title: Protein structure

text: Protein structures can be grouped based on their structural similarity, topological class or a common evolutionary origin. The Structural Classification of Proteins database and CATH database provide two different structural classifications of proteins. When the structural similarity is large the two proteins have possibly diverged from a common ancestor, and shared structure between proteins is considered evidence of homology. Structure similarity can then be used to group proteins together into protein superfamilies. If shared structure is significant but the fraction shared is small, the fragment shared may be the consequence of a more dramatic evolutionary event such as horizontal gene transfer, and joining proteins sharing these fragments into protein superfamilies is no longer justified. Topology of a protein can be used to classify proteins as well. Knot theory and circuit topology are two topology frameworks developed for classification of protein folds based on chain crossing and intrachain contacts respectively.


title: Protein structure

text: The generation of a protein sequence is much easier than the determination of a protein structure. However, the structure of a protein gives much more insight in the function of the protein than its sequence. Therefore, a number of methods for the computational prediction of protein structure from its sequence have been developed. "Ab initio" prediction methods use just the sequence of the protein. Threading and homology modeling methods can build a 3-D model for a protein of unknown structure from experimental structures of evolutionarily-related proteins, called a protein family.


title: Cynthia Watros

text: Cynthia Michele Watros (born September 2, 1968) is an American actress recognized for her roles in both daytime and primetime television. In 1994, she was cast in the regular role of Annie Dutton on "Guiding Light", which earned her the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998. In 2002, she was cast as Kellie on "The Drew Carey Show" and in 2005 joined the cast of "Lost" as Libby Smith. Since 2019, Watros has portrayed the role of Nina Reeves on ABC's "General Hospital".


title: Cynthia Watros

text: Watros was born in Lake Orion, Michigan. She attended Macomb Community College in Clinton Township, Michigan, and received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Theatre from Boston University, where she was part of Boston University's Professional Actors Training Program.


title: Cynthia Watros

text: Watros initially became known for her role as Annie Dutton on the CBS soap opera "Guiding Light" from 1994 to 1998. Her character, a nurse, began as a heroine, but she gained notice and critical acclaim as her character gradually descended into madness. In 1998, Watros won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her role on "Guiding Light". In 1998, she briefly filled in for Jensen Buchanan as Victoria Hudson McKinnon on "Another World" while Buchanan was on maternity leave.


title: Cynthia Watros

text: Watros appeared as Erin Fitzpatrick on "Titus" from 2000 to 2002 and gained recognition as a comedic actress, playing the fiancée of the title character. According to the DVD commentary, Erin was intended to be neurotic and socially awkward, but the character was revised a week before the pilot was shot. After "Titus" was canceled, she took on the role of Kellie Newmark on "The Drew Carey Show", as a replacement for Christa Miller. Watros played the role from 2002–04.


title: Cynthia Watros

text: From 2005 to 2006, Watros was a cast member on the ABC series "Lost", playing psychologist Libby, a member of the "Tailies", a group of survivors of the plane crash who were in the tail section of the plane (and not seen during Season One). She was a romantic interest to Hurley and was very mysterious showing up in flashbacks.


title: Cynthia Watros

text: After her departure from "Lost" in 2006, Watros filmed a pilot for a show titled "My Ex-Life" for CBS. She was slated to play the ex-wife of a character played by Tom Cavanagh. However, the pilot was not chosen by CBS. Watros was also the lead in the 2007 CBS television pilot for "The Rich Inner Life of Penelope Cloud", a comedy about a former literary genius who, after an awakening, decides to pursue optimism instead of cynicism.


title: Cynthia Watros

text: In 2009, Watros filmed a pilot for "Valley Girls", a spin-off of the CW series "Gossip Girl" set in the 1980s, in which she played CeCe Rhodes, the socialite ex-wife of Rick Rhodes, and mother of the series' protagonists. In a May 2009 episode of the USA series "In Plain Sight", "A Stand-Up Triple", she guest starred as a mother of three children in the witness protection program. Beginning in April 2010, Watros joined the cast of the TV medical drama "House" for seven episodes as Samantha Carr, one of Dr. James Wilson's ex-wives.


title: Cynthia Watros

text: Watros appeared in the 2012 indie film, "Electrick Children". In May 2012, she guest-starred in episode 8.22 of "Grey's Anatomy". In June 2013, she guest-starred in episode 4.17 of "Warehouse 13". She played Mary Matrix, coach of the FPS Varsity team in the online series "Video Game High School". Her character first appears in season two of the series, which started July 2013. Watros starred as Avery Jenning's self-obsessed aunt in "Dog with a Blog" on December 6, 2013.


title: Cynthia Watros

text: In 2013, Watros joined the cast of the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless", but left the show in early 2014 with her character being recast. In July 2014, she joined the cast of the MTV series "Finding Carter".


title: Cynthia Watros

text: In 2019, Watros joined the cast of "General Hospital" as Nina Reeves, taking over the role from actress Michelle Stafford who's returning to the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless". Watros also makes a guest appearance in the digital drama series "Misguided", playing a waitress named Anne, and is a throw back to her role as Annie Dutton on "Guiding Light".


title: Cynthia Watros

text: In 2006, Watros pleaded guilty to a DUI charge. She was fined, ordered to undergo counseling, and had her driver's license suspended for 90 days.


title: Cynthia Watros

text: In 2008, Watros participated in a USO tour to Iraq, visiting several bases, including COP Callahan in Baghdad's East Adamiyah area.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: Eamon Joseph O'Brien (September 10, 1915 – May 9, 1985) was an American actor and film director. His career spanned almost 40 years, and he won one Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien was a character actor of American cinema, and performed in "The Barefoot Contessa" (1954) and "Seven Days in May" (1964), the former of which won him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, the latter of which he received a nomination in the same category. His other notable films include "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1939), "The Killers" (1946), "A Double Life" (1947), "White Heat" (1949), "D.O.A." (1950), "The Hitch-Hiker" (1953), "Julius Caesar" (1953), "1984" (1956), "The Girl Can't Help It" (1956), "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" (1962), "Fantastic Voyage" (1966), "The Wild Bunch" (1969), and "The Other Side of the Wind" (2018).


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: Born Eamon Joseph O'Brien in Brooklyn, New York, he was the seventh and youngest child of Agnes (née Baldwin) and James O'Brien. His parents were natives of Tallow, County Waterford, Ireland. His father died when he was four years old.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien performed magic shows for children in his neighborhood. He performed under the title, "Neirbo the Great" ("neirbo" being "O'Brien" spelled backwards). An aunt who taught high school English and speech took him to the theatre from an early age and he developed an interest in acting. He began acting in plays at school.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: After attending Fordham University for six months, O'Brien went to Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre on a scholarship. O'Brien studied for two years under such teachers as Sanford Meisner; his classmates included Betty Garrett. He said, "It was simply the best training in the world for a young actor, singer or dancer." He added, "What these teachers encouraged above all was getting your tools ready – your body, your voice, your speech."


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien took classes with the Columbia Laboratory Players group, which emphasized training in Shakespeare.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien began working in summer stock in Yonkers. He made his first Broadway appearance at age 21 in "Daughters of Atreus".


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: He played a grave digger in "Hamlet", went on tour with "Parnell", then appeared in Maxwell Anderson's "The Star Wagon", starring Lillian Gish and Burgess Meredith. In 1940 he appeared with Ruth Chatterton in John Van Druten's "Leave Her to Heaven" on Broadway. Twelve years later he appeared in the same writer's "I've Got Sixpence".


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien's theatre work attracted the attention of Pandro Berman at RKO, who offered him a role as the romantic lead in "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1939).


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: He returned to Broadway to play Mercutio opposite Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh in "Romeo and Juliet".


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: RKO offered O'Brien a long-term contract. His roles included "A Girl, a Guy, and a Gob" (1941) and "Parachute Battalion" (1941). The latter starred Nancy Kelly whom O'Brien would later marry, although the union lasted less than a year.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien made "Obliging Young Lady" with Eve Arden, and "Powder Town". In May 1942, Universal bought out his contract with RKO so he could appear opposite Deanna Durbin in "The Amazing Mrs. Holliday" (1943). After this he joined the armed services.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: During World War II, O'Brien served in the U.S. Army Air Forces and appeared in the Air Forces' Broadway play "Winged Victory" by Moss Hart. He appeared alongside Red Buttons, Karl Malden, Kevin McCarthy, Gary Merrill, Barry Nelson, and Martin Ritt. When the play was filmed in 1944, O'Brien reprised his stage performance, co-starring with Judy Holliday. He toured in the production for two years, appearing alongside a young Mario Lanza.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: In 1948, O'Brien signed a long-term contract with Warner Bros., who cast him in the screen version of Lillian Hellman's "Another Part of the Forest". This starred Fredric March, who also appeared with O'Brien in "An Act of Murder" (1948).


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: He was then cast as the undercover police officer in "White Heat" (1949) opposite James Cagney. "He [Cagney] said he had only one rule," O'Brien noted. "He would tap his heart and he would say, "Play it from here, kid." He always did and I believe it's the best rule for any performer. He could play a scene 90 ways and never repeat himself. He did this to keep himself fresh. I try to do this whenever possible."


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: In 1949, 3,147 members of the Young Women's League of America, a national charitable organisation of spinsters, voted that O'Brien had more "male magnetism" than any other man in America today. "All women adore ruggedness," said organisation President Shirley Connolly. "Edmund O'Brien's magnetic appearance and personality most fully stir women's imaginative impulses. We're all agreed that he has more male magnetism than any of the 60,000,000 men in the United States today. (Runners up were Ezio Pinza, William O'Dwyer and Doak Walker.)


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: Following an appearance in "Backfire" (shot in 1948 but not released until 1950), his contract with Warner Bros. ended.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien then made one of his most famous movies, "D.O.A.", where he plays a man investigating his own murder. He followed this with "711 Ocean Drive" (1950). However his career then hit a slump. According to TCM, "In the early '50s, O'Brien started struggling with his weight, which could change significantly between films. He had no problems if that relegated him to character roles, but for a few years, "it was hard to come by anything really first rate."


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: "The funny thing about Hollywood is that they are interested in having you do one thing and do it well and do it ever after," said O'Brien. "That's the sad thing about being a leading man – while the rewards may be great in fame and finances, it becomes monotonous for an actor. I think that's why some of the people who are continually playing themselves are not happy."


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: He made some notable movies including two for Ida Lupino, "The Hitch-Hiker" and "The Bigamist". He also played Casca in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's film of "Julius Caesar" (1953).


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien worked heavily in television, on such shows as "Pulitzer Prize Playhouse", "Lux Video Theatre" and "Schlitz Playhouse of Stars". He announced plans to direct his own films.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: From 1950 to 1952, O'Brien starred in the radio drama "Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar", playing the title role. His other work in radio included "Philip Morris Playhouse on Broadway".


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: Mankiewicz cast O'Brien in as press agent Oscar Muldoon in "The Barefoot Contessa." O'Brien won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for that role.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien followed this with a number of important roles, including "Pete Kelly's Blues", "1984", "A Cry in the Night" (1956), and "The Girl Can't Help It".


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien appeared extensively in television, including the 1957 live 90-minute broadcast on "Playhouse 90" of "The Comedian", a drama written by Rod Serling and directed by John Frankenheimer in which Mickey Rooney portrayed dictatorial television comedian Sammy Hogarth. O'Brien played Al Preston, the show's headwriter driven to the brink of insanity. Burned out dealing with the volatle Hogarth, unable to come up with new material for the show's comedy sketches, Preston deliberately plagiarizes material authored by a young comedy writer who died in combat during World War II. When the ruse is discovered, Preston is fired, but tells Hogarth his rages are rooted in his inability to find love.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: In 1958 he directed and starred in a TV drama written by his brother, "The Town That Slept With the Lights On", about two Lancaster murders that so frightened the community that residents began sleeping with their lights on.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: From 1959 to 1960, O'Brien portrayed the title role in the syndicated crime drama "Johnny Midnight", about a New York City actor-turned-private detective. The producers refused to cast him unless he shed at least 50 pounds, so he went on a crash vegetarian diet and quit drinking.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: "I seldom get very far away from crime," he recalled. "I've found it pays … I tried non-crime films like "Another Part of the Forest" … good picture, good cast, but no good at the box office … But you just put a gun in your hands and run through the streets during cops and robbers and you're all set."


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: He made a French film, "The Restless and the Damned" for a fee more than $200,000. He was cast on the strength of his performance in "The Girl Can't Help It" and his Oscar.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien had roles on many television series, including an appearance on "", "The Eleventh Hour", "Breaking Point" and "".


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien walked off the set of "The Last Voyage" in protest at safety issues during the shoot. He later came back and found out he had been written out of the film. He was cast as a reporter in "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962), but had a heart attack during filming and was replaced by Arthur Kennedy.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien recovered to direct his first feature "Man-Trap" (1961) and appeared opposite Henry Fonda in "The Longest Day" (1962).


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: He continued to receive good roles: "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" (1962) and "The Birdman of Alcatraz" (1962).


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: In the mid-'60s, O'Brien co-starred with Roger Mobley and Harvey Korman in the "Gallegher" episodes of NBC's "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color". From 1963 to 1965, he co-starred in the NBC legal drama "Sam Benedict".


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien had a choice role in "Seven Days in May" (1964) which saw him receive a second Oscar nomination.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: "I've never made any kind of personality success," he admitted in a 1963 interview. "People never say 'that's an Eddie O'Brien part.' They say, 'That's a part Eddie O'Brien can play.' "


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: ""I'd like to be able to say something important," he added. "To say something to people about their relationship with each other. If it touches just one guy, helps illustrate some points of view about living, then you've accomplished something."


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien worked steadily throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. However his memory problems were beginning to take their toll. A heart attack meant he had to drop out of "The Glass Bottom Boat" (1966).


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: "It would be awfully hard to do a series again," he said in a 1971 interview. "I wouldn't go for an hour show again. They don't have much of a chance against the movies."


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: He was a cast member of "The Other Side of the Wind", Orson Welles' unfinished 1970s movie that finally was released in 2018.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: His last works, both in 1974, were an episode of the television series "Police Story" and main role in the film "99 and 44/100% Dead".


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: In 1957 O'Brien recorded a spoken-word album of "The Red Badge of Courage" (Caedmon TC 1040). Billboard said, "Edmond O'Brien brings intensity in the narrative portions and successfully impersonates the varied characters in dialog."


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: O'Brien was first married to actress Nancy Kelly from 1941 until 1942. He married his second wife, actress Olga San Juan in 1948. San Juan was the mother of his three children, including television producer Bridget O'Brien and actors Maria O'Brien and Brendan O'Brien. The marriage ended in a divorce in 1976.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: In the late 1970s, O'Brien fell ill with Alzheimer's disease. In a 1983 interview, his daughter Maria remembers seeing her father in a straitjacket at a Veterans' Hospital: "He was screaming. He was violent. I remember noticing how thin he'd gotten. We didn't know, because for years he'd been sleeping with all his clothes on. We saw him a little later and he was walking around like all the other lost souls there."


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: Edmond O'Brien died on May 9, 1985, at St. Erne's Sanitorium in Inglewood, California of complications from Alzheimer's disease at age 69.


title: Edmond O'Brien

text: For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Edmond O'Brien has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1725 Vine Street, and a second star at 6523 Hollywood Blvd. for his contribution to the television industry. Both were dedicated on February 8, 1960.


title: Benee

text: Stella Rose Bennett (born 30 January 2000), better known as Benee (stylised in all caps; pronounced ) and formerly Bene, is a New Zealand singer and songwriter from Auckland. In both 2019 and 2020, she consecutively won Single of the Year, Best Solo Artist and Best Pop Artist at the New Zealand Music Awards. Benee initially gained local prominence with her singles "Glitter" and "Soaked", before her 2019 single "Supalonely" saw international popularity following its success on the video-sharing platform TikTok and YouTube. Benee subsequently released her debut album, "Hey U X", in November 2020.


title: Benee

text: Under the moniker of Bene, she made her solo debut with the 2017 single "Tough Guy", before later gaining prominence with her 2018 single "Soaked", which has been certified double-platinum in New Zealand. She released her debut EP, "Fire on Marzz", with help from producer Josh Fountain in June 2019. Her second EP, "Stella & Steve", was released in November 2019 and charted in the US, Canada and France as a result of the international success of the EP's final single, "Supalonely". Since 2018, Benee has earned five entries on the Triple J Hottest 100, three of which were in the 2019 list. She also released her third EP, "Lychee", in March 2022 which charted at number 13 on the Official New Zealand Music Chart.


title: Benee

text: Stella Rose Bennett was born and raised in the suburb of Grey Lynn in Auckland. She grew up in a "really musical" family with parents who would expose her to the catalogs of Radiohead, Björk and Groove Armada. From the age of eight, Benee began taking guitar lessons in primary school before starting saxophone lessons in high school. Eventually, Benee dropped all music in order to prioritise water polo. She claims it "was [her] life" and that she at one point hoped to represent New Zealand competitively. Benee later became interested in writing and recording music at the age of 17, after deciding that she did not want to pursue a career in water polo. Benee attended an all girls Catholic school, St Mary's College, where music was compulsory for four years.


title: Benee

text: Benee began her music career by posting covers to SoundCloud, and began making her own music in her final year of high school. After dropping out of a communications degree at the Auckland University of Technology after two weeks, during what she called "a quarter-life crisis", she decided to enter the music business professionally. Her music caught the attention of Josh Fountain, a producer and member of the band Leisure, with whom she worked on both her 2017 debut single "Tough Guy" and her 2018 single "Soaked". As Bene, she earned her first career entry on the Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2018 with "Soaked" at #58.


title: Benee

text: In February 2019, Benee supported Lily Allen for an Auckland show during her No Shame Tour. Under the moniker of "Bene", released her debut EP "Fire on Marzz" on 28 June 2019, before later adding an "e" because of "pronunciation woes", and copyright issues. She had signed to Republic Records in early 2019, prior to this release. The EP, which was described by George Fenwick of "The New Zealand Herald" as "a funky, sun-soaked record", peaked at #13 on the New Zealand Albums Chart and at #75 on the Australian Albums Chart. The EP also earned Benee the award for Best Solo Artist at the 2019 New Zealand Music Awards in November 2019, where she also won awards for Single of the Year with "Soaked", Best Breakthrough Artist and Best Pop Artist.


title: Benee

text: Benee's follow-up EP, "Stella & Steve", was released on 15 November 2019. The EP features the single "Supalonely" featuring Gus Dapperton, which later gained international success in March 2020 after a viral dance challenge accompanied by the song spawned on the online video-sharing platform TikTok. This became her second song to become viral on TikTok after "Glitter" spawned a similar dance challenge in December 2019. Benee also supported American singer-songwriter Conan Gray for nine nights of his Comfort Crowd Tour of North America during December 2019. Benee's singles, "Glitter", "Find an Island", and "Evil Spider" each appeared in the 2019 Triple J Hottest 100 at 19, 25 and 51 respectively.


title: Benee

text: Benee's first headlining North American tour with support from American singer Remi Wolf was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 31 January 2020, Benee guested on Australian youth broadcaster Triple J's segment "Like a Version", where she covered British musician James Blake's "Mile High", in addition to a performance of "Glitter". In June, the song "Supalonely" clocked over 250 million streams shortly before Benee made her television debut performing it on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" alongside Gus Dapperton. She also performed the song on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" a month later. In July 2020, Benee released the single "Night Garden" featuring American producer Kenny Beats and British musician Bakar, before releasing the single "Snail" amid the COVID-19 lockdowns in August 2020. Also in July, she was announced as Apple Music's Up Next artist for the month of July, becoming the first New Zealand artist with the title.


title: Benee

text: Benee featured on the track "Afterthought" on Japanese-Australian musician Joji's second studio album, "Nectar" (2020). In October 2020, Benee was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2020 People's Choice Awards. Benee performed "Supalonely" on the American talk show "Late Night with Seth Meyers" in October 2020. In October 2020, Benee departed on a headlining tour of New Zealand October 2020, and formed her own record label named Olive, signing Raglan reggae musician Muroki as the label's first artist. On 15 October 2020, Benee announced her debut album, "Hey U X", which was released on 13 November 2020. She had prior noted that it would differ musically from her previous releases. In late October 2020, Benee released the single "Plain" featuring Lily Allen and Flo Milli, shortly before she was announced as the winner of the 2020 APRA Silver Scroll Award for the song "Glitter". She also won Best New Zealand Act at the 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards, where she was also nominated for Best New Act and Best Push Act. On 13 November 2020, "Hey U X" was released, as was a music video for "Kool", which served as its fourth single. She subsequently won Single of the Year (for "Supalonely"), Best Solo Artist and Best Pop Artist for the second consecutive year at the 2020 Aotearoa Music Awards. Shortly after, her manager of four years, Paul McKessar, handed back his Aotearoa Music Award for Manager of the Year after allegations of his sexual misconduct became public. She announced and then rescheduled a regional tour in Aotearoa aka New Zealand in 2021 to 2022. In 2022 she announced her first World Tour.


title: Benee

text: On 4 February 2022, Benee announced the release of her EP "Lychee" and released the second single "Beach Boy", which she originally teased on her official Discord server on the 25th January 2022. On 25 March 2022, she featured on Triple J's segment "Like a Version", where she covered American singer Ariana Grande's song "God Is a Woman", alongside a performance of her song "Never Ending".


title: Benee

text: In an interview for "The New Zealand Herald", Benee revealed that she has dyslexia. She also described her childhood experiences with songwriting: throughout school I struggled with writing...I liked creative writing, that was what I loved, but I was always making mistakes, and I was confined to this way that I should write...Songwriting for me was this place where I don't have to be grammatically correct. Learning the craft with [Josh Fountain], when he was sharing all his knowledge – something clicked, and I was just like, I love this. It's a great emotional outlet for me; I just love splashing what I feel on to a track.


title: Curb stomp

text: A curb stomp, also called curbing, curb checking, curb painting, or making someone bite the curb is a form of assault in which a victim's mouth is forcefully placed on a curb and then stomped from behind, causing severe injuries and sometimes death.


title: Curb stomp

text: In the film "American History X" (1998), white power skinhead Derek Vinyard curb-stomps Lawrence, a black burglar who had tried to steal his truck.


title: Curb stomp

text: New Jersey mafia don Tony Soprano curb stomps New York mobster Salvatore "Coco" Cogliano for making lewd comments to his daughter.


title: Curb stomp

text: WWE professional wrestler Seth Rollins used a curb stomp as his finishing move. Rollins said that he stopped using the move as "from a PR standpoint ... it was too perceptually violent ... I never hurt anyone with it. It was just something we didn't want kids trying on each other". On the January 15, 2018, edition of "Monday Night Raw", Rollins brought the move back, now referred to simply as a "stomp".


title: Curb stomp

text: In the Bollywood movie "Shootout at Lokhandwala", a scene is depicted where Vivek Oberoi curb stomps a local resident who informs the police about Aslam (Oberoi's friend) who is encountered by the police.


title: Mazda B series

text: The Mazda B series is a series of pickup trucks that was manufactured by Mazda. Produced across five generations from 1961 to 2006, the model line began life primarily as a commercial vehicle, slotted above a kei truck in size. Through its production, Mazda used engine displacement to determine model designations; a B1500 was fitted with a 1.5 L engine and a B2600, a 2.6 L engine.


title: Mazda B series

text: In Japan, the B-series was referred to as the Mazda Proceed for much of its production, with several other names adopted by the model line. In Australia and New Zealand, the B-Series was named the Mazda Bravo and Mazda Bounty, respectively; South Africa used the Mazda Drifter name. Thailand used the Mazda Magnum, Thunder, and Fighter names. Through its association with Ford, Mazda produced the B-Series as the Ford Courier and the Ford Ranger. Conversely, the Ford Ranger was sold in North America as a Mazda B series from 1994 until 2011.


title: Mazda B series

text: Mazda's first vehicles were three-wheeled trucks, also known as auto rickshaws starting with the Mazda-Go in 1931, followed with the Mazda K360 in 1959, the , and the larger . One of Mazda's first four-wheeled trucks was the 1958 D1100, briefly called the , with a 1105 cc air-cooled in-line two cylinder engine installed under the seat. That engine was replaced by a water-cooled unit in 1959 and joined by the larger capacity D1500. In 1962, passenger car size requirements no longer applied to commercial vehicles and the truck grew longer, with a two-liter D2000 available and the smallest D1100 discontinued. The D1500 and D2000 remained in production until the June 1965 introduction of the Mazda Kraft.


title: Mazda B series

text: The Mazda B-series pickup truck was introduced in Japan in August 1961 as the B1500 (BUA61). This model was the only Japanese market model to be badged under the B-series naming scheme, i.e. B1500. The BUD61 (second generation) that followed was the first model of the long-running "Proceed" series sold in Japan. It had a 1,484 cc OHV water-cooled engine with wet sleeve cylinders which produced , and a one-ton payload. This model also had a torsion bar front/leaf spring rear suspension, which was advanced for its time, giving it a relatively smooth ride. The B1500 was remodeled between late 1962 and September 1963; it received a new chassis code, BUB61. The BUB61 was more spacious; its cabin was extended by and it had a stretched body and wheelbase. The BUB61 had a new, upside-down, trapezoidal grille instead of the earlier full-width unit, with thirteen bars rather than nine, turn signals on the fenders, and more chrome trim—including a decor strip on the side.


title: Mazda B series

text: In addition to the standard two-door "styleside" pickup truck body there were also a double-cab truck, and a similar double-cab version called the "pickup." The "pickup" had a fully integrated coupé utility body rather than the separate bed of the truck version, as it was based on the somewhat passenger-oriented light van. This model was a two-door, fully glazed van with a fold-down tailgate and an electrically powered window, which was rare in the Japanese market at the time. The light van (BUAVD) was introduced in September 1962, and the two double-cab models followed shortly after. These three models were built on the shorter wheelbase chassis; when the longer chassis was introduced it was not deemed worthwhile to create new bodywork. These models were produced for only a few months. The B1500 was sleeker and considerably more powerful than its competitors in the Japanese market, but it was also markedly more expensive and it failed to sell in the expected quantities.


title: Mazda B series

text: The 1966 B1500/Proceed presented in October 1965 used the same 1484 cc OHV I4 engine as its predecessor, with minor changes to the cylinder head and valves and the use of a downdraft carburetor instead of the sidedraft unit used on the models sold between 1961 and 1965. The UA engine now produced at 5200 rpm. The chassis was now called the "BUD61"; it was longer than its predecessor and received new bodywork of a squarer design, and four headlights. In January 1971, a 1600 cc model with the chassis code BNA61 was introduced. This had 95 PS SAE in global markets; US brochures did not specify its power output and European importers claimed DIN. In Japan, a minimum (SAE gross) was claimed; the model was advertised in Japan as the "GT-Truck".


title: Mazda B series

text: In March 1972, the Proceed 1300, with a smaller 1.3-liter engine, was released and remained available in Japan until 1975. It had in SAE gross. The B1500 was the first Japanese pickup truck to be assembled in New Zealand from CKD kits. Assembly started in 1967 at Steel's Motor Assemblies, which also built the Toyota Corona and later became Toyota New Zealand's Christchurch plant after a government order for 672 units. The model remained in local assembly at various plants for several generations.


title: Mazda B series

text: The B series was introduced to the United States with the 1972 "B1600". In 1974, the similar rotary-powered "Rotary Pickup" was released in the US. The engine was enlarged to 1.8-liters for 1975's B1800, a model that had been available to Canadian customers since around 1970. It was known in the Japanese market as the "Proceed", where it was also sold as the Ford Courier. Its strong sales in the US market—mostly with Ford badging—relieved Mazda's pressing cash flow troubles in the period following the 1970s energy crisis.


title: Mazda B series

text: The Rotary Engine Pick-up (REPU) was the world's first and only Wankel-engined pickup truck. It was sold from 1974 to 1977 and was only available in the North American Market. The Rotary-Engined Pickup (REPU) had a four-port 1.3-liter "13B" four-barrel carbureted engine, flared fenders, a battery mounted under the bed, a different dash, a front grille, and round taillights.


title: Mazda B series

text: In the first model year, 1974, 14,366 were sold in North America Most were made for the 1974 model year (PA136 chassis), but the effect of the energy crisis on sales caused Mazda to restamp many of the 1974 models with a prefix "S", designating them as 1975 models; (SPA136). Sales dropped, with 632 units sold in the 1976 model year, when the four-speed manual transmission was upgraded to a five-speed. Mazda invested in a moderate redesign for the 1977 model (PA236), updating its electrical systems and adding a cab stretch for increased comfort. Sales never recovered with 1,161 sold in 1977, after which the REPU was discontinued.


title: Mazda B series

text: "Road & Track" magazine was impressed with its "smooth, quiet power" and "nice" interior. The vehicle retailed for about ; its observed fuel economy was . Most of the trucks are found on the West Coast of the US; they continue to be sought out by enthusiasts. Like many Mazda rotary vehicles, the REPU was raced. It took third place in the 1976 SCCA Mojave 24 Hour Rally driven by Malcolm Smith and Jack Sreenan.


title: Mazda B series

text: The first generation Ford Courier was introduced for the 1972 model year and sold for a little over when introduced—close to the price of a Ford F-100. The Courier was manufactured by Toyo Kogyo (Mazda), and imported and sold by Ford Motor Company as a response to the unforeseen popularity of the small Toyota and Nissan (Datsun) pickups among young buyers in the Western states. Like the other mini-pickups of the time, it featured a sub-2.0-liter, four-cylinder engine, a four-speed manual transmission, rear wheel drive, a load capability of , and was fairly inexpensive compared to full-size pickups of the time. To circumvent the 25 percent chicken tax on light trucks, Couriers, like Chevrolet LUVs, were imported in "cab chassis" configurations, which included the entire light truck without the cargo box or truck bed, and were only subject to a 4 percent tariff. Subsequently, a truck bed would be attached to the chassis and the vehicle could be sold as a light truck.


title: Mazda B series

text: The body styling was effectively that of the related Mazda B series, but its frontal treatment was unique; its grille was designed to emulate that of the larger Ford F series and large, single headlights were fitted instead of the B series's smaller twin units. When the Courier was introduced, it was supplied with a 1.8-liter overhead cam engine that produced at 5,070 rpm and at 3,500 rpm. A four-speed manual transmission was standard; a three-speed automatic option was also offered. A five-speed manual option was added in 1976.


title: Mazda B series

text: Badging was changed several times in the first generation of the series. In 1972, the tailgate read "Ford Courier" in large, raised letters; there was a small "Courier" badge on the front of the hood. From 1973 until 1976, the hood badging read "Ford". In 1973, the tailgate read "Courier" in large letters, with a small "Ford" badge on the upper left. In 1974, it read "Ford" in large letters, with a small "Courier" badge on the lower right. In 1976, the cab was lengthened by and extra trim was added to the grille.


title: Mazda B series

text: The model's third generation was introduced in April 1977 as the PE chassis for the Proceed 1600. The Japanese model had a claimed and a top speed of . The new model was more comfortable than the previous; it had a woodgrain dashboard and other luxuries. Outside Japan it was sold as the B1600 and later as the B1800, which was originally sold only in North America. In the US for the 1980 model year, it was sold as the B2000, which used a 2.0-liter F/MA engine, replacing the B1800. The diesel 2.2-liter B2200 was sold from 1981 with the chassis code UD (introduced during 1982 for the United States). In the US, the 1984 B2000 continued to be sold through 1985; the next generation only appeared as a "1986". The 2.0-liter version was called PE2M6/M7 until 1981—"6" for the short wheelbase, "7" for the long bed—after which it had the chassis code UC. In Japan, this truck was discontinued in October 1979 because commercial customers preferred vans over the less space-efficient, bonneted trucks.


title: Mazda B series

text: The B2000 was also available in a long-bed version with a longer wheelbase and rear overhang, which was given the model name "Sundowner" in some markets—a reference to nomadic Australian herders who would make camp wherever they were at sundown. The regular model code UC11 was changed to UC21 when it was fitted with a long bed. The chassis coding system was used for the US market in 1981 when a standardized VIN code was introduced. This change led to a second coding system, complicating the identification and grouping of these trucks. The B series was reskinned during 1982, with new sheetmetal below the belt line, and was replaced in January 1985. By this time, 1.8 million Mazda B-series trucks had been built since 1961.


title: Mazda B series

text: In Australia and New Zealand, the Courier was a compact pick-up built for Ford by Mazda in Japan. It was first offered on the Australian market in 1979. Both Mazda and Ford versions for New Zealand were assembled locally. Gulf Auto Restorations in New Zealand also built a run of double-cab Ford Couriers in 1979, long before Mazda themselves developed such a model.


title: Mazda B series

text: In 1977, the Courier was redesigned and various new options were made available. The truck was available with front disc brakes and a Ford-built 2.3-liter engine option, which was the same engine used in the Ford Pinto and Mustang II. The key feature distinguishing the Courier from Mazda's B series was the single headlights, although with park and indicator lights were placed inset starting in 1978. 1977 models retained the turn signal lights in the bumper. In 1979, the base model engine was increased in size to 2.0-liters. The optional Ford 2.3-liter engine was produced in Brazil.


title: Mazda B series

text: The Courier was never available with a diesel engine in the US. However, the 1982 Mazda B2200 was available with the S2, a Perkins-built 4.135, 2.2-liter four-cylinder diesel engine, producing at 4000 rpm. This diesel engine was also available for the 1983 and 1984 Ford Ranger; for the 1985 to 1987 Ford Rangers it was replaced with the 2.3-liter "4D55T" turbo diesel.


title: Mazda B series

text: The Courier continued to be sold in North America until the model year 1982, when power steering was added. For 1983, Ford of North America introduced its own Ford Ranger to fill its compact truck segment, which replaced the Courier in the US and Canadian markets. In other markets such as Australasia, this generation of Courier continued to be sold until 1985, when the next generation was introduced. Australian models were redesigned in 1982 or 1983.


title: Mazda B series

text: Between 1979 and 1982, a number of electric Ford Couriers were produced. Jet Industries purchased "vehicle gliders"—Ford Courier bodies without engines, and fitted them with a series-connected direct current motor and lead-acid accumulators; they labeled the vehicles the Jet Industries ElectraVan 750. These were sold mainly as service trucks, generally to local government departments. They had a top speed of around , and covered on a full charge. A number of these vehicles still exist, usually with upgraded motor control systems and higher-voltage battery packs.


title: Mazda B series

text: A new Proceed/B series (UF) was introduced in January 1985; it was produced until June 1999. A five-speed manual transmission was the primary choice in most markets, with options of a four-speed automatic transmission option and part-time four wheel drive. The 2.6-liter, Mitsubishi-powered B2600 was added in 1986. 1987 saw the Mazda inline-four engine upgraded to 2.2-liters in the B2200; the smaller engine was phased out of the North American markets after that year. In 1988, the Mitsubishi engine was replaced with a new family of Mazda powerplants. This generation also returned to the Japanese market as the "Proceed", where it was marketed mostly as a "lifestyle" truck.


title: Mazda B series

text: From 1991, an SUV/RV version of this generation was manufactured and sold as the Proceed Marvie; this was sold as the Ford Raider in Australia. The Proceed Marvie had a UV chassis code. It had three rows of seats, with the rearmost accessible by walking past the second row on the left. This car was only offered with right-hand-drive. A similar version of the vehicle was developed in Thailand, where it was sold as a version of the Mazda B series. In 1988, the larger Mitsubishi carbureted engine was replaced with Mazda's more powerful, 2.6-liter, four-cylinder, fuel-injected engine. The new model was named B2600i—"i" for injection. Both Mazda B series and the Ford Courier versions were assembled from CKD kits in New Zealand. The New Zealand lineup started with the 2.2 diesel with , with the petrol 2.2 offering and the fuel injected 2.6 .


title: Mazda B series

text: In South Africa, South African Motor Corporation (SAMCOR)—now Ford SA—fitted the B series with the 3.0- and later the 3.4-liter Ford Essex V6 as a range-topping engine option. The Essex engine was produced at Ford's Struandale engine plant in Port Elizabeth. In Zimbabwe, the B series was assembled at the Willowvale Mazda Motor Industry plant in Willowvale, Harare, where it was fitted with the 1.6 and 1.8-liter engines.


title: Mazda B series

text: Upon its North American debut in 1985 for the 1986 model year, the B2000 was praised by automotive critics for its comfortable ride, smooth handling, and general car-like feel despite its ability to perform tasks required of a truck. In addition to the standard cab which was available with a short bed or long bed, Mazda offered an extended cab version with jump seats called the Cab Plus.


title: Mazda B series

text: For three consecutive years (1986, 1987, 1988), Mazda trucks were rated number one in overall customer satisfaction by J.D. Power and Associates.


title: Mazda B series

text: For the 1986 model year, the only available models were the B2000 (only available in 4x2) and the B2600 4x4. The latter model was powered with a 2.6-liter Mitsubishi-sourced carbureted motor.


title: Mazda B series

text: The B2200 was introduced as a replacement for the B2000 in 1987, and the B2000 was discontinued after the 1987 model year. For the 1989 model year, the B2600 was given a Mazda G6 fuel-injected engine and was renamed the B2600i. At this point, the B2600i became available either in 4x4 or 4x2, alongside the B2200 which remained only available as a 4x2. All B2600i models were equipped with a different hood with a distinct center bulge to accommodate the larger motor. The B2600 4x4 and subsequent B2600i 4x4 models had their own styling distinctions such as fender flares, a wider front bumper, and mud guards.


title: Mazda B series

text: For the 1986–89 model years, there were three trim levels available in North America: base, SE-5, and LX. For the 1990–93 model years, the LX trim level was renamed the LE-5.


title: Mazda B series

text: The base model was a utilitarian vehicle and featured no amenities. The standard cab came standard with breathable vinyl upholstery, full brushed-nap carpeting, and steel wheels with blackwall radial tires. The Cab Plus base model came standard with body side pinstripes, swing-out rear side windows, checkered tweed reclining bucket seats, full cut-pile carpeting, a sports-type moulded shifter boot, a remote control fuel-filler door release, and a storage box for jack and tools.


title: Mazda B series

text: The SE-5 was marketed as the sporty trim level, with standard features including dual large black 'tow' mirrors, a black rear step bumper, full cut-pile carpeting, AM/FM stereo, white and black painted spoked wheels with white-letter Bridgestone SF Radial tires, and a prominent stripe kit.


title: Mazda B series

text: The LX was the top-of-the-line trim level, and marketed as a luxury truck. It came standard with chrome trim all around, driver's lumbar support adjustment, herringbone tweed upholstery, fully upholstered door panels with lower door carpeting and map pockets, full cut-pile carpeting, day/night rearview mirror, passenger sun visor vanity mirror, 'headlamps on' warning buzzer, windshield washer fluid level warning light, locking glove box, wrapped steering wheel, AM/FM stereo, tachometer, temperature gauge, digital quartz clock, tinted glass, sliding rear window, dual black mirrors, body side mouldings, pinstripes, a black rear step bumper, chrome spoker wheels with white-letter Bridgestone SF Radial tires.


title: Mazda B series

text: For an additional $650 option (1986 price), LX model buyers could opt for the Convenience Package, which added an electronic tuning AM/FM radio and cassette player with four speakers, power steering, tilt steering wheel, cruise control, halogen headlamps, and two-tone paint (initially available in Dover White/Sunset Wine, Sparkling Black/Sunbeam Silver, Ondo Blue/Tornado Silver, and later available in Bayside Blue/Caspian Blue, Sunbeam Silver/Caspian Blue, and Brilliant Black/Sunbeam Silver).


title: Mazda B series

text: Although the North American Mazda B series remained largely unchanged throughout its eight-year run, there were minor cosmetic refreshes. For instance, 1986 was the only model year when models had a small chrome and white "maᴢᴅa" emblem on its grille. For the 1987 model year, it was replaced with a larger painted plastic piece to match the colors of the grille itself. This remained unchanged throughout the remainder of the B series' run.


title: Mazda B series

text: The 1986–87 B2000 featured a tailgate with a large "MAZDA" logo stamped into the center; all other models featured a flat tailgate with a smaller Mazda decal applied to the lower right corner.


title: Mazda B series

text: The 1990 model year saw the first major refresh in the B series: the front bumper and grille, which had been painted a dark metallic satin grey with light grey headlight bezels, were changed to black with light grey headlight bezels. Also for 1990, the wheels for the B2600i 4x4 SE-5 were changed from chrome to a new alloy design. For the 1991 model year, the LE-5 4x2 models also received alloy wheels.


title: Mazda B series

text: In the SE-5, the most noticeable yearly changes were the gradual disappearance of its stripes. The 1986 SE-5 model featured a stripe kit that covered a large portion of the body (running along the waistline of the front fenders and doors, and along the shoulder of the bed), with bold lines separating a monochrome color scheme and reading "SE-5" in front of the taillights (written either in black or white). The 1987 SE-5's stripes were reduced to a more subtle set of lines running along the body's waistline and swinging upwards towards the taillights where they read "SE-5" (this variant of stripes was available in either a dark blue/yellow/medium blue/light blue color scheme or a dark grey/red-orange/medium grey/light grey color scheme). The 1989 SE-5 featured a less prominent gradient-style stripe kit that started from the waistline of the doors and ran across towards the taillights. This variant remained mostly unchanged until the end of the B series' run in 1993.


title: Mazda B series

text: For the North American markets, Mazda spent more than to design and develop the 1986–1993 B-series trucks to meet consumer demands. Partway through the 1994 model year, beginning in limited markets in June and expanding to the whole country in September, Mazda introduced a rebadged version of the Ford Ranger. This was done to save costs related to the Chicken tax; the truck was produced at Ford's Twin Cities Assembly Plant in Minnesota and at Edison Assembly in New Jersey. Because of declining sales and a lack of significant updates to its parent platform, the Ford-built B series was discontinued after the 2009 model year. The North American Ranger was discontinued at the end of 2011 with the closure of the Twin Cities plant.


title: Mazda B series

text: From 1991 to 1997 a badge-engineered version of the Mazda Proceed Marvie wagon was sold as the Ford Raider. Like the Mazda version, it was an SUV/MPV based on the Proceed/B-Series/Ranger/Courier.


title: Mazda B series

text: In the 1998 model year, Mazda renewed its B series for international markets. Production at the AutoAlliance Thailand plant began in May 1998. It has the chassis code "UN". This model was also sold as the Ford Ranger in Europe and Asia and as the Ford Courier in Australia and New Zealand. Production also began that year at the Ford Motor Company Philippines plant. CKD versions were also assembled in South Africa and Ecuador. In March 2002 a 2892 cc (2.9-liter) version of the naturally aspirated 2.5-liter diesel engine was also developed and sold in "general markets" and the Gulf States as the B2900.


title: Mazda B series

text: The truck was sold in more than 130 countries under a variety of names. It was called the Fighter and Ranger in Southeast Asia—except in Singapore where it was called the Proceed—the Mazda Bounty and Ford Courier in New Zealand, the Mazda Bravo in Australia, and the Mazda Drifter in South Africa. The B2600/B2200s sold in Venezuela and nearby Latin American countries were assembled in Colombia by Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (CCA). They had a 2.6-liter inline-four engine, four-wheel-drive model and an entry level model with a 2.2-liter inline-four with rear-wheel-drive. In 2002, a "Freestyle" model with rear suicide doors became available on this platform. The rest of the range was revised in 2002 and 2004. These models are unrelated to the Mazda B-series and Ford Ranger models in North America.


title: Mazda B series

text: In Australia, in January 2005, the Courier received a 4.0 V6. It was available in GL (Super Cab and Double Cab) and XLT (Double Cab only) trims. The B series was released in September 2005, with the B4000 Bravo DX (Dual Cab only), DX+ (Freestyle and Dual Cab) and SDX (Freestyle and Dual Cab) trims being available.


title: Mazda B series

text: There were two fuel tank sizes available. For the 2WD Stretch Cab and Dual Cab, the fuel tank size is 63 L. For all 4WD models (and the 2WD Regular Cab), the fuel tank size is 70 L.


title: Mazda B series

text: For the 1994 model year, Mazda North America ended sales of the fourth-generation (UF) B-Series, replacing the model line with a Mazda-badged version of the Ford Ranger. Effectively in reverse of the agreement that produced the Ford Courier for 1972–1982, the Mazda B-Series for Mazda North America was produced by Ford for 1995. Shifting from Hiroshima, Japan, the B-Series was produced alongside the Ranger in St. Paul, Minnesota in the Ford Twin Cities Assembly facility. The B-Series was the second Mazda light truck produced by Ford, following the 1991-1994 Mazda Navajo (a three-door Ford Explorer).


title: Mazda B series

text: In shifting the production of the model line from Japan to Minnesota, Mazda was able to entirely circumvent the 25% "chicken tax" applied to light trucks. After struggling to establish market share in North America during the 1980s against Toyota and Nissan, the B-Series was shifted to highest-selling model line in segment. Sharing identical mechanical underpinnings with the Ranger, the 1994 Mazda B-Series was produced with a high degree of visual similarity to its Ford counterpart. The B-Series received distinct body panels for the front fascia and pickup truck bed; extended cabs were distinguished with separate exterior trim.


title: Mazda B series

text: Through its production, the Ford-produced B-Series followed the development of the Ranger in its body and chassis, undergoing a substantial update for the 1998 model year. For 2002, Mazda renamed the B-Series as the Mazda Truck in North America. During the 2000s, the Mazda Truck was gradually phased out of the Mazda product range and was discontinued after 2009 in the United States (2010 in Canada); the final vehicle was produced on 11 December 2009.


title: Mazda B series

text: As of current production, Mazda North America has no current plans to market the Mazda BT-50 in North America.


title: Mandip Gill

text: Mandip Kaur Gill (born 5 January 1988) is an English actress. Her first television role came in 2012 when she was cast as Phoebe McQueen in the Channel 4 soap opera "Hollyoaks". After departing the series in 2015, Gill went on to have guest roles in "Cuckoo", "Doctors", "The Good Karma Hospital" and "Casualty". In October 2017, the BBC announced that Gill had been cast as companion Yasmin Khan in the 2018 series of "Doctor Who", and has since appeared in every episode of Series 11, 12 and 13.


title: Mandip Gill

text: Gill was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, on 5 January 1988. She is of Indian descent, and is a Sikh. Growing up in a council estate in the suburb of Middleton, where her parents owned a newsagents, she attended a primary school in the area before enrolling in Cockburn School. At fourteen, her family moved to Allerton Bywater, where she attended Brigshaw High School. She graduated from the University of Central Lancashire in 2009 with a BA (Hons) in Acting.


title: Mandip Gill

text: Gill appeared in several theatre productions, before landing her first television role as Phoebe Jackson (later McQueen) in the Channel 4 soap opera "Hollyoaks". Gill had attended a number of auditions for the soap in the past, and she was unsure if the character of Phoebe was right for her, but after a number of callbacks, Gill was given the role. Phoebe was introduced as a homeless teenager and a friend for established character George Smith (Steven Roberts). Gill chose to leave the show in 2015 and Phoebe was killed off as part of the long-running "Gloved Hand Killer" storyline. The following year, Gill had a guest role in the BBC sitcom series "Cuckoo", before appearing in "Doctors" for a five episode arc. Gill played Shazia Amin, a pregnant homeless woman. In 2017, Gill appeared in "The Good Karma Hospital", and an episode of "Casualty". She also appeared in Kay Mellor's BBC drama "Love, Lies and Records" as Talia, a junior registrar.


title: Mandip Gill

text: In October 2017, the BBC announced that Gill had been cast in the eleventh series of "Doctor Who", as a companion to the Thirteenth Doctor, played by Jodie Whittaker, starting in 2018. Gill was joined by her former "Hollyoaks" colleague Tosin Cole, who plays Ryan Sinclair, another of the Doctor's companions. Gill continued to appear in the twelfth and thirteenth series, as well as a series of specials airing in 2022.


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are characters in William Shakespeare's tragedy "Hamlet". They are childhood friends of Hamlet, summoned by King Claudius to distract the prince from his apparent madness and if possible to ascertain the cause of it. The characters were revived in W. S. Gilbert's satire, "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern", and as the alienated heroes of Tom Stoppard's absurdist play, "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", which was adapted into a film.


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: "Rosencrantz" ("rose wreath") and "Gyldenstjerne/Gyllenstierna" ("golden star") were names of Danish (and Norwegian, and Swedish) noble families of the 16th century; records of the Danish royal coronation of 1596 show that one tenth of the aristocrats participating bore one or the other name. James Voelkel suggests that the characters were named after Frederik Rosenkrantz and Knud Gyldenstierne, cousins of Tycho Brahe who had visited England in 1592.


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: The majority of characters in "Hamlet" have classical names, in contrast to the "particularly Danish" ones of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. The names were common in the court of Frederick II and Christian IV, and also at the University of Wittenberg, an institution where Hamlet is mentioned as having studied (he refers to them as "my two schoolfellows").


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: In "Hamlet", Rosencrantz and Guildenstern first appear in , Scene 2, where they attempt to place themselves in the confidence of Prince Hamlet, their childhood friend. The smooth and courtly language they employ immediately establishes them as sycophants really serving as spies for the corrupt King Claudius, Hamlet's uncle, who usurped the throne and constantly attempts to check his nephew. Hamlet welcomes them as "excellent good friends", but, seeing through their guise, comments that they won't "deal justly" with him about their mission. Realising that he lacks allies except for Horatio, Hamlet gives the speech "What a piece of work is a man" to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern.


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: In , Hamlet seems to drop the pretense of friendship, coldly dismissing the two in Scene 2. Line 319 is perhaps his only use of the royal "we" in the play, although he may also be addressing the other person present on the stage, Horatio, with whom Hamlet first saw the ghost they are discussing. To his mother, he comments in Scene 4 that "I will trust [them] as I will adders fang'd."


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: When Hamlet kills Polonius, Claudius recruits Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to escort Hamlet to England, providing them with a letter for the King of England instructing him to have Hamlet killed. (They are apparently unaware of what is in the letter, though Shakespeare never explicitly says so.) Along the journey, the distrustful Hamlet finds and rewrites the letter, instructing the executioner to kill Rosencrantz and Guildenstern instead. When their ship is attacked by pirates, Hamlet returns to Denmark, leaving Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to die; he comments in , Scene 2 that "They are not near my conscience; their defeat / Does by their own insinuation grow." Ambassadors returning later report that "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead."


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: As agents of the corruption infecting the court, the two contribute to setting up the confrontation between Hamlet and Claudius. Shakespeare expects the audience to appreciate the poetic justice of their deaths: while they are very likely ignorant of the deadly contents of the letter they carry to England and are, to that extent, innocent victims of Hamlet's retaliation, they are seen as having received their just deserts for their participation in Claudius's intrigues. The courtiers always appear as a pair, except in editions following the First Folio text, where Guildenstern enters four lines after Rosencrantz in , Scene 3.


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: W. S. Gilbert's play (1874) is a comedy in which Rosencrantz plots with his friend Guildenstern to get rid of Hamlet, so that Rosencrantz can marry Ophelia. They discover that Claudius has written a play. The king's literary work is so embarrassingly bad that Claudius has decreed that anyone who mentions it must be executed. They obtain the manuscript and convince Hamlet to perform it. When he does, Claudius decrees that he must die, but is eventually persuaded to banish him to England. Rosencrantz and Ophelia can now be together.


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: As the protagonists of Tom Stoppard's play and film, they are confused by the events of "Hamlet" and seem unaware of their role in the larger drama. The play is primarily a comedy, but they often stumble upon deep philosophical truths through their nonsensical ramblings. In the movie, Rosencrantz invents the sandwich, and discovers gravity and volume displacement, among other things. The characters depart from their epiphanies as quickly as they come to them.


title: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

text: At times, one appears more enlightened than the other—but they trade this enlightenment back and forth throughout the drama. Stoppard also littered his play with jokes that refer to the common thespian tendency to swap Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in the midst of the play because the characters are basically identical. He does this by making Rosencrantz and Guildenstern unsure of who is who, as well as having the other players (Claudius, Hamlet, Gertrude) refer to them frequently by the wrong names. Because of the play's similarity to "Waiting for Godot", Rosencrantz is sometimes compared to Estragon (one of the tramps who wait for Godot), and who shares his dim perception of reality, while Guildenstern parallels Vladimir, who shares his analytical perception.


title: Lidija Bačić

text: Lidija Bačić (born 4 August 1985), also known as Lille, is a Croatian pop singer, Pin-up model and actress. Bačić rose to fame in 2005 after finishing as runner-up on the second season of "Hrvatski Idol". Later in 2010, she released her debut album, "Majčina ljubav".


title: Lidija Bačić

text: Bačić has collaborated with several musical artists, including Mladen Grdović, Alen Vitasović, Zanamari Lalic and Luka Basi.


title: Lidija Bačić

text: Lidija was born in Split, Croatia, on 4 August 1985. She has two sisters, Lucija and Dora, and a brother, Franko. She was raised in the Roman Catholic faith.


title: Lidija Bačić

text: Bačić began performing at local festivals and competitions from the age of ten. She won her first prize at "Dječji Festival" in 1997 for her cover version of Mišo Limić's song "Zaljubljeni dječak".


title: Lidija Bačić

text: In early 2000 Bačić joined the group Perle. The group played at various festivals with Bačić being the main vocalist. In 2001 they tried to represent Croatia at the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Pokraj bistra izvora" placing 15th in a field of 20 competing entries.


title: Lidija Bačić

text: On 17 January 2019, Bačić was announced as one of the 16 participants in Dora 2019, the national contest in Croatia to select the country's Eurovision Song Contest entry, where she, and the song "Tek je počelo", finished in 11th place.


title: Indole

text: Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula CHN. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indole is widely distributed in the natural environment and can be produced by a variety of bacteria. As an intercellular signal molecule, indole regulates various aspects of bacterial physiology, including spore formation, plasmid stability, resistance to drugs, biofilm formation, and virulence. The amino acid tryptophan is an indole derivative and the precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin.


title: Indole

text: Indole is a solid at room temperature. It occurs naturally in human feces and has an intense fecal odor. At very low concentrations, however, it has a flowery smell, and is a constituent of many perfumes. It also occurs in coal tar.


title: Indole

text: Indole undergoes electrophilic substitution, mainly at position 3 (see diagram in right margin). Substituted indoles are structural elements of (and for some compounds, the synthetic precursors for) the tryptophan-derived tryptamine alkaloids, which includes the neurotransmitter serotonin and the hormone melatonin, as well as the naturally occurring psychedelic drugs dimethyltryptamine and psilocybin. Other indolic compounds include the plant hormone auxin (indolyl-3-acetic acid, IAA), tryptophol, the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin, and the betablocker pindolol.


title: Indole

text: The name "indole" is a portmanteau of the words "indigo" and "oleum", since indole was first isolated by treatment of the indigo dye with oleum.


title: Indole

text: Indole chemistry began to develop with the study of the dye indigo. Indigo can be converted to isatin and then to oxindole. Then, in 1866, Adolf von Baeyer reduced oxindole to indole using zinc dust. In 1869, he proposed a formula for indole.


title: Indole

text: Certain indole derivatives were important dyestuffs until the end of the 19th century. In the 1930s, interest in indole intensified when it became known that the indole substituent is present in many important alkaloids, known as indole alkaloids (e.g., tryptophan and auxins), and it remains an active area of research today.


title: Indole

text: Indole is biosynthesized in the shikimate pathway via anthranilate. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of tryptophan, where it stays inside the tryptophan synthase molecule between the removal of 3-phospho-glyceraldehyde and the condensation with serine. When indole is needed in the cell, it is usually produced from tryptophan by tryptophanase.


title: Indole

text: As an intercellular signal molecule, indole regulates various aspects of bacterial physiology, including spore formation, plasmid stability, resistance to drugs, biofilm formation, and virulence. A number of indole derivatives have important cellular functions, including neurotransmitters such as serotonin.


title: Indole

text: Indoles and their derivatives are promising against tuberculosis, malaria, diabetes, cancer, migraines, convulsions, hypertension, bacterial infections of methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA) and even viruses.


title: Indole

text: The main industrial routes start from aniline via vapor-phase reaction with ethylene glycol in the presence of catalysts:


title: Indole

text: In general, reactions are conducted between 200 and 500 °C. Yields can be as high as 60%. Other precursors to indole include formyltoluidine, 2-ethylaniline, and 2-(2-nitrophenyl)ethanol, all of which undergo cyclizations.


title: Indole

text: The Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis is an efficient method of synthesizing indole and substituted indoles. Originally disclosed in a patent in 1976, this method is high-yielding and can generate substituted indoles. This method is especially popular in the pharmaceutical industry, where many pharmaceutical drugs are made up of specifically substituted indoles.


title: Indole

text: One of the oldest and most reliable methods for synthesizing substituted indoles is the Fischer indole synthesis, developed in 1883 by Emil Fischer. Although the synthesis of indole itself is problematic using the Fischer indole synthesis, it is often used to generate indoles substituted in the 2- and/or 3-positions. Indole can still be synthesized, however, using the Fischer indole synthesis by reacting phenylhydrazine with pyruvic acid followed by decarboxylation of the formed indole-2-carboxylic acid. This has also been accomplished in a one-pot synthesis using microwave irradiation.


title: Indole

text: Unlike most amines, indole is not basic: just like pyrrole, the aromatic character of the ring means that the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is not available for protonation. Strong acids such as hydrochloric acid can, however, protonate indole. Indole is primarily protonated at the C3, rather than N1, owing to the enamine-like reactivity of the portion of the molecule located outside of the benzene ring. The protonated form has a p"K" of −3.6. The sensitivity of many indolic compounds (e.g., tryptamines) under acidic conditions is caused by this protonation.


title: Indole

text: The most reactive position on indole for electrophilic aromatic substitution is C3, which is 10 times more reactive than benzene. For example, it is alkylated by phosphorylated serine in the biosynthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. Vilsmeier–Haack formylation of indole will take place at room temperature exclusively at C3.


title: Indole

text: Since the pyrrolic ring is the most reactive portion of indole, electrophilic substitution of the carbocyclic (benzene) ring generally takes place only after N1, C2, and C3 are substituted. A noteworthy exception occurs when electrophilic substitution is carried out in conditions sufficiently acidic to exhaustively protonate C3. In this case, C5 is the most common site of electrophilic attack.


title: Indole

text: Gramine, a useful synthetic intermediate, is produced via a Mannich reaction of indole with dimethylamine and formaldehyde. It is the precursor to indole-3-acetic acid and synthetic tryptophan.


title: Indole

text: The N–H center has a p"K" of 21 in DMSO, so that very strong bases such as sodium hydride or "n"-butyl lithium and water-free conditions are required for complete deprotonation. The resulting organometalic derivatives can react in two ways. The more ionic salts such as the sodium or potassium compounds tend to react with electrophiles at nitrogen-1, whereas the more covalent magnesium compounds ("indole Grignard reagents") and (especially) zinc complexes tend to react at carbon 3 (see figure below). In analogous fashion, polar aprotic solvents such as DMF and DMSO tend to favour attack at the nitrogen, whereas nonpolar solvents such as toluene favour C3 attack.


title: Indole

text: After the N–H proton, the hydrogen at C2 is the next most acidic proton on indole. Reaction of "N"-protected indoles with butyl lithium or lithium diisopropylamide results in lithiation exclusively at the C2 position. This strong nucleophile can then be used as such with other electrophiles.


title: Indole

text: Bergman and Venemalm developed a technique for lithiating the 2-position of unsubstituted indole, as did Katritzky.


title: Indole

text: Due to the electron-rich nature of indole, it is easily oxidized. Simple oxidants such as "N"-bromosuccinimide will selectively oxidize indole 1 to oxindole (4 and 5).


title: Indole

text: Only the C2–C3 pi bond of indole is capable of cycloaddition reactions. Intramolecular variants are often higher-yielding than intermolecular cycloadditions. For example, Padwa "et al." have developed this Diels-Alder reaction to form advanced strychnine intermediates. In this case, the 2-aminofuran is the diene, whereas the indole is the dienophile. Indoles also undergo intramolecular [2+3] and [2+2] cycloadditions.


title: Indole

text: Despite mediocre yields, intermolecular cycloadditions of indole derivatives have been well documented. One example is the Pictet-Spengler reaction between tryptophan derivatives and aldehydes, which produces a mixture of diastereomers, leading to reduced yield of the desired product.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the graduate medical school of Harvard University and is located in the Longwood Medical Area of Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1782, HMS is one of the oldest medical schools in the United States and is consistently ranked first for research among medical schools by "U.S. News & World Report". Unlike most other leading medical schools, HMS does not operate in conjunction with a single hospital but is directly affiliated with several teaching hospitals in the Boston area. Affiliated teaching hospitals and research institutes include Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, McLean Hospital, Cambridge Health Alliance, The Baker Center for Children and Families, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: Harvard Medical School was founded on September 19, 1782, after President Joseph Willard presented a report with plans for a medical school to the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The founding faculty members of Harvard Medical School were John Warren, Aaron Dexter, and Benjamin Waterhouse, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School. It is the third-oldest medical school in the United States, founded after the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: Lectures were first held in the basement of Harvard Hall and then later in Holden Chapel. Students paid no tuition but purchased tickets to five or six daily lectures. The first two students graduated in 1788.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In the following century, the medical school moved locations several times due to changing clinical relationships, a function of the fact that Harvard Medical School does not directly own or operate a teaching hospital. In 1810, the school moved to Boston at what is now downtown Washington Street. In 1816, the school was moved to Mason Street and was called the Massachusetts Medical College of Harvard University in recognition of a gift from the Great and General Court of Massachusetts. In 1847, the school was moved to Grove Street to be closer to Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1883, the school was relocated to Copley Square. Prior to this move, Charles William Eliot became Harvard's president in 1869 and found the medical school in the worst condition of any part of the university. He instituted drastic reforms that raised admissions standards, instituted a formal degree program, and defined HMS as a professional school within Harvard University that laid the groundwork for its transformation into one of the leading medical schools in the world.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In 1906, the medical school moved to its current location in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area. The Longwood campus's five original marble-faced buildings of the quadrangle still remain in use today.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: Harvard Medical School postdoctoral trainees and faculty have been associated with a number of important medical and public health innovations:


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In mid-1847, Professor Walter Channing's proposal that women be admitted to lectures and examinations was rejected by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. While Harriot Kezia Hunt was soon after given permission to attend medical lectures, this permission was withdrawn in 1850.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In 1866, two women with extensive medical education elsewhere applied but were denied admission. In 1867, a single faculty member's vote blocked the admission of Susan Dimock.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In 1872, Harvard declined a gift of $10,000 conditioned on medical school admitting women medical students on the same term as men.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: A similar offer of $50,000, by a group of ten women including Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska, was declined in 1882; a committee of five was appointed to study the matter.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: After the medical school moved from North Grove Street to Boylston Street in 1883, professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch's proposal that the North Grove Street premises be used for medical education for women was rejected.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In 1943, a dean's committee recommended the admission of women, the proportion of men and women being dependent solely on the qualifications of the applicants.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In 1945, the first class of women was admitted; projected benefits included helping male students learn to view women as equals, increasing the number of physicians in lower-paid specialties typically shunned by men, and replacing the weakest third of all-male classes with better-qualified women. By 1972, about one-fifth of Harvard medical students were women.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In 1850, three black men, Martin Delany, Daniel Laing Jr., and Isaac H. Snowden, were admitted to the school but were later expelled under pressure from faculty and other students.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In 1968, in response to a petition signed by hundreds of medical students, the faculty established a commission on relations with the black community in Boston; at the time less than one percent of Harvard medical students were black. By 1973, the number of black students admitted had tripled, and by the next year, it had quadrupled. In 2011, HMS appointed its first African American full Professor of medicine, Valerie E. Stone. That year they also appointed their first African-American Professor of Radiology, Stone's former classmate Tina Young Poussaint.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: In 2019 LaShyra Nolen was the first black woman to be elected class president of Harvard Medical School.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: Harvard Medical School has gone through many curricular revisions for its MD program. In recent decades, HMS has maintained a three-phase curriculum with a classroom-based pre-clerkship phase, a principal clinical experience (PCE), and a post-PCE phase.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: The pre-clerkship phase has two curricular tracks. The majority of students enter in the more traditional Pathways track that focuses on active learning and earlier entry into the clinic with courses that include students from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pathways students gain early exposure to the clinic through a longitudinal clinical skills course that lasts the duration of the pre-clerkship phase. A small portion of each class enter in the HST track, which is jointly administered with MIT. The HST track is designed to train physician-scientists with emphasis on basic physiology and quantitative understanding of biological processes through courses that include PhD students from MIT.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: Admission to Harvard Medical School's MD program is highly selective. There are 165 total spots for each incoming class, with 135 spots in the Pathways curriculum and 30 spots in the HST program. While both use a single application, each curricular track independently evaluates applicants.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: For the MD Class of 2023, 6,815 candidates applied and 227 were admitted (3.3%). There was a matriculation rate of 73%. For the Master of Medical Sciences (MMSc) program in Global Health Delivery, the Fall 2020 admissions rate was (8.2%).


title: Harvard Medical School

text: There are nine PhD programs based in Harvard Medical School. Students in these programs are all enrolled in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) and are part of the HILS (Harvard Integrated Life Sciences) inter-program federation.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: Harvard Medical School offers two types of master's degrees, Master of Medical Sciences (MMSc) degrees and Master of Science (MS) degrees.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: Harvard Medical School offers several Postgraduate Certificate programs. These graduate-level programs may run up to twelve months. Admitted participants are awarded a Certificate from Harvard Medical School upon successful completion, and are eligible for associate membership in the Harvard Alumni Association.


title: Harvard Medical School

text: Harvard Medical School does not directly own or operate any hospitals and instead relies on affiliated teaching hospitals for clinical education. Medical students primarily complete their clinical experiences at the following hospitals.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Gamer is a 2009 American science fiction action film written and directed by Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor. The film stars Gerard Butler as a participant in an online game in which participants can control human beings as players, and Logan Lerman as the player who controls him. Alongside Butler and Lerman, it also stars Michael C. Hall, Ludacris, Amber Valletta, Terry Crews, Alison Lohman, John Leguizamo, Sam Witwer and Zoë Bell.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: "Gamer" was released in North America on September 4, 2009, receiving generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $43 million worldwide against a production budget of $50 million.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: In 2034, computer programmer Ken Castle (Michael C. Hall) invents self-replicating nanites that replace brain tissue and allow humans to control other humans' actions and see through their eyes. The first application of Castle's "Nanex" technology is a virtual community life simulation game, "Society", which allows gamers to manipulate live actors as their avatars. "Society" becomes a worldwide sensation, making Castle the richest man in the world. He then creates "Slayers", a first-person shooter where the "characters" are death-row prisoners using real weapons in specially created arenas. Unlike "Society" actors, "Slayers" participants are not paid; instead, they volunteer in exchange for the promise that any Slayer who survives 30 matches will earn his freedom (though no one ever has).


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: John "Kable" Tillman (Butler) is the crowd's favorite, having survived a record 27 matches (no inmate before him has managed to last more than ten). He is exclusively controlled by Simon (Lerman), a seventeen-year-old superstar gamer from a wealthy family.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: An activist organization called the "Humanz" hacks a talk-show interview with Castle and claims that his technology will one day be used to control people against their will. The Humanz also disrupt "Society" play, but Castle sees both these actions as trivial. However, Castle feels threatened by Kable's winning streak, and introduces a new inmate into "Slayers", Hackman (Crews), specifically to kill Kable. Unknown to anyone else, Hackman will not be controlled by a player, and thus not be handicapped by the "ping" that causes a small but dangerous delay between the player's command and the Slayer's action.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Kable/Tillman's wife, Angie (Valletta), works as a "Society" character, but in spite of her earnings, she is refused custody of their daughter Delia, who has been placed with a wealthy family.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: The Humanz contact Kable and Simon separately, warning them that Castle has no intention of letting Kable survive, and offer to create a mod that will let him escape, but only if Simon relinquishes control during the game. The escape is successful, and news outlets report that Kable has been fragged, which puts Simon in a difficult position: he is labeled a "cheater", locked out of his bank account, and investigated by the FBI for helping Kable escape.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Tillman is brought to the Humanz' hideout; he refuses to help their fight against Castle, but learns of Angie's current location in "Society". He rescues her, escaping from both Hackman and Castle's security forces. They are met by Gina (Sedgwick), the talk show host, secretly assisting the Humanz. The Humanz deactivate the nanites in Angie and Tillman's brains, and Tillman remembers that the original nanites were tested on him while he was still in the military. Under Castle's control, Tillman shot and killed his best friend, and was imprisoned.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Upon learning that Castle is the wealthy father who adopted Delia, Tillman infiltrates his mansion to get her back. He locates Castle, who reveals that his henchmen have already tracked down the Humanz' lair and killed all of them. He also reveals that 98% of his own brain has been replaced with nanites, but this allows him to control others, rather than be controlled. He plans to release air-borne nanites which will infect the entire United States within six months, giving him ultimate control. Hackman attacks Tillman, who easily kills him. Tillman then attacks Castle, but is frozen in place, as Castle explains that his men have reactivated his and Angie's nanites.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Unknown to Castle, Gina and Trace (Lohman) escaped the murder of the Humanz, and patch into the Nanex, revealing the confrontation to the world and exposing Castle's plans, much to the disgust of the people worldwide. It also unblocks Simon's account and restores his control of Tillman.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Castle tries to manipulate Tillman into killing his own daughter, but he resists, and then Simon's control allows him to attack Castle. He and Simon wrestle for control over Tillman, but Tillman tells Castle to imagine Tillman's knife stabbing him. Castle unconsciously does so, allowing Tillman to kill him and removing his control over everyone. With Castle dead, the world population cheers for the demise of their potential slaver and dictator, Tillman convinces his technicians to deactivate the Nanex, freeing all the "characters" in "Society" and "Slayers".


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: The film closes with the Tillman family taking a trip down a country road, ending with the words "Game Over".


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Joseph D. Reitman and John de Lancie appear as senior members of Castle’s company. Lloyd Kaufman appears as Genericon. James Roday Rodriguez and Maggie Lawson cameo as news anchors.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: In May 2007, Lakeshore Entertainment re-teamed with Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor, the creators of "Crank" (2006), to produce a "high-concept futuristic thriller" called "Game". Neveldine and Taylor wrote the script for "Game" and were slated to direct the film, while actor Gerard Butler was cast into the lead role.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Principal photography took place in Albuquerque, New Mexico for a 53-day shoot. Filming was at the Albuquerque Studios and on location around Albuquerque. Multistory sets were built on parking lots in downtown Albuquerque to depict buildings that were blown up in the film, and other sets were built on the back lots near the studios. The crew used special hand-held Red One digital cameras, which allowed the special effects team to begin work normally done in post-production after each day's shooting.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: In March 2009, the film's working title was changed from "Game" to "Citizen Game". In May 2009, another name change was announced, the new name being "Gamer".


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: "Gamer" had an opening day gross of $3.3 million and ranked fourth at the box office. In total, the film earned $9.2 million in its opening weekend. Overall, the film grossed $21.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $20.7 million in other territories for worldwide cumulative of $42 million, against its $50 million budget.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Metacritic rated "Gamer" 27/100 based on 13 reviews, which it terms "generally unfavorable reviews". The film holds a 30% rating from 80 reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes and an average rating of 4.25/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With all of the hyperkinetic action and none of the flair of Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor's earlier work, "Gamer" has little replay value." Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "C" on scale of A to F.


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Critic Joe Neumaier of The "New York Daily News" called it a "Xerox of a Xerox" and cited a number of films it supposedly takes elements from, including "The Matrix" and "Rollerball". "RVA Magazine" wrote that "Gamer"s plot was overly similar to "The Condemned" and commented that "Gamer" "hates its primary audience" and "tries to criticize the commercialization of violence, even though it itself is commercialized violence".


title: Gamer (2009 film)

text: Cultural critic Steven Shaviro authored a 10,000 word defense and analysis of the film that he posted online, and eventually re-worked into the penultimate chapter of his book, "Post-Cinematic Affect" (Zer0 Books, 2010).


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Blaine Williamson Gabbert (born October 15, 1989) is an American football quarterback for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Missouri before leaving early for the 2011 NFL Draft after his junior year. He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the first round with the 10th overall pick. He has also played for the San Francisco 49ers, Arizona Cardinals, and Tennessee Titans. Gabbert was on the Buccaneers' roster as a backup quarterback when they won Super Bowl LV.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Gabbert was born in Ballwin, Missouri. He attended Parkway West High School in Ballwin, where he played for the Parkway West Longhorns high school football team. He was a five-star blue-chip All-American and, according to "Rivals.com", was their No. 14 national player overall at any position. He was invited to participate in the Elite 11 quarterback camp in the summer of 2007 where he won the camp MVP honors over Andrew Luck and then, in January 2008, he played in the US Army All-American Game. He recorded 623 passing yards and five touchdowns as a senior, despite an injured foot that limited him to four games. As a junior, he posted 1,523 yards and 20 touchdowns (on 119-of-231 passing) and also added another 458 yards rushing and eight touchdowns. In his sophomore season, he threw for approximately 1,100 yards and 11 touchdowns as a first-year starter.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Coming out of high school in 2008, Gabbert was considered a major college recruitment prospect. Rated as a five-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Gabbert was listed as the highest ranked pro-style quarterback in the nation. He initially gave a verbal commitment to the University of Nebraska Cornhuskers, but rethought his decision after head coach Bill Callahan was fired. He eventually committed to the University of Missouri. Missouri coach Gary Pinkel decided not to redshirt Gabbert his freshman year, but instead play him as the third-string quarterback behind Chase Daniel and Chase Patton. He saw action in five games in reserve duty, leading the Tiger offense to a touchdown against Colorado and a field goal against Nevada. He completed 5-of-13 passing attempts for 43 yards and rushed six times for 22 yards.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Gabbert had a strong debut in 2009, throwing for 313 yards with three touchdowns in the air and another one on the ground against the Illinois Fighting Illini in the annual Arch Rivalry. He set career highs with 30 completions (30 for 51) and 468 yards against Baylor. The 468 yards were the second-best single-game mark in school history, second only to Jeff Handy's 480 yards against Oklahoma State in 1992. Gabbert was named to second–Team All-Big 12 honors by multiple league media outlets, and he was also granted honorable mention for all-league honors from the AP after ranking 2nd in the Big 12 (29th in the NCAA) in passing efficiency (140.45 rating). Gabbert ranked 4th in the Big 12 and 11th in the NCAA in total offense (292.08 avg.). He led the Big 12 with 8.1 passing yards per attempt. He achieved the 3rd-highest single-season passing total in school history, completing 262-of-445 passes for 3,593 yards, 24 touchdowns, and nine interceptions. He was also recognized for his success in the classroom and named to the 1st-Team Academic All-Big 12.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: In 2010, Gabbert led Missouri to a season-opening 23–13 victory over Illinois. He threw for 34 passes on 48 attempts, with 281 yards and two touchdowns. Gabbert also went on to beat Colorado (17/29, 191, two touchdowns) despite being sidelined with an injury in the fourth quarter. Other highlights of the season include beating Texas A&M on the road (31/47, 361, three touchdowns), and upsetting #1 Oklahoma (30/42, 308, one touchdown). That victory ended a seven-game losing streak against the Sooners, going back to 1998. Overall, in his last season with the Tigers, he had 3,186 passing yards, 16 passing touchdowns, nine interceptions, 232 rushing yards, and five rushing touchdowns.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: On April 28, 2011, Gabbert was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the first round of the 2011 NFL Draft with the 10th overall pick. Jacksonville traded up six spots with the Washington Redskins to select Gabbert. He was the third quarterback to be selected that year, behind Cam Newton and Jake Locker. He is the only quarterback drafted in the first round of that draft class to win a Super Bowl, where he backed up Tom Brady while playing for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: On July 28, 2011, Gabbert officially signed his contract to play for the team. The deal was worth $12 million over four years.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Though not slated to serve as starting quarterback, Gabbert quickly earned playing time under head coach Jack Del Rio after David Garrard was released in the preseason and Luke McCown performed poorly in the first two games. Gabbert played in his first NFL regular season game on September 18, 2011, against the New York Jets in Week 2. He was then named starter against the Carolina Panthers the following week. In Week 5, against the Cincinnati Bengals, Gabbert threw a 74-yard touchdown pass to Jason Hill. At age 22, Gabbert became the youngest player in league history to start 14 games in a season. He played most of the season with a toe injury on his plant foot.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Gabbert struggled in his rookie season. He was sacked 40 times, the third most by any quarterback in the league. He also fumbled 14 times, most in the league by a quarterback. His 50.8% completion percentage was second-worst in the league for passers with more than 200 attempts (ahead of only Tim Tebow's 46.5%). His 5.4 yards per attempt was last in the league among qualifying passers, as was his 65.4 passer rating. "Football Outsiders" calculated that Gabbert's 2011 season was "the fifth worst season we've ever measured" in aggregate value. Pete Prisco of CBSSports.com predicted that Gabbert's potential remained high, and that many of his struggles could be attributed to injuries and the unfavorable circumstances around him, including a rush-centered offense, a lack of talented quarterbacks ahead of him, and a weak receiving corps.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Going into 2012, Gabbert had a new head coach in Mike Mularkey. Gabbert threw for a then career-high 260 passing yards in the Jaguars' 2012 regular season opener against the Minnesota Vikings, along with two touchdowns and a career-high 96.1 quarterback rating.Despite his strong performance, the Jaguars lost 26–23 in overtime. In Week 3, a 22–17 victory over the Indianapolis Colts, Gabbert threw a career-high 80-yard touchdown pass to Cecil Shorts. Gabbert struggled in the following weeks, including a loss to the Chicago Bears, in which he threw two interceptions and fumbled once. Both interceptions were returned for touchdowns and the Jaguars lost 41–3. Against the Oakland Raiders, Gabbert tore the labrum in his non-throwing shoulder during the second quarter, and he was replaced by Chad Henne. Before being knocked out of the game, Gabbert completed eight of 12 passes for 110 yards, including a 42-yard touchdown pass. The following week, while playing against the Green Bay Packers, Gabbert passed for over 300 yards for the first time in his career, and completed 27–of–49 attempts for 303 yards in a 24–15 loss.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Gabbert was placed on injured reserve on November 21, 2012, officially ending his season. He was listed as having suffered a right forearm injury. The team cited in an official press release that Gabbert had also been playing with a torn labrum in his left shoulder that would require surgery.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Gabbert returned for the 2013 season under new head coach Gus Bradley, but played only three games, finishing with just one touchdown and seven interceptions. He started the season nursing a broken thumb that occurred during a pre-season game. During the season opener, he suffered a lacerated right hand, which required 15 stitches and prevented him from playing the following week against the Oakland Raiders. On October 6, in the third quarter against the St. Louis Rams, Gabbert injured his hamstring, forcing him out of the game.


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Gabbert was traded to the San Francisco 49ers on March 11, 2014, for a sixth-round draft pick. Coach Jim Harbaugh made the following remarks about Gabbert joining the team:


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: "I think he's a very talented player and his career so far hasn't gone on to be what he expected, and maybe others expected it to be. But I believe it can be a really powerful opportunity, powerful motivator for a player to say, 'It wasn't me, it was my situation.' And now he has that opportunity".


title: Blaine Gabbert

text: Gabbert made his 49ers regular-season debut on October 19, 2014, during the team's 42–17 loss to the Denver Broncos in Week 7. He completed three of seven passes for 38 yards and a touchdown in his only appearance in the 2014 season.