title: Wanrong

text: In the villa, they lived in relative peace and enjoyed an active public and social life. She smoked opium while in Tianjin as a pastime and later became addicted to it. Wanrong's perceived temper problems may have been one of the reasons for remaining passive to the problem, however, smoking opium at this time was not unusual. Li Guoxing, who had served under Puyi for over 30 years, said while Wanrong was shrewish (translated from: ) she was kind-hearted and friendly to servants.


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong found various avenues for entertainment in Tianjin: theatre, dancing, skating, horse-riding, sports, shopping, and more. She was a heavy shopper – shopping was a technique she used to compete with Wenxiu for Puyi's affection and attention. Puyi would frequently take Wanrong to the Xinming Theater to enjoy operas. Wanrong's friend Shuh Yun was invited on one occasion to play mahjong tiles at the Zhang Garden. Shuh Yun recalled she would go on sightseeing trips with her. She apparently did not participate in activities like dancing in the ball, nor did she buy any sweepstakes, she did not ride a horse or play balls. They had previously visited the International Jockey Club and the ballroom of West Lake Restaurant. Though, she mostly just enjoyed observing out of curiosity.


title: Wanrong

text: Whenever Puyi bought something for one of them, the other would insist Puyi also buy it for her too. Puyi also showed a preference for Wanrong and spent more time with her, which eventually led to Wenxiu divorcing him in 1931.


title: Wanrong

text: When the 1931 Yellow River floods broke out Wanrong donated a pearl necklace to aid the relief efforts.


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong kept a diary while in Tianjin and wrote numerous entries about Wenxiu, her illnesses, and her neglect at the hands of Puyi.


title: Wanrong

text: In Wanrong's journal entry of 30 April 1931, she said she had got seriously ill three times during her seven years in Tianjin. According to her journals, she still had several chronic diseases such as "panasthenia" (neurasthenia) and irregular menstruation. At Puyi's insistence in a discussion about illness and the effects of opium on pregnancy, as noted in Wanrong's diary entry of 30 September 1931, she continued to smoke opium.


title: Wanrong

text: On 1 October 1931, she wrote, referencing Wenxiu's asking for divorce with Puyi as treason, "It was the lunar 20 August. The Emperor talked about the treasonous act with me. I asked: 'is what was said in the press true?' The Emperor said: 'it's nothing but rumors.'" Wanrong further wrote in another entry on the same day, recounting what she had told Puyi: "...I said: If you live alone I would know that. If you always find some excuse for going out alone, I would know that you have allowed her to live alone. If you go to see her, I would also know about it."


title: Wanrong

text: Puyi noted in his memoir he began to feel "great resentment" for Wanrong after she drove Wenxiu away and consequently neglected her to the point Wanrong did not tell him of her feelings and he rarely spoke to her.


title: Wanrong

text: Late in 1931, Yoshiko Kawashima, acting under instruction from the Japanese Kwantung Army, fetched Wanrong from Tianjin to Dalian and then to Port Arthur (now Lüshun) to meet Puyi who had accepted an offer from the Empire of Japan to head the puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria (northeastern China) in the hope of restoring the Qing dynasty. Wanrong disliked the Japanese and was firmly against Puyi's plans to go to Manchuria, and for a moment Puyi hesitated, leading Doihara to send for Puyi's cousin, the very pro-Japanese Yoshiko Kawashima, to visit him to change his mind. After Puyi had snuck into Manchuria, Li Guoxiong (a servant) claims Wanrong had told him: "As you see, His Majesty had left and His Highness could not come here. I was deserted here and who would take care of me?" Yoshiko Kawashima, a strong-willed, flamboyant, openly bisexual woman noted for her habit of wearing male clothing and uniforms, had some influence on Wanrong and she eventually secretly relocated to Manchukuo. However, a member of Wanrong's entourage later said Yoshiko Kawashima had only played a minor role.


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong and her group landed at Dalian on 28 November 1931. Initially the Japanese military did not allow Puyi and Wanrong to stay together, with Wanrong's requests to visit Puyi being declined. Kudo Tetsuaburo, who worked as a guard for Puyi, stated there was a rumor the emperor had been killed and another rumor he had been put under house arrest. Wanrong was eventually allowed to visit Puyi in Lushun. It is possible the Japanese military initially feared Puyi could be influenced by those around him at such a critical stage of development and were hesitant to allow them to live together. Prince Su's Mansion in Lushun served as Puyi's temporary palace in which Wanrong would spend a few months before settling in Hsinking (Changchun). Li Guoxing, Puyi's servant recalled she acted like a spoiled child on several occasions.


title: Wanrong

text: After arriving in Hsinking, Wanrong was closely monitored by the Japanese and had to do as they instructed. She began to detest the Japanese and secretly planned to escape on two occasions. Wellington Koo, a diplomat, recalled in his memoirs when he was in Dalian, he once met a man who said he was sent by Wanrong to seek his help in escaping from Hsinking. Koo could not help her because of his status as a "consultant" then. Koo later wrote in his memoir "..My attendant said that he knew this man in Beijing and that he could meet him. He told me that this man was disguised as an antique dealer to avoid the attention of the Japanese (perhaps he had been an antique dealer). I went out to the porch and we stopped at the corner. The man told me that he was sent by the Empress. He said she asked me to help her escape from Changchun because she knew I was going to Manchuria; he said she felt miserable about her life because she was surrounded by Japanese attendants in the palace (there were no Chinese attendants there), and her every move was watched and denounced. She knew that the emperor could not escape, and if she could, she could have helped him to escape." In another incident, around August or September 1933, when the wife of Zhao Xinbo (趙欣伯), a Manchukuo official, was preparing to leave for Japan, Wanrong approached her and asked her for help. However, Wanrong's plan to escape was again unsuccessful. In frustration, the Empress was noted to have been heard saying on one occasion: <nowiki>"</nowiki>"Why can everyone else be free, but I can't be free?"


title: Wanrong

text: On 1 March 1934, the Imperial Japanese Government proclaimed Puyi as the Emperor of Manchukuo and Wanrong as his Empress. The couple lived in the Russian-built Weihuang Palace (now the Museum of the Imperial Palace of the Manchu State), a tax office that had been converted into a temporary palace while a new structure was being built. Apart from Puyi's coronation in 1934, Wanrong only made one other public appearance as Empress of Manchukuo, in June 1934, when Prince Chichibu visited Manchukuo on behalf of the Shōwa Emperor to mark close ties between Japan and Manchukuo. While these were the only big state ceremonies she participated in, she is noted to have made smaller public appearances; in the non-fiction book "Wild Swans", she was noted to have participated in the official visit of the Emperor to Jinzhou in September 1939, where the mother of the author was selected to present flowers to the Empress on her arrival to the city.


title: Wanrong

text: According to the 1934 "Imperial Palace" archives, Wanrong made 27 pieces of cheongsam in one year. She was also taught drawing and music, such as the piano as well as playing chess and tennis recreationally. Cui Huimei who taught Wanrong recalled: "We sisters taught the empress Wanrong drawing and music, but I remembered the empress Wanrong taught us to sing a song. It was the national anthem of the Qing Dynasty. The lyrics were dismal.."


title: Wanrong

text: On 21 November 1934, "The New York Times" wrote an article stating that: "due to nervous illness, Empress Yueh Hua will soon leave the capital to spend the Winter at Dairen."


title: Wanrong

text: Puyi became a devout Buddhist in the Manchukuo period, reading many books and sutras on the topic and had developed superstitions to the point where he would not allow his staff to kill a single fly. Puyi wrote Wanrong became so engrossed in these superstitions she would blink and spit unnecessarily, tellingly, as if she was mentally ill.


title: Wanrong

text: Puyi and Wanrong's relationship continued to deteriorate, albeit with continuing formalities such as Wanrong paying tribute to the Emperor. Puyi would sometimes sit in her bedroom before he slept and would leave at midnight unreluctantly which infuriated Wanrong. She is said to have thrown objects around in a rage. Due to Puyi's neglect and her loneliness in Manchukuo, Wanrong took to smoking tobacco mixed with small doses of opium as a relaxant. Over time, she became a heavy opium addict and was reportedly smoking two ounces of opium daily by 1938. Between 10 July 1938 and 10 July 1939, Wanrong had bought 740 ounces of opium. Her monthly spending also increased by twice the original amount, and most of it was spent on opium along with a large number of fashion and movie magazines.


title: Wanrong

text: While Puyi was absent, out of loneliness, the opium-addicted Empress had secret affairs with two of Puyi's aides in Manchukuo's Imperial Palace, Li Tiyu () and Qi Jizhong (). Puyi had Qi Jizhong sent to a military school in Japan just under a year of arriving in Changchun. On one occasion Puyi noticed another of his attendants, Li Tiyu, had lipstick on and questioned him as to why he was wearing it, with Li Tiyu responding he had been pale-lipped and wanted to make it look pleasant to the Lord of Ten Thousand Years. His answer caused an uproar of laughter. After this Li Tiyu always wore lipstick. In another instance Puyi beat him after becoming suspicious of where he was during the night after Puyi had got up to discover his bedding, with nobody there. Li Tiyu claimed to have had an affair with a guard's wife. Ultimately, Li Tiyu was banished from the Palace by Puyi who remained suspicious.


title: Wanrong

text: Puyi attempted to divorce Wanrong but was scared to offend the Japanese when the Kwantung Army disapproved. Puyi issued a proclamation about going to Lushun on 21 January 1935 to "avoid the cold," where he planned to leave Wanrong, but the Japanese saw through his plans and did not allow it. Wanrong reportedly discovered the plot and was deeply upset. Wang Qingyuan, an attendant for Puyi, said there was a strict rule Wanrong was not allowed to contact the outside world.


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong bore an illegitimate daughter and insisted Puyi either acknowledge the child as his or allow the child to be raised outside the imperial household, but her pleas were ignored and the infant was killed on delivery in 1935. Wanrong was immediately removed by Puyi's Japanese handlers to a remote hospital. There are two accounts of what happened to Wanrong after her daughter's death. One account said Puyi lied to her, saying her daughter was being raised by a nanny, and Wanrong never knew about her daughter's death. The other account said Wanrong found out or knew about her daughter's infanticide and lived in a constant daze of opium consumption since then. In Puyi's unabridged memoir he wrote, "[...] she was told he had been adopted and remained dreaming of her son living in the world until her dying day." It is possible Puyi was simply aware of what would happen to the baby, and was too cowardly to do anything about it.


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong was more hesitant to divorce than Wenxiu as she enjoyed the benefits of being Empress, although by this time Wanrong had little choice, evidenced by her previous attempts to escape. Puyi noted in his memoir Wanrong attached great importance to her position as empress, unlike Wenxiu, and was therefore willing to be a wife in name only. Wanrong was locked in her quarters and Puyi had several servants wait on her. Wang Jianzhai, a man who had worked at the Palace, claimed Puyi had "shackled" Wanrong in order to prevent her moving around with ease and said the sound of chains on the floor could often be heard as they walked by her room. After "a long time" the chains were removed. It is not known how long she was kept under complete "house arrest for."


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong's father eventually stopped visiting her in Manchukuo due to her drastic transformation. Ronqi, her brother, said her father loved her greatly and could not bear to face what Wanrong had become. The Empress is said to have smoked two packets of cigarettes a day along with large quantities of opium and the cheapest pipes available. Hiro Saga, the wife of Puyi's brother, wrote about the Empress at a shared dinner in 1937, noting:


title: Wanrong

text: "The empress was seated to my right, and while I was watching, she kept on taking more and more turkey for herself. I was surprised at her good appetite. Perhaps to make sure that I didn't catch on to what was happening, her young brother Runqi went so far as to rudely grab the chocolate from the person next to him. He kept on eating in a comical way to turn everyone's attention toward him. Afterward I found out that the empress was an opium addict and often suffered from bouts of mental instability. She just wasn't aware of how much she was eating."


title: Wanrong

text: In another incident, Puyi's sister wrote to Puyi in 1937 and said of Wanrong's appearance: "The enlarged photo of (the queen) is really terrible, it's changed since the last two years. It's hidden and not shown to others." After 1937 she no longer appeared at New Year or birthday parties.


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong became unpredictable and no longer groomed herself, washed her face, combed her hair or got dressed properly. Her toenails were no longer cut and bent around into the flesh of her feet, her teeth also darkened due to chronic smoking. The Empress became extremely skinny and her hair was eventually cut short and described as looking like a "hedgehog," perhaps due to lice or hygiene reasons if she did not frequently wash.


title: Wanrong

text: Yang Jingzhu (), the wife of one of Puyi's relatives, Yuzhan (), claimed she found Wanrong's personal maid, Chunying, crying in the Palace. Upon asking her what was wrong, the maid had told her the Empress had forced her to eat a cookie smeared with Wanrong's menstrual blood on it or face a beating if she refused. In another instance she was seen frantically running outside into the courtyard dressed in her pyjamas, having to be pulled back inside by a eunuch. A maid present at the Palace also recalled she would laugh and cry and lay around naked, although it is unclear if this meant full nudity or undergarments. The Empress went so far as to send servants on more than one occasion to buy lottery tickets with financial records showing the purchase and price of lottery tickets.


title: Wanrong

text: When Wanrong had moments of mental lucidity she is said to have cried and cursed her father, accusing him of ruining her life. It is claimed in her later years she struggled to walk and her eyesight severely deteriorated (likely due to an eye disease) and she could not stand brightness. She would use a folded fan to block her face when she looked at others, trying to look through the cracks. Wanrong was so isolated in the last years of her life Puyi's concubine, Li Yuqin, who arrived in 1943, only saw her face during the collapse of the regime in 1945.


title: Wanrong

text: In August 1945, during the evacuation of Manchukuo in the midst of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, Puyi attempted to flee from Manchukuo because his immediate entourage was at risk of arrest. Puyi, Wanrong and their group moved from Hsinking to Dalizi () by train, and from there, Puyi departed to Tonghua, where he took a plane to Mukden. He left behind Wanrong, his concubine Li Yuqin, and other imperial household members in Dalizi (). Wanrong, along with her sister-in-law Hiro Saga and the rest of her group, tried to flee to Korea but were captured by Chinese Communist guerrillas (in present-day Linjiang, Jilin) in January 1946.


title: Wanrong

text: The Soviets had swiftly arrived in Dalizi and Soviet officers informed Prince Pujian, a relative of Puyi's in the group, they had come to liberate Northeast China as well as asking to see the Empress. The officers briefly met Li Yuqin and Wanrong before departing, leaving the group undetained.


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong and her group later moved from Dalizi to settle in Linjian county to pass the winter in a hotel due to the cold as well as problems such as the running water icing up. On one occasion Li Yuqin went to see Wanrong who reached out her thin arm, making a wave to let Li Yuqin sit on her bedside. Eunuchs said this was unprecedented and nobody had before been offered a seat. Wanrong let out two noises, "Heh! heh!", Li Yuqin recalled: "My grief was unbearable and I was in tears. Her eyes showed a panicked and anxious look..."


title: Wanrong

text: Eventually, they were transferred back to Changchun by Chinese communist guerrillas under the command of He Changgong, who had discovered them. Li Yuqin, Puyi's concubine, was later taken back by her family, but Wanrong had no place to settle down. Her father had been captured and her brother had deserted her. She had no choice but to move around with the army. According to Behr in his book "The Last Emperor", Li Yuqin supposedly offered Wanrong a place to stay at her home, but her mother having no sympathy alerted Communist Party officials who had her group arrested. In any case, when the military left Changchun, they took Wanrong with them.


title: Wanrong

text: Hiro Saga wrote about her time at the Jilin prison saying: "All day long, the Empress rolled around on the wooden floor, screaming and moaning like a mad woman, her eyes were wide with agony. She could only feed herself, but she could no longer defecate by herself." While experiencing the symptoms of opium withdrawal in Jilin, Wanrong was cared for in her most frail and vulnerable state by her sister-in-law, Saga Hiro. Wanrong, because she was the former empress, she was put on display in the jail as if she was in a zoo, and people came from miles around to watch her. During this time, Wanrong hallucinated being the empress again; in one incident, she spoke in a commanding tone to the prison guards, who laughed at her in response. In her delirium, she demanded more opium, asked for imaginary servants to bring her clothing, food and a bath. The general hatred for Puyi meant few had any sympathy for Wanrong, who was seen as another Japanese collaborator, and a guard told Lady Saga "this one won't last," making it a waste of time feeding her. Due to the Chinese Civil War, Wanrong and Saga were moved to a prison in Yanji.


title: Wanrong

text: Saga, recalling Wanrong's final days alive, wrote: "I looked through the small window and saw to my surprise that the Empress had fallen from her bunk onto the concrete floor and her food had been left by the far entrance for days. The smell of urine was horrible."


title: Wanrong

text: An order was issued on 10 June to move Wanrong, Saga Hiro and their entourage to Mutankiang and then to Kiamusze. Wanrong was unable to walk and the man in charge of the prison said it would be best to leave Wanrong, in case she died on the way. Wanrong's last days were spent without any relatives or friends.


title: Wanrong

text: After Saga was separated from her, Wanrong died in prison at the age of 39 on 20 June 1946 in Yanji, Jilin province, from the effects of malnutrition and opium withdrawal in a pool of her own bodily fluids. Her place of burial is unknown. Some said she was wrapped in a piece of cloth and discarded in the hills north of Yanji while others claimed she was buried in the south of Yanji, though it is thought she was probably buried to the south. Her remains were never found.


title: Wanrong

text: Three years later, Puyi learned from a letter written by Saga Hiro to Pujie that Wanrong had died. He was emotionless. Puyi wrote in his memoir: "The experiences of Wanrong, who had been neglected by me for so long, would be incomprehensible to a modern Chinese girl. If her fate was not determined at her birth, her end was the inevitable result of her marriage to me. I often thought that if she had divorced me in Tianjin as Wenxiu she might have escaped her fate. But she was quite different from Wenxiu. To Wenxiu a normal man-woman relationship was more important than status or medieval pomp. Wanrong, however, attached great significance to her position as Empress and she was therefore willing to be a wife in name only."


title: Wanrong

text: On 23 October 2006, Wanrong's younger brother, Runqi, conducted a ritual burial for his sister at the Western Qing tombs. A photo owned by Runqi was buried there. A hand mirror which belonged to Wanrong was also chosen but not buried, in hopes it would be put in a museum.


title: Wanrong

text: Under the blue sky, an endless journey lays before me, even the Himalayas seems shorter from where I stand


title: Wanrong

text: I can see the entire bustling world, yet standing atop the clouds, how can I be truly free and unfettered?


title: Wanrong

text: Sometimes I sing to the melody, and I wish the winds of spring will not stop, so I can continue to fly


title: Wanrong

text: Sometimes in spring I happened to meet friends (along the way), that told me I was "high" and they were "low".</poem>


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong and Puyi were descendants of Qianlong Emperor, this family tree shows the relationships between them and their siblings before they married.


title: Wanrong

text: Wanrong had two brothers. The elder one, Runliang (; 1904–1925), married Puyi's first sister, Yunying ( (; 1909–1925). They had no children. Wanrong's younger brother, Runqi (; 1912–2007), married Puyi's third sister, Yunying (; 1913–1992). They had two sons and a daughter.


title: Wanrong

text: In 2005, at the age of 93, Runqi, Wanrong's brother, angered at how the media and drama crews had portrayed his sister, sued, saying, "As long as I live, I will not allow irresponsible fabrications and even personal insults about Wanrong's life story! Insulting!" As late as the 2000s, Runqi said Wanrong's sad face when she was designated as Empress still lingered in his mind.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: Preferred gender pronouns or personal gender pronouns (often abbreviated as PGP) are the set of pronouns (in English, third-person pronouns) that an individual wants others to use in order to reflect that person's gender identity. In English, when declaring one's chosen pronouns, a person will often state the subject and object pronouns (e.g. "he/him", "she/her", "they/them"), although sometimes, the possessive pronouns are also stated (e.g. "she/her/hers", "he/him/his", "they/them/theirs"). The pronouns chosen may include neopronouns such as "ze" and "zir".


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In English, when declaring one's pronouns, a person will often state the subject and object pronouns, for example "he/him", "she/her", or "they/them"; sometimes, the possessive pronouns are also stated ("she/her/hers", "he/him/his", or "they/them/theirs"). A person who uses multiple pronouns (either interchangeably or in different contexts) may list both subject pronouns, for example "she/they" or "they/he".


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: PGPs have come into use as a way of promoting equity and inclusion for transgender and genderqueer people. Their use has been identified by social workers, educators, and medical professionals as both a practical and ethical consideration. Style guides and associations of journalists and health professionals advise use of the pronoun chosen or considered appropriate by the person in question. When dealing with clients or patients, health practitioners are advised to take note of the pronouns used by the individuals themselves, which may involve using different pronouns at different times. This is also extended to the name chosen by the person concerned. LGBTQ advocacy groups also advise using the pronouns and names chosen or considered appropriate by the person concerned. They further recommend avoiding gender confusion when referring to the background of transgender people, such as using a title or rank to avoid a gendered pronoun or name.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: The practice of sharing personal gender pronouns has been done in the LGBT community for decades. It has become a common practice in social settings and on social media. Social media websites including Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn have added dedicated pronoun fields for their users' profile pages.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In July 2021, the Pew Research Center reported that 26% of Americans knew someone who preferred pronouns such as "they" instead of "he" or "she", a rise from 18% in 2018. Some use neopronouns such as "xe", "ze", "ve", "tey", and "hir".


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: The dean of women at Pomona College, Rachel N. Levin, advised against professors asking students to reveal their PGPs during class introductions, since this could upset those whom the PGP use is supposed to support. The two examples Levin gives include one student who has to confront not passing (in other words, that their gender presentation is not clear to people around them), and another student who does not know which pronouns to request others to use. Christina M. Xiao, a Harvard University student who favored use of PGPs, opposed PGPs being mandatory, saying that making use of PGPs forced can push people into a uncomfortable situation where they out themselves or feel "incredibly dysphoric."


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: Steven Taylor, Inclusion and Diversity Consultant for Inclusive Employers, an organization focused on improving workplace inclusion, wrote that while adding pronouns is a way for cisgender people to make non-binary and transgender people more recognized, it should not "be mandated" as an organization might have "trans colleagues who do not feel able to share their pronouns yet." The draft guidance of NIH Sexual & Gender Minority Research Office and the Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion said that disclosing personal pronouns when beginning a conversation might make others "more comfortable to disclose their own and prevent misgendering in the workplace." However, it warned that intentionally refusing to use the correct pronouns of someone is "equivalent to harassment and a violation of one's civil rights" and that pronoun disclosure should be "an individual choice and not a mandate." Analysts Louis Choporis, Gemma Martin, and Bali White, argued that using the incorrect pronouns can be "hurtful, angering, and even distracting." Additionally, Meredith Boe of Inhersight said that companies should not require pronouns in email signatures because it can "make many gender-expansive people uncomfortable."


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: There exists some disagreement on whether or not to refer to PGPs as "preferred". Some people omit the word "preferred", calling them "gender pronouns" or simply "pronouns" to emphasize that correct use of pronouns is a social obligation rather than an individual preference. There is concern that including "preferred" in the name may cause the perception that using an individual's PGPs is optional. Levin states that "pronouns aren't 'preferred' but simply correct or incorrect for someone's identity." Those who retain "preferred" point to a parallel with "preferred names" or as a way of affirming the individual's agency or right to choose their own pronouns.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: Some organizations have introduced policies facilitating the specifying of PGPs, particularly in email signatures. These include Workday, Virgin Group, TIAA, Marks & Spencer IBM, the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, BBC, and United Kingdom Ministry of Defence.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: Some companies change policies to encourage sharing of PGPs to be more attractive and inclusive to transgender and non-binary staff and customers. Out & Equal recommended that employers make providing pronouns are something that is voluntary rather than required and said that using the right pronouns makes a difference, especially for those who are gender non-confirming and transgender. Blackboard, the online learning tool, outlined the importance of preferred gender pronouns and how to set them within the program. The Te Kawa Mataaho Public Service Commission provided guidance on using PGPs in email signatures and the Australian Government's Style Manual has a sub-section about "pronoun choice."


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In July 2021, the Scottish Government proposed its 8,000 civil servants should pledge to include their PGPs in their emails, but an internal poll revealed that more than half were unwilling to do so. Permanent Secretary to the Scottish Government Leslie Evans dismissed the poll results as "disappointing", a trans woman and political campaigner Debbie Hayton, warned of possible consequences of the proposal for trans people, while the campaign group For Women Scotland opposed the proposal, calling it "frightening" and "undemocratic."


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In August 2021, a letter signed by the Leeds University and College Union and University of Leeds LGBTQ staff and student groups, to Vice Chancellor Simone Buitendijk, called on the University to implement policies to confront transphobia and a hostile environment on campus, including not asking trans people for Gender Recognition Certificates. Toward the end of the letter, the groups suggested an "effective and fit-for-purpose pronouns policy" which included Buitendjik using pronouns in her email signature, and fostering an environment "which encourages the sharing of pronouns" in order to show support for transgender people. In October 2021, the Leeds University and College Union reported that "some limited progress" had been made in response to their letter, but did not mention PGPs.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In August 2021, Scotland's government recommended that schools allow trans students to use their chosen bathrooms, names, and pronouns.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In 2018, medical doctor David Mackereth was not hired by the United Kingdom Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) because he refused to use PGPs for transgender individuals, saying they went against his Christian faith. An employment panel in 2019 ruled that his views were "incompatible with human dignity" and that the DWP had not violated the Equality Act. Mackereth opposed the ruling, as did the Christian Legal Centre (a project of Christian Concern), while the DWP welcomed the ruling. Andrea Williams, of the Christian Legal Centre, claimed that the decision was "the first time in the history of English law that a judge has ruled that free citizens must engage in compelled speech". In response to the decision, Piers Morgan called Mackereth a "bigot" who was "self-righteous" in his beliefs.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In November 2018, the European Commission recommended guidelines emphasizing the "desirability" of using PGPs and gender pronouns that individuals prefer, including by teachers and students in accordance with non-discrimination policies. The report also noted that only schools in Greece, Malta, and Norway were required to respect people's name and PGPs, and stated this appears to be the case in Finland and some regions of Spain.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In March 2021, federal appeals court judge Amul Thapar ruled that Nicholas Meriwether could sue Shawnee State University for violating "his constitutional rights" after the University disciplined him for failing to use the right pronouns for one of his students, who was transgender, and for violating campus anti-discrimination policies. Asaf Orr, the director of the Transgender Youth Project for the National Center for Lesbian Rights, which represented the student in the case, said that the decision "opens the door to discrimination generally." Andrew M. Koppelman, a Northwestern University Professor of Law, had a similar opinion. John K. Wilson, an editor of the blog of the American Association of University Professors, called the ruling good "for protecting faculty rights" but stated that the religious beliefs of a professor "should not give them special rights to mistreat students" and that professors don't have "full latitude" to determine which students get "respectful pronouns and which will not."


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In May 2021, in a written court statement appealing a decision in the case of "Forstater v Center for Global Development Europe", Maya Forstater wrote: "I reserve the right to use he and him pronouns for male people. No one has the right to compel others to make statements they don't believe." "PinkNews" described Forstater as "gender-critical" and as claiming a "right to misgender trans women". In 2019, the judge in the initial case before the employment tribunal, James Tayler, had ruled against her. He had stated that her belief that "sex is immutable and not to be conflated with gender identity" was something "not worthy of respect in a democratic society," called her beliefs "absolutist" and argued that there is "enormous pain that can be caused by misgendering." The Employment Appeal Tribunal judge Akhlaq Choudhury overturned Tayler's judgment, finding that the gender-critical belief that biological sex is real, important and immutable is indeed protected under the Equality Act; still, Choudhury made clear that the ruling did not mean "that those with gender-critical beliefs can 'misgender' trans persons with impunity".


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In October 2021, the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal judge Devyn Cousineau ruled that for those who are non-binary, trans, and not cisgender, "using the correct pronouns validates and affirms they are a person equally deserving of respect and dignity."


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: The December 2021 update of the Equal Treatment Bench Book advised judges that the use of preferred gender pronouns is "common courtesy." The guidance states that there might be situations in which a witness might refer to a transgender person with "pronouns matching their gender assigned at birth" and that judges should be alert to "how someone prefers to be addressed." It also states that those who are victims of sexual violence or domestic violence should be allowed to use pronouns according to gender assigned at birth "because that is in accordance with the victim's experience and perception of the events".


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: As of April 2021, U.S. Department of Labor policies on gender identity encourage managers and supervisors to refer to people by the pronouns and names they want to use, stating that continued misuse of pronouns and name may "breach the person's privacy...put them at risk of harm" and in certain circumstances, "may be considered harassment." It also advised such people to use gender-neutral language in order to "avoid assumptions about employees' sexual orientation or gender identity" and stated that someone's gender "should not be assumed based on their pronouns." The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission also suggested that even though misusing the PGPs and name of a transgender employee does not violate Title VII, doing so intentionally and repeatedly "could contribute to an unlawful hostile work environment." EEOC decisions in "Lusardi v. Dep't of the Army" (2013), "Jameson v. U.S. Postal Serv." (2015), and "Jamal v. Saks & Co." (2015) concluded that intentional misuse of PGPs created a hostile work environment. The commission also said gender identity harassment may include repeated, and intentional, misuse of PGPs.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In May 2022, the conservative think tank Policy Exchange reported that UK police and courts were referring to suspects by preferred pronoun because gender self-identification had been adopted as policy despite no basis in law. The practice was revealed by Freedom of Information requests made by campaign group Fair Play for Women. The report recommended the ending of "compelled use" of preferred pronouns by police.


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: In June 2022, Enoch Burke was suspended from Wilson's Hospital School, a Church of Ireland co-educational boarding school in County Westmeath at which he was employed as a teacher, after he voiced his objections to addressing a transgender student of the school as "they".


title: Preferred gender pronoun

text: Some groups and individuals have been critical of the application of PGPs. Republican Congressmember Greg Murphy opposed the U.S. Air Force allowing PGPs in email signature blocks, calling it "unbelievable," and arguing it detracted from military preparedness. In a dissent in "Bostock v. Clayton County", U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito said that the majority decision, in which the Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because they are gay or transgender, may lead some to claim that not using their PGP "violates one of the federal laws prohibiting sex discrimination" and believed that the decision would affect how employers "address their employees" and how school officials and teachers talk to students.


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: Olivier Rousteing (; born born April 3, 1986) is a French fashion designer. He has been the creative director of Balmain since 2011.


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: Rousteing was adopted by his parents at the age of 1. Rousteing's mother is an optician, while his father is a seaport manager. He grew up in Bordeaux and moved to Paris to study at ESMOD (Ecole Supérieure des Arts et Techniques de la Mode). Like Jacquemus, he dropped out in his first year citing lack of creative freedom.


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: In 2003, Rousteing began his career at Roberto Cavalli, where he was promoted to creative director of the Italian label's women's ready-to-wear collection, serving for five years in that position.


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: Rousteing joined Balmain in 2009. During his early time at Balmain he worked closely with Christophe Decarnin, then the French fashion house's creative director.


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: On 26 April 2011, at 25 years old, Rousteing replaced Decarnin as the creative director of Balmain. While he liked Decarnin's aesthetic, he wanted to orient the label towards the finer aspects of French couture. At the time of his appointment, Rousteing was a relatively unknown designer, and brought a much-needed fresh take on the brand's aesthetic that remains to this day. He has been credited with adding an Asian influence to the clothing, as Asia comprises a huge part of the brand's buyers. Rousteing says his age, initial anonymity, and especially race led to grumblings amongst the fashion establishment. "People were like, 'Oh my God, he's a minority taking over a French house!'" Rousteing told "Out" magazine in 2015.


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: Since his arrival, menswear now accounts for 40 percent of Balmain's revenue. While the company did not release figures, it was estimated that Balmain's revenue increased 15 to 20 percent between 2012 and 2015. Rousteing opened a Balmain store in London, Balmain's first stand-alone boutique outside of Paris. A New York City store opened in SoHo in April 2016. Other stores are in the planning stage.


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: With the help of A-List celebrity friends like Kim Kardashian, Kelly Rowland, Jennifer Lopez, Rihanna, Björk, Beyoncé, Justin Bieber, Nicki Minaj, Chris Brown, EMFAM and various models, including those from Victoria's Secret, Rousteing helped Balmain become the first French label to pass the million-follower plateau on Instagram.


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: In 2022, Rousteing signed with the Creative Artists Agency “to explore new business-building opportunities in entertainment and popular culture that are complementary to his role as Balmain creative director.”


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: Rousteing designed the costumes for the opera, "Renaissance" – a 27-minute ballet with 22 dancers, which was choreographed by Sébastien Bertaud and opened at Opéra de Paris on June 13, 2017.


title: Olivier Rousteing

text: Rousteing was adopted and is gay. Though he had previously believed he was mixed race because of his skin colour, in 2019, he discovered that he is fully African, with a Somali birth mother and an Ethiopian birth father. The 2021 Netflix documentary "Wonder Boy", written and directed by Anissa Bonnefont, examines his professional career and his search for his biological mother, who was aged 15 when she had him.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: The Wolf Man is a 1941 American horror film written by Curt Siodmak and produced and directed by George Waggner. The film stars Lon Chaney Jr. in the title role. Claude Rains, Warren William, Ralph Bellamy, Patric Knowles, Bela Lugosi, Evelyn Ankers, and Maria Ouspenskaya star in supporting roles. The title character has had a great deal of influence on Hollywood's depictions of the legend of the werewolf. The film is the second Universal Pictures werewolf film, preceded six years earlier by the less commercially successful "Werewolf of London" (1935). This film is part of the Universal Monsters movies and is of great cinematic acclaim for its production.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: After this movie's success, Lon Chaney Jr. would reprise his role as "The Wolf Man" in four sequels, beginning with "Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man" in 1943.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Larry Talbot returns to his ancestral home in Llanwelly, Wales to bury his recently deceased brother and reconcile with his estranged father, Sir John Talbot. Larry falls in love with a local girl named Gwen Conliffe who runs an antique shop. As an excuse to talk to her, he purchases a walking stick decorated with a silver wolf's head. Gwen tells him that it represents a werewolf, a man who changes into a wolf "at certain times of the year". The werewolf always sees a pentagram on the palm of his next victim. Various villagers recite a poem whenever werewolves are mentioned:


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Though Gwen firmly refuses Larry's persistent proposals for a date, they meet that night at the proposed time, and are joined by Gwen's friend Jenny to go have their fortunes told. The Romani fortuneteller, Bela, sees a pentagram when he examines Jenny's palm, and frantically sends her away. While awaiting their turns, Larry and Gwen take a walk. Gwen informs Larry that she is engaged. They hear Jenny scream. Larry attempts to rescue Jenny, who is being attacked by a wolf. He kills the wolf with his new walking stick but is bitten on the chest. Police investigating the scene find Jenny's throat torn out and Bela battered to death, with Larry's walking stick clearly the murder weapon in the latter case. Suspicion on Larry deepens when he cannot substantiate his story of fighting a wolf, since his chest wound miraculously healed overnight. The fact that Larry and Gwen were not with Jenny when she was attacked additionally raises suspicions of adultery. Though Gwen's fiance Frank believes in their innocence, Larry and Gwen become local pariahs.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Bela's mother, Maleva, reveals to Larry that the wolf which bit him was Bela in the form of a wolf, and Larry is now a werewolf too because he was bitten by one. Silver is the only thing that can kill a werewolf. Maleva gives him a charm to prevent the transformation. Uncertain whether to believe her, he instead gives the charm to Gwen for protection.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Like Maleva warned, Larry transforms into a humanoid wolf hybrid on the following night and kills a villager. He returns to normal the next morning with no memory of his rampage. Authorities believe the killing to be the work of a wolf; they set traps and send out hunting parties. The next night, Larry turns into a werewolf and is caught in one of the traps. Maleva uses a spell to temporarily change him back to human form, allowing him to free himself before a hunting party finds him.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Now convinced he is a werewolf, a distraught Larry decides to leave town. When he says his goodbye to Gwen, he sees a pentagram on her palm. He tells his father he is a werewolf and killed Bela and the villager, but his father thinks Larry is delusional and ties him to a chair to prevent him from leaving and prove to him he is not a werewolf. When the moon rises Larry transforms again, breaks free of his restraints, and attacks Gwen. Not recognizing the werewolf as his son, Sir John bludgeons him over the head with Larry's silver-headed cane which Larry gave him. Maleva arrives and again uses the spell. Sir John and Gwen watch in horror as the dead werewolf transforms into Larry's human corpse.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Chaney did not undergo an on-screen facial transformation from man to wolf in the original film, as featured in all sequels. The lap-dissolve progressive makeups were seen only in the final ten minutes and were presented discreetly. In the first transformation, Larry removes his shoes and socks. His feet are seen to grow hairy and become huge paws (courtesy of uncomfortable "boots" made of hard rubber, covered in yak hair). In the final scene, the werewolf gradually returns to Larry Talbot's human form through the standard technique.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Stories about the makeup and transformation scenes have become legendary and are mostly apocryphal. The transformation of Chaney from man into a monster was certainly laborious; the entirety of the makeup took five to six hours to apply and an hour to remove. Jack Pierce had initially designed it for Henry Hull in "Werewolf of London" (1935), but Hull argued that the disguise made no sense within the plot since "Dr. Glendon" needed to be recognizable by the characters even in his werewolf form. Pierce was ordered to design a second version which left more of Hull's face recognizable. Pierce then recycled his original design for the 1941 film.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Chaney claimed he was forced to sit motionless for hours as the scenes were shot frame by frame. At times he claimed he was left to remain sitting while the crew broke for lunch and was also equivocal about using the bathroom. Chaney even said special effects men drove tiny finishing nails into the skin on the sides of his hands so they would remain motionless during close-ups. However, there may be some exaggeration involved - studio logs indicate that during the filming of "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" (1948), the entire crew, including Chaney, took a two-hour break during the filming of a transformation and filmed the rest of the scene later that day (though the makeup for "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" had significantly been redesigned and streamlined by Bud Westmore over the original Jack Pierce makeup). What happened was a plaster mold was made to hold his head still as his image was photographed and his outline drawn on panes of glass in front of the camera. Chaney then went to makeup man Jack Pierce's department, where Pierce, using grease paint, a rubber snout appliance, and a series of wigs, glued layers of yak hair to Chaney's face. Then Chaney would return to the set, line himself up using the panes of glass as a reference, and several feet of film was shot. Then Chaney would return to the makeup department. A new layer would be applied to show the transformation being further along. He would then return to the sound stage to film. This was done about a half-dozen times. Talbot's lap dissolve transformation on screen only took seconds, while Chaney's took almost ten hours.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 90% based on , with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "A handsomely told tale with an affecting performance from Lon Chaney, Jr., "The Wolf Man" remains one of the classics of the Universal horror stable."


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, calling it "one of the finest horror films ever made". Maltin praised the film's makeup effects, atmospheric music, and Chaney's performance in his review.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: "The Wolf Man" was nominated for the Best DVD/Blu-Ray Collection in 2005, 2013, 2015, and 2017 by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films. It won in the same category in 2013, earning a Saturn Award.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: In the early 1990s, MCA/Universal Home Video released "The Wolf Man" on VHS as part of the "Universal Monsters Classic Collection".


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: In 1999, Universal released "The Wolf Man" on VHS and DVD as part of the "Classic Monster Collection", a series of releases of Universal Classic Monsters films. On April 27, 2004, Universal released "The Wolf Man: The Legacy Collection" on DVD as part of the "Universal Legacy Collection". This two-disc release includes "The Wolf Man", along with "Werewolf of London", "Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man", and "She-Wolf of London". In 2009, Universal digitally remastered and re-released "The Wolf Man" on DVD as a two-disc "Special Edition", as part of the "Universal Legacy Series". In 2012, "The Wolf Man" was released on Blu-ray as part of the "Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection" box set, which includes a total of nine films from the Universal Classic Monsters series.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: In 2013, "The Wolf Man" received a standalone Blu-ray release. In 2014, Universal released "The Wolf Man: Complete Legacy Collection" on DVD. This set contains seven films: "The Wolf Man", "Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man", "The House of Frankenstein", "House of Dracula", "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein", "Werewolf of London", and "She-Wolf of London". In 2016, the seven-film "Complete Legacy Collection" was released on Blu-ray. That same year, "The Wolf Man" received a Walmart-exclusive Blu-ray release featuring a glow-in-the-dark cover. In September 2017, the film received a Best Buy-exclusive steelbook Blu-ray release with cover artwork by Alex Ross.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: "The Wolf Man" was included in the "Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection" Blu-ray box set in August 2018. This box set also received a DVD release. In October the same year, the film was included as part of a limited edition Best Buy-exclusive Blu-ray set titled "Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection", which features artwork by Alex Ross. Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released "The Wolf Man" on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on October 5, 2021.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: The Wolf Man is the only Universal monster to be played by the same actor in all his 1940s film appearances. Lon Chaney Jr. was very proud of this, frequently stating in interviews that the Wolf Man was his baby. "The Wolf Man" is listed in the film reference book "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die", which stated that the film 'remains the most recognizable and most cherished version of the [werewolf] myth'.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: The Wolf Man is one of three top-tier Universal Studios monsters without a direct literary source. The others are "The Mummy" and the "Creature from the Black Lagoon". In the 1970s, novelizations of the original films were issued as paperback originals as part of a series written by "Carl Dreadstone", a pseudonym for British horror writer Ramsey Campbell.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: "The Wolf Man" proved popular, so Chaney reprised his signature role in four more Universal films. However, unlike his contemporary "monsters", Larry Talbot never had a sequel all to himself. "Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man" (1943) had Talbot's grave opened on a full moon night, causing him to rise again (making him, in the subsequent films, technically one of the undead). The full moon, which had not been shown or mentioned in the first film, was used as a quasi-explanation for the monster's resurrection, and the poem known to the local villagers was retconned to mention the full moon so that the last line became and the moon is full and bright.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: The resurrected Talbot seeks out Dr. Frankenstein for a cure but finds the monster (Bela Lugosi) instead. The two square off at the climax, but the fight ends in a draw when a dam is exploded, and Frankenstein's castle is flooded. In 1944 Universal wanted to pair Dracula and the Wolf Man in "The Wolf Man vs. Dracula", but it was canceled in favor of a remake of "Phantom of the Opera". In "House of Frankenstein" (1944), Talbot is once again resurrected and is promised a cure via a brain transplant but is shot dead with a silver bullet instead. He returns with no explanation in "House of Dracula" (1945). He is finally cured of his condition, but he is afflicted once again, in the comedy film "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" (1948). This time the Wolf Man is a hero of sorts, saving Wilbur Grey (Lou Costello) from having his brain transplanted by Dracula (Bela Lugosi) into the head of the Monster (Glenn Strange). Grabbing the vampire as he turns into a bat, the Wolf Man dives over a balcony into the sea, taking Dracula with him.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Universal Pictures produced a remake of "The Wolf Man" with Joe Johnston directing the film and Benicio del Toro starring as Lawrence Talbot (also producer of the film). The remake followed the same basic plot as the original. However, the story and characters were significantly altered, with Anthony Hopkins in a radically altered version of the Claude Rains role. The film was released on February 12, 2010, and opened at No. 2 at the box office that weekend. The film was met with mixed reviews and a low box office reception but won an Academy Award for Best Makeup in 2011.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Due to the 2010 remake performing below expectations at the box office, Universal chose not to produce a sequel. Universal's 2012 film "" was originally planned as a spin-off from "The Wolfman" but was ultimately unrelated.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: Universal announced that it would reboot their Universal Monsters properties as part of their "Dark Universe", with Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan attached to develop the structure of the shared universe. In November 2014, Universal hired Aaron Guzikowski to write the shared universe's reboot of "The Wolf Man". In June 2016, Dwayne Johnson was reported to star as the character. Later in October, David Callaham was brought on board to re-write the script. The following year on November 8 however, Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects, leaving the future of the "Dark Universe" in doubt.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: In May 2020, Ryan Gosling has been cast as Wolf Man for an upcoming reboot of the titular character. Lauren Shuker Blum and Rebecca Angelo co-wrote the script from an original story pitched by Gosling. The actor has previously been in negotiations to also serve as the director, but was ultimately decided that he would instead focus entirely on acting. Universal is actively pursuing a director. By July, Leigh Whannell entered early negotiations to direct the project, with Jason Blum announced as an additional producer. In October 2021, Deadline reported that Derek Cianfrance will write and direct the reboot.


title: The Wolf Man (1941 film)

text: The poem mentioned more than once in the film was not, contrary to popular belief, an ancient legend, but was in fact an invention of screenwriter Siodmak. The poem is repeated in every subsequent film in which Talbot/The Wolf Man appears including the film "Van Helsing" with the only exceptions being "House of Dracula" and "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein". The later films change the last line of the poem to "And the moon is full and bright", and in episode 944 of "Dark Shadows", Christopher Pennock (as Jeb Hawkes) recites this version of the poem.


title: ND Stevenson

text: Nate Diana Stevenson or simply ND "Indy" Stevenson (formerly Noelle Diana Stevenson; born December 31, 1991) is an American cartoonist and animation producer. He is the creator, showrunner, and executive producer of the animated television series "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power", which ran from 2018 to 2020. He is also known for the fantasy webcomic "Nimona", as co-writer of the comic series "Lumberjanes", and "The Fire Never Goes Out", his autobiographical collection.


title: ND Stevenson

text: Stevenson's work has won multiple Eisner Awards as well as a Daytime Emmy Award and a GLAAD Media Award. Stevenson is non-binary and transmasculine and has written about being transgender in his webcomic "I'm Fine I'm Fine Just Understand".


title: ND Stevenson

text: ND Stevenson was born on December 31, 1991, in Columbia, South Carolina, to Diana and Hal Stevenson. He is the third of five siblings.


title: ND Stevenson

text: Stevenson was homeschooled before attending A.C. Flora High School. During his senior year, he created picture books and won a local award in the Visual Literacy Book Production category.


title: ND Stevenson

text: Stevenson attended the Maryland Institute College of Art, graduating in 2013. While there, Stevenson gained fame as a fan artist under the name "gingerhaze" for his "hipster "Lord of the Rings"" characters. He also created cover art for Rainbow Rowell's novel "Fangirl", which was published in 2013.


title: ND Stevenson

text: During his junior year, he created his soon-to-be popular character Nimona as part of an assignment in one of his classes. In mid-2012, Stevenson began creating a webcomic around the character, also called "Nimona", and soon signed with a literary agent who found the webcomic online. The agent helped him sign with HarperCollins to publish "Nimona" as a graphic novel. "Nimona" would double as Stevenson's senior thesis in 2012. For his work on "Nimona", Stevenson won Slate Magazine's 2012 Cartoonist Studio Prize for Best Web Comic of the Year and the 2016 Eisner Award for Best Graphic Album: Reprint. Stevenson was also named a 2015 National Book Award Finalist for the graphic novel version of "Nimona". Stevenson said that the ability to create comics on his own and create "Nimona" was what got him a "writing job in animation," bringing him into the animation world.


title: ND Stevenson

text: After his graduation in 2013, Stevenson returned to BOOM! Studios to help develop, and eventually write, "Lumberjanes". "Lumberjanes" won Eisner Awards for Best New Series and Best Publication for Teens in 2015.


title: ND Stevenson

text: Stevenson was part of the writing team of Disney's animated series "Wander Over Yonder", beginning with the second season in 2015.


title: ND Stevenson

text: Stevenson was the creator and executive producer of DreamWorks Animation's rebooted "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power" animated television series on Netflix, which ran for five seasons from 2018 to 2020 "She-Ra" received critical acclaim, with particular praise for its diverse cast and the complex relationship between She-Ra and her best friend-turned-archenemy Catra. In 2019, the show was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Kids & Family Programming, as well as a Daytime Emmy Award at the 46th Daytime Emmy Awards. In 2021, the series was tied with First Day when it won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Kids and Family Programming.


title: ND Stevenson

text: Stevenson did freelance illustration for Random House, St. Martin's Press, and Label Magazine. He also worked with Ryan North on his book "To Be or Not to Be" (2013), a choose-your-own-adventure-book based on Shakespeare's "Hamlet".


title: ND Stevenson

text: In 2017, Stevenson appeared in two episodes of "Critical Role"'s first campaign as Tova. He has subsequently appeared in three "Critical Role" one-shot episodes between 2017 and 2022 as himself, Tova, and Peter Pan. His character Tova will be featured in an upcoming line of "Critical Role" miniatures by WizKids.


title: ND Stevenson

text: His autobiographical collection of drawings and journals, "The Fire Never Goes Out", was published in March 2020. "The New Yorker"'s review described it as "a memoir of sorts ... , a coming-out story, a love story, a tale of disorientingly rapid professional triumph, and a story about mental health and illness, showing the young artist figuring out what [he] must do-first to make art and then to get well."


title: ND Stevenson

text: In October 2021, Stevenson started a Substack titled "I'm Fine I'm Fine Just Understand" which will explore topics such as mental health, gender identity, and more, with premium subscribers given access to comics which "reflect more personal/sensitive topics." In August 2022, the Substack was nominated for a Digital Book of the Year Harvey Award.


title: ND Stevenson

text: On February 4, 2022, Stevenson posted a fan comic of "The Book of Boba Fett" entitled "This Place Was Home" on Twitter.


title: ND Stevenson

text: Stevenson married fellow cartoonist Molly Knox Ostertag in September 2019. He began working on "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power" at the same time that he began dating Ostertag, who was influential on the show "from the very beginning", coming up with a major plot twist in the show's final season.


title: ND Stevenson

text: In July 2020, Stevenson announced that he was "nonbinary, or something like it", and uses any personal pronouns. In November 2020, Stevenson published a comic about his top surgery. On March 31, 2021, the International Transgender Day of Visibility, Stevenson stated that he is transmasculine and bigender.


title: ND Stevenson

text: On October 11, 2020, National Coming Out Day, Stevenson wrote and illustrated his coming out story for "Oprah Magazine". He described his journey to self-acceptance, his "battle against the gender essentialism of [his] Evangelical upbringing", and stated that he had become an atheist by age 23.


title: ND Stevenson

text: In an August 2020 interview, Stevenson stated that he is bipolar. In February 2021, he mentioned having ADHD in an interview and its impact on his work and life during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: ND Stevenson

text: In August 2021, Stevenson changed his first name to ND, as noted by CBR, Out Magazine, ComicsBeat, Xtra Magazine, and Bleeding Cool. In October 2021, Stevenson said that he was "becoming increasingly aware of the practical need for a new, less gendered [name]... right now I don't really feel like I have one". On June 30, 2022, Stevenson announced he chose the name Nate, which he had been using privately since 2021, while being addressed as "ND Stevenson" professionally, and said his personal pronouns are he/him. He also said that he accepted "Indy" as a nickname.


title: Mississippi Masala

text: Mississippi Masala is a 1991 romantic drama film directed by Mira Nair, based upon a screenplay by Sooni Taraporevala, starring Denzel Washington, Sarita Choudhury, and Roshan Seth. Set primarily in rural Mississippi, the film explores interracial romance between African Americans and Indian Americans.


title: Mississippi Masala

text: It was released in France on 18 September 1991, in the United Kingdom on 17 January 1992 and in the U.S. on 5 February 1992. The film grossed $7,332,515 USD at the box office. The film was made a part of The Criterion Collection on May 24, 2022.


title: Mississippi Masala

text: In 1972, dictator Idi Amin enacts a policy of forceful expulsion of Asians from Uganda. Jay, his wife Kinnu, and their daughter Mina, a family of Ugandan Indians residing in Kampala, reluctantly and tearfully leave their home behind and relocate. After spending a few years in England, the family settle in Greenwood, Mississippi to live with family members who own a chain of motels there. Despite the passage of time, Jay is unable to come to terms with his sudden departure from his home country, and cannot fully embrace the American lifestyle. He dreams of one day returning with his family to Kampala. The effects of Amin's dictatorship have caused Jay to become distrustful towards black people.


title: Mississippi Masala

text: Mina, on the other hand, has fully assimilated to the American culture and has a diverse group of friends. She feels stifled by her parents' wish to only associate with members of their own community. She falls in love with Demetrius, a local African American self-employed carpet cleaner. Mina is aware that her parents will not approve and keeps the relationship somewhat secret. The pair decide to spend a romantic clandestine weekend together in Biloxi, where they are spotted by members of the Indian community, and the gossip begins to spread. Jay is outraged and ashamed, and forbids Mina from ever seeing Demetrius again. Mina also faces both subtle and outright dislike from Demetrius' community. Demetrius confronts Jay, who reveals his experiences and racist treatment in Uganda, causing Demetrius to call out Jay on his hypocrisy. Ultimately, the two families cannot fully come to terms with the interracial pair, who flee the state together in Demetrius's van.


title: Mississippi Masala

text: Jay's wish finally becomes reality when he travels to Kampala to attend a court proceeding on the disposition of his previously confiscated house. While in the country however, he sees how much it has changed and realises that he no longer identifies with the land of his birth. Jay returns to America and relinquishes his long-nurtured dream of returning to Uganda, the place he considered home.


title: Mississippi Masala

text: The script was written in Brooklyn, New York, after research by Nair, Taraporevala, and their team in Mississippi and Kampala. While doing research in Mississippi, Nair met a carpet cleaner named Demetrius and decided to model the main character after him. Ben Kingsley was originally cast in the role of Mina's father, but he eventually withdrew from the project, prompting the original backers of the film to pull out. Nair was able to gain new funding after Denzel Washington was chosen for the role of Demetrius. She later mentioned she faced substantial pressure from potential backers to select white leads rather than Indians or African Americans. The Mississippi-based scenes were filmed in Mississippi, in the towns of Greenwood, Grenada, Biloxi, and Ocean Springs. The Uganda scenes were filmed in Kampala, Uganda, including in Nair's home. Though the Monte Cristo motel was an existing business chosen by Nair and production designer Mitch Epstein for shooting, the production crew added a dark green trim to the exterior to echo the verdant landscape of Uganda.


title: Mississippi Masala

text: The film was positively received by critics. It received a 92% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 73 reviews with the consensus: "Sarita Choudhury and Denzel Washington’s romantic chemistry lights up the screen in "Mississippi Masala", Mira Nair’s observant and sexy tale of cultures clashing."


title: Mississippi Masala

text: On May 24, 2022, The Criterion Collection released "Mississippi Masala" in a newly restored 4K edition on Blu-ray and DVD. The special edition includes new interviews from Nair, Taraporevala, production designer and photographer Mitch Epstein, and cinematographer Edward Lachman.


title: Air force

text: An air force – in the broadest sense – is the national military branch that primarily conducts aerial warfare. More specifically, it is the branch of a nation's armed services that is responsible for aerial warfare as distinct from an army or navy. Typically, air forces are responsible for gaining control of the air, carrying out strategic and tactical bombing missions, and providing support to land and naval forces often in the form of aerial reconnaissance and close air support.


title: Air force

text: The term air force may also refer to a tactical air force or numbered air force, which is an operational formation either within a national air force or comprising several air components from allied nations. Air forces typically consist of a combination of fighters, bombers, helicopters, transport planes and other aircraft.


title: Air force

text: Many air forces may command and control other air defence forces assets such as anti-aircraft artillery, surface-to-air missiles, or anti-ballistic missile warning networks and defensive systems. Some air forces are also responsible for operations of the military space and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM). Some nations, principally countries who modelled their militaries along Soviet lines, have or had an air defence force which is organizationally separate from their air force.


title: Air force

text: Air forces are not just composed of pilots, but also rely on a significant amount of support from other personnel to operate. Logistics, security, intelligence, special operations, cyber space support, maintenance, weapons loaders, and many other specialties are required by all air forces.


title: Air force

text: The first aviation force in the world was the Aviation Militaire of the French Army formed in 1910, which eventually became l'Armée de l'Air. In 1911, during the Italo-Turkish War, Italy employed aircraft for the first time ever in the world for reconnaissance and bombing missions against Turkish positions on Libyan Territory. The Italian–Turkish war of 1911–1912 was the first in history that featured air attacks by airplanes and dirigible airships. During World War I France, Germany, Italy, the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire all possessed significant forces of bombers and fighters. World War I also saw the appearance of senior commanders who directed aerial warfare and numerous flying aces.


title: Air force

text: An independent air force is one which is a separate branch of a nation's armed forces and is, at least nominally, treated as a military service on par with that of older services like navies or armies.


title: Air force

text: The British Royal Air Force was the first independent air force in the world. The RAF was founded on 1 April 1918 by amalgamation the British Army's Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service. At its inception, the RAF comprised over 20,000 aircraft. It was commanded by a Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of major-general and was governed by its own government ministry (the Air Ministry).


title: Air force

text: Arguably, the Finnish Air Force was the first independent air force in the world, formed on 6 March 1918, when the Swedish count, Eric von Rosen gave Finland the second aircraft, a Thulin Typ D. Some considered that the Finnish Air Force did not officially exist during the Finnish Civil War, and the Red Guards had its own air force.


title: Air force

text: Over the following decades, most countries with substantial military capability established independent air forces. The South African Air Force was formed on 1 February 1920 and the Royal Australian Air Force was formed shortly thereafter, on 31 March 1921, although it was not until 1922 that the head of the Service was titled as Chief of the Air Staff, placing him on a par with his Australian Army and Navy counterparts. The Canadian Air Force was formed at the end of World War I and was abolished and reorganized several times between 1918 and 1924. It became the permanent Royal Canadian Air Force when it received the "Royal" title by royal proclamation on 1 April 1924. It did not however become independent of the Canadian Army until 1938, when its head was also designated as Chief of the Air Staff. Similarly, the Royal New Zealand Air Force was established in 1923 as the New Zealand Permanent Air Force, but did not become independent of the New Zealand Army until 1937. Other British-influenced countries also established independent air forces. For example, the Royal Egyptian Air Force was created in 1937, when Egyptian military aviation was separated from Army command. The Afghan Air Force was established on 22 August 1924, with support from the Soviet Union and Great Britain, but a civil war destroyed most of the planes and it wasn't reestablished until 1937, when King Mohammed Nadir Shah took power.


title: Air force

text: Outside of the British Empire, the Italian Royal Air Force was founded in 1923, the Romanian Air Force was established as a force category on 1 January 1924, the Finnish Air Force was established as a separate service on 4 May 1928, the Chilean Air Force was founded in 1930 and the Brazilian Air Force was created in 1941. Both the United States Air Force and the Philippine Air Force were formed as a separate branches of their respective armed forces in 1947, as did the Argentine Air Force in 1945. The Israeli Air Force came into being with the State of Israel on 18 May 1948, but evolved from the pre-existing Sherut Avir (Air Service) of the Haganah paramilitary. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force was not established until 1954; in World War II Japanese military aviation had been carried out by the Army and Navy. Unlike all these countries, the Mexican Air Force remains an integral part of the Mexican Army.


title: Air force

text: Germany was the first country to organize regular air attacks on enemy infrastructure with the Luftstreitkräfte. In World War I, it used its zeppelins (airships) to drop bombs on British cities. At that time, Britain did have aircraft, though her airships were less advanced than the zeppelins and were very rarely used for attacking; instead, they were usually used to spy on German U-boats (submarines).


title: Air force

text: Fixed-wing aircraft at the time were quite primitive, being able to achieve velocities comparable to that of modern automobiles and mounting minimal weaponry and equipment. Aerial services were still largely a new venture, and relatively unreliable machines and limited training resulted in stupendously low life expectancies for early military aviators.


title: Air force

text: By the time World War II began, planes had become much safer, faster, and more reliable. They were adopted as standard for bombing raids and taking out other aircraft because they were much faster than airships. The world's largest military Air Force by the start of the Second World War in 1939 was the Soviet Red Air Force, and although much depleted, it would stage the largest air operations of WWII over the four years of combat with the German Luftwaffe.


title: Air force

text: Arguably the war's most important air operation, known as the Battle of Britain, took place during 1940 over Britain and the English Channel between Britain's Royal Air Force and Germany's Luftwaffe over a period of several months. In the end Britain emerged victorious, and this caused Adolf Hitler to give up his plan to invade Britain. Other prominent air force operations during the Second World War include the Allied bombing of Germany during 1942–1944, and the Red Air Force operations in support of strategic ground offensives on the Eastern Front. The aerial warfare in Pacific Ocean theatre was of a comparable strategic significance to the Battle of Britain but was largely conducted by the US and Japanese naval aviation services and not by air forces.


title: Air force

text: The air force's role of strategic bombing against enemy infrastructure was developed during the 1930s by the Japanese in China and by the Germans during the Spanish Civil War. This role for the bomber was perfected during World War II, during Allied "Thousand Bomber Raid" operations. The need to intercept these bombers, both during the day and at night, accelerated fighter aircraft developments. The war ended when United States Army Air Forces Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945.


title: Air force

text: The United States Air Force became an independent service in 1947. As the Cold War began, both the USAF and the Soviet Air Force built up their nuclear-capable strategic bomber forces. Several technological advances were widely introduced during this time: the jet engine; the missile; the helicopter; and inflight refueling.


title: Air force

text: In 1954 the Japan Air Self-Defense Force was founded as a separate service. Previously Japan had delivered its service aviation from within its Army and Navy.


title: Air force

text: During the 1960s, Canada merged the Royal Canadian Air Force with the army and the navy to form the unified Canadian Forces, with air assets divided between several commands and a green uniform for everyone. This proved very unpopular, and in 1975 Canadian aviation units were reorganized under a single organization (Air Command) with a single commander. In 2011 the Canadian Forces Air Command reverted to its pre-1960s name, the Royal Canadian Air Force.


title: Air force

text: The organizational structures of air forces vary between nations: some air forces (such as the United States Air Force, the Royal Air Force) are divided into commands, groups and squadrons; others (such as the Soviet Air Force) have an Army-style organizational structure. The modern Royal Canadian Air Force uses Air Division as the formation between wings and the entire air command. Like the RAF, Canadian wings consist of squadrons. In the case of China the Air Force headquarters consists of four departments: Command, Political, Logistic, and Equipment, which mirrors the four general departments of the People's Liberation Army. Below the headquarters, Military Region Air Forces (MRAF) direct divisions (Fighter, Attack, Bomber), which in turn direct regiments and squadrons.


title: Air force

text: Airborne infantry, such as the Royal Air Force Regiment, Royal Australian Air Force Airfield Defense Guards, RNZAF Security Forces, and the US Air Force Security Forces, are used primarily for ground-based defence of air bases and other air force facilities. They also have a number of other specialist roles, including Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) defense, offensive operations in defense of air force assets, and training other air force personnel in basic ground defence tactics.


title: Air force

text: Air Force Special Forces, such as US Air Force Special Tactics, Brazilian Para-SAR, Indian Garud Commando Force and Pakistani Special Service Wing are used in a variety of roles including combat search and rescue, special reconnaissance, direct action, counterinsurgency, intelligence operations, and serving as joint terminal attack controllers attached to ground and special operations forces.


title: Tyler Christopher (actor)

text: Tyler Christopher (born Tyler Christopher Baker; November 11, 1972) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Nikolas Cassadine (1996–1999, 2003–2011, 2013–2016) and Connor Bishop (2004–2005) on the ABC soap opera "General Hospital". In August 2017, it was announced that Christopher would be joining the cast of the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives" as the son of long-time villains Stefano DiMera and Vivian Alamain. His tenure on the show began December 29, 2017. Christopher left the series on March 20, 2019; his role was recast with Brandon Barash.


title: Tyler Christopher (actor)

text: Christopher was born in Joliet, Illinois to Jim and Jimi-Ann Baker and grew up in Delaware, Ohio, the youngest of four children. While the family believed that they had Native American heritage, a DNA test taken by his father and sister showed no Native American ancestry.


title: Tyler Christopher (actor)

text: In 1993, Christopher — then credited as Tyler Baker — auditioned for the role of Stone Cates for the soap opera "General Hospital"; the role was later cast with actor Michael Sutton. In April 1996, Christopher was cast in the role of Nikolas Cassadine for the serial; he signed a three-year deal and filmed his first scenes in late June 1996. In June 1999, it was announced that Christopher opted not to renew his deal with the soap. Following his daytime departure, Christopher made appearances in primetime. In March 2003, it was announced that Christopher would return to "General Hospital"; then-executive producer Jill Farren Phelps described Christopher's return as an opportunity the serial could not pass up.


title: Tyler Christopher (actor)

text: In March 2011, "Soap Opera Digest" reported on their social media accounts that Christopher had been let go from the serial, due to Christopher's casting on ABC Family's "The Lying Game", produced by former "General Hospital" head writer Charles Pratt Jr. Christopher verified the reports of his firing to "ABC Soaps In Depth"; he explained that he had been released from his deal on Friday March 18, 2011, and the character of Nikolas was to be written out. Christopher's deal was set to expire in June and the date would have marked the beginning of the last 13 week-cycle period in his deal—at which time the network would notify the actor of their decision to offer another deal. While Christopher had previously admitted he was unsure about renewing his deal, he was open to working both shows and thought it was a likely possibility considering they were both under ABC. Christopher last appeared on June 30, 2011; he later returned for a three-day guest appearance from July 27 to July 30, 2011.


title: Tyler Christopher (actor)

text: In March 2013, Christopher returned in a recurring capacity at "General Hospital", while continuing to appear on "The Lying Game". In June 2013, it was announced that Christopher had signed a deal to appear on a regular basis on "General Hospital". The following month, it was announced that "The Lying Game" had been canceled after two seasons. In May 2016, actor Nick Stabile was temporarily cast in the role of Nikolas, with Christopher being unavailable, for an undisclosed amount of time. In September 2016, "Soap Opera Digest" reported that negotiations between Christopher and the serial had fallen apart, and that he would not be reprising his portrayal of Nikolas. Christopher made his last appearance on June 16, 2016.


title: Tyler Christopher (actor)

text: In August 2017, it was announced that Christopher had joined the cast of "Days of Our Lives" in a newly created role. Christopher previously made a one-episode guest appearance on the soap in 2001. He made his first appearance as Stefan DiMera on December 29, 2017. His last episode was March 20, 2019.


title: Tyler Christopher (actor)

text: Christopher was married to Eva Longoria from 2002 to 2004. He was previously engaged to "General Hospital" co-star Vanessa Marcil and dated Natalia Livingston. He and auto racing reporter Brienne Pedigo publicly announced their engagement in October 2006; Christopher and Pedigo married September 27, 2008. The couple had their first child, a son, Greyson James, on October 3, 2009.<ref name="GH's Tyler Christopher/">Fit for a Prince". "Soap Opera Digest". July 22, 2013. p. 45.</ref> In October 2014, it was announced that Christopher and his wife were expecting their second child, due in May 2015. On May 3, 2015, Christopher announced on his official Twitter feed that Brienne Pedigo had given birth to a baby girl named Boheme. Brienne Christopher filed for divorce in February 2019.


title: Tyler Christopher (actor)

text: On November 11, 2019, Christopher was arrested and charged with public intoxication in Martinsville, Morgan County, Indiana. He pled guilty and paid a small fine.


title: Media conglomerate

text: A media conglomerate, media group, or media institution is a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises, such as music, television, radio, publishing, motion pictures, theme parks, or the Internet. According to the magazine "The Nation", "Media conglomerates strive for policies that facilitate their control of the markets around the world."


title: Media conglomerate

text: A conglomerate is a large company composed of a number of smaller companies (subsidiaries) engaged in generally unrelated businesses.


title: Media conglomerate

text: Some media conglomerates use their access in multiple areas to share various kinds of content such as: news, video and music, between users. The media sector's tendency to consolidate has caused formerly diversified companies to appear less diverse to prospective investors in comparison with similar companies that are traded publicly and privately. Therefore, the term media group may also be applied, however, it has not yet replaced the more traditional term.


title: Media conglomerate

text: Critics have accused the large media conglomerates of dominating the media and using unfair practices. During a protest in November 2007, critics such as Jesse Jackson spoke out against consolidation of the media. This can be seen in the news industry, where corporations refuse to publicize information that would be harmful to their interests. Because some corporations do not publish any material that criticizes them or their interests, media conglomerates have been criticized for limiting free speech or not protecting free speech. These practices are also suspected of contributing to the merging of entertainment and news (sensationalism) at the expense of the coverage of serious issues. They are also accused of being a leading force behind the standardization of culture (see globalization, Americanization) and are frequently criticized by groups that perceive news organizations as being biased toward special interests of the owners.


title: Media conglomerate

text: Because there are fewer independent media, there is less diversity in news and entertainment and therefore less competition. This can result in the reduction of different points of view as well as vocalization about different issues. There is also a lack of ethnic and gender diversity as a majority of those in media are white, middle-class men. There is a concern that their views are being shared disproportionately more than other groups, such as women and ethnic minorities. Women and minorities also have less ownership of media. Women have less than 7 percent of TV and radio licenses, and minorities have around 7 percent of radio licenses and 3 percent of TV licenses.


title: Media conglomerate

text: In the 2022 Forbes Global 2000 list, Comcast is America's largest media conglomerate, in terms of revenue, with The Walt Disney Company, Paramount Global, Warner Bros. Discovery, and Fox Corporation completing the top four.


title: Media conglomerate

text: In 1984, fifty independent media companies owned the majority of media interests within the United States. By 2011, 90% of the United States's media was controlled by six media conglomerates: GE/Comcast (NBC, Universal), News Corp (Fox News, "Wall Street Journal", "New York Post"), Disney (ABC, ESPN, Pixar), Viacom (MTV, BET, Paramount Pictures), Time Warner (CNN, HBO, Warner Bros.), and CBS (Showtime, NFL.com).


title: Media conglomerate

text: Between 1941 and 1975, several laws that restricted channel ownership within radio and television were enacted in order to maintain unbiased and diverse media. However under the Reagan administration, Congress and the Federal Communications Commission, then led by FCC Chairman Mark S. Fowler, began a concerted deregulation over the years 1981 and 1985. The number of television stations a single entity can own increased from seven to 12 stations.


title: Media conglomerate

text: The industry continued to deregulate with enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Signed by President Bill Clinton on 8 February 1996, it was considered by the FCC to be the "first major overhaul of telecommunications law in almost 62 years". In the radio industry, the 40-station ownership cap was lifted, leading to an unprecedented amount of consolidation. Since this period, Clear Channel Communications grew from 40 stations to 1200 stations, in all 50 states, while Viacom grew to owning 180 stations across 41 markets.


title: Media conglomerate

text: As media consolidation grew, some in the nation began to speculate how it might negatively impact society at large. In the case of Minot, North Dakota, the concerns regarding media consolidation is realized. On 18 January 2002, a train containing hazardous chemicals derailed in the middle of the night, exposing countless Minot residents to toxic waste. Upon trying to get out an emergency broadcast, the Minot police were unable to reach anyone. They were instead forwarded to the same automated message, as all the broadcast stations in Minot were single-handedly owned by Clear Channel Communications. As the FCC reviews media ownership rules, broadcasters continued to petition it for the elimination of all rules, while those who are against this easing would often cite the incident in Minot as how consolidation could be harmful.


title: Media conglomerate

text: Like the United States, Canada, Australia, the Philippines, and New Zealand also experience the concentration of multiple media enterprises in a few companies. This concentration is an ongoing concern for the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, the Australian Communications and Media Authority, the Philippine National Telecommunications Commission, and New Zealand's Broadcasting Standards Authority. Other countries that have large media conglomerates with impacts on the world include: Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, China, and Brazil. Media conglomerates outside of the United States include Fujisankei Communications Group (Fuji Media Holdings), Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings, Hubert Burda Media, ITV, ProSiebenSat.1, Mediaset, Axel Springer, JCDecaux, China Central Television, Alibaba Group, ABS-CBN Corporation, GMA Network, Inc., TV5 Network, Inc., Viva Entertainment, Asahi Shimbun Company, Grupo Globo, Baidu, and Bertelsmann.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Kevin Anthony "Moochie" Corcoran (June 10, 1949 – October 6, 2015) was an American child actor, director and producer. He appeared in numerous Disney projects between 1957 and 1963, leading him to be honored as a Disney Legend in 2006. His nickname, Moochie, established him as an irrepressible character in film.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Born in 1949 in Santa Monica, California, Corcoran was one of eight children. His father, William "Bill" Corcoran Sr. was a police officer and then director of maintenance at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios. Corcoran's mother, the former Kathleen McKenney, was, like her husband, a native of Quincy, Massachusetts. Of his siblings most of whom did some acting in the late 1950s to early 1960s, Corcoran was the one whose work is best remembered.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Between 1956 and 1960, Corcoran played several different (but similar) characters, each bearing the nickname "Moochie". Although he was never a Mouseketeer, Corcoran appeared in three "Mickey Mouse Club" serials, beginning with "Adventure in Dairyland", where he played Moochie McCandless, a farmer's son. This was the first of Corcoran's many Disney credits. He soon returned, as Montgomery (Moochie) O'Hara, in two "Spin and Marty" serials, "The Further Adventures of Spin and Marty" and "The New Adventures of Spin and Marty".


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Corcoran appeared in a Mouseketeer outfit with the name Moochie across his chest just once. In "Disneyland: The Fourth Anniversary Show" (1957), "Mouseketeer" Moochie repeatedly badgers Walt Disney for information about "Zorro". Also on the fourth anniversary show, aired on September 11, 1957, segments were shown of "Rainbow Road to Oz", a live-action film about characters in the Land of Oz. Inspired by L. Frank Baum's Oz books, the film was to star some of the Mouseketeers, including Darlene Gillespie as Dorothy and Annette Funicello as Ozma, as well as Tommy Kirk and Corcoran.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Continuing his fictional Moochie roles, Corcoran played Montgomery "Moochie" Daniels in the 1959 Disney film "The Shaggy Dog". He also starred as Moochie Morgan in "Moochie of the Little League" (1959) and "Moochie of Pop Warner Football" (1960), both for the Disney anthology series. Character actor Russ Conway played his father.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: In each iteration, Moochie likes to hang out with the older "guys" (big brother Wilby in "The Shaggy Dog", the title characters in "Spin and Marty"), and hates being treated like the little kid he is. His determination to emulate elder peers despite adult warnings (swimming, helping Wilby, even switch-hitting) frequently gets him in trouble, but Moochie's bravado always returns soon afterward. Film writer Donald Liebenson has called Corcoran's character "part All-American boy and part hellion."


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Corcoran appeared in numerous Disney projects (and a handful of non-Disney ones) without the Moochie name. He starred as Toby, an orphan who runs off to join the circus, in "Toby Tyler, or Ten Weeks with a Circus" (1960). He also starred in Disney's "Johnny Shiloh" in the title role. These were the only two theatrical films in which Corcoran had the lead roles. Important co-starring roles include the following:


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Kevin Corcoran and Tommy Kirk played brothers in five films, beginning with 1957's "Old Yeller", and Kevin always played the role of a rambunctious animal lover who would try to catch and befriend various animals, ranging from cuddly puppies to dangerous animals like tigers and bears. The other films in this category were "The Shaggy Dog" (1959), "Swiss Family Robinson" (1960), "Bon Voyage!" (1962) and "Savage Sam" (sequel to "Old Yeller", 1963). Fred MacMurray played their father in "The Shaggy Dog" and "Bon Voyage!"; Dorothy McGuire played their mother in "Old Yeller" and "Swiss Family Robinson". In 1961, he did the voice of Goofy Jr. in the animated short "Aquamania". He played a role in "Wagon Train" in the episode “The Cassie Vance Story”.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Corcoran largely retired from acting after "A Tiger Walks", although he also appeared in the 1968 film "Blue" in a minor role. In an interview for the DVD release of "The Shaggy Dog", he credits his studio teachers with having prepared him well for his college studies.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Corcoran graduated from California State University, Northridge with a degree in theatre arts. After this he returned to Disney, this time working behind the camera as an assistant director and producer. His credits from this era include "Superdad" (1973), "The Island at the Top of the World" (1974) and "Pete's Dragon" (1977). Appropriately, he also worked on "The New Mickey Mouse Club" (1977). He was an associate producer on "Treasure of Matecumbe" (1976), on the sequel "Return from Witch Mountain" (1978) and on "The North Avenue Irregulars" (1979). He co-produced "Herbie Goes Bananas" (1980), and was the producer of the comedy television series "Herbie, the Love Bug" (1982) and "Zorro and Son" (1983). Corcoran's later contributions to Disney included commentaries and interviews on such Disney DVD releases as "The Shaggy Dog" and "Pollyanna".


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: He also served as first assistant director on several non-Disney television series, including "Scarecrow and Mrs. King", "Quantum Leap", "Profiler" and "Karen Sisco"; and produced a number of projects. Over the course of his tenure on the Angela Lansbury series "Murder, She Wrote", he was credited as first assistant director, assistant producer, and director.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Kevin Corcoran was the brother of Donna Corcoran, Noreen Corcoran, Hugh Corcoran, Brian Corcoran, Kerry Corcoran, and Kelly Corcoran. Another brother, Bill Corcoran Jr., former dean of students at California State University, Fresno, died in 2007. Elder siblings Donna, Noreen, and Hugh Corcoran have extensive film and television credits as child actors during the 1950s.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Kevin Corcoran and his wife, Laura Soltwedel, were married from 1972 until his death on October 6, 2015.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Corcoran was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at age 60. He died from this illness at age 66 on October 6, 2015. His remains were cremated by the Neptune Society, and his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean ten days later.


title: Kevin Corcoran

text: Kevin Corcoran was honored as a Disney Legend on October 9, 2006. Among the other recipients at the 2006 ceremony were the two lead actors in Corcoran's "Spin and Marty" serials, Tim Considine and David Stollery, and Corcoran's frequent co-star, Tommy Kirk, who was a veteran of "The Mickey Mouse Club" serials about "The Hardy Boys".


title: Kingdom Come (comics)

text: Kingdom Come is a four-issue comic book miniseries published in 1996 by DC Comics under their Elseworlds imprint. It was written by Mark Waid and Alex Ross and painted in gouache by Ross, who also developed the concept from an original idea.


title: Kingdom Come (comics)

text: The story is set in the near future of the DC Universe. The new generation of heroes have lost their moral compass, becoming as reckless and violent as the villains they fight. The previous regime of heroes—the Justice League—returns under dire circumstances, which sets up a battle of the old guard against these uncompromising protectors in a conflict that will define what heroism truly is and determine the future of the planet.


title: Kingdom Come (comics)

text: When comic book artist Alex Ross was working on "Marvels", published in 1994, he decided to create a similar "grand opus" about characters from DC Comics. Ross wrote a 40-page handwritten outline of what would become "Kingdom Come" and pitched the idea to James Robinson as a project similar in scope to "Watchmen" (1986–1987) and Alan Moore's infamous "lost work" "Twilight of the Superheroes". Ultimately, Ross teamed with writer Mark Waid, who was recommended by DC editors due to his strong familiarity with the history of DC superheroes.