title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: Ghinsberg served three years in the Israeli Navy on the Red Sea. During these years, he befriended the Bedouin of the Sinai Desert and learned more about their nomad culture. To collect money to travel, Ghinsberg worked multiple jobs including construction work in Norway, fishing in Alaska, and loading and unloading trucks in New York City.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: Ten years after almost losing his life in the Amazon, he went back to the Bolivian jungle. Ghinsberg put the Tacana-Quechua people of the village of San José de Uchupiamonas in touch with the Inter-American Development Bank, which gave a $1.25 million grant to build a solar-powered ecolodge in the jungle, and to train the local people how to manage it. He stayed there from 1992 to 1995 with the natives and helped them build and operate Chalalan, an ecolodge in Bolivia's Madidi National Park. He also put the people of San Jose in touch with Conservation International, a Washington environmental group that has pioneered much of the ecotourism field and was instrumental in getting 4.5 million acres around San Jose declared as the Madidi National Park. Ghinsberg also worked on protecting intellectual properties of indigenous people of that region. Ghinsberg co-founded EthnoBios, a biodiversity prospecting company local to the Amazon basin, and taught the indigenous people how to protect their intellectual properties.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: Ghinsberg was recruited in 1995 by The Center for Investigation & Treatment of Addiction (CITA) International to serve as Vice President for Development. In this capacity, Ghinsberg has founded 12 centers for the treatment and research of opiate addiction in different parts of the world from Mexico to China. In 1999, Ghinsberg left CITA International and moved to Australia to open his own treatment center. In Australia, Ghinsberg founded The Alma Libre Foundation dedicated to assisting opiate addicts and providing rehabilitation options for re-integration into society. In 2001, at the height of the Intifada, he organized a music festival in Israel to promote Israeli-Palestinian reconciliation.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: In 2009, Ghinsberg returned to Israel and established Collecteco, a design label for interior and landscape designs displaying a gallery of furniture made from recycled materials. His development team is based in Ramallah.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: He co-founded Headbox, a startup that has built an application to integrate social media activity and communication networks into one feed. In 2013. Headbox appears as a little white dot that provides a summary of all social network activity into a meta social graph.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: Ghinsberg is a co-founder and currently the CEO at Blinq.me, a Silicon Valley-based tech-startup financed by 500 Startups's acceleration program. In 2015, Ghinsberg launched the mobile application Blinq, which adds a layer of contextual information to mobile messaging applications and is derived from Headbox. Once installed, Blinq appears as a small white dot that pops up inside mobile messaging apps like Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, and SMS, alerting the user to new information about the person they are communicating with. This additional information is pulled from a variety of other networks, including Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: Ghinsberg has been a motivational speaker since 2001 and has related his experiences and hardships during his three weeks stranded in the Amazon jungle. He has spoken on topics revolving around his experiences in "The Power to Survive", "Sailing the Seas of Change", and "WEvolution," applying his survival story into motivational speaking. He currently speaks on "The Power to Survive – Bringing Amazon Survival Skills to Business".


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: Ghinsberg wrote his first book, titled "Back from Tuichi", in 1993. The book became popular in Israel and sold millions of copies, and it has been translated into 15 languages and published in several countries under different names, including "Heart of the Amazon" (Macmillen) "Back from Tuichi" (Random House), and "Lost in the Jungle" (Summersdale). In 2008, he wrote his second book, titled "Laws of the Jungle: Jaguars Don't Need Self-Help Books." In concurrence with the movie, Summersdale will re-release its book "Lost in the Jungle" as "Jungle" in 2017.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: Ghinsberg is an active motivational speaker who offers keynotes and inspirational speeches that cover his past expeditions and experiences. Many of his talks center around the three weeks alone he endured in the Amazon jungle, which he is most known for. He has been hired to address audiences at many Fortune 500 Companies.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: Ghinsberg has been covered on Fox News Latino, CNN, TEDx, BBC America, BBC World Service, "LA Times", and LinkedIn. He was ranked one of the Top 20 Most Inspiring People on Twitter in 2012. Ghinsberg was featured on Larry King Live! in the "I Shouldn't Be Alive" Discovery Channel documentary and channel series, which aired 27 April 2006 on CNN. He spoke at TEDxBratislava in 2010, his talk entitled "On Thinking Outside of the Box" about his struggle for survival in the Amazon and the insights he took away from the experience. Ghinsberg featured in the 2013 travel documentary Gringo Trails by documentary filmmaker, Pegi Vail. In the film, Ghinsberg returns to the Bolivian jungle and the community who assisted in his rescue, and discusses how they have adapted to the influx of tourists in the wake of his survival story. Ghinsberg was covered on the front page of "The Jerusalem Post"s 22 April 2016 edition. In September 2016, Ghinsberg returned to Bolivia to speak at the Solon Foundation and El Bala about his Amazon survival experiences.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: Ghinsberg was born and raised in Ramat Gan, Israel. His parents were Holocaust survivors. When he was 18, he joined the Israeli Navy as part of mandatory military service and served for three years stationed in the Red Sea.


title: Yossi Ghinsberg

text: After returning from the Amazon, Ghinsberg graduated from Tel Aviv University in Israel with degrees in Jewish Philosophy and Business Administration. Ghinsberg also studied the Kabbalah traditions in authentic environments and continues to study religions of the past and the present, including the Ancients, the Classics, Eastern, Contemporary, and the Shamanic Path. Ghinsberg lived and worked in the Amazon from 1992 to 1995. In 1997, Ghinsberg moved to Australia to help establish clinics that offer drug and alcohol detoxification recovery and treatment programs. He has married three times and has four children: Mia, Cayam, Nissim, and Shalem. In 2009, Ghinsberg returned to Israel with his wife and his children. Ghinsberg married Belinda on 7 March 2010. Ghinsberg and his family have lived in Israel, Australia, and the United States.


title: Segovia

text: Segovia ( , , ) is a city in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the Province of Segovia.


title: Segovia

text: Segovia is in the Inner Plateau ("Meseta central"), near the northern slopes of the Sistema Central range and on a bend of the Eresma river.


title: Segovia

text: The city is famous for its historic buildings including three main landmarks: its midtown Roman aqueduct, its cathedral (one of the last ones to be built in Europe following a Gothic style), and the medieval castle, which served as one of the templates for Walt Disney's Cinderella Castle. The city center was declared of World Heritage by UNESCO in 1985.


title: Segovia

text: The name of Segovia is of Celtiberian origin. Although historians have linked its old name to "", the recent discovery of the original Roman city in the nearby village of Saelices discarded this possibility. The name of "Segovia" is mentioned by Livy in the context of the Sertorian War.


title: Segovia

text: Under the Romans and Moors, the city was called Sego([u])via (, Ptolomeo ii. 6. § 56) and () respectively.


title: Segovia

text: Segovia is one of nine provinces that make up the autonomous region of Castile and León. Burgos and Valladolid lie to the north, Ávila to the west, Madrid to the south, and Soria to the east. The altitude of the province varies from in the extreme northwest to a maximum of at Peñalara peak in the Sierra de Guadarrama.


title: Segovia

text: The climate is hot-summer Mediterranean ("Csa" in the Köppen climate classification) near the boundaries of "Csb" and "BSk", resulting from the high altitude and the distance from the coast. The average annual temperature is , with an average low in January of and an average high in July of . The annual precipitation range from 400 to 500 mm per year in the lower plains, and can reach above 1000 mm in the nearby mountainous area of Sierra de Guadarrama, as rainfall and snowfall is more frequent up the mountains. Decent showers coming from summer thunderstorms help the mountainous area of the province to be rainier than average than most of the central Spanish plateau, which gives the area lush vegetation. All of this make the province a damp corner in the context of the region. The predominant forms of vegetation in the mountainous areas include pine, evergreen, oak, beech and juniper.


title: Segovia

text: The first recorded mention of a settlement in what is today Segovia was a Celtic possession. Control later passed into the hands of the Romans. The city is a possible site of the battle in 75 BC where Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius was victorious over Quintus Sertorius and Hirtuleius. Hirtuleius died in the fighting.


title: Segovia

text: During the Roman period the settlement belonged to one of numerous contemporary Latin convents. It is believed that the city was abandoned after the Islamic invasion of Spain centuries later. After the conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León and Castile, the son of King Alfonso VI, Segovia was resettled with Christians from the north of the Iberian peninsula and beyond the Pyrenees, providing it with a significant sphere of influence whose boundaries crossed the Sierra de Guadarrama and the Tagus.


title: Segovia

text: Segovia's position on trading routes made it an important centre of trade in wool and textiles. The end of the Middle Ages saw something of a golden age for Segovia, with a growing Jewish population and the creation of a foundation for a powerful cloth industry. Several splendid works of Gothic architecture were also completed during this period. Notably, Isabella I was proclaimed queen of Castile in the church of San Miguel de Segovia on December 13, 1474.


title: Segovia

text: Segovienne was a local flannel cloth used for upholstery in the 14th to 17th centuries. It was a twilled weave structure with a hairy surface produced by using Spanish wool.


title: Segovia

text: Like most Castilian textile centres, Segovia joined the Revolt of the Comuneros under the command of Juan Bravo. Despite the defeat of the Communities, the city's resultant economic boom continued into the sixteenth century, its population rising to 27,000 in 1594. Then, as well as almost all the cities of Castile, Segovia entered a period of decline. Only a century later in 1694, the population had been reduced to only 8,000 inhabitants. In the early eighteenth century, Segovia attempted to revitalize its textile industry, with little success. In the second half of the century, Charles III made another attempt to revive the region's commerce; it took the form of the Royal Segovian Wool Manufacturing Company (1763). However, the lack of competitiveness of production caused the crown withdraw its sponsorship in 1779. In 1764, the Royal School of Artillery, the first military academy in Spain, was opened. This academy remains present in the city today. In 1808, Segovia was sacked by French troops during the War of Independence. During the First Carlist War, troops under the command of Don Carlos unsuccessfully attacked the city. During the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century, Segovia experienced a demographic recovery that was the result of relative economic stability.


title: Segovia

text: The population growth experienced during the nineteenth century accelerated steadily beginning around 1920: 16,013 inhabitants that year, 33,360 in 1960, 53,237 in 1981. Since the 1980s growth has slowed markedly: 55,586 in 2004 and 56,047 in 2007.


title: Segovia

text: As of 1 January 2019, there were 11% inhabitants foreigners – 4.478% coming from any other country of Europe, 2.37% being Africans, 3.7% being Americans, and 0.435% being Asians.


title: Segovia

text: In 1985 the old city of Segovia and its Aqueduct were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The old city contains a multitude of historic buildings both civil and religious, including a large number of buildings of Jewish origin, notably within the old Jewish Quarter. One of the most historically important Jewish sites is the Jewish cemetery, .


title: Segovia

text: The city maintains an important collection of Romanesque churches of both stone and brick, which include the churches of San Esteban, San Millán, San Martín, la Santísima Trinidad, San Andrés, San Clemente, Santos Justo y Pastor, Iglesia de la Vera Cruz (Order of Malta), and San Salvador.


title: Segovia

text: The old main synagogue is a former synagogue, converted into a convent after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.


title: Segovia

text: Urban Sculpture in Segovia stars works depicting illustrious figures linked to the city, which wanted to pay tribute in this way, but we can also find several pictures of a religious nature. One of the most iconic sculptures of the Loba Capitolina sits in front of the aqueduct. A copy of the Capitoline wolf is preserved in the Capitoline Museum and was a gift that Rome gave to the city in 1974 during the events of the bimillennial anniversary of the aqueduct.


title: Segovia

text: Until a few decades ago, a monument dedicated to the artist Daniel Zuloaga, which was installed in 1924, could be seen in the Plaza de la Merced, but it was relocated to the Plaza de Colmenares. Currently located in the center of the Plaza de la Merced, looking towards the church of San Andrés is a bust of the poet Rubén Darío, sculptor Santiago de Santiago, which was donated by the Nicaragua government to the city in 1973. Letters related to the bust are also found in the Promenade Lounge, the famous poet José Rodas was first installed in 1927 in the plaza of the gardens, and moved to its present site in 1960 by the Segovian sculptor Aniceto Marinas. It could not miss this literary group a tribute to Antonio Machado, poet Segovia made his refuge from 1919 to 1932, the sculpture as it could be otherwise is located in the garden of his home museum, and was done by Emiliano Barral.


title: Segovia

text: Religious figures such as Domingo de Soto, Pius XII, Saint Anthony Mary Claret, Saint John of the Cross have their place within the city urban sculpture, the first work of Ortega and the rest of José María García Moro, sculptor prosperous Segovia who must also be a Monument to the Youth located in the Plaza del Conde de Cheste. Other teachers who also paid tribute to his work a few peasants have been both recognized in any street or town square, as is the case for Aniceto Marinas, who dedicated a monument in 1943 his friend and partner Mariano Benlliure.


title: Segovia

text: In the field of arms found the monument to Daoíz and Velarde, Aniceto Marinas work. By the same author is the List of people associated with the comunero Juan Bravo sculpture, made in 1921 and located in the heart of the city in the Square of the Sirens, the name given to two statues that top the stairs and representing these mythological beings, made by Francisco Bellver in 1852. Other sculptures in the city are devoted to medical Andrés Laguna made by the segovian Florentino Trapero and marina located in Plaza de los Huertos, the bust of Lope de la Calle Martín, president of the Provincial council that made Emiliano Barral and can be seen in the square of San Facundo or the monument "El Favorito", by Toribio García de Andrés in the early 20th century.


title: Segovia

text: In addition to this series of monuments and sculptures are hidden in the corners of the city some other religious images that are worth mentioning. The most significant of these is the Virgin of the Aqueduct, located in the central niche of the monument has since the Plaza del Azoguejo and it was already in the 16th century, as remember Colmenares in his history of Segovia. The cast of virgins are also members of the Fuencisla in Velarde Street, the los Remedios in front of San Juan Gate, the Socorro at the San Andrés Gate or del Carmen on the street of its own name, among others.


title: Segovia

text: The economy of Segovia revolves around metallurgy, agriculture, furniture, construction and, particularly, tourism. The town itself plays host to thousands of day-visitors from Madrid each year due to its popular attractions.


title: Segovia

text: Segovia is served by the Autopista AP-61 which opened in 2004. Segovia-Guiomar railway station provides a rail connection to Madrid Chamartín and Valladolid-Campo Grande via the AVE network's Madrid–León high-speed rail line.


title: Segovia

text: The city of Segovia is home to a large number of primary schools and secondary schools, the oldest of which (IES Andrés Laguna, founded in 1841) having been officially declared "of cultural interest." A high proportion of the student population attends state primary and secondary schools, while private schooling in Segovia is mostly religious in nature.


title: Segovia

text: Regarding higher education, Segovia's premier institution is IE University, a business-oriented undergraduate university, building upon Instituto Empresa's successful MBA program at Madrid-based IE Business School. Also present is the Segovia campus of the University of Valladolid, offering entrance into careers in computer engineering, law, journalism, advertising and teaching.


title: Segovia

text: MUCES (Muestra de Cine Europeo Ciudad de Segovia) is the Spanish acronym to The City of Segovia Festival of European Cinema, an annual film festival which takes place in the city since 2006, usually in November. It gives the wider public a chance to get to know quality European cinema and, above all, it offers the general public an opportunity to see European films which have not yet been commercially screened in Spain, but have been very successful with critics and audiences in their own countries. "My Cat Lives in Segovia" is one of the films presented to the audience.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The Continental Divide National Scenic Trail (in short Continental Divide Trail (CDT)) is a United States National Scenic Trail with a length measured by the Continental Divide Trail Coalition of between the U.S. border with Chihuahua, Mexico and the border with Alberta, Canada. Frequent route changes and a large number of alternate routes result in an actual hiking distance of to . The CDT follows the Continental Divide of the Americas along the Rocky Mountains and traverses five U.S. states — Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. In Montana near the Canadian border the trail crosses Triple Divide Pass (near Triple Divide Peak, from which waters may flow to either the Arctic Ocean (via Hudson Bay), Atlantic Ocean or Pacific Ocean).


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: In 2021, the CDT was about 70 percent complete, with a combination of dedicated trails and dirt and paved roads. Hikers can continue north into Alberta and British Columbia via the Great Divide Trail to Kakwa Lake in Kakwa Provincial Park and Protected Area, B.C., north of Jasper National Park.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The CDT was described in 2013 by a Triple Crown hiker as "Raw, wild, remote and unfinished; it is a trail that will make use of all the skills of an experienced backpacker. It is also a trail that is beautiful, stunning and perhaps the most rewarding of the major long-distance hiking trails." Distances given are approximate as sections of the trail are uncompleted and the trail is sometimes re-routed.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The establishment of the Appalachian Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail inspired proposals to create a Continental Divide trail. The first section of the proposed trail was laid out in Colorado in 1962 by the Rocky Mountain Trails Association. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson proposed a national system of trails and in 1968 the U.S. Congress adopted the National Trails System Act.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: In 1978, the Continental Divide Trail was formally established with the responsibility for management given to the U.S. Forest Service. Portions of the trail already existed and a few hikers claimed to have walked from Mexico to Canada on the informal trail, among them Jim Wolf, A Baltimore lawyer who had hiked the Appalachian Trail in 1971, and whose account of that journey appears in the two-volume book, "Hiking the Appalachian Trail." Wolf envisioned a similar trail running along the Continental Divide, and in 1978, he organized the Continental Divide Trail Society, which advocated for the newly designated National Scenic Trail and published several early guidebooks.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: Progress in completing the trail was slow and interest in hiking the complete trail was minimal. By 1995, only 15 people were recorded as having hiked the whole trail, still largely unfinished. In that same year, the Continental Divide Trail Alliance (CDTA) was created and with volunteers built or improved the route of the trail. In 2012, the Continental Divide Trail Coalition replaced the CDTA to coordinate the efforts of several regional partners engaged in constructing and maintaining the trail. Thru-hikers increased from four in 1999 to more than 150 in 2019, and uncounted thousands hiked sections of the trail every year. Horseback riding is permitted on the trail; mountain biking is only permitted on a few sections.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: Thru-hikers of the Continental Divide Trail, the Appalachian Trail (AT) and the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT) achieve what is known as the Triple Crown of Hiking. As of the end of the application period in late 2021, 525 hikers have been designated Triple Crowners since 1994 by the American Long Distance Hiking Association—West. More than 1,000 thru-hikers completed either the AT or PCT in 2019 compared to 150 completing the CDT, a reflection of the isolation and difficulty in hiking the CDT.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: Successfully thru-hiking the entire Continental Divide Trail takes an average of five months. The definition of a thru-hike is left to the judgment of the hikers. The purists hike a "continuous and unbroken footpath between Mexico and Canada," but about 50 percent of the thru-hikers admit to having skipped small sections of road-walking or because the trail was closed, mostly due to forest fires or snow. All hikers must replenish their food every few days, often hitchhiking from a road crossing of the trail into a town to buy food and supplies. Most hikers occasionally take a "zero", a day without hiking, or a "nero", a day with little hiking, to rest and recuperate. "Trail angels" (volunteers) at locations along the trail assist hikers with food, water, and transportation to and from resupply points to trail heads. A few hikers, especially those attempting to set speed records, are "supported," meaning they have helpers who meet or accompany them along the trail and perform non-hiking tasks, such as food preparation. Permits are required to hike or camp along some sections of the trail and a passport is needed to cross the Canadian border.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: Most thru-hikers begin the hike in April in New Mexico, hike northbound, and finish at the Canadian border in August or September. If hikers begin too early they may encounter heavy and near impassable snow conditions in the southern San Juan and San Juan Mountains of Colorado, and if the hiker finishes too late they may also encounter heavy snow in Glacier National Park near the Canadian border. A few thru-hikers hike southbound (SOBO) from the Canadian border beginning in June and finishing in October or November. They may also encounter adverse weather conditions. A few hikers "flip-flop," hiking different sections of the trail when the weather is most favorable rather than sequentially. The most common problems reported by thru-hikers are injury and snow. The average base weight of a thru-hiker's backpack in 2018 was . Added to that, the thru-hiker carries up to a one week supply of food weighing about per day and, in drier areas especially New Mexico, up to five liters of water. Extra equipment carried might include an ice ax and bear spray.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: In 2019, the respondents to a survey of CDT thru-hikers were two-thirds male with a median age of 31. Three-fourths were from the United States and the remainder came from eleven other countries. The average number of days (including "zeros") to complete the hike was 147.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: David Odell was the first person to thru-hike the (still undefined) CDT in 1977, although there was an earlier claim. In 1978 three women hiked the entire trail: Nancy Andujar and the team of Jean Ella and Lynne Wisegart. In 2007, Francis Tapon became the first person to do a round backpacking trip "yo-yo" on the Continental Divide Trail when he through-hiked from Mexico to Canada and back to Mexico on the CDT. This seven-month journey spanned over 5,600 miles. Tapon took the most circuitous, scenic, high, difficult route north and while returning south, took the more expedient route. Andrew Skurka completed the trail as part of the 6,875-mile Great Western Loop in 2007. Olive "Raindance" McGloin, yo-yoed in 2020 becoming the first woman on her second attempt (McGloin also yo-yoed the PCT in 2014).


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The youngest person to thru-hike the trail is Reed Gjonnes, who hiked the trail with her father Eric Gjonnes from April 15, 2013 to September 6, 2013 in one continuous northbound hike at age 13.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The Continental Divide Trail closely follows the Continental Divide, but has a large number of approved alternate routes, some of which are more utilized than the official trail. The trail is incomplete in a few sections, especially in New Mexico, which requires walking on roads. Ninety-five percent of the trail is located on public land, including National Parks, National Forests, and land managed by the Bureau of Land Management. There are few facilities along the trail itself, and it is usually necessary for the hiker to leave the trail to resupply or find lodging.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: 70% (2,170 miles) of the trail is along land managed by the U.S. Forest Service. The rest is on land managed by the Bureau of Land (12% or 372 miles), National Parks (10% or 310 miles), and state and private lands (8% or 248 miles).


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The official route of the CDT in New Mexico is long, although many alternate routes shorten or lengthen that distance. The lowest elevation of the trail in New Mexico is in the town of Lordsburg and the highest elevation in New Mexico is at the summit of Mount Taylor. Much of the CDT route in New Mexico traverses desert and dry mountains and a challenge to hikers is finding drinking water.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: Three southern termini of the trail exist: 1) Crazy Cook Monument, the official CDT southern terminus, east of the Big Hatchet Mountains; 2) Antelope Wells, New Mexico; and 3) near Columbus, New Mexico. The Crazy Cook Monument in New Mexico's bootheel is the most commonly used starting or finishing point of the CDT, but due to its remote location lacks lodging and other services. In northernmost New Mexico, the CDT crosses into Colorado near Cumbres Pass at an elevation of . <ref name="about/newmexico"></ref>


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The official route of the CDT in Colorado is long, although several alternate routes shorten or lengthen that distance. The lowest elevation of the trail in Colorado is along the Middle Fork of the Elk River near the border with Wyoming and the highest elevation in Colorado is at the summit of Gray's Peak. Several additional mountains with elevations of more than are near the trail


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The CDT traverses many of the highest and wildest mountain ranges of Colorado, frequently at elevations near or above timberline which is about in southern Colorado and in northern Colorado. In most areas the CDT is well marked. It is concurrent with the Colorado Trail for approximately . Mountain bikes are allowed on parts of the Colorado Trail. Depending on any given year's snow-pack and a hiker's individual schedule, alternative routes are available. Forest fires often result in parts of the trail being closed and the hiker must take alternative routes. Another hazard to hikers is Colorado's 'monsoon season' with violent afternoon thunderstorms that are common in July and August on high mountain ridges


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The official route of the CDT in Wyoming is long, although several alternate routes shorten or lengthen that distance. The lowest elevation of the trail in Wyoming is about north of Rawlins. and the highest elevation in Wyoming is at Lester Pass in the Bridger Wilderness of the Wind River Range.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The Rocky Mountains of Colorado terminate in southern Wyoming and the CDT passes through a through a long section of desert range-land in the middle of the state, known as the Great Divide Basin. Hikers must decide on a route through the Great Divide Basin as the actual Continental Divide forks, forming an endorheic basin. The shortest route is through the middle where water availability is uncertain in most years. Leaving the Basin, the CDT traverses the remote and rugged 'bench' of the Wind River Range, climbing to above timberline which is about in this area, and then through the Absaroka Range in the northwest portion of the state. The grand finale of the CDT in Wyoming is Yellowstone National Park. The trail exits west to Idaho. Grizzly bears become a possible danger from the Wind River Range northward, especially in and near Yellowstone Park.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: Northbounders leaving Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming enter the Centennial Mountains of Idaho. For the next the trail closely follows the border of Idaho and Montana, which is also the Continental Divide. The lowest elevation of the trail on the Idaho/Montana border is along the North Fork of Sheep Creek in Idaho and the highest elevation is at the summit of Elk Mountain. Timberline along this section of the trail is to in elevation. Much of the CDT follows high, grassy ridges with some walking on dirt roads required. Water can be scarce and grizzly bears are found near Yellowstone Park.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: Leaving the Idaho/Montana border, the Montana portion of the CDT is in length although several alternate routes shorten or lengthen that distance. The lowest elevation of the trail in Montana after leaving the Idaho/Montana border is at Upper Waterton Lake which straddles the U.S./Canada border. The highest elevation is in the Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness. Timberline can be as low as in Glacier National Park at the Canadian border and as high as in the southern part of Montana. The Montana Wilderness Association is the leading non-profit partner for the northern section of the CDT. MWA staff work to maintain the CDT in Montana and Idaho with the help of volunteers and agency partners.


title: Continental Divide Trail

text: The CDT trail goes east from the Idaho border, circles around the city of Butte, then turns north toward Glacier National Park via the Lewis and Clark National Forest and through three National Wilderness areas. Several alternate trails shorten the meandering route of the official CDT in Montana. Some road walking is required. Frequent forest fires in late summer often force closure of sections of the trail and early snowfalls in late September may make the trail in Glacier National Park impassable.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: The Best Damn Thing is the third studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne. It was released on 11 April 2007, by RCA Records. The album represents a musical departure from her earlier studio album "Under My Skin" (2004), which incorporates more elements of post-grunge music. "The Best Damn Thing" is seen by critics as Lavigne's most commercial effort. The album was noted as her first effort to feature a wide range of producers, including Matt Beckley, Rob Cavallo, Dr. Luke and Lavigne herself, who was credited as the executive producer.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: Upon its release, "The Best Damn Thing" received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised Lavigne's transition from grungey alternative rock music to more pop-punk and bubblegum music, with it being catchy and very radio-friendly. However, the main criticism of the album was the lyrical content, which some found too rough or brutal. The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 289,000 copies. The album also debuted atop the charts in Austria, Canada, the United Kingdom and many other countries. "Alternative Press" listed it as one of the albums that best represented the pop-punk scene in 2007.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: "The Best Damn Thing" had sold over 6 million copies worldwide and it is Lavigne's third best-selling album. Four singles were released from the album. Its lead single "Girlfriend" peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, making it Lavigne's most successful chart single to date. The single also reached number one in twelve other countries across the world including Australia, Canada and Japan, making it one of the best-selling singles of 2007 worldwide. The second and third single of the album, "When You're Gone" and "Hot" were moderate hits worldwide, with the former reaching number 24 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Last single "The Best Damn Thing" reached the lower end of the charts. To promote the album, Lavigne performed at many TV shows and award ceremonies, including the 2007 Teen Choice Awards and the 2007 MTV Europe Music Awards, as well as a musical guest on "Saturday Night Live". Furthermore, Lavigne embarked on a concert tour, entitled The Best Damn World Tour, starting on 8 March 2008, and ending on 6 October 2008. Footage from the concert at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto were recorded and released on a DVD titled "".


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: Following the release of her second album "Under My Skin" (2004) and a world tour, Lavigne began recording material for her third album. While writing material, Lavigne was approached by Fox Entertainment Group to write a song for the soundtrack to the 2006 fantasy-adventure film "Eragon". Lavigne wrote the power ballad "Keep Holding On" for the film and stated her intentions to include it on her own album, although she maintained that the song was not indicative of the sound of her next album. In late 2006, Lavigne declared in a blog post that she wanted to record more upbeat music, citing the material on her upcoming album as "fast, fun, young, bratty, aggressive, confident, cocky in a playful way ... all the good stuff".


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: In an interview with MTV, Lavigne discussed how the writing process for "The Best Damn Thing" was straightforward, as she opted to write about fictional experiences that she felt were more widely relatable. She intended to have fun when recording the album, commenting, "Some of the songs I wrote didn't even mean that much to me. It's not like some personal thing I'm going through. They're just songs". Many of the sessions involved ordering take-out and drinking alcohol, with songs such as "Girlfriend" and "I Can Do Better" being written while inebriated.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: The songs were described as sounding like Toni Basil cheerleading for Blink-182, with Lavigne praised for her ability to combine bubblegum melodies with punk rock riffs. Lavigne described the record as "fast, fun, young, bratty, rock, aggressive, confident, cocky in a playful way...all the good stuff". Many of the songs on the album did not have a deep meaning to Lavigne, with her stating "It's not like some personal thing I'm going through. They're just songs." It was produced by Dr. Luke, Butch Walker, Lavigne herself, and Lavigne's husband at the time, Sum 41 singer Deryck Whibley. Travis Barker of Blink 182 and +44, recorded some of the drums for the album as did Josh Freese when Lavigne and her party could not reach Dave Grohl.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: A total of twelve songs are featured on the album. The opener and lead single, "Girlfriend", was written by Avril Lavigne and Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald, who also produced the song. "Girlfriend" is a moderately fast Pop-punk, song at 152 beats per minute, performed in the key of D major. Lavigne's vocal range spans from A3 to D5. "Girlfriend" is available in seven other languages, the only difference from the English version being the chorus translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Mandarin, Japanese, Italian, German and French. The song was compared to the song "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend", in which chants the similar verses, but was resulted in a lawsuit in mid 2007, accusing her of plagiarism. "I Can Do Better" was compared to the cheerleader anthem "Mickey".


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: The songs "Runaway" and "Alone" were compared to each other. "When You're Gone" is a power ballad with a piano and synth introduction. "Everything Back But You" was compared to "99 Red Balloons" and Sum 41. The songs "One of Those Girls" and "Contagious" were highlighted for their chugging metallic guitars [One of Those Girls] and overlapping vocal lines [Contagious].


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: On 25 May 2007, songwriters James Gangwer and Tommy Dunbar sued Lavigne, her co-songwriter Lukasz Gottwald, Almo Music, and RCA Records, claiming that "Girlfriend" contains lyrics plagiarized from their song "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend", originally performed by The Rubinoos and released by Beserkley Records in 1978. In January 2008, a confidential settlement was reached with Gangwer and Dunbar retracting their claims of plagiarism.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: In June 2007, Canadian singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk, with whom Lavigne co-wrote the majority of her second album, "Under My Skin", spoke to "Performing Songwriter" magazine about Lavigne's songwriting ability and ethics. Kreviazuk claimed that the song "Contagious" was based on a track she had sent to Lavigne in 2005. On 6 July 2007, Lavigne denied the accusation in an open letter on her website. She also threatened legal action against Kreviazuk for her allegations, and Kreviazuk ultimately made a full public apology and retracted the statements.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: Music critics also noted very close similarities between the introductions of "I Don't Have to Try" and Peaches' 2003 song "I'm the Kinda".


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: On 18 February 2007, clips of "Everything Back But You", "I Can Do Better" and "When You're Gone" were released on AOL Music. The track "Alone" (the B-side of "Girlfriend") was made available for download on the iTunes Store in New Zealand and Australia on 29 March. The whole album made its radio debut on Ottawa radio station HOT 89.9 at 6:00 pm on 14 April 2007.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: Days before the release of "The Best Damn Thing" Lavigne was full in promotion around North America doing live performances on shows including "Saturday Night Live", "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "Total Request Live", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", and "Live with Regis and Kelly".


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: On 11 September 2007, Lavigne appeared on the season finale of "Canadian Idol" 2007 and performed "Hot" and "When You're Gone". On the show, Lavigne made announcement regarding her tour in support of the album.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: Lavigne also made her debut on the worldwide fashion website Stardoll to promote "The Best Damn Thing". Here, she created her own "paperdoll" and answered questions to her fans in a quick 10-minute exercise. Her suite can be found on [www.stardoll.com/en] in the Real Celebrities column. She also has a promotion column and her clothing Abbey Dawn also features on the website, where other members can buy her clothing to dress up their dolls.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: "Girlfriend", the first single released from the album, was produced by Dr. Luke and was a global success. It reached No. 1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The single also reached number one in twelve other countries across the world including Australia, Canada and Japan. It was also the top selling song of 2007 worldwide. The accompanying music video broke YouTube records, becoming the most watched video of all-time by July 2008. It holds the record as the first video on YouTube to reach 100 million views. There was also a remix of the song featuring rapper Lil Mama.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: "When You're Gone" was the second single. Released on 19 June 2007, while "Girlfriend" was still strong on the charts, the power ballad became another hit in the UK and other countries. It peaked at No. 4 on the European Hot 100, was close to reaching the top 20 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and attained top twenty status in over thirteen countries. There is an acoustic version of the song on the deluxe edition of "The Best Damn Thing" that was only available on the iTunes Store.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: "Hot" was the third single, released in October 2007. The song was written by Lavigne herself and Evan Taubenfeld; it showcased Lavigne at her most revealing. The lyrics describe Lavigne's feelings for a guy who "makes [her] feel hot". The song's music video was considered her sexiest to date at the time. The single was the least successful in the US, charting only at No. 95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, yet it managed to reach the top 10 in Japan and Canada, and top 20 in Australia. A version of the song was recorded in which the chorus was replaced with lyrics in Japanese and Mandarin.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: "The Best Damn Thing" was the fourth single from the album. It was released on 13 June 2008, and was produced by Butch Walker. The song has a strong pop-punk vibe mixed with a teen-cheerleader theme. "Innocence" was released as a radio single for Italy and Canada, and managed to chart in the latter.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: During all of 2007, Lavigne promoted her album with a Promotional Tour playing some TV concerts for CBC and MTV in Canada and Paris. She also played three full concerts in Mexico and places such as Rome, Hong Kong, Russia, and played in China for the very first time in her career with a record sold-out concert in Shanghai. In Europe she played at different summer festivals. In Asia she was part of the Summer Sonic Festival in Osaka, Japan and by the end of the year formed part of the Jingle Bell Christmas Tour.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: In 2008, Lavigne embarked on The Best Damn World Tour with 110 performances to support "The Best Damn Thing". The tour visited North America from March to May then moved to Europe until July. The tour returned to North America for more performances between July and August, after which it travelled to Asia to conclude the tour in October. The opening act for the first North American leg of her tour was Boys Like Girls. The European leg of the tour was opened by the Jonas Brothers. Demi Lovato was the opening act for some of the dates in the second leg of the North American part of the tour. Other opening acts included Double Faced Eels and The Midway State. The setlist included songs of the new album but also older singles from "Let Go" and "Under My Skin". A DVD with live recordings of the tour was released on 9 September 2008, called "".


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: Lavigne performed a small tour to promote "The Best Damn Thing". Only members of her fan club were allowed to attend the shows. She kicked off the small tour in Calgary, Alberta, and played for a crowd of around 200. The Calgary show aired on television on 2 April 2007, on the CBC Network. On this show, one could see behind-the-scenes footage and Lavigne performing songs from "The Best Damn Thing", as well as other shows in Los Angeles, Paris and Madrid. She also held autograph signings in New York City and Hollywood after the album was released.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: The tour stirred controversy when it generated protests in Malaysia. The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, who led the protests, claimed "[Lavigne's performance] is considered too sexy for us" and "it's not good for viewers in Malaysia". However, the government finally gave permission for her to perform on 29 August 2008.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: Lavigne canceled the last eight North American concerts acute laryngitis. She also canceled her concert in Barcelona, Spain, the same day of the concert due to a truckers' strike.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: "The Best Damn Thing" garnered generally positive reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 out of 5 stars, stating that the album "feels even more adolescent than her aggressively catchy-n-shallow debut, 'Let Go', perhaps because this is an album where Avril is allowed to run wild," calling it "as exuberant, irreverent, and exciting as any other bubblegum pop, defiantly silly and shallow, but also deliriously hooky." Alex Macpherson of "The Guardian" gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "a triumphant comeback", describing it as "a high-octane blast on which she is having the time of her life." Alex Nunn of "musicOMH" called it "a fun, engaging record", "an exuberantly fun album, one that packs more than a fair punch and puts a delightfully perky twist on the direction of former releases 'Let Go' and Under My Skin."


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: Chris Willman of "Entertainment Weekly" and Theon Weber of "Stylus Magazine" gave the album a "B" rating, while Willman praised Lavigne for "providing the best darn rock & roll album teen girls are likely to hear all year", Weber described the album as an "enormous, senseless, superficial, selfish, and cocky past the point of absurdity, but it's never wrong." Christian Hoard of "Rolling Stone" praised the album for being "totally fearless about targeting pop radio and rather expert in its execution." Tim O'Neil of "PopMatters" was positive towards its uptempo songs, calling it "strong pop-punk turns", while considering the ballads "regrettable". However, O'Neil praised Lavigne for making "the brave decision to measure artistic maturity with no one's yardstick but her own." In a more mixed review, Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote that "as an album, 'The Best Damn Thing' is too relentless to be heard end to end", while Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine" was more critical of the album's unexpected move, calling it "a big step back for an artist who was just starting to grow up."


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: "The Best Damn Thing" became Lavigne's third album to reach number one on the UK Albums Chart. "The Best Damn Thing" debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 286,000 copies, according to data compiled by Nielsen SoundScan for the chart dated 5 May 2007. "The Best Damn Thing" became Lavigne's second album to top the "Billboard" 200, following 2004's "Under My Skin". The album topped the "Billboard" 200 for two consecutive weeks, selling 121,000 copies in its second week. After three months of its release the album was certified Platinum in the United States RIAA for reaching sales of 1 million copies. As of September 2015, "The Best Damn Thing" had sold 1.7 million copies in the US, it was certified RIAA 2×Platinum with 2 million units sold.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: In Canada, the album debuted at number one with 68,000 copies sold, slightly more than "Under My Skin". In its second week, there was a 62% sales drop to around 26,000 copies. In Australia, "The Best Damn Thing" debuted on the ARIA Albums Chart at number two and shipped over 35,000 copies, being accredited Gold by ARIA; it was Lavigne's first album not to reach number one. It has been certified two times platinum.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: In Japan, it debuted at number two. In its second week of release, after Lavigne's "Music Station" performance, it reached the number-one spot, selling 120,000 copies. This is her second number-one album in Japan. In its chart run, it sold 900,000 copies and was the third best selling album of the year, and the only non-domestic album in the top twenty-five. In Spain, "The Best Damn Thing" debuted at number nine, lower than "Under My Skin", which debuted at number one. The album debuted at number one in over twenty countries and sold 784,000 copies in its first week worldwide. Overall, the album charted at number one in ten countries.


title: The Best Damn Thing

text: According to the IFPI, "The Best Damn Thing" was the fourth top-selling album worldwide and Sony BMG's top-selling album of 2007 with sales of over 5 million copies worldwide. "The Best Damn Thing" has sold 6 million copies worldwide.


title: George Stephen Morrison

text: George Stephen Morrison (January 7, 1919 – November 17, 2008) was a United States Navy rear admiral (upper half) and naval aviator. Morrison was commander of United States naval forces during the Gulf of Tonkin Incident of August 1964, which sparked an escalation of American involvement in the Vietnam War. He was the father of Jim Morrison, the lead singer of the rock band The Doors, who died on July 3, 1971.


title: George Stephen Morrison

text: Born January 7, 1919, in Rome, Georgia, Morrison was the son of Caroline ("née" Hoover; 1891–1984) and Paul Raymund Morrison (1886–1971), and raised in Leesburg, Florida. The Morrison family was descended from Scottish settlers who emigrated to America in the late 18th century. He entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1938, graduated in 1941, and was commissioned an ensign. Sent to Hawaii, he joined the crew of the destroyer . On December 7, 1941, Morrison witnessed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.


title: George Stephen Morrison

text: Morrison began flight training in 1943 at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and graduated in spring 1944. He flew missions in the Pacific Theater for the duration of World War II. He served as an instructor on nuclear weapons programs following the end of the war, while during the Korean War, he served at the joint operations center in Seoul. This resulted in the award of the Bronze Star Medal with "V" for Valor device.


title: George Stephen Morrison

text: In 1963, Morrison took command of the , flagship of a 3rd Fleet Carrier Division in the Pacific, and based at Naval Air Station Alameda, California. He was in command of the Carrier Division during the controversial Gulf of Tonkin Incident in August 1964, which resulted effectively in the true beginning of the Vietnam War by President Lyndon Johnson.


title: George Stephen Morrison

text: In 1967, Morrison was promoted to rear admiral. In WestPac in 1968, he commanded a Task Group that was part of Task Force 77 commanded by Vice Admiral Ralph Cousins; the served as his flagship. Besides operations against communist forces in North Vietnam, the task force was diverted to Korea in December 1968 to support South Korean forces battling North Korean infiltrators during the Korean DMZ Conflict. He successfully led the Task Force in the interdiction of communist North Korean forces in spite of attempts by Soviet Navy destroyers to prevent flight operations by attempting to cross the path of the "Hancock". In 1972, he was appointed Commander Naval Forces Marianas. As such, he was in charge of relief efforts for Vietnamese refugees sent to Guam after the fall of Saigon in the spring of 1975.


title: George Stephen Morrison

text: Morrison was the keynote speaker at the decommissioning ceremony for the carrier "Bon Homme Richard", his first ship as an admiral, on July 2, 1971, in Washington D.C. His estranged son, rock musician Jim Morrison, died in Paris at age 27 the following day.


title: George Stephen Morrison

text: Morrison met and married Clara Virginia Clarke (1919–2005) in Hawaii in 1942. Their son Jim Morrison (later, lead singer of rock band The Doors) was born in late 1943 in Melbourne, Florida, where they lived at the time while stationed at Naval Air Station Melbourne. A daughter, Anne Robin Morrison, was born in 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and became a school teacher in Thousand Oaks, California, and a son, Andrew Lee Morrison, was born in 1948 in Los Altos, California, and lives in Ashburn, VA.


title: George Stephen Morrison

text: In retirement, the Morrisons lived in Coronado and Chula Vista, California. Clara Clarke Morrison died after a long illness in Coronado on December 29, 2005. Rear Admiral Morrison died in Coronado on November 17, 2008 at the age of 89. His private memorial service was held on November 24 at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego. His ashes were scattered at sea near the same spot off Point Loma where his wife's ashes had been scattered nearly three years earlier.


title: Dwayne Wayans

text: Dwayne Howell Wayans (born July 20, 1956) is an American writer and film score composer. He is a member of the Wayans family.


title: Dwayne Wayans

text: Wayans was born in New York City, the son of Elvira Alethia (Green), a homemaker and social worker, and Howell Stouten Wayans, a supermarket manager. His family were Jehovah's Witnesses. He and his family lived in New York's Chelsea neighborhood. He is the brother of Keenen, Kim, Elvira (who was named after her mother), Nadia, Damon Sr., Shawn, and Marlon.


title: Dwayne Wayans

text: He worked as production assistant and performed as background characters and in sketches on the shows of brothers Keenen Ivory Wayans ("In Living Color") and Damon Wayans, Sr. ("My Wife and Kids").


title: Dwayne Wayans

text: Dwayne has also composed original music for "My Wife and Kids" (2003–05), "" (2006), and television series the "Underground" (2016).


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: Bandaranaike International Airport (BIA) (; ) (commonly known as Colombo International Airport, Colombo–Bandaranaike and locally as Katunayake Airport) is the main international airport serving Sri Lanka. It is named after former Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike (1899–1959) and is located in a suburb of Negombo, north of the nation's longstanding capital and commercial center, Colombo. It is administered by Airport and Aviation Services (Sri Lanka) Ltd and serves as the hub of SriLankan Airlines, the national carrier of Sri Lanka, and domestic carrier Cinnamon Air. The other airport serving the city of Colombo is Colombo International Airport, Ratmalana.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: The airport began as a Royal Air Force airfield in 1944 during the Second World War, RAF Negombo with No. 45 Squadron RAF (1946–49), No. 232 Squadron RAF (1945), No. 249 Squadron RAF (1950) and No. 1303 Flight RAF (1945–46). In 1957, Prime minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike removed all the British Military airfields from Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and the airfield was handed over to the Royal Ceylon Air Force (RCyAF) and renamed Katunayake; part of it still remains a military airfield. In 1964 Anil Moonesinghe, the Minister of Communications, started the building of a new international airport to replace Ratmalana, with Canadian aid. The airport was completed in 1967, and Air Ceylon, the national carrier, began international operations from it using a Hawker Siddeley Trident and a leased British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) VC-10. It was named after former Prime Minister SWRD Bandaranaike, in 1970. It was renamed Katunayake International Airport in 1977, but was changed back to Bandaranaike International Airport in 1995.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: On 7 November 1971, the first Boeing 747 landed at the airport. The Boeing 747-200B was operated by Condor carrying German tourists from Frankfurt. In the early 1990s the position of the airport's runway (04/22) was shifted northward and the old runway was made into a taxiway for departing and arriving aircraft. Airport expansion projects have recently been undertaken at the airport under the Stage 1, Phase II Expansion Project. A pier with eight aero-bridges opened in November 2005. A new terminal with an additional eight gates are proposed to be built under Stage II of the Phase II Expansion Project. Construction of the new Stage II, Phase II Expansion Project is expected to commence in April 2017 and is expected to be completed by 2020.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: On 7 May 2007, the Sri Lankan Government shifted military aviation operations out of the space adjoining the airport to SLAF Hingurakgoda, thus paving the way for the expansion of civilian operations. As part of the airport development program, a passenger train service was launched between the Airport and Colombo Secretariat Station, in June 2010. The airport is used by Emirates as an alternative emergency airport for its Airbus A380 aircraft. On 9 January 2012, an Airbus A380-800 operated by Emirates landed at Bandaranaike International Airport. This was the first time in history that an Airbus A380 had landed in a Sri Lankan airport.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: SriLankan Airlines is the largest airline operating at the airport, with a fleet of 27 Airbus aircraft.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: In the past, British Airways, KLM, Kuwait Airways, LTU International, Royal Jordanian Airlines, Saudia and Swissair are the airlines that previously served Colombo for many years.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: Bandaranaike International Airport (airport code CMB) at Katunayake, Sri Lanka, is 32.5 kilometers north of the island nation's capital of Colombo. Thirty seven(37) airlines currently serve the airport's over 10.79 million annual passengers. The airport has three passenger terminals. Terminal 1 is the current international terminal, built in 1967. Terminal 2 is the new international terminal, which is expected to be completed in 2019. Terminal 3 is the new domestic terminal, which opened in November 2012.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: The Bandaranaike International Airport has a single runway (04/22), with an asphalt surface. The take-off and landing distances are 3,441 m and 3,350 m respectively. In addition, Phase II of the BIA expansion project is to have a second runway, also able to accommodate the A380, with another taxiway to the second runway.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: The airport is undergoing resurfacing of its runway. Future projects include a second runway to support the Airbus A380, a further eight passenger gates, a domestic terminal, a five-storey car-park, and a five-star hotel neighbouring the airport. Construction of the new approach channels to the airport will begin in April 2017, and are expected to be completed by 2020.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: A new split-level passenger terminal building, which separates arrivals and departures vertically, a new pier with eight boarding gates, and fourteen passenger boarding bridges, with a dedicated gate comprising two passenger boarding bridges for the new Airbus A380, will be included in the proposed new complex. There would also be a remote apron and an additional nine parking stands to ease air traffic movement. There would be a tax-free apparel shopping mall at the Katunayake BOI Zone to attract more business visitors to Sri Lanka. The mall is to be adjacent to the arrival terminal and connected by a sky bridge.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: The second stage will involve the acquisition of of public land, the construction of a runway capable of accommodating new-generation airplanes, an aircraft repair and maintenance center, an arrival and a departure terminal, a shopping arcade, a cargo complex connected to the airport by rail and a multi-storey car park. Under the Development Project Phase II, Stage 2, a second passenger terminal and a required utility for second terminal will be constructed. Work will also be carried out to expand the terminal, aircraft parking apron, and public utilities. The existing airport terminal will be converted to a domestic and regional terminal, when the new complex is ready. A two tier passenger terminal with arrivals and departures physically separated as found in most modern airports will also be constructed. A rapid exit to the Colombo – Katunayake Highway will be provided directly from the terminal. Stage 2 itself is to be implemented in two stages and the first stage is scheduled to be completed by 2020.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: The construction work of Package B –"Remote Apron and Taxiways" commenced in April 2017 and the work is expected to be completed by October 2019.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: The bids for Package A- "Terminal building and associated works" are under evaluation. Construction is expected to commence by November 2017 with the selection of the main contractor. The work is expected to be completed for the operation by the end of 2020.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: The second phase of the expansion project is being carried out with Japanese assistance and is expected to be completed by 2019.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: A coach service operates every 15 minutes from the terminal to Colombo via Colombo – Katunayake Expressway, with a travel time of around 30 minutes.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: Colombo – Katunayake Expressway is a new high-speed road linking the airport to the city of Colombo with a travel time of around 20 minutes, and just a few minutes to the city of Negombo. The airport taxi service operates a counter in the arrival Lobby with a fleet over 600 vehicles. This road is linked to coastal cities like and Galle and Matara by Southern Highway with a travel time of 2-2.15 hours to Matara.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: A high-speed rail system is proposed to connect from the city of Negombo to city of Colombo via BIA airport by an electrified high-speed rail link to Colombo Fort where it will link to the proposed Colombo Light Rail. Currently Puttalam - Colombo Fort rail is active using several Diesel Engine powered trains. Passengers can get the train from Katunayake Railway Station.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: Cinnamon Air operates scheduled seaplane flights from Seeduwa Dadugam Oya near the airport using DHC-6-100 aircraft.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: In 1956 with the departure of the RAF from RAF Negombo, the Royal Ceylon Air Force took over and renamed the station RCyAF Katunayake. With the construction of the Bandaranaike International Airport, major portion of the air base was taken over. However the Sri Lanka Air Force remained and expanded its air base adjoining the International Airport. At present it is the largest SLAF station in the country and is the airfield for several flying squadrons as well as ground units. The Air Force Hospital is also based at SLAF Katunayake.


title: Bandaranaike International Airport

text: In March 2001, on the 50th anniversary of the Sri Lanka Air Force, the airfield was presented with the President's Colours.


title: Iron oxide

text: Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen. Several iron oxides are recognized. All are black magnetic solids. Often they are non-stoichiometric. Oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust.


title: Iron oxide

text: Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes. They are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin. Iron oxides are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes. Colors commonly available are in the "earthy" end of the yellow/orange/red/brown/black range. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E172.


title: Iron oxide

text: Iron oxides feature as ferrous (Fe(II)) or ferric (Fe(III)) or both. They adopt octahedral or tetrahedral coordination geometry. Only a few oxides are significant at the earth's surface, particularly wüstite, magnetite, and hematite.


title: Iron oxide

text: In blast furnaces and related factories, iron oxides are converted to the metal. Typical reducing agents are various forms of carbon. A representative reaction starts with ferric oxide:


title: Iron oxide

text: Iron is stored in many organisms in the form of ferritin, which is a ferrous oxide encased in a solubilizing protein sheath.


title: Iron oxide

text: Species of bacteria, including "Shewanella oneidensis", "Geobacter sulfurreducens" and "Geobacter metallireducens", use iron oxides as terminal electron acceptors.


title: Iron oxide

text: Almost all iron ores are oxides, so in that sense these materials are important precursors to iron metal and its many alloys.


title: Iron oxide

text: Iron oxides are important pigments, coming in a variety of colors (black, red, yellow). Among their many advantages, they are inexpensive, strongly colored, and nontoxic.


title: Summer of '42

text: Summer of '42 is a 1971 American coming-of-age film based on the memoirs of screenwriter Herman "Hermie" Raucher. It tells the story of how Raucher, in his early teens on his 1942 summer vacation on Nantucket Island (off the coast of Cape Cod), embarks on a one-sided romance with a young woman, Dorothy, whose husband has gone off to fight in World War II.


title: Summer of '42

text: The film was directed by Robert Mulligan, and starred Gary Grimes as Hermie, Jerry Houser as his best friend Oscy, Oliver Conant as their nerdy young friend Benjie, and Jennifer O'Neill, as the mysterious woman with whom Hermie becomes involved. In supporting roles, Katherine Allentuck and Christopher Norris are a pair of girls whom Hermie and Oscy attempt to seduce. Mulligan also has an uncredited narrator role, as the voice of the adult Hermie. Maureen Stapleton (Allentuck's mother) also appears in a small, uncredited voice role.


title: Summer of '42

text: Raucher's novelization of his screenplay of the same name was released prior to the film's release and became a runaway bestseller, to the point that audiences lost sight of the fact that the book was based on the film and not vice versa. Though a pop culture phenomenon in the first half of the 1970s, the novelization went out of print and slipped into obscurity throughout the next two decades until a Broadway adaptation in 2001 brought it back into the public light and prompted Barnes & Noble to acquire the publishing rights to the book. The film was followed by a sequel, "Class of '44", also written by Raucher, with lead actors Grimes, Houser, and Conant reprising their roles.


title: Summer of '42

text: The film opens with a series of still photographs appearing over melancholic music, representing the abstract memories of the unseen Herman Raucher, now a middle-aged man. Raucher recalls the summer he spent on Nantucket island in 1942. The film flashes back to a day that then-15-year-old "Hermie" and his friends – jock Oscy and introverted nerd Benjie – spent playing on the beach. They spot a young soldier carrying his new bride into a house on the beach, and are struck by her beauty, especially Hermie, who is unable to get her out of his mind.


title: Summer of '42

text: They continue spending afternoons on the beach where, in the midst of scantily-clad teenage girls, their thoughts invariably turn to sex. All of them are virgins: Oscy is obsessed with the act of sex, while Hermie finds himself developing romantic interest in the bride, whose husband he spots leaving the island on a water taxi one morning. Later that day, Hermie sees her outside the local market struggling with grocery bags that she subsequently drops and comes to her aid and offers to carry the bags home for her, which she gladly accepts, and in this way gets to meet her.


title: Summer of '42

text: Meanwhile, Oscy and Hermie, thanks to an illustrated sex manual discovered by Benjie, become convinced they know everything necessary to lose their virginity. Led by Oscy, they test this by going to the cinema and picking up a trio of high-school girls. Oscy stakes out the most attractive one, Miriam, "giving" Hermie her less attractive friend, Aggie, and leaving Benjie with Gloria, a heavyset girl with dental braces. Frightened by the immediacy of sex, Benjie runs off, and is not seen by Hermie or Oscy again that night. Initially the two girls who were with Hermie and Oscy say they will not go in without Benjie's would-be date, but she tells them to go without her, then leaves herself. While they are waiting in the ticket line for the movie, the young war bride appears and greets Hermie and asks him if he can help her move some boxes the next day. The remainder of the evening is devoted to attempting to "put the moves" on Miriam and Aggie while they watch the film. Oscy pursues Miriam, eventually making out with her during the movie, and later learns her ways are well-known on the island. Hermie finds himself succeeding with Aggie, who allows him to grope what he thinks is her breast; Oscy later points out Hermie was fondling her arm.


title: Summer of '42

text: The next morning, Hermie helps the bride move boxes into her attic, her bare thigh at one point passing by his face on a ladder, and she thanks him by giving him a kiss on the forehead. Later, in preparation for a marshmallow roast on the beach with Aggie and Miriam, Hermie goes to the local drugstore and, in an amusingly embarrassing sequence, builds up the nerve to ask the druggist (Lou Frizzell) for condoms (or "rubbers," as they were known as in the '40s). That night, Hermie roasts marshmallows with Aggie while Oscy succeeds in having sex with Miriam between the dunes. He is so successful he sneaks over to Hermie and Aggie to ask for more condoms. Confused as to what is happening, Aggie follows Oscy back, where she sees him having sex with Miriam and runs home, upset.


title: Summer of '42

text: The next day, Hermie comes across the bride sitting outside her house, writing to her husband. Hermie offers to keep her company that night and she says she looks forward to seeing him, revealing her name is Dorothy. An elated Hermie goes home and puts on a suit, dress shirt, and dress shoes, and heads back to Dorothy's house, running into Oscy on the way; Oscy relates that Miriam's appendix burst and she has been rushed to the mainland. Hermie, convinced he is at the brink of adulthood because of his relationship with Dorothy, brushes Oscy off.


title: Summer of '42

text: He heads to her house, which is eerily quiet. Going in, he discovers a bottle of whiskey, a record player spinning at the end of a record, several cigarette butts, and a telegram from the government. Dorothy's husband is dead, his plane shot down over France. Dorothy comes out of her bedroom, crying, and Hermie tells her "I'm sorry." She turns on the record player and invites Hermie to dance with her. They kiss and embrace, tears on both their faces. Without speaking, they move to the bedroom, where she draws him into bed and gently makes love with him. Afterward, withdrawing again, Dorothy retires to the porch, leaving Hermie alone in her bedroom. He approaches her on the porch, where she can only quietly say "Good night, Hermie." He leaves, his last image of Dorothy being of her leaning against the railing, as she smokes a cigarette and stares into the night sky.


title: Summer of '42

text: At dawn Hermie meets Oscy and the two share a moment of reconciliation, with Oscy informing Hermie that Miriam will recover. Oscy, in an uncharacteristic act of sensitivity, lets Hermie be by himself, departing with the words, "Sometimes life is one big pain in the ass."


title: Summer of '42

text: Trying to sort out what has happened, Hermie goes back to Dorothy's house. Dorothy has fled the island in the night, and an envelope is in the front door with Hermie's name on it. Inside is a note from Dorothy, saying she hopes he understands she must go back home as there is much to do. She assures Hermie she will never forget him, and he will find his way of remembering what happened that night. Her note closes with the hope that Hermie may be spared the senseless tragedies of life.


title: Summer of '42

text: In one of the final scenes, Hermie, suddenly approaching adulthood, is seen looking at Dorothy's old house and the ocean from a distance before he runs to catch up with his friends. The adult Raucher sadly recounts that he has never seen Dorothy again, nor has he learned what became of her.


title: Summer of '42

text: Raucher's narration continues with the notion that kids were different back then, and it took longer for them to figure out how they feel. The audience learns Hermie has rejoined his friends with a rundown of the summer's statistics: they raided the Coast Guard station four times, saw five movies, and had nine days of rain. Raucher concludes with, "Benjie broke his watch, Oscy gave up the harmonica, and in a very special way, I lost Hermie. Forever."


title: Summer of '42

text: Director Robert Mulligan provides uncredited voiceover narration as the older Hermie. Maureen Stapleton has an uncredited cameo as Sophie, Hermie's mother, and film stuntman Walter Scott appears uncredited as Dorothy's husband.


title: Summer of '42

text: Herman Raucher wrote the film script in the 1950s during his tenure as a television writer, but "couldn't give it away." In the 1960s, he met Robert Mulligan, best known for directing "To Kill a Mockingbird". Raucher showed Mulligan the script, and Mulligan took it to Warner Bros., where Mulligan argued the film could be shot for the relatively low price of $1 million, and Warner approved it. They had so little faith in the film becoming a box-office success, though, they shied from paying Raucher outright for the script, instead promising him ten percent of the gross.


title: Summer of '42

text: When casting for the role of Dorothy, Warner Bros. declined to audition any actresses younger than the age of 30; Jennifer O'Neill's agent, who had developed a fondness for the script, convinced the studio to audition his client, who was only 22 at the time. O'Neill auditioned for the role, albeit hesitantly, not wanting to perform any nude scenes. O'Neill got the role and Mulligan agreed to find a way to make the film work without blatant nudity.


title: Summer of '42

text: Nantucket Island was too far modernized in 1970 to be convincingly transformed to resemble an early 1940s resort, so the production location selected was the town of Bar Harbor, Maine. Shooting took place over eight weeks, during which O'Neill was sequestered from the three boys cast as "The Terrible Trio," in order to ensure that they did not become close and ruin the sense of awkwardness and distance that their characters felt towards Dorothy. Production ran smoothly, finishing on schedule.


title: Summer of '42

text: After production, Warner Bros., still wary about the film only being a minor success, asked Raucher to adapt his script into a book. Raucher wrote it in three weeks, and Warner Bros. released it prior to the film to build interest in the story. The book quickly became a national bestseller, so that when trailers premiered in theaters, the film was billed as being "based on the national bestseller," despite the film having been completed first. Ultimately, the book became one of the best selling novels of the first half of the 1970s, requiring 23 reprints between 1971 and 1974 to keep up with customer demand.


title: Summer of '42

text: The film (and subsequent novel) were memoirs written by Herman Raucher; they detailed the events in his life over the course of the summer he spent on Nantucket Island in 1942 when he was fourteen years old. Originally, the film was meant to be a tribute to his friend Oscar "Oscy" Seltzer, an Army medic killed in the Korean War. Seltzer was shot dead on a battlefield in Korea while tending to a wounded man; this happened on Raucher's birthday, and consequently, Raucher has not celebrated a birthday since. While writing the screenplay, Raucher realized that despite growing up with Oscy and having bonded with him through their formative years, the two had never really had any meaningful conversations or known one another on a more personal level.


title: Summer of '42

text: Instead, Raucher decided to focus on the first major adult experience of his life, that of falling in love for the first time. The woman (named Dorothy, like her screen counterpart) was a fellow vacationer on the island whom the 14-year-old Raucher had befriended one day when he helped her carry groceries home; he became a friend of her and her husband and helped her with chores after her husband was called to fight in World War II. On the night memorialized in the film, Raucher randomly came to visit her, unaware his arrival was just minutes after she received notification of her husband's death. She was confused and upset, had been drinking heavily, and repeatedly called Raucher by her husband's name. Although both ultimately disrobed, contrary to popular perception, sexual intercourse did not occur. Raucher admitted this in a 2002 interview saying it was mostly holding, but in the movie "We let you think what you want."


title: Summer of '42

text: The next morning, Raucher discovered that she had left the island, leaving behind a note for him (which is read at the end of the film and reproduced in the book). He never saw her again; his last "encounter" with her, recounted on an episode of "The Mike Douglas Show", came after the film's release in 1971, when she was one of over a dozen women who wrote letters to Raucher claiming to be "his" Dorothy. Raucher recognized the "real" Dorothy's handwriting, and she confirmed her identity by making references to certain events only she could have known about. She told Raucher that she had lived for years with the guilt that she had potentially traumatized him and ruined his life. She told Raucher that she was glad he turned out all right, and that they had best not re-visit the past.


title: Summer of '42

text: In a 2002 Scripps Treasure Coast Publishing interview, Raucher lamented never hearing from her again and expressed his hope that she was still alive. Raucher's novelization of the screenplay, with the dedication, "To those I love, past and present," serves more as the tribute to Seltzer that he had intended the film to be, with the focus of the book being more on the two boys' relationship than Raucher's relationship with Dorothy. Consequently, the book also mentions Seltzer's death, which is absent from the film adaptation.


title: Summer of '42

text: A glaring error in both the book and movie centers around the movie "Now, Voyager". They go to a movie theater to see the movie in the "summer of '42". Factually, however, the film was released nationally in the U.S. on October 31, 1942, with an October 22 premiere in New York City, so it would have been impossible to see the movie that summer.


title: Summer of '42

text: The film became a blockbuster upon its release, grossing over $32 million, making one of the most successful films of 1971, with an expense-to-profit ratio of 1:32; beyond that, it is estimated video rentals and purchases in the United States since the 1980s have produced an additional $20.5 million. On this point, Raucher said in May 2002 that his ten percent of the gross, in addition to royalties from book sales, "has paid bills ever since."


title: Summer of '42

text: "Summer of '42" received positive reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 79% approval rating based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 6.73/10. It went on to be nominated for over a dozen awards, including Golden Globe Awards for "Best Motion Picture – Drama" and "Best Director", and four Academy Award nominations for Best Original Music Score, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Original Screenplay. Ultimately, the film won two awards: the Academy Award for Best Original Score, and the 1971 BAFTA Award for Best Original Music, both to Michel Legrand.


title: Summer of '42

text: In 1973, the film was followed by "Class of '44", a slice-of-life film made up of vignettes about Herman Raucher and Oscar Seltzer's experiences in college. "Class of '44" involves the boys facing army service in the last year of World War II. The only crew member from "Summer of '42" to return to the project was Raucher himself, who wrote the script; a new director and composer were brought in to replace Mulligan and Legrand. Of the principal four cast members of "Summer of '42", only Jerry Houser and Gary Grimes returned for prominent roles, with Oliver Conant making two brief appearances totaling less than two minutes of screen time. Jennifer O'Neill did not appear in the film at all, nor was the character of Dorothy mentioned.


title: Summer of '42

text: The film met with poor critical reviews; the only three reviews available at Rotten Tomatoes are resoundingly negative, with Channel 4 calling it "a big disappointment," and "The New York Times" stating "The only things worth attention in 'Class of '44' are the period details," and "'Class of '44' seems less like a movie than 95 minutes of animated wallpaper."


title: Summer of '42

text: The film's soundtrack consists almost entirely of compositions by Michel Legrand, many of which are variants upon "The Summer Knows", the film's theme. Lyrics are by Marilyn and Alan Bergman. Because the complete score runs just under 17 minutes, only the first and eighth tracks on the album are from "Summer of '42"; the rest of the music is taken from Legrand's score for 1969's "The Picasso Summer".


title: Summer of '42

text: Main theme ""Summer of '42"" won a Grammy Award at 14th edition held in 1972 for ¨"Best Instrumental Composition".


title: Summer of '42

text: In addition to Legrand's scoring, the film also features the song "Hold Tight" by The Andrews Sisters and the theme from "Now, Voyager". On the Billboard 200, it debuted on November 9, 1971 and peaked at #52 on November 20, 1971.


title: Summer of '42

text: In 2014 Intrada Records released "Summer of '42" and "The Picasso Summer" on a limited-edition two-disc set, with the entire score for the former and the original album presentation of the latter (dubbed "The Picasso Suite") on disc 1, and the complete score for "The Picasso Summer" on disc 2.


title: Summer of '42

text: Warner Bros. Publications released a sheet music folio, "Summer of '42 & Other Hits of the Forties", which contains the movie theme and 34 other unrelated songs.


title: Summer of '42

text: Legrand's theme song for the film, "The Summer Knows", has since become a pop standard, being recorded by such artists as Peter Nero (who had a charting hit with his 1971 version), Biddu (1975 international chart hit), Tony Bennett, Frank Sinatra, Sarah Vaughan, Andy Williams, Jonny Fair, Scott Walker, Elis Regina, Jackie Evancho, Oscar Peterson, Bill Evans, Toots Thielemans, George Benson, Roger Williams, and Barbra Streisand.


title: Summer of '42

text: The 1973 song "Summer (The First Time)" by Bobby Goldsboro has almost exactly the same subject and apparent setting, although there is no direct credited link. Bryan Adams has, however, credited the film as being a partial inspiration for his 1985 hit "Summer of '69".


title: Summer of '42

text: Garth Brooks' 1993 hit "That Summer" features a similar story of a coming-of-age male in a romance with an older female.


title: Summer of '42

text: An episode of the 1970s sitcom "Happy Days" was loosely based upon "Summer of '42", with Richie Cunningham befriending a Korean War widow.


title: Summer of '42

text: In Stanley Kubrick's 1980 film "The Shining", Wendy (Shelley Duvall) is shown watching "Summer of '42" on a television.


title: Summer of '42

text: In the "Family Guy" episode "Play It Again, Brian" Brian says he plagiarized part of an essay where he discusses his love for Lois from "Summer of '42".


title: Summer of '42

text: The episode "Summer of '85" in "Baywatch" shows Eddie (Billy Warlock) having a summer romance with an older woman called Lorna when he was a teenager.


title: Summer of '42

text: In the years since the film's release, Warner Bros. has attempted to buy back Raucher's ten percent of the film as well as his rights to the story so it could be remade; Raucher has consistently declined. The 1988 film "Stealing Home" has numerous similarities to both "Summer of '42" and "Class of '44", with several incidents (most notably a subplot dealing with the premature death of the protagonist's father and the protagonist's response to it) appearing to have been directly lifted from Raucher's own life; Jennifer O'Neill stated in 2002 she believes ""Home"" was an attempted remake of ""Summer"".


title: Summer of '42

text: In 2001, Raucher consented to the film being made into an off Broadway musical play. He was on hand opening night, giving the cast a pep-talk which he concluded, "We've now done it every possible way – except go out and piss it in the snow!" The play met with positive critical and fan response, and was endorsed by Raucher himself, but the play was forced to close down in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Nevertheless, the play was enough to spark interest in the film and book with a new generation, prompting Warner to re-issue the book (which had since gone out of print, along with all of Raucher's other works) for sale with Barnes & Noble's online bookstore, and to restore the film and release it on DVD. The musical has since been performed across the country, at venues such as Kalliope Stage in Cleveland Heights, Ohio in 2004 (directed by Paul Gurgol) and Mill Mountain Theatre in Roanoke, Virginia, (directed by Jere Hodgin and choreographed by Bernard Monroe), and was subsequently recorded as a concert by the York Theatre Company in 2006.


title: Summer of '42

text: In 2002, O'Neill claimed to have obtained the rights to make a sequel to "Summer of '42", based on a short story she wrote, which took place in an alternate reality where Herman Raucher had a son and divorced his wife, went back to Nantucket in 1962 with a still-living Oscar Seltzer, and encountered Dorothy again and married her. As of 2017, this project – which O'Neill had hoped to produce with Lifetime television – has not been realized, and it is unknown whether O'Neill is still attempting to get it produced, or if Raucher consented to its production.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: "I Say a Little Prayer" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David for Dionne Warwick, originally peaking at number four on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 pop singles chart in December 1967. On the R&B Singles chart it peaked at number eight.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: Intended by lyricist Hal David to convey a woman's concern for her man who's serving in the Vietnam War, "I Say a Little Prayer" was recorded by Dionne Warwick in a 9 April 1966 session. Although Bacharach's recordings with Warwick typically took no more than three takes (often only taking one), Bacharach did ten takes on "I Say a Little Prayer" and still disliked the completed track, feeling it rushed.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: The track went unreleased until September 1967, when it was introduced on the album "The Windows of the World" and it was Scepter Records owner Florence Greenberg rather than Bacharach who wanted "I Say a Little Prayer" added to that album. When disc jockeys from the United States began playing the album track in October 1967, significant air play led Scepter Records to release the track as a single, backed with newly recorded track "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls".


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: The brisk sound of "I Say a Little Prayer" that Bacharach disliked proved to be a million-selling hit for Warwick, as "I Say a Little Prayer" reached No. 4 that December on the "Billboard" Hot 100, No. 8 on the "Billboard" R&B Chart, No. 4 on the Canadian Chart and No. 3 on the Record World Top 100 Chart. "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls", the B-side would become another hit for Warwick reaching No. 2 in February 1968 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Record World Chart: Warwick's "I Say a Little Prayer" single would receive gold certification from the RIAA for sales of a million units in January 1968. "I Say a Little Prayer" b/w "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls", became one of the most successful double-sided hits of the Rock era.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: Like several Bacharach compositions, both sides contain passages written in unusual time signatures. The verses of "Prayer" are constructed of two successive measures of 4/4, a measure of 10/4 (using 4/4 + 2/4 + 4/4), and two final measures of 4/4. The chorus is in 11/4 (using 4/4 + 4/4 + 3/4), played by session drummer Gary Chester.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: "I Say a Little Prayer" also returned to the Pop & R&B Top Ten in the fall of 1968 via a recording by Aretha Franklin taken from her 1968 album "Aretha Now". Franklin and background vocalists The Sweet Inspirations were singing the song for fun while rehearsing the songs intended for the album when the viability of their recording "I Say a Little Prayer" became apparent, significantly re-invented from the format of the Dionne Warwick original via the prominence of Clayton Ivey's piano work. Similar to the history of Warwick's double-sided hit, the Aretha Franklin version was intended for the B-side of the July 1968 single release "The House That Jack Built" but began to accrue its own airplay that August.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: In October 1968 "I Say a Little Prayer" reached number ten on the Hot 100 and number three on the R&B singles chart. The same month the single was certified Gold by the RIAA. "Prayer" became Franklin's ninth and last consecutive Hot 100 top 10 hit on the Atlantic label. Franklin's "Prayer" has a special significance in her UK career, as with its September 1968 No. 4 peak it became Franklin's biggest UK hit; subsequently Franklin has surpassed that track's UK peak only with her No. 1 collaboration with George Michael, "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)".


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: In February 1987, UK music weekly "New Musical Express" published its critics' top 150 singles of all time, with Franklin's "I Say a Little Prayer" ranked at No. 1, followed by Al Green's "Tired of Being Alone" and Warwick's "Walk On By". (Franklin's "I Say a Little Prayer" did not appear in the magazine's in-house critics' top 100 singles poll conducted in November 2002.) In Australia, "I Say a Little Prayer" and "The House That Jack Built" were assigned a joint chart ranking that saw the double-A-side hit reach No. 10 in November 1968. "I Say a Little Prayer" also gave Franklin a European hit with chartings in France (No. 12), West Germany (No. 29) and the Netherlands (No. 4).


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: There are several harmonic differences between the Warwick and Franklin versions. Whilst the Warwick original was sung in G major, Franklin's transposes up a tone to A major. The chord under 'Say a little prayer for…' in the bridge is substantially different (F#m7, or v7 of III, in the original; D, or IV, in Franklin's version) and the third-inversion seventh in the bass under '…and ever…'in the chorus from the original (D major/C#) is a more conventional chord V (E major) in Franklin's arrangement.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: In 1997, Jamaican singer Diana King released a reggae-style cover of "I Say a Little Prayer". It was released as the first single from her second album, "Think Like a Girl" (1997), and also featured prominently in the comedy "My Best Friend's Wedding". The Love to Infinity dance remix popularized the song on radio. King's single reached No. 1 in Hungary, No. 6 in Australia, No. 12 in Norway and No. 17 in the UK.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: Jose F. Promis from AllMusic called the song "excellent" and "driving". Larry Flick from "Billboard" described it as a "instantly appealing interpretation", and stated that the song "takes on a saucy and aggressive tone - thanks to the kinetic chemistry between King and producer Andy Marvel, whose beat-smart arrangement gives the kids on the street a reason to pump up the volume." He also complimented British remixers Love to Infinity for doing "a fine job of refashioning the single into a frothy dance ditty, wrapping King's performance in shiny synths and lively beats." The Daily Vault wrote that the Aretha Franklin remake of "I Say a Little Prayer" "is, daresay, better than the original in some respects. King's please-get-lost vocals make for a solid background and power vocals." Pan-European magazine "Music & Media" noted it as "a '90s version of a '60s standard" and a "reggaefied take on the much covered Burt Bacharach/Hal David tune"."


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: Warwick's "I Say a Little Prayer" did not appear on the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart although two instrumental versions of the song were Easy Listening chart items in 1968: the first by Sérgio Mendes at No. 21 in the spring of 1968 while that fall Julius Wechter and the Baja Marimba Band took "I Say a Little Prayer" to No. 10 Easy Listening.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: The 1971 album "Anne Murray / Glen Campbell" features a medley of "I Say a Little Prayer" and "By the Time I Get to Phoenix"; the songs are sung in counterpoint to each other, with Murray vocalizing on "I Say a Little Prayer" while Campbell reprises his "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" hit. The track was a minor C&W hit at No. 40 and reached No. 81 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The concept had previously been used on a 1968 single release by Big Dee Irwin and Mamie Galore and was subsequently reworked when Dionne Warwick herself sang "I Say a Little Prayer" while Isaac Hayes sang "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" on their joint live album "A Man and a Woman" (1977).


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: The song is also a popular soundtrack item: in the 1969 comedy "The April Fools", for which Warwick sang the title song, "I Say a Little Prayer" is performed at a swanky house party in a live performance by singer Susan Barrett. The song was reused in the 2010 revival of "Promises, Promises". In 2011, the song was also included in the Broadway Musical "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of The Desert".


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: It was covered and used in the television show "Glee", in the episode "Showmance". It was performed by Dianna Agron as her character Quinn Fabray, with Naya Rivera and Heather Morris dancing backup as Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce, as their audition song to join the glee club. Agron's "I Say a Little Prayer" charted on the UK Singles Chart at number 125. By 2020, recreating the choreographed dance from the episode, to Agron's cover, had become an internet meme popular on TikTok.


title: I Say a Little Prayer

text: "I Say a Little Prayer" is one of several Bacharach/David songs featured prominently in the comedy "My Best Friend's Wedding" in 1997, which featured both a reggae-style cover by Diana King and a version sung by the film's cast. King's version was released as a single and brought the song back to the Top 40 almost thirty years after Dionne Warwick's original, albeit with a No. 38 peak; King's single also reached No. 1 in Hungary, No. 34 in France, and No. 6 in Australia, where the film's soundtrack was a No. 1 album. Cassie Henderson, 14, sung this song for Soul Week on "The X-Factor NZ" Season 1 Episode 16. A parody of the song with altered lyrics was featured in the 2006 comedy film "Date Movie" making fun of its use in "My Best Friend's Wedding".


title: Épée

text: The ( or , ), sometimes spelled epee in English, is the largest and heaviest of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. The modern derives from the 19th-century , a weapon which itself derives from the French small sword.


title: Épée

text: As a thrusting weapon, the is similar to a foil (contrasted with a sabre, which is designed for slashing). It has a stiffer blade than a foil. It is triangular in cross-section with a V-shaped groove called a fuller. The also has a larger bell guard designed to protect the users arm when fencing. In addition to the larger bell guard and blade, the weighs more which contributes to its reputation of being the slowest form of fencing. The techniques of their use differ, as there are no rules regarding priority and right of way. Thus, immediate counterattacks are a common feature of fencing. In addition, the entire body is a valid target area.


title: Épée

text: While modern sport of fencing has three weapons — foil, , and sabre, each a separate event — the is the only one in which the entire body is the valid target area (the others are restricted to varying areas above the waist). The is the heaviest of the three modern fencing weapons. As with all fencing disciplines, fencing matches with the require concentration, accuracy, and speed. Since the entire body is a target, a successful fencer must be able to anticipate their opponent's moves and strike their opponent at the correct time.


title: Épée

text: In most higher-level competitions, a grounded piste is used to prevent floor hits from registering as touches. In fencing, unlike in the other two disciplines, there are no right-of-way rules regarding attacks, other than the aforementioned rule regarding touches with only the point of the weapon. Touches are awarded solely on the basis of which fencer makes a touch first, according to the electronic scoring machines. Also, double-touches are allowed in , although the touches must occur within 40 milliseconds ( of a second) of each other.