title: Clive Palmer

text: Palmer lives in a gated mansion on Sovereign Islands, an exclusive community on the Gold Coast. News Limited reports that property records reveal "Mr Palmer, his family and associates own a total of 11 homes in the Sovereign Islands, a gated enclave developed on reclaimed land on the banks of the Southport Broadwater." Palmer also owns homes at Broadbeach Waters on the Gold Coast, Fig Tree Pocket in Brisbane and in Sofia in Bulgaria. Other holdings include properties in Brisbane, Jandowae on the Darling Downs, Queensland, Port Douglas in Queensland and Bora Bora, French Polynesia. In addition, his wife owns an undisclosed number of properties held in trust. He was reported to have spent more than during 2018–19 on luxury homes on the Gold Coast and in Brisbane and Perth. As of August 2020, he reportedly owns three adjoining houses in Fig Tree Pocket, costing $17.5m and on more than four hectares of land fronting the Brisbane River.


title: Clive Palmer

text: Palmer was married to his first wife for 22 years. He has two adult children: a son, Michael and a daughter, Emily. His first wife, Susan Palmer, died from cancer in 2006. In 2007, he married Anna, and they have two daughters, Mary and Lucy. Palmer is a Roman Catholic and was a prominent member of Right to Life Australia while at university, organising pro-life rallies on campus.


title: Clive Palmer

text: While watching a soccer game in October 2009, Palmer was thought to have suffered a heart attack, and was taken to hospital. However, doctors dismissed it as merely a heart palpitation. Palmer has also suffered from sleep apnoea.


title: Clive Palmer

text: On 28 February 2022 it was reported that Palmer had purchased Adolf Hitler's Mercedes-Benz 770, and a Rolls-Royce once owned by King Edward VIII, to become part of a collection for a planned vintage car museum in Queensland.


title: Clive Palmer

text: In 2016, the "BRW" Rich 200 estimated Palmer's net worth at 600 million, by 2019 his estimated net worth had increased to 4.09 billion and in 2021 was assessed as 13.01 billion according to "Financial Review" 2021 Rich List.


title: Clive Palmer

text: Up until 2013, the "Forbes" list included Australia's 40 richest people; it then expanded to 50 people.


title: Clive Palmer

text: In 2019, YouTuber Friendlyjordies published a video satirising Palmer, who began an action for defamation but later withdrew it.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" was first teased in October 2016 during the Nintendo Switch reveal trailer, and was fully revealed during the Nintendo Switch Presentation in January 2017. "Deluxe" released on April 28, 2017, and was both a critical and commercial success. Critics widely considered it to be the definitive edition of "Mario Kart 8", and some considered it the best game in the "Mario Kart" series or one of the best racing games of all time, while some criticized the lack of significant new content compared to the original. , "Deluxe" has sold over 48 million units, making it the best-selling Nintendo Switch game and one of the best-selling games of all time.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: Since launch, "Deluxe" has received several software updates. One such update edited a gesture performed by the Inkling Girl that was likened to the bras d'honneur, which is considered offensive in certain areas and cultures. Additional updates introduced compatibility with the toys-to-life concept Nintendo Labo. In February 2022, "Deluxe" was announced to be receiving paid downloadable content known as the "Booster Course Pass", which features 48 additional race courses split into six waves, set to be released by the end of 2023.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: Like previous entries in the "Mario Kart" series, "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" is a kart racing game that sees players controlling characters from the "Mario" franchise racing in locations inspired by the "Mario" universe while trying to sabotage other players with items. Also similar to previous "Mario Kart" games, players can choose to play competitive free-for-all or team-based multiplayer. Up to four players can play together on a single system, up to eight can play together with a local wireless connection, and up to twelve can play together via online multiplayer.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: "Deluxe" includes all downloadable content (DLC) released for "Mario Kart 8", including characters, courses, and vehicle components. Unlike "Mario Kart 8", all characters and courses in "Deluxe" are accessible from the start, without needing to be unlocked. In total "Deluxe" includes 42 characters with several new characters—including Bowser Jr., Dry Bones, King Boo, and the Inklings from "Splatoon", one of multiple crossover elements in "Deluxe". Several vehicle customization options are also included in "Deluxe", including kart and bike bodies, wheels, and gliders—when combined with a character's weight class, the customization options determine a player's stats. 48 race courses are present in the base version of "Deluxe", though the game will have 96 courses after all waves of the "Booster Course Pass" DLC release. Returning from "Mario Kart 8" are courses that make use of anti-gravity, which allows players to drive on walls and other surfaces, as well as the underwater driving and air gliding features from "Mario Kart 7". In the "Booster Course Pass", some courses have layouts that differ between laps, condensing multiple variations of a course into one. Races can be played in one of four speed classes, with each speed class being considerably faster than the last. "Deluxe" also includes "Mirror Mode", which flips course layouts by 90 degrees. Players can also participate in Time Trials, which see the player compete a course as fast as possible, and the ability to participate in Time Trials in an additional speed class was added in "Deluxe".


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: "Deluxe" includes several changes to gameplay. In "Deluxe", players can hold the drift button for longer to receive a larger boost—in "Mario Kart 8", this could only be done using glitches. Players can also hold up to two items, with the second item held in reserve. "Deluxe" reintroduces two items from previous entries in the series: the Boo, which steals an item from another player and grants temporary invisibility when used; and the Feather, a battle mode-exclusive item that allows the player to gain a small boost in height when activated. Several accessibility features were also added in "Deluxe" to assist newer players. One of which is Smart Steering, which prevents the player from veering off course when enabled, and the other is auto-acceleration, which accelerates the user's vehicle without the need for a button to be held.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: The largest addition to "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" is the revamped battle mode. "Deluxe" includes eight battle mode-exclusive courses, three of which are adapted from previous "Mario Kart" games. These battle mode courses are designed specifically for the mode, rather than repurposing standard race courses like "Mario Kart 8". In "Deluxe", battle mode is composed of five unique sub-modes: Balloon Battle sees players using items to destroy other players' balloons, though unlike the mode's previous incarnations, the mode is point-based rather than last-man-standing, meaning the winner is the person who destroys the most balloons during the time limit, with players respawning when defeated, rather than being permanently eliminated. Bob-omb Blast is a variation of Balloon Battle, though all items are replaced by . In Shine Thief, players must maintain control of a Shine Sprite for as long as possible, while preventing opponents from gaining control. Each player—or team, depending on the settings—has an amount of time that they need to be in control of the Spine Sprite in order to win. Coin Runners sees players compete to have the most coins in their possession by the end of the match, with players gaining points by finding coins in the courses or stealing them from other players. Renegade Roundup, a mode introduced in "Deluxe", involves a team of "renegades" trying to avoid opponent "authorities" armed with Piranha Plants, a play on the children's game "cops and robbers". Captured renegades can be freed if their teammates activate a switch near in person in which the captured renegades are held, though if all renegades are captured, the authorities emerge victorious. However, the authorities will lose if all renegades have not been captured by the end of the time limit.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: On October 20, 2016, in the initial reveal trailer for the Nintendo Switch, a brief glimpse of a "Mario Kart" game for the system was shown, though it was unclear at the time whether it would be a new entry in the series or a port of "Mario Kart 8" on the Wii U. Three months later, at the Nintendo Switch Presentation on January 12, 2017, the game was formally revealed as "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe". It was announced that "Deluxe" would feature all content—including DLC—from "Mario Kart 8", as well as a revamped battle mode, crossover elements from "Splatoon", new mechanics, and a release date of April 28, 2017. One day after, Nintendo revealed a steering wheel accessory for the Switch's Joy-Con controllers to be used with "Deluxe" for motion-controlled steering. Nintendo released an overview trailer for "Deluxe" on March 10, showcasing the game's battle mode, including battle mode-exclusive courses and the return of the Shine Thief mode from "". After the trailer, several internet memes circulated surrounding Donkey Kong appearing to perform a celebratory dab.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: On April 12, 2017, Nintendo's Russian storefront revealed a bundle containing the Nintendo Switch and a copy of "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe", though a representative of Nintendo claimed the company had no plans at the time to release the bundle outside of Russia. Once the bundle was introduced to international audiences in 2018, it has been promoted every year since for Black Friday.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: Several mods have been created for "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe". In February 2022, a mod was created that added Kirby's Mouthful Mode car transformation (colloquially known as "Carby") from "Kirby and the Forgotten Land" as a selectable kart and character. In June 2022, a mod was published that added Green Hill Zone from the "Sonic the Hedgehog" series as a course.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" sold 459,000 copies in the United States on its launch day, making it the fastest-selling entry in the "Mario Kart" series, ahead of 2008's "Mario Kart Wii" by 25,000 units. Roughly one year after launch, "Deluxe" had sold 9.22 million copies. It surpassed "Super Mario Odyssey" as the best-selling game on the Nintendo Switch in 2019, and "Mario Kart Wii" as the best-selling "Mario Kart" game in 2021. Since its release in 2017, "Deluxe" has been a consistent top-selling game on the Nintendo Switch. , "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" has sold 48.41 million units, making it the best-selling Nintendo Switch game, as well as one of the best-selling games of all time.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: On May 18, 2017, Nintendo released a software update for "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" that changed one of the victory gestures done by the Inkling Girl. Prior to the update, the Inkling Girl performed a gesture that consisted of placing her hand on a flexed bicep and pumping her fist into the air. In Japan, the gesture means something similar to "bring it on!", though in European and Latin American countries, it was likened to the bras d'honneur, an offensive gesture that can be interpreted as "up your ass", "fuck you", or similar meanings. After the update, the Inkling Girl no longer clenches her fist around her flexed arm, instead simply performing a "fist pump", though the rest of the gesture was unchanged.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: On June 25, 2018, an update for "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" added compatibility with Nintendo Labo, a toys-to-life concept that utilizes cardboard and the technology of the Nintendo Switch Joy-Con controllers. The first update introduced the option to use the Toy-Con Motorbike as a controller in "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe", allowing the player to control the game using the physical throttle, handlebars, and gyroscope present on the Toy-Con Motorbike, while actions like braking, drifting, and item pickups are still performed using the standard controller buttons. On August 24, 2018, it was announced that the Toy-Con Car, Pedal, and Key would become compatible with "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" when they launched on September 14. Using the Toy-Con Car, Pedal, and Key allow the player to control their character using physical controls—including actions like braking and drifting, as well as use the horn on the steering wheel to launch items.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: On July 20, 2018, an update was released that added several elements from ""—including the motorbike from the game's "The Champion's Ballad" DLC, as well as an outfit for Link in which he wears the Champion's Tunic from "Breath of the Wild".


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: On December 7, 2022, an update added a new Custom Item mechanic that allows players to toggle what items can appear in VS Race, Battle Mode and certain online modes as well being able to allocate specific items for between teams.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: During a February 2022 Nintendo Direct, it was announced that "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" would get a paid downloadable content season pass called the "Booster Course Pass". Courses in the "Booster Course Pass" are largely remastered from their incarnations in previous "Mario Kart" games, including "Mario Kart Tour", a mobile game released after "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" . The "Booster Course Pass" is set to release in six waves, with each wave containing eight courses split into two cups, totalling to 48 additional tracks to be released by the end of 2023. The first wave was released on March 18, 2022, containing the Golden Dash Cup and the Lucky Cat Cup. Wave 2 was released on August 4, 2022, containing the Turnip Cup and the Propeller Cup. Wave 2 also included Sky-High Sundae, an original course not introduced in a previous "Mario Kart" game. Alongside the release of Wave 2, Nintendo released an update to the Wave 1 course Coconut Mall that changed the cars at the end of the course to move in donuts, rather than remain stationary, except for Time Trials. This change was widely praised, especially after many were disappointed that the cars were stationary in the "Booster Course Pass" to begin with. Wave 3 was released on December 7, 2022, containing the Rock Cup and the Moon Cup.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" received "universal acclaim" according to the review aggregate website Metacritic. Many reviewers considered it to be the definitive version of "Mario Kart 8", as well as one of the best games in the "Mario Kart" series or one of the best racing games of all time. Some reviewers also considered the game to be an essential purchase for Nintendo Switch owners. However, many reviewers criticized the lack of new content in "Deluxe" compared to "Mario Kart 8".


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: The core racing mode present in "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" was praised. The rubber-banding mechanics present in the game's AI competitors was criticized, though "Game Informer" noted that "fans accepted that pitfall as a series mainstay long ago", and that "Deluxe" is still "the same great title from the Wii U". "GameSpot" and "Nintendo Life" also considered "Deluxe"s core gameplay to be as strong as the original. "GamesTM"s reviewer disliked the return of sponsored crossovers, despite otherwise appreciating the return of all content in "Deluxe". The mechanical changes in "Deluxe" also received praise. The ability to hold two items in "Deluxe" was praised, with many liking how it added more strategy to "Deluxe"s item play, as well as making gameplay more exciting. "Kotaku" and "Eurogamer" both appreciated the change, though they felt that the change wasn't major. Accessibility options like Smart Steering and Auto-Acceleration were also praised. Many felt that the additions made "Deluxe" the most accessible "Mario Kart" game, and others appreciated how they helped less experienced players enjoy the game, despite making the game too easy for veteran players. However, some reviewers disliked how Smart Steering was enabled by default upon first launching the game. Other reviewers disliked the accessibility mechanics' implementation, saying that they would sometimes overcorrect, or otherwise lack precise control.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: "Deluxe"s revamped battle mode received wide acclaim. "Easy Allies" and "Kotaku" claimed that the new battle mode far outshined the original game, and "Pocket Gamer" said that "Deluxe" returned battle mode to its "original arena-battling glory". "GamesRadar+" found that the quality present in "Deluxe"s battle courses "ranges from solid to excellent", with "VentureBeat" saying that they remedied the issue with the original "Mario Kart 8"s battle courses. However, "Electronic Gaming Monthly" said that the improved battle mode was "not so much a point for "Deluxe" that these modes are included as it is a retroactive demerit for the original "Mario Kart 8"". Many critics considered Renegade Roundup to be the best of "Deluxe"s battle modes, though "GameRevolution" and "USgamer" said it was their least favorite of the battle modes.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: Reception towards "Deluxe"s single-player and online multiplayer offerings was mixed. "4Players" said that those playing alone or online "should think twice" about buying the game, calling the game's single-player options "unimaginative", and "Nintendo World Report" felt that "Deluxe" was lacking an important element. "IGN" called "Deluxe"s online multiplayer "as barebones as ever", though "Kotaku" felt that it was "as solid as its ever been".


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: The graphics and soundtrack of the game was praised by critics. Many described the game's graphics were 'gorgeous' or 'beautiful', with some saying that the graphics of "Deluxe" were an upgrade from the Wii U original. "GamesTM" praised the "incredible" lighting of "Deluxe", saying that courses like Rainbow Road and Electrodrome stood out as "fantastic showcases for the Nintendo universe and its creative spirit", as well as praising the game's sound design. "IGN" felt that the "great art direction" in "8" and "8 Deluxe" was largely responsible for the game's graphical quality, and "PCMag" described the game's performance as "consistently solid", aside from the lowered framerate when playing in four-player split screen. "Easy Allies" called "Deluxe"s soundtrack "something special", saying that its renditions of both original and returning songs were "fantastic and downright catchy". "Eurogamer" called the game's soundtrack "outrageously upbeat", and that "Deluxe"s "defining moment" was perhaps the game's live band rendition of "Super Mario Kart"s main theme.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: Upon announcement, the "Booster Course Pass" received mixed reception from fans. Many fans disliked that additional content for a previous game was being prioritized over a new entry in the series, citing how it had been nearly eight years since "Mario Kart 8" first released on the Wii U. The graphics of the courses in the "Booster Course Pass" were also a point of contention, with some saying that they fell short of the standards set by "Deluxe".


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: After release, critics were mixed—according to Metacritic, Wave 1 received "mixed or average reviews", Wave 2 received "generally favorable reviews" and Wave 3 received "generally favorable reviews". Criticism focused on the graphics, which were lower in detail compared to courses from the main game. "Digital Foundry" attributed this to the courses being built upon their versions from "Mario Kart Tour". On the other hand, many reviewers felt that the courses that originated in "Tour" were among the best gameplay-wise, and Ninja Hideaway in particular was praised as a highlight of Wave 1. Some courses in Wave 2 were lauded, with "Nintendo Life" calling Waluigi Pinball's graphics "stunning". Another common disappointment was that many courses did not include "Mario Kart 8"s signature anti-gravity or underwater features. "GameSpot" lamented how the "Booster Course Pass" only introduced new courses, rather than new characters or customization parts. "Nintendo Life" praised the audio design, calling it "stellar" and "a delight", and "Destructoid" called Sydney Sprint's soundtrack "the best" music of the "Booster Course Pass". The addition of courses that vary every lap was praised by critics, with "Nintendo Life" wishing it would become a "mainstay" feature of the series.


title: Mario Kart 8 Deluxe

text: "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" has been nominated for multiple awards. The game was nominated for "Best Switch Game" and "Best Remake/Remaster" in "IGN"s Best of 2017 Awards. "Destructoid" nominated the game for its "Best Switch Game" in their Game of the Year Awards in 2017, and the game was awarded "Old Game of the Year" at "Giant Bomb"s 2017 Game of the Year Awards.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: The Five People You Meet In Heaven is a 2003 novel by Mitch Albom. It follows the life and death of a ride mechanic named Eddie (inspired by Albom's uncle) who is killed in an amusement park accident and sent to heaven, where he encounters five people who had a significant impact on him while he was alive. It was published by Hyperion and remained on the "New York Times" Best Seller list for 95 weeks.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: On his 83rd birthday, amusement park ride mechanic Eddie is killed in an accident when a ride breaks down. During the accident, he makes a desperate attempt to save a little girl's life.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: Eddie arrives in Heaven, where he meets "the Blue Man." The Blue Man explains that Eddie is about to journey through Heaven's five levels, meeting someone who has had a significant impact upon his life or someone on whom his life had a significant impact. Eddie asks why the Blue Man is his first person, and he informs Eddie that, when Eddie was very young, he caused the car accident that killed him. From this, Eddie learns his first lesson: there are no random events in life and all individuals and experiences are connected in some way.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: Eddie meets his former captain from the army, who reminds Eddie of their time together as prisoners of war in a forced labor camp in the Philippines. Their group burned the camp during their escape and Eddie, while running away, remembers seeing a shadow move in one of the huts. The Captain confesses that he shot Eddie in the leg to prevent Eddie from chasing the shadow into the fire. This saved Eddie's life despite leaving him with a lifelong severe limp. Eddie then learns how the Captain died: he stepped on a land mine that would have killed all the men had he not set it off.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: Eddie finds himself outside a diner, where he sees his father through a window. A well-dressed woman named Ruby appears and introduces herself to him. Ruby explains that Ruby Pier was named after her by her husband Emile, who built it in tribute to her. Ruby shows Eddie the true cause of his father's death, which is different from what he had always believed. She tells Eddie that he needs to forgive his father.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: Eddie meets his late wife, Marguerite. They remember their wedding, and Marguerite teaches Eddie that love is never lost in death; it just moves on and takes a different form.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: Eddie awakens to see children playing along with a riverbed. A young Filipina girl named Tala comes up to him. Tala reveals that she was the little girl from the hut that Eddie set on fire. Distraught, Eddie breaks down both cursing and asking God "why?" Tala hands him a stone and asks him to "wash" her like the other children in the river are doing to one another. Eddie is puzzled, but dips the stone in the water and starts to scrape off the injuries he had inflicted on her. Tala's wounds begin to clear until she is freed of all the scars. Eddie asks Tala if she knows if he was able to save the little girl before his death. Tala tells him he did manage to push her out of the way. In this way, Tala explains, he also managed to atone every day for her unnecessary death.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: Eddie: The protagonist and main character around whom the story centers; at the start of the story, he is killed on his 83rd birthday.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: Joseph Corvelzchik, The Blue Man: Joseph is the first man Eddie meets in Heaven. His skin had been turned blue when he was a boy because of the repeated ingestion of silver nitrate, thought to be an effective medication at the time.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: Nicky is a young man who visited Ruby Pier, and caused the effects that led to Eddie's death. He claims to be Ruby's great-grandson.


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: Janet Maslin, writing in "The" "New York Times", gave a cynical review, calling the story "a string of reassuring verities." While she thought the story manipulative, she acknowledged its power to comfort people. "Publishers Weekly"'s review was far more positive, comparing the book favorably to "A Christmas Carol" and saying it would be "cherished by a vast readership."


title: The Five People You Meet in Heaven

text: A made-for-television film adaptation of the novel, produced by Hallmark Entertainment and filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, premiered on ABC in 2004. Jon Voight starred as Eddie, with Ellen Burstyn as Ruby and Jeff Daniels as the Blue Man. "The" "New York Times" gave the film a negative review, calling it too slow-paced and overly sentimental. The review suggested the film was only made due to the success of "Tuesdays With Morrie", another film based on an Albom novel.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: Mark Wayne "Markwayne" Mullin (born July 26, 1977) is an American politician, businessman, and former professional mixed martial arts fighter serving as the U.S. representative for Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district since 2013. He was elected to the United States Senate in 2022. He is a member of the Republican Party, and the first Native American in the Senate since fellow Republican Ben Nighthorse Campbell retired from Congress in 2005. He is the second Cherokee Nation citizen to serve in the United States Senate; the first, Oklahoma Senator Robert Latham Owen, retired in 1925.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: Mullin was born on July 26, 1977, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He graduated from Stilwell High School in Stilwell, Oklahoma. He attended Missouri Valley College in 1996, but did not graduate. In 2010, Mullin received an associate degree in construction technology from Oklahoma State University Institute of Technology.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: Mullin took over his father's business, Mullin Plumbing, at age 20, when his father fell ill. He also owns Mullin Properties, Mullin Farms, and Mullin Services. He hosted "House Talk", a home improvement radio program syndicated across Oklahoma, on Tulsa station KFAQ.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In June 2011, incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman Dan Boren announced that he would retire at the end of 2012. In September 2011, Mullin declared his candidacy for the 2012 elections to the United States House of Representatives to represent Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district. Mullin branded himself as an outsider; his campaign slogan was "A rancher. A businessman. Not a politician!"


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In the six-candidate Republican primary, Mullin finished first with 42% of the vote; state representative George Faught ranked second with 23% of the vote. In the primary runoff election, Mullin defeated Faught, 57%–43%.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district had historically been a "Yellow Dog" Democratic district, but had steadily trended Republican as Tulsa's suburbs spilled into its northern portion. For this reason, Mullin was thought to have a good chance of winning the election. He defeated the Democratic nominee, former district attorney Rob Wallace, 57%–38%. Mullin was the first Republican to represent the district since Tom Coburn in 2001.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In the June 2016 Republican primary, Mullin defeated Jarrin Jackson by 27 percentage points. In the November general election, he defeated Democrat Joshua Harris-Till by 47 percentage points.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: When he first ran for Congress in 2012, Mullin promised to serve only three terms (six years), but in July 2017 he released a video announcing that he would run for a fourth term in 2018, saying he was ill-advised when he made the promise to only serve three terms. After he reneged on this promise, former U.S. senator Tom Coburn said he would work to oust Mullin from office. Mullin won a four-way Republican primary with 54% of the vote, and was reelected in November with 65% of the vote.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In 2020, Mullin won the Republican primary with 79.9% of the vote, and was reelected in November with 75% of the vote.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: On February 5, 2014, Mullin introduced the bill To revoke the charter of incorporation of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma at the request of that tribe (H.R. 4002; 113th Congress), which would accept the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma's request to revoke the charter of incorporation issued to it and ratified by its members on June 1, 1940.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In 2015, Mullin condemned the Supreme Court ruling in "Obergefell v. Hodges", which held that same-sex marriage bans violated the constitution.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In April 2017, Mullin drew criticism when he was recorded during a town hall meeting telling his constituents that it was "bullcrap" that taxpayers pay his salary. He said, "I pay for myself. I paid enough taxes before I got here and continue to through my company to pay my own salary. This is a service. No one here pays me to go." As of 2022, Mullin still collects the U.S. Congress base salary of $174,000.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In 2021, Mullin was one of 29 Republicans to vote to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act. This bill expanded legal protections for transgender people, and contained provisions allowing transgender women to use women's shelters and serve time in prisons matching their gender identity.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: Along with all other Senate and House Republicans, Mullin voted against the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. In August 2022, he came out against President Joe Biden's student loan forgiveness plan, but subsequently received criticism after the White House Twitter account pointed out that Mullin had benefitted from $1.4 million of federal PPP loan forgiveness. Mullin also voted against the TRUTH Act (H.R. 6782), a bill that would have required public disclosure of companies that received funds through the bailout program.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: During the January 6 United States Capitol attack, Mullin and Representatives Troy Nehls (a former Sheriff and Army veteran) and Pat Fallon (an Air Force veteran) helped U.S. Capitol Police build barricades and protect the doors to the House chamber from the rioters. He and many of his colleagues were later ushered to a secure location, where he declined offers to wear a mask, in violation of House rules. Mullin said that he witnessed the shooting of Trump supporter Ashli Babbitt during the attack, which occurred after she climbed through a barricade leading towards the House Chamber; Mullin's viewpoint was that the Capitol police officer "didn't have a choice" but to shoot, and that this action "saved people's lives", with members of Congress and their staff "in danger" from the "mob".


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: On August 30, 2021, during the final days of the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, Mullin asked officials of the U.S. embassy in Tajikistan for assistance in going to Afghanistan to retrieve five American citizens. Because the plan involved violations of Tajikistan currency restrictions, the embassy staffers refused. The U.S. State Department had warned Mullin not to try his own rescue of Americans in Afghanistan, and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and House Republican Leader Kevin McCarthy had both urged members of Congress to avoid travel to Afghanistan during the final days of the U.S. military presence.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In February 2022, U.S. Senator Jim Inhofe announced he would resign from his seat at the end of the 117th United States Congress on January 3, 2023, necessitating a special election to fill the remainder of his term. Mullin announced that he would run in the special election.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In a field of 13 candidates that included Scott Pruitt and Nathan Dahm, Mullin received the most votes, with 44%, but short of the 50% required to avoid a runoff. He faced former state House Speaker T. W. Shannon, who received 18%, in the runoff election on August 23. Mullin defeated Shannon in the runoff, and faced the Democratic nominee, former Oklahoma's 5th congressional district Congresswoman Kendra Horn, in the November 8 general election. Mullin defeated Horn.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: In December 2020, Mullin was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of "Texas v. Pennsylvania", a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: When campaigning for the 2022 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma, Mullin supported the claim the 2020 election was stolen from Donald Trump.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: Mullin supports making abortion illegal in all circumstances, even in cases of rape, incest, or if the mother's life is at risk. During the 2022 Republican runoff debate, he claimed that if his wife's life were at risk during a pregnancy, neither he nor his wife would want to get an abortion.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: On December 10, 2020, Mullin and Representative Tulsi Gabbard introduced the Protect Women's Sports Act, a bill to define Title IX protections on the basis of an individual's biological sex, making it a violation for institutions that receive federal funding to "permit a person whose biological sex at birth is male to participate in an athletic program or activity that is designated for women or girls". This bill would effectively ban many transgender athletes from participating in programs corresponding with their gender identity.


title: Markwayne Mullin

text: Mullin and his wife, Christie, live in Westville, a few miles from the Arkansas border, and have six children. He is an enrolled citizen of the Cherokee Nation. Mullin is one of five Native Americans serving in the 117th Congress. The others are Tom Cole (Chickasaw Nation), Yvette Herrell (Cherokee Nation), Sharice Davids (Ho-Chunk Nation), and Alaska Native Mary Peltola (Yup'ik). He is the first Native American senator elected to Congress in nearly two decades.


title: Vivegam

text: Vivegam () is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Siva. The movie features Ajith Kumar as primary lead, with Vivek Oberoi (in his Tamil debut), Kajal Aggarwal, and Akshara Haasan playing the supporting roles. The film's background score and soundtrack were composed by Anirudh Ravichander, whose soundtrack album released on 7 August 2017. Cinematography was performed by Vetri and editing by Anthony L. Ruben.


title: Vivegam

text: Principal photography of the film commenced at Slovenia in August 2016, and the movie released worldwide on 24 August 2017 along with its Telugu dubbed version titled "Vivekam".


title: Vivegam

text: An arms exchange deal happens between the General Secretary of Europol police and the head of the Russian mafia gang in a dense Serbian forest, secured with multiple layers of military personnel, where Ajay Kumar "AK", a former counter-terrorist officer, successfully intercepts the deal and secures the weapons drive. Meanwhile, the international counter-terrorist group is on the lookout for him. Aryan Singha, a chief strategist, and his team volunteer to find AK.


title: Vivegam

text: Past: AK lives happily with his wife Yazhini, who owns and manages an Indian restaurant. Their life is interrupted by a mission to trace a hacker, Natasha from Bulgaria, who is responsible for cracking the security codes of the plutonium weapons. There have already been three man-made seismic activities caused by the explosion of plutonium bombs. She is wanted by the Interpol, CIA, and terrorist groups around the world for her hacking skills. AK's mission is to secure Natasha, thereby preventing the two future seismic quakes targeted in India. AK goes back to Serbia in search of Natasha, where he is guided by Arumai Prakasm "APS", a local translator. He interrogates the hospital doctors in the city and finds that Natasha has undergone plastic facial alteration surgery.


title: Vivegam

text: Meanwhile, an Albanian gang has hijacked Natasha's boyfriend and tortured him to death. With the help of the pacemaker found in her boyfriend's body, AK traces Natasha and moves her to a safe house. Natasha is unaware that the code she decrypted was that of a nuclear weapon. She feels guilty and proposes to defuse the remaining weapons from a neutrino site. On their way to the site, Natasha is killed by a group of terrorists. Aryan and his team ambush AK and open fire at him. However, AK survives the ambush and retrieves the weapons drive, where he also kills two of his ex-teammates.


title: Vivegam

text: Present: Aryan hires an assassin to kill Yazhini. AK neutralizes the assassins and saves his wife. Later, AK learns that Aryan and his teammates belong to the shadow government which controls the economy of the world by war manipulation. Aryan, as a counter-terrorist officer and shadow government agent, forces AK and his pregnant wife into hiding by blaming AK as the most wanted terrorist. AK releases a video challenging Aryan and his group to save Aryan from being assassinated. AK tries to stop the nuclear weapon from blasting by turning off all the satellites by powerhub.


title: Vivegam

text: To stop AK from continuing his job, Aryan kidnaps Yazhini and keeps her in a secret place. He asks AK whether he will save his wife or stop the bomb. AK seeks proof for her kidnapping as Yazhini provides him with her location using morse code. Aryan shows AK that he has Yazhini on a video call, and Yazhini gives her location by blinking in a pattern consistent with morse code. AK beats up Aryan and prevents the plutonium weapon from exploding. AK, Yazhini, and their child going for a long drive, when suddenly, a mission comes for AK.


title: Vivegam

text: Anirudh Ravichander was the music composer for the movie. Vetri signed to handle filming, and Ruben edited. Anu Vardhan, who had worked with Ajith in "Billa" (2007), "Aegan" (2008), "Arrambam" (2013) and "Vedalam" (2015), designed his costumes in this movie. Kaloyan Vodenicharov and K. Ganesh Kumar were the stunt directors.


title: Vivegam

text: The title of the film, "Vivegam", was announced in February 2017. The official first look poster released along with the title on 2 February. The director revealed that Vivek Obreoi was not playing an antagonist in the movie.


title: Vivegam

text: Principal photography commenced in Slovenia on 1 August 2016, and it was reported that at least 70% percent of this action thriller was to be shot in Europe. The first schedule was successfully completed in Europe and the second schedule in Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad in October. The team informed that nearly 75 percent of the film shot was complete and the rest of the production was ongoing in Chennai. It was reported that the movie was filmed on a restricted military base in Eastern Europe. The team completed their final shoot schedule in Serbia on such locations like Belgrade city centre, Belgrade Museum of Aviation and Bor lake. Principal photography wrapped in July 2017.


title: Vivegam

text: The soundtrack and score for the film is composed by Anirudh Ravichander, collaborating with Siva and Ajith Kumar for the second time. The soundtrack album features seven songs, with a theme music and a western number, and lyrics for the film was written by Kabilan Vairamuthu, Yogi B, Siva and Raja Kumari.


title: Vivegam

text: The first single track, "Surviva" was released on 19 June 2017, which is a western-based EDM number, performed by Yogi B. The second single track "Thalai Viduthalai" was released on 10 July 2017, followed by the third single track "Kadhalaada" released on 20 July 2017. The soundtrack album in its entirety was released through the digital streaming platform Saavn on 7 August 2017.


title: Vivegam

text: "Vivegam" () is the soundtrack album for the 2017 Indian Tamil film of the same name, composed by Anirudh Ravichander. The film, directed by Siva, stars Ajith Kumar and Kajal Aggarwal, whilst Vivek Oberoi and Akshara Hassan, portray supporting roles. Kabilan Vairamuthu, Yogi B, Siva and Raja Kumari wrote the lyrics for the film. The soundtrack album featuring seven songs, were released digitally on 7 August 2017, by Sony Music, receiving positive feedback from critics.


title: Vivegam

text: The film marks the second collaboration between Ajith Kumar and Siva, after "Vedalam" (2015). The song "Surviva" is a western-based EDM number. Performed by Malaysian rapper Yogi B, the song has lyrics about survival. With a tagline "Believe in yourself", this new track is believed to be along similar lines of never giving up and surviving.


title: Vivegam

text: The second song "Thalai Viduthalai" is in the death metal rock genre. It is based on a punchline – 'Never, ever GIVE UP!' that became a rage after fans saw Ajith saying in a high-pitched tone in the teaser earlier. Thalai Viduthalai is written by director Siva and is a highly motivating song to wake up in the morning and start your day with a new passion. The philosophy of the song is, irrespective of the number of times you have been knocked down, as long as you are willing to stand up again and fight back, you are not a failure. The heavy metal track and adrenaline pumping lyrics match the larger than life onscreen and off-screen image of Ajith. Besides composing tunes, Anirudh Ravichander has also lent his voice to the song along with Harish Swaminathan. Anirudh quoted that, this song is a tribute and dedication to 'Thala' Ajith Kumar for his 25 years of grit, determination and hardwork in his cinema career"


title: Vivegam

text: The third song "Kaadhalada" is a classic number. In one of the recent interviews with a leading daily, Kabilan Vairamuthu, who has penned the lyrics for Kadhalaada song revealed how he got this opportunity. He said, I was initially called in to work on the script; I ve co-written the screenplay. That was my first job in Vivegam, and during a discussion, this opportunity to write the lyrics for a song came up. The lyricist did not reveal much about the song before its release but opened up about the film. He further added, Vivegam has come out in a very stylish manner. I m sure it will be enjoyed by people of all ages." Kabilan is working with Ajith Kumar for the first time.


title: Vivegam

text: The audio rights of the film were acquired by Sony Music, for a whooping amount of ₹2 crore. Sridhar Subramanian, the CEO of Sony Music South, confirmed it on Twitter on 14 June 2017.


title: Vivegam

text: The song teaser, for the first single "Surviva" was released on 15 June 2017, at midnight. The full song released on 19 June 2017, directly on Saavn, the music streaming portal, instead of YouTube, and was played over 400,000 times in just over 12 hours, according to a statement from Sony Music. It was the most played song in Saavn. The second single track "Thalai Viduthalai" was released on 10 July 2017 at 12:01 a.m. midnight. The third single "Kadhalaada" was released on 20 July 2017.


title: Vivegam

text: Sony Music launched the album preview on 3 August 2017, on YouTube, in which the album consists of seven songs with lyrics written by Kabilan Vairamuthu, Yogi B Siva and Raja Kumari. The full album was released on 7 August 2017, at 5:00 p.m. on Saavn, and later on other digital platforms.


title: Vivegam

text: The songs of the Telugu version of the film, "Vivekam" was released on 17 August 2017. Lyrics for the songs were written by Yogi B, Bhaskarabatla Ravikumar and Ramajogayya Sastry.


title: Vivegam

text: Behindwoods rated the album 3 out of 5, stating that "Anirudh delivers a convincingly International album in his forte for Ajith's Vivegam!" Sharanya CR from The Times of India, reviewed that "With Vivegam, Anirudh manages to give an album with songs that not just suit the mass image of Ajith, but also have an international appeal." Indiaglitz rated it 3.25/5, and received that "Vivegam is easily one of the best albums for Ajith as well as Anirudh; the album is plethora of rock and energy." Sify rated it 4 out of 5 and stated that "Anirudh adds an international flavour to a quintessential ‘mass’ album!" BollywoodLife rated 4 out of 5, with a verdict "Anirudh Ravichander has done it again, composed a winner of an album! He has understood the actioner's theme and the lead star perfectly and composed brilliant, foot tapping tunes. Right form death metal vibes to breezy, romantic tunes, he has given us an impressive variation. All in all, Do NOT miss the Vivegam album." International Business Times, reviewed it as "The album has many songs that win the hearts of the audience and it is easily one of the best albums composed by Anirudh."


title: Vivegam

text: The first look of "Vivegam" was released on 2 February 2017 at 12:01 AM. Ajith's physical transformation was praised, given that he had to undergo a painful knee operation in November 2015, after the release of his previous film, "Vedalam".


title: Vivegam

text: The "Vivegam" teaser was released by the film's makers on 11 May 2017. It shows Ajith running about, flexing his muscles, dodging bullets and shooting bullets. It became the fastest movie teaser to reach 5 million views within 12 hours after breaking the record of 5 million views set by the "Kabali" teaser in 24 hours. It went on to become the most liked for an Indian film after surpassing the record of 500 thousand and more likes set by the "Tubelight" teaser. The trailer of this movie was released on 17 August 2017.


title: Vivegam

text: The Vivegam trailer was presented by Siva and promises a "Tamil film with an international flavor" . it contains elements of friendship, romance, sentiment and action, unlike the teaser, which was completely action packed. The trailer is dedicated to showing the attitude of Ajith's character, that he will move mountains or die trying. He is beaten again and again, yet he keeps bouncing back.


title: Vivegam

text: The broadcasting rights were purchased by Sun TV for a record price which was informed through the official social media page of the channel on 9 August 2017.


title: Vivegam

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. "The Times of India" rated the film 3 out of 5 and said "Vivegam is an over-the-top but engaging action thriller with a calculated mix of brawn and brain, action and sentiment, smartly pandering to fans while giving families something to connect with." NDTV rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and cited "Ajith Is Charismatic But Let Down By Silly Scenes". "Behindwoods" rated the film 2.25 out of 5, stating, "Vivegam – High on production value and action. Heavily dependent on Ajith's persona, engagement factor takes a beating". "Mirchi9" gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, saying " Overall, Vivekam is for the fans and fans alone for whom just watching the star on screen is enough. There is ample style and punch dialogues with a healthy dose of action. For everyone else, it is an utterly boring film". "Nowrunning" rated the film 1.5/5 and said "Director Siva had collected a bunch of Spy movies from Hollywood and made a mashup of them. He picked up all the action blocks and combined it with loud background score which will only irk the audience. Even the action is also missing in the second half and there is no logic at all. The climax is stretched further which disappoints the audience".


title: Vivegam

text: Srinivasa Ramanujan of "The Hindu" wrote, ""Vivegam" is a misfire on many levels. It's an attempt to make an “international” thriller, with the assumption that a star with a huge fan base would be able to pull it off. Ajith's effort is sincere, but "Vivegam" just doesn't come together."


title: Vivegam

text: Exercise scene, the line "Varen ma" uttered by the hero; the scene where the heroine starts singing during the final fight is parodied in "Thamizh Padam 2".


title: Satyam scandal

text: The Satyam Computer Services scandal was India's largest corporate fraud until 2010. The founder and directors of India-based outsourcing company Satyam Computer Services, falsified the accounts, inflated the share price, and stole large sums from the company. Much of this was invested in property. The swindle was discovered in late 2008 when the Hyderabad property market collapsed, leaving a trail back to Satyam.


title: Satyam scandal

text: The scandal was brought to light in 2009 when chairman Byrraju Ramalinga Raju confessed that the company's accounts had been falsified.


title: Satyam scandal

text: For many years Satyam accounts showed profits that had never existed, cash at the bank that did not exist, which inflated the share price. Raju and friends then sold shares. The accounts also showed $3m of "salary payments" to people who did not exist. These in fact went to board members. The falsified accounts were used to obtain cheap loans in the USA which were stolen by Raju and never entered into the accounts. Much of the money was squandered in real estate deals in Hyderabad. When the property market collapsed in 2008, the money vanished and whistle-blowers began to be heard. A failed attempt by Raju to use Satyam to buy a property company led to the scandal being uncovered.


title: Satyam scandal

text: On 7 January 2009, the chairman of Satyam, Byrraju Ramalinga Raju, resigned, confessing that he had manipulated the accounts of Rs 7,000 crore in several forms. The global corporate community was said to be shocked and scandalised.


title: Satyam scandal

text: In February 2009, the CBI took over the case and filed three partial charge sheets (dated 7 April 2009, 24 November 2009, and 7 January 2010), over the course of the year. All charges arising from the discovery phase were later merged into a single charge sheet.


title: Satyam scandal

text: PricewaterhouseCoopers affiliates served as independent auditors of Satyam Computer Services when the report of scandal in the account books of Satyam Computer Services broke. The Indian arm of PwC was fined $6 million by the SEC (US Securities and Exchange Commission) for not following the code of conduct and auditing standards in the performance of its duties related to the auditing of the accounts of Satyam Computer Services. In 2018, SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) barred Price Waterhouse from auditing any listed company in India for 2 years, saying that the firm was complicit with the main perpetrators of the Satyam fraud and did not comply with auditing standards. SEBI also ordered disgorgement of over Rs 13 crore wrongful gains from the firm and 2 partners. PwC announced their intent to get a stay order.


title: Satyam scandal

text: "We are obviously shocked by the contents of the letter. The senior leaders of Satyam stand united in their commitment to customers, associates, suppliers and all shareholders. We have gathered together at Hyderabad to strategize the way forward in light of this startling revelation."


title: Satyam scandal

text: On 10 January 2009, the Company Law Board decided to bar the current board of Satyam from functioning and appoint 10 nominal directors. "The current board has failed to do what they are supposed to do. The credibility of the IT industry should not be allowed to suffer." said Corporate Affairs Minister Prem Chand Gupta. Chartered accountants regulator ICAI issued show-cause notice to Satyam's auditor PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) on the accounts fudging. ICAI President Ved Jain said: "We have asked PwC to reply within 21 days."


title: Satyam scandal

text: Also on 10 January 2009, the same day, the Crime Investigation Department (CID) team picked up Vadlamani Srinivas, Satyam's then-CFO, for questioning. He was arrested later and kept in judicial custody.


title: Satyam scandal

text: On 11 January 2009, the government nominated noted banker Deepak Parekh, former NASSCOM chief Kiran Karnik, and former SEBI member C Achuthan to Satyam's board.


title: Satyam scandal

text: Analysts in India have termed the Satyam scandal India's own Enron scandal. Some social commentators see it more as a part of a broader problem relating to India's family-owned corporate environment.


title: Satyam scandal

text: Immediately following the news, Merrill Lynch (now a part of Bank of America) and State Farm Insurance terminated its engagement with the company. Also, Credit Suisse suspended its coverage of Satyam. It was also reported that Satyam's auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers will be scrutinised for complicity in this scandal. SEBI, the stock market regulator, also said that, if found guilty, its license to work in India may be revoked. Satyam was the 2008 winner of the coveted Golden Peacock Award for Corporate Governance under Risk Management and Compliance Issues, which was stripped from them in the aftermath of the scandal. The New York Stock Exchange has halted trading in Satyam stock as of 7 January 2009. India's National Stock Exchange has announced that it will remove Satyam from its S&P CNX Nifty 50-share index on 12 January. The founder of Satyam was arrested two days after he admitted to falsifying the firm's accounts. Ramalinga Raju was charged with several offences, including criminal conspiracy, breach of trust, and forgery.


title: Satyam scandal

text: Satyam's shares fell to 11.50 rupees on 10 January 2009, their lowest level since March 1998, compared to a high of 544 rupees in 2008. On the New York Stock Exchange, Satyam shares peaked in 2008 at US$29.10. By March 2009, they were trading around US$1.80.


title: Satyam scandal

text: The Indian Government has stated that it may provide temporary direct or indirect liquidity support to the company. However, whether employment will continue at pre-crisis levels, particularly for new recruits, is questionable.


title: Satyam scandal

text: On 14 January 2009, Price Waterhouse, the Indian division of PricewaterhouseCoopers, announced that its reliance on potentially false information provided by the management of Satyam may have rendered its audit reports "inaccurate and unreliable".


title: Satyam scandal

text: On 22 January 2009, CID told in court that the actual number of employees is only 40,000 and not 53,000 as reported earlier and that Mr. Raju had been allegedly withdrawing every month for paying these 13,000 non-existent employees.


title: Satyam scandal

text: The Indian government designated A. S. Murthy to become the new CEO of Satyam effective 5 February 2009. Special advisors were also appointed, Homi Khusrokhan of Tata Chemicals and Chartered Accountant T. N. Manoharan.


title: Satyam scandal

text: On 4 November 2011, the Supreme Court granted bail to Ramalinga Raju, as well as two others accused in the scandal, since the investigation agency CBI had failed to file a charge sheet, despite having already had 33 months (from the time of Raju's arrest) to do so.


title: Satyam scandal

text: On 15 September 2014, the special CBI court hearing the case asked the concerned parties to appear before the court on 27 October 2014. Date of judgement was to have been indicated later on that day.


title: Satyam scandal

text: On 9 April 2015, Raju and nine others were found guilty of collaborating to inflate the company's revenue, falsifying accounts and income tax returns, and fabricating invoices, among other findings, and sentenced to seven years imprisonment by Hyderabad court. Kunjumani and his brother were also fined by the court 55 million rupees (US$883,960) each.


title: Satyam scandal

text: On 13 April 2009, via a formal public auction process, a 31% stake in Satyam was purchased by Mahindra & Mahindra owned company Tech Mahindra, as part of its diversification strategy. Effective July 2009, Satyam rebranded its services under the new Mahindra management as "Mahindra Satyam". After a delay due to tax issues Tech Mahindra announced its merger with Mahindra Satyam on 21 March 2012, after the board of two companies gave the approval. The companies are merged legally on 25 June 2013.


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: The maximum distortion criterion (also von Mises yield criterion) states that yielding of a ductile material begins when the second invariant of deviatoric stress formula_1 reaches a critical value. It is a part of plasticity theory that mostly applies to ductile materials, such as some metals. Prior to yield, material response can be assumed to be of a nonlinear elastic, viscoelastic, or linear elastic behavior.


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: In materials science and engineering von Mises yield criterion is also formulated in terms of the von Mises stress or equivalent tensile stress, formula_2. This is a scalar value of stress that can be computed from the Cauchy stress tensor. In this case, a material is said to start yielding when the von Mises stress reaches a value known as yield strength, formula_3. The von Mises stress is used to predict yielding of materials under complex loading from the results of uniaxial tensile tests. The von Mises stress satisfies the property where two stress states with equal distortion energy have an equal von Mises stress.


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: Because the von Mises yield criterion is independent of the first stress invariant, formula_4, it is applicable for the analysis of plastic deformation for ductile materials such as metals, as onset of yield for these materials does not depend on the hydrostatic component of the stress tensor.


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: Although it has been believed it was formulated by James Clerk Maxwell in 1865, Maxwell only described the general conditions in a letter to William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). Richard Edler von Mises rigorously formulated it in 1913. Tytus Maksymilian Huber (1904), in a paper written in Polish, anticipated to some extent this criterion by properly relying on the distortion strain energy, not on the total strain energy as his predecessors. Heinrich Hencky formulated the same criterion as von Mises independently in 1924. For the above reasons this criterion is also referred to as the "Maxwell–Huber–Hencky–von Mises theory".


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: Here formula_6 is yield stress of the material in pure shear. As shown later in this article, at the onset of yielding, the magnitude of the shear yield stress in pure shear is √3 times lower than the tensile yield stress in the case of simple tension. Thus, we have:


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: where formula_8 is tensile yield strength of the material. If we set the von Mises stress equal to the yield strength and combine the above equations, the von Mises yield criterion is written as:


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: where formula_13 is called deviatoric stress. This equation defines the yield surface as a circular cylinder (See Figure) whose yield curve, or intersection with the deviatoric plane, is a circle with radius formula_14, or formula_15. This implies that the yield condition is independent of hydrostatic stresses.


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: In the case of uniaxial stress or simple tension, formula_16, the von Mises criterion simply reduces to


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: which means the material starts to yield when formula_18 reaches the "yield strength" of the material formula_3, in agreement with the definition of tensile (or compressive) yield strength.


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: An equivalent tensile stress or equivalent von-Mises stress, formula_2 is used to predict yielding of materials under multiaxial loading conditions using results from simple uniaxial tensile tests. Thus, we define


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: In this case, yielding occurs when the equivalent stress, formula_2, reaches the yield strength of the material in simple tension, formula_3. As an example, the stress state of a steel beam in compression differs from the stress state of a steel axle under torsion, even if both specimens are of the same material. In view of the stress tensor, which fully describes the stress state, this difference manifests in six degrees of freedom, because the stress tensor has six independent components. Therefore, it is difficult to tell which of the two specimens is closer to the yield point or has even reached it. However, by means of the von Mises yield criterion, which depends solely on the value of the scalar von Mises stress, i.e., one degree of freedom, this comparison is straightforward: A larger von Mises value implies that the material is closer to the yield point.


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: In the case of pure shear stress, formula_27, while all other formula_28, von Mises criterion becomes:


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: This means that, at the onset of yielding, the magnitude of the shear stress in pure shear is formula_30 times lower than the yield stress in the case of simple tension. The von Mises yield criterion for pure shear stress, expressed in principal stresses, is


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: Hencky (1924) offered a physical interpretation of von Mises criterion suggesting that yielding begins when the elastic energy of distortion reaches a critical value. For this reason, the von Mises criterion is also known as the maximum distortion strain energy criterion. This comes from the relation between formula_1 and the elastic strain energy of distortion formula_37:


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: In 1937 Arpad L. Nadai suggested that yielding begins when the octahedral shear stress reaches a critical value, i.e. the octahedral shear stress of the material at yield in simple tension. In this case, the von Mises yield criterion is also known as the maximum octahedral shear stress criterion in view of the direct proportionality that exists between formula_1 and the octahedral shear stress, formula_41, which by definition is


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: As shown in the equations above (which equations?), the use of the von Mises criterion as a yield criterion is only exactly applicable when the following material properties are homogeneous and have a ratio of:


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: Since no material will have this ratio precisely, in practice it is necessary to use engineering judgement to decide what failure theory is appropriate for a given material. Alternately, for use of the Tresca theory, the same ratio is defined as 1/2.


title: Von Mises yield criterion

text: Although the given criterion is based on a yield phenomenon, extensive testing has shown that use of a "von Mises" stress is applicable at ultimate loading


title: Printf format string

text: The printf format string is a control parameter used by a class of functions in the input/output libraries of C and many other programming languages. The string is written in a simple template language: characters are usually copied literally into the function's output, but format specifiers, which start with a character, indicate the location and method to translate a piece of data (such as a number) to characters.


title: Printf format string

text: "printf" is the name of one of the main C output functions, and stands for ""print f"ormatted". printf format strings are complementary to scanf format strings, which provide formatted input (lexing aka. parsing). In both cases these provide simple functionality and fixed format compared to more sophisticated and flexible template engines or lexers/parsers, but are sufficient for many purposes.


title: Printf format string

text: Many languages other than C copy the printf format string syntax closely or exactly in their own I/O functions.


title: Printf format string

text: Mismatches between the format specifiers and type of the data can cause crashes and other vulnerabilities. The format string itself is very often a string literal, which allows static analysis of the function call. However, it can also be the value of a variable, which allows for dynamic formatting but also a security vulnerability known as an uncontrolled format string exploit.


title: Printf format string

text: Early programming languages such as Fortran used special statements with completely different syntax from other calculations to build formatting descriptions. In this example, the format is specified on line 601, and the WRITE command refers to it by line number:


title: Printf format string

text: ALGOL 68 had more function-like API, but still used special syntax (the delimiters surround special formatting syntax):


title: Printf format string

text: printf(($"Color "g", number1 "6d,", number2 "4zd,", hex "16r2d,", float "-d.2d,", unsigned value"-3d"."l$,


title: Printf format string

text: But using the normal function calls and data types simplifies the language and compiler, and allows the implementation of the input/output to be written in the same language. These advantages outweigh the disadvantages (such as a complete lack of type safety in many instances) and in most newer languages I/O is not part of the syntax.


title: Printf format string

text: C's has its origins in BCPL's function (1966). In comparison to and , is a BCPL "language" escape sequence representing a newline character (for which C uses the escape sequence ) and the order of the format specification's field width and type is reversed in :


title: Printf format string

text: Probably the first copying of the syntax outside the C language was the Unix shell command, which first appeared in Version 4, as part of the port to C.


title: Printf format string

text: Formatting takes place via placeholders within the format string. For example, if a program wanted to print out a person's age, it could present the output by prefixing it with "Your age is ", and using the signed decimal specifier character to denote that we want the integer for the age to be shown immediately after that message, we may use the format string:


title: Printf format string

text: This feature mainly sees its use in localization, where the order of occurrence of parameters vary due to the language-dependent convention.


title: Printf format string

text: On the non-POSIX Microsoft Windows, support for this feature is placed in a separate printf_p function.


title: Printf format string

text: The Width field specifies a "minimum" number of characters to output and is typically used to pad fixed-width fields in tabulated output, where the fields would otherwise be smaller, although it does not cause truncation of oversized fields.


title: Printf format string

text: The width field may be omitted, or a numeric integer value, or a dynamic value when passed as another argument when indicated by an asterisk . For example, will result in codice_1 being printed, with a total width of 5 characters.


title: Printf format string

text: Though not part of the width field, a leading zero is interpreted as the zero-padding flag mentioned above, and a negative value is treated as the positive value in conjunction with the left-alignment flag also mentioned above.


title: Printf format string

text: The Precision field usually specifies a "maximum" limit on the output, depending on the particular formatting type. For floating-point numeric types, it specifies the number of digits to the right of the decimal point that the output should be rounded. For the string type, it limits the number of characters that should be output, after which the string is truncated.


title: Printf format string

text: The precision field may be omitted, or a numeric integer value, or a dynamic value when passed as another argument when indicated by an asterisk . For example, will result in being printed.


title: Printf format string

text: Additionally, several platform-specific length options came to exist prior to widespread use of the ISO C99 extensions:


title: Printf format string

text: ISO C99 includes the codice_2 header file that includes a number of macros for use in platform-independent coding. These must be outside double-quotes, e.g.


title: Printf format string

text: There are a few implementations of -like functions that allow extensions to the escape-character-based mini-language, thus allowing the programmer to have a specific formatting function for non-builtin types. One of the most well-known is the (now deprecated) glibc's . However, it is rarely used due to the fact that it conflicts with static format string checking. Another is Vstr custom formatters, which allows adding multi-character format names.


title: Printf format string

text: Some applications (like the Apache HTTP Server) include their own -like function, and embed extensions into it. However these all tend to have the same problems that has.


title: Printf format string

text: The Linux kernel codice_3 function supports a number of ways to display kernel structures using the generic specification, by "appending" additional format characters. For example, prints an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal form. This allows static format string checking (of the portion) at the expense of full compatibility with normal printf.


title: Printf format string

text: Most languages that have a -like function work around the lack of this feature by just using the format and converting the object to a string representation.


title: Printf format string

text: If there are too few function arguments provided to supply values for all the conversion specifications in the template string, or if the arguments are not of the correct types, the results are undefined, may crash. Implementations are inconsistent about whether syntax errors in the string consume an argument and what type of argument they consume. Excess arguments are ignored. In a number of cases, the undefined behavior has led to "Format string attack" security vulnerabilities. In most C or C++ calling conventions arguments may be passed on the stack, which means in the case of too few arguments printf will read past the end of the current stackframe, thus allowing the attacker to read the stack.


title: Printf format string

text: Some compilers, like the GNU Compiler Collection, will statically check the format strings of printf-like functions and warn about problems (when using the flags or ). GCC will also warn about user-defined printf-style functions if the non-standard "format" is applied to the function.


title: Printf format string

text: Using only field widths to provide for tabulation, as with a format like for three integers in three 8-character columns, will not guarantee that field separation will be retained if large numbers occur in the data:


title: Printf format string

text: Loss of field separation can easily lead to corrupt output. In systems which encourage the use of programs as building blocks in scripts, such corrupt data can often be forwarded into and corrupt further processing, regardless of whether the original programmer expected the output would only be read by human eyes. Such problems can be eliminated by including explicit delimiters, even spaces, in all tabular output formats. Simply changing the dangerous example from before to addresses this, formatting identically until numbers become larger, but then explicitly preventing them from becoming merged on output due to the explicitly included spaces:


title: Printf format string

text: Although an outputting function on the surface, allows writing to a memory location specified by an argument via . This functionality is occasionally used as a part of more elaborate format-string attacks.


title: Printf format string

text: The functionality also makes accidentally Turing-complete even with a well-formed set of arguments. A game of tic-tac-toe written in the format string is a winner of the 27th IOCCC.


title: Printf format string

text: Not included in this list are languages that use format strings that deviate from the style in this article (such as AMPL and Elixir), languages that inherit their implementation from the JVM or other environment (such as Clojure and Scala), and languages that do not have a standard native printf implementation but have external libraries which emulate printf behavior (such as JavaScript).


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN; ; ) composed the ground forces of the South Vietnamese military from its inception in 1955 to the Fall of Saigon in April 1975. It is estimated to have suffered 1,394,000 casualties (killed and wounded) during the Vietnam War.<ref name="Casualties - US vs NVA/VC">Casualties – US vs NVA/VC</ref>


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: The ARVN began as a postcolonial army that was trained by and closely affiliated with the United States and had engaged in conflict since its inception. Several changes occurred throughout its lifetime, initially from a 'blocking-force' to a more modern conventional force using helicopter deployment in combat. During the American intervention, the ARVN was reduced to playing a defensive role with an incomplete modernisation, and transformed again following Vietnamization, it was upgeared, expanded, and reconstructed to fulfill the role of the departing American forces. By 1974, it had become much more effective with foremost counterinsurgency expert and Nixon adviser Robert Thompson noting that Regular Forces were very well-trained and second only to the American and Israeli forces in the Free World and with General Creighton Abrams remarking that 70% of units were on par with the US Army. However, the withdrawal of American forces by Vietnamization meant the armed forces could not effectively fulfill all of the aims of the program and had become completely dependent on U.S. equipment since it was meant to fulfill the departing role of the United States.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: At the ARVN's peak, an estimated 1 in 9 citizens of South Vietnam were enlisted, and it had become the fourth-largest army in the world composed of Regular Forces and the more voluntary Regional and Village-level militias.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: Unique in serving a dual military-civilian administrative purpose, in direct competition with the Viet Cong, the ARVN had also become a component of political power and suffered from continual issues of political loyalty appointments, corruption in leadership, factional infighting, and occasional open internal conflict.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: After the fall of Saigon to North Vietnam's People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), the ARVN was dissolved. While some high-ranking officers had fled the country to the United States or elsewhere, thousands of former ARVN officers were sent to re-education camps by the communist government of the unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Five ARVN generals committed suicide to avoid capture by the PAVN/VC.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: On 8 March 1949, after the Élysée Accords, the State of Vietnam was recognized by France as an independent country ruled by the Vietnamese Emperor Bảo Đại, and the Vietnamese National Army (VNA) was soon created. The VNA fought in joint operations with the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps against the Viet Minh forces led by Ho Chi Minh. The VNA fought in a wide range of campaigns including the Battle of Nà Sản (1952), Operation Atlas (1953) and the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954).


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: Benefiting from French assistance, the VNA quickly became a modern army modeled after the Expeditionary Corps. It included infantry, artillery, signals, armored cavalry, airborne, airforce, navy and a national military academy. By 1953 troopers as well as officers were all Vietnamese, the latter having been trained in "Ecoles des Cadres" such as Da Lat, including Chief of Staff General Nguyễn Văn Hinh who was a French Union airforce veteran.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: After the 1954 Geneva agreements, French Indochina ceased to exist and by 1956 all French Union troops had withdrawn from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. In 1955, by the order of Prime Minister Diệm, the VNA crushed the armed forces of the Bình Xuyên.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: On 26 October 1955, the military was reorganized by the administration of President Ngô Đình Diệm who then formally established the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) on 30 December 1955. The air force was established as a separate service known as the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF). Early on, the focus of the army was the guerrilla fighters of the Viet Cong (VC), formed to oppose the Diệm administration. The United States, under President John F. Kennedy sent advisors and a great deal of financial support to aid the ARVN in combating the insurgents. A major campaign, developed by Ngô Đình Nhu and later resurrected under another name was the "Strategic Hamlet Program" which was regarded as unsuccessful by Western media because it was "inhumane" to move villagers from the countryside to fortified villages. ARVN leaders and President Diệm were criticized by the foreign press when the troops were used to crush armed anti-government religious groups like the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo as well as to raid Buddhist temples, which according to Diệm, were harboring VC guerrillas. The most notorious of these attacks occurred on the night of August 21, 1963, during the Xá Lợi Pagoda raids conducted by the Special Forces, which caused a death toll estimated to range into the hundreds.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: In 1963 Diệm was killed in a coup d'état carried out by ARVN officers and encouraged by American officials such as Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. In the confusion that followed, General Dương Văn Minh took control, but he was only the first in a succession of ARVN generals to assume the presidency of South Vietnam. During these years, the United States began taking more control of the war against the VC and the role of the ARVN became less and less significant. They were also plagued by continuing problems of severe corruption amongst the officer corps. Although the US was highly critical of the ARVN, it continued to be entirely US-armed and funded.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: Although the American news media has often portrayed the Vietnam War as a primarily American and North Vietnamese conflict, the ARVN carried the brunt of the fight before and after large-scale American involvement, and participated in many major operations with American troops. ARVN troops pioneered the use of the M113 armored personnel carrier as an infantry fighting vehicle by fighting mounted rather than as a "battle taxi" as originally designed, and the armored cavalry (ACAV) modifications were adopted based on ARVN experience. One notable ARVN unit equipped with M113s, the 3d Armored Cavalry Squadron, used the new tactic so proficiently and with such extraordinary heroism against hostile forces that they earned the United States Presidential Unit Citation. The ARVN suffered 254,256 recorded deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths, while approximately 58,000 U.S. troops died during the war.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: United States experience with the ARVN generated a catalog of complaints about its performance, with various officials saying 'it did not pull its weight,' 'content to let the Americans do the fighting and dying,' and 'weak in dedication, direction, and discipline.' The President remained prone to issue instructions directly to field units, cutting across the entire chain of command. Major shortcomings identified by U.S. officers included a general lack of motivation, indicated, for example, by officers having an inclination for rear area jobs rather than combat command, and a continuing desertion problem.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: Starting in 1969 President Richard Nixon started the process of "Vietnamization", pulling out American forces and rendering the ARVN capable of fighting an effective war against the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and VC. Slowly, the ARVN began to expand from its counter-insurgency role to become the primary ground defense against the PAVN/VC. From 1969 to 1971 there were about 22,000 ARVN combat deaths per year. Starting in 1968, South Vietnam began calling up every available man for service in the ARVN, reaching a strength of one million soldiers by 1972. In 1970 they performed well in the Cambodian Incursion and were executing three times as many operations as they had during the American-led war period. However, the ARVN equipment continued to be of lower standards than their American and other allies, even as the U.S. tried to upgrade ARVN technology. The officer corps was still the biggest problem. Leaders were too often inept, being poorly trained, corrupt and lacking morale. Still, Sir Robert Thompson, a British military officer widely regarded as the worlds foremost expert in counterinsurgency warfare during the Vietnam War, thought that by 1972, the ARVN had developed into one of the best fighting forces in the world, comparing them favorably with the Israeli Defence Forces. Forced to carry the burden left by the Americans, the ARVN started to perform well, though with continued American air support.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: In 1972, the PAVN launched the Easter Offensive, an all-out attack against South Vietnam across the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone and from its sanctuaries in Laos and Cambodia. The assault combined infantry wave assaults, artillery and the first massive use of armored forces by the PAVN. Although the T-54 tanks proved vulnerable to LAW rockets, the ARVN took heavy losses. The PAVN forces took Quảng Trị Province and some areas along the Laos and Cambodian borders.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: President Nixon dispatched bombers in Operation Linebacker to provide air support for the ARVN when it seemed that South Vietnam was about to be lost. In desperation, President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu fired the incompetent General Hoàng Xuân Lãm and replaced him with General Ngô Quang Trưởng. He gave the order that all deserters would be executed and pulled enough forces together in order to prevent the PAVN from taking Huế. Finally, with considerable US air and naval support, as well as hard fighting by the ARVN soldiers, the Easter Offensive was halted. ARVN forces counter-attacked and succeeded in driving some of the PAVN out of South Vietnam, though they did retain control of northern Quảng Trị Province near the DMZ.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: At the end of 1972, Operation Linebacker II helped achieve a negotiated end to the war between the U.S. and the Hanoi government. By March 1973, in accordance with the Paris Peace Accords the United States had completely pulled its troops out of Vietnam. The ARVN was left to fight alone, but with all the weapons and technologies that their allies left behind. With massive technological support they had roughly four times as many heavy weapons as their enemies. The U.S. left the ARVN with over one thousand aircraft, making the RVNAF the fourth largest air force in the world. These figures are deceptive, however, as the U.S. began to curtail military aid. The same situation happened to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, since their allies, the Soviet Union, and China has also cut down military support, forcing them to use obsolete T-34 tanks and SU-100 tank destroyers in battle.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: In the summer of 1974, Nixon resigned under the pressure of the Watergate scandal and was succeeded by Gerald Ford. With the war growing incredibly unpopular at home, combined with a severe economic recession and mounting budget deficits, Congress cut funding to South Vietnam for the upcoming fiscal year from 1 billion to 700 million dollars. Historians have attributed the fall of Saigon in 1975 to the cessation of American aid along with the growing disenchantment of the South Vietnamese people and the rampant corruption and incompetence of South Vietnam political leaders and ARVN general staff.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: Without the necessary funds and facing a collapse in South Vietnamese troop and civilian morale, it was becoming increasingly difficult for the ARVN to achieve a victory against the PAVN. Moreover, the withdrawal of U.S. aid encouraged North Vietnam to begin a new military offensive against South Vietnam. This resolve was strengthened when the new American administration did not think itself bound to this promise Nixon made to Thieu of a "severe retaliation" if Hanoi broke the 1973 Paris Peace Accords.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: The fall of Huế to PAVN forces on 26 March 1975 began an organized rout of the ARVN that culminated in the complete disintegration of the South Vietnamese government. Withdrawing ARVN forces found the roads choked with refugees making troop movement almost impossible. North Vietnamese forces took advantage of the growing instability, and with the abandoned equipment of the routing ARVN, they mounted heavy attacks on all fronts. With collapse all but inevitable, many ARVN generals abandoned their troops to fend for themselves and ARVN soldiers deserted "en masse". The 18th Division held out at Xuân Lộc from 9 to 21 April before being forced to withdraw. President Thiệu resigned his office on 21 April and left the country. At Bien Hoa, ARVN soldiers made a strong resistance against PAVN forces, however, ARVN defenses at Cu Chi and Hoc Mon start to collapse under the overwhelming PAVN attacks. In the Mekong Delta and Phu Quoc Island, many of ARVN soldiers were aggressive and intact to prevent VC taking over any provincial capitals. Less than a month after Huế, Saigon fell and South Vietnam ceased to exist as a political entity. The sudden and complete destruction of the ARVN shocked the world. Even their opponents were surprised at how quickly South Vietnam collapsed.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: There were hundreds of soldiers, officers, and colonels who committed suicide, making a decision not to live under communism. Five ARVN generals committed suicide during late April to avoid capture by the PAVN/VC and potential reeducation camps. General Le Nguyen Vy committed suicide in Lai Khe shortly after hearing Duong Van Minh surrender from the radio. Both ARVN generals in Can Tho, Le Van Hung and Nguyen Khoa Nam, committed suicide after deciding not to prolong resistance against outnumbered PAVN/VC soldiers in Mekong Region. Brigadier General Tran Van Hai committed suicide by poison at Dong Tam Base Camp. General Pham Van Phu committed suicide at a hospital in Saigon.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: The U.S. had provided the ARVN with 793,994 M1 carbines, 220,300 M1 Garands and 520 M1C/M1D rifles, 640,000 M-16 rifles, 34,000 M79 grenade launchers, 40,000 radios, 20,000 quarter-ton trucks, 214 M41 Walker Bulldog light tanks, 77 M577 Command tracks (command version of the M113 APC), 930 M113 (APC/ACAVs), 120 V-100s (wheeled armored cars), and 190 M48 tanks. Operations Enhance and Enhance Plus an American effort in November 1972 managed to transfer 59 more M48A3 Patton tanks, 100 additional M-113A1 ACAVs (Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicles), and over 500 extra aircraft to South Vietnam. Despite such impressive figures, the Vietnamese were not as well equipped as the American infantrymen they replaced. The 1972 offensive had been driven back only with a massive American bombing campaign against North Vietnam.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: The Case–Church Amendment had effectively nullified the Paris Peace Accords, and as a result the United States had cut aid to South Vietnam drastically in 1974, just months before the final enemy offensive, allowing North Vietnam to invade South Vietnam without fear of U.S. military action. As a result, only a little fuel and ammunition were being sent to South Vietnam. South Vietnamese air and ground vehicles were immobilized by lack of spare parts. Troops went into battle without batteries for their radios, and their medics lacked basic supplies. South Vietnamese rifles and artillery pieces were rationed to three rounds of ammunition per day in the last months of the war. Without enough supplies and ammunition, ARVN forces were quickly thrown into chaos and defeated by the well-supplied PAVN, no longer having to worry about U.S. bombing.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: The victorious Communists sent over 250,000 ARVN soldiers to prison camps wherein they were routinely tortured and murdered some for a period of eleven consecutive years. The communists called these prison camps "reeducation camps". The Americans and South Vietnamese had laid large minefields during the war, and former ARVN soldiers were made to clear them. Thousands died from sickness and starvation and were buried in unmarked graves. The South Vietnamese national military cemetery was vandalized and abandoned, and a mass grave of ARVN soldiers was made nearby. The charity "The Returning Casualty" in the early 2000s attempted to excavate and identify remains from some camp graves and restore the cemetery. Reporter Morley Safer who returned in 1989 and saw the poverty of a former soldier described the ARVN as "that wretched army that was damned by the victors, abandoned by its allies, and royally and continuously screwed by its commanders".


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: The 1956 army structure of four conventional infantry divisions (8,100 each) and six light divisions (5,800 each) were reorganised according to American advice as seven full infantry divisions (10,450 each) and three corps headquarters by September 1959. The three armed services together numbered around 137,000 in 1960. In face of the communist threat, the army was expanded to 192,000 with four corps, nine divisions, one airborne brigade, one SF group, three separate regiments, one territorial regiment, 86 ranger companies, and 19 separate battalions, as well as support units in 1963, and a force strength of 355,135 in 1970. Meanwhile, the supporting militia forces grew from a combined initial size of 116,000 in 1956, declined to 86,000 in 1959, and then were pushed up to 218,687 RF & 179,015 PF in 1970. The effect of expanding the total land force from about 220,000 in 1960 to around 750,000 in 1970 can be imagined, along with the troop quality issues that resulted.


title: Army of the Republic of Vietnam

text: The ARVN inherited the mix of French and American weaponry of the VNA, but was progressively reequipped firstly with American World War II/Korean War era weapons and then from the mid-1960s with a range of more up to date American weaponry.


title: Geriatrics

text: Geriatrics, or geriatric medicine, is a medical specialty focused on providing care for the unique health needs of older adults. The term "geriatrics" originates from the Greek γέρων "geron" meaning "old man", and ιατρός "iatros" meaning "healer". It aims to promote health by preventing, diagnosing and treating disease in older adults. There is no defined age at which patients may be under the care of a geriatrician, or geriatric physician, a physician who specializes in the care of elderly people. Rather, this decision is guided by individual patient need and the caregiving structures available to them. This care may benefit those who are managing multiple chronic conditions or experiencing significant age-related complications that threaten quality of daily life. Geriatric care may be indicated if caregiving responsibilities become increasingly stressful or medically complex for family and caregivers to manage independently.


title: Geriatrics

text: There is a distinction between geriatrics and gerontology. Gerontology is the multidisciplinary study of the aging process, defined as the decline in organ function over time in the absence of injury, illness, environmental risks or behavioral risk factors. However, geriatrics is sometimes called medical gerontology.


title: Geriatrics

text: Geriatric providers receive specialized training in caring for elderly patients and promoting healthy aging. The care provided is one largely based on shared-decision making and is driven by patient goals and preferences, which can vary from preserving function, improving quality of life, or prolonging years of life. A guiding mnemonic commonly used by geriatricians in the United States and Canada is the 5 M's of Geriatrics which describes mind, mobility, mentation, medications and matters most to elicit patient values.


title: Geriatrics

text: It is common for elderly adults to be managing multiple medical conditions, or, multi-morbidity. Age-associated changes in physiology drive a compounded increase in susceptibility to illness, disease-associated morbidity, and death. Furthermore, common diseases may present atypically in elderly patients, adding further diagnostic and therapeutical complexity in patient care.


title: Geriatrics

text: Geriatrics is highly interdisciplinary consisting of specialty providers from the fields of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, social work, physical and occupational therapy. Elderly patients can receive care related to medication management, pain management, psychiatric and memory care, rehabilitation, long-term nursing care, nutrition and different forms of therapy including physical, occupational and speech. Non-medical considerations include social services, transitional care, advanced directives, power of attorney and other legal considerations.


title: Geriatrics

text: The decline in physiological reserve in organs makes the elderly develop some kinds of diseases and have more complications from mild problems (such as dehydration from a mild gastroenteritis). Multiple problems may compound: A mild fever in elderly persons may cause confusion, which may lead to a fall and to a fracture of the neck of the femur ("broken hip").


title: Geriatrics

text: The presentation of disease in elderly persons may be vague and non-specific, or it may include delirium or falls. (Pneumonia, for example, may present with low-grade fever and confusion, rather than the high fever and cough seen in younger people.) Some elderly people may find it hard to describe their symptoms in words, especially if the disease is causing confusion, or if they have cognitive impairment. Delirium in the elderly may be caused by a minor problem such as constipation or by something as serious and life-threatening as a heart attack. Many of these problems are treatable, if the root cause can be discovered.


title: Geriatrics

text: Elderly people require specific attention to medications. Elderly people particularly are subjected to polypharmacy (taking multiple medications) given their accumulation of multiple chronic diseases. Many of these individuals have also self-prescribed many herbal medications and over-the-counter drugs. This polypharmacy, in combination with geriatric status, may increase the risk of drug interactions or adverse drug reactions. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes arise with older age, impairing their ability to metabolize and respond to drugs. Each of the four pharmacokinetic mechanisms (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) are disrupted by age-related physiologic changes. For example, overall decreased hepatic function can interfere with clearance or metabolism of drugs and reductions in kidney function can affect renal elimination. Pharmacodynamic changes lead altered sensitivity to drugs in geriatric patients, such as increased pain relief with morphine use. Therefore, geriatric individuals require specialized pharmacological care that is informed by these age-related changes.


title: Geriatrics

text: Geriatric syndromes is a term used to describe a group of clinical conditions that are highly prevalent in elderly people. These syndromes are not caused by specific pathology or disease, rather, are a manifestation of multifactorial conditions affecting several organ systems. Common conditions include frailty, functional decline, falls, loss in continence and malnutrition, amongst others.


title: Geriatrics

text: Frailty is marked by a decline in physiological reserve, increased vulnerability to physiological and emotional stressors, and loss of function. This may present as progressive and unintentional weight loss, fatigue, muscular weakness and decreased mobility. It is associated with increased injuries, hospitalization and adverse clinical outcomes.


title: Geriatrics

text: Functional disability can arise from a decline in physical function and/or cognitive function. It is associated with an acquired difficulty in performing basic everyday tasks resulting in an increased dependence of other individuals and/or medical devices. These tasks are sub-divided into basic activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and are commonly used as an indicator of a person's functional status.