title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Sporadic sniper fire had been reported in the immediate area earlier in the evening and on the previous night. Guardsmen reported one of their units under fire at the intersection and believed they had pinpointed it as coming from the apartment in which Tanya and her family lived.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: As a tank of the National Guard was being moved into position directly in front of the building, one of the occupants of the Blanding apartment was said to light a cigarette. Guardsmen opened fire on the apartment with rifles and the tank's .50 caliber machine gun. At 1:20 a.m. Tanya Blanding was dead.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Sergeant Mortimer J. LeBlanc, 41, admitted firing the burst into the windows of the apartment where Tanya was found, after another Guardsman told him that sniper fire had come from there. Tanya's mother, June, filed a lawsuit for $100,000 in damages, on the grounds that Sgt. LeBlanc fired negligently into the apartment. He was exonerated.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Some analysts believed that violence escalated with the deployment of troops, although they brought rioting under control within 48 hours. Nearly all of the Michigan Army National Guard were exclusively white, inexperienced militarily, and did not have urban backgrounds, while the Army paratroopers were racially integrated and had seen service in Vietnam. As a result, the Army paratroopers were at ease and able to communicate easily in the city while the National Guardsmen were not as effective. The National Guardsmen engaged in what they said were firefights with locals, resulting in the death of one Guardsman. Of the 12 people that troops shot and killed, only one was shot by a federal soldier. Army paratroopers were ordered not to load their weapons except under the direct order of an officer. The Cyrus Vance report made afterward criticized the actions of the National Guardsmen, who shot and killed nine civilians.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Tanks and machine guns were used in the effort to keep the peace. Film footage and photos that were viewed internationally showed a city on fire, with tanks and combat troops in firefights in the streets.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The Michigan Civil Rights Commission intervened in the rebellion to try to protect the rights of arrestees. The arrival of the CRC was "not well received" by the police, who said the observers were interfering with police work. The Detroit Police Officers Association protested to Romney, "We resent the Civil Rights Commission looking over our shoulders, just waiting for some officer to stub his toe." At one precinct, a white officer "bitterly abused" a black CRC observer, saying that "all people of his kind should be killed."


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: As reported by United Press International, "the riots brought out the best, as well as the worst, in people."


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: "At a moment when race relations might seem to have sunk to the lowest possible level, whites and Negroes were working together, through their churches, to minister to the hungry and homeless. The effort transcended denominational lines. By Wednesday [July 26, 1967], Protestants, Catholics and Jews had established an interfaith emergency center to coordinate the relief work. District collection centers were set up at scores of churches and synagogues across the city. The food, clothing, bedding and cash contributed through them brought to the interfaith center, from which aid was distributed strictly according to need, without regard for race, creed, or color."


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: "Acts of kindness and generosity were not confined to religious groups. Unions, led by the United Auto Workers and the Teamsters, joined with industrial firms in setting up a truck pool to transport relief supplies into the riot area. It was not just a matter of white people being kind to black people. Often it was the other way around, I saw Negro families bringing cool drinks of water to white National Guardsmen standing post in blazing sun. On several occasions, white reporters--trapped on the streets during wild gun battles between Guardsmen and snipers--were taken into the relative safety of nearby Negro homes, even though opening the door to admit them was a real risk to the Negro family. People can be pretty wonderful--even in a riot.""


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: By Thursday, July 27, sufficient order had returned to the city that officers withdrew ammunition from the National Guardsmen stationed in the riot area and ordered them to sheath their bayonets. Troop withdrawal began on Friday, July 28, the day of the last major fire in the riot. The Army troops were completely withdrawn by Saturday, July 29.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The Detroit rebellion was a catalyst to unrest elsewhere as the uprising spread from the city into adjoining suburbs and to other areas of Michigan. Minimal rioting was reported in Highland Park and River Rouge, a heavier police presence was required after a bomb threat was phoned in to an E.J. Korvette store in Southgate and very minimal violence was reported in Hamtramck. The state deployed National Guardsmen or state police to other Michigan cities as simultaneous riots erupted in Pontiac, Flint, Saginaw, and Grand Rapids, as well as in Toledo and Lima, Ohio; New York City and Rochester, New York; Cambridge, Maryland; Englewood, New Jersey; Houston, Texas; and Tucson, Arizona. Disturbances were reported in more than two dozen cities.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Blacks and whites in Detroit viewed the events of July 1967 in very different ways. Part of the process of comprehending the damage was to survey the attitudes and beliefs of people in Detroit. Sidney Fine's chapter, "The Polarized Community," cites many of the academic and "Detroit Free Press-"financed public opinion surveys conducted in the wake of the riot. Although Black Nationalism was thought to have been given a boost by the civil strife, as membership in Albert Cleage's church grew substantially and the New Detroit committee sought to include black leadership like Norvell Harrington and Frank Ditto, it was whites who were much more likely to support separation.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: One percent of Detroit blacks favored "total separation" between the races in 1968, whereas 17 percent of Detroit whites did. African-Americans supported "integration" by 88 percent, while only 24 percent of whites supported integration. Residents of the 12th Street area differed significantly from blacks in the rest of the city however. For example, 22 percent of 12th Street blacks thought they should "get along without whites entirely". Nevertheless, the "Detroit Free Press" survey of black Detroiters in 1968 showed that the highest approval rating for people was given to conventional politicians like Charles Diggs (27 percent) and John Conyers (22 percent) compared to Albert Cleage (4 percent).


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: In Detroit, an estimated 10,000 people participated in the riots, with an estimated 100,000 gathering to watch. Thirty-six hours later, 43 were dead, 33 of whom were black and 10 white. More than 7,200 people were arrested, most of them black. Mayor Jerome Cavanagh lamented upon surveying the damage, "Today we stand amidst the ashes of our hopes. We hoped against hope that what we had been doing was enough to prevent a riot. It was not enough."


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The scale of the riot was the worst in the United States since the 1863 New York City draft riots during the American Civil War, and was not surpassed until the 1992 Los Angeles riots 25 years later.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: 1,189 people were injured: 407 civilians, 289 suspects, 214 Detroit police officers, 134 Detroit firefighters, 55 Michigan National Guardsmen, 67 Michigan State Police officers, 15 Wayne County Sheriff deputies, and 8 federal soldiers.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: 7,231 people were arrested: 6,528 adults and 703 juveniles; the youngest was 4 and the oldest was 82. Many of those arrested had no criminal record: 251 whites and 678 black. Of those arrested, 64% were accused of looting and 14% were charged with curfew violations.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: 2,509 businesses reported looting or damage, 388 families were rendered homeless or displaced, and 412 buildings were burned or damaged enough to be demolished. Dollar losses from property damage ranged from $40 million to $45 million.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Joe's Record Shop on 8434 12th Street, owned by Joe Von Battle, was one of the businesses that was destroyed in the 1967 Detroit Riot. The business was founded in 1945, on 3530 Hastings Street, where Battle sold records and recorded music with artists like John Lee Hooker, The Reverend C.L. Franklin and Aretha Franklin. He operated from the Hastings store until 1960 when the street was razed in order to build the Chrysler Freeway. Battle along with other business owners on Hastings St. moved to 12th Street, where his shop operated until the events of July 23, 1967. During the '67 riots, Battle stood guard in front of his shop with his gun and his "Soul Brother" sign. After the first day of rioting, police authorities no longer permitted business owners to guard their shops. Days later, Battle returned to his record shop with his daughter Marsha Battle Philpot and they were met with "wet, fetid debris of what had been one of the most seminal record shops in Detroit." Joe's Record Shop and much of the stock within —including tapes and recordings of musicians— were ruined. Ultimately, Battle's store was unable to reopen due to the damage caused by the 1967 riot.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: A total of 43 people died: 33 were black and 10 were white. Among the black deaths, 14 were shot by police officers; 9 were shot by National Guardsmen; 6 were shot by store owners or security guards; 2 were killed by asphyxiation from a building fire; 1 was killed after stepping on a downed power line; and 1 was shot by a federal soldier. The National Guardsmen and Detroit Police were found to have engaged in "uncontrolled and unnecessary firing" that endangered civilians and increased police chaos. It has been suggested that the presence of snipers was imagined or exaggerated by officials, and some of the military and law enforcement casualties could have instead been friendly fire.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: One black civilian, Albert Robinson, was killed by a National Guardsman responding with Detroit Police to an apartment building on the city's west side. Ernest Roquemore, a black teenager who was the last to die in the civil unrest, was killed by Army paratroopers on July 29 when caught in their crossfire directed toward someone else. The police shot three other individuals during the same firefight, with one victim needing his leg amputated. Jack Sydnor was a black sniper who fired upon police and wounded one police officer in the street. The police came close to the building where the sniper lived and ambushed in the 3rd story building room by shooting him, making Sydnor the only sniper killed during the riot.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Among the whites who died were 5 civilians, 2 firefighters, 1 looter, 1 police officer, and 1 Guardsman. Of the white sworn personnel killed, 2 firefighters died, with 1 stepping on a downed power line during attempts to extinguish a fire started by looters, while the other was shot while organizing fire units at Mack and St. Jean streets; 1 officer was shot by a looter while struggling with a group of looters; and 1 Guardsman was shot by fellow Guardsmen while being caught in the crossfire by fellow National Guardsmen firing on a vehicle which failed to stop at the roadblock. Of the white civilians killed, 2 were shot by National Guardsmen, of whom 1 was staying at her hotel room and was mistaken for a sniper; 1 was shot as she and her husband tried to drive away from a group of black rioters beating a white civilian; 1 was shot by police while working as a security guard trying to protect a store from looters; and 1 was beaten to death by a black rioter after confronting looters in his store. Only 1 white looter was killed by police while trying to steal a car part at a junkyard on the outskirts of the city.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: One of the criticisms of the New Detroit committee, an organization founded by Henry Ford II, J.L. Hudson, and Max Fisher while the embers were still cooling, was that it gave credibility to radical black organizations in a misguided attempt to listen to the concerns of the "inner-city Negro" and "the rioters." Moderate black leaders such as Arthur L. Johnson were weakened and intimidated by the new credibility the rebellion gave to black radicals, some of whom favored "a black republic carved out of five southern states" and supported "breaking into gun shops to seize weapons." The Kerner Commission deputy director of field operations in Detroit reported that the most militant organizers in the 12th Street area did not consider it immoral to kill whites.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Adding to the criticism of the New Detroit committee in both the moderate black and white communities was the belief that the wealthy, white industrial leadership were giving voice and money to radical black groups as a sort of "riot insurance." The fear that "the next riot" would not be localized to inner city black neighborhoods but would include the white suburbs was common in the black middle class and white communities. White groups like "Breakthrough" started by city employee Donald Lobsinger, a Parks and Recreation Department employee, wanted to arm whites and keep them in the city because if Detroit "became black" there would be "guerrilla warfare in the suburbs".


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Detroit Councilman Mel Ravitz said the rebellion divided not only the races- since it "deepened the fears of many whites and raised the militancy of many blacks" - but it opened up wide cleavages in the black and white communities as well. Moderate liberals of each race were faced with new political groups that voiced extremist solutions and fueled fears about future violence. Compared to the rosy newspaper stories before July 1967, the "London Free Press" reported in 1968 that Detroit was a "sick city where fear, rumor, race prejudice and gun-buying have stretched black and white nerves to the verge of snapping." Yet ultimately, if the riot is interpreted as a rebellion, or a way for black grievances to be heard and addressed, it was partly successful.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The riot markedly increased the pace of Detroit's white residents moving out of the city. From 1967 to 1969, 173,000 white residents left, and from 1967 to 1978, Detroit public schools lost 74% of its white students.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The black community in Detroit received much more attention from federal and state governments after 1967, and although the New Detroit committee ultimately shed its black membership and transformed into the mainstream Detroit Renaissance group, money did flow into black-owned enterprises after the riot. However, the most significant black politician to take power in the shift from a white majority city to a black majority city, Coleman Young, Detroit's first black mayor, wrote in 1994:


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: In 2010, Thomas Sowell, a conservative and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution wrote in an opinion article for a website created by The Heritage Foundation:


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Nationally, the rebellion confirmed for the military and the Johnson administration that military occupation of American cities would be necessary. In particular, the uprising confirmed the role of the Army Operations Center as the agent to anticipate and combat domestic guerrilla warfare.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: State and local governments responded to the rebellion with a dramatic increase in minority hiring. On August 18, 1967, the State Police department swore in the first black trooper in the fifty-year history of the organization. In May 1968, Detroit Mayor Cavanaugh appointed a Special Task Force on Police Recruitment and Hiring. Thirty five percent of the police hired by Detroit in 1968 were black, and by July 1972, blacks made up 14 percent of the Detroit police, more than double their percentage in 1967. The Michigan government used its reviews of contracts issued by the state to secure an increase in nonwhite employment. Minority group employment by the contracted companies increased by 21.1 percent.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: In the aftermath of the turmoil, the Greater Detroit Board of Commerce launched a campaign to find jobs for ten thousand "previously unemployable" persons, a preponderant number of whom were black. By Oct 12, 1967, Detroit firms had reportedly hired about five thousand African-Americans since the beginning of the jobs campaign. According to Professor Sidney Fine, "that figure may be an underestimate." In a "Detroit Free Press" survey of residents of the riot areas in the late summer of 1968, 39 percent of the respondents thought that employers had become "more fair" since the rebellion as compared to 14 percent who thought they had become "less fair."


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: After the riot, in one of the biggest changes, automakers and retailers lowered the entry-level job requirements. A Michigan Bell employment supervisor commented in 1968 that "for years businesses tried to screen people out. Now we are trying to find reasons to screen them in."


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Prior to the disorder, Detroit enacted no ordinances to end housing segregation, and few had been enacted in the state of Michigan at all. Some liberal politicians had worked for fair housing over the years, but white conservative resistance to it was organized and powerful. The reactionary movement began to wither after the insurrection. Sidney Fine noted that:


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Governor Romney immediately responded to the turmoil with a special session of the Michigan legislature, where he forwarded sweeping housing proposals that included not only fair housing, but "important relocation, tenants' rights and code enforcement legislation." Romney had supported such proposals before in 1964 and 1965, but abandoned them in the face of organized opposition. In the aftermath of the insurrection, the proposals again faced resistance from organized white homeowners and the governor's own Republican party, which once again voted down the legislation in the House. This time, however, Romney did not relent and once again proposed the housing laws at the regular 1968 session of the legislature.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The governor publicly warned that if the housing measures were not passed, "it will accelerate the recruitment of revolutionary insurrectionists." He urged "meaningful fair housing legislation" as "the single most important step the legislature can take to avert disorder in our cities." This time the laws passed both houses of the legislature. The "Michigan Historical Review" wrote that:


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Two years after the end of the 1967 uprising, Wayne County Sheriff Roman Gribbs, who was seen by many white Detroiters as their last "white hope" in a city with a growing black population, created the Stop the Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets (STRESS) campaign, a secret and elite police unit that enabled police brutality.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: STRESS used a tactic called "decoy operation," where police officers tried to entrap potential criminals in an undercover sting. From its inception, STRESS all but ignored white criminals, instead focusing their operations on black communities, and increased confrontations between the black community and police. During its first year of operation, the Detroit Police Department had the "highest number of civilian killings per capita of any American police department." The unit was accused of conducting 500 raids without the use of search warrants and killing 20 people within 30 months, and this fostered an unhealthy fear and hatred between the black community and the police force.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Community groups did not take long to start responding to STRESS's activities. On September 23, 1971, the State of Emergency Committee was formed to protest the killings, and thousands of people marched to demand the abolition of STRESS.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Following Senator Richard Austin, the first black person in various political and professional positions, came Senator Coleman Young. In contrast to Senator Austin's quiet and accommodating political style, Young developed a liberal, combative political style in the labor and black radical movements of the late 1930s. Young helped organize the National Negro Labor Council (NNLC) and became its executive director. Finding himself in a position of national power, he said to his committee: "I am a part of the Negro people. I am now in process of fighting against what I consider to be attacks and discrimination against my people. I am fighting against un-American activities such as lynching and denial of the vote. I am dedicated to that fight and I don't think I have to apologize or explain it to anybody" (Foner, 1981; Young and Wheeler, 1995: 128). This statement really reflected the views of the black people in Detroit at this time. With his position and emerging national attention, the black community began rallying behind Young for mayor in place of Roman Gribbs. Young began building part of his campaign upon what he believed to be one of the major problems for a city divided by race: STRESS. Young said, "one of the problems is that the police run the city... STRESS is responsible for the explosive polarization that now exists; STRESS is an execution squad rather than an enforcement squad. As mayor, I will get rid of STRESS" (Detroit Free Press, May 11, 1973). He added, "the whole attitude of the whole Police Department, historically, has been one of intimidation and that citizen can be kept in line with clubs and guns rather than respect." When Young was elected into office, he represented the fear and loathing of STRESS in the city that would have to be terminated.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: STRESS inadvertently promoted black political power, and the abolishment of the STRESS unit initiated the beginning of bringing black people into the police department.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: This matters in a larger context than simply the immediate implications of STRESS. This unit instigated the mayoral campaign and eventual candidacy of Mayor Coleman Young, who would go on to spend the next 20 years fighting for black rights and reframing the relationship between the police force and the black community. While the STRESS campaign was important on its own in terms of the individuals killed or families of these individuals, it became radically important for the cultural shift that Mayor Coleman Young would facilitate.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The global context of this campaign changed the trajectory of black political and professional power and opportunity.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: In light of the event, faults in the existing system became apparent and measures were taken to solve the problems. In 1970, First Independence National Bank (now First Independence Bank) gave African Americans capital which was generally inaccessible due to redlining; this provided social mobility and better living conditions.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Others worked with the government to understand the problem, and this research provided the basis for solutions. Wayne State University partnered with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to create the Developmental Career Guidance Project, which studied improving the potential for poor students. Its report helped form the backbone of a number of educational programs. Other efforts to heal came from organizations like the Interfaith Action Council, which sought to bring people of different races and religions together to encourage dialogue about racial inequality.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The 1967 uprising inspired active measures to overturn stereotypes and solve day-to-day problems, with African Americans resisting inequality in their lives. William Cunningham and Eleanor Josaitis founded HOPE, an organization which targeted hunger and workplace inequality, in 1968. HOPE evolved to provide skills training for young people. General Baker and Ron March led the Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement, seeking a voice in the workplace; Alvin Bush and Irma Craft guided the Career Development Center to provide basic skills training and job placement; and the Volunteer Placement Corps assisted African Americans to obtain a college education.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The most influential change came from African Americans in powerful positions. The uprising made African Americans the majority in Detroit, and gave them political power. For the first time in the city's history, African Americans could affect municipal policy. Political figures such as Mayor Coleman Young enacted policies which attempted to integrate the city. Young began with changes to the police and fire departments, implementing a two-list system which gave African Americans an equal chance of promotion; his goal was to balance the departments' racial and gender makeup. Young sought the backing of President Jimmy Carter, allowing money to flow into Detroit for improvements in education and housing. In 1972 the Detroit Common Council elected its first African American president, Erma Henderson, who fought insurance redlining and discrimination in the judicial system and public spaces.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: A poll conducted by EPIC-MRA, a survey research firm, in July 2016 focused on the evolution of black–white relations since the riots. The poll surveyed 600 residents of Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne counties. The poll took place from July 14–19th, a time period the "Detroit Free Press" noted was "during the ongoing national furor over police shooting of African-American civilians, and retaliatory attacks on officers in Dallas and Baton Rouge."§


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The respondents of the Detroit poll were more optimistic about race relations compared to the national averages. A national Washington Post/ABC News poll found that only 32% of the people they polled believed race relations were good, as opposed to the 56% and 47% of the white and black Detroiters surveyed, respectively. This was unsurprising to Reynold Farley, a retired University of Michigan sociology professor and expert on Detroit racial demographics, "I think it's easier for people in the Detroit area to have some familiarity with race relations than people in a state like Maine, where there's virtually no black population at all and the information comes from seeing violent incidents on television," he explained. In the following question, Farley's claim was validated as the stark contrast in national vs. Detroiter perception of what the future would be like was apparent. As just 10% of those polled by the Washington Post/ABC News believed that race relations we getting better, whereas 33% of white and 22% of black Detroiters thought they had improved over the past 10 years and 50% of white and 41% of blacks believed they would improve over the next five.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Although these responses were encouraging signs of a diminishing racial gap in Detroit, and a heightened attunement to race relations in the city compared to the rest of the nation, other questions concerning Detroiters' perception of the riots and how the improvement of race relations are actualized in their everyday life show there is still much mending to be done. When asked which word they would use to describe the 1967 riots - riot, rebellion or uprising - the white response was 61%, 12%, 12% and blacks, 34%, 27%, 24%, respectively. The majority of respondents did agree, however, that since the riots they believed there had been significant progress made vs little or no progress Unfortunately, many black Detroiters still feel as if they are facing the type of discrimination that led to the riots in the first place. The polled black Detroiters reporting that in the past 12 months 28% felt they had been unfairly treated in hiring, pay, or promotion, double the rate of their white counterparts. 73% also believed that they were treated less fairly than whites when attempting to find a "good job."


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Forty years later, the event remained a source of reflection for the community. The Detroit newspapers covered the 40th anniversary of the uprising in 2007. Coverage often labeled the events a riot, though others viewed them through a different lens. Several articles referred to the event as a "rebellion," while others questioned the implications of thinking about the events other than as a riot.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Several songs directly refer to the riot. The most prominent was "Black Day in July", written and sung by Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot for his 1968 album "Did She Mention My Name?". Others include the 1967 song "The Motor City Is Burning" by John Lee Hooker, which was also recorded by the MC5 on their 1969 album "Kick Out the Jams"; "Panic in Detroit", from David Bowie's 1973 album "Aladdin Sane"; The Temptations' 1970 single "Ball of Confusion (That's What The World Is Today)"; The Spinners 1973 single "Ghetto Child"; Marvin Gaye's "What's Happening Brother" from his 1971 album "What's Going On"; The title track from Detroit producer and DJ Moodymann's 2008 EP "Det.riot '67", which sampled audio recordings from news reels talking about the riot.; and "Detroit '67" by Canadian singer-songwriter Sam Roberts from his 2008 album "Love at the End of the World".


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: An episode of "", "Let That Be Your Last Battlefield", used footage of burning buildings from the 1967 Detroit Rebellion to dramatize a planetary war between two humanoid-looking factions. One was colored black on the left side and white on the right, and the other the opposite. These alien races were represented by guest stars Frank Gorshin and Lou Antonio.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Judy Blume's 1970 novel "Iggie's House", which dealt with issues of racial hatred arising from a black family's moving into a predominantly white neighborhood, also referenced the riot. The book's protagonist, Winnie, unintentionally gets off to a bad start with her new neighbors, the Garbers (who have just moved from Detroit), by asking the family's three children if they participated in any of the looting.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: The December 7, 2010, episode of "Detroit 1-8-7" on ABC aired archive footage and photos of Detroit during the 1967 riots. The episode's primary storyline depicted a 2010 discovery of a black male body and a white female body in a fallout shelter constructed under a building burned down during the riots. In reality, there were two people, listed above, who lost their lives in a basement of a building that was burned down.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Jeffrey Eugenides' 2002 novel "Middlesex" has a detailed retelling of, and makes some social commentary on, the riot. Joyce Carol Oates's 1969 novel "them" climaxes with the riot. John Hersey's 1968 nonfiction book "The Algiers Motel Incident" is a true crime account of an incident which occurred during the riots, and the 2017 film "Detroit", written by Mark Boal and directed by Kathryn Bigelow, was a dramatization based on that incident. Survivors of the incident participated in the production of the film.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Many artworks were created in response to the 1967 events, a number of which were included in the 2017 exhibition "Art of Rebellion: Black Art of the Civil Rights Movement", curated by Valerie J. Mercer for the Detroit Institute of Arts. "Black Attack (1967)" was painted by Detroit abstract artist Allie McGhee immediately following the event. The work includes "broad strokes of color that appear spontaneous, give form to the artists memories of strength and resolve of black people facing intense opposition to change."


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: In 2017, Detroit based artist Rita Dickerson created "1967: Death in the Algiers Motel and Beyond." In the work Dickerson "depicts the Algiers Motel and portraits of three young Black men killed there by police. Below the portraits are the names of men and women who have died in recent years in encounters with police, underscoring the fact that police brutality continues to cost black people their lives."


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Bill Harris, a Detroit-based poet, playwright, and educator, wrote about the condition of the Detroit Black Community – referred to by him as the DBC – after July 1967 in "Detroit: a young guide to the city". The book was edited by Sheldon Annis and published by Speedball Publications in 1970.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Two plays based on firsthand accounts were performed in 2017. "Detroit '67" presented recollections from five metro Detroiters at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History by the Secret Society of Twisted Storytellers. "AFTER/LIFE", performed at the Joseph Walker Williams Recreation Center, presented the events from the perspectives of women and girls.


title: 1967 Detroit riot

text: Additional resources, including photos, essays and archival material depicting the events of July 1967 are available from several websites listed below:


title: John Lurie

text: John Lurie (born December 14, 1952) is an American musician, painter, actor, director, and producer. He co-founded the Lounge Lizards jazz ensemble; acted in 19 films, including "Stranger than Paradise" and "Down by Law"; composed and performed music for 20 television and film works; and produced, directed, and starred in the "Fishing with John" television series. In 1996 his soundtrack for "Get Shorty" was nominated for a Grammy Award, and his album "The Legendary Marvin Pontiac: Greatest Hits" has been praised by critics and fellow musicians.


title: John Lurie

text: Since 2000, he has suffered from symptoms attributed to chronic Lyme disease and has focused his attention on painting. His art has been shown in galleries and museums around the world. His primitivist painting "Bear Surprise" became an internet meme in Russia in 2006. His new television series, "Painting with John", debuted on HBO in January 2021. Robert Lloyd of Los Angeles Times wrote, ""Painting With John" represents HBO at its most worthwhile: arty and unpredictable.". Lurie's 1980s NYC memoir, "The History of Bones", was published by Penguin Random House in August 2021.


title: John Lurie

text: Lurie was born in Minneapolis and raised with his brother Evan and sister Liz in New Orleans, Louisiana and Worcester, Massachusetts.


title: John Lurie

text: In high school, he played basketball and harmonica and jammed with Mississippi Fred McDowell and Canned Heat in 1968. He briefly played the harmonica in a band from Boston, but soon switched to the guitar and eventually the saxophone.


title: John Lurie

text: After high school, he hitchhiked across the United States to Berkeley, California. He moved to New York City in 1974, then briefly visited London, where he performed his first saxophone solo at the Acme Gallery.


title: John Lurie

text: In 1978 John formed the Lounge Lizards with his brother Evan Lurie on piano; they were the only constant members in the band through numerous lineup changes.


title: John Lurie

text: Robert Palmer of "The New York Times" described the band as "staking out new territory west of Mingus, east of Bernard Herrman." While originally a somewhat satirical "fake jazz" combo spawned by the noisy No Wave music scene, the Lounge Lizards gradually became a showcase for Lurie's increasingly sophisticated compositions. The band had five to eight members. Musicians included, at different times, guitarists Arto Lindsay, Marc Ribot, David Tronzo, Michele Navazio and Danny Blumenthal; cellist Jane Scarpantoni; vibraphonist Bryan Carrott; keyboardist John Medeski; drummers Anton Fier, Grant Calvin Weston and Dougie Bowne; percussionists Billy Martin, E.J. Rodriguez and Ben Perowsky; bassists Erik Sanko, Tony Scherr, Oren Bloedow and Tony Garnier; trumpeter Steven Bernstein; trombonist Curtis Fowlkes and saxophonists Roy Nathanson and Michael Blake. They made music for 20 years.


title: John Lurie

text: In 1999 Lurie released the album "The Legendary Marvin Pontiac: Greatest Hits", a posthumous collection of the work of an African-Jewish musician named Marvin Pontiac, a fictional character Lurie created. It includes a biographical profile describing the troubled genius's hard life, and the cover shows a photograph purported to be one of the few ever taken of him. Lurie wrote the music and performed with John Medeski, Billy Martin, G. Calvin Weston, Marc Ribot, and Tony Scherr. The album received praise from David Bowie, Angelique Kidjo, Iggy Pop, Leonard Cohen and others. On choosing to create a character to whom the album would be fictionally credited, Lurie said in a 2008 interview, "For a long time, I was threatening to do a vocal record. But the idea of me putting out a record where I sang seemed ostentatious or pretentious. Like the music of Telly Savalas . . . I don't sing very well, I was shy about it. As a character, it made it easier."


title: John Lurie

text: Parallel to the final version of the Lounge Lizards in the early 1990s, Lurie formed a smaller group, the John Lurie National Orchestra. Lurie played alto and soprano saxes, Grant Calvin Weston played drums, and Billy Martin performed on congas, timbales, kalimba, and other small percussion. Unlike the tightly-arranged music of the Lounge Lizards, the Orchestra's music was heavily improvised and compositions were credited to all three musicians.


title: John Lurie

text: They released the album "Men With Sticks" (Crammed Discs 1993) and recorded music for the "Fishing With John" TV series. In February 2014 the Orchestra released "The Invention of Animals", a collection of out-of-print studio tracks and unreleased live recordings from the '90s. Columnist Mel Minter wrote:


title: John Lurie

text: This new release may require a reassessment of Lurie the saxophonist because the playing is engagingly fluid, inventive, and visceral—and well worth revisiting. . . . The emotional immediacy of Lurie's playing – and that of his partners – makes for riveting stuff. Think of his sax not so much as a musical instrument, but instead, as a window with a clear view of his soul.


title: John Lurie

text: In 1993 Lurie composed the theme to "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" with Howard Shore. The theme was also used when O'Brien hosted on "The Tonight Show." Lurie formed his own record label in 1998, Strange & Beautiful Music, and released the Lounge Lizards album "Queen of All Ears" and a "Fishing with John" soundtrack.


title: John Lurie

text: Lurie has written scores for over 20 movies, including "Stranger than Paradise", "Down by Law", "Mystery Train", "Clay Pigeons", "Animal Factory", and "Get Shorty", for which he received a Grammy Award nomination.


title: John Lurie

text: In the 1980s, Lurie starred in the Jim Jarmusch films "Stranger Than Paradise" and "Down by Law", and made cameos in the films "Permanent Vacation" and "Downtown 81". He went on to act in other notable films including "Paris, Texas" and "The Last Temptation of Christ". From 2001 to 2003 he starred in the HBO prison series "Oz" as inmate Greg Penders.


title: John Lurie

text: Lurie wrote, directed and starred in the TV series "Fishing with John" in 1991 and 1992, which featured guests Tom Waits, Willem Dafoe, Matt Dillon, Jim Jarmusch, and Dennis Hopper. It aired on IFC and Bravo. It has since become a cult classic and was released on DVD by Criterion.


title: John Lurie

text: In January 2021 Lurie's series "Painting with John" aired on HBO. In June 2021 he announced that a second season of the show was planned and for the first time in 22 years, he was rehearsing music for it.


title: John Lurie

text: Lurie has been painting since the 1970s. Most of his early works are in watercolor and pencil, but in the 2000s he began working in oil. In 2011, he said of his art, "My paintings are a logical development from the ones that were taped to the refrigerator 50 years ago."


title: John Lurie

text: His work has been exhibited since July 2003, when two pieces were shown at the Nolan/Eckman Gallery in New York City. He had his first solo gallery exhibition at Anton Kern Gallery in May and June 2004 and has subsequently been exhibited at Galerie Daniel Blau in Munich, Galerie Lelong in Zürich, the Galerie Gabriel Rolt in Amsterdam, the Basel International Art Fair at Roebling Hall and the P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center in New York, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the NEXT Art Fair in Chicago, the Mudam Luxembourg, the Watari Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo, Gallery Brown in Los Angeles, and the University of the Arts in Philadelphia. The Museum of Modern Art has acquired some of his work for their permanent collection.


title: John Lurie

text: Lurie has released two art books. "Learn To Draw", a compilation of black and white drawings, was published by Walther Konig in June 2006. "A Fine Example of Art" includes over 80 reproductions of his work and was published by powerHouse Books in 2008.


title: John Lurie

text: Lurie's watercolor painting "Bear Surprise" was enormously popular on numerous Russian websites in an Internet meme known as Preved.


title: John Lurie

text: Lurie has never married. He detailed many of his romantic relationships between the 1970s and 1990s in his 2021 memoir "The History of Bones." In August 2010, Lurie was reported to be dating a woman named Jill Goodwin (born c. 1979).


title: John Lurie

text: Lurie became ill with neurological symptoms in 1994, and has experienced debilitating ill health since 2000. At one point he was told he had a year to live. During this time, he wrote in a mad dash until his brain fog got so severe that he had to stop writing.


title: John Lurie

text: He stated in a 2006 interview that he has "Advanced Lyme"—referring to chronic Lyme disease—a controversial diagnosis generally rejected by medical professionals to describe "a broad array of illnesses or symptom complexes for which there is no reproducible or convincing scientific evidence of any relationship to Borrelia burgdorferi infection." He has stated that his diagnosis was received from "eight different purveyors of contemporary medicine" after years of disagreement among his physicians. Lurie's illness prevents him from acting or performing music, so he spends his time painting.


title: John Lurie

text: In August 2010, Tad Friend wrote a piece in "The New Yorker" about Lurie disappearing from New York to avoid a man named John Perry, who Friend said was stalking Lurie. In the online literary magazine "The Rumpus", Rick Moody noted that Friend's profile in "The New Yorker", nominally about Lurie and his art, was two-thirds to three-quarters about Perry, including a full page photo of Perry standing in front of one of his own paintings. Moody described Perry as a deceitful stalker capable of violence and was also critical of Friend's "ungenerous" characterization of Lurie's illness as a "mysterious disease."


title: John Lurie

text: In May 2011 Perry undertook a public hunger strike to protest "The New Yorker" characterizing him as a stalker. Commenting about the protest, Lurie said, "He's conducting a hunger strike a half block from my house to prove he's not a stalker." Lurie described the article as "wildly inaccurate," noting that its publication did not resolve anything and that "the situation continues."


title: John Lurie

text: Editor David Remnick said the piece in his magazine was "thoroughly reported and fact-checked." But in a letter to "The New Yorker" in August 2012, several interviewees claimed their words had been "twisted, misquoted, or ignored," and that "the man presented in the article [Lurie] is not the man that we know." In a February 2014 interview, Lurie told the "Los Angeles Times", "What one would hope is that the beauty in the music and in the paintings can somehow transcend and invalidate the kind of sickness that led to the article being written as it was and the kind of irresponsibility that allowed it to be published."


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: The State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), commonly known as the State Grid, is a Chinese state-owned electric utility corporation. It is the largest utility company in the world, and as of 2022, the world's third largest company overall by revenue, behind Walmart and Amazon.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: In 2022 it was reported as having 871,145 employees, 1.1 billion customers and revenue equivalent to US$460 billion.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: After the electricity Plant-Grid Separation reform in early 2002, the assets of State Electric Power Corporation () were divided into five power generation groups that retained the power plants and five regional subsidiaries belonging to the State Grid Corporation of China in Beijing.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: China began an initiative to reform the country's power sector in a three-stage process in 1986. In the third and final stage in March 2002 the State Council of the People's Republic of China put into effect a plan to restructure the country's electric power system in order to create competition and separate generation and transmission functions. The State Grid Corporation of China was founded on December 29, 2002, when the restructuring divided the former State Power Corporation of China into two grid companies, five generation groups and four accessorial business companies. The two grid companies created were the State Grid Corporation of China and a smaller China Southern Power Grid Company. At its creation, the company had a generation capacity of 6.47 gigawatts.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: In 2003 and progressively so through the early 2000s, electrical shortages caused the government to institute rolling blackouts. The State Grid Corporation estimated there were 1 trillion yuan in losses from 2002 to 2005. The State Grid Corporation of China ran the first 1,000-kilovolt alternating current power line between Northern Shanxi and center Hubei in January 2009. In 2012 it began operation of an 800-kilovolt direct current line that sends hydropower from western Sichuan to Shanghai. It also has an alternating current loop line in the Yangtze River delta, and three longitudinal alternating current lines that bring power to Southern China from the Northern region.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: The State Grid Corporation was involved in a multi-phase smart-grid project for China's electrical grid planned for 2011–2015. China's smart grid efforts are different from those in the United States in that its plans heavily use ultra high voltage (UHV) lines. Several UHV construction projects began in 2012 to bring UHV power lines across Huainan, Wannan, and Shanghai and another from Xilingol League to Nanjing. By 2015, the company planned to have three more horizontal UHV lines through West Inner Mongolia to Weifang, from Central Shanxi–Xuzhou to Yaan–southern Anhui and 11 other lines by 2015.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: On October 29, 2014, The Central Commission for Discipline Inspection declared that the general manager of State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power, Feng Jun, was detained in an anti-graft operation overseen by the commission. In 2017, his assets (worth 53 million yuan) were seized, and he was sentenced to life in prison.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: On December 12, 2007, two consortia bid for a 25-year license to run the Philippines power grid—privatization of the management of the Philippine government-owned National Transmission Corporation (TransCo), the consortium of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp., led by businessman Enrique Razon, comprising the State Grid Corporation of China, and Calaca High Power Corp., won an auction conducted by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the highest offer of $3.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding San Miguel Energy, a unit of the Filipino San Miguel Corporation (bid of $3.905 billion), Dutch firm TPG Aurora BV, and Malaysia's TNB Prai Sdn Bhd. This started the transition period for the turnover of operations and maintenance of the Philippine power grid from TransCo to the resulting consortium (National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP)).


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: On February 28, 2008, TransCo's concession agreement with NGCP was executed and became effective. The agreement between NGCP and TransCo was signed by TransCo president Arthur Aguilar, PSALM president Jose Ibazeta, and NGCP directors Walter Brown, Elmer Pedregosa and Du Zhigang. In November of that same year, Congress approved bicameral resolution granting franchise to NGCP to manage and operate its transmission facilities nationwide. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Republic Act 9511 which granted NGCP to operate and manage the country's power grid in December 2008.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: On January 15, 2009, TransCo turned over the operations, maintenance, and management of the transmission system to NGCP which marked the start of the 25-year concession period and franchise and renewable for another 25 years with a total of 50 years, and ended the transition period for the privatization of the operations and maintenance of the power grid. The franchise and concession period will end on December 1, 2058.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: In Portugal, State Grid has a 25% stake in REN since the second stage of its privatization (in 2012–2014).


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: In Australia, State Grid owns a 41% stake in ElectraNet, a 19.9% stake in AusNet Services, and 60% stake in Jemena.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: In Brazil, State Grid acquired the control of CPFL Energia S.A. for the equivalent of US$3.4 billion in 2017.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

text: In Chile, State Grid acquired Chilquinta Energía, the third-largest distributor of electricity in Chile, and Tecnored SA, which provides construction services to Chilquinta, from U.S. power company Sempra Energy. The deal was closed on June 24, 2020. On 13 November 2020, it was announced that State Grid had reached an agreement to acquire Compañia General de Electricidad (CGE), the largest distribution of electricity in this country.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Keenan Alexander Allen (born April 27, 1992) is an American football wide receiver for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at California before leaving after his junior year. He was drafted by the Chargers in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft. Allen won multiple rookie honors after setting Chargers' records for receptions and receiving yards by a rookie. In 2017, he was named the NFL Comeback Player of the Year.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Allen attended Grimsley Senior High School and then Northern Guilford High School in Greensboro, North Carolina, where he played football, basketball, and ran track. In football, he was a standout on both sides of the ball for the Nighthawks football team. He was a 2009 high school All-American, selected by "USA Today" and "Parade", and also played in U.S. Army All-American Bowl, returning one punt for 33 yards as well as one kickoff also for 33 yards.


title: Keenan Allen

text: In track & field, Allen was a state qualifier in the long jump (top-jump of 7.01 meters). As a senior, he competed in sprints. He took 24th in the 400-meter dash event at the 2010 PTFCA State Meet, with a time of 51.60 seconds. He also competed in the 100-meter dash, recording a personal-best time of 11.2 seconds. In addition, he was also timed at 4.56 seconds in the 40-yard dash.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Allen was regarded as a five-star recruit by Rivals.com and Scout.com, and was widely considered the top defensive back in the nation. Allen initially committed to the University of Alabama to play safety, but switched his commitment to the University of California, Berkeley in order to play wide receiver and play with his half brother, Zach Maynard.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Allen attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he started at wide receiver for the California Golden Bears football team from 2010 to 2012. As a freshman in the 2010 season, he had 46 receptions for 490 yards and five touchdowns. As a sophomore in the 2011 season, Allen had a career-high 98 catches for 1,343 yards. As a junior in the 2012 season, he had 61 receptions for 737 yards and six touchdowns. He left Cal after his junior season having caught a school-record 205 passes, for 2,570 yards (third in school history) and 25 touchdowns (seventh).


title: Keenan Allen

text: Due to a posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) sprain he sustained during the 2012 season, Allen did not work out at the NFL Scouting Combine, but did run routes at Cal's Pro Day. Keenan Allen was described by draft pundits as one of the best receivers in the 2013 NFL draft, estimating that he would be picked in the latter half of the first round.


title: Keenan Allen

text: On April 9, 2013, Allen attended his own pro day, where he showed his route-running skills and catching abilities to numerous scouts and reporters. Due to the aforementioned PCL sprain, he was not at peak performance, leading to a 4.71-second time in the 40-yard dash. Allen noted that he was only at 80% health on the pro day. This led to a drop in his projected draft position.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Allen was drafted in the third round, 76th overall, by the San Diego Chargers in the 2013 NFL Draft, though the team already had solid depth at the wide receiver position. He was the highest selected wide receiver from Cal since DeSean Jackson in 2008. Allen had been on General Manager Tom Telesco's radar for a while. In 2011, Telesco attended Cal’s game against USC at San Francisco’s AT&T Park where Allen enjoyed one of the most prolific days of his career that evening, catching a career-best 13 passes for 160 yards.


title: Keenan Allen

text: On May 9, 2013, Allen signed a four-year, $2.81 million contract with the Chargers, which included a $613,800 signing bonus.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Allen struggled at times during training camp. Teammate and veteran tight end Antonio Gates envisioned that Allen in 2013 would play behind Eddie Royal, Vincent Brown, Malcom Floyd, and Danario Alexander. Although Alexander suffered a season-ending injury in the preseason, Allen did not participate in any offensive plays in San Diego's season opening loss to the Houston Texans. Unaccustomed to being a reserve player, he considered quitting football and returning to school to complete his degree. He began receiving playing time the following week against the Philadelphia Eagles when Floyd suffered a season-ending injury. On October 6, 2013, against the Oakland Raiders, Allen had his first 100-yard game as an NFL receiver, having six catches for 115 yards and a touchdown. The next week, in a win against the Indianapolis Colts on "Monday Night Football", Allen recorded nine catches for 107 yards and a touchdown. In Week 14, he broke the franchise record for receptions in a rookie season, surpassing LaDainian Tomlinson, with 61 with three weeks remaining in the regular season.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Allen finished the season leading all NFL rookies with 71 receptions, and led the team with 1,046 receiving yards—which also broke the Chargers rookie record of 1,001 set by John Jefferson in 1978. Only five other rookies had ever had more receiving yards in league history, while his eight touchdowns tied him for third all-time with six other rookies. He also set a Chargers rookie record with five 100-yard games in a season, and he tied Royal for the team lead in touchdowns. Four times during the season Allen was voted the NFL Rookie of the Week, and he was named NFL Rookie of the Year by "Sporting News" over runner-up Eddie Lacy. While the Pro Football Writers Association (PFWA) named running back Lacy their 2013 Rookie of the Year, they also named Allen their Offensive Rookie of the Year. Allen was runner-up to Lacy for the Offensive Rookie of the Year by the Associated Press (AP), considered by the NFL to be its official award. In a vote by fans, Allen was named Pepsi NEXT NFL Rookie of the Year. Many experts came to view Allen's being drafted in the third round as a steal by San Diego; seven other wide receivers were taken before him. ESPN wrote in December that "Allen has performed like a first-round talent." The Chargers qualified for the playoffs that season. In the , they defeated the Cincinnati Bengals by a score of 27–10. They advanced to the , when Allen caught two touchdowns during a comeback attempt in the fourth quarter of a 24–17 loss to the Denver Broncos. He finished with six receptions for 142 yards, becoming just the second rookie in NFL history to gain 100 receiving yards and score two touchdowns in a playoff game.


title: Keenan Allen

text: In Week 4 of the 2014 season, Allen established a career-high of 10 receptions for 135 yards in a 33–14 win over the Jacksonville Jaguars. During Week 12 against the Baltimore Ravens, he recorded two touchdowns and 121 receiving yards contributing to the Chargers win. He missed the last two games of the season after suffering a broken right collarbone against the Denver Broncos in Week 15. He finished the season with 77 receptions for 783 yards and four touchdowns.


title: Keenan Allen

text: In the season-opening 33–28 victory over the Detroit Lions, Allen had 15 receptions for 166 yards, tying Kellen Winslow's franchise record for most receptions in a game. The next week, Allen struggled all game to get open, finishing with two receptions for 16 yards. However, the following week Allen caught both of the Chargers touchdowns and had 12 receptions for 133 yards in a losing attempt against the Minnesota Vikings. Against the Cleveland Browns, Allen had four receptions for 72 yards and a diving touchdown grab.


title: Keenan Allen

text: On November 3, the Chargers announced that Allen would miss the rest of the season after suffering a kidney injury. Overall, he finished the 2015 season with 67 receptions for 725 receiving yards and four touchdowns.


title: Keenan Allen

text: On June 10, 2016, Allen agreed to a four-year, $45 million contract extension with the Chargers. In the 2016 season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs, Allen was down on the field in pain with less than two minutes to go in the first half, and was carted off the field. He was diagnosed with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and missed the rest of the season.


title: Keenan Allen

text: On September 11, 2017, in the season opener against the Denver Broncos on "Monday Night Football", Allen returned from his injury and had five receptions for 35 yards and a touchdown in the 24–21 loss. In Week 2, against the Miami Dolphins, Allen had nine receptions for 100 yards for his 13th career game with at least 100 yards and the first such since Week 6 of the 2015 season. In Week 11, in a 54–24 victory over the Buffalo Bills, he had 12 receptions for 159 receiving yards and two touchdowns. On Thanksgiving Day, during Week 12 against the Dallas Cowboys, Allen finished with 172 receiving yards and a touchdown as the Chargers won 28–6. In Week 13, Allen became the first player in NFL history to record three consecutive games of 10+ catches, 100+ receiving yards, and at least one touchdown. On December 19, 2017, Allen was named to his first Pro Bowl. Allen finished the season, his first where he played 16 regular season games, with 102 receptions for 1,393 yards and six touchdowns. His 102 receptions finished fourth in the league. He passed LaDainian Tomlinson (100) for the most in a season in Chargers history. His 1,393 receiving yards finished third in the league behind Antonio Brown and Julio Jones and were second most in a season in Chargers history behind Lance Alworth. He was named the NFL Comeback Player of the Year after an impressive 2017 season coming back from a torn ACL in 2016. He was ranked 41st by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Allen started off the season off with eight receptions for 108 yards and a touchdown against the Kansas City Chiefs. On November 4, against the Seattle Seahawks, he had six receptions for 124 yards. Following the Seahawks game, he went on a stretch of five consecutive games with a receiving touchdown. His best game in that stretch was a 14-catch, 148-yard game against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Overall, he finished the 2018 season with 97 receptions for 1,196 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns. In the , he had four receptions for 37 yards in the 23–17 win over the Baltimore Ravens. In the loss to the New England Patriots, he had two receptions for 75 yards and a touchdown. He earned a second Pro Bowl nomination. He was ranked 38th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: Keenan Allen

text: In the season-opener against the Indianapolis Colts, Allen caught eight passes for 123 yards and his first touchdown of the season in the 30–24 overtime win. Two weeks later against the Houston Texans, Allen caught 13 passes for 183 yards and two touchdowns as the Chargers lost 27–20. He finished the season with a franchise record 104 catches for 1,199 yards and six touchdowns. He earned a Pro Bowl nomination for the third consecutive season. He was ranked 77th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.


title: Keenan Allen

text: On September 5, 2020, Allen signed a four-year, $80.1 million contract extension with the Chargers. In Week 3, he recorded 13 receptions for 132 receiving yards and one touchdown in the 21–16 loss to the Carolina Panthers. In Week 7 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had ten receptions for 125 yards in the 39–29 victory. In Week 9 against the Las Vegas Raiders, Allen recorded 9 catches for 103 yards and a touchdown during the 31–26 loss. In Week 11 against the New York Jets, Allen recorded 16 catches for 145 yards and a touchdown during the 34–28 win. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Chargers on December 31, 2020, and activated on January 7, 2021. He earned a Pro Bowl nomination for the fourth consecutive season. He was ranked 55th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: Keenan Allen

text: In the 2021 season, Allen finished with 106 receptions for 1,128 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns. He had four games with at least 100 receiving yards. He earned a Pro Bowl nomination for the fifth consecutive season. He was ranked 35th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Allen is Lumbee and is the younger half-brother of quarterback Zach Maynard, who also played at Cal. The two combined for the longest pass play in school history when they hooked up on a 90-yard score against the Washington Huskies. They share a mother, Dorie Maynard-Lang, and Maynard's biological father, Scott Lang, is Allen's stepfather. Allen's cousin, Maurice Harris, is a former NFL wide receiver, with the two being teammates in high school and college.


title: Keenan Allen

text: Allen is childhood friend of former cornerback David Amerson, who was selected in the 2013 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Ann Marie Blyth (born August 16, 1928) is an American retired actress and singer. For her performance as Veda in the 1945 Michael Curtiz film "Mildred Pierce", Blyth was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She is one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood cinema, and became the earliest surviving Academy Award nominee upon the death of Angela Lansbury in October 2022.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Anne Marie Blythe (she later dropped the "e" from her first name and surname) was born in Mount Kisco, New York, on August 16, 1928. After her father left the family, her elder sister (Dorothy), their mother, and she moved to a walk-up apartment on East 31st Street in New York City, where her mother took in ironing.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Blyth performed on children's radio shows in New York for six years, making her first appearance when she was five. When she was nine, she joined the New York Children's Opera Company.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Her first acting role was on Broadway in Lillian Hellman's "Watch on the Rhine" (from 1941 until 1942). She played the part of Paul Lukas's daughter, Babette. The play ran for 378 performances, and won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award. After the New York run, the play went on tour, and while performing at the Biltmore Theatre in Los Angeles, Blyth was offered a contract with Universal Studios.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Blyth began her acting career initially as "Anne Blyth", but changed the spelling of her first name to "Ann" at the beginning of her film career. She made her film debut in 1944, teamed with Donald O'Connor and Peggy Ryan in the teenager musical "Chip Off the Old Block" (1944). She followed it with two similar films: "The Merry Monahans" (1944), with O'Connor and Ryan again, and "Babes on Swing Street" (1944) with Ryan. She had a supporting role in the bigger-budgeted "Bowery to Broadway" (1944), a showcase of Universal musical talent.


title: Ann Blyth

text: On loan to Warner Brothers, Blyth was cast "against type" as Veda Pierce, the scheming, ungrateful daughter of Joan Crawford in "Mildred Pierce" (1945). Her dramatic portrayal won her outstanding reviews, and she received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Blyth was only 16 when she made the Michael Curtiz film. (Crawford won the Best Actress award for that film).


title: Ann Blyth

text: After "Mildred Pierce", Blyth sustained a broken back while tobogganing in Snow Valley and was not able to fully capitalize on the film's success.


title: Ann Blyth

text: She recovered and made two films for Mark Hellinger's unit at Universal: "Swell Guy" (1946), with Sonny Tufts, and Jules Dassin's "Brute Force" (1947) with Burt Lancaster. During this time, her father died. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer lent her to play the female lead in "Killer McCoy" (1947), a boxing film with Mickey Rooney that was a box-office hit.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Back at Universal, Blyth did a film noir with Charles Boyer and Jessica Tandy, "A Woman's Vengeance" (1948), affecting a British accent. She was then cast in the part of Regina Hubbard in Lillian Hellman's "Another Part of the Forest" (1948), an adaptation of the 1946 play wherein Regina had been played by Patricia Neal. The play was a prequel to "The Little Foxes". Blyth followed it with "Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid" (1948) with William Powell. She was top-billed in "Red Canyon" (1949), a Western with Howard Duff.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Paramount lent Blyth to play the female lead in "Top o' the Morning" (1949), as Barry Fitzgerald's daughter, who is romanced by Bing Crosby. It was the first time she sang on screen. Back at Universal, she was teamed with Robert Montgomery in "Once More, My Darling" (1949), meaning she had to drop out of "Desert Legion". She did a comedy with Robert Cummings, "Free for All" (1949). In April 1949, Universal suspended her for refusing a lead role in "Abandoned" (1949). Gale Storm played it.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Sam Goldwyn lent her to star opposite Farley Granger in "Our Very Own" (1950). Universal gave her top billing in a romantic comedy, "Katie Did It" (1951). Blyth was borrowed by MGM for "The Great Caruso" (1951) opposite Mario Lanza, which was a massive box-office hit. She made "Thunder on the Hill" (1951) with Claudette Colbert and had the female lead in "The Golden Horde" (1951) with David Farrar. 20th Century Fox lent her to star opposite Tyrone Power in "I'll Never Forget You" (1952), a last-minute replacement for Constance Smith. She appeared on TV in "Family Theater" in an episode called "The World's Greatest Mother" alongside Ethel Barrymore.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Universal teamed Blyth with Gregory Peck in "The World in His Arms" (1952). She was top-billed in the comedy "Sally and Saint Anne" (1952) and was borrowed by RKO for "One Minute to Zero" (1952), a Korean War drama with Robert Mitchum, wherein she replaced Claudette Colbert, who came down with pneumonia.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had been interested in Blyth since she worked at the studio on "The Great Caruso". In December 1952, she left Universal and signed a long-term contract with MGM. She was the leading lady in "All the Brothers Were Valiant" (1953) with Stewart Granger and Robert Taylor, stepping in for Elizabeth Taylor, who had to drop out due to pregnancy.


title: Ann Blyth

text: On television, she appeared in "The Lux Video Theatre" version of "A Place in the Sun" with John Derek and Marilyn Erskine. Back at MGM, Blyth had the lead in the remake of "Rose Marie" (1954) with Howard Keel, which earned over $5 million, but lost money due to high costs. Plans to remake other MacDonald-Eddy films (such as "The Girl of the Golden West") were discussed, but did not work out.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Blyth was meant to be reteamed with Lanza in "The Student Prince" (1954), but he was fired from the studio and replaced in the picture by Edmund Purdom; the film did well at the box office. Blyth and Purdom were reunited in a swashbuckler, "The King's Thief" (1955), with David Niven. She was teamed again with Keel on the musical "Kismet" (1955); despite strong reviews, the film was a financial flop. She was named as the female lead in "The Adventures of Quentin Durward" (1955), but Kay Kendall was cast in the film, instead. For her final picture at the studio, MGM put Blyth in "Slander" (1957) opposite Van Johnson.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Sidney Sheldon cast Blyth in "The Buster Keaton Story" (1957) with O'Connor at Paramount. Warner Bros. then cast her in the title role of "The Helen Morgan Story" (1957) directed by Michael Curtiz with Paul Newman. Blyth reportedly beat 40 other actors for the part. Though her voice was more like the original Helen Morgan, her vocals were dubbed by Gogi Grant. That soundtrack was much more successful than the film itself. Blyth made no further films.


title: Ann Blyth

text: From the late 1950s into the 1970s, Blyth worked in musical theater and summer stock, starring in the shows "The King and I", "The Sound of Music", and "Show Boat". She also appeared sporadically on television, including co-starring opposite James Donald in the 1960 adaptation of A.J. Cronin's novel, "The Citadel".


title: Ann Blyth

text: She guest-starred on episodes of "The DuPont Show with June Allyson", "The Dick Powell Theatre", "Saints and Sinners", "Wagon Train" (several episodes), "The Twilight Zone" ("Queen of the Nile"), "Burke's Law", "Kraft Suspense Theatre", "Insight", and "The Name of the Game". Several of these appearances were for Four Star Television, with whom Blyth signed a multiple-appearance contract. Blyth became a spokesperson for Hostess Cupcakes.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Her last television appearances were in episodes of "Switch" and "Quincy, M.E." in 1983 and "Murder, She Wrote" in 1985. She then officially retired.


title: Ann Blyth

text: For her contributions to the film industry, Blyth has a motion picture star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6733 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Ann Blyth

text: Blyth performed live in concert tours for many years with Harper MacKay serving as her accompanist and music director.


title: Ann Blyth

text: In the December 1952 edition of "Motion Picture and Television Magazine", Blyth stated in an interview that she was a Republican who had endorsed Dwight D. Eisenhower for president, the month before during the 1952 presidential election.


title: Ann Blyth

text: In 1953, Blyth married obstetrician James McNulty, brother of singer Dennis Day, who had introduced them. The bridesmaids were actresses Joan Leslie, Jane Withers, and Betty Lynn. The couple received a special commendation from the Pope. After her marriage, Blyth took a hiatus from her career to focus on raising their five children. In 1955, an armed man who had written her fan letters was arrested near her house.


title: Ann Blyth

text: In 1973, McNulty and she, both Catholics, were accorded the honorific rank of Lady and Knight of the Holy Sepulchre in a ceremony presided over by Cardinal Cooke.


title: Ann Blyth

text: In 2003, she was the recipient of the Living Legacy Award by the Women's International Center in 2003.


title: TASS

text: The Russian News Agency TASS (, or Information agency of Russia), abbreviated TASS (), is a major Russian state-owned news agency founded in 1904. TASS is the largest Russian news agency and one of the largest news agencies worldwide.


title: TASS

text: TASS is registered as a Federal State Unitary Enterprise, owned by the Government of Russia. Headquartered in Moscow, TASS has 70 offices in Russia and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as 68 bureaus around the world.


title: TASS

text: In Soviet times, it was named the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union () and was the central agency for news collection and distribution for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the agency was renamed Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (ITAR-TASS) () in 1992, but regained the simpler TASS name in 2014.


title: TASS

text: The origin of TASS dates back to December 1902 when it began operations as the Commercial Telegraph Agency (TTA, Torgovo-Telegrafnoe Agentstvo) under the Ministry of Finance, with Torgovo-Promyshlennaya Gazeta's staff being the main supplier of journalists. As the demand for non-business began during the first battles of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904, the agency had to change its name to the St. Petersburg Telegraph Agency (SPTA). As there was no change of headquarters and almost no change in its staff and function, it was a mere rebranding.


title: TASS

text: In August 1914, one day after St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd, SPTA was renamed the Petrograd Telegraph Agency (PTA). It was seized by Bolsheviks in November 1917 and by December was renamed as the Central Information Agency of the Soviet Russian Council of People's Commissars. On 7 September 1918, the presidium renamed PTA and the Press bureau into the Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA), which became "the central information agency of the whole Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic".


title: TASS

text: In July 1925 the "Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (Телеграфное агентство Советского Союза, Telegrafnoye agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza, TASS)" was established by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and took over the duties of the ROSTA as the country's central information agency. TASS enjoyed "exclusive right to gather and distribute information outside the Soviet Union, as well as the right to distribute foreign and domestic information within the Soviet Union, and manage the news agencies of the Soviet republics". Official state information was delivered as the "TASS Report" (, "Soobshchyeniye TASS").


title: TASS

text: TASS included affiliated news agencies in all 14 Soviet republics in addition to Russia: RATAU (Ukrainian SSR, now Ukrinform), BelTA (Byelorussian SSR), ETA (Estonian SSR), Latinform (Latvian SSR, now LETA), ELTA (Lithuanian SSR), ATEM (Moldavian SSR, now Moldpres), Armenpress (Armenian SSR), Gruzinform (Georgian SSR), Azerinform (Azerbaijan SSR, now AZERTAC), UzTAG (Uzbek SSR, now UzA), KazTAG (Kazakh SSR, now Kazinform), KyrTAG (Kyrgyz SSR, now Kabar), Turkmeninform (Turkmen SSR, now TDH) and TajikTA (Tajik SSR, now Khovar). Over the history other affiliates existed, e.g. KarelfinTAG for the Karelo-Finnish SSR. In addition to producing reports for general consumption, TASS produced packages of content for non-public use. Western news reports and potentially embarrassing domestic news would be compiled daily into a collection known as "White Tass," and particularly important news would be compiled into a smaller collection known as "Red Tass." These collections were made available only to journalistic and political leaders, and to top journalists and political leaders, respectively.


title: TASS

text: In 1961 Ria Novosti was created to supplement TASS, mainly in foreign reporting and human-interest stories. After 1971, TASS was elevated to the status of State Committee at the Government of the Soviet Union.


title: TASS

text: The agency was frequently used as a front organization by the Soviet intelligence agencies, such as the NKVD (later KGB) and Main Intelligence Directorate, with TASS employees serving as informants. In 1959, Alexander Alexeyev was dispatched to Cuba on a fact-finding mission, ostensibly working for TASS. Former Georgetown University professor James David Atkinson stated that TASS was an "effective propaganda medium" but that it concentrated "more heavily on espionage than on other activities." TASS frequently served as a vector for Soviet active measures.


title: TASS

text: In January 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a Presidential Decree signed by Boris Yeltsin re-defined status of TASS and renamed it the "Information Telegraph Agency of Russia". In May 1994 The Russian Government adopted a resolution ""On approval of the Charter of the Information Telegraph Agency of Russia"", under which it operates as a central government news agency. The TASS acronym was, by this point, well-recognized around the world and so was retained after being redefined as the "Telegraph agency of communication and messages" (). The agency as a whole was referred to as "ITAR-TASS".


title: TASS

text: TASS multi-media press center is a communication floor in the heart of Moscow. Every year it hosts some 300 events featuring high-ranking Russian officials, foreign heads of state, leaders of main political parties, representatives of the world of arts and culture, scientists and sporting personalities as well as managers of Russian and foreign business enterprises. TASS press centers also operate in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk.


title: TASS

text: TASS is a media partner of high-profile conferences, forums and exhibitions in Russia and abroad. The agency organized the first News Agencies World Congress (NAWC) in 2004.


title: TASS

text: TASS is headquartered in a building in the Soviet brutalist style built in 1977. In November 2021, an association of Russian architects criticized plans by Moscow city authorities to renovate the building without due regard for the preservation of its historic appearance.


title: TASS

text: As of March 2022, examples of propagation of disinformation in relation to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine are as follows:


Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III is a 1990 American slasher film directed by Jeff Burr and is the third installment of the "Texas Chainsaw Massacre" series. The film stars Kate Hodge, William Butler, Ken Foree, Tom Hudson, Viggo Mortensen, Joe Unger, and R.A. Mihailoff as Leatherface. The film follows Leatherface and his cannibalistic family stalking a motorist couple in the backroads of Texas.


title: Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III

text: The film was distributed by New Line Cinema, who bought the rights to the series from The Cannon Group after producing "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2". Initially, this film was given an X-rating by the Motion Picture Association of America, which limited the studio's release possibilities. After the studio made cuts, it was re-rated R, and New Line released it on January 12, 1990. It was refused classification in the UK upon its initial release. It has since been released on home video in both unrated and rated versions, and a cut version was accepted with an 18 certificate in the UK.


text: The film was both a critical and commercial failure, grossing $5.7 million at the US box office, making it the poorest performing film in the series at the time, until the release of its sequel "" in 1995.


text: Leatherface kills a young woman, Gina, and cuts off her face to make it into a mask while Gina's sister Sara watches from a nearby window. Sometime later, a couple traveling through Texas, Michelle and Ryan, reach the Last Chance Gas Station, where they meet a hitchhiker named Tex and the station's owner Alfredo. A fight soon breaks out between Tex and Alfredo when Tex finds Alfredo spying on Michelle as she uses the station restroom. As Michelle and Ryan flee in their car, they witness Alfredo apparently killing Tex with a shotgun. When Ryan and Michelle become lost, the driver of a large truck throws a dead coyote at their windshield. As Ryan changes the car's flat tire, Leatherface appears and ambushes them, but they manage to drive off unscathed.


text: Afterward, Michelle, Ryan, and another driver, a survivalist named Benny, crash when a bloodied Tex leaps in front of the car. Michelle, Ryan, and Benny decide to find Tex. On the way, Benny discovers a hook-handed man named Tinker, who offers his assistance in setting down road flares. Benny soon realizes Tinker's real intentions after he finds a damaged chainsaw in the back of his truck. He flees and encounters Leatherface, but is saved by Sara, who had earlier escaped Leatherface. Benny learns that Sara's entire family was killed, and that Leatherface and his family are watching the roads. Benny hears Michelle and Ryan calling for him and leaves Sara; Leatherface kills her with his chainsaw a short time later. Leatherface then attacks Michelle and Ryan, capturing the latter when he gets caught in a bear trap.


text: Escaping, Michelle locates a house and is captured by Tex, revealed to be one of the Sawyers, who brings her into the kitchen and introduces her to the already deceased and decomposed "Grandpa". Tinker then drags in the badly injured Ryan, whom he and Tex suspend upside-down with a pair of meat hooks. When Leatherface returns home, Tex equips him with a large golden chainsaw with the words "The saw is family" engraved on it. In the woods, Benny finds Alfredo and apparently kills him. As the family prepare for dinner in the kitchen, the Little Girl kills Ryan. Leatherface prepares to kill Michelle as well, but Benny opens fire on the house with an automatic rifle, killing Anne and presumably Tinker. Michelle escapes and flees to the woods, pursued by Leatherface, while Benny kills Tex. Benny rushes to Michelle's aid, but Leatherface apparently kills him. In revenge, Michelle apparently kills Leatherface.


text: As dawn breaks, Michelle reaches the main road, before Alfredo's pickup truck, driven by a surviving Benny, stops in front of her. As Benny helps her into the truck, Alfredo appears and attacks him. Benny avoids Alfredo's attacks, and Michelle kills Alfredo before the pair drive away, unaware that a surviving Leatherface is revving his chainsaw some distance away.


text: After the success of the "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise, New Line Cinema bought the rights to "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" from The Cannon Group with the intention of turning it into a new series. New Line CEO Bob Shaye hoped to move on from the comedic tone of "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2" and bring the series back to its gritty roots and project the title character Leatherface as the primary star, above that of his cannibalistic family. The studio fast-tracked development and shot a teaser trailer, supposedly with Kane Hodder as Leatherface, before a director was even hired. Producer Michael De Luca hired novelist David J. Schow, who was reworking the studio's "" at the time, to pen the script. Tom Savini and Peter Jackson were considered to direct before Jonathan Betuel was eventually hired as director. Betuel departed the project for unstated reasons leading to the studio hiring "Stepfather II" filmmaker Jeff Burr to direct the film. New Line began scouting locations in July 1989. In a statement, they said they were "going back to hard-core horror". Burr wanted Gunnar Hansen to return to the role of Leatherface but the parties couldn't come to an agreement on financial remuneration. Burr turned to his colleague R.A. Mihailoff to audition for the role after Hansen was out. Viggo Mortensen was cast by Burr after being impressed with his performance in "Prison".


text: Shooting took place in Valencia, California at the end of July 1989. The director intended to film on 16 mm in Texas, but set construction had already begun in California prior to Burr signing on. With production going over schedule and over budget, the studio fired Burr one week into production, but with no one else to replace him, the studio rehired Burr. During production, a wildfire destroyed several locations and crew members would quit on set. Filming also supposedly took place less than a mile from a Six Flags, leading to screaming being heard during certain scenes of the finished film. The aforementioned Kane Hodder served as stunt coordinator for the film and as a stunt double for Mihailoff.


text: The film gained a certain amount of notoriety prior to release due to a battle between New Line Cinema and the MPAA, which initially rated the film an X because of its graphic violence. It was the final film to receive this rating before the MPAA replaced X with NC-17. Burr cited as issues involved that the studio was independent, "Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2" had been released unrated, and the film's grim tone. The studio eventually relented and trimmed the more graphic elements. Burr said that the film's negatives themselves were cut to maintain the film's release deadline. The film was rejected by the British Board of Film Classification upon submission for theatrical release in 1990, and the trimmed version gained an 18 certificate when submitted for video in 2004. A total of 4 minutes and 18 seconds was cut in order to gain MPAA approval.


text: "Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III" was originally slated for a November 3, 1989 theatrical release and a comedic teaser trailer made of original footage that directly parodies the lady of the lake scene from "Excalibur" was released in the summer of 1989. However, the release date was soon pushed to the following year and it opened in 1,107 theaters on January 12, 1990, grossing $2,692,087 in its opening weekend, ranking a low number 11, with an average gross of $2,431 per theater.


text: The film saw a 56.2% drop in its second weekend, grossing $1,442,554 with a total domestic gross of $5,765,562.


text: In 2003, New Line Home Entertainment released the film in both R-rated and unrated versions on DVD. The DVD's special features include an audio commentary with Jeff Burr, Gregory Nicotero, R.A. Mihailoff, David J. Schow, William Butler, and Mark Odesky, a featurette entitled "The Saw is Family: The Making of Leatherface"; as well as a compilation of unrestored, raw and deleted scenes, along with an explanation from Jeff Burr as to why these scenes did not make the final cut; the original ending of the film was also included on the DVD. It was released the film in unrated version on Blu-ray on February 13, 2018, as part of the "Warner Brothers Archive Collection" label.


text: The film received mostly negative reviews upon its initial release. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 19% based on 16 reviews with an average rating of 4.06/10. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews". Richard Harrington of "The Washington Post" blamed the failure of the film on the edits that were made to get the film an R-rating, stating "They shot an X film, but edited it down to an R to satisfy the MPAA ratings board. Whether that was just a publicity ploy or not, the lack of hard-core gore in this latest installment is quite noticeable." Chris Parcillian of "Film Threat" called it "Just another generic slasher flick with nothing beyond the Leatherface connection to recommend it to discerning fans." Mark Kermode of "Time Out" called it "a relentlessly sadistic and worryingly amusing movie, which will entertain and offend in equal measure". Michael Wilmington of the "Los Angeles Times" called it "vapid "deja vu"". Ryan Turek of "Shock Till You Drop" called the film unremarkable but fondly remembered by horror fans who were starved for theatrical releases. "Bloody Disgusting" rated it 4/5 stars and wrote, "As you may have guessed the movie has its flaws, but besides that I think it’s damn entertaining." Leonard Maltin gave the film 1 out of a possible 4 stars, noting that cuts to the film had severely damaged its overall coherence.


text: Mezco Toyz planned to release a Leatherface figure from the film in November 2010, but the release was eventually canceled. NECA debuted an 8-inch retro-style "Texas Chainsaw Massacre III" Leatherface action figure at Toy Fair 2017, made widely available in September 2017.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: The Texas Hill Country is a geographic region of Central and South Texas, forming the southeast part of the Edwards Plateau. Given its location, climate, terrain, and vegetation, the Hill Country can be considered the border between the American Southeast and Southwest. The region represents the very remote rural countryside of Central Texas, but also is home to growing suburban neighborhoods and affluent retirement communities.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: The region is notable for its karst topography and tall rugged hills of limestone or granite. Many of the hills rise to a height of above the surrounding plains and valleys, with Packsaddle Mountain rising to a height of above the Llano River in Kingsland. The Hill Country also includes the Llano Uplift and the second-largest granite dome in the United States, Enchanted Rock. The terrain throughout the region is characterized by a thin layer of topsoil and many exposed rocks and boulders, making the region very dry and prone to flash flooding. Native vegetation in the region includes various yucca, prickly pear cactus, desert spoon, and wildflowers in the Llano Uplift. The predominant trees in the region are Ashe juniper and Texas live oak.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: Bound on the east by the Balcones Escarpment, the Hill Country reaches into the far northern portions of San Antonio and the western portions of Travis County including the cities of Austin and Lago Vista. As a result of springs discharging water stored in the Edwards Aquifer, several cities such as Austin, San Marcos, and New Braunfels were settled at the base of the Balcones Escarpment. , the region's economy was one of the fastest growing in the United States.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: According to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, these 25 counties are included in the Hill Country Wildlife District:


title: Texas Hill Country

text: During the American Civil War, due to its large, pro-Union, German immigrant population, the Texas Hill Country was opposed to Texas seceding from the Union. Subsequently, in the three quarters of a century following Reconstruction, the core of the Hill Country generally provided the solitary support base for the Republican Party in what became a one-party Democratic state.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: Even when no Republicans were in the Texas Legislature during the 1930s and 1940s, Gillespie and Kendall Counties backed every Republican Presidential nominee barring Herbert Hoover’s failed 1932 re-election campaign, and Republicans continued to control local government. Guadalupe and Comal Counties were less Republican, but still did not vote for Democratic nominees outside the 1912, 1932, 1936, and 1964 landslides. The region was also the only one in antebellum slave states to back the insurgent candidacy of Robert La Follette in 1924; in fact, Comal was La Follette’s top county in the nation with 73.96% of the vote, and Gillespie and Comal were the only counties south of the Mason–Dixon line to give a plurality to his “Progressive” ticket.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: Because of its karst topography, the area also features a number of caverns, such as Inner Space Caverns, Natural Bridge Caverns, Bracken Cave, Longhorn Cavern State Park, Cascade Caverns, Caverns of Sonora and Cave Without a Name. The deeper caverns of the area form several aquifers, which serve as a source of drinking water for its residents. Wonder Cave in San Marcos was formed by an earthquake along the Balcones Fault. From east to west, Texas Hill Country is where the Southern United States ends and the Southwestern United States begins.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: Several tributaries of the Colorado River in Texas — including the Llano and Pedernales Rivers, which cross the region west to east and join the Colorado as it cuts across the region to the southeast – drain a large portion of the Hill Country. The Guadalupe, San Antonio, Frio, Medina, and Nueces Rivers originate in the Hill Country.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: This region is a dividing line for certain species occurrence. For example, the California fan palm ("Washingtonia filifera") is the only species of palm tree that is native to the continental United States west of the Hill Country's Balcones Fault.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: The region has hot summers, particularly in July and August, and even the nighttime temperatures remain high, as the elevation is modest despite the hilly terrain. Winter temperatures are sometimes as much as 10°F cooler than in other parts of Texas to the east.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: The area experiences a fusion of Spanish and German influences in food, beer, architecture, and music that form a distinctively "Texan" culture separate from the state's Southern and Southwestern influences. For example, the accordion was popularized in Tejano music in the 19th century due to cultural exposure to German settlers.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: Devil's Backbone is an elevated, winding stretch of Ranch Road 12 between San Marcos and Wimberley, then Ranch Road 32 continuing through to Blanco. It has long been the subject of ghost stories. Folklore about it appeared in a 1996 episode of NBC's Robert Stack anthology series "Unsolved Mysteries", featuring apparitional Spanish monks, Comanche and Lipan Apache tribes, Confederate soldiers on their horses, and a spirit of a wolf. It later reaired when this series was hosted by Dennis Farina.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: The region has emerged as the center of the Texas wine industry. Three American Viticultural Areas are located in the areas: Texas Hill Country AVA, Fredericksburg in the Texas Hill Country AVA, and Bell Mountain AVA.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: The Hill Country is also known for its tourism. In 2008, "The New York Times" listed the Hill Country in an article about North American vacation destinations. Hill Country has also made Texas a popular retirement destination in the United States. The region has attracted Baby Boomers as they near retirement age.


title: Texas Hill Country

text: Frederick Day, a demographer with Texas State University, said in 2008 that the Hill Country lifestyle reminds one of the small towns of the recent past. "Like old America . . . [the] cost of living is pretty low. To people who have spent their work life in Houston or Dallas, the Hill Country is very attractive."


title: Paul Brown

text: Paul Eugene Brown (September 7, 1908 – August 5, 1991) was an American football coach and executive in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL). Brown was both the co-founder and first coach of the Cleveland Browns, a team named after him, and later played a role in founding the Cincinnati Bengals. His teams won seven league championships in a professional coaching career spanning 25 seasons.


title: Paul Brown

text: Brown began his coaching career at Severn School in 1931 before becoming the head football coach at Massillon Washington High School in Massillon, Ohio, where he grew up. His high school teams lost only 10 games in 11 seasons. He was then hired at Ohio State University and coached the school to its first national football championship in 1942. After World War II, he became head coach of the Browns, who won all four AAFC championships before joining the NFL in 1950. Brown coached the Browns to three NFL championships — in 1950, 1954 and 1955 — but was fired in January 1963 amid a power struggle with team owner Art Modell. In 1968, Brown co-founded and was the first coach of the Bengals. He retired from coaching in 1975 but remained the Bengals' team president until his death in 1991. The Bengals named their home stadium Paul Brown Stadium in honor of Brown. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967.


title: Paul Brown

text: Brown is credited with a number of American football innovations. He was the first coach to use game film to scout opponents, hire a full-time staff of assistants, and test players on their knowledge of a playbook. He invented the modern face mask, the practice squad and the draw play. He also played a role in breaking professional football's color barrier, bringing the first African-Americans to play pro football in the modern era onto his teams. Despite these accomplishments, Brown was not universally liked. He was strict and controlling, which often brought him into conflict with players who wanted a greater say in play-calling. These disputes, combined with Brown's failure to consult Modell on major personnel decisions, led to his firing as the Browns' coach in 1963.


title: Paul Brown

text: Brown grew up in Massillon, Ohio, where he moved with his family from Norwalk when he was nine years of age. His father, Lester, was a dispatcher for the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad. Massillon was a shipping and steel town obsessed with its high school and professional football teams, both called the Tigers. Massillon's main rival at both levels was nearby Canton, a bigger and richer city. When the professional teams folded in the 1920s, the rivalry between the high school teams took center stage.