title: Automatic identification system

text: Each AIS station determines its own transmission schedule (slot), based upon data link traffic history and an awareness of probable future actions by other stations. A position report from one station fits into one of 2,250 time slots established every 60 seconds on each frequency. AIS stations continuously synchronize themselves to each other, to avoid overlap of slot transmissions. Slot selection by an AIS station is randomized within a defined interval and tagged with a random timeout of between 4 and 8 minutes. When a station changes its slot assignment, it announces both the new location and the timeout for that location. In this way new stations, including those stations which suddenly come within radio range close to other vessels, will always be received by those vessels.


title: Automatic identification system

text: The required ship reporting capacity according to the IMO performance standard is a minimum of 2,000 time slots per minute, though the system provides 4,500 time slots per minute. The SOTDMA broadcast mode allows the system to be overloaded by 400 to 500% through sharing of slots, and still provides nearly 100% throughput for ships closer than 8 to 10 nmi to each other in a ship to ship mode. In the event of system overload, only targets further away will be subject to drop-out, in order to give preference to nearer targets, which are of greater concern to ship operators. In practice, the capacity of the system is nearly unlimited, allowing for a great number of ships to be accommodated at the same time.


title: Automatic identification system

text: The system coverage range is similar to other VHF applications. The range of any VHF radio is determined by multiple factors, the primary factors are: the height and quality of the transmitting antenna and the height and quality of the receiving antenna. Its propagation is better than that of radar, due to the longer wavelength, so it is possible to reach around bends and behind islands if the land masses are not too high. "The look-ahead" distance at sea is nominally . With the help of repeater stations, the coverage for both ship and VTS stations can be improved considerably.


title: Automatic identification system

text: The system is backward compatible with digital selective calling systems, allowing shore-based GMDSS systems to inexpensively establish AIS operating channels and identify and track AIS-equipped vessels, and is intended to fully replace existing DSC-based transceiver systems.


title: Automatic identification system

text: Shore-based AIS network systems are now being built up around the world. One of the biggest fully operational, real time systems with full routing capability is in China. This system was built between 2003 and 2007 and was delivered by Saab TranspondereTech. The entire Chinese coastline is covered with approximately 250 base stations in hot-standby configurations including 70 computer servers in three main regions. Hundreds of shore-based users, including about 25 vessel traffic service (VTS) centers, are connected to the network and are able to see the maritime picture, and can also communicate with each ship using SRMs (Safety Related Messages). All data are in real time. The system was designed to improve the safety and security of ships and port facilities. It is also designed according to an SOA architecture with socket based connection and using IEC AIS standardized protocol all the way to the VTS users. The base stations have hot-standby units (IEC 62320-1) and the network is the third generation network solution.


title: Automatic identification system

text: By the beginning of 2007, a new worldwide standard for AIS base stations was approved, the IEC 62320-1 standard. The old IALA recommendation and the new IEC 62320-1 standard are in some functions incompatible, and therefore attached network solutions have to be upgraded. This will not affect users, but system builders need to upgrade software to accommodate the new standard. A standard for AIS base stations has been long-awaited. Currently ad-hoc networks exist with class A mobiles. Base stations can control the AIS message traffic in a region, which will hopefully reduce the number of packet collisions.


title: Automatic identification system

text: An AIS transceiver sends the following data every 2 to 10 seconds depending on a vessel's speed while underway, and every 3 minutes while a vessel is at anchor:


title: Automatic identification system

text: Class B transceivers are smaller, simpler and lower cost than Class A transceivers. Each consists of one VHF transmitter, two VHF Carrier Sense Time Division Multiple Access (CSTDMA) receivers, both alternating as the VHF Digital Selective Calling (DSC) receiver, and a GPS active antenna. Although the data output format supports heading information, in general units are not interfaced to a compass, so this data is seldom transmitted. Output is the standard AIS data stream at 38.400 kbit/s, as RS-232 and/or NMEA formats. To prevent overloading of the available bandwidth, transmission power is restricted to 2 W, giving a range of about 5–10 mi.


title: Automatic identification system

text: A number of manufacturers offer AIS receivers, designed for monitoring AIS traffic. These may have two receivers, for monitoring both frequencies simultaneously, or they may switch between frequencies (thereby missing messages on the other channel, but at reduced price). In general they will output RS-232, NMEA, USB or UDP data for display on electronic chart plotters or computers. As well as dedicated radios, software defined radios can be set up to receive the signal.


title: Automatic identification system

text: The simplex channels 87A and 88A use a lower frequency so they are not affected by this allocation and can still be used as designated for the maritime mobile frequency plan.


title: Automatic identification system

text: Most AIS transmissions are composed of bursts of several messages. In these cases, between messages, the AIS transmitter must change channel.


title: Automatic identification system

text: AIS messages are transmitted using Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) modulation. The GMSK modulator BT-product used for transmission of data should be 0.4 maximum (highest nominal value).


title: Automatic identification system

text: The GMSK coded data should frequency modulate the VHF transmitter. The modulation index should be 0.5.


title: Automatic identification system

text: Ordinary VHF receivers can receive AIS with the filtering disabled (the filtering destroys the GMSK data). However, the audio output from the radio would need to be then decoded. There are several PC applications that can do this.


title: Automatic identification system

text: As there are a multitude of automatic equipment transmitting AIS messages, to avoid conflict, the RF space is organized in frames. Each frame lasts exactly 1 minute and starts on each minute boundary. Each frame is divided into 2250 slots. As transmission can happen on 2 channels, there are 4500 available slots per minute. Depending on the type and status of equipment and the status of the AIS slot map, each AIS transmitter will send out messages using one of the following schemes:


title: Automatic identification system

text: The ITDMA access scheme allows a device to pre-announce transmission slots of non-repeatable character, ITDMA slots should be marked so that they are reserved for one additional frame. This allows a device to pre-announce its allocations for autonomous and continuous operation.


title: Automatic identification system

text: RATDMA is used when a device needs to allocate a slot, which has not been pre-announced. This is generally done for the first transmission slot, or for messages of a non-repeatable character.


title: Automatic identification system

text: SOTDMA is used by mobile devices operating in autonomous and continuous mode. The purpose of the access scheme is to offer an access algorithm which quickly resolves conflicts without intervention from


title: Automatic identification system

text: An AIS slot is 26.66 ms long. The data modulation is 9600 bit/s, so each slot has a maximum capacity of 256 bits. The framing is derived from the HDLC standard, described in ISO/IEC 13239:2002.


title: Automatic identification system

text: Note that the signal on the VHF carrier is NRZI encoded and uses bit-stuffing to avoid unintentional stop-flags which may otherwise occur in the data. As such, the raw bits must first be decoded, and the stuffing bits removed, to arrive at the actual usable message format described above.


title: Automatic identification system

text: AIS was designed as an intentionally open standard and due to the unauthenticated and unencrypted nature of AIS, recently "Balduzzi, Pasta, Wilhoit et al." showed that AIS is vulnerable to different threats like spoofing, hijacking and availability disruption. These threats affect both the implementation in online providers and the protocol specification, which make the problems relevant to all transponder installations (estimated at 300,000+).


title: Automatic identification system

text: Publicly available ship monitoring websites rely on largely unauthenticated data feeds from volunteer-operated AIS receiver network, whose messages can be relatively easily faked by means of injecting AIS packets into the raw data stream, or on-air using slightly more complex equipment such as SDR. Ship-to-ship communications are however sent by Class B transponders which are certified to only supply GPS position from integrated receiver, so circumventing these messages would require SDR or GPS spoofing.


title: Automatic identification system

text: On 18 June 2021 AIS receivers in Chornomorsk, Ukraine, reported HMS Defender and HNLMS Evertsen allegedly sailing towards Sevastopol Russian military base in annexed Crimea while the ships were safely moored in Odessa, according to numerous live port webcam feeds and witnesses, which implied that falsified AIS data was injected into the system by an unknown party. A few days later, on 22–23 June, the ships left Odessa and indeed sailed by the Crimean coast, with Russia accusing the fleet of violating its territory while UK command insisted the ships sailed in international waters.


title: Automatic identification system

text: In March 2021 a similar incident was registered by Swedish armed forces whose ships were incorrectly presented by AIS as if they were sailing in Russian waters near Kaliningrad.


title: Automatic identification system

text: In July 2021, researcher Bjorn Bergman found almost 100 sets of faked AIS data between September 2020 and August 2021, with almost all of those being faked NATO and European warships. He said that the data appeared in the system as if it had been received by ground (not satellite) receivers, which led him to believe that the data is not being introduced by fake radio transmissions, but rather injected into the data streams used by AIS websites. Todd Humphreys, director of the Radionavigation Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin, stated that "While I can't say for sure who's doing this, the data fits a pattern of disinformation that our Russian friends are wont to engage in."


title: Automatic identification system

text: There is a growing body of literature on methods of exploiting AIS data for safety and optimisation of seafaring, namely traffic analysis, anomaly detection, route extraction and prediction, collision detection, path planning, weather routing, atmospheric refractivity estimation and many more


title: Lee Corso

text: Lee Richard Corso (born August 7, 1935) is an American sports broadcaster and football analyst for ESPN and a former coach. He has been a featured analyst on ESPN's "College GameDay" program since its inception in 1987. Corso served as the head football coach at the University of Louisville from 1969 to 1972, at Indiana University Bloomington from 1973 to 1982, and at Northern Illinois University in 1984, compiling a career college football coaching record of 73–85–6. He was the head coach for the Orlando Renegades of the United States Football League in 1985, tallying a mark of 5–13.


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso's parents, Alessandro and Irma, were Italian immigrants. His father fled Italy during World War I at age 15. Alessandro, who had a second-grade education, was a lifelong laborer who laid terrazzo flooring, and Irma, who had a fifth-grade education, worked in school cafeterias and boarding schools.


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso was born in Cicero, Illinois, on August 7, 1935. At age 10, he moved with his family to Miami and later attended Miami Jackson Senior High School, where he played quarterback. A baseball prospect, he was offered a $5,000 bonus to sign with the Brooklyn Dodgers as a shortstop. However, he chose college, playing football and baseball at Florida State University (FSU), where he was a roommate of football player and actor Burt Reynolds and future University of Miami baseball coach Ron Fraser. While at FSU, Corso earned the nickname "Sunshine Scooter" for his speed on the football field. As a defensive player, he set the school record for most career interceptions (14), a record that stood for more than two decades until it was broken by Monk Bonasorte. Corso was also a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. He was the starting quarterback for the South in the 1956 Blue-Gray Game, though his squad lost to the Len Dawson-led North team, 14–0.


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso graduated with a bachelor's degree in physical education in 1957 and a master's degree in administration and supervision in 1958.


title: Lee Corso

text: After college, Corso became the quarterbacks coach at Maryland under his former FSU coach Tommy Nugent. In 1962, Corso followed Nugent's guidance to recruit an academically and athletically qualified black player and convinced Darryl Hill to transfer from the Naval Academy, making him the first African-American football player in the Atlantic Coast Conference.


title: Lee Corso

text: In 1966, Corso became the defensive backs coach at Navy. In 1969, he was named head coach at Louisville where he coached his ESPN colleague Tom Jackson. After taking Louisville to only its second-ever bowl game in 1970, he was hired by Indiana in 1972.


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso coached at Indiana from 1973 to 1982, leading the Hoosiers to two winning seasons in 1979 and 1980. The 1979 regular season ended with 7–4 record and earned a trip to the 1979 Holiday Bowl. There the Hoosiers would beat the previously unbeaten Brigham Young Cougars. Indiana's victory over the Cougars propelled the team to 16th in the UPI poll, the Hoosiers' first top-20 ranking since 1967. During one game in the 1976 season, Corso called a time out after his team scored a touchdown early in the second quarter. The entire team huddled together for a photograph with the scoreboard filling the background. It read: Indiana 7, Ohio State 6. It was the first time in 25 years that the Hoosiers had led the Buckeyes in a football game. Ohio State would win the game 47-7. Corso's record was 41–68–2 over his ten years at Indiana.


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso was the 16th head football coach at Northern Illinois University. In his lone season as Northern Illinois's head coach, Corso's record was 4–6–1.


title: Lee Corso

text: After the stint at Northern Illinois, Corso made his professional football coaching debut for Orlando Renegades of the United States Football League (USFL) in 1985. Corso was slated to return to the Renegades when it was slated to return in fall 1986, but the league suspended operations before the season began.


title: Lee Corso

text: In 1987, Corso was hired by ESPN as an analyst for its Saturday "College GameDay" program that originates from the site of one of the day's big games. He often plays the role of comic foil to co-hosts Desmond Howard, Rece Davis, and Kirk Herbstreit as they cover the major college football games from August until January. Corso's catchphrase, "Not so fast, my friend!", with pencil always in hand, is usually directed at Kirk Herbstreit, in disagreement with Herbstreit's predictions. Corso also calls nearly everyone "sweetheart."


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso is also known for ending every weekly show with his mascot headgear prediction, when he chooses who he thinks will win the game at "GameDay" site by donning the headpiece of the school's mascot. It started on October 5, 1996, prior to the Ohio State-Penn State game at Columbus, Ohio, when he got the idea to don the OSU "Brutus Buckeye" mascot head to show his pick to win the game. Corso made his 250th headgear pick, TCU's Super Frog, before the TCU-WVU game in Morgantown, West Virginia, on November 1, 2014.


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso makes a brief cameo in a 2006 Nike commercial featuring the fictional Briscoe High School football team, portrayed by football icons such as Michael Vick, LaDainian Tomlinson, Brian Urlacher, Troy Polamalu, and fellow FSU great Deion Sanders, and by coaches Don Shula, Jimmy Johnson, and Urban Meyer. Corso takes his hawk mascot head off while the game's deciding play unfolds in slow-motion.


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso appeared annually in EA Sports' "NCAA Football" titles along with Herbstreit and play-by-play man Brad Nessler until "NCAA Football 11", in which he does not do play-by-play. The 2006 edition of the game begins with Corso making his mascot headgear prediction. If the team Corso chooses does not have a mascot, he wears the helmet instead like on "College GameDay". During play selection, players can opt for "Ask Corso", replicating the "Ask Madden" feature in the Madden NFL series.


title: Lee Corso

text: In the off-season, Corso serves as Director of Business Development for Dixon Ticonderoga, a Florida-based manufacturer of writing and arts products, including No. 2 pencils (one of which he can always be seen holding on "College GameDay"). In 2001, Corso spearheaded an effort to create a crayon completely out of soybeans.


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso serves as honorary chairman of Coaches Curing Kids' Cancer, a charity that raises money for pediatric cancer research through youth sports teams. Corso was honored with the National College Football Awards Association's Contributions to College Football Award "recognizing exceptional contributions to college football and a lifetime of achievement and integrity" during the Home Depot College Football Awards show at Walt Disney World on December 9, 2010. Growing up in Miami, Corso attended his local Boys' Club and is listed in the Boys & Girls Clubs of America Alumni Hall of Fame.


title: Lee Corso

text: On May 16, 2009, Corso suffered a stroke at his Florida home, suffering partial paralysis. He spent three days in intensive care and a week in the hospital, followed by a lengthy rehabilitation. He was able to return to his ESPN "College GameDay" duties for the 2009 season. The stroke left him unable to speak for a month (his speech eventually recovered with few noticeable side effects) and severely slowed his cognitive function; since the stroke, Corso has had to script and rehearse his appearances on "College GameDay" and is no longer able to effectively "ad lib".


title: Lee Corso

text: While at Florida State, Corso was roommates and teammates with actor Burt Reynolds. The two remained close friends until Reynolds's death in 2018.


title: Lee Corso

text: Corso has been married to his wife, Betsy, since 1957. They have four children and ten grandchildren.


title: Rahul Vaidya

text: Rahul Krushna Vaidya (born 23 September 1987) is an Indian singer. He has worked as a playback singer in Bollywood films such as "Shaadi No. 1", "Jaan-E-Mann" and "Krazzy 4". He also participated in the reality shows "Indian Idol 1", "Bigg Boss 14" and "".


title: Rahul Vaidya

text: Vaidya finished third on the first season of "Indian Idol", he lost in the penultimate round, on 18 February 2005. Eight months later, he released his debut album "Tera Intezar". Sajid–Wajid composed the music for his album. He also sang a duet, "Hello Madam, I am your Adam", with fellow "Indian Idol" runner-up Prajakta Shukre, and "God Promise Dil Dola" with Shreya Ghoshal for the film "Shaadi No. 1". Later he sang for films, such as "Jigyasa", "Hot Money" and "Krazzy 4" and title song of television series "Ek Ladki Anjaani Si".


title: Rahul Vaidya

text: Vaidya was the host of the show "Jjhoom India". In 2008, he won the title of "Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar", a reality singing show.


title: Rahul Vaidya

text: In 2013, Vaidya sung "Be Intehaan" (Unplugged) from "Race 2". On the occasion of Independence Day, he released a new song, 'Vande Mataram'. He was the co-host of the dance reality show "Aajaa Mahi Vay" with Vinit Singh.


title: Rahul Vaidya

text: Vaidya is a successful contestant of the singing show "Music Ka Maha Muqqabla" in the team Shankar's Rockstars. His team won, beating Shaan's Strikers in the finale.


title: Rahul Vaidya

text: In 2020, he participated in Colors TV's reality show "Bigg Boss 14", and emerged as the runner-up of the show. In 2021, Vaidya participated in the stunt-based reality show "" and became a finalist.


title: Rahul Vaidya

text: Vaidya was in a relationship with model and actress Disha Parmar. He proposed her during his appearance on "Bigg Boss 14". They were married on 16 July 2021.


title: Al-Baqara

text: Al-Baqara, alternatively transliterated Al-Baqarah (, ; "The Heifer" or "The Cow"), is the second and longest chapter ("surah") of the Quran. It consists of 286 verses ("āyāt") which begin with the "mysterious letters" (""muqatta'at"") A.L.M. In recitation the names of the letters ("alif, lām, and mīm") are used, not their sounds.


title: Al-Baqara

text: The sūrah encompasses a variety of topics and contains several commands for Muslims such as enjoining fasting on the believer during the month of Ramadan; forbidding interest or usury ("riba"); and several famous verses such as The Throne Verse, Al-Baqara 256, and the final two or three verses. The sūrah addresses a wide variety of topics, including substantial amounts of law, and retells stories of Adam, Ibrahim (Abraham) and Mūsa (Moses). A major theme is guidance: urging the pagans (Al-Mushrikeen) and the Jews of Medina to embrace Islam, and warning them and the hypocrites (Munafiqun) of the fate God had visited in the past on those who failed to heed his call.


title: Al-Baqara

text: "Al-Baqara" is believed by Muslims to have been revealed at Medina over a long period after the Hijrah, with the exception of the riba verses which Muslims believe were revealed during the Farewell Pilgrimage, the last Hajj of Muhammad. In particular, verse 281 in this chapter is believed to be the last verse of the Quran to be revealed, on the 10th day of "Dhul al Hijjah" 10 A.H., when Muhammad was in the course of performing his last Hajj, 80 or 90 days before he died.


title: Al-Baqara

text: Following the "muqatta'at", Al-Baqara begins with the declaration that the Quran is free of doubt and contains guidance for those who possess "taqwa". Taqwā is grammatically linked to the triliteral root w-q-y evoking wariness, a sense of care and protection. These people, known as God-fearing ("muttaqin"), are defined as those who believe in "al-ghaib" (Unseen, ghayb, lit. “absent”), offer "salah", spend "zakat" from what is provided to them, believe in Muhammad's prophethood and that of the other prophets, and the books revealed to them.


title: Al-Baqara

text: There follows a description of the "kafirs" and "munafiqs". The first of these verses uses the word "kafir" to describe one who conceals the truth, and Muhammad is advised that they will not believe despite his efforts because God has sealed their hearts and hearing, and covered their eyes (so that they will not be able to see, hear, or comprehend guidance), and that they will be punished with a great torment. Next is a detailed description of "munafiqs," defined here as those who say they believe in God and the Last Judgment, but do not actually believe in them. It is said that they try to deceive God and the "mumins" (believers) but they deceive themselves without perception, that in their hearts is a disease which God increases, and that they will be punished with a painful torment. The "munafiqs" are also said to spread "fasad" (disorder/mischief) in the land, while claiming to spread peace, and to call the believers fools. To the believers they say they believe, but when they go back to their devils, they tell confess their disbelief, but they do not know that God deceives them and increases their deviation. They are then called those who engage in a profitless trade, the purchase of error with guidance. The "munafiqs" are then likened to a person who starts a fire and feels safe in its immediate surrounding, but God extinguishes the fire and the person is covered in darkness. The Quran then calls them deaf, dumb, and blind. Another example given is that of a person wandering in rain, thunder and lightning in darkness, such that they would have to thrust their fingers into their ears out of the fear of death. The lightning is so bright that it almost takes away their sight, but they walk toward it whenever it strikes, and stay put when it is dark.


title: Al-Baqara

text: Mankind is then asked to worship God to acquire "taqwa", and a description of God's creations follows: the earth as a resting place, the sky as a canopy, and rain sent from the sky to bring forth fruit and provision. They are then advised to not set up others in worship beside God. Those who doubt that the Quran was revealed to Muhammad are then challenged to produce a "surah" similar to it. It is then said that they will never be able to fulfill this challenge and are asked to fear Hell, which is described as being fueled with men and stones and specifically prepared for the "kafirs".


title: Al-Baqara

text: The stories in this chapter are told to help the reader understand the theological conception of truth in Islam.


title: Al-Baqara

text: Q2:8-20 in Surah Al Baqarah refer to the hypocrites (Munafiqun). In the Meccan phase of Muhammad, there existed two groups, the Believers and the Mushrikeen (non-believers). However, after Hijrah (Emigration to Medina) Muhammad had to deal with the opposition of those who openly accepted Islam while secretly plotting against Muslims. Their leader was Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy who was about to be crowned king before the arrival of Muhammad in Medina. The hypocrites benefitted from the Muslims while not losing their association with the disbelievers. They were considered disloyal to both parties and inclined towards those who benefited them the most in the worldly sense


title: Al-Baqara

text: The surah also sheds light on the concept of Nifaq, which is opposite of sincerity. It is of two types:


title: Al-Baqara

text: 2) Nifaq in practice: where people believe however they act like hypocrites. The signs of a hypocrite are lying, breaking promises, not keeping an amaanah or trust and when they argue they curse or use bad language.


title: Al-Baqara

text: According to a prominent scholar, Kamaluddin Ahmed, Nifaq is something that is within the heart, hence no one knows of its existence except God. Therefore, no one can be called a hypocrite or Munaafiq through one's own self-assessment. This would amount to making Takfeer i.e. calling someone a Kafir (non-believer) since Nifaq (hypocrisy) in belief is kufr.


title: Al-Baqara

text: Condemnation of alcoholic beverages and gambling is also first found in the chapter, and it is one of only four chapters in the Quran to refer to Christians as Nazarenes instead of the more frequent terms People of the Book or "Helpers of Christ."


title: Al-Baqara

text: Al-Baqarah contains several verses dealing with the subject of warfare. Q2:190-194 are quoted on the nature of battle in Islam.


title: Al-Baqara

text: The surah includes a few Islamic rules related to varying subjects, such as: prayers, fasting, striving on the path of God, the pilgrimage to Mecca, the change of the direction of prayer (Qiblah) from Jerusalem to Mecca, marriage and divorce, commerce, debt, and a great many of the ordinances concerning interest or usury.


title: Al-Baqara

text: Quran 2 includes many verses which have virtues like the special Verse of the Throne (Aayatul Kursi). Muhammad is reported to have said,


title: Al-Baqara

text: “Do not turn your houses into graves. Verily, Satan does not enter the house where Surat Al-Baqarah is recited.” [Muslim, Tirmidhi, Musnad Ahmed]


title: Al-Baqara

text: Ad-Darimi also recorded that Ash-Sha`bi said that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said, "Whoever recites ten Ayat from Surat Al-Baqarah in a night, then Satan will not enter his house that night. (These ten Ayat are) four from the beginning, Ayat Al-Kursi (255), the following two Ayat (256-257) and the last three Ayat."


title: Al-Baqara

text: Verse 255 is "The Throne Verse" ( ""). It is the most famous verse of the Quran and is widely memorized and displayed in the Islamic world due to its emphatic description of God's omnipotence in Islam.


title: Al-Baqara

text: Verse 256 is one of the most quoted verses in the Quran. It famously notes that "There is no compulsion in religion". Two other verses, 285 and 286, are sometimes considered part of "The Throne Verse".


title: Al-Baqara

text: Verse 2:282 covers two specific Islamic jurisprudence issues: (1) undertaking a loan and (2) the status of women's testimony.


title: Al-Baqara

text: Amin Ahsan Islahi in his "Tafsir of Surah al-Baqarah" says when there is a loan transaction for a specific period of time, it must be formally written down. Both the lender and the debtor must trust the writer. There must be two witnesses: two men, or one man and two women. The security of the writer must be guaranteed. The length of the contract should be stated exactly.


title: Al-Baqara

text: al-Jalalayn says, "summon to bear witness the debt two witnesses men mature Muslim free men; or if the two witnesses be not men then one man and two women"


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Kill the Irishman is a 2011 American biographical crime film directed by Jonathan Hensleigh, and starring Ray Stevenson, Vincent D'Onofrio, Christopher Walken, and Val Kilmer. Written by Hensleigh and Jeremy Walters, it is based on the life of the Irish-American gangster Danny Greene, and was adapted from the book "To Kill the Irishman: The War That Crippled the Mafia" by Rick Porrello.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Before entering production, "Kill the Irishman" had a troubled development stage that lasted over a decade. Production commenced in 2009, and filming took place in and around Detroit.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: The film chronicles the rise and fall of Danny Greene. He worked as a longshoreman on the Cleveland docks, until being chosen to serve as interim president of the International Longshoremen's Association in 1961. In 1964, he was convicted of embezzling $11,500 of the union's funds. After his conviction, Greene rose through the criminal underworld in Cleveland and waged war on the Mafia for control of the city. After many failed attempts on Greene's life, he was assassinated on October 6, 1977, by contract killer Ray Ferritto. Greene's death ultimately led to the demise of the Cleveland Mafia.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: "Kill the Irishman" was released in the United States on March 11, 2011 and premiered at the Landmark Sunshine Cinema in New York City. Most of the cast, including Stevenson and D'Onofrio, were in attendance as was Shondor Birns' niece. The film received mixed reviews upon its release, with some reviewers criticizing the purported similarities to Martin Scorsese's "Goodfellas". "Kill the Irishman" grossed $1,188,194 at the domestic box office, against a production budget of $12 million.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: In 1960, Danny Greene and his childhood friends Billy McComber and Art Sneperger are longshoremen on the Cleveland docks. The members are exploited by corrupt labor union boss Jerry Merke, and the leadership of the ILA union urges Danny to run against him. Sneperger's gambling leaves him in a huge debt with Cleveland Mafia captain John Nardi. In return for Sneperger's debt being forgiven, Danny supplies Nardi with goods stolen from the docks. Merke finds out, demands a cut of Danny's profits, and sends his enforcer Joe Buka to kill him. Danny provokes Buka into a fist fight and beats him unconscious. He kicks Merke out of his office, and is elected local union president. He improves the working conditions at the docks and starts doing business with Nardi.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Danny's own corruption as union president is revealed in an exposé by the local newspaper. Cleveland police detective Joe Manditski, who grew up with Danny in Collinwood, arrests him. Broke and facing prison, Danny pleads to lesser charges in return for becoming an FBI informant and being banned for life from organized labor. Danny is released and moves his unhappy wife and daughters back to Collinwood. Nardi gets him work as an enforcer for Jewish loan shark Shondor Birns and brokers a deal with Mafia captain Jack Licavoli for Danny to force the city's garbage haulers to join the union Licavoli controls. Danny, McComber, Sneperger, and local boxing champ Keith Ritson terrorize many into joining, but Danny's friend Mike Frato refuses. Licavoli orders Danny to kill Frato, but Danny balks because Frato has ten children. Nardi counsels him privately that being a successful criminal involves doing things you do not want to.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: As Danny prepares to kill Frato with a car bomb, he learns from the FBI that Sneperger has returned to gambling, and has become a police informant. Sneperger is assigned to set a remote controlled bomb under Frato's car, but Danny sets it off as he is doing it. An enraged Frato later starts shooting at Danny in a park. Danny returns a single shot to Frato's head, killing him. Danny is arrested, but released when Frato's driver tells Manditski that Danny acted in self-defense. Having had enough, Danny's long suffering wife leaves him and takes their children.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Danny wants to open an upscale restaurant and lounge and asks Birns for help. Birns arranges a $70,000 loan from the Gambino family, but Birns' courier buys cocaine with the money and gets arrested. Birns and Danny have a falling out over who should pay the money back. Birns hires a hitman to kill Danny. Danny narrowly escapes, and kills Birns with a car bomb. After Mafia boss John T. Scalish dies, both Nardi and Licavoli are considered for succession. Licavoli is chosen due to his close ties to the New York Mafia families and decides to charge Danny a 30% "street tax" for doing business in Cleveland. Danny refuses to pay, crudely mocks Licavoli's Italian heritage, and vows, "The Irishman's in business for himself now."


title: Kill the Irishman

text: An outraged Licavoli has Danny's house blown up, but he and his girlfriend survive. Licavoli then attempts to demote Nardi and take away his business, only to have the latter join forces with Danny. Vowing to take over Cleveland together, Danny and Nardi start by organizing the murders of several of Licavoli's men. Danny escapes several attempts on his life and the summer of 1976 sees 46 bombings in the Cleveland area between the warring gangs. The national attention it draws humiliates Licavoli and he humbly asks Genovese boss Anthony Salerno in New York for help.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Wanting a new life away from Cleveland with his new fiance, Danny travels to New York and makes Salerno an offer: in return for surrendering the war to Licavoli, Salerno will invest in a Texas ranch that Danny will start. Salerno is noncommittal and Nardi does not trust him. Salerno arranges for hitman Ray Ferritto to travel to Cleveland and work for Licavoli. Ferritto turns the tide for the Cleveland Mafia and all of Danny's closest allies, including Nardi, are killed. Detective Manditski offers Danny protection, but Danny refuses. Ferrito taps Danny's girlfriend's phone and learns that Danny has a dentist appointment. After the appointment, Danny checks his car for any explosive devices before realizing Ferritto planted a bomb in the parked car next to his. Ferrito detonates the bomb, killing Danny.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: "Kill the Irishman" had been in development since 1997. Producer Tommy Reid heard that Rick Porrello, an Ohio policeman, was about to publish a book about Greene called "To Kill the Irishman". Reid flew to Ohio and met with Porrello, who told Reid his grandfather was a high-ranking Mafia figure in Cleveland during the prohibition era. On March 17, 1998, they signed a deal for the film rights to the book. Getting "Kill the Irishman" produced was difficult. Reid frequently left deals unconcluded, and discovered that the script he'd commissioned was attached to a cover with another screenwriter and producer's name listed. According to Reid, this was a common occurrence in Hollywood, and he claims to have spent over $1 million to ensure the film was made.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Reid was a fan of Mafia movies (including "The Godfather" and "Goodfellas") and aspired to become a filmmaker. Being of Irish and Italian ancestry, he wanted to make a film that would relate to both nationalities. Reid first heard about mobster Danny Greene from his roommates in Ohio, and believed that New York City, Chicago and Boston were the "three meccas of mafia crime". According to Reid, there wasn't much documentation on Greene's life, but after hearing that Porrello was about to publish a book on Greene and the Mafia in Cleveland, he was determined to make a movie about him.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Prior to making "Kill the Irishman", Reid and screenwriter Jeremy Walters conducted research on Greene's life and organized crime in Cleveland. Reid spoke with Sister Barbara Eppich, a nun who helped raise Greene during his childhood. Sister Barbara told Reid of how Greene was abandoned during childhood and was raised by his grandfather. Because his grandfather worked nights, Greene was left to walk the streets. He would go to school dirty on a regular basis, and Sister Barbara would have to wash him. She also stated that Greene would sleep all the time but was a "phenomenal athlete".


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Reid spoke to a number of law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. The FBI wanted to make sure that Reid wasn't glorifying the Mafia. Reid stated he had no intentions of glorifying crime and that "the whole message at the end of the movie is that crime doesn't pay". On a similar subject, Hensleigh also said the "film [doesn't suggest Greene] was a hero". However, he did note the film provides a balanced perspective.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: While researching his role, Stevenson looked at TV footage of Greene and read Porrello's book, "To Kill The Irishman". According to Stevenson, there was "quite a bit" of research material available. D'Onofrio, on the other hand, had the opposite experience. Information on Nardi was scarce, so Hensleigh allowed him to improvise on his character.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Although the screenplay was adapted from his book, Porrello had "minimum involvement" in its writing. Hensleigh regularly contacted Porrello, and they agreed not to use the real names of anyone who was still alive, "out of respect and sensitivity" towards them.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Due to the troubled development of "Kill the Irishman", Reid decided to make a documentary about Greene's life, known as "Danny Greene: the Rise and Fall of the Irishman". From his research for the movie, Reid became specialized in the Northern Ohio crime scene and Greene's life, and felt that by making the documentary, at least he could go to his "grave 'saying I tried'".


title: Kill the Irishman

text: In 2009, with 17 hours of the documentary shot, Reid was told his film had been green-lit. He joined forces with the production company Code Entertainment and engaged with a "reliable" director; Jonathan Hensleigh. They then signed the actors Val Kilmer and Christopher Walken, and later Vincent D'Onofrio ("Full Metal Jacket"), Paul Sorvino ("Goodfellas"), and the Irish actor Ray Stevenson, respectively. Stevenson was filming "The Book of Eli" when he got a telephone call from Hensleigh, so they arranged to meet in Los Angeles; according to Stevenson, he was drawn to the script and immediately made a deal.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: On May 19, 2009, the film entered principal photography. It was shot within seven weeks, mostly in and around Detroit. This was partly because the city gave tax credits which Cleveland would not match. According to the 2009 report by the Michigan Film Office, "Kill the Irishman" received roughly $3 million in subsidies. Michigan's film rebate pays up to 42 percent of filmmakers' expenses for costs incurred while filming in the state. Ohio offers only 25 to 35 percent in subsidies, meaning that if the producers spent the same amount filming in Cleveland, they would have received $500,000 to $1.25 million less in subsidies. On the other hand, Stevenson said that they wanted to film in Cleveland, but the city had "prettied itself up" and changed, whereas Detroit was - in his opinion - still "on its knees".


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Two incidents occurred during filming. On the first, seven bullet holes were shot into one of the trucks used during production. On the second, the cast and crew were driving from the set, and a pedestrian was shot in the neck outside a supermarket. The ambulance took 35–45 minutes to arrive, and waited a further 35–45 minutes for the police to arrive. The paramedics refused to take the victim to the hospital without a police escort. According to Stevenson, there was a possibility that rival gangmembers would shoot at the paramedics for trying to resuscitate the victim.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Due to the limited budget, some of the effects seen in the film couldn't be replicated. Stevenson said everyone "had to be on point," and that any mistakes couldn't be rectified by re-filming. For example, the producers couldn't afford to shoot the film's final scene (in which Greene is killed via a car explosion) twice. Before filming, the production crew and actors had to check everything on the set. Time was also lacking, with Stevenson saying everyone "had to be extremely focused."


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Porrello had second thoughts about one scene being included in the film. This particular scene included the murder of two police officers. Porrello felt uncomfortable approaching Hensleigh, but did so anyway. Porrello said to him: "if you are going to kill a cop", it is "going to change the tone of the story". The scene was nevertheless included in the final cut.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 62% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Kill the Irishman" may not add much in the way of new ingredients to its crowded genre, but the admirable efforts of a solidly assembled cast add extra depth to a familiar story." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 50 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". A number of critics have called the film a ripoff of "Goodfellas" (1990).


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Giving the film a positive review, Mike LaSalle, of the "San Francisco Chronicle", said "What makes this film special and memorable is the character of Danny Greene, who is not the usual neighborhood hoodlum you see in movies, the kind who gets in deep and gradually loses his soul". Marshall Fine, of the "Huffington Post", gave the film a mixed review. He criticized it for jumping through different events in a "jerky fashion", but summed up the review by calling it a "movie with a lot of meat on the bone, even if some of it is tough or stringy. It's not fancy, but it's always tasty".


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Robert Abele, of the "LA Times", said "the film plays like an explosion's aftermath; shards of mob movies that add up to the usual "Goodfellas" knockoff". Scott Tobias, of the "A.V. Club", had similar views; saying "the biggest problem" with the film "isn't that it rips off "Goodfellas"", but that plenty of "good films" have "ripped it off well". In regards to the controversy surrounding "Kill the Irishman" and its purported similarities to "Goodfellas", critic Dave Van Houwelingen said:


title: Kill the Irishman

text: There are certain movies that serve as a standard bearer for a genre – a high water mark that filmmakers always try to hit, but seem to always come up short. To me, I think Martin Scorsese's "Goodfellas" is that type of film for the gangster genre. In the 21 years since the film was released, so many filmmakers have tried so hard to copy "Goodfellas"' success, and so few have gotten even close to capturing the magic that Scorsese did in one of his very best films. The 21 years have been littered with a bunch of pale imitations. To that list, you can add Jonathan Hensleigh's "Kill the Irishman", which wants so desperately to be "Goodfellas", and comes up so very, very short.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Hensleigh's directing was criticized. Scott Tobias said the directing "doesn't do much beyond filling in the template". He noted that Hensleigh was telling the "true-life tale" of the mob's decline in Cleveland, but also said that "every character and setpiece felt like it fell off a truck". "LA Weekly"'s Nick Pinkerton held similar views, saying that although "Hensleigh perks up when filming violence, the atmosphere throughout is past-prime, stymieing any strut". Lisa Schwarzbaum, of "Entertainment Weekly", also concurred, calling the film's structure "pretty square".


title: Kill the Irishman

text: Despite criticizing the film's structure, Schwarzbaum called the cast "tasty", and singled out D'Onofrio, Kilmer, and Walken for praise. Clint O'Connor, of "The Plain Dealer", held similar views, saying the "film's greatest strength is its cast". On the contrary, David Rooney held the opposite opinion; saying the "low-wattage cast" is what turned the "potentially strong" film into a "routine crime thriller".


title: Kill the Irishman

text: On its opening day, "Kill the Irishman" earned $42,925 from five theaters (with an average gross of $8,585 per theater). On its second day, the box office receipts increased by 46 percent; earning $62,446 from five theaters (with an average gross of $12,489 per theater). Then on the third day, the film's box office performance dropped by 36 percent; earning $40,059 from five theaters (with an average gross of $8,012 per theater). The gradual decline in box office receipts continued until the eighth day, where the film's gross sharply increased by 373 percent; earning $36,119 from 21 theaters (with an average gross of $1,720 per theater). The film continued to have periodic fluctuations at the box office. By the end of its box office run, "Kill the Irishman" grossed a total of $1,188,194 at the domestic box office, against a production budget of $12 million, considering it a box office bomb.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: After a limited theatrical release, "Kill the Irishman" was released on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment on June 14, 2011. As of October 22, 2015, the movie has grossed $2,498,115 in US DVD sales.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: "Kill the Irishman" contains four historical inaccuracies. This has been noted by critics, one of whom said the film's main problem is that it seemed "all too willing to sacrifice historical accuracy in the name of an easy-to-digest narrative". Shondor Birns was murdered on March 29, 1975, whereas in the film this occurs on March 8. Also, the movie misspells the name of St. Malachi's parish, which onscreen is spelled "St. Malichy's".


title: Kill the Irishman

text: In the movie, Greene kills Shondor Birns by detonating a bomb on his car. In reality, Birns was killed by a car bomb, but there was no evidence to link Greene to his murder. Even though it is commonly speculated that Greene killed Birns, Birns' murder remains officially unsolved.


title: Kill the Irishman

text: In the movie, Greene discovers his friend Art Sneperger is about to become an informant, so he decides to kill him in a car bombing. Greene has Sneperger place a bomb on Mike Frato's car, and as he is doing it, Greene detonates the bomb early, killing Sneperger in the process. In reality, Greene was questioned by the police, but was never proved to have killed Sneperger.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: Shootout at Wadala is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language biographical-gangster-crime film written and directed by Sanjay Gupta. It is a prequel to the 2007 film "Shootout at Lokhandwala". It is loosely based on the book "" by Hussain Zaidi. The film features John Abraham, Anil Kapoor, Kangana Ranaut, Tusshar Kapoor, Manoj Bajpayee and Sonu Sood in lead roles. The film dramatises the encounter by Bombay police in which gangster Manya Surve was shot dead. It took place at the junction adjacent to Dr. Ambedkar College, Wadala, Bombay on 11 January 1982.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: In a police van, Afaaque Baagwan listens to the story narrated by a gangster, Manya Surve, who is gravely injured with a bullet-riddled body.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: Manya Surve is a decent student at Kirti college, Dadar. He is in love with Vidya Joshi and takes her to his mother to discuss their marriage.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: Manya has an older brother named Bhargav Surve, who is a mawali (rowdy). Bhargav is in conflict with an underworld don named Bhatkar and is currently on the run.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: Soon enough, Bhargav is attacked and beaten up by Bhatkar's goons. Manya steps in to save him. While Manya Surve clutches one of the goons, Bhargav stabs the goon, and he dies on the spot.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: On the day of Manya's exam results, before he can discover his grades, Manya and his brother are arrested, and Manya is publicly humiliated at college by Inspector Ambolkar and end up in Yerwada Central Jail. In prison, another convict named Munir saves Manya from being attacked by a goon named Potya during lunch time. During this assault, Bhargav is killed. Munir befriends Manya and another convict named Veera. Veera trains Manya to become stronger. Manya trains and then eventually is challenged by Potya. Potya attacks him from behind and beats Manya up, to which Manya responds by stabbing Potya to death.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: Later on, both Manya and Munir escape from prison while they are working on a railway track and try to join hands with two brothers who rule Mumbai's deals. The first brother, Zubair Imtiaz Haksar, is cool and is impressed by Manya. However, the second brother, Dilawar, disapproves of Manya and dislikes him. After this, Manya forms his own gang, which consists of him, Munir, Veera, and Gyancho, a sharpshooter brought by Munir. Soon enough, Manya finishes off Bhatkar (the gangster who had him and his brother arrested). Jamal, Bhatkar's bodyguard, also joins them. Next, Manya brings Ambolkar to his knees by beating him brutally in public. The story next shows the death of Sadiq, an unscrupulous news reporter, by Mastan. This breaks a fight between the Haskar brothers and Mastan. Due to this, a truce is called by Haji Maqsood. The truce is short lived as Maqsood asks Manya Surve to finish Zubair. After Zubair's assassination, Dilawar kills Gyancho with the help of Jamal. He is about to kill Munir when Manya saves him. Later, Afaaque is asked to kill Manya by Dilawar. Even after his refusal, at first, he agrees when the police commissioner orders him to. The story comes to an end after the shootout and Manya's killing by police.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: Director Sanjay Gupta knew the consequences of using Dawood Ibrahim's real name while shooting the film, but he carried on with Sonu Sood being addressed as "Dilawar Imtiaz" in the film. On 27 January 2013, Balaji Motion Pictures uploaded a new version of the theatrical trailer, and trimmed nearly every dialogue from the film off. The character of Dawood Ibrahim is only seen for three seconds in the new trailer, to avoid any problems. Also, the character names have been changed as well, except for Abraham's character, whose name remains the same in the film.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: The music of "Shootout at Wadala" is composed by Anu Malik, Anand Raj Anand, Meet Bros Anjjan and Mustafa Zahid. Anu Malik was asked to compose for three songs for this film which were chartbusters.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: After five days of release, the film had amassed a collection of . The two-week domestic distributor share is 255.0 million approx. The final total came out to be .


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: "Shootout at Wadala" collected $900,000 over its first weekend. Its final overseas collection was US$1.625 million.


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: "Shootout at Wadala" was made with a budget of of production costs. The prints and marketing budget was .


title: Shootout at Wadala

text: Director Sanjay Gupta has stated his plans to make the third installment to the franchise, Shootout at Byculla. He has also said that he will restart his movie "Alibaug", starring Sunny Deol, and turn it into the third sequel of the "Shootout film series". Also, actors Abhishek Bachchan and John Abraham have been rumoured to star alongside each other. Abraham will portray a real encounter specialist Vijay Salaskar. The project is currently untitled, but it has been reported to be an "epic revenge saga".


title: Burial (musician)

text: William Emmanuel Bevan, known by his recording alias Burial, is a British electronic musician from South London. Initially remaining anonymous, Burial became the first artist signed to Kode9's electronic label Hyperdub in 2005. He won acclaim the following year for his self-titled debut album, an influential release in the UK's dubstep scene which showcased a dark, emotive take on UK rave music styles such as UK garage and 2-step; it was named the album of the year by "The Wire". Burial's second album, "Untrue", was released to further critical acclaim in 2007.


title: Burial (musician)

text: In 2008, Bevan's identity was revealed by "The Independent" and confirmed by Hyperdub. In the following years, he went on to collaborate with Four Tet, Massive Attack, Thom Yorke and Zomby in addition to releasing a series of long-form EPs such as "Kindred" (2012), "Truant / Rough Sleeper" (2012), and "Rival Dealer" (2013); most of these releases were later compiled on the 2019 compilation "Tunes 2011–2019". He has remained reclusive, giving few interviews and avoiding public appearances. AllMusic described him as "one of the most acclaimed, influential, and enigmatic electronic musicians of the early 21st century."


title: Burial (musician)

text: Bevan grew up a fan of jungle and garage, having been introduced to the UK rave scene by his older brothers. He mentioned American garage producer Todd Edwards and the UK's 2-step subgenre as favorites. In an interview with "The Wire", he explained:


title: Burial (musician)

text: I was brought up on old jungle tunes and garage tunes that had lots of vocals in but me and my brothers loved intense, darker tunes too, I found something I could believe in... but sometimes I used to listen to the ones with vocals on my own and it was almost a secret thing [...] My brother might bring back these records that seemed really adult to me and I couldn’t believe I had 'em. It was like when you first saw "Terminator" or "Alien" when you're only little. I'd get a rush from it, I was hearing this other world...


title: Burial (musician)

text: Bevan began sending Steve Goodman (Kode9) letters and CD-Rs of his home-made music around 2002, having been a fan of the music featured on Goodman's Hyperdub website. In 2005, the label released the "South London Boroughs" EP, which collected tracks recorded by Burial for several years prior. Burial's self-titled 2006 debut album was the first full-length release on Hyperdub.


title: Burial (musician)

text: Despite early acclaim, Burial initially remained anonymous, and said in an early interview that "only five people know I make tunes". In February 2008, "The Independent" speculated that Burial was Bevan, an alumnus of South London's Elliott School. The school's alumni also include Kieran Hebden (Four Tet), with whom Bevan has collaborated. On 22 July 2008, it was announced Burial was a nominee for the 2008 Mercury Music Prize for his second album, "Untrue". There was much Mercury Prize-related coverage in tabloid newspapers in the UK, including speculation that Burial was either Richard D. James (Aphex Twin) or Norman Cook (Fatboy Slim). On 5 August 2008, Bevan confirmed his identity, and posted a picture of himself on his Myspace page. A blog entry stated, "I'm a lowkey person and I just want to make some tunes", as well as announcing a forthcoming four-track 12″, and thanking his fans for their support up to this point.


title: Burial (musician)

text: Rather than releasing a third album, Burial has spent the years since "Untrue" releasing increasingly longer and more experimental individual tracks. This began with "Moth / Wolf Cub", a collaboration with Four Tet, and Burial's own track "Fostercare" and EP "Street Halo". He developed this practice, experimenting with multi-part suites rather than conventional songs on a Massive Attack collaboration, and subsequent solo EPs "Kindred" (2012), "Truant / Rough Sleeper" (2012) and "Rival Dealer" (2013). Each of these EPs was met with critical acclaim, with "Kindred" being singled out in particular as a landmark release.<ref name="Burial – Truant / Rough Sleeper | The Skinny">Burial – Truant / Rough Sleeper: Single Review The Skinny. Retrieved 13 December 2013</ref> Three further shorter records were released in the following years. "Temple Sleeper" was released on Keysound Recordings in 2015, an EP titled "Young Death / Nightmarket" came out in November 2016, and "Subtemple / Beachfires" followed in May 2017.


title: Burial (musician)

text: In 2018 Burial worked with Kode9 to compile Fabriclive 100, the final instalment of the long-running Fabriclive mix CD series. He then collaborated with The Bug on two EPs, 2018's "Fog/Shrine" and 2019's "Dive/Rain", released under the names "Flame 1" and "Flame 2", respectively. A compilation of Burial's solo EP and single releases, "Tunes 2011–2019," was released on Hyperdub at the end of 2019.


title: Burial (musician)

text: In December 2020, Burial, Four Tet and Thom Yorke released two new songs, "Her Revolution" and "His Rope," followed by a Burial-only release, "Chemz". In April 2021, Burial and Blackdown released a split EP, "Shock Power of Love EP", with two songs from each artist. The next month the previous year's single, "Chemz", was given a physical release. His most recent releases include the "Antidawn" EP in January, and the "Streetlands" EP in October.


title: Burial (musician)

text: AllMusic described Burial's recordings as "gloomy, dystopian soundscapes" which blend "fractured breakbeats with mysterious, pitch-shifted voices and loads of vinyl crackle, rainfall, and submerged video game sound effects." His work is inspired by British dance music such as garage, jungle, and hardcore, while his first album was one of the first prominent dubstep albums. He was associated with the mid-2000s hauntology trend, in which British artists explored elements of "spectral" cultural memory.


title: Burial (musician)

text: Bevan claims to compose his music in SoundForge, a digital audio editor, and to eschew the use of trackers and sequencers. As he describes the process in an interview, "Once I change something, I can never un-change it. I can only see the waves. So I know when I’m happy with my drums because they look like a nice fishbone. When they look just skeletal as fuck in front of me, and so I know they’ll sound good." He also said that he didn't use a sequencer, because if his drums were timed too perfectly, they would "lose something" and "sound rubbish". Discussing his rhythmic affinities in an interview with writer Mark Fisher, Burial stated that: Something happens when I hear the subs, the rolling drums and vocals together. To me it’s like a pure UK style of music, and I wanted to make tunes based on what UK underground hardcore tunes mean to me, and I want a dose of real life in there too, something people can relate to.


title: Burial (musician)

text: Burial decided at the outset to avoid at all costs the rigid, mechanistic path that eventually brought drum 'n' bass to a standstill. To this end, his percussion patterns are intuitively arranged on the screen rather than rigidly quantized, creating minute hesitations and slippages in the rhythm. His snares and hi-hats are covered in fuzz and phaser, like cobwebs on forgotten instruments, and the mix is rough and ready rather than endlessly polished. Perhaps most importantly, his basslines sound like nothing else on Earth. Distorted and heavy, yet also warm and earthy, they resemble the balmy gust of air that precedes an underground train.Burial's music features heavily in the work of documentary filmmaker Adam Curtis. Curtis places Bevan's emotionally saturated sound within the context of a possible cultural revival of the spirit of Romanticism.


title: Burial (musician)

text: Discussing the song "Come Down to Us", which is a prominent motif on the soundtrack of his documentary "Bitter Lake", in an interview with music and pop culture magazine "Dazed", Curtis lionises the piece as a work of 'genius' going on to explain:It really sums up our time... That song is saying, it's really frightening to jump off the edge into the darkness. Both when you fall in love with someone, and when you want to change the world. And it depends whether you can live with the fear or whether you really want the thrill of it. Or whether you retreat into the world you're happy with. And I think that's why it's a work of genius. He's got it, it's the mood of our time that we're waiting for. He's way ahead of our time, an epic emotional artist.


title: Broker

text: A broker is a person or firm who arranges transactions between a buyer and a seller for a commission when the deal is executed. A broker who also acts as a seller or as a buyer becomes a principal party to the deal. Neither role should be confused with that of an agent—one who acts on behalf of a principal party in a deal.


title: Broker

text: A broker is an independent party whose services are used extensively in some industries. A broker's prime responsibility is to bring sellers and buyers together and thus a broker is the third-person facilitator between a buyer and a seller. An example would be a real estate or stock broker who facilitates the sale of a property.


title: Broker

text: Brokers can furnish market research and market data. Brokers may represent either the seller or the buyer but generally not both at the same time. Brokers are expected to have the tools and resources to reach the largest possible base of buyers and sellers. They then screen these potential buyers or sellers for the perfect match. An individual producer, on the other hand, especially one new in the market, probably will not have the same access to customers as a broker. Another benefit of using a broker is cost—they might be cheaper in smaller markets, with smaller accounts, or with a limited line of products.


title: Broker

text: Some brokers, known as discount brokers, charge smaller commission, sometimes in exchange for offering less advice or services than full service brokerage firms.


title: Broker

text: A broker-dealer is a broker that transacts for its own account, in addition to facilitating transactions for clients.


title: Broker

text: Brokerage firms are generally subject to regulations based on the type of brokerage and jurisdictions in which they operate. Examples of brokerage firm regulatory agencies include the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), which regulate stockbrokers in the United States.


title: Broker

text: The word "broker" derives from Old French "broceur" "small trader", of uncertain origin, but possibly from Old French "brocheor" meaning "wine retailer", which comes from the verb "brochier", or "to broach (a keg)".


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: Emanuela Orlandi (born 14 January 1968) was a Vatican teenager who mysteriously disappeared while returning home from a flute lesson in Vatican City on 22 June 1983. Sightings of Orlandi in various places have been reported over the years, including inside Vatican City, but all have been unreliable. The disappearance of Orlandi sparked an intense media frenzy in Italy that has resulted in the case being called “Italy’s most famous unsolved mystery”, as well as marking one of the few known disappearances of a Vatican citizen.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: Emanuela was the fourth of five children of Ercole and Maria Orlandi (née Pezzano). Her father was an employee of the Vatican Bank according to some reports, or an employee of the papal household according to others. In any event, the family lived inside Vatican City and the children had the free run of the Vatican gardens, according to Pietro Orlandi, Emanuela's older brother.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: Orlandi was in her second year at a liceo scientifico (high school) in Rome. Although the school year had concluded, she continued to take flute lessons three times per week at the Tommaso Ludovico Da Victoria School, connected with the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music. She was also part of the choir of the church of Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri in the Vatican.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: Orlandi usually travelled by bus to the music school. She would get off the bus after a few stops and then walk the last few hundred metres.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: On Wednesday 22 June 1983, Orlandi was late to class. She had asked Pietro to drive her to her class, especially as the day was very hot, but he had other commitments. "I’ve gone over it so many times, telling myself if only I had accompanied her maybe it wouldn’t have happened", he recalled decades later. Later that day, Emanuela called home to explain why she was not home yet. Speaking to one of her sisters, she said she had received a job offer from a representative of Avon Cosmetics.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: According to some reports, Orlandi allegedly met with the Avon rep shortly before her music lesson. At the end of the lesson, Orlandi spoke of the job offer with a female friend, who then left the girl at a bus stop in the company of another girl. Orlandi was allegedly last seen getting into a large, dark-coloured BMW.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: At 15:00 on Thursday 23 June, Orlandi's parents called the director of the music school to ask if any of their daughter's classmates had information. The police had suggested waiting because "perhaps the girl was with friends". She was officially declared a missing person that day. Over the next two days, announcements of the disappearance were published with the telephone number of the Orlandi house in the newspapers "Il Tempo", "Paese Sera" and "Il Messaggero".


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: At 18:00 on Saturday 25 June, a phone call was received from a youth who claimed to be a 16-year-old boy named "Pierluigi". He reported that he and his fiancée had met the missing girl in Piazza Navona that afternoon. The young man mentioned Orlandi's flute, her hair, and the glasses that the girl did not like to wear, along with other details that fit the missing girl. According to "Pierluigi", Orlandi had just had a haircut and had introduced herself as "Barbarella". He claimed she stated that she had just run away from home and was selling Avon products.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: On 28 June, a man calling himself "Mario" called the family and claimed to own a bar near Ponte Vittorio, between the Vatican and the music school. The man said that a girl called "Barbara", a new customer, had confided to him about being a fugitive from home but said that she would return home for her sister's wedding. On 30 June, Rome was plastered with a large number of posters displaying Orlandi's photograph.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: On Sunday 3 July, Pope John Paul II, during the Angelus, appealed to those responsible for Orlandi's disappearance, making the hypothesis of kidnapping official for the first time. Two days later, the Orlandi family received the first of a number of anonymous phone calls. Emanuela was supposedly the prisoner of a terrorist group demanding the release of Mehmet Ali Ağca, the Turkish man who shot the Pope in May 1981. No other information was given. In the following days, other calls were received, including one from a man identified as "The American", due to his apparent accent, who played a recording of Orlandi's voice over the phone. A few hours later, in another phone call to the Vatican, the same man suggested an exchange of Orlandi for Ağca. The anonymous interlocutor mentioned the "Mario" and "Pierluigi" of the earlier telephone calls, defining them as "members of the organisation".


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: On 6 July, a man with a young voice and an American accent informed the ANSA news agency of the demand for an Orlandi–Ağca exchange, asking for the Pope's participation within 20 days and indicating that a basket in the public square near the Parliament would contain proof that Orlandi was indeed in his hands. These were to have been photocopies of her music school identity card, a receipt for tuition, and a note handwritten by the kidnapped girl.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: On 8 July, a man with an alleged Middle Eastern accent phoned one of Orlandi's classmates saying Orlandi was in his hands and that they had 20 days to make the exchange with Ağca. The man also asked for a direct telephone line with then-Secretary of State Agostino Casaroli. The line was installed on 18 July. A total of 16 telephone calls were made by "The American" from different public telephone booths.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: On the morning of 14 May 2001, the parish priest of the Gregory VII Church near the Vatican discovered a human skull of small dimensions and lacking a jaw in a bag with an image of Padre Pio in a confessional. Although, it has not been identified as Orlandi's skull, the discovery generated suspicions that it might be Orlandi's.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: Over the years a number of theories regarding the motives for the crime have been broached in the Italian press.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: Ağca, who once declared that Orlandi had been kidnapped by Bulgarian agents of the Grey Wolves, a Turkish ultra-nationalist, neo-fascist youth organization of which Ağca was a member, spoke about Orlandi during a prison interview with Italy's RAI state television, telling the interviewer that the girl was alive, not in danger, and living in a cloistered convent.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: In mid-2000, Judge Ferdinando Imposimato, based on what he had learned about the Grey Wolves, declared that Orlandi, by then an adult, was living a perfectly integrated life in the Muslim community and that she had probably lived for a long time in Paris.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: In 2011, the former Banda della Magliana member Antonio Mancini implied that Orlandi's kidnapping was one of a number of strikes that the gang was making against the Vatican in order to force the restitution of large amounts of money they had lent to the Vatican Bank through Roberto Calvi's Banco Ambrosiano. On 14 May 2012, Italian police opened the tomb of gangster Enrico De Pedis (1954–1990) and took DNA samples, according to some reports at that time. An anonymous call to an Italian television programme in 2005 said it contained evidence that would help the police explain Orlandi's disappearance, and in 2008 a former girlfriend of De Pedis said that De Pedis had once confessed to her that he had kidnapped Orlandi. No clues were found in the tomb linking De Pedis to Emanuela.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: In May 2012, when interest in the case was renewed, leading police to search the De Pedis tomb, then 85-year-old exorcist Father Gabriele Amorth claimed that Orlandi was kidnapped by a member of the Vatican police for sex parties and then murdered. Amorth claimed that officials of an unnamed foreign embassy were involved as well.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: On 6 April 2007, in a Good Friday sermon in St. Peter's Basilica, Rev. Raniero Cantalamessa advised the congregation to make amends for sins before dying. He said: "Don't carry your secret to the grave with you!" This provoked speculation that he was suggesting someone at the Vatican held information about Orlandi's disappearance. Vatican spokesperson Rev. Federico Lombardi issued a statement that detailed Vatican cooperation with civil investigators over the years and said the Church had no objection to the opening of the De Pedis tomb, which was then being discussed. It said: "As far as we know, there is nothing hidden, nor are there 'secrets' in the Vatican to reveal on the subject. To continue to assert it is completely unjustified; also, we reiterate, yet again, all the material from the Vatican was handed over, in its time, to the investigating magistrates and to police authorities."


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: In October 2018, remains found during renovation work on the Holy See's Embassy to Italy in Rome were the subject of speculation related to the Orlandi affair. An attorney for the Orlandi family objected to the media attention. She said: "We have no idea why the association with Emanuela was made... We’re still asking ourselves why you’d find some bones and immediately assume they were Emanuela’s." Test results released on 1 February 2019 showed they were the remains of a Roman man who died between 190 and 230 AD.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: On 10 July 2019, It was announced that the Vatican would be opening two tombs inside Vatican City which would then be examined by forensic anthropologist Giovanni Arcudi. The tombs were the "Tomb of the Angel" meant to contain the remains of Princess Sophie of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein and the adjacent one which was meant to contain the remains of Duchess Charlotte Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The exhumations took place on 11 July 2019. Neither Emanuela's body nor the bodies of the two princesses said to be buried there were found. The Vatican is currently conducting an investigation into the whereabouts of the princesses' remains.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: According to a report on 13 July 2019, the Vatican announced that two sets of bones had been found near the tombs of the two princesses, raising speculation that one might be the remains of Orlandi. The bones were discovered as staff probed other locations to which the princesses' remains may have been moved within the cemetery of the Pontifical Teutonic College. Further inspection of the site revealed two ossuaries placed beneath the floor of an area inside the college, closed by a trap door.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: Reports by numerous news media outlets stated on 20 July 2019 that the tombs had actually been found to be empty. According to the BBC for example, that first July 2019 search "only deepened the mystery as even the bones of two princesses thought to be there were missing". The same finding was reported by other news outlets too, including "The Guardian".


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: Thousands of human bones belonging to dozens of bodies were, however, found on 20 July, in the underground ossuaries at the Teutonic College. Forensic investigators were to analyse the remains and were expected to use carbon-14 methods to obtain a rough estimate of their age.


title: Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi

text: In October 2022, Netflix released a four part docuseries entitled "Vatican Girl: The Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi". The documentary explored different theories surrounding Orlandi's disappearance, with a focus on exploring theories involving the Vatican and organized crime.


title: Royal blue

text: Royal blue is a deep and vivid shade of blue. It is said to have been created by clothiers in Rode, Somerset, a consortium of whom won a competition to make a dress for Queen Charlotte, consort of King George III.


title: Royal blue

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" defines "royal blue" as "a deep vivid blue", while the "Cambridge English Dictionary" defined it as "a strong, bright blue colour", and the "Collins English Dictionary" defines it as "a deep blue colour". US dictionaries give it as further towards purple, e.g. "a deep, vivid reddish or purplish blue" ("Webster's New World College Dictionary") or "a vivid purplish blue" ("Merriam-Webster").


title: Royal blue

text: By the 1950s, many people began to think of royal blue as a brighter color, and it is this brighter color that was chosen as the web color "royal blue" (the web colors when they were formulated in 1987 were originally known as the X11 colors). The World Wide Web Consortium designated the keyword "royalblue" to be this much brighter color, rather than the traditional darker version of royal blue.


title: Royal blue

text: Cree Inc. uses the term Royal Blue to describe light emitting diodes in the wavelength range 450–465 nanometers, slightly shorter than the regular blue range of 465–485 nanometers.


title: Royal blue

text: The first recorded use of "queen blue" as a color name in English was in 1926. Before that, since 1661, this color had been called "queen’s blue".


title: Royal blue

text: Imperial blue is recorded as an alternative name for the traditional royal blue color above. The name is also used for a distinct, medium blue color by Pantone.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: Her biggest roles were as starring characters Violet Evergarden in "Violet Evergarden" and as Mikasa Ackerman in "Attack on Titan". She also voices China Kousaka in "Gundam Build Fighters", Sayuri Haruno in "Bonjour Sweet Love Patisserie", Hinaki Shinjo in "Aikatsu", and YoRHa No.2 Type B (2B) in "". At the 8th Seiyu Awards in 2014, she won an award for Best Supporting Actress. She also won the award for Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 15th Annual Seiyū Awards in 2021 for her role in Violet Evergarden.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: She has attended anime conventions around the world, including Sakura-Con in Seattle, Otakuthon in Montreal, and Japan Expo in Paris, and Madman Anime Festival in Brisbane.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: Ishikawa was 6 years old when she joined the theatre company, Himawari in Osaka while commuting to school when she was a student. She appears in performances within the theatre company every year, and since coming to Tokyo, she has appeared in musical class performances and main performances.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: When she was in elementary school, Ishikawa entered the performance live, "Dream Quest" sponsored by the theatre company as a duo, and performed songs and dances. From junior high school, Ishikawa has starred in many of the theatre company's masterpiece musical series. In September 2005, when she was in the first year of high school, she transferred to the Sunaoka office of the Himawari Theatre Group.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: In April 2013, she became a member of the "A & G Girls Project" at Nippon Cultural Broadcasting Super! A & G +. The unit name is "Trefle". In the same year, after the TV anime "Attack on Titan" started broadcasting and there were more opportunities to be featured in various related events. She also appeared in overseas events.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: In 2014, she won the Best Actress in supporting roles at the 8th Seiyu Awards. On March 30, she held her first solo talk at Hotel New Otani Osaka in the same year. Ishikawa's official website was opened on November 27th.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: In November 2016, the activity as "Trefle" was finished. Part of the live final and the feedback for each person was delivered on November 18, 2016, on Nico Nico Live Broadcasting "Second Shot Night" and "Trefle-TV" (final episode).


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: In 2019, there was a dedicated official site "Yui Ishikawa official site", but the site was closed by the end of 2018. In the future, it will be written and announced on the TOP page of the office, the profile column, or the blog.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: On April 30, 2019, she announced her departure from the Sunaoka office on her blog. Ishikawa belonged to the Himawari Theatre Group for 23 and a half years.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: On May 10, 2019, it was announced that she had joined "mitt management" at the same time as opening her official Twitter.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: On November 19, 2019, information on Yui Ishikawa's solo project "UTA-KATA" was released. A music reading drama project planned by Shigeru Saito of Heart Company Co., Ltd., "Yui Ishikawa UTA-KATA Vol.1 ~ Dawn's Ginyu Poet ~" was held in 3 cities and 6 performances from January 11, 2020. Along with the piano performance by Masumi Itō, the story was read aloud by Kana Akatsuki and the original song for this work was performed.


title: Yui Ishikawa

text: On May 5, 2020, the mitt management submitted a damage report to the police because of the continuous threatening posts to "harm" Ishikawa herself, her family, and the office. A man who had posted an online threat on June 1, 2020, was arrested.


title: Shepard tone

text: A Shepard tone, named after Roger Shepard, is a sound consisting of a superposition of sine waves separated by octaves. When played with the bass pitch of the tone moving upward or downward, it is referred to as the "Shepard scale". This creates the auditory illusion of a tone that seems to continually ascend or descend in pitch, yet which ultimately gets no higher or lower.


title: Shepard tone

text: Each square in Figure 1 indicates a tone, with any set of squares in vertical alignment together making one Shepard tone. The color of each square indicates the loudness of the note, with purple being the quietest and green the loudest. Overlapping notes that play at the same time are exactly one octave apart, and each scale fades in and fades out so that hearing the beginning or end of any given scale is impossible.


title: Shepard tone

text: As a conceptual example of an ascending Shepard scale, the first tone could be an almost inaudible C (middle C) and a loud C (an octave higher). The next would be a slightly louder C and a slightly quieter C; the next would be a still louder D and a still quieter D. The two frequencies would be equally loud at the middle of the octave (F and F), and the twelfth tone would be a loud B and an almost inaudible B with the addition of an almost inaudible B. The thirteenth tone would then be the same as the first, and the cycle could continue indefinitely. (In other words, each tone consists of two sine waves with frequencies separated by octaves; the intensity of each is e.g. a raised cosine function of its separation in semitones from a peak frequency, which in the above example would be B. According to Shepard, "almost any smooth distribution that tapers off to subthreshold levels at low and high frequencies would have done as well as the cosine curve actually employed."


title: Shepard tone

text: The theory behind the illusion was demonstrated during an episode of the BBC's show "Bang Goes the Theory", where the effect was described as "a musical barber's pole".


title: Shepard tone

text: The scale as described, with discrete steps between each tone, is known as the discrete Shepard scale. The illusion is more convincing if there is a short time between successive notes (staccato or marcato rather than legato or portamento).


title: Shepard tone

text: Jean-Claude Risset subsequently created a version of the scale where the tones glide continuously, and it is appropriately called the continuous Risset scale or Shepard–Risset glissando. When done correctly, the tone appears to rise (or fall) continuously in pitch, yet return to its starting note. Risset has also created a similar effect with rhythm in which tempo seems to increase or decrease endlessly.


title: Shepard tone

text: A sequentially played pair of Shepard tones separated by an interval of a tritone (half an octave) produces the tritone paradox. Shepard had predicted that the two tones would constitute a bistable figure, the auditory equivalent of the Necker cube, that could be heard ascending or descending, but never both at the same time.


title: Shepard tone

text: In 1986, Diana Deutsch discovered that the perception of which tone was higher depended on the absolute frequencies involved and that an individual would usually hear the same pitch as the highest (this is determined by the absolute pitch of the notes). Interestingly, different listeners may perceive the same pattern as being either ascending or descending, depending on the language or dialect of the listener (Deutsch, Henthorn, and Dolson found that native speakers of Vietnamese, a tonal language, heard the tritone paradox differently from Californians who were native speakers of English).


title: Shepard tone

text: Pedro Patricio observed in 2012 that, by using a Shepard tone as a sound source and applying it to a melody, he could reproduce the illusion of a continuously ascending or descending movement characteristic of the Shepard Scale. Regardless of the tempo and the envelope of the notes, the auditory illusion is effectively maintained. The uncertainty of the scale the Shepard tones pertain allows composers to experiment with deceiving and disconcerting melodies.


title: Marasmus

text: Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency. It can occur in anyone with severe malnutrition but usually occurs in children. Body weight is reduced to less than 62% of the normal (expected) body weight for the age. Marasmus occurrence increases prior to age 1, whereas kwashiorkor occurrence increases after 18 months. It can be distinguished from kwashiorkor in that kwashiorkor is protein deficiency with adequate energy intake whereas marasmus is inadequate energy intake in all forms, including protein. This clear-cut separation of marasmus and kwashiorkor is however not always clinically evident as kwashiorkor is often seen in a context of insufficient caloric intake, and mixed clinical pictures, called marasmic kwashiorkor, are possible. Protein wasting in kwashiorkor generally leads to edema and ascites, while muscular wasting and loss of subcutaneous fat are the main clinical signs of marasmus, which makes the ribs and joints protrude.


title: Marasmus

text: The prognosis is better than it is for kwashiorkor. Marasmus is the form of nutrition most highly assosciated with HIV, developing in the last stages of pediatric AIDS, and the prognosis for children with co-morbid marasmus and HIV is very poor.


title: Marasmus

text: Marasmus is commonly represented by a shrunken, wasted appearance, loss of muscle mass and subcutaneous fat mass. Buttocks and upper limb muscle groups are usually more affected than others. Edema is not a sign of marasmus and is present in only kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor. Other symptoms of marasmus include unusual body temperature (hypothermia, pyrexia); anemia; dehydration (as characterized with consistent thirst and shrunken eyes); hypovolemic shock (weak radial pulse; cold extremities; decreased consciousness); tachypnea (pneumonia, heart failure); abdominal manifestations (distension, decreased or metallic bowel sounds; large or small liver; blood or mucus in the stools), ocular manifestations (corneal lesions associated with vitamin A deficiency); dermal manifestations (evidence of infection, purpura, and ear, nose, and throat symptoms (otitis, rhinitis). Dry skin and brittle hair are also symptoms of marasmus. Marasmus can also make children short-tempered and irritable.


title: Marasmus

text: Both the causes and complications of the disorder must be treated, including infections, dehydration, and circulation disorders, which are frequently lethal and lead to high mortality if ignored. Initially, the child is fed dried skim milk that has been mixed with boiled water. Once the child tolerates the milk, a vegetable mix can be added including sesame, casein, and sugar. Refeeding must be done slowly to avoid refeeding syndrome. Once children start to recover, they should have more balanced diets which meet their nutritional needs. Children with marasmus commonly develop infections and are consequently treated with antibiotics or other medications. Ultimately, marasmus can progress to the point of no return when the body's ability for protein synthesis is lost. At this point, attempts to correct the disorder by giving food or protein become futile, and death is inevitable.


title: Marasmus

text: In the United States, marasmus is rarely seen, especially in children. In 1995, there were only 228 deaths caused by marasmus in the U.S., of which only 3 were children. In 2016, the prevalence of marasmus in the United States was 0.5%. Prevalence is higher in hospitalized children, especially ones with chronic illnesses, however an exact incidence of nonfatal marasmus is not known. This is due to marasmus not being reported as an admission or discharge diagnosis.


title: Marasmus

text: There are multiple forms of malnutrition and roughly one-third of the world's population is currently experiencing one or more of them. There are around 50 million children less than five years old who have protein-energy malnutrition. Of the malnourished children population in the world, 80% live in Asia, 15% in Africa, and 5% in Latin America. It is estimated that the prevalence of acute malnutrition in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States to be 6.1–14%. In Turkey, the prevalence is as high as 32%.


title: Marasmus

text: There is no evident racial predisposition that correlates to malnutrition. Rather, there is a strong association with the geographic distribution of poverty.


title: Marasmus

text: Marasmus is more commonly seen in children under the age of five due to that age range being characterized as one that has an increase in energy need and susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections. The World Health Organization also identifies the elderly as another population that is vulnerable to malnutrition. Because their nutritional requirement is not well defined, attempts to provide them with the necessary nutrition becomes difficult.


title: Marasmus

text: There exists screening tools and tests that can be used to help identify signs and symptoms of malnutrition in older adults. The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) is a validated malnutrition screening tool that is primarily used in the residential aged care facility or for adults in the inpatient/outpatient hospital setting. It includes parameters such as weight loss and appetite.


title: Marasmus

text: Persons in prisons, concentration camps, and refugee camps are affected more often due to poor nutrition.


title: Mars 2020

text: Mars 2020 is a Mars rover mission forming part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program that includes the rover "Perseverance", the small robotic, coaxial helicopter "Ingenuity", and associated delivery vehicles. Mars 2020 was launched from Earth on an Atlas V launch vehicle at 11:50:01 UTC on 30 July 2020, and confirmation of touch down in the Martian crater Jezero was received at 20:55 UTC on 18 February 2021. On 5 March 2021, NASA named the landing site of the rover Octavia E. Butler Landing. As of 28 2022, "Perseverance" and "Ingenuity" have been on Mars for sols ( total days; ).


title: Mars 2020

text: "Perseverance" will investigate an astrobiologically relevant ancient environment on Mars and investigate its surface geological processes and history, including the assessment of its past habitability, the possibility of past life on Mars, and the potential for preservation of biosignatures within accessible geological materials. It will cache sample containers along its route for retrieval by a potential future Mars sample-return mission. The Mars 2020 mission was announced by NASA in December 2012 at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco. "Perseverance" design is derived from the rover "Curiosity", and it uses many components already fabricated and tested in addition to new scientific instruments and a core drill. The rover also employs nineteen cameras and two microphones, allowing for audio recording of the Martian environment. On April 30, 2021, "Perseverance" became the first spacecraft to hear and record another spacecraft, the "Ingenuity" helicopter, on another planet.


title: Mars 2020

text: The launch of Mars 2020 was the third of three space missions sent toward Mars during the July 2020 Mars launch window, with missions also launched by the national space agencies of the United Arab Emirates (the Emirates Mars Mission with the orbiter "Hope" on 19 July 2020) and China (the "Tianwen"-1 mission on 23 July 2020, with an orbiter, deployable and remote cameras, lander, and "Zhurong" rover).


title: Mars 2020

text: The Mars 2020 mission was announced by NASA on 4 December 2012 at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco. The selection of Mars as the target of NASA's flagship mission prompted surprise in the scientific community. Some criticized NASA for continuing to focus on Mars exploration instead of other Solar System destinations in constrained budget times. Support came from California U.S. Representative Adam Schiff, who said he was interested in the possibility of advancing the launch date, which would enable a larger payload. Science educator Bill Nye endorsed the Mars sample-return role, saying this would be "extraordinarily fantastic and world-changing and worthy."


title: Mars 2020

text: The mission will seek signs of habitable conditions on Mars in the ancient past, and will also search for evidence – or biosignatures – of past microbial life, and water. The mission was launched 30 July 2020 on an Atlas V-541, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory managed the mission. The mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The Science Definition Team proposed that the rover collect and package as many as 31 samples of rock cores and surface soil for a later mission to bring back for definitive analysis on Earth. In 2015, they expanded the concept, planning to collect even more samples and distribute the tubes in small piles or caches across the surface of Mars.


title: Mars 2020

text: In September 2013, NASA launched an Announcement of Opportunity for researchers to propose and develop the instruments needed, including the Sample Caching System. The science instruments for the mission were selected in July 2014 after an open competition based on the scientific objectives set one year earlier. The science conducted by the rover's instruments will provide the context needed for detailed analyses of the returned samples. The chairman of the Science Definition Team stated that NASA does not presume that life ever existed on Mars, but given the recent "Curiosity" rover findings, past Martian life seems possible.


title: Mars 2020

text: The "Perseverance" rover will explore a site likely to have been habitable. It will seek signs of past life, set aside a returnable cache with the most compelling rock core and soil samples, and demonstrate the technology needed for the future human and robotic exploration of Mars. A key mission requirement is that it must help prepare NASA for its long-term Mars sample-return mission and crewed mission efforts. The rover will make measurements and technology demonstrations to help designers of a future human expedition understand any hazards posed by Martian dust, and will test technology to produce a small amount of pure oxygen () from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide ().


title: Mars 2020

text: Improved precision landing technology that enhances the scientific value of robotic missions also will be critical for eventual human exploration on the surface. Based on input from the Science Definition Team, NASA defined the final objectives for the 2020 rover. Those became the basis for soliciting proposals to provide instruments for the rover's science payload in the spring of 2014. The mission will also attempt to identify subsurface water, improve landing techniques, and characterize weather, dust, and other potential environmental conditions that could affect future astronauts living and working on Mars.


title: Mars 2020

text: A key mission requirement for this rover is that it must help prepare NASA for its Mars sample-return mission (MSR) campaign, which is needed before any crewed mission takes place. Such effort would require three additional vehicles: an orbiter, a fetch rover, and a two-stage, solid-fueled Mars ascent vehicle (MAV). Between 20 and 30 drilled samples will be collected and cached inside small tubes by the "Perseverance" rover, and will be left on the surface of Mars for possible later retrieval by NASA in collaboration with ESA. A "fetch rover" would retrieve the sample caches and deliver them to a two-stage, solid-fueled Mars ascent vehicle (MAV). In July 2018, NASA contracted Airbus to produce a "fetch rover" concept study. The MAV would launch from Mars and enter a 500 km orbit and rendezvous with the Next Mars Orbiter or Earth Return Orbiter. The sample container would be transferred to an Earth entry vehicle (EEV) which would bring it to Earth, enter the atmosphere under a parachute and hard-land for retrieval and analyses in specially designed safe laboratories.


title: Mars 2020

text: In the first science campaign "Perseverance" performs an arching drive southward from its landing site to the Séítah unit to perform a "toe dip" into the unit to collect remote-sensing measurements of geologic targets. After that she will return to the "Crater Floor Fractured Rough" to collect the first core sample there. Passing by the Octavia B. Butler landing site concludes the first science campaign.