title: Roger Mayweather

text: When Floyd Mayweather Jr. turned pro in 1996, Roger Mayweather turned his attention away from his own competitive boxing career and focused more on being the younger Mayweather's trainer. Roger trained Floyd Jr. until early 1998, when Floyd Mayweather Sr. was released from prison and became Mayweather Jr's trainer. However, soon after Mayweather defeated Gregorio Vargas on March 18, 2000, Mayweather Jr. fired Mayweather Sr. as his trainer and brought uncle Roger back.


title: Roger Mayweather

text: Roger Mayweather garnered national attention during and after Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Zab Judah on April 8, 2006. Near the conclusion of the tenth round, Judah hit Mayweather with a left hand that was clearly below the belt and followed up with a right-handed rabbit punch. After referee Richard Steele called time with five seconds remaining in the round, Roger Mayweather entered the ring, but was restrained by Steele. Judah's father and trainer, Yoel Judah, entered the ring and swung at Roger. Zab then went after Roger—taking a swing and grappling with him until security broke it up and cleared the ring. Roger was ejected, but the boxers finished the remaining two rounds, and Mayweather won by unanimous decision. Five days after the fight, the Nevada State Athletic Commission decided not to overturn the result of the bout, but Roger Mayweather was fined US $200,000 and suspended for one year.


title: Roger Mayweather

text: Mayweather was arrested in August 2009 in Las Vegas for allegedly attacking one of his former boxers, female boxer Melissa St. Vil. Mayweather allegedly hit her several times in the ribs, then tried to choke her, causing her to spit up blood when police arrived. Appearing on the HBO series "24/7", Mayweather admitted to choking St. Vil in an effort to restrain her, but denied that he physically struck her.


title: Roger Mayweather

text: Mayweather died on March 17, 2020, in Las Vegas, Nevada at age 58, after years of deteriorating health. Floyd opened up about Roger's health back in 2015, and thinks that boxing is the main cause of it.


title: Roger Mayweather

text: He did not specify the cause, but said his uncle's “health was failing him for several years.” Roger Mayweather had a number of long-term health problems, including diabetes.


title: Roger Mayweather

text: "My uncle Roger Mayweather has lost a lot of memory from the sport of boxing, he's only in his 50s, but it seems like he's an old man in his 80s." Floyd said.


title: Snare drum

text: The snare (or side drum) is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick, due to the use of a series of stiff wires held under tension against the lower skin. Snare drums are often used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, parades, drumlines, drum corps, and more. It is one of the central pieces in a drum set, a collection of percussion instruments designed to be played by a seated drummer and used in many genres of music.


title: Snare drum

text: Snare drums are usually played with drum sticks, but other beaters such as the brush or the rute can be used to achieve different tones. The snare drum is a versatile and expressive percussion instrument due to its sensitivity and responsiveness. The sensitivity of the snare drum allows it to respond audibly to the softest strokes, even with a wire brush. It can be used for complex rhythmic patterns and engaging solos at moderate volumes. Its high dynamic range allows the player to produce powerful accents with vigorous strokes and a thundering crack when rimshot strokes are used.


title: Snare drum

text: The snare drum originates from the tabor, a drum first used to accompany the flute. The tabor evolved into more modern versions, such as the kit snare, marching snare, tarol snare, and piccolo snare. Each type presents a different style of percussion and size. The snare drum that one might see in a popular music concert is usually used in a backbeat style alongside the rhythm section to create rhythm. In marching bands, it can do the same but is used mostly for a front beat. In comparison with the marching snare, the kit snare is generally smaller in length, while the piccolo is the smallest of the three. The snare drum is easily recognizable by its loud cracking sound when struck firmly with a drumstick or mallet. The depth of the sound varies from snare to snare because of the different techniques and construction qualities of the drum. Some of these qualities are head material and tension, dimensions, and rim and drum shell materials and construction.


title: Snare drum

text: The snare drum is constructed of two heads—both usually made of Mylar plastic in modern drums but historically made from calf or goat skin—along with a rattle of metal, plastic, nylon, or gut wires on the bottom head called the snares. The wires can also be placed on the top, as in the tarol snare, or both heads as in the case of the Highland snare drum. The top head is typically called the batter head because that is where the drummer strikes it, while the bottom head is called the snare head because that is where the snares are located. The tension of each head is held constant by tension rods or ropes. Tension rod adjustment allows the pitch and tonal character of the drum to be customized by the player. The strainer is a lever that engages or disengages contact between the snares and the head, and allows snare tension adjustment. If the strainer is disengaged, the sound of the drum resembles a tom because the snares are inactive. The rim is the metal or wooden ring around the batter head that holds the head onto the drum and provides tension to the head, which can be used for a variety of things, although it is notably used to sound a piercing rimshot with the drumstick when the head and rim are struck together with a single stick.


title: Snare drum

text: When the top head is struck, the bottom (resonant) head vibrates in tandem, which in turn stimulates the snares and produces a cracking sound.


title: Snare drum

text: The drum can be played by striking it with a drum stick or any other form of beater, including brushes, rute and hands, all of which produce a softer-sounding vibration from the snare wires. When using a stick, the drummer may strike the head of the drum, the rim (counterhoop), or the shell.


title: Snare drum

text: The snares can be thrown off (disengaged) with a lever on the strainer so that the drum produces a sound reminiscent of a tom-tom. Rimshots are a technique associated with snare drums in which the head and rim are struck simultaneously with one stick (or in orchestral concert playing, a stick placed on the head and the rim struck by the opposite stick). In contemporary and/or pop and rock music, where the snare drum is used as a part of a drum kit, many of the backbeats and accented notes on the snare drum are played as rimshots, due to the ever-increasing demand for their typical sharp and high-volume sound.


title: Snare drum

text: A commonly used alternative way to play the snare drum is known as "cross-stick", "rim click", or "side-stick". This is done by holding the tip of the drumstick against the drum head and striking the stick's other end (the butt) against the rim, using the hand to mute the head. This produces a dry high-pitched click, similar to a set of claves, and is especially common in Latin and jazz music. So-called "ghost notes" are very light "filler notes" played in between the backbeats in genres such as funk and rhythm and blues. The iconic drum roll is produced by alternately bouncing the sticks on the drum head, striving for a controlled rebound. A similar effect can be achieved by playing alternating double strokes on the drum, creating a double stroke roll, or very fast single strokes, creating a single stroke roll. The snares are a fundamental ingredient in the pressed (buzz) drum roll, as they help to blend together distinct strokes that are then perceived as a single, sustained sound. The snare drum is the first instrument to learn in preparing to play a full drum kit. Rudiments are sets of basic patterns often played on a snare drum.


title: Snare drum

text: Snare drums may be made from various wood, metal, acrylic, or composite, e.g., fiberglass materials. A typical diameter for snare drums is 14 in (36 cm). Marching snare drums are deeper (taller) in size than snare drums normally used for orchestral or drum kit purposes, often measuring 12 in deep (tall). Orchestral and drum kit snare drum shells are about 6 in (15 cm) deep. Piccolo snare drums are even shallower at about 3 in (7.6 cm) deep. Soprano, popcorn, and firecracker snare drums have diameters as small as 8 in (20 cm) and are often used for higher-pitched special effects.


title: Snare drum

text: Most wooden snare drum shells are constructed in plies (layers) that are heat- and compression-moulded into a cylinder. Steam-bent shells consist of one ply of wood that is gradually rounded into a cylinder and glued at one seam. Reinforcement rings, so-called "re-rings", are often incorporated on the inside surface of the drum shell to keep it perfectly round. Segment shells are made of multiple stacks of segmented wood rings. The segments are glued together and rounded out by a lathe. Similarly, stave shells are constructed of vertically glued pieces of wood into a cylinder (much like a barrel) that is also rounded out by a lathe. Solid shells are constructed of one solid piece of hollowed wood.


title: Snare drum

text: The heads or skins used are a batter head (the playing surface on the top of the drum) and a resonant (bottom) head. The resonant head is usually much thinner than the batter head and is not beaten while playing. Rather than calfskin, most modern drums use plastic (Mylar) skins of around 10 mils thickness, sometimes with multiple plies (usually two) of around 7 mils for the batter head. In addition, tone control rings or dots can be applied, either on the outer or inner surface of the head, to control overtones and ringing, and can be found positioned in the centre or close to the edge hoops or both. Resonant heads are usually only a few mils thick, to enable them to respond to the movement of the batter head as it is played. Pipe band requirements have led to the development of a Kevlar-based head, enabling very high tuning, thus producing a very high-pitched cracking snare sound.


title: Snare drum

text: A new technique used to improve the sound quality during snare drum construction is symmetrical venting. In contrast to a standard single vent hole, air can easily travel through and around the instrument without getting caught. This rapid movement creates a smoother, stronger sound.


title: Snare drum

text: The snare drum seems to have descended from a medieval drum called the tabor, which was a drum with a single-gut snare strung across the bottom. It is a little bigger than a medium tom and was first used in war, often played with a fife (pipe); the player would play both the fife and drum (see also Pipe and tabor). Tabors were not always double-headed and not all may have had snares. By the 15th century, the size of the snare drum had increased and had a cylindrical shape. This simple drum with a simple snare became popular with the Swiss mercenary troops who used the fife and drum from the 15th to 16th centuries. The drum was made deeper and carried along the side of the body. Further developments appeared in the 17th century, with the use of screws to hold down the snares, giving a brighter sound than the rattle of a loose snare. During the 18th century, the snare drum underwent changes which improved its characteristic sound. Metal snares appeared in the 20th century. Today the snare drum is used in jazz, pop music and modern orchestral music.


title: Snare drum

text: Much of the development of the snare drum and its rudiments is closely tied to the use of the snare drum in the military. In his book, "The Art of Snare Drumming", Sanford A. Moeller (of the "Moeller Method" of drumming) states, "To acquire a knowledge of the true nature of the [snare] drum, it is absolutely necessary to study military drumming, for it is essentially a military instrument and its true character cannot be brought out with an incorrect method. When a composer wants a martial effect, he instinctively turns to the drums."


title: Snare drum

text: Before the advent of radio and electronic communications, the snare drum was often used to communicate orders to soldiers. American troops were woken up by drum and fife playing about five minutes of music, for example, the well-known "Three Camps". Troops were called for meals by certain drum pieces, such as "Peas on a Trencher" or "Roast Beef". A piece called the "Tattoo" was used to signal that all soldiers should be in their tent, and the "Fatigue Call" was used to police the quarters or drum unruly women out of the camp.


title: Snare drum

text: Many of these military pieces required a thorough grounding in rudimental drumming; indeed Moeller states that: "They [the rudimental drummers] were the only ones who could do it [play the military camp duty pieces]". Moeller furthermore states that "No matter how well a drummer can read, if he does not know the rudimental system of drumming, it is impossible for him to play 'The Three Camps', 'Breakfast Call', or in fact any of the Duty except the simple beats such as 'The Troop'."


title: Snare drum

text: During the late 18th and 19th century, the military bugle largely supplanted the snare and fife for signals. Most modern militaries and scouting groups use the bugle alone to make bugle calls that announce scheduled and unscheduled events of the organization (from First Call to Taps). While most modern military signals use only the bugle, the snare is still retained for some signals, for example, the Adjutant's Call.


title: Snare drum

text: Snare drumheads were originally made from calfskin. The invention of the plastic (Mylar) drumhead is credited to a drummer named Marion "Chick" Evans, who made the first plastic drumhead in 1956.


title: Snare drum

text: Drum rudiments seem to have developed with the snare drum; the Swiss fife and drum groups are sometimes credited with their invention. The first written rudiment was drawn up in Basel, Switzerland in 1610. Rudiments with familiar names—such as the single paradiddle, flam, drag, ratamacue, and double stroke roll, also called the "ma-ma da-da" roll—are listed in Charles Ashworth's book in 1812.


title: Snare drum

text: Marching snares are typically deep and wide. The larger design allows for a deeper-sounding tone, one that is effective for marching bands. Many marching snares are built to withstand high amounts of tension, tightened by a drum key. They are often played with a heavier and thicker stick, more commonly referred to as "marching sticks". Snares are often nylon or gut.


title: Snare drum

text: Similar to a marching snare, pipe band snares are deep and tuned quite tightly. The major difference is that they feature a second set of snare wires beneath the batter head, along with the normal set on the resonant head. This gives them an even more crisp and snappy sound.


title: Snare drum

text: Snare drummers form an integral part of pipe bands, accompanying the bagpipes, and playing music written to fit the pipe tunes. A bass drummer and several tenor drummers, who also perform visual representations of the music, known as flourishing, add to the percussion section of a pipe band. The music played by pipe band snare drummers can be technically difficult, and requires a high degree of rudimental ability, similar to that of marching bands. Pipe Band snare normally use the traditional grip.


title: Snare drum

text: Drum kit snares are usually about a third to half the depth of a marching snare. They are typically in diameter and , with depths also available. Typically uses coiled metal snare wires.


title: Snare drum

text: The piccolo snare is a type of snare used by drummers seeking a higher-pitched sound from their snare. Because the piccolo snare has a narrower depth than that of the marching snare or set snare, a higher-pitched "pop" is more widely associated with it. Although the piccolo snare has a more distinctive, unique sound, it has some downsides. Because of the "sharper" sound of the piccolo, its sound travels further and is picked up by microphones further away during recording, making it difficult to record effectively. There are many kinds of piccolo snare which can be piccolos, including the popcorn, soprano and standard snares. Popcorn snares typically have a diameter of , sopranos , and standard piccolos . A well-known user of the piccolo snare was Neil Peart, the drummer of Rush, who used a X Shell Series Piccolo.


title: Snare drum

text: Orchestral snare drums usually conform to the dimensions of drum kit snares, but often have a calf skin head or a synthetic approximation of a natural head material. They also typically use snares made of metal cable, gut, synthetic cord, or nylon, with some orchestral snare strainers supporting 3 different materials simultaneously and the ability to tune each bundle of snare material independently.


title: Snare drum

text: The tabor snare dates back to around the 14th century, and was used for marching beats in wars. It is a double-headed drum with a single snare strand, and was often played along with the three-holed pipe flute. The dimensions vary with the different types of tabor. It is typically wide and around in diameter.


title: Snare drum

text: The tarol snare has similar dimensions to the kit snare. The major distinction is that the snares in this type are on the top head rather than the bottom one.


title: Snare drum

text: "Caixa" meaning "box". This is a simple diameter, deep snare typical of Samba played in Southern Brasil. Made from aluminum or steel with the snare wires on top, it can be played from a sling or "em cima" – on the shoulder to project the sound.


title: Manic Monday

text: "Manic Monday" is a song written by American musician Prince, but is better known from the version recorded by the American pop rock band the Bangles, which was the first single released from their second studio album, "Different Light" (1986). Prince used the pseudonym "Christopher" for the song's writing credits and originally it was intended for the group Apollonia 6 in 1984. Lyrically, it describes a woman who is waking up to go to work on Monday, wishing it was still Sunday so that she could continue relaxing.


title: Manic Monday

text: The single, released by Columbia Records on Monday, January 27, 1986, received generally positive reviews from music critics, with comparisons being made to the Mamas & the Papas' "Monday, Monday". It became the Bangles' first hit, reaching No. 2 in the United States and the United Kingdom. It also reached No. 2 in Austria, Canada, Germany, and Ireland, and peaked within the Top 5 in Australia, New Zealand, Norway, and Switzerland. It was later certified silver in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).


title: Manic Monday

text: Prince wrote "Manic Monday" in 1984, and recorded it as a duet for the band Apollonia 6's self-titled album; however, he eventually pulled the song. Two years later, he offered the single to the Bangles under the pseudonym "Christopher", a character he played in the 1986 film "Under the Cherry Moon". It was rumored by various writers that after Prince listened to the band's 1984 debut album "All Over the Place", he gave the song to Bangles rhythm guitarist Susanna Hoffs, in hopes of winning her affection. An original demo with Apollonia and Prince appeared in the 2001 bootleg, "The Work - Volume 1." It would be another 15 years before an official version was posthumously released with Prince as the primary vocalist. That recording appears on the 2019 demo compilation, "Originals".


title: Manic Monday

text: In an interview with MTV UK in 1989 Debbi Peterson explained why Prince gave them the song: "[Prince] really liked our first album. He liked the song 'Hero Takes a Fall', which is a great compliment, because we liked his music. He contacted us, and said, 'I've got a couple of songs for you. I'd like to know if you're interested,' and of course we were. One of the songs Prince brought to the group was 'Manic Monday', written under the pseudonym of Christopher." Peterson talked about the evolution of what Prince brought them: "It was a Banglefication of a Prince arrangement. He had a demo, that was very specifically him. It was a good song, but we didn't record it like 'This is our first hit single! Oh my God! I can feel it in my veins!' We just did the song, and the album, and then sat back and thought about it."


title: Manic Monday

text: A pop song written in D major, "Manic Monday" moves at a tempo of 116 beats per minute and is set in common time. The song has a sequence of D–A–G–D–A–G as its chord progression. Lyrically, the song is about someone waking up from a romantic dream at six o'clock on Monday morning, and facing a hectic journey to work when she would prefer to still be enjoying relaxing on Sunday—her "I-don't-have-to-run day". Actor Rudolph Valentino is referred in the first verse.


title: Manic Monday

text: Some critics compared the song with the single "Monday, Monday" by the band the Mamas & the Papas. In a review for AllMusic, Mark Deming said that the single "was a far cry from anything the Bangles had recorded before"; while Matthew Greenwald, also from the website, said


title: Manic Monday

text: It's a clever and deceptively simple pop narrative, an infectious pop confection ... There is also an excellently written bridge that shows Prince/Christopher to be an excellent craftsman, and, to their credit, the Bangles carry it off with style and wit.


title: Manic Monday

text: Robert Hilburn from "Los Angeles Times" called the song "a candidate for best single of the year". "The Guardian" music critic Dorian Lynskey commented about the painful rhyming of "Sunday" with "I-don't-have-to-run day."


title: Manic Monday

text: Mark Moses from "The Phoenix" said "the lack of lyrical substance is so glaring that Prince's lame 'Manic Monday' seems like a thematic highlight". Greg Baker of "The Miami News" wrote in the album's review that "the song should put the Bangles on the 'pop 'n' roll' map". A writer in "Toledo Blade" noted that "Manic Monday" was "infectious" and, along with "If She Knew What She Wants", both were "refreshingly melodic". Chris Willman from the "Los Angeles Times" commented: "The first single 'Manic Monday' represents slumming songwriter Prince's attempt mostly successful save for the inevitable getting down interlude to concoct a modern day Mamas and the Papas hit."


title: Manic Monday

text: "Manic Monday" debuted at number 86 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, on the week ending January 25, 1986, and reached a peak of number two, on the issue dated April 19, 1986, behind Prince and the Revolution's single "Kiss". In the United Kingdom, "Manic Monday" debuted at number 85 on February 8, 1986, and entered the top 40, at number 24, on February 22, 1986. The song eventually reached its peak position, at number two, the next month. In Germany, the single debuted at number 29 on March 17, 1986, reaching the top 10 in the next three weeks, and its peak, also at number two, on April 14, 1986, where it stayed two weeks. It remained in the top 10 for four more weeks, leaving the charts on July 20, 1986.


title: Manic Monday

text: In Switzerland, "Manic Monday" debuted at number 12 on March 30, 1986, becoming the highest debut of the week. It reached its peak two weeks later at number four, where it remained another week. In the Netherlands, the single debuted at number 43 on February 22, 1986; and managed to reach number 24. It stayed on the chart for seven weeks. In Norway, "Manic Monday" debuted at number nine in the 10th week of 1986, becoming the second-highest debut of the week. It also reached the number four two weeks later, where it stayed another two. The song also peaked within the top five in the Austrian, the Irish, and the New Zealand charts.


title: Manic Monday

text: In 2020, Billie Joe Armstrong, vocalist of Green Day, covered the song for his "No Fun Mondays" series. Susanna Hoffs plays the guitar and provides backing vocals that, according to Andrew Trendell of NME, "match Armstrong's silky sentimental side". Ryan Reed wrote for "Rolling Stone" that the version replaces the "twinkling synths and clean strums with palm-muted crunch".


title: Sonarika Bhadoria

text: Sonarika Bhadoria is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi television and Telugu films. She is best known for her portrayal of Goddess Parvati / Adi Shakti in the mythological television series "Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev".


title: Sonarika Bhadoria

text: Bhadoria is a from a Rajput clan of the Chambal River region. She was born and raised in Mumbai. She attended Yashodham High School and did her graduation from Ruparel College.


title: Sonarika Bhadoria

text: Bhadoria made her television debut in 2011 with Life OK's "Tum Dena Saath Mera" as Abhilasha. She gained a household name with her portrayal of Parvati in "Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev".


title: Sonarika Bhadoria

text: In 2018, she starred as Mrinal in Sony TV's "Prithvi Vallabh" and Anarkali in Colors TV's "Salim Anarkali". In 2019, she was seen as Netra Sharma in "Ishq Mein Marjawan."


title: Sonarika Bhadoria

text: In 2015, Bhadoria made her debut in Telugu cinema as Parvathi in "Jadoogadu". She was also signed by Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao in "Speedunnodu", the Telugu remake of the 2012 hit romantic drama film "Sundarapandian". The film was released in February 2016 to positive reviews and she was praised for her performance. Her second release in 2016 was the successful Telugu film "Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam".


title: Sonarika Bhadoria

text: She signed to play the lead role in her debut Hindi film "Saansein", directed by Rajiv S Ruia, opposite Rajneesh Duggal.


title: Sonarika Bhadoria

text: In 2018, Bhadoria was listed in "The Times of India"s Top 20 Most Desirable Women on Indian Television.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Dabolim Airport is an international airport in Dabolim, Goa, India. It is operated by the Airports Authority of India as a civil enclave in an Indian Navy naval airbase named INS Hansa. The airport is located in Dabolim, 4 kilometers from the nearest city Vasco da Gama, 23 kilometers from Margao, and about 30 kilometers from the state capital, Panaji.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: The airport's integrated terminal was inaugurated in December 2013. It was designed by Creative Group, an India-based architecture firm. In fiscal year 2017–2018, the airport handled over 7.6 million passengers and 8.36 million in fiscal year 2019–2020. Several European charter airlines fly to Goa seasonally, typically between November and May. Flights from the UK (London Gatwick and Manchester Airport) are operated by TUI Airways. There are also several seasonal charter flights to various Russian cities.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Because of capacity constraints at the terminal and air traffic congestion due to the military and naval presence, a second airport at Mopa was proposed. It completed its construction on 11 December 2022, with operations starting from 5 January 2023.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: The airport was built in 1955 by the Government of the Estado da Índia Portuguesa, on of land, as the Aeroporto de Dabolim, which was later officially renamed to Aeroporto General Bénard Guedes. Until 1961, the airport served as the main hub of the Portuguese India's airline TAIP ("Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa"), which on a regular schedule served Daman, Diu, Karachi, Mozambique, Portuguese Timor, and other destinations.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: During the Annexation of Goa, in December 1961, the airport was bombarded by the Indian Air Force with parts of the infrastructure being destroyed. Two civilian planes that were in the airport – a Lockheed Constellation from TAP (Transportes Aéreos Portugueses) and a Douglas DC-4 from TAIP – managed to escape with refugees, during the night, to Karachi. In April 1962, it was occupied by the Indian Navy's air wing when Major General K. P. Candeth, who had led the successful military operation into Goa, "handed over" the airport to the Indian Navy before relinquishing charge as its military governor to a Lieutenant Governor of the then Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu in June 1962.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: For civilian air travel out of Vasco da Gama and Goa, the Indian Navy and the Government of India invited the public sector airline (known now as Indian) to operate at Dabolim from 1966 after the runway was repaired and jet-enabled. A new domestic terminal building was built in 1983, designed to process 350 arrivals and departures simultaneously, while the international terminal, built in 1996 was designed for 250.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Once two vital road bridges across the main waterways of Goa were built in the early 1980s, and Goa hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in 1983, the charter flight business began to take off at Dabolim a few years later, pioneered by Condor Airlines of Germany.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: In 2006, the Indian Civil Aviation Ministry announced a plan to upgrade Dabolim Airport. This involved constructing a new international passenger terminal (after converting the existing one to domestic) and adding several more aircraft stands over an area of about . The construction was scheduled to be completed by the end of 2007. However delays in transfer of the required land from the Navy held up proceedings.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: The modernisation project of Dabolim Airport was one of 35 airport expansion projects undertaken by the AAI and, in terms of size and money, was its third largest project after the ones at Chennai and Kolkata airports. It included the construction of an integrated terminal building to replace the older terminals, a multi-level car parking (MLCP) facility to accommodate between 540 and 570 cars and construction of additional parking stands for aircraft. The AAI acquired additional land from the Indian Navy and the State Government for apron expansion and the expansion of the older international terminal building complex. The foundation stone for the terminal was laid on 21 February 2009, the project work began in May 2010 and construction of the terminal began in May 2011. The terminal can handle 2,750 peak hour passengers, cost 3.45 billion and was inaugurated on 3 December 2013.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: The airport is spread over (and possibly ) and consists of a civil enclave of nearly , an increase from its original size of . The civil enclave is operated by the AAI. Of the 180 flights daily, there is a very large concentration of civilian traffic in the period between 1:00 pm and 9:00 pm during weekdays, with the balance in the early morning hours. This is because of naval restrictions for military flight training purposes throughout the year. In September 2017, the AAI and the Indian Navy entered into a Memorandum of understanding (MoU) to construct a full-length, parallel taxi track suitable for Boeing 747 type of aircraft and agreed to share the cost of construction. The environmental clearance for the project was received in January 2018.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: The project, which involved development of a 3,710 metre long parallel taxi track along with associated facilities, would be completed in three phases. The first phase was completed by November 2019. The completed taxiway was opened in December 2019. It raised the capacity of the runway from 15 air traffic movements (ATMs) per hour to 18-20 ATMs per hour.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: The Navy's premises straddle the Dabolim runway and consequently its personnel would cross the runway at one point (on foot or bicycles or in vehicles) between flights. As part of the works taken up in 2018, a peripheral road was built and the local traffic would no longer affect flight movement.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: The airport's integrated terminal building handles both international and domestic passengers. It was opened in December 2013. The building design features aesthetic glass, large steel span structures and frameless glazing. The 36,000 square metre terminal is designed to cater to five million passengers annually. It is equipped with eight aerobridges. The terminal features an in-line baggage scanning system and a state-of-the-art sewage treatment plant. It has 75 check-in counters, 22 immigration counters for departures, 18 immigration counters for arrivals, 14 security check booths and eight customs counters.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: The basement of the four-level terminal has utilities like electricity and cargo handling. The check-in counters are placed on the ground floor while the first floor has security check booths. The second floor has the security hold area where passengers may wait before boarding an aircraft.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Dabolim's air traffic control is in the hands of the Indian Navy, which earns revenues from this service on account of aircraft movements. Landing fees are of the order of each while Route Navigation Facility (RNF) Charges are about . The Airports Authority of India could be eligible for aircraft parking fees of per day. It receives a part of the passenger service fee which is shared between it and the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF). The AAI's prime source of earning is from non-traffic services like passenger facilitation, car park, entry tickets, stalls, restaurants and shops at the main terminal building and advertising boards.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Capital expenditures (such as for runway expansion) at the airport are covered by AAI. The Dabolim Airport runway has increased from about initially to as of April 2013 and can accommodate Boeing 747s. There is a shortage of night parking bays which are at a premium in metro airports like Mumbai. A local association has estimated that about 40 hectares are needed for the civil enclave in comparison to the 14 hectares earmarked at present.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: By 2005, total passengers had increased to 987,700 (1944 domestic plus 762 international passengers per day, year unspecified). The figure for 2004–05 was placed at nearly 1.3 million, giving a daily average of 3,467. The airport director has claimed that 2.2 million passengers used the airport in CY 2006. This rose to about 2.6 million in CY 2007. The airport is ranked among the top ten in the country in terms of passenger traffic. Airport authorities consider that it has been operating at saturation levels since 2004.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Today, Goa's estimated 1200 international flights per year account for some 93% of India's international charter tourist flights. It is estimated that about 300 to 350 thousand international tourists arrive at Dabolim on charter flights. Goa's total international tourists (roughly double the charter passengers) account for 5–10% of the national figure and 10–15% of the country's foreign exchange receipts from tourism. As the weekend morning hours approach saturation due to waves of chartered flights especially from the United Kingdom and Russia, attention is shifting to the night and early morning hours of weekdays for accommodating such flights. Tourists from UK to Goa by air were estimated to number about 300,000 in 2013–14 while those from Russia numbered about 49,000 (by 280 charter flights) in the same period.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: INS Hansa is India's biggest naval airbase. The air station of the Indian Navy at Dabolim was transferred here from the Sulur Air Force Base in Coimbatore after the liberation of Goa from colonial Portuguese rule in December 1961. In 1983, the Indian Navy began inducting the BAE Sea Harrier into service, basing training activities at Dabolim.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: INS Hansa is also the site of Asia's first Shore Based Test Facility (SBTF), built in 2014 to train pilots of the MiG-29K for the aircraft carrier INS "Vikramaditya".


title: Dabolim Airport

text: INS Hansa is home to several squadrons of the Indian Navy, operating aircraft such as Mikoyan MiG-29Ks, Kamov Ka-28s, Ilyushin Il-38s, Dornier 228s. The Navy's Sagar Pawan aerobatic team is also based at Dabolim.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Apart from being a naval airbase, INS Hansa hosts the Coast Guard Air Enclave (CGAE) - Goa and also sees regular exercises by Indian Air Force aircraft. The Navy also operates a naval aviation museum near Dabolim Airport.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Military flight training at Dabolim is carried out on five days of the week from 0830 hrs to 1300 hrs, during which civilian flights cannot operate. Some exceptions have been made on rare occasions by the naval ATC, chiefly in the case of foreign airlines. Charter airlines carrying international tourists during the season tend to use the freer civil aviation regimes on weekends (Saturday and Sunday) and in the early morning hours. The blocked time is about 15% of the total on a weekly basis albeit during peak morning hours for civilian flights.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: There has been a demand in local political circles for the restoration of Dabolim's civilian status by relocating the Indian Navy' air station to the proposed Karwar airfield in the new INS Kadamba naval base at Karwar, south of Dabolim in the adjoining state of Karnataka. However, the Indian Navy's top officers in Goa have hinted that the investment at Dabolim naval air station is and that it would be impossible to replicate this at Karwar.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: In early 2007, there were reports of a concerted move by the Navy, the AAI, and the state of Karnataka to extend the runway planned at the naval base at Karwar to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) to accommodate Airbus A320s and to acquire 75 extra hectares for this purpose.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: In 2011, the Navy affirmed that Hansa would retain its assets and position as an important station for the Indian Navy, despite the commissioning of INS Kadamba.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: An estimated of cargo were handled annually as of a few years ago and may have declined since then. Most air cargo is carried in the belly-space of airlines such as Air India rather than in dedicated freighters. As of 2016, all domestic cargo is handled at Dabolim airport. GoAir, Vistara and other airlines use AAI's facilities, including machines, to process cargo during non-peak hours. AAI has plans to build and operate a 24x7 cargo terminal at Dabolim in the old international terminal. Once completed, the common user terminal for cargo would be able to cater to both domestic and international cargo flights on a continuous basis.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Passengers can reach the airport using taxis, buses, trains, or automobiles. Public buses go to the nearby city of Vasco da Gama, approximately away, and also stop at the closer Chicalim bus stop, about from the airport. Local mini-buses connect both Vasco da Gama and Chicalim to the airport. Pre-paid taxis are available from the airport, but these are yellow and black colored like government taxis. If you want pre-book cab you can use cabgoa.com, the leading taxi service in Goa. There are various new transportation plans in the works, including the addition of a second bridge. Meanwhile, plans for a 6-lane, north-to-south expressway are on hold in Goa. A monorail system is also being considered. All these plans have implications for the proposed Mopa Airport and its link to Dabolim and Goa's population centres.


title: Dabolim Airport

text: Railway tracks of Indian Railways, which also run through Goa, pass beside the airport. The nearest station is Dabolim railway station. The port at Mormugao is located about away. Konkan Railway provides services to Margao in South Goa, Tivim in North Goa, Carambolim, and Ponda.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School (MSDH or MSD) is a public high school in Parkland, Florida, United States. It was established in 1990 and is part of the Broward County Public Schools district. It is named after the writer Marjory Stoneman Douglas and is the only public high school in Parkland, serving almost all of the limits of that city as well as a section of Coral Springs.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: On February 14, 2018, Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School became the scene of a deadly mass shooting perpetrated by a 19-year-old former student of the school.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School was named after the Everglades environmentalist, Marjory Stoneman Douglas. Despite its namesake, it is located just under two miles from the Everglades National Park, on part of the historical Everglades which Marjory Stoneman Douglas advocated for. The school opened in 1990, the year of her centennial, with students in grades 9 through 11, most of whom transferred from nearby schools Coral Springs High School and J. P. Taravella High School. The first senior class graduated in 1992.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: On February 14, 2018, a mass shooting at the campus left 17 dead and 17 more wounded. The gunman, who was a 19-year-old former student of the school, was apprehended hours later. Authorities charged the gunman with first-degree murder in response to the shooting, and the case went to trial in September 2021 along with the case of an attack against a jail officer.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: On October 20, 2021, The gunman pleaded guilty to all charges, including murder and attempted murder. On November 2, 2022, The gunman was sentenced to 34 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole, one life sentence for each of the victims murdered and wounded by the gunman.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: Students from Stoneman Douglas were instrumental, by helping to organize nationwide student protests following the shooting, in spurring the revision of Florida law, on March 4, 2018, to raise the legal rifle-owner age from 18 to 21, with a three-day wait.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: The Marjory Stoneman Douglas Athletics Department operates programs in football, volleyball, lacrosse, softball, tennis, track, water polo, bowling, basketball, cheerleading, soccer, wrestling, swimming, cross country, and golf.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: The cheerleading squad at the school received international attention in 2012 when its coach was fired in response to complaints from parents. Parents complained about being charged thousands of dollars for their children to participate in the program, and alleged that the coach mishandled the team's finances and encouraged bullying.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: "Newsweek"'s 2009 national ranking of high schools rated Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School as No. 208 in the U.S., and No. 38 in Florida, which was the highest ranking of any school in Broward County.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School had a Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) school grade of "A" for the 2011–2012 academic school year.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: There are numerous clubs at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School including DECA, speech and debate, Key Club, and cultural clubs including ISA (Indian Student Associations), Black Student Union Club, French Club, and Spanish club.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: Several students in the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Drama Club wrote "Shine", a song memorializing the victims of the school shooting in 2018 and others who have experienced gun violence. It has been performed at various venues, including a nationally-broadcast CNN town hall, and at the March for Our Lives rally in Washington, D.C. on March 24, 2018. It has also been performed by other musical groups, such as the Badiene Magaziner Vocal Studio at the March for Our Lives rally in New York City on the same day. The drama club performed at the 2018 Tony Awards.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: The "Eagle Eye" is the student-run news publication of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School. They made international press for their reporting of the 2018 shooting and its aftermath. Two issues of the student newspaper were submitted for the Pulitzer Prize for their work covering student obituaries.


title: Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School

text: As of the 2017–2018 school year, the total student enrollment was 3,330. The ethnic makeup of the school was 57% White, 11% Black, 22% Hispanic, 7% Asian and 3% multiracial. 27% of the students were eligible for free or reduced cost lunch.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Eduard Veniaminovich Savenko (; 22 February 1943 – 17 March 2020), known by his pen name Eduard Limonov (), was a Russian writer, poet, publicist, political dissident and politician.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: He emigrated from the USSR in 1974, but returned to Russia in 1991, where he founded the National Bolshevik Party. The Party was banned in the country in 2007 and superseded by The Other Russia. In the 2000s, he was one of the leaders of The Other Russia coalition of opposition forces.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov was born in the Soviet Union, in Dzerzhinsk, an industrial town in the Gorky Oblast (now Nizhny Novgorod Oblast). Limonov's fatherthen in the military servicewas in a state security career and his mother was a homemaker. In the early years of his life his family moved to Kharkiv in the Ukrainian SSR, where Limonov grew up. He studied at the H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: By Limonov's own account, he began writing "very bad" poetry at the age of thirteen and soon after became involved in theft and petty crime as an adolescent hooligan. Limonov adopted his pen name for use in literary circles during this time.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: In 1966, together with his first actual wife, Anna Moiseevna Rubinstein, (their marriage was not registered officially) he first came to Moscow, earning money sewing trousers (Limonov "dressed" many in the intelligentsia; sculptor Ernst Neizvestny and poet Bulat Okudzhava among others), but later returned to Kharkov.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov moved to Moscow again in 1967, marrying a fellow poet, Yelena Shchapova, in a Russian Orthodox ceremony in 1973. During his period in Moscow, Limonov was involved in the "Konkret" poets' group and sold volumes of his self-published poetry while doing various day jobs. Having achieved a degree of success in this manner by the mid-1970s, and he and his wife emigrated from the Soviet Union in 1974. The exact circumstances of Limonov's departure are unclear and have been described differently. Reportedly, KGB secret police gave him a choice either to become a informant, or leave the country.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Although neither he nor Shchapova were Jewish, the Soviet Union issued permission for the couple to emigrate to Israel, but soon after the couple arrived in the United States. Limonov settled in New York City, where he and Shchapova soon divorced.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov worked for a Russian-language newspaper as a proofreader and occasionally interviewed recent Soviet emigrants. Like Eddie, the immigrant protagonist of Limonov's first novel "It's Me, Eddie", Limonov was drawn to punk subculture and radical politics. Limonov's New York acquaintances included Studio 54's Steve Rubell and a Trotskyist group, the Socialist Workers Party. As protagonist Eddie finds out as a consequence, the latter is a political target of the FBI. Limonov was himself harassed by the FBI. As he later recounted, the FBI interrogated dozens of his acquaintances, once asking a friend about "Lermontov" in Paris when he had resettled in France.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: The first chapter of "It's Me, Eddie", was published by an Israeli Russian-language journal. Finished by 1977, it was consistently rejected by publishers in the United States and only brought out a few years after becoming an instant success in France in 1980. In interviews, Limonov says this was because the book was not written with anti-Soviet tones, like other Russian literature admired in the United States.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: In New York, Limonov also discovered another side of the American Dream. After being a dissident, he lived a poor life due to his low revenues. He managed to afford a room in a miserable hostel and spent time with homeless persons, some of whom he had casual sexual intercourse with, as related in ‘’It’s me, Eddie’’, published in France under the title "Le poète russe préfère les grands nègres". He then found a job as a butler for a millionaire in the Upper East Side. This period of his life led him to write autobiographical texts, including "His Butler's Story".


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Finally, disillusioned with the country he termed "a damned outhouse bereft of spirit or purpose on the outskirts of civilization", Limonov left America for Paris with his lover Natalya Medvedeva in 1980, where he became active in French literary circles. He swore to never return to the United States, and never did. Having remained stateless for thirteen years, he was granted French citizenship in 1987. Limonov and Medvedeva got married in 1982; the pair split up by 1995.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: In 1991, Limonov returned to Russia from France, restored his citizenship and became active in politics.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov was a strong supporter of Serbia in the wars that followed the breakup of Yugoslavia and participated in a sniper patrol in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War. Paweł Pawlikowski's film "Serbian Epics" includes footage of Limonov travelling to the front lines of Sarajevo in 1992 with Radovan Karadžić, then the Bosnian Serb president and later a convicted war criminal, and firing a few rounds with a machine gun in the direction of the besieged city. When asked about the incident in 2010, Limonov claimed he had been shooting at a target range and that Pawlikowski added an extra frame to make it appear he had fired on an apartment complex. This explanation has been challenged. On another occasion, Limonov said that he "celebrated his 50th birthday in Kninska Krajina [...] by firing from a Russian-made heavy gun at Croatian Army headquarters." During the 1990s, he supported Bosnian Serbs in the Yugoslav wars; and Abkhaz and Transnistrian secessionists against Georgia and Moldova, respectively.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov was also initially an ally of Vladimir Zhirinovsky and was named as Security Minister in a shadow cabinet formed by Zhirinovsky in 1992. However Limonov soon tired of Zhirinovsky, accusing him of moderateness and of approaching the president and consequently split from him, publishing the book "Limonov against Zhirinovsky" (1994).


title: Eduard Limonov

text: In 1993, together with figures like Aleksandr Dugin and Yegor Letov, he founded the National Bolshevik Party which started to publish a newspaper called "Limonka" (the Russian nickname for the lemon-shaped F1 hand grenade; also a play on his pen name Limonov).


title: Eduard Limonov

text: In 1996, a Russian court judged in a hearing that the NBP paper "Limonka" had disseminated illegal and immoral information: "in essence, E. V. Limonov (Savenko) is an advocate of revenge and mass terror, raised to the level of state policy." The court decided to recommend issuing an official warning to Limonka, to investigate the possibility of examining whether Limonov could be held legally responsible, and to publish its decision in "Rossiiskaia gazeta". After that, a criminal case was launched against him on charges of incitement of ethnic hatred.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: On the Ukrainian Independence Day 24 August 1999, Limonov along with 15 other supporters from the top of the city's clock tower in Sevastopol publicly called to review the status of the city and not to ratify Treaty about Friendship and Cooperation between Russia and Ukraine by the State Duma.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov was jailed in April 2001 on charges of terrorism, the forced overthrow of the constitutional order, and the illegal purchase of weapons. Based on an article published in "Limonka" under Limonov's byline, the government accused Limonov of planning to raise an army to invade Kazakhstan. After one year in jail, his trial was heard in a Saratov court, which also heard appeals from Russian Duma members Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Alexei Mitrofanov and Vasiliy Shandybin for his release. He maintained that the charges were ridiculous and politically motivated, but was convicted and sentenced to four years imprisonment for the arms purchasing, while the other charges were dropped. He served almost two years before being paroled for good behavior. He wrote eight books while in jail.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: In 2006, Limonov married the actress Yekaterina Volkova. They had a son, Bogdan, and a daughter, Alexandra. They split up in 2008.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: On 19 April 2007, the Moscow City Court banned the National Bolshevik Party as extremist. The decision was upheld by the Supreme Court.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov continued his political activities as one of the leaders of "The Other Russia", along with liberal, nationalist and communist politicians. He took part in various protests and was one of the organizers of the "Dissenters' Marches". In particular, on 3 March 2007, Limonov was detained by police in the very beginning of the rally the first Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March; on 14 April 2007, Limonov was arrested again after an anti-government rally in Moscow; on 31 January 2009 was detained again in Moscow.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Soon, Limonov split up with the liberal opposition. In July 2010, he and his followers established "The Other Russia" political party, as the informal successor to the NBP. It was denied official registration in 2010 and in 2019, after it got re-established without Limonov as formally part of its leadership.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Since 2014, Limonov supported the annexation of Crimea, the unrecognized DNR and LNR, and encouraged Russians to take part in the Russo-Ukrainian War on a Russian side.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: He died on 17 March 2020 in Moscow. It was reported that Limonov had been battling cancer; complications from two surgery procedures such as


title: Eduard Limonov

text: throat problems, struggles with oncology, and inflammation were cited as the direct cause of his death.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov's works are known for their cynicism. His novels are also (to an extent, fictive) memoirs, describing his experiences as a youth in Russia and as émigré in the United States.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: In 2007, the Swiss novelist Christian Kracht wrote to American businessman David Woodard, "Solzhenitsyn has described Limonov as 'a little insect who writes pornography,' while Limonov described Solzhenitsyn as a traitor to his homeland who contributed to the downfall of the USSR. publishes my friend Eduard Limonov’s novels. Your obedient servant—Christian Eduard Kracht (truthfully my middle name)"


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov's works were scandalous for the Russian public, once they began to be published in the USSR during the late perestroika era. Particularly noted is "It's Me, Eddie", which contained numerous pornographic descriptions of homosexual acts involving the narrator. The author later argued that such scenes were purely fiction; however, his fellow Russian nationalists were nevertheless appalled by such descriptions in Limonov's work. Thus, the Neo-Nazi leader Alexander Barkashov remarked to a journalist of "Komsomolskaya Pravda" concerning Limonov: ″Если лидер педераст, то он родину продаст.″ (″If the leader is a pederast, he will betray the fatherland″)


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Russian film director and screenwriter Aleksandr Veledinskii's 2004 feature film "Russkoe" ("Russian") is based on Limonov's writings.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: In late 1990s and early 2000s, Limonov was a regular contributor to "Living Here" and later to "the eXile", both English-language newspapers in Moscow. These were the only known sources where Limonov wrote articles in English. When he joined as a contributor, he specifically asked the editors of the paper that they preserve his "terrible Russian-English style." Although most of his featured articles were political, he also wrote on many topics, including "advice for ambitious youngsters."


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Limonov expressed that his favorite poet was Velimir Khlebnikov. Japanese writer Yukio Mishima is noted, by some observers, as an influence on Limonov's writing.


title: Eduard Limonov

text: Eduard Limonov's life is related in detail by Emmanuel Carrère in his 2011 biographical novel "Limonov" and in the Adam Curtis documentary series "Can't Get You Out of My Head". English actor Ben Whishaw will portray Limonov in a film by Kirill Serebrennikov, based on Carrère's novel.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton United Football Club is a professional football club in Sutton, South London, England, who play in League Two, the fourth tier of the English football league system. They play home games at Gander Green Lane in Sutton about 11 miles south-southwest of central London.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton started out playing in junior, local leagues, but progressed into the Athenian League in 1921; the Isthmian League in 1964; and the Conference in 1986. The team fell back into the Isthmian League in 1991. Sutton won the Athenian League three times (1927–28, 1945–46 and 1957–58) and the Isthmian League five times (1966–67, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1998–99 and 2010–11). They appeared in the Conference for one more season in 1999–2000, and were founding members of the Conference South (now known as National League South) in 2004. Sutton won the National League South in 2015–16 and achieved their very first promotion to the Football League after winning the National League title in the 2020–21 season.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: The team has played at Wembley Stadium on four occasions. Firstly, in the FA Amateur Cup Final twice, the FA Trophy Final in 1980–81 and the EFL Trophy Final in 2021–22. Sutton won the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1978–79, but the club is most famous for its FA Cup "giant killing" exploits, most notably in the 1988–89 season, when they defeated Coventry City 2–1 in the third round. The Coventry City team was composed mostly of star international players and had won the competition in 1986–87. In the 2016–17 season, Sutton reached the fifth round of the FA Cup for the first time in their history, beating three Football League teams (including Leeds United) before losing to Arsenal.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: The club was formed on 5 March 1898 when Sutton Guild Rovers F.C. and Sutton Association F.C. (formerly Sutton St Barnabas F.C.) agreed to merge during a meeting at the Robin Hood Hotel.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: The club gained a reputation locally in junior leagues, including the Clapham League, and in 1910 decided to become a senior side. They joined the Southern Suburban League and won it on their first attempt. During this period the team moved between several grounds, including what was then known as the "Sutton Adult School Ground". After the First World War, the team moved in for good and have not left the stadium since.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton gained election into the Athenian League in 1921. The team did not challenge at the top of the table and in 1926 finished last, but were re-elected. Only one seasons later, in 1928, the team won its first Athenian League Championship. The thirties were a good time for Sutton, who twice reached the semi-final of the FA Amateur Cup (in 1929 and 1937).


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: During the Second World War, Sutton kept playing football but on a smaller scale. The Athenian League had been suspended while this happened and so organised competitions were rare and sporadic, but Sutton won a number of honours. This put them in good stead for winning the league again when the war came to an end. With the help of 42 goals from Charlie Vaughan, Sutton ran away with the 1945–46 season. This was also the first time the club won the Surrey Senior Cup and got through to the FA Cup first round.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: The 1950s brought little success for Sutton, though the team is said to have progressed off the field. Assets were transferred to a limited company, something which was unusual for the time. In addition, the main stand was constructed, which today holds over 700 spectators. It was not until George Smith became manager that success returned; the Athenian League title was won for the third time in 1958 and the club won the London Senior Cup for the first time. Progress continued into the 60s under Sid Cann in Sutton's most successful period. In 1963, the club reached Wembley in the FA Amateur Cup, but lost 4–2 to Wimbledon.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: The summer after the cup success marked Sutton's election into the Isthmian League. In 1967, they won the league title. Two seasons later the club was at Wembley again for the Amateur Cup final, but surprisingly lost 2–1 to underdogs North Shields.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: 1970 brought great cup success to the club once more, but this time in the form of the FA Cup. Sutton beat Hillingdon Borough in the third round and went on to play Don Revie's top flight Leeds United, one of the best teams in Europe at the time, at Gander Green Lane. The match saw 14,000 spectators squeeze into the ground and Leeds, with 11 full internationals in the team, won 6–0.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Unfortunately, the next decade proved to be one of little success for the club and Sutton went through a succession of managers, including Ted Powell and Dario Gradi, both of whom played for the team and went on to manage at higher levels. It was not until Keith Blunt took charge that success returned to Gander Green Lane. His biggest achievement was to win the Anglo-Italian Cup in 1979, after a surprise 2–1 win over Chieti. This was the only time an English club won the honour in its semi-professional era.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Soon after the continental win, Keith Blunt moved on to manage Malmö and Barrie Williams took over. He guided Sutton to Wembley for the 1981 FA Trophy Final, but the side lost to Bishop's Stortford. This was to be the club's last appearance at Wembley until 2021, a place which saw little success for them. During Williams's reign the club finished runners-up in the Anglo-Italian Cup twice more, in 1980 and 1982. The club also finished runners-up in the 1981–82 Isthmian League and in 1983 won a treble of the Surrey Senior, London Senior, and Hitachi Cups. The Surrey Senior Cup win was the first of six in as many years, a record that remains unbroken, .


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: The club won the Isthmian League championship for the second time in 1985. After refusing promotion to the Football Conference because of issues with the stadium, they retained the championship the following year and this time accepted promotion after supporters helped in a large redevelopment of areas of the ground. Sutton managed to cement their place in the league, often finishing mid-table.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: The club enjoyed a memorable FA Cup run in 1988–89 in which they entered the national consciousness. Entering the competition at the fourth qualifying round, they beat Walton & Hersham, Dagenham and Aylesbury United to set up a third round proper tie with First Division Coventry City, who were second in the


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: First Division and had won the trophy 18 months earlier. In a memorable game against Coventry City, Sutton won 2–1 with goals from Tony Rains and Matthew Hanlan, joining a small number of non-League clubs to beat top-division opponents in the competition. This was a 24-year record before the next non-league side beat a team from the top flight of English football, when Luton Town of the Conference National went to Norwich City and won 1–0 on Saturday 26 January 2013.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Two seasons later in 1991, the club suffered relegation to the Isthmian League because of a goal drought and a number of injuries. Despite two top-three finishes following the relegation, a quick return to the Conference did not come until Sutton were Isthmian League champions in 1999 under former captain John Rains. During this period, Sutton claimed the scalps of several league clubs in the FA Cup, including Colchester United and Torquay United in 1993 alone. The stay in the Conference lasted just one season as the U's were relegated again in 2000.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: The early 2000s were quiet times for Sutton, although the club is notable as the first-ever opponent of AFC Wimbledon, defeating the Dons 4–0 in a pre-season friendly in July 2002 in front of 4,657 at Gander Green Lane. Sutton won the Surrey Senior Cup in 2003 and the following season saw the team start well and recover from a bad spell over the winter to finish second.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: For the 2004–05 season, The FA planned for the introduction of two new divisions: the Conference North and Conference South. Because of Sutton's high finish in the Isthmian League Premier Division, they were selected to be a founding member of the Conference South. The next three seasons were unremarkable, with Sutton finishing mid-table each time and no real success in cup competitions.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: John Rains stepped down as manager in March 2006 and Ian Hazel took over the reins. By October 2008, the team were at the bottom of the Conference South and looking destined for relegation. A string of managers, including Ernie Howe, Stuart Massey and Jimmy Dack failed to save the club, and Paul Doswell came in as manager during the 2008 close-season.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton finished fifth in their first season back in the Isthmian League Premier Division and 2nd the following season, losing in both seasons' play-off semi finals to Staines Town and Kingstonian respectively. But the 2010–11 season saw Sutton win the championship with three games to go and secure promotion back into the Conference South. After beating Hastings United on 16 April, nearest rivals Bury Town had to beat Cray Wanderers on 17 April 2011 to remain in contention. Cray won 2–1, thus making Sutton champions.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Back in the Conference South for the 2011–12 season, Sutton finished 4th but lost to Welling United in the play-off semi finals. In the 2013–14 season, they achieved their highest ever Conference South placing (2nd place), but again lost in the play-off semi finals to Dover Athletic. In the 2014–15 season they finished 15th.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: For the 2015–16 season, the Conference South was renamed the National League South. Despite losing their opening game at home to Maidstone United 2–0, Sutton lost only two more games before a 1–0 home defeat to Hayes & Yeading United on 7 November. The U's then put together a remarkable run of 25 league games unbeaten, including a notable 2–0 victory over fellow title contenders Ebbsfleet United on 16 April 2016 in front of a home crowd of 3,142 (a club record for league match attendance at that time). On 23 April, Sutton defeated Chelmsford City at home 2–0 and were crowned champions of the National League South with a game to spare.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: After losing their opening home game of the 2016–17 season to Solihull Moors 3–1, Sutton bounced back to claim a 1–1 draw with Forest Green Rovers at The New Lawn on 9 August 2016 before securing a 3–1 victory over Lincoln City at Sincil Bank on 13 August 2016, earning their first win in English football's fifth tier in 16 years. The club's first ever televised league game, broadcast live on BT Sport 1, was played against Tranmere Rovers at Gander Green Lane on 17 September 2016, a game which Sutton won 1–0. Paul Doswell celebrated his 500th game as manager of Sutton United on 8 October 2016 and the club made a special presentation to him before kick off. The game, a Surrey derby against Woking, ended in a 4–1 victory for Sutton.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: On 29 January 2017, Sutton, captained by Jamie Collins, a part-time builder, beat Championship side Leeds United, who had lost only three league games in the previous three months, 1–0 in the FA Cup, and reached the 5th round of the competition for the first time ever. They became only the 9th non-League side to reach the 5th round since 1945. They hosted Arsenal in the last 16 of the competition on 20 February where they lost 2–0. The game sparked a betting controversy surrounding the actions of Sutton's reserve goalkeeper Wayne Shaw, who ate a 'pastry' on the bench after Sun Bets offered odds of 8–1 against him eating a pie during the match. Shaw offered his resignation over the incident and Sutton were forced to play defender Simon Downer in goal in their next league game, against Torquay United, when first-choice goalkeeper Ross Worner was injured in the 15th minute. Sutton won the match 3–2. On 4 March 2017, Sutton kept their first away clean sheet back in the non-League top flight at Barrow, a game which ended 0–0, the club's first since a 9–0 victory against Gateshead on 22 September 1990. Sutton finished the 2016–17 season mid-table in 12th.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: On 19 August 2017, Sutton beat Chester in a league game to take them top of the National League, the highest league position in the club's history. In the penultimate game of the 2017–18 season on 21 April 2018, Sutton recorded their first ever win at Ebbsfleet United's home Stonebridge Road, assuring a National League play-off place. In their final game on 28 April, and in front of a record league attendance of 3,541, Sutton beat Aldershot Town at home 2–1 to claim a play-off semi-final place and a best ever league finish of third in the fifth tier. The play-off semi-final took place on 6 May 2018 against Boreham Wood in which Sutton lost 3–2.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Following a temporary break in mid-March 2019, one month later Paul Doswell resigned after 11 years as manager, as Sutton finished 9th in the league. During that time his achievements included leading the club to two league promotions, a run to the fifth round of the FA Cup, a National League play-off semi-final and a first win for an English team in the Scottish Challenge Cup. The club also prospered off the pitch with regular match attendances increasing significantly, ground improvements and the formation of an academy for young players.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: On 1 May his successor was announced as Matt Gray, who had joined the club as head coach in December 2018. This was Gray's first appointment as a full manager.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton were ranked 15th when the 2019–20 season was suspended because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the following 2020–21 season, Sutton performed strongly throughout and on 23 May 2021 beat Hartlepool United at home 3–0, winning the National League with a game to spare and securing promotion to the English Football League for the first time in the club's 123-year history.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: In 2021–22, Sutton played their first Football League match in its history, losing 2–1 to Forest Green. Sutton booked their place in the 2022 EFL Trophy Final after defeating Wigan Athletic on penalties. In the Final at Wembley Stadium, Sutton met Rotherham United, losing 4–2 after extra time. In their first season in League Two, Sutton finished 8th but missed out on the play-offs by one point to Mansfield Town.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: The club's crest is derived from the , the difference being that United selected only the parts of the crest which represent Sutton and Cheam, as opposed to the parts of the Borough's crest which signify Beddington, Wallington and Carshalton. The gold and silver discs on the shield are from the arms of the old Borough of Sutton & Cheam. The keys inside the discs symbolise the ownership of Sutton by the Chertsey Abbey (as recorded in the Domesday Book). The popinjay which sits at the top of the badge is from the arms of the Lumleys, former lords of the Manor of Cheam. The crosses (now golden on the club's crest, but black on the borough's crest) represent the See of Canterbury, which held Cheam in the time of Cnut the Great. The badge also features a medieval helmet.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton United began playing in 1898 wearing amber and chocolate brown stripes, adopting the colours of Sutton Association F.C., one of the two clubs who amalgamated to form United. The club made a brief experiment with green and white stripes for a season during the 1920s, but the team's form was poor and they soon reverted to amber and chocolate, which became hoops rather than stripes during the early 1930s. By the late 1930s, the home shirt had changed to amber and chocolate halves and this remained so until after the end of the Second World War. Another experiment was made with amber and chocolate quarters but by the late 1950s, home shirts were amber with chocolate numbers, worn with white shorts and white socks. Socks reverted to amber in the early to mid 1960s but the kit remained otherwise unchanged until 1974–75, when the shorts became chocolate.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: By the late 1970s, Sutton wore an all amber kit with chocolate trim and it remained virtually unchanged until the club's centenary season in 1998–99, when a special design of amber and chocolate quarters worn with chocolate shorts was used. In the early 21st century, the home shirt became thick amber and chocolate stripes before new manager Paul Doswell ordered a return to an all amber kit for the 2008–09 season. The home shirt was redesigned for the 2016–17 season to be all amber with a single chocolate stripe running down the centre and chocolate trim on the collar and sleeves. It changed again in 2018–19 to amber with chocolate sleeves and trim. The colours have become synonymous with Sutton and fans at home games can often be heard chanting "we're the amber and chocolates" (to the tune of Seven Nation Army by The White Stripes).


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Amateur football teams began wearing away or change kits after the end of the Second World War and Sutton initially wore a red and white away kit during the 1950s. Sutton first began wearing an all white away kit by at least the time of the 1963 Amateur Cup semi-final, when their opponents Hitchin wore red. Light blue and black and then brown kits (both modelled on Coventry City's kit at the time) appeared briefly in the late 1970s before the club reverted to all white. The away kit remained all white for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century, except for the 1998–99 centenary season when green and white quarters were worn, and a brief period using a broad green and white strip. The away shirt was redesigned for the 2016–17 season to be all white with a single red stripe running down the centre and red trim on the collar and sleeves. It changed again slightly in 2018–19 to all white with red trim.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton's mascot is "Jenny the Giraffe". She attends all home matches and can be seen before kick-off. Jenny wears a Sutton United shirt and has been known to wear a scarf during the winter. On 3 October, Jenny took part in the 2010 Mascot Grand National at Huntingdon Racecourse and finished 5th out of 41 runners.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: There is a club in The Gambia called "Sutton United FC". In July 1999, Young Stars FC was formed by Father Andrew Cole and the team originally consisted of people going to Bible classes. The team was later renamed Sanchaba United, which means "Downtown" in the Mandinka language until an English visitor, known only as Walter, donated equipment to the club and suggested they change their name to Sutton United FC (Gambia). The club, which is located in Lamin Village on the outskirts of Banjul, plays in the third tier of Gambian football known as Nawettan.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton United play their home games at Gander Green Lane, officially the VBS Community Stadium for sponsorship reasons. Sutton United received the seats for the grandstand at Gander Green Lane from the remodelling of Stamford Bridge and were given to them by the Chelsea F.C. Pitch Owners.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton United's main rivals are Bromley, Carshalton Athletic, AFC Wimbledon, Kingstonian and Tooting & Mitcham.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton's fiercest rivalry is with Carshalton Athletic, with both sides within the London Borough of Sutton. Derby matches have been contested in the Athenian League, Isthmian League and the Conference South, as well as twelve different cup competitions. The teams have generally competed on Boxing Day, New Year's Day and other bank holidays. Sutton have the better record, one of the most famous meetings being a 6–0 win in 2002. In total, the two sides have met 133 times (as of August 2011), with Sutton winning on 72 of those occasions, Carshalton 33 and there have been 28 draws. The two sides last met in July 2011, in a two-legged friendly competition for the "Sutton Advertiser Cup", which Sutton won 3–1 on aggregate having won the home leg 3–0.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Until the 2022–23 season, Sutton had never shared a league with AFC Wimbledon, but due to the geographical proximity the two clubs share a rivalry, which has been dubbed the 'friendly derby'. The clubs first met in the third round of the 2016–17 FA Cup, Sutton were drawn at home and in front of a sell-out crowd on 7 January 2017, the game ended 0–0. The replay took place at Kingsmeadow in front of another capacity crowd, including 809 Sutton supporters, on 17 January. Goals from Roarie Deacon, Maxime Biamou and Dan Fitchett saw the U's complete a historic comeback and win the match 3–1, putting Sutton through to the fourth round of the FA Cup for the first time since 1989.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton relaid the pitch at Gander Green Lane in August 2015 with 3G artificial turf and since then the club have contested matches with Maidstone United, who use a 3G pitch at the Gallagher Stadium, in what has been named by fans "El Plastico" (a reference to El Clásico). Bromley also laid a 3G pitch at Hayes Lane in 2017.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton United have had several memorable runs in the FA Cup, most notably in 1988–89 and 2016–17. In 2016–17, Sutton reached the FA Cup fifth round for the first time, becoming only the eighth non-League side to reach the fifth round since 1945. The club's record run in the EFL Cup is the first round. The club has also reached the final of the EFL Trophy.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: In 1988–89, Sutton completed one of the biggest FA Cup shocks in the competition's history, defeating First Division side Coventry City (who had won the competition in 1987) 2–1 in the third round. On 28 January 1989 Sutton lost to Norwich City of the First Division 8–0 in the fourth round. The 2016–17 FA Cup run started with a 2–1 win over Forest Green Rovers in the fourth qualifying round, setting up a first round tie at Dartford which was won 6–3. In the second round, Sutton defeated League Two side Cheltenham Town 2–1. In the third round, Sutton were drawn at home to local rivals AFC Wimbledon of League One, attracting a crowd of 5,013. A 0–0 draw set up a third round replay at Kingsmeadow which Sutton won 3–1 after coming from behind. In the fourth round, the U's were drawn at home to Championship team Leeds United, a team 83 places higher in the football pyramid and won 1–0 thanks to a penalty by Jamie Collins. On 20 February 2017, Sutton played at home to Premier League team Arsenal in the fifth round but lost 2–0 in front of 5,013 spectators.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton have reached the third round on two other occasions, in 1969–70 and 1987–88. On 24 January 1970 Sutton lost in the 1969–70 FA Cup to Leeds of the First Division, managed by Don Revie. This match also featured the record attendance for Gander Green Lane of 14,000. On 9 January 1988, Sutton drew with Middlesbrough of the Second Division, in the 1987–88 FA Cup, before going on to lose the replay 1–0 at Ayresome Park. Notable FA Cup second round victories include wins in 1987–88 and 1992–93. On 5 December 1987 Sutton defeated Peterborough of the Fourth Division 3–1 away from home. On 4 December 1993, Sutton beat Torquay of the Third Division. Notable first round fixtures have come in 1987–88 and 1993–94. On 14 November 1987, Sutton defeated Aldershot of the Third Division by 3–0. On 13 November 1993, Sutton defeated Colchester United of the Third Division 4–3 away from home.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Sutton have played at the Old Wembley or new Wembley Stadium on four occasions. The first two were FA Amateur Cup Final defeats in 1963 and 1969 - 4–2 to Wimbledon and 2–1 to North Shields. The third occasion was the 1981 FA Trophy Final which they lost 1–0 to Bishop's Stortford. The first visit to the New Wembley was for the 2022 EFL Trophy Final against Rotherham United which was a 4–2 defeat.


title: Sutton United F.C.

text: Another notable match saw Sutton defeat AFC Wimbledon 4–0 on 10 July 2002 during a pre-season friendly which was AFC Wimledon's first ever match. In 2018, Sutton were invited to participate in the 2018–19 Scottish Challenge Cup after the competition had decided to include two National League clubs. On 8 September 2018, Sutton defeated Airdrieonians by 1–0 in the second round of the tournament.


title: Atlantic goliath grouper

text: The Atlantic goliath grouper or itajara (Epinephelus itajara), formerly known as the jewfish, is a saltwater fish of the grouper family and one of the largest species of bony fish. The species can be found in the west ranging from northeastern Florida, south throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and along South America to Brazil. In the west Pacific it ranges from Mexico to Peru. In the east the species ranges in West Africa from Senegal to Cabinda. The species has been observed at depths ranging from 1 to 100 meters (3 to 328 feet).


title: Atlantic goliath grouper

text: The Atlantic goliath grouper can grow to lengths of 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) and weigh up to 363 kilograms (800 pounds). The species ranges in coloration from brownish yellow to grey to greenish and has small black dots on the head, body and fins. Individuals less than 1 meter (3.28 feet) in length have 3 to 4 faint vertical bars present on their sides. The species has an elongate body with a broad, flat head and small eyes. The lower jaw has 3 to 5 rows of teeth with no front canines. The scales are ctenoid. The dorsal fins are continuous with the rays of the soft dorsal fin being longer than the spines of the first dorsal fin. The pectoral fins are rounded and notably larger than the pelvic fins. The caudal fin is also rounded. The species typically preys on slow moving fish and crustaceans.


title: Atlantic goliath grouper

text: Adult individuals are typically found in rocky reefs, wrecks, artificial reefs, and oil platforms. The species can also be found in coral reef habitats, but are much more abundant in rocky reef environments. Juveniles mainly inhabit mangrove environments, but can also be found in holes and under ledges of swift tidal creeks that drain mangroves. Mangroves serve as an essential nursery habitat for the Atlantic goliath grouper and necessitate specific suitable water conditions to nurture healthy, sustained goliath grouper populations. Juvenile goliath groupers may remain in mangrove nursery habitats for 5 to 6 years before leaving towards deeper offshore reef habitats at around 1 meter in length.


title: Atlantic goliath grouper

text: The Atlantic goliath grouper has a longevity of 37 years and reaches first maturity after 6 years, which leads to an estimated generation length of 21.5 years. The species has been hypothesized to be protogynous hermaphrodites, but this has yet to be confirmed. Males become sexually mature at around 115 centimeters (45 in) in length, and at ages 4–6. Females mature at around 125 centimeters (49 in), and at ages 6–8. The species has relatively small spawning aggregations of less than 150 individuals with no evidence of spawning outside of these aggregations.


title: Atlantic goliath grouper

text: Atlantic goliath groupers are highly susceptible to rapid population decline due to overfishing and the exploitation of spawning aggregations. The species has a brief annual larval settlement period, making the species' abundance extremely vulnerable to outside factors such as poor weather conditions. High mercury concentrations in older males may lead to liver damage and/or death and reduce egg viability. The degradation of mangroves, which serve as an important nursery habitat for the species provide a major threat to juvenile survival. The species was previously classified as critically endangered in 2011 and is currently classified as vulnerable in 2021. A 2016 stock assessment model indicates that there has been an absolute population reduction of around 33% from 1950 to 2014. There has been a complete moratorium on the fishing of this species in continental U.S. waters since 1990 and in U.S. Caribbean waters since 1993.


title: Atlantic goliath grouper

text: In October 2021, Florida Fish and Wildlife proposed to allow the fishing of 200 juvenile goliath grouper per year including up to 50 from Everglades National Park. Fishing would be permitted in all state waters except those of Palm Beach County south through the Atlantic coast of the Keys. Final approval of the proposal is scheduled for March 2022.


title: Atlantic goliath grouper

text: The Atlantic goliath grouper was historically referred to as the "jewfish". The name's origin is unclear. A 1996 review of the term's history from its first recorded usage in 1697 concluded that the species' physical characteristics were frequently connected to "mainstay caricatures of anti-Semitic beliefs", whereas the interpretation that the fish was regarded as kosher food had little support. Alternate explanations include derivation from the Italian word ""giupesce"", which means "bottom fish", or mispronunciation of the name "jawfish". In 2001, the American Fisheries Society changed the name to "goliath grouper" after complaints that the nickname was culturally insensitive.


title: Odometer

text: An odometer or odograph is an instrument used for measuring the distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or car. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two (electromechanical). The noun derives from ancient Greek , "hodómetron", from , "hodós" ("path" or "gateway") and , "métron" ("measure"). Early forms of the odometer existed in the ancient Greco-Roman world as well as in ancient China. In countries using Imperial units or US customary units it is sometimes called a mileometer or milometer, the former name especially being prevalent in the United Kingdom and among members of the Commonwealth.


title: Odometer

text: Possibly the first evidence for the use of an odometer can be found in the works of the ancient Roman Pliny (NH 6. 61-62) and the ancient Greek Strabo (11.8.9). Both authors list the distances of routes traveled by Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC) as by his bematists Diognetus and Baeton. However, the high accuracy of the bematists's measurements rather indicates the use of a mechanical device. For example, the section between the cities Hecatompylos and Alexandria Areion, which later became a part of the silk road, was given by Alexander's bematists as 575 Roman miles (529 English miles) long, that is with a deviation of 0.2% from the actual distance (531 English miles). From the nine surviving bematists' measurements in Pliny's "Naturalis Historia" eight show a deviation of less than 5% from the actual distance, three of them being within 1%. Since these minor discrepancies can be adequately explained by slight changes in the tracks of roads during the last 2300 years, the overall accuracy of the measurements implies that the bematists already must have used a sophisticated device for measuring distances, although there is no direct mention of such a device.


title: Odometer

text: An odometer for measuring distance was first described by Vitruvius around 27 and 23 BC, during the First Punic War, although the actual inventor may have been Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC). Hero of Alexandria (10 AD – 70 AD) describes a similar device in chapter 34 of his "Dioptra". The machine was also used in the time of Roman Emperor Commodus (c. 192 AD), although after this point in time there seems to be a gap between its use in Roman times and that of the 15th century in Western Europe. Some researchers have speculated that the device might have included technology similar to that of the Greek Antikythera mechanism.


title: Odometer

text: The odometer of Vitruvius was based on chariot wheels of 4 Roman feet (1.18 m) diameter turning 400 times in one Roman mile (about 1,480 m). For each revolution a pin on the axle engaged a 400-tooth cogwheel thus turning it one complete revolution per mile. This engaged another gear with holes along the circumference, where pebbles ("calculus") were located, that were to drop one by one into a box. The distance traveled would thus be given simply by counting the number of pebbles. Whether this instrument was ever built at the time is disputed. Leonardo da Vinci later tried to build it himself according to the description, but failed. However, in 1981 engineer Andre Sleeswyk built his own replica, replacing the square-toothed gear designs of Leonardo with the triangular, pointed teeth found in the "Antikythera mechanism". With this modification, the Vitruvius odometer functioned perfectly.


title: Odometer

text: The odometer was also independently invented in ancient China, possibly by the prolific inventor and early scientist Zhang Heng (78 AD – 139 AD) of the Han Dynasty. By the 3rd century (during the Three Kingdoms Period), the Chinese had termed the device as the 'jì lĭ gŭ chē' (記里鼓車), or 'li-recording drum carriage' (Note: the modern measurement of li = ). Chinese texts of the 3rd century tell of the mechanical carriage's functions, and as one li is traversed, a mechanical-driven wooden figure strikes a drum, and when ten li is traversed, another wooden figure would strike a gong or a bell with its mechanical-operated arm.


title: Odometer

text: Despite its association with Zhang Heng or even the later Ma Jun (c. 200–265), there is evidence to suggest that the invention of the odometer was a gradual process in Han Dynasty China that centered around the "huang men" court people (i.e. eunuchs, palace officials, attendants and familiars, actors, acrobats, etc.) that would follow the musical procession of the royal 'drum-chariot'. The historian Joseph Needham asserts that it is no surprise this social group would have been responsible for such a device, since there is already other evidence of their craftsmanship with mechanical toys to delight the emperor and the court. There is speculation that some time in the 1st century BC (during the Western Han Dynasty), the beating of drums and gongs were mechanically-driven by working automatically off the rotation of the road-wheels. This might have actually been the design of one Loxia Hong (c. 110 BC), yet by 125 AD the mechanical odometer carriage in China was already known (depicted in a mural of the Xiaotangshan Tomb).


title: Odometer

text: The odometer was used also in subsequent periods of Chinese history. In the historical text of the "Jin Shu" (635 AD), the oldest part of the compiled text, the book known as the "Cui Bao" (c. 300 AD), recorded the use of the odometer, providing description (attributing it to the Western Han era, from 202 BC–9 AD). The passage in the "Jin Shu" expanded upon this, explaining that it took a similar form to the mechanical device of the south-pointing chariot invented by Ma Jun (200–265, see also differential gear). As recorded in the "Song Shi" of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), the odometer and south-pointing chariot were combined into one wheeled device by engineers of the 9th century, 11th century, and 12th century. The "Sunzi Suanjing" (Master Sun's Mathematical Manual), dated from the 3rd century to 5th century, presented a mathematical problem for students involving the odometer. It involved a given distance between two cities, the small distance needed for one rotation of the carriage's wheel, and the posed question of how many rotations the wheels would have in all if the carriage was to travel between point A and B.


title: Odometer

text: The historical text of the "Song Shi" (1345 AD), recording the people and events of the Chinese Song Dynasty (960–1279), also mentioned the odometer used in that period. However, unlike written sources of earlier periods, it provided a much more thoroughly detailed description of the device that harkens back to its ancient form (Wade-Giles spelling):


title: Odometer

text: The odometer. [The mile-measuring carriage] is painted red, with pictures of flowers and birds on the four sides, and constructed in two storeys, handsomely adorned with carvings. At the completion of every li, the wooden figure of a man in the lower storey strikes a drum; at the completion of every ten li, the wooden figure in the upper storey strikes a bell. The carriage-pole ends in a phoenix-head, and the carriage is drawn by four horses. The escort was formerly of 18 men, but in the 4th year of the Yung-Hsi reign-period (987 AD) the emperor Thai Tsung increased it to 30. In the 5th year of the Thien-Sheng reign-period (1027 AD) the Chief Chamberlain Lu Tao-lung presented specifications for the construction of odometers as follows:


title: Odometer

text: What follows is a long dissertation made by the Chief Chamberlain Lu Daolong on the ranging measurements and sizes of wheels and gears, along with a concluding description at the end of how the device ultimately functions:


title: Odometer

text: The vehicle should have a single pole and two wheels. On the body are two storeys, each containing a carved wooden figure holding a drumstick. The road-wheels are each 6 ft in diameter, and 18 ft in circumference, one evolution covering 3 paces. According to ancient standards the pace was equal to 6 ft and 300 paces to a li; but now the li is reckoned as 360 paces of 5 ft each.


title: Odometer

text: [Note: the measurement of the Chinese-mile unit, the li, was changed over time, as the li in Song times differed from the length of a li in Han times.]


title: Odometer

text: The vehicle wheel (li lun) is attached to the left road-wheel; it has a diameter of 1.38 ft with a circumference of 4.14 ft, and has 18 cogs (chhih) 2.3 inches apart. There is also a lower horizontal wheel (hsia phing lun), of diameter 4.14 ft and circumference 12.42 ft, with 54 cogs, the same distance apart as those on the vertical wheel (2.3 inches). (This engages with the former.)


title: Odometer

text: Upon a vertical shaft turning with this wheel, there is fixed a bronze "turning-like-the-wind wheel" (hsuan feng lun) which has (only) 3 cogs, the distance between these being 1.2 inches. (This turns the following one.) In the middle is a horizontal wheel, 4 ft in diameter, and 12 ft circumference, with 100 cogs, the distance between these cogs being the same as on the "turning-like-the-wind wheel" (1.2 inches).


title: Odometer

text: Next, there is fixed (on the same shaft) a small horizontal wheel (hsiao phing lun) 3.3 inches in diameter and 1 ft in circumference, having 10 cogs 1.5 inches apart. (Engaging with this) there is an upper horizontal wheel (shang phing lun) having a diameter of 3.3 ft and a circumference of 10 ft, with 100 cogs, the same distance apart as those of the small horizontal wheel (1.5 inches).


title: Odometer

text: When the middle horizontal wheel has made 1 revolution, the carriage will have gone 1 li and the wooden figure in the lower story will strike the drum. When the upper horizontal wheel has made 1 revolution, the carriage will have gone 10 li and the figure in the upper storey will strike the bell. The number of wheels used, great and small, is 8 inches in all, with a total of 285 teeth. Thus the motion is transmitted as if by the links of a chain, the "dog-teeth" mutually engaging with each other, so that by due revolution everything comes back to its original starting point (ti hsiang kou so, chhuan ya hsiang chih, chou erh fu shih).


title: Odometer

text: Odometers were first developed in the 1600s for wagons and other horse-drawn vehicles in order to measure distances traveled.


title: Odometer

text: Levinus Hulsius published the odometer in 1604 in his work "Gründtliche Beschreibung deß Diensthafften und Nutzbahrn Instruments Viatorii oder Wegzählers, So zu Fuß, zu Pferdt unnd zu Fußen gebraucht werden kann, damit mit geringer mühe zu wissen, wie weit man gegangen, geritten, oder gefahren sey: als auch zu erfahren, ohne messen oder zehlen, wie weit von einem Orth zum andern. Daneben wird auch der grosse verborgene Wegweiser angezeiget und vermeldet".


title: Odometer

text: In 1645, the French mathematician Blaise Pascal invented the "pascaline". Though not an odometer, the "pascaline" utilized gears to compute measurements. Each gear contained 10 teeth. The first gear advanced the next gear one position when moved one complete revolution, the same principle employed on modern mechanical odometers.