title: Remote work

text: Skill variety has the strongest relationship with internal work motivation. Jobs that allow workers to use a variety of skills increase workers' internal work motivation. If remote workers are limited in teamwork opportunities and have fewer opportunities to use a variety of skills, they may have lower internal motivation towards their work. Also, perceived social isolation can lead to less motivation.


title: Remote work

text: Motivator-hygiene theory differentiates between motivating factors (motivators) and dissatisfying factors (hygienes). Factors that are motivators such as recognition and career advancement may be lessened with remote work. When remote workers are not physically present, they may be "out of sight, out of mind" to other workers in the office.


title: Remote work

text: Not being in the office face-to-face can lead to workers not being able to do their work to the fullest potential because of lack of encouragement.


title: Remote work

text: Though working in an office has its distractions, it is often argued that remote work involves even greater distractions. According to one study, children are ranked as the number one distractions, followed by spouses, pets, neighbors, and solicitors. The lack of proper tools and facilities also serves as a major distraction, though this can be mitigated by using short-term coworking rental facilities. Also, some countries such as Romania have tasked the national labour inspectorate the burden of carrying out checks at remote workers’ residences to see if the work environment meets the requirements. Workers might not be effective at there job because of the lack of monitoring hence they would be more tempted to do other things during work hours causing them not to do their work effectively.


title: Remote work

text: Remote workers may feel pressure to produce more output in order to be seen as valuable, and reduce the idea that they are doing less work than others. This pressure to produce output, as well as a lack of social support from limited coworker relationships and feelings of isolation, leads to lower job engagement in remote workers. Additionally, higher-quality relationships with teammates decreased job satisfaction of remote workers, potentially because of frustrations with exchanging interactions via technology. However, coworker support and virtual social groups for team building had a direct influence on increasing job satisfaction, perhaps due to an increase in skill variety from teamwork and an increase in task significance from more working relationships.


title: Remote work

text: The inconsistent findings regarding remote work and satisfaction may be explained by a more complicated relationship. Presumably because of the effects of autonomy, initial job satisfaction increases as the amount of remote work increases; however, as remote work increases, declines in feedback and task significance lead job satisfaction to level off and decrease slightly. Thus, the amount of remote work influences the relationship between remote work and job satisfaction. Barriers to the continued growth of remote work include distrust from employers and personal disconnectedness for employees.


title: Remote work

text: Communication and getting to know other teammates happen naturally when everyone works in the same space, so with remote work, employees and supervisors have to work harder to maintain relationships with co-workers. This is especially important for new employees so that they learn organizational habits even when working remotely.


title: Remote work

text: Three of the five job attributes: skill variety, task identity, and task significance, influence how much employees think their jobs are meaningful. Skill variety is the degree of activities and skills that a job requires in order to complete a task. An increase in skill variety is thought to increase the challenge of the job. Increasing the challenge of the job increases the individual's experienced meaningfulness, how much the individual cares about work, and finds it worthwhile. Remote work may not directly affect skill variety and task meaningfulness for the individual compared to when he or she worked in an office; however, skill variety and meaningfulness of individual tasks can increase when working in a group. If the work done at home is focused on the individual rather than the team, there may be fewer opportunities to use a variety of skills.


title: Remote work

text: Task identity is the degree that the individual sees work from beginning to end or completes an identifiable or whole piece of work rather than only a small piece. Task significance is the degree that the individual feels his or her work has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people within the organization or outside the organization. Remote work may not change the job characteristics of skill variety, task identity, and task significance compared to working in an office; however, the presence of these characteristics will influence remote workers' work outcomes and attitudes.


title: Remote work

text: In his book, "Together: The Healing Power Of Human Connection In A Sometimes Lonely World,” U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy asserts that face-to-face meetings, in-person collaboration, and "micro-moments" of community at work are what give people the essential feeling of belongingness and being part of a team.


title: Remote work

text: Research by Julianne Holt-Lunstad, a psychologist and professor at Brigham Young University, showed the most important predictor of living a long life is social integration.


title: Remote work

text: A study by researchers at the University of Chicago showed that routine interactions with people benefits mental health.


title: Remote work

text: In a 2018 study, Sigal G. Barsade, an organizational behavior professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, found that lonelier employees feel less committed to their employers and also to their co-workers.


title: Remote work

text: Although several scholars and managers had previously expressed fears that employee careers might suffer and workplace relationships might be damaged because of remote work, a 2007 study found that there are no generally detrimental effects on the quality of workplace relationships and career outcomes. Remote work actually was found to positively affect employee-supervisor relations and the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intent was in part due to supervisor relationship quality. Only high-intensity remote work (where employees work from home for more than 2.5 days a week) harmed employee relationships with co-workers, even though it did reduce work-family conflict.


title: Remote work

text: Individuals may differ in their reactions to the job characteristics in remote work. According to job characteristics theory, the personal need for accomplishment and development ("growth need strength") influences how much an individual will react to the job dimensions of remote work. For instance, those individuals high in "growth need strength" will have a more positive reaction to increased autonomy and a more negative reaction to decreased feedback in remote work than those individuals low in "growth need strength".


title: Remote work

text: A 2021 report from Prudential found that the majority of people prefer the hybrid model, and that two in three workers believe in-person interactions are important for career growth. The report also found that fully remote workers felt less entitled to take a vacation and believed they must be available around the clock. One in four workers felt isolated, and reported this as a major challenge. Ultimately, most workers want flexibility but do not want to give up the benefits available from working in-person with colleagues.


title: Remote work

text: Employees need training, tools, and technologies for remote work. Remote work poses cybersecurity risks and people should follow best practices that include using antivirus software, keeping family members away from work devices, covering their webcams, using a VPN, using a centralized storage solution, making sure passwords are strong and secure, and being wary of email scams and email security.


title: Remote work

text: In 2021, Vermont, South Carolina, South Dakota, Alabama, and Nebraska were named as the top 5 safest states for remote workers based on data breaches, stolen records, privacy laws, victim count, and victim loss.


title: Remote work

text: A 2020 survey of over 1,000 remote workers showed that 59% of employees felt more cyber secure working in-office compared to at home.


title: Remote work

text: Employees having inadequate equipment or technology can prevent work from getting done. A FlexJobs survey found 28% had technical problems and 26% reported WI-FI issues.


title: Remote work

text: Additionally, remote work may not always be seen positively by management due to fear of loss of managerial control.


title: Remote work

text: A study found that managers had a bias again employees who did not work in the office. Manager attributed the amount of time they saw an employee in the office more than the work than the contribution that was made.


title: Remote work

text: There have been conflicting data on the correlation between remote work and productivity. Some studies have found that remote work increases worker productivity and leads to higher supervisor ratings of performance and higher performance appraisals. However, another study found that professional isolation in remote workers led to a decrease in job performance, especially for those who spent more time remote working and engaged in fewer face-to-face interactions. Thus, similar to job attitudes, the amount of time spent remote working may also influence the relationship between remote work and job performance.


title: Remote work

text: However, surveys found that over two-thirds of employers reported increased productivity among remote workers.


title: Remote work

text: Traditional line managers are accustomed to managing by observation and not necessarily by results. This causes a serious obstacle in organizations attempting to adopt remote work. Liability and workers' compensation can become serious issues as well.


title: Remote work

text: A 2008 study found that more time spent remote working decreased the perception of productivity of the remote worker by management.


title: Remote work

text: Workers who do not have remote work privileges may be jealous of those who do, leading to workplace controversies.


title: Remote work

text: Working remotely in a different jurisdiction than the employer can have tax implications that are not fully understood by remote workers.


title: Remote work

text: According to a 2021 report by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization, remote work could potentially increase health loss among workers if it increases working time to over 55 hours per week.


title: Remote work

text: Some negative aspects related to working from home are the separation of the work-life balance, the misreading of social cues electronically, and need to self motivate. Workers have found that job hours are not well defined and the distinction between homelife and worklife become very unclear. It is hard to interpret tone in an electronic communication, therefore some miscommunications occur. When working from home employees have to inspire themselves to get the tasks completed. Utilizing time management tools to complete assignments within the prescribed period of time.


title: Remote work

text: The extensive use of remote work under COVID-19 constituted a major organizational transformation. However, the implementation of remote work during COVID-19 was hurried, and new technologies and operating systems have had to be implemented without previous testing or training. Organisations reported concerns about losses in culture and productivity whilst workers were more concerned about declined in social interactions, internet connectivity and increased workload. Additionally, 25% of remote-working Americans were resistant to employer mandates to return to in-office work.


title: Remote work

text: The remote work arrangement during COVID-19 is better for higher-paid and higher-management personnel in terms of productivity and reported well-being, whereas individuals at the bottom end of the earning spectrum experience reduced remuneration.


title: Remote work

text: Remote work arrangement during COVID-19 has an impact on employees' financial stability and reduces social connection. According to study, the inability to meet financial obligations and maintain social relationships considerably increases reported family stress and domestic violence, as well as women's bargaining power; yet, obtaining financial help does not mitigate the issue.


title: Remote work

text: Utility bills increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in an inconsistent manner. Utility bills for minorities and lower income individuals were more likely to increase because they lived in housing that was older, with less effective insulation and without energy efficient appliances. The increase in electricity also came due to the people using their utilities at different times of the day.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: Grover Washington Jr. (December 12, 1943 – December 17, 1999) was an American jazz-funk and soul-jazz saxophonist. Along with Wes Montgomery and George Benson, he is considered by many to be one of the founders of the smooth jazz genre.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Washington made some of the genre's most memorable hits, including "Mister Magic", "Reed Seed", "Black Frost", "Winelight", "Inner City Blues", "Let it Flow (For 'Dr. J')" and "The Best is Yet to Come". In addition, he performed very frequently with other artists, including Bill Withers on "Just the Two of Us", Patti LaBelle on "The Best Is Yet to Come" and Phyllis Hyman on "A Sacred Kind of Love". He is also remembered for his take on the Dave Brubeck classic "Take Five", and for his 1996 version of "Soulful Strut".


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: Washington was born in Buffalo, New York, United States, on December 12, 1943. His mother was a church chorister, and his father was a collector of old jazz gramophone records and a saxophonist as well, so music was everywhere in the home. He grew up listening to the great jazzmen and big band leaders like Benny Goodman, Fletcher Henderson, and others like them. At the age of 8, Grover Sr. gave Jr. a saxophone. He practiced and would sneak into clubs to see famous Buffalo blues musicians. His younger brother, drummer Daryl Washington, would follow in his footsteps, he also had another younger brother named Michael Washington, who was an accomplished Gospel Music organist who mastered the Hammond B3 organ. He was part of a vocal ensemble, The Teen Kings, which included Lonnie Smith.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: Washington left Buffalo and played with a Midwest group called the Four Clefs and then the Mark III Trio from Mansfield, Ohio. Shortly thereafter, he was drafted into the U.S. Army, where he met drummer Billy Cobham. A music mainstay in New York City, Cobham introduced Washington to many New York musicians. After leaving the Army, Washington freelanced his talents around New York City, eventually landing in Philadelphia in 1967. In 1970 and 1971, he appeared on Leon Spencer's first two albums on Prestige Records, together with Idris Muhammad and Melvin Sparks.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: Washington's big break came when alto sax man Hank Crawford was unable to make a recording date with Creed Taylor's Kudu Records, and Washington took his place, even though he was a backup. This led to his first solo album, "Inner City Blues". He was talented and displayed heart and soul with soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones. Refreshing for his time, he made headway into the jazz mainstream.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: While his first three albums established him as a force in jazz and soul music, it was his fourth album in 1974, "Mister Magic", that proved a major commercial success. The album climbed to number 1 on Billboard's R&B album chart and number 10 on Billboard's Top 40 album chart. The title track reached No. 16 on the R&B singles chart (#54, pop). All these albums included guitarist Eric Gale as a near-permanent member in Washington's arsenal. His follow-up on Kudu in 1975, "Feels So Good" also made No. 1 on Billboard's R&B album chart and No. 10 on the pop album chart. Both albums were major parts of the jazz-funk movement of the mid-1970s.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: A string of acclaimed records brought Washington through the 1970s, culminating in the signature piece for everything he would do from then on. "Winelight" (1980) was the album that defined everything Washington was then about, having signed for Elektra Records, part of the major Warner Music group. The album was smooth, fused with R&B and easy listening feel. Washington's love of basketball, especially the Philadelphia 76ers, led him to dedicate the second track, "Let It Flow", to Julius Erving (Dr. J). The highlight of the album was his collaboration with soul artist Bill Withers, "Just the Two of Us", a hit on radio during the spring and summer of 1981, peaking at No. 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The album went platinum in 1981, and also won Grammy Awards in 1982 for Best R&B Song ("Just The Two of Us"), and Best Jazz Fusion Performance ("Winelight"). "Winelight" was also nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: In the post-"Winelight" era, Washington is credited for giving rise to a new batch of talent that would make its mark in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He is known for bringing Kenny G to the forefront, as well as artists such as Walter Beasley, Steve Cole, Pamela Williams, Najee, Boney James and George Howard. His song "Mister Magic" is noted as being influential on go-go music starting in the mid-1970s.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: On December 17, 1999, five days after his 56th birthday, Washington collapsed while waiting in the green room after performing four songs for "The Saturday Early Show", at CBS Studios in New York City. He was taken to St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at about 7:30 pm. His doctors determined that he had suffered a massive heart attack. He is interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: A large mural of Washington, part of the Philadelphia Mural Arts Program, is just south of the intersection of Broad and Diamond streets. A Philadelphia middle school in the Olney section of the city is named after Washington. Grover Washington Jr. Middle School caters to fifth- to eighth-grade students interested in the creative and performing arts.


title: Grover Washington Jr.

text: There is a mural dedicated to Grover Washington, Jr. in Buffalo, where he grew up and attended school.


title: Clan

text: and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clans may claim descent from founding member or apical ancestor. Clans, in indigenous societies, tend to be endogamous, meaning that their members can marry one another. Clans preceded more centralized forms of community organization and government, and exist in every country. Members may identify with a coat of arms or other symbol to show that they are an . Kinship-based groups may also have a symbolic ancestor, whereby the clan shares a "stipulated" common ancestor who serves as a symbol of the clan's unity.


title: Clan

text: The English word "clan" is derived from old Irish meaning "children", "offspring", "progeny" or "descendants"; it is not from the word for "family" or "clan" in either Irish or Scottish Gaelic. According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", the word "clan" was introduced into English in around 1425, as a descriptive label for the organization of society in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.


title: Clan

text: None of the Irish and Scottish Gaelic terms for kinship groups is cognate to English "clan"; Scottish Gaelic " means "descendants":


title: Clan

text: In different cultures and situations, a clan usually has different meaning than other kin-based groups, such as tribes and bands. Often, the distinguishing factor is that a clan is a smaller, integral part of a larger society such as a tribe, chiefdom, or a state. In some societies, clans may have an official leader such as a chief, matriarch or patriarch; or such leadership role is performed by elders. In others, leadership positions may have to be achieved.


title: Clan

text: Examples include Irish, Scottish, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese clans, which exist as distinct social groupings within their respective nations. Note, however, that tribes and bands can also be components of larger societies. The early Norse clans, the , are often translated as "house" or "line". The Biblical "tribes" of Israel were composed of many clans. Arab clans are sub-tribal groups within Arab society. Native American and First Nations peoples, often referred to as "tribes", also have clans. For instance, Ojibwa bands are smaller parts of the Ojibwa people or tribe in North America. The many Native American peoples are distinguished by language and culture, and most have clans and bands as the basic kinship organizations. In some cases tribes recognized each other's clans; for instance, both the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes of the Southeast United States had fox and bear clans, who felt a kinship that reached beyond their respective tribes.


title: Clan

text: Apart from these different historical traditions of kinship, conceptual confusion arises from colloquial usages of the term. In post-Soviet countries, for example, it is quite common to speak of "clans" in reference to informal networks within the economic and political sphere. This usage reflects the assumption that their members act towards each other in a particularly close and mutually supportive way, approximating the solidarity among kinsmen. Similar usage of the term applies to specific groups of various cultures and nationalities involved in organized crime. Polish clans differ from most others as they are a collection of families who bear the same coat of arms, as opposed to claiming a common descent (see Polish heraldry). There are multiple closely related clans in the Indian subcontinent, especially South India.


title: Clan

text: The Islamic world, the Near East, North and East Africa in general, and Somali culture specifically, is patriarchal and traditionally centered on patrilineal clans or tribes.


title: Nonso Anozie

text: Nonso Anozie (; born 17 November 1978) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Tank in "RocknRolla", Sergeant Dap in "Ender's Game", Abraham Kenyatta in "Zoo", Captain of the Guards in "Cinderella", Xaro Xhoan Daxos in the HBO television series "Game of Thrones" and Tommy Jepperd in the television series "Sweet Tooth", for which he won the Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Performance.


title: Nonso Anozie

text: Anozie was born on 17 November 1978 in London, England, of Nigerian Igbo descent. Anozie attended St Aloysius College, Highgate in Highgate, London. He graduated from the Central School of Speech and Drama in 2002, and in the summer of the same year he played the title role in William Shakespeare's "King Lear", and won the Ian Charleson Award in 2004 for his performance in "Othello".


title: Nonso Anozie

text: Anozie was hired in 2006 to provide the voice for the armoured bear Iorek Byrnison in the film adaptation of Philip Pullman's "Northern Lights". Anozie was replaced by Ian McKellen two months before the film was set to be released. The film's director, Chris Weitz, told "Empire": "It was a studio decision ... You can understand why you would cast Ian McKellen for anything. But letting go of Nonso was one of the most painful experiences on this movie for me. I need to say about Nonso that he is one of the most promising and soulful young actors I have encountered in England and I've worked here for quite a bit now and he's actually in the next Mike Leigh [film] ... But it was, uh, that was kind of a dark day for me. I kinda wanna go out of my way to point out how much I love Nonso's work. And that's that."


title: Nonso Anozie

text: Anozie played small roles as Think Tank in Guy Ritchie's film "RocknRolla" and Frank Mace in Joe Wright's "Atonement". He played the lead in "Cass", a 2008 British crime drama film recreating the life of Cass Pennant. In 2009, he appeared in the supporting cast of the BBC TV three-part 2003 Iraq War drama, "Occupation", where he played a US Marine turned private military contractor. In 2011, he played Artus, a Zamoran pirate and close friend of Conan, in "Conan the Barbarian". That year, he was also cast to play the role of Xaro Xhoan Daxos in the HBO series "Game of Thrones" and was cast as Jackson Burke in "The Grey". He also plays the role of Samson in the History Channel's television miniseries "The Bible". In 2013, Anozie appeared in the film "Ender's Game" as Sergeant Dap, and from 2013 to 2014 he played the role of Renfield on the NBC series "Dracula".


title: Nonso Anozie

text: In November 2014, Anozie was cast in the CBS summer drama "Zoo", based on the novel by James Patterson and Michael Ledwidge. "Zoo" premiered on 30 June 2015.


title: Nonso Anozie

text: Anozie's radio work includes the role of Joe in the 2011 BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial production of Edna Ferber's "Show Boat".


title: Nonso Anozie

text: In 2019, Anozie portrayed the antagonist, Cargo, in the Amazon Prime Video film "Guava Island", starring Donald Glover and Rihanna.


title: Aaron's rod

text: Aaron's rod refers to any of the walking sticks carried by Moses's brother, Aaron, in the Torah. The Bible tells how, along with Moses's rod, Aaron's rod was endowed with miraculous power during the Plagues of Egypt that preceded the Exodus. There are two occasions where the Bible tells of the rod's power.


title: Aaron's rod

text: In the culture of the Israelites, the rod ( "maṭṭeh") was a natural symbol of authority, as the tool used by the shepherd to correct and guide his flock (Psalm 23:4). Moses's rod is, in fact, cited in Exodus 4:2 as carried by him while he tended his sheep; and later (Exodus 4:20) becomes his symbol of authority over the Israelites (Psalm 2:9, Psalm 89:32, Isaiah 10:24 and 11:4, Ezekiel 20:37). The rods of both Moses and Aaron were endowed with miraculous power during the Plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7:17, 8:5, 8:16–17, 9:23, and 10:13); God commanded Moses to raise his rod over the Red Sea when it was to be parted (Exodus 14:16) and in prayer over Israel in battle (Exodus 17:9); Moses brings forth water from a stone using his rod (Exodus 17:2–6).


title: Aaron's rod

text: Aaron's rod, however, is cited twice as exhibiting miraculous power on its own, when not physically in the grasp of its owner. In Exodus 7 (Parshat Va'eira in the Torah), God sends Moses and Aaron to the Pharaoh once more, instructing Aaron that when the Pharaoh demands to see a miracle, he is to "cast down his rod" and it will become a serpent. When he does so, the Pharaoh's sorcerers counter by similarly casting down their own rods, which also become serpents, but Aaron's rod swallows them all. "The Pharaoh's heart is stubborn" and he chooses to ignore this bit of symbolic warning, and so the Plagues of Egypt ensue. Notably, this chapter begins with God telling Moses, "Behold, I have made you as God to the Pharaoh and your brother Aaron will be your prophet." As God transmits his word through his prophets to his people, so Moses will transmit God's message through Aaron to the Pharaoh. The prophet's task was to speak God's word on God's behalf. He was God's "mouth". (Exodus 4:15–16)


title: Aaron's rod

text: In Numbers 16, Korah's rebellion against Moses's proclamation of the tribe of Levi as the priesthood has been quashed and the entire congregation's ensuing rebellion has resulted in a plague, ended only by the intercession of Moses and Aaron. In order to "stop the complaints" of the Israelites, God commands that each of the Twelve Tribes provide a rod; and only that of the tribe chosen to become priests will miraculously sprout overnight. Aaron provides his rod to represent the tribe of Levi, and "it put forth buds, produced blossoms, and bore ripe almonds" (Numbers 17:8), as an evidence of the exclusive right to the priesthood of the tribe of Levi. In commemoration of this decision it was commanded that the rod be put again "before the testimony" (Numbers 17:10).


title: Aaron's rod

text: The Bible ascribes similar miraculous powers to the Rod of Aaron and to the Staff of Moses (compare, for example, Exodus 4:2 et seq. and 7:9). The Haggadah goes a step further, and entirely identifies the Rod of Aaron with that of Moses. Thus, the Midrash Yelammedenu states that:


title: Aaron's rod

text: the staff with which Jacob crossed the Jordan is identical with that which Judah gave to his daughter-in-law, Tamar (Genesis 32:10, 38:18). It is likewise the holy rod with which Moses worked (Exodus 4:20, 21), with which Aaron performed wonders before Pharaoh (Exodus 7:10), and with which, finally, David slew the giant Goliath (I Samuel 17:40). David left it to his descendants, and the Davidic kings used it as a scepter until the destruction of the Temple, when it miraculously disappeared. When the Messiah comes it will be given to him for a scepter in token of his authority over the heathen.


title: Aaron's rod

text: It was made of sapphire, weighed forty seahs (a seah = 10.70 pounds), and bore the inscription דצ״ך עד״ש באח״ב, which is composed of the initials of the Hebrew names of the Ten Plagues (Tan., Waëra 8, ed. Buber).


title: Aaron's rod

text: However, according to that selfsame Jewish Encyclopedia article, the authors acknowledge that this prior reference by Buber confuses the two rods. Later, the article states: "A later Midrash (Num. R. xviii. end) confuses the legends of the rod that blossomed with those of the rod that worked miracles, thus giving us contradictory statements. There exists a legend that Moses split a tree trunk into twelve portions, and gave one portion to each tribe."


title: Aaron's rod

text: According to this account, everything fits into place. Moses' royal staff was the regal rod that belonged to Adam, but Aaron's stick was just that.


title: Aaron's rod

text: Legend has still more to say concerning this rod. God created it in the twilight of the sixth day of Creation (Pirkei Avoth 5:9, and Mekhilta, Beshallaḥ, ed. Weiss, iv. 60), and delivered it to Adam when the latter was driven from paradise. After it had passed through the hands of Shem, Enoch, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob successively, it came into the possession of Joseph. On Joseph's death the Egyptian nobles stole some of his belongings, and, among them, Jethro appropriated the staff. Jethro planted the staff in his garden, when its marvelous virtue was revealed by the fact that nobody could withdraw it from the ground (compare "the sword in the stone"); even to touch it was fraught with danger to life. This was because the Ineffable Name of God was engraved upon it.


title: Aaron's rod

text: When Moses entered Jethro's household he read the Name, and by means of it was able to draw up the rod, for which service Zipporah, Jethro's daughter, was given to him in marriage. Her father had sworn that she should become the wife of the man who should be able to master the miraculous rod and of no other (Pirḳe R. El. 40; Sefer ha-Yashar; Yalḳ. Exodus 168, end). It must, however, be remarked that the Mishnah (Pirkei Avoth v. 9) as yet knew nothing of the miraculous creation of Aaron's Rod, which is first mentioned by the Mekilta (l.c.) and Sifre on Deuteronomy (Berakhot xxxiii. 21; ed. Friedmann, p. 355).


title: Aaron's rod

text: This supposed fact of the supernatural origin of the rod explains the statement in the New Testament (Hebrews 9:4) and Tosefta, Yoma, iii. 7 (it is to be interpreted thus according to Bava Batra 14a), that Aaron's Rod, together with its blossoms and fruit, was preserved in the Ark. King Josiah, who foresaw the impending national catastrophe, concealed the Ark and its contents [Aaron's rod, vial of manna and the anointing oil placed within a hidden chamber which had been built by King Solomon] (Tosefta, Sotah, 13a); and their whereabouts will remain unknown until, in the Messianic age, the prophet Elijah shall reveal them (Mekhilta l.c.).


title: Aaron's rod

text: A later Midrash (Numbers R. xviii. end) confuses the legends of the rod that blossomed with those of the rod that worked miracles, thus giving us contradictory statements. There exists a legend that Moses split a tree trunk into twelve portions, and gave one portion to each tribe. When the Rod of Aaron produced blossoms, the Israelites could not but acknowledge the significance of the token.


title: Aaron's rod

text: The account of the blossoming of Aaron's rod contained in Clement's first letter to the Corinthians (ep. 43) is quite in haggadic-midrashic style, and must probably be ascribed to Jewish or, more strictly speaking, Jewish-Hellenistic sources. According to that account, Moses placed upon each of the twelve staffs the corresponding seal of the head of a tribe. The doors of the sanctuary were similarly sealed, to prevent anyone from having access to the rods at night.


title: Aaron's rod

text: The miraculous flowering of the rod was also considered a type of the Incarnation of Christ and his Virgin Birth, and appears in scenes of the Annunciation to Mary.


title: Aaron's rod

text: In the Ethiopian fourteenth-century text of the Kebra Nagast, Aaron's rod is broken in three and probably a symbol of the Trinity: "The rod of Aaron which sprouted after it had become withered though no one watered it with water, and one had broken it in two places, and it became three rods being [originally only] one rod."


title: Aaron's rod

text: D. H. Lawrence entitled a novel "Aaron's Rod" in 1922. This book describes a flautist, Aaron Sissons, and his experiences as he journeys through a Europe exhausted by the First World War. The biblical eponymous reference, with the flute representing a magic rod, is intended to be ironic.


title: Reincarnated as a Sword

text: After dying in a car accident, the protagonist finds himself reincarnated in another world as a sword with no recollection of his name, though he remembers everything else from his previous life. Accepting his fate as a sword, he begins to seek someone to become his wielder, fighting and gaining powers. He discovers a caravan of slave traders under attack by a two-headed bear. A young catgirl slave, Fran, discovers the sword, and uses him to kill the bear. After being freed from slavery, she names the sword "Teacher", and the two embark on an adventure together.


title: Reincarnated as a Sword

text: Yuu Tanaka started the series as a web novel hosted on Shōsetsuka ni Narō in October 2015. Micro Magazine acquired and published the light novel series under their GC Novels imprint, with illustrations by Llo. Fourteen volumes have been published as of September 2022. The fifth volume's limited edition was bundled with a drama CD, telling an original story. Seven Seas Entertainment announced their acquisition of the light novels, and began releasing from August 6, 2019.


title: Reincarnated as a Sword

text: A manga adaptation by Tomowo Maruyamawa was serialized in Gentosha's "Denshi Birz" magazine from December 9, 2016 to January 15, 2018. After the magazine stopped, it resumed publishing on Comic Boost. The series is compiled into twelve "tankōbon" volumes, with the first volume released in April 2017. Seven Seas Entertainment also licensed the manga for North American release, with the first volume releasing on December 17, 2019. A spin-off manga written by Tanaka and illustrated by Hinako Inoue began serialization in Micro Magazine's "Comic Ride" website on June 1, 2020. The spin-off manga is also licensed by Seven Seas.


title: Reincarnated as a Sword

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced on the twelfth volume of the light novel on September 24, 2021. The series is produced by C2C and directed by Shinji Ishihira, with Takahiro Nagano writing and supervising the scripts, Atsuki Saitō designing the characters and serving as chief animation director, and Yasuharu Takanashi composing the music. It premiered on October 5, 2022, on Tokyo MX, ABC, and BS Asahi. The opening theme song is "Tensei Shitara Ken Deshita" by Kishida Kyoudan & The Akeboshi Rockets, while the ending theme song is "more＜STRONGLY" by Maon Kurosaki. At Anime Expo 2022, Sentai Filmworks announced that they licensed the series outside of Asia. This was followed by an English dub as announced at Anime Weekend Atlanta on October 28, 2022.


title: Reincarnated as a Sword

text: Theron Martin of Anime News Network, in his review of the first volume of the light novel, praised the interactions between the two lead characters, and said: "Beyond the action scenes, Tanaka's writing skill is a little above average. Dialogue and character development flows smoothly and world-building, though somewhat limited, does fit with the perspective of the central characters." However, he criticized the story's lack of originality, noting its similarities to "So I'm a Spider, So What?", "That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime", and "Reborn as a Vending Machine, I Now Wander the Dungeon".


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: Yayan Ruhian (born 19 October 1968) is an Indonesian martial artist and actor. He is known for co-starring in Gareth Evans' films "The Raid" (2011) as Mad Dog, "The Raid 2" (2014) as Prakoso, "" (2015) as Tasu Leech, and "Beyond Skyline" (2017) as the police chief. He reprises this role in "Skylines" (2020)


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: Yayan was born in Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia on 19 October 1968. By the age of 13, hoping to "show his masculinity", he began studying the traditional martial art pencak silat; his father had practiced karate. Yayan trained with what later became Pencak Silat Tenaga Dasar, eventually becoming a trainer and referee – although he later learned that this disqualified him from participating in tournaments. By the mid-2000s Yayan had taught pencak silat in countries such as Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, and also learned several further martial arts techniques, such as aikido. He also worked as a hand-to-hand instructor for the Indonesian National Police.


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: In 2008, Yayan was asked by Gareth Evans to help with the choreography for his film "Merantau". He also auditioned for the role of Eric, later stating that he did not care if he was cast, so long as he did his best. He received the part, and "Merantau" was released in 2009. In the film, his character, an antagonistic and diminutive martial artist, is capable of overcoming a considerably larger man in moments. Afterwards, he had several people approach him and ask to study silat, although some called him Eric.


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: Yayan played Mad Dog in Evans' 2011 film "The Raid", and handled the fight choreography together with costar Iko Uwais. Evans described the character as "such an unrelenting, cold, irredeemable psychopath that when he kills someone, he wants to feel it", such that he would rather kill a man bare-handed than shoot him. Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" described the character as the film's stand-out, "a commanding physical presence".


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: After this performance, Yayan's likeness and the term "gereget" (used by his character) became a memetic image macro on the internet. In a 2014 interview, Yayan stated that he did not mind the memes, as the individuals posting them could not create such macros if they had not seen the film. The magazine "Tempo" reported in June 2012 that Yayan and Iko had gone to Hollywood to handle choreography for an American remake of the film.


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: Evans' 2014 release, "The Raid 2", cast Yayan as Prakoso, an assassin and confidant of mafia kingpin Bangun (Tio Pakusadewo). Recognising that Yayan had already been identified with Mad Dog, Evans emphasized that Prakoso was a new character: a failed father and husband, aged sixty, who is nevertheless a faithful employee. As with the earlier film, Yayan worked with Iko Uwais on choreography. Charlotte O'Sullivan of the "London Evening Standard" found Yayan's portrayal of Prakoso "sublime", writing that "when his body starts flying through the air, you feel as if you’re reading his life story".


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: In mid-2014 it was announced that Yayan would appear in Takashi Miike's "Yakuza Apocalypse: The Great War of the Underworld", playing alongside Hayato Ichihara. In this film, penned by Yoshitaka Yamaguchi, a Yakuza member is caught in international intrigue after discovering that his boss is a vampire.


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: In December 2014 it was reported Yayan would appear in the Indonesian heist action sequel "Comic 8: Casino Kings" and co-starred in Takashi Miike's action horror film "".


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: He appeared in "" (2015) as Tasu Leech, alongside his co-stars from "The Raid" and "The Raid 2", Iko Uwais and Cecep Arif Rahman.


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: In 2017, he appeared in the alien invasion movie "Beyond Skyline" where he played a police chief in Laos credited only as the Chief in the movie. In 2020, he reprised this role in "Skylines" where his character was given the name Huana.


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: In 2019, he appeared in "" as Shinobi #2, one of Zero's students, along with Cecep Arif Rahman as Shinobi #1. He also appeared in the 2019 Malaysian film "Wira" as Ifrit.


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: Yayan speaks fluent Sundanese, and Indonesian. He also speaks conversational English a little bit. , Yayan has three children, who live with his wife in Tasikmalaya; Yayan, because of his work, must live in Jakarta. Aside from his acting, he teaches pencak silat.


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: Aside from martial arts, he is also a teacher of inner breathing techniques developed in the Perguruan Silat Tenaga Dasar Indonesia.


title: Yayan Ruhian

text: On screen, Yayan is often cast in antagonistic roles, portraying characters who speak little but have great endurance, stamina and fighting skills.


title: North

text: North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. "North" is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating direction or geography.


title: North

text: The word "north" is related to the Old High German "nord", both descending from the Proto-Indo-European unit *"ner-", meaning "left; below" as north is to left when facing the rising sun. Similarly, the other cardinal directions are also related to the sun's position.


title: North

text: The Latin word "borealis" comes from the Greek "boreas" "north wind, north", which, according to Ovid, was personified as the wind-god Boreas, the father of Calais and Zetes. "Septentrionalis" is from "septentriones", "the seven plow oxen", a name of "Ursa Major". The Greek ἀρκτικός ("arktikós") is named for the same constellation, and is the source of the English word "Arctic".


title: North

text: Other languages have other derivations. For example, in Lezgian, "kefer" can mean both "disbelief" and "north", since to the north of the Muslim Lezgian homeland there are areas formerly inhabited by non-Muslim Caucasian and Turkic peoples. In many languages of Mesoamerica, "north" also means "up". In Hungarian, the word for north is "észak", which is derived from "éjszaka" ("night"), since above the Tropic of Cancer, the Sun never shines from the north, except inside the Arctic Circle during the summer midnight sun.


title: North

text: The direction north is quite often associated with colder climates because most of the world's land at high latitudes is located in the Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey).


title: North

text: To go north using a compass for navigation, set a bearing or azimuth of 0° or 360°. Traveling directly north traces a meridian line upwards.


title: North

text: North is specifically the direction that, in Western culture, is considered "the" fundamental direction:


title: North

text: Magnetic north is of interest because it is the direction indicated as north on a properly functioning (but uncorrected) magnetic compass. The difference between it and true north is called the magnetic declination (or simply the declination where the context is clear). For many purposes and physical circumstances, the error in direction that results from ignoring the distinction is tolerable; in others a mental or instrument compensation, based on assumed knowledge of the applicable declination, can solve all the problems. But simple generalizations on the subject should be treated as unsound, and as likely to reflect popular misconceptions about terrestrial magnetism.


title: North

text: Maps intended for usage in orienteering by compass will clearly indicate the local declination for easy correction to true north. Maps may also indicate grid north, which is a navigational term referring to the direction northwards along the grid lines of a map projection.


title: North

text: The visible rotation of the night sky around the visible celestial pole provides a vivid metaphor of that direction corresponding to "up". Thus the choice of the north as corresponding to "up" in the northern hemisphere, or of south in that role in the southern, is, prior to worldwide communication, anything but an arbitrary one - at least for night-time astronomers. (Note: the southern hemisphere lacks a prominent visible analog to the northern Pole Star.) On the contrary, Chinese and Islamic cultures considered south as the proper "top" end for maps. In the cultures of Polynesia, where navigation played an important role, winds - prevailing local or ancestral - can define cardinal points.


title: North

text: While the choice of north over south as prime direction reflects quite arbitrary historical factors, east and west are not nearly as natural alternatives as first glance might suggest. Their folk definitions are, respectively, "where the sun rises" and "where it sets". Except on the Equator, however, these definitions, taken together, would imply that


title: North

text: Reasonably accurate folk astronomy, such as is usually attributed to Stone Age peoples or later Celts, would arrive at east and west by noting the directions of rising and setting (preferably more than once each) and choosing as prime direction one of the two mutually opposite directions that lie halfway between those two. The true folk-astronomical definitions of east and west are "the directions, a right angle from the prime direction, that are closest to the rising and setting, respectively, of the sun (or moon).


title: North

text: Being the "default" direction on the compass, north is referred to frequently in Western popular culture. Some examples include:


title: George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven

text: George Ivar Louis Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven (born 6 June 1961), styled Earl of Medina before 1970, is a British peer and businessman.


text: Lord Milford Haven is the elder son of the 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven and Janet Mercedes Bryce, the older brother of Lord Ivar Mountbatten and a descendant of Queen Victoria, Catherine the Great, Alexander Pushkin, and Abram Gannibal. At the death of his father on 14 April 1970, he became the 4th Marquess of Milford Haven and head of the House of Mountbatten. He is second cousin to Charles III through both of their fathers.


text: Lord Milford Haven married first Sarah Georgina Walker (born London, Middlesex, 17 November 1961/2), former wife of Andreas Antoniou (married 1985; divorced 1987), daughter of George Alfred Walker and Jean Maureen ("née" Hatton), in London on 8 March 1989. The couple were divorced on 27 February 1996 and she married in June 2016 Michael Spencer, Lord Spencer of Alresford. They had two children:


text: Lord Milford Haven subsequently married Clare Husted Steel (born Manhattan, New York, New York County, New York, 2 September 1960) at Coatue Point, Nantucket, Nantucket County, Massachusetts, on 20 August 1997, without issue.


text: In 2000, he founded uSwitch, a website which helps consumers compare and change suppliers of various services. The company was sold to the American media firm E. W. Scripps in March 2006 for around £210 million ($400 million).


text: He plays polo, and Julian Hipwood has coached his teams. He won the Queen's Cup with the Broncos team in 1988 and reached the 2006 final.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: Padmapriya Janakiraman, (born 1983) better known mononymously as Padmapriya, is an Indian actress and model. She has acted in over 50 feature films and in 7 different languages: Bengali, Malayalam, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, English, and Telugu. She is also a trained bharatanatyam dancer. Padmapriya made her acting debut in the Telugu film "Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi" in 2003. She has won a National Film Award, two Kerala State Film Awards, two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, Three Filmfare Awards South, as well as numerous other awards.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: She did her schooling at Kendriya Vidyalaya, Trimulgherry, Secunderabad, Telangana and studied at Loyola Academy, Alwal, Secunderabad, from which she graduated with a B.Com degree. Later, she pursued an MBA degree in finance at KIAMS, Harihar. She was then working for GE Capital as a risk consultant in Bangalore and Gurgaon. After GE she was with Symphony in Bangalore. During her free-time, she ventured into modelling, which would later pave her way to the film business and acting. She has also won Miss Andhra Pradesh in 2001. While studying in 12th class in Andhra Pradesh, Padmapriya did a music album.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: She also holds a PG Diploma in Environmental Law from National Law School of India University and Masters in Public Administration from New York University.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: Padmapriya made her acting debut in the 2003 Telugu film "Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi",a remake of the Malayalam film "Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum". She played the role of a sexually exploited poor sister of a blind man in the film. Padmapriya says, she accepted this offer "for the sake of friendship". This made possible her entry into the Malayalam film industry in the same year, starring in the film "Kaazhcha" alongside Mammootty. For her portrayal of a mother of a young girl, who struggles to accommodate another child, a victim of the Gujarat earthquake, she received rave reviews and the Asianet Award for Best Female New Face of the Year.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: In 2005, she acted in her first Tamil-language film, "Thavamai Thavamirundhu", a drama that dealt with familial bond, depicting a father-son relationship, in which she was paired opposite actor-director Cheran. She played a simple college girl in the film, which garnered highly positive reviews and won several awards at major Indian award ceremonies, including a National Film Award (for Best Film on Family Welfare). Padmapriya herself was awarded the Filmfare Award for Best Debut Actress for her critically acclaimed performance. She next starred in the Malayalam film "Rajamanikyam" again alongside Mammootty. The comedy film, featuring also Rahman and Sindhu Menon, was a success.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: In 2006, she appeared in 6 films. Her first release that year was "Vadakkum Nathan", which Padmapriya considers as her debut film, citing: "I started taking this career seriously with that movie". She next starred in the Tamil film "Pattiyal", in which she portrayed a salesgirl at a garment company. The Vishnuvardhan-directed gangster film, in which she shared screen space with Arya, Bharath and Pooja Umashankar, was a commercial and critical success, becoming one of the highest-grossing Tamil films of the year. Later that year, she acted in the Malayalam-language film "Karutha Pakshikal" and "Yes Your Honour", which both were well appreciated by critics. Padmapriya's performance in both the films received positive reviews, particularly her portrayal as Poongodi, a street beggar, in the former fetched her rave accolades and earned her several awards including a Filmfare Best Actress Award.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: In 2007, she had 7 releases, the first being "Anchil Oral Arjunan". Next she starred in "Veeralipattu" and "Satham Podathey", a Tamil film. The latter was a psychological thriller directed by Vasanth, where she enacted the role of a helpless wife, who gets kidnapped by her former husband, whom she had divorced due to his alcohol addiction.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: Following "Satham Podathey", she appeared in the films "Naalu Pennungal" in Malayalam, directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan and "Mirugam" in Tamil, directed by Samy. In "Naalu Pennungal", which fetched its director the National Film Award for Best Direction, she played the role of a street prostitute, whilst in "Mirugam", she played a tomboyish wife to a ruffian, who behaves like an animal, for which she won the Tamil Nadu State Film Special Award for Best Actress.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: In 2010, Padmapriya debuted into Hindi films by playing a bar owner in "Striker", as well as into Kannada films as a human rights activist in "Thamassu". She also starred in the Tamil cowboy-based film "Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam" as an army officer's daughter,"" and in the Malayalam Kutty Shrank with Mammootty. In 2011, she starred in Naayika with a performance that won critical acclaim. NDTV wrote that her "beauty and acting skills helped in portraying the role to perfection and 'young Gracy' ends as the saving 'grace' of the film". She has acted in some advertisements.


title: Padmapriya Janakiraman

text: On 12 November 2014, Padmapriya married Jasmine Shah in Mumbai. He is from Gujarat and works as the Policy Head for South Asia at Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, which is headquartered in Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She met him while both were pursuing their Master's from Columbia and New York University.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: Adagio for Strings is a work by Samuel Barber, arguably his best known, arranged for string orchestra from the second movement of his String Quartet, Op. 11.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: Barber finished the arrangement in 1936, the same year that he wrote the quartet. It was performed for the first time on November 5, 1938, by Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra in a radio broadcast from NBC Studio 8H. Toscanini also conducted the piece on his South American tour with the NBC Symphony in 1940.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: Its reception has generally been positive, with Alexander J. Morin writing that "Adagio for Strings" is "full of pathos and cathartic passion" and that it "rarely leaves a dry eye". The music is the setting for Barber's 1967 choral arrangement of "Agnus Dei". "Adagio for Strings" has been featured in many TV and movie soundtracks.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: Barber's "Adagio for Strings" was originally the second movement of his String Quartet, Op. 11, composed in 1936 while he was spending a summer in Europe with Gian Carlo Menotti, an Italian composer and Barber's partner since their student years at the Curtis Institute of Music. Barber was inspired by Virgil's didactic poem "Georgics". In the quartet, the "Adagio" follows a violently contrasting first movement ("Molto allegro e appassionato") and is succeeded by a third movement that opens with a brief reprise of the music from the first movement (marked "Molto allegro (come prima) – Presto").


title: Adagio for Strings

text: In January 1938, Barber sent an orchestrated version of the "Adagio for Strings" to Arturo Toscanini. The conductor returned the score without comment, which annoyed Barber. Toscanini sent word through Menotti that he was planning to perform the piece and had returned it simply because he had already memorized it. It was reported that Toscanini did not look at the music again until the day before the premiere. On November 5, 1938, a selected audience was invited to Studio 8H in Rockefeller Center to watch Toscanini conduct the first performance; it was broadcast on radio and also recorded. Initially, the critical reception was mixed. "The New York Times" Olin Downes praised the piece, but he was reproached by other critics who claimed that he overrated it.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: Toscanini conducted "Adagio for Strings" in South America and Europe, the first performances of the work on both continents. Over April 16–19, 1942, the piece had public performances by the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Eugene Ormandy at Carnegie Hall. Like the original 1938 performance, these were broadcast on radio and recorded.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: The lower strings come in two beats after the violins, which, as Johanna Keller from "The New York Times" put it, creates "an uneasy, shifting suspension as the melody begins a stepwise motion, like the hesitant climbing of stairs". NPR Music said that "with a tense melodic line and taut harmonies, the composition is considered by many to be the most popular of all 20th-century orchestral works." Thomas Larson remarked that the piece "evokes a deep sadness in those who hear it". Many recordings of the piece have a duration of about eight minutes. According to music theorist Matthew BaileyShea, the "Adagio" "features a deliberately archaic sound, with Renaissance-like polyphony and simple tertian harmonies" underlying a "chant-like melody". The work is in "the key of B minor (with some modal inflections)".


title: Adagio for Strings

text: The "Adagio" is an example of arch form and builds on a melody that first ascends and then descends in stepwise fashion. Barber subtly manipulates the pulse throughout the work by varying the primary time signature with isolated measures of , , and . After four climactic chords and a long pause, the piece presents the opening theme again and fades away on an unresolved dominant chord.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: Music critic Olin Downes wrote that the piece is very simple at climaxes but reasoned that the simple chords create significance for the piece. Downes went on to say: "That is because we have here honest music, by an honest musician, not striving for pretentious effect, not behaving as a writer would who, having a clear, short, popular word handy for his purpose, got the dictionary and fished out a long one."


title: Adagio for Strings

text: Alexander J. Morin, author of "Classical Music: The Listener's Companion" (2001), said that the piece was "full of pathos and cathartic passion" and that it "rarely leaves a dry eye". Reviewing the premiere performance in 1938, Olin Downes noted that with the piece, Barber "achieved something as perfect in mass and detail as his craftsmanship permits."


title: Adagio for Strings

text: In an edition of "A Conductor's Analysis of Selected Works", John William Mueller devoted over 20 pages to "Adagio for Strings". Wayne Clifford Wentzel, author of "Samuel Barber: A Research and Information Guide (Composer Resource Manuals)", said that it was a piece usually selected for a closing act because it was moderately famous. Roy Brewer, writer for AllMusic, said that it was one of the most recognizable pieces of American concert music.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: The musicologist Bill McGlaughlin compares its role in American music to the role that Edward Elgar's "Nimrod" holds for the British.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: As part of a musical retrospective in 2000, NPR named "Adagio for Strings" one of the 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century, calling it "standard repertoire for today's orchestras, and Barber's best-known work."


title: Adagio for Strings

text: In 2004, listeners of the BBC Radio's "Today" program voted "Adagio for Strings" the "saddest classical" work ever, ahead of "Dido's Lament" from "Dido and Aeneas" by Henry Purcell, the Adagietto from Gustav Mahler's 5th symphony, "Metamorphosen" by Richard Strauss, and "Gloomy Sunday" as sung by Billie Holiday.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: Strickland, while assistant organist at St Bartholomew's Church in New York, had been impressed by Toscanini's recording of the work and had submitted his own arrangement for organ to Schirmers. After he made contact with Barber at a musical soirée in 1939, he learned that his transcription had received a lukewarm response from the composer. Strickland, subsequently appointed wartime director of music at the Army's Fort Myer in Virginia, became a champion of Barber's new compositions. He continued to correspond with the composer.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: In 1945 Barber wrote to Strickland, expressing his dissatisfaction with previously proposed organ arrangements; he encouraged Strickland to discuss and prepare his own version for publication.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: Strickland, having kept the piece, sent his organ arrangement to G. Schirmer. The company published it in 1949.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: The recording of the world premiere in 1938, with Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra, was selected in 2005 for permanent preservation in the National Recording Registry at the United States Library of Congress. Since the 1938 recording, the "Adagio for Strings" has frequently been heard throughout the world, and it was one of the few American pieces to be played in the Soviet Union during the Cold War.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: The "Adagio for Strings" has been performed on many public occasions, especially during times of mourning. It was:


title: Adagio for Strings

text: "Adagio for Strings" is the final song on the 2010 Peter, Paul and Mary compilation album "Peter Paul and Mary, With Symphony Orchestra". Mary Travers had requested that "Adagio for Strings" be played at her memorial service.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: The "Adagio for Strings" was one of John F. Kennedy's favorite pieces of music. Jackie Kennedy arranged a concert the Monday after his death with the National Symphony Orchestra; they played to an empty hall. The concert was broadcast by radio. Barber knew about these memorial occasions. He did a radio interview about it with WQXR and said, "They always play that piece. I wish they'd play some of my other pieces."


title: Adagio for Strings

text: In 2006 a recorded performance of this work by the London Symphony Orchestra was the highest-selling classical piece on iTunes.


title: Adagio for Strings

text: The work is popular in the electronic dance music genre, notably in trance. Artists, including DJs who have covered it include William Orbit, Armin van Buuren, and Tiësto (eponymously titled single).


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The Phil Silvers Show, originally titled "You'll Never Get Rich", is a sitcom which ran on CBS from 1955 to 1959. A pilot titled "Audition Show" was made in 1955, but it was never broadcast. 143 other episodes were broadcast – all half-an-hour long except for a 1959 one-hour live special. The series starred Phil Silvers as Master Sergeant Ernest G. Bilko of the United States Army.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The series was created by Nat Hiken and won three consecutive Emmy Awards for Best Comedy Series. The show is sometimes titled "Sergeant Bilko" or simply "Bilko" in reruns, and it is very often referred to by these names, both on-screen and by viewers. The show's success transformed Silvers from a journeyman comedian into a star and writer-producer Hiken from a highly regarded behind-the-scenes comedy writer into a publicly recognized creator.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: By 1955, the American television business was already moving westward to Los Angeles, but Nat Hiken insisted on filming the series in New York City, believing it to be more conducive to comedic creativity and the show's humor. Early episodes were filmed at Dumont's television center in New York City – now home to WNYW-TV – with later episodes shot at the CBS "Hi Brown" Studios in Chelsea, Manhattan.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Most of the series was filmed to simulate a live performance. The actors memorized their lines and performed the scenes in sequence before a studio audience. Thus, there are occasional flubs and awkward pauses. Actor Paul Ford, playing Bilko's commanding officer, was notorious for forgetting his lines; when he would get a blank expression on his face, Silvers and the rest of the cast would improvise something to save the scene, like "Oh, you remember, Colonel, the top brass is coming..." At that point, Ford would pick up where he left off.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Creator Nat Hiken wrote or co-wrote 70 of the first 71 episodes, missing only episode 70 (the third season finale.) He then left the show. In fourth and fifth seasons there were numerous staff writers, but gaining prominence as the show went on was Neil Simon. Simon wrote or co-wrote 20 episodes, including the series finale.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Later episodes were filmed in California. Famous producer Mike Todd, making a guest appearance, insisted that his show should be filmed like a movie, out of sequence. The cast and crew tried it and soon found that Todd's way was indeed easier. Production continued in this manner until the series ended in 1959.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The series was originally set in Fort Baxter, a sleepy, unremarkable U.S. Army post in the fictional town of Roseville, Kansas, and centered on the soldiers of the Fort Baxter motor pool under Master Sergeant Ernest G. Bilko. However, Bilko and his men seemed to spend very little time actually performing their duties—Bilko in particular spent most of his time trying to wheedle money through various get-rich-quick scams and promotions or to find ways to get others to do his work for him.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: While Bilko's soldiers regularly helped him with his schemes, they were just as likely to become "pigeons" in one of his schemes. Nevertheless, Bilko exhibited an odd paternalism toward his victims, and he would doggedly shield them from all outside antagonists. The sergeant's attitude toward his men has been described thus: "They were "his" men and if anyone was going to take them, it was going to be him and only him." Through it all, the platoon was generally loyal to Bilko, despite their wariness of his crafty nature, and would depend on him to get them out of any military misfortune. If one of his boys was treated unfairly or was cheated in any way, Bilko always helped the injured party, using the same psychological guile and chicanery he always used to outwit his suckers. This benevolent side of Bilko was toned down in the series's later seasons (with scripts, significantly, by different writers); Bilko became strictly mercenary, willing to swindle "anyone" for a fast buck.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Bilko's swindles were usually directed toward (or behind the back of) Col. John T. Hall, the overmatched and beleaguered post commander who had early in his career been nicknamed "Melon Head". Despite his flaws and weaknesses, Col. Hall would get the best of Bilko just often enough to establish his credentials as a wary and vigilant adversary. The colonel would often be shown looking fretfully out his window, worried without explanation or evidence, simply because he knew that Bilko was out there "somewhere", planning something. The colonel's wife, Nell (Hope Sansberry), had only the kindest thoughts toward Bilko, who would shamelessly flatter her whenever he met her.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Bilko and Hall were not always adversaries. In an episode entitled "The Court Martial" (1956), Bilko tries to assist the colonel in setting a speed record for inducting new recruits, which accidentally results in a private's pet chimpanzee being enrolled. The animal's failure to answer when addressed by the phrase "Hurry! Speak Up!" is soon misheard and interpreted as being his name, "Harry Speakup", continuing the error and the imposture. Harry passes the medical and psychiatric exams, receives a uniform, and is formally sworn in. With the superior officers in a panic, Bilko saves the day by orchestrating an honorable discharge for the chimpanzee.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The show's setting changed with the fourth season, when the men of Fort Baxter were reassigned to Camp Fremont in California. This mass transfer was explained in storyline as being orchestrated by Bilko, who had discovered a map showing a gold deposit near the abandoned army post. One reason for the change from Kansas was so that the series could more plausibly bring in guest stars from nearby Hollywood, such as Dean Martin, Mickey Rooney, Diana Dors and Lucille Ball. Silvers even played himself in an hourlong episode.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Bilko's right-hand men were Cpl. Rocco Barbella (Harvey Lembeck) and Cpl. Steve Henshaw (Allan Melvin), and his long-suffering superior was Col. John T. Hall (Paul Ford). Bilko's motorpool platoon included Herbie Faye (a former burlesque crony of Silvers) as Cpl. Sam Fender, Maurice Gosfield as Pvt. Duane Doberman, Billy Sands as Pvt. Dino Paparelli, Mickey Freeman as diminutive Pvt. Fielding Zimmerman, Tige Andrews (billed under his given name, Tiger Andrews) as Pvt. Gander, Jack Healy as the tough-talking Pvt. Mullen, Maurice Brenner as Pvt. Irving Fleischman, Karl Lukas as Pvt. Stash Kadowski, former boxer Walter Cartier as botany fiend Pvt. Claude Dillingham, and Terry Carter as African-American Pvt. Sugarman, at a time when American society was still largely segregated. Other characters included Hope Sansberry as Mrs. Hall, Harry Clark as camp cook Sgt. Stanley Sowici, succeeded after Clark's death by burlesque comic Joe E. Ross as Sgt. Rupert Ritzik; Beatrice Pons as loud-mouthed Mrs. Ritzik, Ned Glass as quartermaster Sgt. Andy Pendleton, Jimmy Little as Sgt. Francis Grover, Nicholas Saunders as Hall's adjutant Captain Barker and John Gibson as an unnamed Chaplain. Some episodes gave Bilko a romantic interest, Elisabeth Fraser as Sgt. Joan Hogan.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The series frequently featured so many secondary cast members, with so many speaking parts, that the show ultimately became too expensive to sustain. It was this factor more than any significant decline in ratings that led to the show's demise in 1959. Though "The Phil Silvers Show" was never a huge ratings magnet, it was considered the top television comedy of its time. The show was Emmy Award-nominated for both Comedy Writing and Best Series in all four of its seasons, winning both awards in 1956, 1957, and 1958. The series received nine other nominations during its run, with Silvers winning one individual Emmy for his performance and Nat Hiken winning one for direction. As Silvers later recalled, "We went out at our height."


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Guest stars included Alan Alda, Bea Arthur, Charlotte Rae, Dick Van Dyke, Eric Fleming, Fred Gwynne, Mark Rydell, Paul Reed, Peggy Cass, Suzanne Storrs, Darryl Richard, and Paul Lynde, then near the beginning of their careers. Later episodes used a wealth of veteran Hollywood character actors, including Harold Huber, Margaret Hamilton, Marjorie Gateson, Natalie Schafer and Frank Albertson.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: George Kennedy was the show's US Army technical adviser; he had roles as a military policeman in several episodes.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: In the series finale, "Weekend Colonel", Bilko discovers a short-order cook named Charlie Clusterman who is the exact double of Colonel Hall. Bilko hires the cook to impersonate the colonel, so he can cheat the other officers in a bogus charity effort. The real Colonel Hall learns of the scam, and Bilko, Henshaw, and Barbella end up being locked away in the guardhouse. As Colonel Hall looks at his prisoners on a newly installed closed-circuit TV system, he quips: "It's a wonderful show, and as long as I'm the sponsor, it will never be cancelled." The camera cuts to Bilko and his henchmen finally behind bars. Bilko waves to the camera and says, "Th-th-that's all, folks!"


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Following the show's cancellation, CBS shortsightedly sold the rights to NBC: the rival network immediately aired reruns five days a week to great financial returns. Some of the show's other actors were recruited by "Bilko" producer Edward J. Montagne to appear in Nat Hiken's follow-up sitcom "Car 54, Where Are You?" and in "McHale's Navy".


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Silvers was able to parody, or play off, his enduring Bilko persona for the rest of his career. In 1963–1964, he starred in "The New Phil Silvers Show", which attempted to transplant his mercenary character to a factory setting, but the result proved unpopular. Silvers frequently guest-starred on "The Beverly Hillbillies" as a character called Honest John. He also played unscrupulous Broadway producer Harold Hecuba on an episode of "Gilligan's Island", stealing the castaways' concept for a musical version of "Hamlet". In an episode of "The Lucy Show", Silvers was a demanding efficiency expert; at one point, Lucy's boss Mr. Mooney (Gale Gordon), remarks that Silvers reminds him of a sergeant he used to know. Silvers also portrayed greedy connivers in various movies, such as "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963), in which Paul Ford had a supporting role as a colonel, though they shared no scenes, and "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1966). The British film "Follow That Camel" (1967) cast him as a scheming sergeant, this time in the French Foreign Legion.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The original "You'll Never Get Rich" program, which was filmed in black-and-white, was widely rerun into the 1970s. The advent of color television rendered it and many similar programs less marketable than they had been previously. The series reemerged in the late 1980s on the fledgling cable channel Comedy Central, then again on Nick at Nite for a short time during the 1990s (serving as charter programming for TV Land in 1996), and MeTV. In the United Kingdom the show enjoyed intermittent showings for many years, finally being broadcast on the BBC Two channel in 2004. Currently, it can be seen on Decades TV (a network broadcast on secondary television channels in many markets, and a sister channel to Me-TV, with CBS Television Stations owning the network with the owner of Me-TV, Weigel Broadcasting).


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The Bilko persona was borrowed by the Hanna-Barbera animation studio for its television cartoon series "Top Cat", which drew on elements from "The Phil Silvers Show". Maurice Gosfield from the original platoon voiced Benny the Ball. "Hokey Wolf" was another Hanna-Barbera production that borrowed heavily from "The Phil Silvers Show". The episode of "The Flintstones" that introduced Dino gave the pet dinosaur a Sgt. Bilko-styled voice and character. After this atypical debut, Dino never spoke again. Another episode recruited Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble into the army, where they were conned by an unnamed Bilko-like character into becoming astronaut test pilots.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The film "The Manchurian Candidate" (1962) used the names of several people associated with "Sgt Bilko" for the members of a Korean War patrol – Cpl Allan Melvin, Pvt Silvers, Pvt Hiken, and Pvt Lembeck. The characters also appear in the novel "The Manchurian Candidate", which has been plagued with multiple assertions of plagiarism.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: In 1987, a British tourist visited Tibet wearing a Phil Silvers "Sgt Bilko" T-shirt. Chinese soldiers attempted to rip it off her because they thought the picture was the Dalai Lama.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Larry David, creator and star of "Curb Your Enthusiasm", has called "The Phil Silvers Show" his favorite television show.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: From 1957 to 1960, DC Comics published a Sergeant Bilko comic book which lasted 16 issues and a Sergeant Bilko's Private Doberman series that lasted 11 issues. Most of the covers and inside artwork were by Bob Oksner.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The series was shown weekly on BBC Television during its original run from 20 April 1957 onwards, in varying timeslots, with the final first-run episode "Weekend Colonel" airing on 15 January 1961. The series returned in repeats on BBC Television (later BBC1) from June 1961 to March 1967, after which it was absent from the screen until April 1973, when it returned in a late-night timeslot (although listed in "Radio Times" as "Sergeant Bilko"/"Bilko"), becoming a staple of BBC1's post-11pm late-night schedule throughout the 1970s and 1980s, usually appearing immediately prior to the channel's signoff (before BBC One, as the channel was now rendered, became a 24-hour broadcaster in November 1997). The series was moved to an early evening timeslot on BBC2, beginning a repeat run of all four seasons in broadcast order from 7 November 1984. This repeat run continued through to 22 November 1991, at which point the BBC had aired all available episodes. Episodes continued to be shown, although no longer in their original broadcast order, from 1993 to 2004, with the BBC's last broadcast episode, "Bilko and the Flying Saucers", appearing on 5 November 2004.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: The UK publication "Radio Times Guide to Comedy" ranked "The Phil Silvers Show" as its top TV sitcom in 2003.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: Phil Silvers as Sergeant Bilko appeared on the B.B.C's Tommy Trinder series "The Trinder Box" during June 1959. The "Radio Times" of 12 June 1959 had a full cover photo of Phil Silvers as Bilko.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: In May 2006, CBS DVD released a 50th anniversary collection entitled "The Phil Silvers Show: 50th Anniversary Edition". The three-disc set features 18 episodes from the series.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: On July 27, 2010, CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) released the first season of "The Phil Silvers Show" on DVD in Region 1 format. A region 2 release followed on September 6 of the same year.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: On August 5, 2014, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1 and would release "Sgt. Bilko -The Phil Silvers Show: The Complete Series" on November 4, 2014.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: In 2015, they began releasing individual season sets, season 2 was released on April 28, 2015 followed by season 3 on August 4, 2015. The fourth and final season was released on November 17, 2015.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: In Region 2, Mediumrare Entertainment has acquired the rights in the UK and released "Sgt. Bilko – The Phil Silvers Show: - Complete Collection" on DVD on September 22, 2014.


title: The Phil Silvers Show

text: "The Phil Silvers Show" was the basis of a critically and commercially unsuccessful movie, "Sgt. Bilko" (1996), starring Steve Martin as Bilko, Dan Aykroyd as Colonel Hall, Max Casella as Paparelli, and Eric Edwards as Doberman, with Phil Silvers' daughter, Cathy Silvers, at Lt. Monday. The plot centers around an investigation into wrongdoings in Fort Baxter by Major Thorn (played by Phil Hartman), an old rival of Bilko's, who will stop at nothing to get the better of Bilko.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: The nuclear program of Iran is an ongoing scientific effort by Iran to research nuclear technology that can be used to make nuclear weapons. Iran has several research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: Iran's nuclear program was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States under the Atoms for Peace program, and in 1970, Iran ratified the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), limiting its nuclear program to peaceful use, and making its nuclear program subject to inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Western cooperation ceased following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, after which Iran continued its nuclear program on a clandestine basis. In the 2000s, the revelation of Iran's clandestine uranium enrichment program raised concerns that the program might be intended for non-peaceful uses. The IAEA launched an investigation in 2003 after an Iranian dissident group revealed undeclared nuclear activities carried out by Iran. In 2006, because of Iran's noncompliance with its NPT obligations, the United Nations Security Council demanded that Iran suspend its enrichment programs. In 2007, the United States National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) stated that Iran halted an alleged active nuclear weapons program in fall 2003. In November 2011, the IAEA reported credible evidence that Iran had been conducting experiments aimed at designing a nuclear bomb until 2003, and that research may have continued on a smaller scale after that time. On 1 May 2018 the IAEA reiterated its 2015 report, saying it had found no credible evidence of nuclear weapons activity in Iran after 2009.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: Iran's first nuclear power plant, the Bushehr I reactor, was completed with major assistance from the Russian government agency Rosatom and officially opened on 12 September 2011. The Russian engineering contractor Atomenergoprom said the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant would reach full capacity by the end of 2012. Iran has also announced that it is working on a new 360 MW Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant, and that it will seek more medium-sized nuclear power plants and uranium mines in the future.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: As of 2015, Iran's nuclear program has cost $100 billion in lost oil revenues and lost foreign direct investment because of international sanctions ($500 billion, when including other opportunity costs).


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: Up to February 2019, the IAEA had certified that Iran was still abiding by the international Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action of 2015, However, in July 2019, after the United States withdrew from the JCPOA, the IAEA stated that Iran had breached the agreement. Iran has, since breaching the JCPOA, embroiled itself in controversy with half of the JCPOA signatories because a November 2020 IAEA report said that Iran had further developed centrifuge technology, the novelty of which was explicitly prohibited by the JCPOA. The report also said that Tehran "holds more than 12 times the amount of enriched uranium permitted under the JCPOA, and that "work has also begun on the construction of new underground facilities close to Natanz, its main enrichment facility".


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: Until 2021 Iran always insisted that its nuclear program was for peaceful purposes, and there was even a fatwa by Ayatollah Khamenei against producing nuclear weapons. But in an interview in November 2021, on the anniversary of the assassination of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, a former head of the Iranian Atomic Energy Organization mentioned the country's growth "involving satellites, missiles, and nuclear weapons" and said that although Iran's stance on nuclear weapons being haram was quite clear, Fakhrizadeh had "created this system".


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: Iran's nuclear program was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States. On 5 March 1957, a "proposed agreement for cooperation in research in the peaceful uses of atomic energy" was announced under the Eisenhower administration's Atoms for Peace program.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1967, the Tehran Nuclear Research Center (TNRC) was established, run by the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI). The TNRC was equipped with a 5-megawatt nuclear research reactor supplied by US company American Machine and Foundry, which was fueled by highly enriched uranium.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968 and ratified it in 1970, making Iran's nuclear program subject to IAEA verification.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: A Central Treaty Organization nuclear sciences institute was moved from Baghdad to Tehran after Iraq left CENTO.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: The participation of the United States and Western European governments in Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution that toppled the last Shah of Iran. Following the Revolution, most of the international nuclear cooperation with Iran was cut off. In 1981, Iranian officials concluded that the country's nuclear development should continue. Negotiations took place with France in the late 1980s and with Argentina in the early 1990s, and agreements were reached. In the 1990s, Russia formed a joint research organization with Iran, providing Iran with Russian nuclear experts and technical information.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In March 1974, the Shah envisioned a time when the world's oil supply would run out, and declared, "Petroleum is a noble material, much too valuable to burn ... We envision producing, as soon as possible, 23,000 megawatts of electricity using nuclear plants."


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: US and European companies scrambled to do business in Iran. Bushehr, the first plant, would supply energy to the city of Shiraz. In 1975, the German firm Kraftwerk Union AG, a joint venture of Siemens AG and AEG, signed a contract worth $4 to to build the pressurized water reactor plant. Construction of the two 1,196 MWe reactora was to have been completed in 1981.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1975 Sweden's 10 percent share in Eurodif went to Iran. The French government subsidiary company Cogéma and the Iranian Government established the Sofidif ("Société franco–iranienne pour l'enrichissement de l'uranium par diffusion gazeuse") enterprise with 60 and 40 percent shares, respectively. In turn, Sofidif acquired a 25 percent share in Eurodif, which gave Iran its 10 percent share of Eurodif. The Shah lent dollars (and another dollars in 1977) for the construction of the Eurodif factory, to have the right of buying 10 percent of the production of the site.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1976, US President Gerald Ford signed a directive offering Iran the chance to buy and operate a US-built reprocessing facility for extracting plutonium from reactor fuel.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: The Ford strategy paper said the "introduction of nuclear power will both provide for the growing needs of Iran's economy and free remaining oil reserves for export or conversion to petrochemicals."


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: A 1974 CIA proliferation assessment stated "If [the Shah] is alive in the mid-1980s ... and if other countries [particularly India] have proceeded with weapons development we have no doubt Iran will follow suit."


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: Following the 1979 Revolution, most of the international nuclear cooperation with Iran was cut off. Kraftwerk Union stopped work at the Bushehr project in January 1979, with one reactor 50 percent complete, and the other reactor 85 percent complete, and fully withdrew from the project in July 1979. The company said they based their action on Iran's non-payment of in overdue payments, while other sources claim it was due to American pressure. The United States also cut off the supply of highly enriched fuel for the Tehran Nuclear Research Center, forcing it to shut down for a number of years. Eurodif also stopped supplying enriched uranium to Iran. Iran later argued that these experiences indicate foreign facilities and fuel supplies are an unreliable source of nuclear fuel supply.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1981, Iranian governmental officials concluded that the country's nuclear development should continue. Reports to the IAEA included that a site at Esfahan Nuclear Technology Center (ENTEC) would act "as the center for the transfer and development of nuclear technology, as well as contribute to the formation of local expertise and manpower needed to sustain a very ambitious program in the field of nuclear power reactor technology and fuel cycle technology." The IAEA also was informed about Entec's materials department, which was responsible for fabricating UO pellet fabrication, and chemical department, whose goal was the conversion of UO to nuclear grade .


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1983, IAEA officials assisted Iran in chemical aspects of fuel fabrication, chemical engineering, and design aspects of pilot plants for uranium conversion, corrosion of nuclear materials, LWR fuel fabrication, and pilot plant development for production of nuclear grade . However, the US government "directly intervened" to discourage IAEA assistance in and UF production. A former US official said "we stopped that in its tracks." Iran later set up a bilateral cooperation on fuel cycle related issues with China, but China also agreed to drop most outstanding nuclear commerce with Iran, including the construction of the plant, due to US pressure.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In April 1984, the BND leaked a report that Iran might have a nuclear bomb within two years with Pakistani uranium; this was the first public Western intelligence report of a post-revolutionary nuclear weapons program in Iran. Later that year, Minority Whip of the US Senate Alan Cranston asserted that Iran was seven years away from being able to build its own nuclear weapon.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: During the Iran–Iraq War, the two Bushehr reactors were damaged by multiple Iraqi air strikes and work on the nuclear program came to a standstill. Iran notified the International Atomic Energy Agency of the blasts, and complained about international inaction and the use of French-made missiles in the attack. In late 2015, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani revealed that Iran considered pursuing weapons of mass destruction during the war against Iraq.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1985, Iran began to pressure France in order to recover its debt from the Eurodif investment and to get the enriched uranium delivered. French hostages were taken in Lebanon from spring 1985; in 1986, terror attacks were perpetrated in Paris and Eurodif manager Georges Besse was assassinated. In their investigation "La République atomique, France-Iran le pacte nucléaire", David Carr-Brown and Dominique Lorentz pointed to the Iranian intelligence services' responsibility. It was later ascertained, however, that the assassination was committed by the left-wing terror group Action directe. On 6 May 1988, French premier Jacques Chirac signed an accord with Iran: France agreed to accept Iran as a shareholder of Eurodif and to deliver enriched uranium "without restrictions".


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1987–88, Argentina's National Atomic Energy Commission signed an agreement with Iran to help in converting the reactor from HEU fuel to 19.75 percent low-enriched uranium, and to supply the latter fuel to Iran. According to a 2006 Argentine report, during the late 1980s and early 1990s the US pressured Argentina to terminate its nuclear cooperation with Iran, and from early 1992 to 1994 negotiations between Argentina and Iran took place with the aim of re-establishing the three agreements made in 1987–88. Some have linked attacks such as the 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires and the AMIA bombing as part of an Iranian campaign to pressure Argentina into honoring the agreements. The uranium was delivered in 1993.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: From the beginning of the 1990s, Russia formed a joint research organization with Iran called "Persepolis" which provided Iran with Russian nuclear experts, and technical information. Five Russian institutions, including Roscosmos, helped Tehran improve its missiles. The exchange of technical information with Iran was personally approved by SVR director Trubnikov. President Boris Yeltsin had a "two track policy" offering commercial nuclear technology to Iran and discussing the issues with Washington.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1991, France refunded more than $1.6 billion, while Iran remained a shareholder of Eurodif via Sofidif. However, Iran refrained from asking for the produced uranium.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1992, Iran invited IAEA inspectors to visit all the sites and facilities they asked. Director General Blix reported that all activities observed were consistent with the peaceful use of atomic energy. The IAEA visits included undeclared facilities and Iran's nascent uranium mining project at Saghand. In the same year, Argentine officials disclosed that their country had canceled a sale to Iran of civilian nuclear equipment worth $18 million, under US pressure.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1995, Iran signed a contract with Rosatom to resume work on the partially complete Bushehr plant, installing into the existing Bushehr I building a 915 MWe VVER-1000 pressurized water reactor, with completion expected in 2009.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In 1996, the US convinced China to pull out of a contract to construct a uranium conversion plant. However, the Chinese provided blueprints for the facility to the Iranians, who advised the IAEA that they would continue work on the program; IAEA Director Mohamed ElBaradei even visited the construction site.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: The People’s Mujahedin of Iran presented evidence in 2002 showing the Iranian government was building nuclear facilities in Natanz. In 2003, after the Iranian government formally acknowledged the facilities, the Atomic Energy Agency inspected them, finding that they had a more advanced nuclear program than had previously been anticipated by U.S. intelligence.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: That same year, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) first reported that Iran had not declared sensitive enrichment and reprocessing activities. Enrichment can be used to produce uranium for reactor fuel or (at higher enrichment levels) for weapons. Iran says its nuclear program is peaceful, and had then enriched uranium to less than 5 percent, consistent with fuel for a civilian nuclear power plant. Iran also claimed that it was forced to resort to secrecy after US pressure caused several of its nuclear contracts with foreign governments to fall through. After the IAEA Board of Governors reported Iran's noncompliance with its safeguards agreement to the UN Security Council, the Council demanded that Iran suspend its nuclear enrichment activities while Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has argued that the sanctions are "illegal," imposed by "arrogant powers," and that Iran has decided to pursue the monitoring of its self-described peaceful nuclear program through "its appropriate legal path," the International Atomic Energy Agency.


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: After public allegations about Iran's previously undeclared nuclear activities, the IAEA launched an investigation that concluded in November 2003 that Iran had systematically failed to meet its obligations under its NPT safeguards agreement to report those activities to the IAEA, although it also reported no evidence of links to a nuclear weapons program. The IAEA Board of Governors delayed a formal finding of non-compliance until September 2005, and reported that non-compliance to the Security Council in February 2006. After the Board of Governors reported Iran's noncompliance with its safeguards agreement to the Security Council, the Council demanded that Iran suspend its enrichment programs. The Council imposed sanctions after Iran refused to do so. A May 2009 US Congressional Report suggested "the United States, and later the Europeans, argued that Iran's deception meant it should forfeit its right to enrich, a position likely to be up for negotiation in talks with Iran."


title: Nuclear program of Iran

text: In exchange for suspending its enrichment program, Iran was offered "a long-term comprehensive arrangement which would allow for the development of relations and cooperation with Iran based on mutual respect and the establishment of international confidence in the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program." However, Iran has consistently refused to give up its enrichment program, arguing that the program is necessary for its energy security, that such "long term arrangements" are inherently unreliable, and would deprive it of its inalienable right to peaceful nuclear technology. In June 2009, in the immediate wake of the disputed Iranian presidential election, Iran initially agreed to a deal to relinquish its stockpile of low-enriched uranium in return for fuel for a medical research reactor, but then backed out of the deal. Currently, thirteen states possess operational enrichment or reprocessing facilities, and several others have expressed an interest in developing indigenous enrichment programs. Iran's position was endorsed by the Non-Aligned Movement, which expressed concern about the potential monopolization of nuclear fuel production.