imprimatur of erroneous legal advice that it was not encompassed by analog provisions of the relevant act. It is encompassed by those provisions, and therefore has been illegal for many years in New South Wales. The legislative action followed the death of two individuals from using it; one jumping off a balcony, another having a heart attack after a state of delirium.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-PVP was required to be banned by EU member states by 3 July 2017 and appears in Schedule II of the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: Cathinone and all structurally derived analogues (including pyrovalerone analogues) were classified as narcotics in January 2012.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-PVP is a Schedule I drug in New Mexico, Delaware, Florida, Oklahoma, and Virginia. On 28 January 2014, the DEA listed it, along with nine other synthetic cathinones, on the Schedule 1 with a temporary ban, effective February 27, 2014. The temporary ban was then extended.


title: Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

text: α-PVP is sometimes the active ingredient in recreational drugs sold as "bath salts". It may also be distinguished from "bath salts" and sold under a different name: "flakka", a name used in Florida, or "gravel" in other parts of the U.S. It is reportedly available as cheaply as US$5 per dose. A laboratory for one county in Florida reported a steady rise in α-PVP detections in seized drugs from none in January–February 2014 to 84 in September 2014.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: The Saar Protectorate ( ; ) officially Saarland () was a French protectorate located in an area of Allied-occupied Germany controlled by a French military government before becoming a state of West Germany; although it was separated from Germany, Saarland was not recognized by other three Allies and later both Germanies as well as not fully incorporated into France and Saarland was also not a country. On becoming a state of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1957, it became the smallest "federal state" (), the Saarland, not counting the "city states" () of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen. It is named after the Saar River.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: The region around the Saar River and its tributary valleys is a geographically folded, mineral-rich, ethnically German, economically important, heavily industrialized area. It has well-developed transportation infrastructure, and was one of the centres of the Industrial Revolution in Germany. Around 1900, the region formed the third-largest area of coal, iron, and steel industry in Germany (after the Ruhr Area and the Upper Silesian Coal Basin). From 1920 to 1935, as a result of World War I, the region was under the control of the League of Nations as the Territory of the Saar Basin.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: Geographically, the post-World War II protectorate corresponded to the current German state of Saarland (established after its incorporation into West Germany as a state on 1 January 1957). A policy of industrial disarmament and dispersal of industrial workers was officially pursued by the Allies after the war until 1951 and the region was made a protectorate under French control in 1946, in 1947 Saarland promulgated a separate constitution. Cold War pressures for a stronger Germany allowed renewed industrialization, and the French returned control of the region to the government of West Germany as its state.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: The region had been previously annexed by France (, 1685) and occupied during the Revolution (1790–1798) and the Napoleonic Wars, when it had been included in the First French Empire as the Sarre department between 1798 and 1814.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: Under the Treaty of Versailles, the Saar was initially occupied by combat units from the United Kingdom and France. In 1920, Britain and France established a nominally independent occupation government for the League of Nations mandate of the Saar: the greater part of the area under its control was carved out of the Prussian Rhine Province and was supplemented by two Bavarian districts (Homburg and St. Ingbert) taken from the Rhenish Palatinate. This was sanctioned by a 15-year League of Nations mandate which stationed League of Nations troops from Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom in the Saar until 1935. The Saar's coal industry, the dominant industry in the region at the time, was nationalized and directly administered by France, in compensation for the destruction of French mines by the retreating Germans in 1918.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: On 13 January 1935, a plebiscite held in the territory at the end of the 15-year term, resulted in 90.7% of voters casting their ballot in favour of a return to Germany, and 0.4% voting for union with France. Others (8.9%) favoured the third option of a continued British–French occupation government. After political agitation and manoeuvring by Chancellor Adolf Hitler for the re-union of the Saarland with the German Reich () it was reincorporated in 1935. Its area was not redivided among the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Palatinate, but united with the latter as the Gau of Saar-Palatinate (). In 1942 it was renamed (Western March), as it was planned to be expanded to incorporate parts of German-occupied French Lorraine which, however, did not materialise.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: In July 1945, two months after World War II had ended in Europe, the Allied forces were redeploying from the areas they had conquered into their respective zones of occupation. On 10 July 1945, US forces left the Saar and French troops established their occupational administration. On 16 February 1946, France disentangled the Saar from the Allied zones of occupation and established the separate Saar Protectorate, which was no longer under the joint Allied jurisdiction by the Allied Control Council for Germany.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: French officials deported a total of 1,820 people from the Saar in 1946 and 1947, most of whom ultimately were allowed to return. However, France had not agreed to the expulsions approved (without input from France) in the Potsdam agreement by the Allies, so France refused to accept war refugees or expellees from the eastern annexed territories in the Saar protectorate or the French zone. However, native Sarrois returning from Nazi-imposed removals (e.g. political and Jewish refugees) and war-related relocations (e.g. evacuation from air raids) were allowed to return to the areas under French control. France aimed at winning over the Saar population for a future annexation.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: With effect from 20 July 1946, 109 municipalities of the Prussian Rhine Province within the French zone were added to the Saar Protectorate. By 18 December 1946 customs controls were established between the Saar and allied occupied Germany. By further territorial redeployments between the Saar Protectorate, constituted in early 1947, and neighbouring Rhineland-Palatinate (a new state established on 30 August 1946 in the French zone), 61 municipalities returned to Germany, while 13 other municipalities were ceded to the Saar Protectorate between 8 June 1947 and 1949, followed by one further Palatine municipality incorporated into the Saar in the latter year.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: In the speech Restatement of Policy on Germany, given in Stuttgart on 6 September 1946, the US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes stated the US's motive in detaching the Saar from Germany as "The United States does not feel that it can deny to France, which has been invaded three times by Germany in 70 years, its claim to the Saar territory".


title: Saar Protectorate

text: On 16 July 1947 the Saar mark replaced the Reichsmark as legal tender in the Saar Protectorate, followed by the integration of the Saar into the French currency area on November 15 the same year. While only French franc banknotes circulated from 1954 on, Saar franc coins, designed similar to French coins, were issued too. On 15 December 1947 the Saar was constituted by its constitution as the Saarland, with an elected government under the control of the French high commissioner Gilbert Grandval. December 1947 had severe flooding along the Saar river, water higher than in the past 150 years, with extensive relief efforts undertaken. On 23 March 1948 the customs union with France was confirmed, taking effect on 1 April.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: Initially, a policy of industrial disarmament was pursued in Germany by the Allied powers (see industrial plans for Germany). As part of this policy limits were placed on permitted production levels, and industries in the Saar were dismantled as they had been in the Ruhr, although mostly in the period before the detachment (see also The 1949 letter from the UK Foreign minister Ernest Bevin to the French Foreign minister Robert Schuman, urging a reconsideration of dismantling policy). This policy was quickly reversed in mid-1946 or early 1947.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: France's attempts to internationalize the Ruhr (see International Authority for the Ruhr) were abandoned in 1950 when, in the face of cold war pressures in Europe, the French government took an historic step in deciding that the only viable political model for the future lay in European integration. This resulted in the Schuman Declaration, a plan drafted for the most part by Jean Monnet. The plan put forward a rapprochement between France, Germany, and other European countries wanting to participate. As a first step, France and Germany were to agree to pool their markets for coal and steel, following the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). With the participation of West Germany in the ECSC, agreement on termination of the International Authority for the Ruhr came into force on 25 June 1952. However, France delayed the return of the Saar.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: Under French rule, pro-German parties were initially banned from contesting the elections. Much support was given to the , a Francophile movement founded by Saar exiles in Paris in early 1945, with many of the exiles having returned after the war. However, in the general election of December 1952, 24% of the voters cast blank ballots in support of banned pro-German parties (while the majority still voted for one of the legal parties who wanted the Saar to remain autonomous).


title: Saar Protectorate

text: In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but a referendum held on 23 October 1955 rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Sarrois was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: On 27 October 1956 the Saar Treaty established that Saarland should be allowed to join West Germany, as provided by its constitution art. 23, and so Saarland did on 1 January 1957. West Germany agreed to the channelization of the Moselle. This reduced French freight costs in the Lorraine steel industry. West Germany also agreed to the teaching of French as the first foreign language in schools in the Saarland; although no longer binding, the agreement is still in the main followed.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: The treaty also stated that economic union with West Germany was to be completed by 1960, with the exact date of the replacement of the Saar and French franc by the Deutsche Mark being kept a secret called "Day X" (). Although the Saar joined West Germany (as Saarland) on 1 January 1957, the franc remained legal tender in Saarland until 6 July 1959. Thus on that date the (little reunification) was completed, after more 13 years of separation.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: As a footnote to the creation of the European Union, the territorial dispute over control of the Saarland was one of the last between member states and led to the European flag being given a politically neutral ring of twelve stars rather than the originally proposed 15 (one of which was to represent a nominally independent Saar as a member of the Council of Europe).


title: Saar Protectorate

text: The first elections for the parliament of the Saar protectorate were held on 5 October 1947, with four parties being allowed, the Christian People's Party of Saarland (CVP), the Social Democratic Party of Saarland (SPS), the Democratic Party of Saarland (DPS) and the Communist Party of Saarland (KPS). The first passed the law establishing the constitution of the Saarland on 15 December 1947. The most successful party, the CVP under Johannes Hoffmann formed the first government with the SPS.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: The Saar competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, and the Saarland national football team participated in the qualifying section of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, but failed to qualify after coming second to the West German team, but ahead of Norway. Helmut Schön, later World and European champion with West Germany, was the manager of the Saarland team from 1952 until Saarland became a part of West Germany in 1957.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: The Amateurliga Saarland was the local league within the German Football League System. 1. FC Saarbrücken took part in the first ever European Cup in 1955.


title: Saar Protectorate

text: Postage stamps were issued specially for the territory from 1920 to 1935, and from 1947 to 1959 (see postage stamps and postal history of the Saar).


title: Sonic CD

text: The Sega CD's flagship game, "Sonic CD" was conceived as an enhanced port of "Sonic the Hedgehog 2", but was reworked after lackluster sales of "Sonic 2" in Japan. Directed by Sonic co-creator Naoto Ohshima, the developers designed the game to show off the technical capabilities of the Sega CD. It features the debuts of Amy Rose and Metal Sonic, and includes animated cutscenes. Two soundtracks were composed for the game: the original score, which the original Japanese and European releases used, was composed by Naofumi Hataya and Masafumi Ogata, while the North American score was composed by Spencer Nilsen, David Young and Mark "Sterling" Crew.


title: Sonic CD

text: "Sonic CD" received critical acclaim and is often called one of the best games in the "Sonic" series and the platform game genre. Reviewers praised its exceptional size, music, and the time travel feature, although some also believed the game did not use the Sega CD's capabilities to its fullest. It sold over 1.5 million copies, making it the Sega CD's bestseller. The game was ported to Windows as part of the Sega PC brand in 1996, and to PlayStation 2 and GameCube as part of "Sonic Gems Collection" in 2005. A remastered version, developed by Christian Whitehead using the Retro Engine, was released for various platforms and mobile devices in 2011, and was re-released in 2022 as part of the "Sonic Origins" compilation, which confirms that the game takes place between the original game and "Sonic 2".


title: Sonic CD

text: "Sonic CD" is a side-scrolling platform game similar to the original "Sonic the Hedgehog". Players control Sonic the Hedgehog as he ventures to stop his nemesis Doctor Robotnik from obtaining the magical Time Stones and conquering Little Planet. Like previous games, Sonic can destroy enemies and objects (such as certain walls and television monitors containing power-ups) by rolling into a ball, and collects rings as a form of health. Sonic can also perform a "spin dash" and a "super peel-out", both of which increase his speed. The game has seven levels. In the first and second games, the levels were named zones, but in this game, they're named rounds, the previously-named acts now named zones instead. Each round is split into three zones, the third of which ends in a boss fight against Robotnik. Players start with three lives, which are lost when they suffer any type of damage without rings in their possession; losing all lives results in a game over.


title: Sonic CD

text: "Sonic CD" is differentiated from other "Sonic" games through its time travel game mechanic, which allows players to access different versions of rounds set in the past, present and future. The music changes within the different time zones, as remixes of the present music. Sonic starts the first two zones in the present. The third zone is always set in the future, its timeline dependent upon whether the player destroyed both transporters. He travels through time by hitting signs labelled "past" or "future", maintaining his speed afterwards. By default, future stages are neglected and littered with machinery after Robotnik has conquered Little Planet, appropriately named "bad futures." Players are encouraged to convert each zone into a "good future", with bright colors, thriving nature, and few enemies. To achieve a good future in each zone, players must travel to the past and destroy a hidden transporter where enemy robots spawn. Achieving a good future in every zone unlocks the game's best ending.


title: Sonic CD

text: By finishing a level with more than 50 rings, Sonic can access a special stage, in which he must destroy six UFOs in a pseudo-3D environment within a time limit. Time is reduced swiftly if the player runs through water, though a special UFO which appears when time is running out grants extra time if destroyed. If the player destroys all the UFOs before the time runs out, they earn a Time Stone. Collecting all seven Time Stones automatically creates a good future in every zone, unlocking the best ending. The game also features a time attack mode, where players can replay completed levels for the fastest time possible; a "D.A. Garden", where players can listen to the music of completed zones; and a "Visual Mode", where players can view the opening and closing animations. The game also includes a save feature, which uses the back-up memory of the Sega CD.


title: Sonic CD

text: Some time after his first adventure, "Sonic CD" opens with Sonic rushing to Never Lake, where an extraterrestrial body, Little Planet, appears in the last month of every year. His nemesis, Dr. Robotnik, has chained the planet to a mountain and begun transforming it into a giant fortress with his robot army. To execute his plan, Robotnik uses the Time Stones, seven jewels that control the flow of time, hidden in the different zones. Sonic ventures into the planet, followed by the besotted Amy Rose, his self-proclaimed girlfriend. Robotnik dispatches his newest invention, Metal Sonic, to kidnap Amy at Collision Chaos, luring Sonic into danger.


title: Sonic CD

text: After outrunning Metal Sonic in Stardust Speedway and saving Amy, Sonic fights and defeats Robotnik in his lair, Metallic Madness. Two endings exist, depending on whether or not the player collected the Time Stones or achieved a good future in each level. In one ending, Little Planet thanks Sonic with a shower of flowers and leaves Never Lake; in the other, Little Planet still leaves, but Robotnik uses the Time Stones to bring it back and the player is urged to replay the game to achieve the good ending.


title: Sonic CD

text: The original "Sonic the Hedgehog" (1991) was developed by Sonic Team at Sega. It was a major commercial success and positioned Sega as Nintendo's main rival in the console market. The lead programmer, Yuji Naka, dissatisfied with Sega of Japan's rigid corporate policies, moved with several members of Sonic Team to the United States to develop "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" with Sega Technical Institute (STI). Meanwhile, Sega planned to release the Sega CD add-on for its Genesis, and wanted a "Sonic" game that would demonstrate its more advanced features. Naoto Ohshima, the designer of Sonic, was "Sonic CD"s director; the remainder of the team comprised Sega staff who had developed "The Revenge of Shinobi", "Golden Axe 2", and "Streets of Rage". The team built "Sonic CD" using the original "Sonic the Hedgehog" code as a base.


title: Sonic CD

text: "Sonic CD" was conceived as an enhanced port of "Sonic 2" for the Sega CD. At this point, it was codenamed "Super Sonic" and would feature additional levels, a fully orchestrated soundtrack, sprite-scaling effects, and animated cutscenes. Meager sales of "Sonic 2" in Japan and the team having its own vision resulted in the reworking of the port. It was titled "CD Sonic the Hedgehog" first before being renamed "Sonic CD". Ohshima does not consider "Sonic CD" a sequel to the previous two "Sonic" games, although the artist Yasushi Yamaguchi said in retrospect that the ending might make players think that its story is set between "Sonic the Hedgehog" and "Sonic 2".


title: Sonic CD

text: "Sonic the Hedgehog" had a balance on speed and platforming; STI built on the speed with "Sonic 2"s more focused level designs. However, Ohshima's team sought to focus on the platforming and exploration aspects. Ohshima said, "our ideas were to make the world and setting larger, and to add more replayability, so it would be something you could enjoy playing for a long time". According to artist Kazuyuki Hoshino, because it was a Sega CD game, the team wanted "Sonic CD" to stand out compared to previous "Sonic" games. Visually, the game was designed to resemble CG imagery; the Sonic sprite on the title screen was based on a Sonic figurine by Taku Makino that the team photographed and scanned.


title: Sonic CD

text: "Sonic CD" marks the debuts of Amy Rose and Metal Sonic, both designed by Hoshino. Although Hoshino created Amy's in-game graphics, many staff members contributed ideas to her design. Her headband and trainer shoes reflected Ohshima's tastes while her mannerisms reflected the traits Hoshino looked for in women at the time. Hoshino designed Metal Sonic in response to Ohshima wanting a strong rival for Sonic. Hoshino had a clear image of Metal Sonic in his mind from the moment he was briefed, and his design emerged after only a few sketches. The character graphics were created using Sega's proprietary graphics system for the Genesis, the "Sega Digitizer MK-III", featuring a bitmap and animation editor. The team mostly used Macintosh IIcis. Graphics data was stored on 3.5-inch floppy disks, which were handed to the programmer to work into the game. Though Naka was not directly involved with "Sonic CD", he exchanged design ideas with Ohshima.


title: Sonic CD

text: Ohshima cited "Back to the Future" as an influence on the time travel. The developers designed four variants of each stage (one for each time period). Ohshima hoped for the time period to change instantly with a "sonic boom" effect, but the programmers argued this was impossible and produced a loading sequence instead. Sega did not pressure the team developing "Sonic CD" as much as the one developing "Sonic 2". Ohshima felt this was because "Sonic CD" is not a numbered sequel; he considered it a recreation of the original game. The total game data of "Sonic CD" is 21 megabytes (MB), compared to "Sonic 2"s 1 MB. The game includes animated cutscenes produced by Studio Junio; the team used a format that provided uncompressed imagery to the video display processor, which allowed for superior results in contrast to the Cinepak compression used for other Sega CD games. The special stages feature Mode 7-like background plane manipulation effects. Time constraints led to one of the levels being cut.


title: Sonic CD

text: The Japanese soundtrack was composed by Naofumi Hataya and Masafumi Ogata, who had worked together on the 8-bit version of "Sonic the Hedgehog 2". The game features two songs: "Sonic - You Can Do Anything", often referred to as "Toot Toot Sonic Warrior", composed by Ogata and originally written for "Sonic the Hedgehog 2", and "Cosmic Eternity - Believe in Yourself", composed by Hataya. Both are sung by Keiko Utoku. The composition team drew inspiration from club music, such as house and techno, while Hataya cited C+C Music Factory, Frankie Knuckles, and the KLF as influences.


title: Sonic CD

text: Sega of America delayed the North American release of "Sonic CD" for two months to have a new soundtrack written and produced by Spencer Nilsen and David Young of Sega Multimedia Studio, with select tracks written and produced by former Santana keyboardist Mark "Sterling" Crew. Crew's tracks feature fellow Santana member Armando Peraza as percussionist. According to Nilsen, Sega's American marketing division believed it needed a more "rich and complex" soundtrack and a theme song they could use to promote it. The tracks in the "Past" stages could not be replaced as they were sequenced PCM audio tracks rather than streamed Mixed Mode CD audio. "You Can Do Anything" was replaced with "Sonic Boom", composed by Nilsen and performed by the female vocal group Pastiche.


title: Sonic CD

text: "Sonic CD" was released in Japan on September 23, 1993, and Europe in October 1993. After being delayed for the new soundtrack, it was released in North America in November 1993. "Sonic CD" was the flagship Sega CD game and the system's only "Sonic" game. An enhanced version of the original "Sonic the Hedgehog" and a "Sonic"-themed localization of "Popful Mail" were canceled.


title: Sonic CD

text: Two versions of "Sonic CD" were released for Windows: one in 1995 for Pentium processors, and another in 1996 for DirectX. The Pentium version was only bundled with new computers and never sold in stores; Sega worked with Intel to make the game work properly. The DirectX version was released under the Sega PC brand and distributed by SoftKey in North America on July 8 and in Japan on August 9. This version is mostly identical to the original release, but loading screens were added and it is only compatible with older versions of Windows. Both Windows versions use the North American soundtrack.


title: Sonic CD

text: The 1996 Windows version was ported to the GameCube and PlayStation 2 in August 2005 for "Sonic Gems Collection". This port uses the original soundtrack in Japan and the North American soundtrack elsewhere. The ports introduced some graphical problems, such as a blurry anti-flicker presentation, but the opening animation is presented in a higher quality fullscreen view.


title: Sonic CD

text: In 2009, independent programmer Christian Whitehead produced a proof-of-concept video of a remastered version of the game, using his Retro Engine, running on iOS. Sega released this version in 2011 for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, iOS, Android, and PC, with assistance from BlitWorks in the PC and console ports. The remaster features enhancements such as widescreen graphics, fine-tuned collision detection to make time traveling more consistent, refined visuals and frame rate for Special Stages, the option for spin dash physics from "Sonic the Hedgehog 2", both the Japanese and North American soundtracks, the ability to unlock Tails as a playable character, and achievement and trophy support. Whitehead designed two original stages, but they were excluded as Sega wanted to keep the game faithful to the original release. The remaster was not released on the Wii as it exceeded the WiiWare download size. It was included in the 2022 compilation "Sonic Origins," which removed voice lines for Sonic and Amy.


title: Sonic CD

text: The Sega CD version sold more than 1.5 million copies, making it the system's best-seller. In the United Kingdom, it was the top-selling Mega CD game in December 1993.


title: Sonic CD

text: The game received critical acclaim. The presentation, visuals, and audio were praised. "Computer and Video Games" wrote that, although "Sonic CD" did not use the Sega CD's capabilities to its fullest, the game's graphics and sound were still excellent, calling the music "from the likes of 2Unlimited and Bizarre Inc". "Electronic Games" said that the game looked similar to older games and used the Sega CD's special features minimally, but this did not detract from the quality. The music was singled out as making "Sonic CD" "stand above the crowd"; the reviewer wrote that it helped add richness to the game. The reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" ("EGM") praised the game's animated cinematics and sound, but noted frame rate drops during special stages. Retrospective opinions of the presentation have also been positive. "IGN" praised its vibrant colors and felt the game looked nice, and "GamesRadar" thought its music stood the test of time, writing: "What must've dated very quickly in the 1990s is somehow totally fresh today".


title: Sonic CD

text: Critics were divided over the change of soundtrack in the North American versions. "GameFan", which had given the Japanese version of "Sonic CD" a score of 100%, lambasted the change. "GameFan" editor Dave Halverson called the change "an atrocity that remains the biggest injustice in localization history". The reviewer for "GamesRadar" said he shut his GameCube off in disgust when he realized "Sonic Gems Collection" used the American soundtrack. In a 2008 interview, Nilsen said "I think critics were looking for a way to bash the game... it was like we replaced the music for "Star Wars" after the movie had been out for a while."


title: Sonic CD

text: The gameplay was also widely praised. "EGM" admired the diverse levels and felt the time travel added depth. "Electronic Games" wrote that "Sonic CD" played as well as previous "Sonic" games, and that the time travel—coupled with large levels rich with secrets and "Super Mario Kart"-like special stages—added replayability. "Sega Pro" also noted the expanded environments and the replay value travel added by the time travel, writing that "the more you play "Sonic CD" the better it gets", but felt the game was too easy. In its debut issue, "Sega Magazine" said "Sonic CD" was "potentially a classic". "GameSpot" singled out the "interesting level design and the time-travelling gameplay" as a major selling point, saying it provided a unique take on the classic "Sonic" formula.


title: Sonic CD

text: Critics wrote that "Sonic CD" was one of the best Sega CD games. "Electronic Games" called it a must-have, and "Sega Pro" said it was "brilliant", imaginative and worth more than its price. "Destructoid" described it as "a hallmark of excellence", creative, strange, and exciting, and said that "to miss "Sonic CD" would be to miss some of the franchise's best".


title: Sonic CD

text: Reception to later versions of "Sonic CD" varied. "GameSpot" considered the 1996 Windows version inferior, criticizing its technical performance and "tedious and monotonous" gameplay. The reviewer wrote that "those who have played "Sonic" on a Sega game system will find nothing new here" and that it was not worth its $50 price. Reviews of the version in "Sonic Gems Collection" were favorable. "IGN" remembered "Sonic CD" as one of the best things about the Sega CD and called it a standout for the compilation, and a major selling point. "Eurogamer" wrote: "Rejoice for "Sonic CD"... Just don't rejoice for anything else [in "Sonic Gems Collection]", because it's mostly rubbish." According to Metacritic, the 2011 console version received "generally favorable reviews", while the iOS version received "universal acclaim". "Sonic CD" is frequently named among the best "Sonic" games and platform games. In 1997, "EGM" named it the 17th best console game of all time, citing the bonus levels and animated intro.


title: Sonic CD

text: The story of "Sonic CD" was adapted in the twenty-fifth issue of Archie Comics' "Sonic the Hedgehog" comic book series. The adaptation featured some changes to the story, such as Tails being an important character and Metal Sonic having the ability to talk. British publisher Fleetway Publications published their own adaptation in "Sonic the Comic". The final issue of Archie's comic, #290 (December 2016), also featured a retelling of the game's story.


title: Sonic CD

text: Two characters introduced in the game, Amy Rose and Metal Sonic, became recurring characters in the "Sonic" series. Metal Sonic appeared as a major antagonist in "Knuckles' Chaotix" (1995), the Sonic the Hedgehog Anime movie (1996), "Sonic Heroes" (2003), "" (2012) and "Sonic Mania" (2017). Amy Rose most notably appears in "Sonic Adventure". The "Sonic CD" animated sequences were included as bonuses in the compilation "Sonic Jam" (1997), and "Sonic Boom" was used as one of Sonic's themes in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" (2008).


title: Sonic CD

text: In 2011, for the "Sonic" franchise's twentieth anniversary, Sega released "Sonic Generations", which includes remakes of various "Sonic" stages. Both versions feature a re-imagined version of the boss battle against Metal Sonic. "Sonic Mania", produced for the series' twenty-fifth anniversary, features updated versions of "Sonic CD"s Metallic Madness and Stardust Speedway levels, including a boss battle against Metal Sonic.


title: Separatism

text: Separatism is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. As with secession, separatism conventionally refers to full political separation. Groups simply seeking greater autonomy are not separatist as such. Some discourse settings equate separatism with religious segregation, racial segregation, or sex segregation, while other discourse settings take the broader view that separation by choice may serve useful purposes and is not the same as government-enforced segregation. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to secessionism, as has been discussed online.


title: Separatism

text: Separatist groups practice a form of identity politics, or political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of the group's members. Such groups believe attempts at integration with dominant groups compromise their identity and ability to pursue greater self-determination. However, economic and political factors usually are critical in creating strong separatist movements as opposed to less ambitious identity movements.


title: Separatism

text: Ethnic separatism can be based on cultural, linguistic as well as religious or racial differences. Ethnic separatist movements were relevant since they represented historical delineations between states, or in recent times, were the cause of conflicts between peoples in Europe, Africa and Asia with different ethnic/linguistic origins.


title: Separatism

text: The relationship between gender and separatism is complex. Feminist separatism is women's choosing to separate from ostensibly male-defined, male-dominated institutions, relationships, roles and activities. Lesbian separatism advocates lesbianism as the logical result of feminism. Some separatist feminists and lesbian separatists have chosen to live apart in intentional community, cooperatives, and on land trusts. Queer nationalism (or "Gay separatism") seeks a community distinct and separate from other social groups. On the other hand, the male supremacist MGTOW movement it's considered sometimes a male-gender separatism, as at the center of this ideology is the notion of male separatism where men should be apart of a feminist-biased society, proposing even an utopical no-women state.


title: Separatism

text: Some separatist groups seek to separate from others along racial lines. They oppose interracial marriage and integration with other races and seek separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions, and often separate societies, territories, countries, and governments:


title: Separatism

text: Religious separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups and/or believe they should interact primarily with coreligionists:


title: Separatism

text: How far separatist demands will go toward full independence, and whether groups pursue constitutional and nonviolent action or armed violence, depend on a variety of economic, political, social and cultural factors, including movement leadership and the government's response. Governments may respond in a number of ways, some of which are mutually exclusive. Some include:


title: Separatism

text: Most governments suppress any separatist movement in their own country, but support separatism in other countries.


title: Jared Taylor

text: Samuel Jared Taylor (born September 15, 1951) is an American white supremacist and editor of "American Renaissance", an online magazine espousing such opinions, which was founded by Taylor in 1990.


title: Jared Taylor

text: He is also the president of "American Renaissance"s parent organization, New Century Foundation, through which many of his books have been published. He is a former member of the advisory board of "The Occidental Quarterly" and a former director of the National Policy Institute, a Virginia-based white nationalist think tank. He is also a board member and spokesperson of the Council of Conservative Citizens.


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor and many of his affiliated organizations are accused of promoting racist ideologies by civil rights groups, news media, and academics studying racism in the United States.


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor was born on September 15, 1951, to Christian missionary parents from Virginia in Kobe, Japan. He lived in Japan until he was 16 years old and attended Japanese schools up to the age of 12, becoming fluent in Japanese.


title: Jared Taylor

text: He attended Yale University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy in 1973. Taylor then spent three years in France and received a Master of Arts degree in international economics at Sciences Po in 1978. During a period that interrupted his undergraduate and later graduate college years, he worked and traveled extensively in West Africa, improving his French in the Francophone regions of the continent. Taylor is fluent in French, Japanese, and English.


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor worked as an international lending officer for the Manufacturers Hanover Corporation from 1978 to 1981, and as West Coast editor of "PC Magazine" from 1983 to 1988. He has also taught Japanese at the Harvard Summer School, and worked as a courtroom translator.


title: Jared Taylor

text: In the 1980s, at the time of the country's strong economic growth, Taylor was viewed as a "Japan expert" in the mainstream media. In 1983 he published a well-received book on Japanese culture and business customs entitled "Shadows of the Rising Sun: A Critical View of the Japanese Miracle". While critical of certain aspects of Japanese culture, Taylor argued that Japanese society was more successful in solving social issues than the West, with lower crime rates and a similar or higher standard of living.


title: Jared Taylor

text: Sometime in his early thirties, Taylor reassessed the liberal and cosmopolitan viewpoint commonly professed in his working environment, which he had himself shared until then. He became deeply convinced that human beings are tribal in nature and feelings, and that they differ in talent, temperament and capacity. In the mid-1980s, he developed an interest in the emerging fields of evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, especially in the controversial works of Richard Lynn, J. Philippe Rushton and Helmuth Nyborg, and came to believe that differences between human beings are largely of genetic origin, and therefore quasi-immutable. All the social miracles of Japan, Taylor averred by 1991 under the pen name Steven Howell, were at least partly a result of Japan's racial and cultural homogeneity.


title: Jared Taylor

text: In November 1990, he founded and published the first issue of "American Renaissance", a white supremacist subscription-based monthly newsletter. He created the New Century Foundation in 1994 to assist with the running of "American Renaissance". Many of the early articles were written by Taylor himself and were intended to put white racial advocacy on a higher intellectual level than the traditional Klansman's or white skinhead's discourse that dominated the media at that time. The journal ceased its print publication in 2012 to focus on a daily webzine format.


title: Jared Taylor

text: In 1992, Taylor published a book titled "Paved with Good Intentions" in which he criticizes what he deems the unwise welfare politics that contributed to the economic situation of the African-American underclass. Unlike many of his "American Renaissance" articles, the work avoids genetic-based reasoning due to fears of not being able to get it published had he talked about IQ differences. In 1994, he was called by the defense team in a Fort Worth, Texas black-on-black murder trial, to give expert testimony on the race-related aspects of the case. Prior to testifying in the trial, Taylor, presented as a "race-relations expert and author" by the "Washington Post", called young black men "the most dangerous people in America" and added "This must be taken into consideration in judging whether or not it was realistic for [the defendant] to think this was a kill-or-be-killed situation."


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor has been described as a white nationalist, white supremacist, and racist by civil rights groups, news media, academics studying racism in the US, and others. Taylor has "strenuously rejected" being called a racist, and maintains that he is instead a "racialist who believes in race-realism." He has also disputed the white supremacist label, preferring to describe himself as a "white advocate", and contends that his views on nationality and race are "moderate, commonsensical, and fully consistent with the views of most of the great statesmen and presidents of America's past".


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor is a proponent of scientific racism and voluntary racial segregation. Taylor also asserts that there are racial differences in intelligence among the various ethno-racial groups across the world. Taylor argues that Blacks are generally less intelligent than Hispanics, while Hispanics are generally less intelligent than whites, and whites are generally less intelligent than East Asians: "I think Asians are objectively superior to Whites by just about any measure that you can come up with in terms of what are the ingredients for a successful society. This doesn't mean that I want America to become Asian. I think every people has a right to be itself, and this becomes clear whether we're talking about Irian Jaya or Tibet, for that matter".


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor describes himself as an advocate for white interests. He states that his publication, "American Renaissance", was founded to provide a voice for such concerns, and argues that its work is analogous to other groups that advocate for ethnic or racial interests. "American Renaissance", however, has been described as a white supremacist publication and a "forum for writers disparaging the abilities of minorities". In the journal in 2005, he stated, "Blacks and whites are different. When blacks are left entirely to their own devices, Western civilization any kind of civilization disappears." A 2005 feature in the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" described Taylor as "a racist in the guise of expert".


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor presents his segregationist project as based on civil liberties and freedom of association, and has described government-mandated segregation as morally unjust. He believes that all anti-discrimination laws "from the Civil Rights Act of 1964 onward" are an unacceptable expansion of federal power. Taylor also opposes anti-miscegenation laws as impinging on the freedom of association of private citizens.


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor believes that the multi-racial American society is "doomed to failure", and that non-white groups should not constitute a significant part of the American population, especially Hispanics, Africans, Afro-Caribbeans and Middle Easterners, although he also includes Northern Asians, whom he holds in high regard. He thus supports immigration policies that would favor white immigrants over other groups. Taylor has said: "Whites deserve a homeland," and when questioned about the US immigration laws passed in 1965, under the Hart-Celler Act, said that "Whites are making a terrible mistake by setting in motion forces that will reduce them to a minority."


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor supports the white genocide conspiracy theory, and has hosted the Suidlanders on his AmRen podcast to discuss the topic, while encouraging donations to the South African organization. He has recommended Jean Raspail's "The Camp of the Saints" to his followers.


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor welcomes Jews to his organization and views American Jews as potential powerful allies. While several speakers of Jewish descent have participated in "American Renaissance" conventions, he has never sought to either welcome or expel anti-Semitic voices. This position has sparked tensions with far-right anti-Semitic organizations claiming that Jews are infiltrating their movements. In 2006, a clash erupted at one convention between anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist David Duke and Michael H. Hart, a Jewish astrophysicist sharing many of Taylor's ideas. "The Forward" reported that Taylor "has been trying to de-Nazify the movement and draw the white nationalist circle wider to include Jews of European descent. But to many on the far right, taking the Jew-hatred out of white nationalism is like taking the Christ out of Christmas — a sacrilege."


title: Jared Taylor

text: The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) comments that Taylor is unusual among the radical right in "his lack of anti-Semitism." Scholar Elizabeth Bryant Morgenstern states that "unlike many other white supremacists, Taylor is not anti-Semitic, and in fact encourages Jews to join his fight. . . . however many within the white supremacist/anti-immigration movement disagree with Taylor . . . and he has been under tremendous pressure to break ties with the Jewish community."


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor supported Donald Trump's presidential campaign, and recorded robocalls to support Trump before the Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary.


title: Jared Taylor

text: Taylor attended Trump's inauguration with front-row VIP tickets, and he described the event as "a sign of rising white consciousness".


title: Jared Taylor

text: A spokesperson told CNN that the candidate "disavows all super PACs offering their support and continues to do so." When asked about the robocalls in an interview with CNN, Trump responded "I would disavow that, but I will tell you people are extremely angry."


title: Jared Taylor

text: Madison Grant, the author of "The Passing of the Great Race" (1916), and Lothrop Stoddard, the author of "The Rising Tide of Color" (1920), each the object of celebratory articles in "American Renaissance", seem to have influenced or reinforced Taylor's belief in separate racial homelands. Southern conservatives Samuel Francis and Sam Dickson, who have been regular speakers at "American Renaissance" conferences, are also cited as influential on Taylor's views. According to scholar Russell Nieli, "the combination of southern regional conservatism and Taylor's experience of living in . . . Japan has undoubtedly had a formative effect on his thinking about race."


title: Jared Taylor

text: Hoping his ethnonationalist project will go global, Taylor has sought in recent years to establish relations with populist radical right parties in Europe such as France's National Rally, Britain's UKIP, Austria's Freedom Party, Germany's Alternative für Deutschland, and Flanders's Vlaams Belang. Nieli notes that Taylor appears to have a special intellectual affinity for the French New Right author Guillaume Faye, whose books were favorably reviewed by Taylor in "American Renaissance"; both of them believe that white people need to join in a worldwide fight for their racial, cultural, and demographic survival.


title: Jared Taylor

text: According to Nieli, Taylor "may well have been as central to structuring the fledgling [America's radical Right] in the 1990s as the late William F. Buckley Jr. was in the 1950s and 1960s in structuring post-World War II American conservatism. The growing Alt Right movement in America today owes a great deal to Taylor's past efforts."


title: Jared Taylor

text: The Southern Poverty Law Center describes Taylor as "a courtly presenter of ideas that most would describe as crudely white supremacist—a kind of modern-day version of the refined but racist colonialist of old."


title: Jared Taylor

text: Mark Potok and Heidi Beirich, writers for the "Intelligence Report" (a publication of the SPLC), have written that "Jared Taylor is the cultivated, cosmopolitan face of white supremacy. He is the guy who is providing the intellectual heft, in effect, to modern-day Klansmen." They have also stated that ""American Renaissance" has become increasingly important over the years, bringing a measure of intellectualism and seriousness to the typically thug-dominated world of white supremacy".


title: Jared Taylor

text: On December 18, 2017, his account (as well as the account for "American Renaissance") was suspended by Twitter, after Twitter adopted new rules prohibiting accounts affiliated with the promotion of violence. In February 2018, Taylor filed a lawsuit against Twitter, claiming that the suspension violated his right to free speech. Taylor's lawsuit was dismissed, and an appeals court upheld the dismissal, agreeing that services can control what is published on their sites.


title: Jared Taylor

text: In March 2019, Taylor said on his website that he had been banned from the Schengen Area for two years on the instigation of Poland.


title: HBO Go

text: HBO Go is a partly-inactive authenticated video on demand of the pay television service HBO. The service allowed subscribers to HBO via television providers to access its programming on-demand via the HBO website, mobile apps, and digital media players among other devices.


title: HBO Go

text: The service began to be phased out in the United States in 2020 following the launch of HBO Max, a new subscription streaming service featuring content from both HBO and parent company WarnerMedia. HBO Max would be made available at no additional charge to HBO subscribers on participating providers, but would also be available on a direct-to-consumer basis.


title: HBO Go

text: The "HBO Go" brand is also used in international markets for TV Everywhere and over-the-top services offering HBO programming. For example, HBO Canada previously operated an HBO Go service, but this was discontinued in 2018 when its parent service The Movie Network rebranded as Crave and merged with a previously-separate streaming service that held rights to HBO library programming.


title: HBO Go

text: HBO Go was the successor to HBO on Broadband, which was originally launched in January 2008 to Time Warner Cable customers in the Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wisconsin areas. Programming content available on the service consisted of 400 hours of feature and HBO original television films (including 130 movie titles that rotated monthly), specials and original series that could be downloaded to computers, at no extra charge for HBO subscribers; in order to access HBO on Broadband content, users had to be a digital cable customer that had a subscription to HBO, and used Time Warner Cable's Roadrunner cable modem service.


title: HBO Go

text: The service launched nationally as HBO Go on February 18, 2010, initially available through Verizon FiOS. Over the following years, the service expanded to other providers including AT&T U-verse, Comcast, Cox Communications, Time Warner Cable, DirecTV, Dish Network, Suddenlink Communications, and Charter Communications in some states, as well as through vMVPD services AT&T TV Now, AT&T TV and Hulu. The service can be accessed through a web browser or through apps for select smart TV sets, Amazon Fire, iOS, Android, Chromecast, Roku, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.


title: HBO Go

text: At launch, the service was accessible only on personal computers via the HBO website. Applications for iOS and Android devices were released on April 29, 2011, making the service available on smartphones and tablet computers. The app had over one million downloads in its first week, and was downloaded over three million times by the end of June 2011.


title: HBO Go

text: In October 2011, Roku streaming players became the first television-connected devices to support the service, and availability was later rolled out to the Apple TV, Chromecast, PlayStation consoles, Samsung Smart TVs, and Xbox consoles. Availability on set-top boxes and gaming consoles is determined by individual cable providers in the United States with some omissions. Currently Comcast does not support the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Fire TV and did not support Roku players until late 2014. Sling TV subscribers who receive HBO through that service are unable to access HBO Go, since HBO's live feed and on-demand content is available through the Sling TV apps. The same also applies to PlayStation Vue subscribers except they also have access to HBO Now.


title: HBO Go

text: In January 2019, HBO Go was dropped from PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Samsung Smart TVs released before 2013.


title: HBO Go

text: HBO Go streamed a selection of theatrically released films (via film studios that maintain distribution deals with HBO including 20th Century Fox, Universal Pictures and network sister company Warner Bros. Pictures) with a significant number of titles added and removed from the service every month. HBO original series are available on a permanent basis. New episodes of current series are typically available for streaming beginning at the time of their initial broadcast in the Eastern Time Zone on the linear HBO channel.


title: HBO Go

text: However, HBO Go did not carry several past HBO series, such as "Tales from the Crypt", "Tenacious D", "1st & Ten", "Da Ali G Show", or "The Ricky Gervais Show". "The Larry Sanders Show" and "Arliss" were initially unavailable but added in 2016 and 2018 respectively. Moreover, unlike TV Everywhere services offered by most other broadcast and cable-satellite television networks, HBO Go does not provide access to near-real-time streams of HBO's linear channels.


title: HBO Go

text: In the U.S., HBO Go was deprecated following the launch of WarnerMedia's HBO Max service in May 2020; the company had reached agreements with individual providers to give HBO subscribers access to HBO Max at no additional charge. HBO Max was not supported for several months on certain devices supported by HBO Go, including Amazon Fire and Fire TV (arrived on that platform on November 17, 2020). and Roku (December 17, 2020).


title: HBO Go

text: On June 12, 2020, it was announced that because "the large majority of HBO Go usage occurs on platforms with whom we have HBO Max deals currently in place", HBO Go would be discontinued on July 31, 2020. HBO Now, a separate, direct-to-consumer version of the HBO service, was also folded into HBO Max on-launch for most subscribers.


title: HBO Go

text: HBO Go will continue operating in eight markets in Asia as an interim service before the streaming service which encompass all WBD properties (which would be a proposed merger between HBO Max and Discovery+) launching in mid-2024.


title: Geʽez script

text: Geʽez (, ) is a script used as an abugida (alphasyllabary) for several Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It originated as an "abjad" (consonant-only alphabet) and was first used to write the Geʽez language, now the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Eritrean Catholic Church, the Ethiopian Catholic Church, and Haymanot Judaism of the Beta Israel Jewish community in Ethiopia. In the languages Amharic and Tigrinya, the script is often called (), meaning “script” or “letter”. Under the Unicode Standard and ISO 15924, it is defined as Ethiopic text.


title: Geʽez script

text: The Geʽez script has been adapted to write other languages, mostly Ethiosemitic, particularly Amharic in Ethiopia, and Tigrinya in both Eritrea and Ethiopia. It has also been used to write Sebat Bet and other Gurage languages and at least 20 other languages of Ethiopia. In Eritrea it has traditionally been used for Tigre and just recently for Bilen. The Ge'ez script has also recently been used to write Anuak, and used in limited extent to write some other Nilo-Saharan Nilotic languages, including Majang languages. It was also used in the past to write some Omotic languages, including Wolaytta, Bench, Hamer, Kafa.


title: Geʽez script

text: For the representation of sounds, this article uses a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages. This differs somewhat from the conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet. See the articles on the individual languages for information on the pronunciation.


title: Geʽez script

text: Ge'ez script is derived from the Ancient South Arabian script which originated in the region centred around what is now Yemen. The earliest inscriptions of Semitic languages in Eritrea and Ethiopia date to the 9th century BCE, which is known as Epigraphic South Arabian (ESA), an abjad shared with contemporary kingdoms in South Arabian peninsula.


title: Geʽez script

text: After the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, variants of the South Arabian script arose, evolving in the direction of the later Geʻez abugida or alphasyllabary.


title: Geʽez script

text: This evolution can be seen most clearly in evidence from inscriptions (mainly graffiti on rocks and caves) in the Tigray Region in northern Ethiopia and in many parts of Eritrea mainly in the former province of Akele Guzay. and the oldest example of Ge'ez script is the Hawulti obelisk in Matara, Eritrea.


title: Geʽez script

text: By the first centuries CE, what is called "Old Ethiopic" or the "Old Geʻez writing system" arose, an abjad written right-to-left (as opposed to boustrophedon like ESA) with letters basically identical to the first-order forms of the modern vocalized writing system (e.g. "k" in the form of "kä"). There were also minor differences, such as the letter "g" facing to the right instead of to the left as in vocalized Geʻez, and a shorter left leg of "l", as in ESA, instead of equally-long legs in vocalized Geʻez (somewhat resembling the Greek letter lambda).


title: Geʽez script

text: Vocalization of Geʻez occurred in the 4th century, and though the first completely vocalized texts known are inscriptions by Ezana, vocalized letters predate him by some years, as an individual vocalized letter exists in a coin of his predecessor, Wazeba of Axum. Linguist Roger Schneider has also pointed out in an unpublished early 1990s paper anomalies in the known inscriptions of Ezana of Axum that imply that he was consciously employing an archaic style during his reign, indicating that vocalization could have occurred much earlier.


title: Geʽez script

text: As a result, some believe that the vocalization may have been adopted to preserve the pronunciation of Geʻez texts due to the already moribund or extinct status of Geʻez, and that, by that time, the common language of the people were already later the Eritrean and Ethiopian Afro-Asiatic languages. At least one of Wazeba's coins from the late 3rd or early 4th century contains a vocalized letter, some 30 or so years before Ezana. Kobishchanov, Peter T. Daniels, and others have suggested possible influence from the Brahmic scripts in vocalization, as they are also abugidas, and the Kingdom of Aksum was an important part of major trade routes involving India and the Greco-Roman world throughout classical antiquity.


title: Geʽez script

text: According to the beliefs of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the original consonantal form of the Geʻez "fidäl" was divinely revealed to Enos "as an instrument for codifying the laws", and the present system of vocalisation is attributed to a team of Aksumite scholars led by Frumentius ("Abba Selama"), the same missionary said to have converted King Ezana to Christianity in the 4th century. It has been argued that the vowel marking pattern of the script reflects a South Asian system such as would have been known by Frumentius. A separate tradition, recorded by Aleqa Taye, holds that the Geʻez consonantal writing system was first adapted by Zegdur, a legendary king of the Agʻazyan Sabaean dynasty held to have ruled in Abyssinia (Eritrea and Ethiopia) c. 1300 BCE.


title: Geʽez script

text: Geʻez has 26 consonantal letters. Compared to the inventory of 29 consonants in the South Arabian writing system, continuants are missing of "ġ", "ẓ", and South Arabian "s" (Geʻez Sawt ሠ being derived from South Arabian "s" ), as well as "z" and "ṯ", these last two absences reflecting the collapse of the interdental with the alveolar fricatives. On the other hand, emphatic ጰ, a Geʻez innovation, is a modification of ጸ, while Pesa ፐ is based on Tawe ተ.


title: Geʽez script

text: Many of the letter names are cognate with those of Phoenician, and may thus be assumed for the Proto-Sinaitic script.


title: Geʽez script

text: During the adoption or introduction of Christianity, the Geʽez abugida developed under the influence of Christian scripture by adding obligatory vocalic diacritics to the consonantal letters. The diacritics for the vowels, , were fused with the consonants in a recognizable but slightly irregular way, so that the system is laid out as a syllabary. The original form of the consonant was used when the vowel was (), the so-called inherent vowel. The resulting forms are shown below in their traditional order. For most consonants there is an eighth form for the diphthong ' or ', and for a number of those a ninth form for "".


title: Geʽez script

text: To represent a consonant with no following vowel, for example at the end of a syllable or in a consonant cluster, the () form is used (the letter in the sixth column).


title: Geʽez script

text: The Geʽez abugida has been adapted to several modern languages of Eritrea and Ethiopia, frequently requiring additional letters.


title: Geʽez script

text: Some letters were modified to create additional consonants for use in languages other than Geʽez. This is typically done by adding a horizontal line at the top of a similar-sounding consonant.


title: Geʽez script

text: The vocalised forms are shown below. Like the other labiovelars, these labiovelars can only be combined with five vowels.


title: Geʽez script

text: The Amharic alphabet uses all the basic consonants plus the ones indicated below. Some of the Geʽez labiovelar variants are also used.


title: Geʽez script

text: Tigrinya writing system has all the basic consonants, the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants, except for (), plus the ones indicated below. A few of the basic consonants are falling into disuse in Eritrea (as they used "ጸ" for "ፀ"). See Tigrinya language#Writing system for details.


title: Geʽez script

text: Tigre writing system uses the basic consonants except for (), () and (ፀ). It also uses the ones indicated below. It does not use the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants.


title: Geʽez script

text: Bilen writing system uses the basic consonants except for (), () and (ፀ). It also uses the ones indicated below and the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants.


title: Geʽez script

text: Note: "V" is used for words of foreign origin except for in some Gurage languages, e.g. "cravat" 'tie' from French. The consonant phoneme "x" is pronounced as "h" in Amharic.


title: Geʽez script

text: For Geʽez, Amharic, Tigrinya and Tigre, the usual sort order is called "halähamä" (h–l–ħ–m). Where the labiovelar variants are used, these come immediately after the basic consonant and are followed by other variants. In Tigrinya, for example, the letters based on come in this order: . In Bilen, the sorting order is slightly different.


title: Geʽez script

text: The alphabetical order is similar to that found in other South Semitic scripts, as well as in the ancient Ugaritic alphabet, which attests both the southern Semitic h-l-ħ-m order and the northern Semitic ʼ–b–g–d ("abugida") order over three thousand years ago.


title: Geʽez script

text: Geʽez uses an additional alphabetic numeral system comparable to the Hebrew, Arabic abjad and Greek numerals. It differs from these systems, however, in that it lacks individual characters for the multiples of 100, thus making it function similarly to, but not exactly like, Chinese numerals. (Unlike the Chinese script, Ge'ez has individual characters for multiples of 10.) For example, 475 is written (, that is "4-100-70-5", and 83,692 is ( "8-10,000-30-6-100-90-2". Numbers are over- and underlined with a vinculum; in proper typesetting these combine to make a single bar, but some less sophisticated fonts cannot render this and show separate bars above and below each character.


title: Geʽez script

text: Ethiopic has been assigned Unicode 3.0 codepoints between U+1200 and U+137F (decimal 4608–4991), containing the consonantal letters for Geʽez, Amharic and Tigrinya, punctuation and numerals. Additionally, in Unicode 4.1, there is the supplement range from U+1380 to U+139F (decimal 4992–5023) containing letters for Sebat Bet and tonal marks, and the extended range between U+2D80 and U+2DDF (decimal 11648–11743) containing letters needed for writing Sebat Bet, Meʼen and Bilen. In Unicode 6.0, there is the extended-A range from U+AB00 to U+AB2F (decimal 43776–43823) containing letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz. Finally in Unicode 14.0, there is the extended-B range from U+1E7E0 to U+1E7FF (decimal 124896–124927) containing additional letters for Gurage languages.


title: Libs of TikTok

text: Libs of TikTok is a far-right, anti-LGBT Twitter account owned by Chaya Raichik, a former real estate agent, that reposts content created by liberals, leftists, and LGBT people on TikTok and on other social media platforms with hostile, mocking, or derogatory commentary. The account, also known by the handle @libsoftiktok, has over 1.5 million followers as of November 2022, and has become influential among American conservatives and the political right. Raichik says she runs the account by herself full-time and lives in Los Angeles. Libs of TikTok's social media accounts have received several temporary suspensions and a permanent suspension from TikTok.


title: Libs of TikTok

text: The account promotes harassment against teachers, medical providers, and children's hospitals, and spreads false claims and hateful commentary against marginalized groups. Libs of TikTok uses slurs against supporters of LGBT youth, including those who teach about sexuality to children, referring them as "groomers". Fans and supporters of Libs of TikTok describe the account as simply reposting content showcasing "sex and gender ideology" that was already publicly available.


title: Libs of TikTok

text: Libs of TikTok was originally the personal account of Raichik, who has continued to be the account's owner. Created in November 2020, the account became Libs of TikTok in April 2021. Libs of TikTok began receiving media attention in August 2021, including from conservative commentators and news outlets. Raichik remained anonymous until her identity was revealed in April 2022 by both software developer Travis Brown and "Washington Post" journalist Taylor Lorenz. Some conservatives accused Lorenz of doxing as a result, while others defended Lorenz from criticism. "The Washington Post" and Lorenz have stood by their reporting on Libs of TikTok. In August 2022, Libs of TikTok received substantial media attention after falsely claiming that gender-affirming hysterectomies were being provided to minors at the Boston Children's Hospital and at the Children's National Hospital. This resulted in a harassment campaign against both hospitals, including bomb threats.


title: Libs of TikTok

text: The account was created in November 2020 as a personal account with the handle @shaya69830552, and later @shaya_ray. According to "The Daily Dot", "in its early days, [the account] primarily existed as a reply account that routinely showed up in the comments of prominent conservatives on Twitter." Before becoming the Libs of TikTok account, Raichik downplayed the severity of COVID-19, promoted the conspiracy theory that the 2020 United States presidential election was stolen from Donald Trump through election fraud, and made posts showing that she was present at the 2021 United States Capitol attack. Raichik criticized the law enforcement officers at the Capitol, tweeting "[t]hey were rubber bullets from law enforcement. 1 hit right next to me." Raichik also tweeted that she did not enter the Capitol building like "a few crazy people" had and called the breach "mostly peaceful". Raichik later downplayed the attack, claiming it was peaceful compared to a "BLM protest". In early 2021, the account had less than 1,000 followers.


title: Libs of TikTok

text: The account's handle was later changed to @cuomomustgo, focusing on demanding the resignation of the then-Governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo. The account also promoted efforts to recall the Governor of California, Gavin Newsom. By March 2021, the handle had changed to @houseplantpotus, a parody account tweeting as a houseplant in the White House of U.S. President Joe Biden. @houseplantpotus later became @libsoftiktok on April 19, 2021, promising to "help you find your daily dose of cringe".


title: Libs of TikTok

text: In May and June 2021, before and during Pride Month, Libs of TikTok started posting anti-LGBT commentary, including her first tweet using "grooming" as a pejorative for LGBT people.


title: Libs of TikTok

text: In August 2021, podcaster Joe Rogan began promoting the account on "The Joe Rogan Experience", leading to a large increase in followers. Prior to being promoted by Rogan, Libs of TikTok had amassed around 65,000 followers. That same month, lawyer and Republican Party operative Grant Lally filed a trademark for Libs of TikTok as a "news reporter service". The account has been promoted by Donald Trump Jr., by journalist Glenn Greenwald and by political commentators Tucker Carlson, Jesse Watters and Laura Ingraham; has been featured in the "New York Post", "The Federalist", "The Post Millennial", Fox News and in other right-wing news outlets; and its posts have been retweeted by Meghan McCain.


title: Libs of TikTok

text: In April 2022, Seth Dillon, CEO of conservative Christian satire website "The Babylon Bee", announced a partnership with Libs of TikTok. Dillion later announced that he would financially support Libs of TikTok.