title: Monster High: The Movie

text: Draculaura discovers a spell that might unlock the opening, but one of the ingredients is ogre's bone which happens to be what the Headmistress's mug is made of. Clawdeen goes to her office to collect shavings of the cup and is nearly caught by Cleo. Draculaura manages to transform Clawdeen to look and sound exactly like Bloodgood, so Cleo thinks it's the actual Headmistress. The next ingredient is snake's venom which Clawdeen obtains from one of Deuce's snakes in his hair. On their walk, Deuce tells Clawdeen how gorgons aren't always monsters to trust, making the two fall in love and bond. Later that night, Clawdeen, Frankie and Draculaura try to unlock the door with the spell, but it doesn't work. They return to school and are caught in the act by Headmistress Bloodgood, Mr. Komos, and Cleo (who snitched on Draculaura and told Headmistress Bloodgood about Draculaura's secret magic practice). Suddenly, the school starts to quake, and Clawdeen saves Cleo from getting crushed by a falling gargoyle. Headmistress Bloodgood realizes that the school is screaming for help because there is an "untrue monster heart" among them (probably a human) and if they don't find out who it is the whole school might fall apart.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: Feeling she's putting her friends and everyone else at risk, Clawdeen leaves the school during the night in sadness and returns to human world. Draculaura and Frankie find her the next day, claiming they are her friends and will help her no matter what. They then discover that Clawdeen's human hand (transformed by her ability to turn into human) can open the entrance of the room in the graveyard (since Hyde was also half-human) and manage to do it on the night of the Founder’s Day dinner. The place, at first, appears to be only an ogre's tomb. However, they discover a secret door and finally find Hyde's secret lab and the formula. Clawdeen is about to drink the formula but is reluctant about giving up on her ‘other half’, her father. Suddenly Mr. Komos appears in the lab, revealing he is half-human as well. He tells Clawdeen giving up on yourself isn't the answer and there's a better way. She gives him the formula. However, Mr. Komos drinks the formula instead, revealing himself to be actually Hyde's son Edward "Eddy" Hyde, Jr. who seeks to destroy Monster High and the humans to avenge his father's death.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: The formula transforms Komos into a full-blooded monster with the power to absorb a monster's powers and essence, taking Draculaura's vampire abilities first. After locking Mr. Komos in the lab, Clawdeen, Frankie and Draculaura go live to call Cleo for help who, later, arrives with Lagoona, Deuce, Ghoulia, Heath Burns, and Abbey Bominable. Clawdeen, Frankie and Draculaura are able to escape using the rest of Draculaura's unlocking spell.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: Once the teenagers are outside, Mr. Komos manages to escape and steals Deuce's gorgon powers, transforming the former into stone. Clawdeen, heartbroken, transforms into a full human, much to the other teenagers' shock. Much to her surprise, they don't shun Clawdeen, and Cleo gives her her phone to make Mr. Komos look into his reflection on the selfie camera, transforming him into stone and, in result, returning Draculaura's and Deuce's powers, bringing Deuce back to life in the process. Headmistress Bloodgood, Dracula, and the Monster High Council arrive in time to discover, not only Mr. Komos's true intentions, but Clawdeen's secret as well.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: The next day, Apollo arrives at Monster High to pick up Clawdeen, who has transformed back into a werewolf, so they can return to the human world. To both their surprise, Headmistress Bloodgood reveals that she's not expelling Clawdeen because she has shown she has a ‘true monster heart’, and Dracula states that they are doing some rewriting to the school's charter as not all humans are bad. The monsters welcome Clawdeen as their first official human-blooded student. Dracula allows Draculaura to practice witchcraft, and Deuce runs for Student Council, The three friends celebrate Clawdeen's stay at Monster High with the rest of the school, Dracula, and Apollo.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: In some other place, a mysterious witch is watching everything through a crystal ball, planning to get rid of the vampires as she instructs her minions to bring Draculaura to her.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: "Monster High" is an American fashion doll franchise created by Garrett Sander for Mattel, with illustrations by Kellee Riley and Glen Hanson, and was launched on June 11, 2010. Initially consisting only of dolls and a web series, it soon expanded to also include other various consumer products mainly marketed towards children, such as other types of toys, clothing, accessories, books, comics, stationery and other forms of merchandise. Featuring characters inspired by monster movies, sci-fi horror, thriller fiction, folklore, mythology and popular culture, this franchise involves teenage children of famous monsters and creatures of which the principal list are Draculaura, Frankie Stein, Clawdeen Wolf, Cleo de Nile and Lagoona Blue attending a high school with the same name as the franchise itself. The first two film specials were animated in Flash by WildBrain Entertainment which later switched to CGI animation by Nerd Corps Entertainment in 2012 starting with "Why Do Ghouls Fall in Love?" and ending in 2016 with "Great Scarrier Reef". The franchise was rebooted in 2016 with a reboot and origin story film special called "Welcome to Monster High", using revamped face molds, upgraded animation technologies and techniques, which was not well received by critics and fans and led to its initial cancellation on February 9, 2018.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: Before the announcement of the film, there was a previous attempt at making a live-action "Monster High" film in the brand's launch year of 2010. Universal Pictures (then Universal Studios) announced that a live-action, around-the-world musical adventure film would be directed by Ari Sandel, written by Craig Zadan, Neil Meron, Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz, with the latter two handling the screenplay and given a scheduled release date of October 7, 2016. Nothing was said since the announcement.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: On February 23, 2021, Mattel, through its television division, announced the second return of the "Monster High" brand, promising new content and products for the following year, including a new animated series and a live-action film based on the franchise, both of which will air on Nickelodeon in the United States. On November 9, 2021, the film's cast and director were revealed with the latter being Todd Holland (who directed 50 episodes of "The Larry Sanders Show", 26 episodes of "Malcolm in the Middle" and the 1989 film "The Wizard") and the former at time of announcement being Miia Harris as Clawdeen Wolf, Ceci Balagot as Frankie Stein and Nayah Damasen as Draculaura.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: On June 30, 2022, a trailer of "Monster High: The Movie" was uploaded to Nickelodeon's official YouTube channel.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: On October 25, 2022, a sequel titled "Monster High: The Movie 2" was announced. Production will begin in January 2023 for a premiere that same year on Nickelodeon and Paramount+.


title: Kamaz

text: KAMAZ () is a Russian manufacturer of trucks, buses, and engines headquartered in Naberezhnye Chelny. It is known for its cab over trucks.


title: Kamaz

text: Company was founded in 1969. Heavy duty models are exported to many areas of the world including the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa. , KAMAZ is the largest truck producer in Russia and the CIS with its factory producing 43,000 trucks a year.


title: Kamaz

text: Its trucks have won the Dakar Rally a record eighteen times, the most in the truck category by any manufacturer.


title: Kamaz

text: In 1969, the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the USSR Council of Ministers was approved which envisaged construction of a complex of heavy duty truck production plants. Around 70 potential sites to locate the facilities were investigated. Choice went in favor of Naberezhnye Chelny, then a small town on the Kama River. Naberezhnye Chelny was located in the center of the former Soviet Union. The navigable rivers – the Kama River and the Volga River – as well as proximity of the railway line, were central to meeting the logistical needs of the construction site for materials and equipment. Going forward, the location would also allow for the easy shipping of ready-made trucks to customers. The fact that the huge construction company "KamGESenergostroy" existed in the region allowed construction of plant buildings and apartment blocks for prospective KAMAZ employees to be completed.


title: Kamaz

text: Workers and engineers, representing more than 70 ethnicities, converged on Naberezhnye Chelny to fuse into a "melting pot" of the construction project personnel. Orders placed by KAMAZ to procure construction materials and equipment were filled by all the ministries and departments, a total of over 2,000 enterprises. Over 100,000 personnel were employed at the construction site itself. The would-be truck plant was being provided with the most state-of-the-art manufacturing equipment by the contemporary standards. More than 700 international firms were among equipment vendors for KAMAZ facilities, including such globally known corporations as Swindell-Dressler, Holcroft, CE-Cast, Ingersoll Rand, Ex-Cello (U.S.A.), Hueller-Hille, Liebherr (West Germany), Morando, Fiat (Italy), Renault (France), Sandvik (Sweden), Komatsu and Hitachi (Japan).


title: Kamaz

text: On December 13, 1969, ground was broken and the first bucket of soil was excavated at the construction site of the Kama River Truck Plant which was rated for production of 150,000 heavy duty trucks and 250,000 engines per year. The Complex of Plants on the Kama River sprawled over a vast territory measuring 57 square km. Concurrent to construction of the truck plant, huge social challenges were tackled. Hundreds of thousands of people were provided by KAMAZ with comfortable housing, modern educational facilities, kindergartens and creches, hospitals and clinics, numerous cultural, sporting, recreational and leisure centers. KAMAZ was instrumental in transforming the Kama River Area into a powerful industrial and scientific research hub and developing the infrastructure for the suburban agricultural zone.


title: Kamaz

text: Every year the population of the city grew by another 30-40 thousand or so. Whereas before construction of KAMAZ got underway, 27,000 residents had lived in Naberezhnye Chelny, the current population has now reached more than half a million.


title: Kamaz

text: The main shareholders of Kamaz are the state corporation Rostec (49.9%), Avtoinvest Limited (23.54%), a Cyprus-registered company, and Daimler Truck (15%). In February 2022, Daimler suspended cooperation with Kamaz due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The main beneficiaries of the Cyprus-based company have never been officially disclosed, however it is alleged that the company can be traced to Sergei Roldugin, a concert cellist and personal friend of Vladimir Putin based on the Panama Papers.


title: Kamaz

text: At the same time, a 4% stake in the company is publicly traded on the Moscow Exchange, leading the company to have many minority shareholders (more than 76,000 individuals in 2007).


title: Kamaz

text: In early March 2008 the Board of Directors of KAMAZ was elected, which included 15 people, including:


title: Kamaz

text: The mayor of the city of Naberezhnye Chelny (April 2010 - Prime Minister of Tatarstan) - Ildar Khalikov,


title: Kamaz

text: head of the management Federal Agency for State Property Management (Rosimushchestvo) - Ivan V. Aksenov, and


title: Kamaz

text: KAMAZ Publicly Traded Company has more than 110 subsidiaries and affiliates, it owns shares in the authorized capital of more than 50 different companies and businesses. Together they form KAMAZ Group. The group includes:


title: Kamaz

text: The main production facilities of the plant are located in the industrial area of Naberezhnye Chelny. Nefaz buses are produced in Neftekamsk (Bashkortostan).


title: Kamaz

text: The company has overseas manufacturing facilities in the following countries: Vietnam, India, Kazakhstan (KAMAZ-Engineering JSC).


title: Kamaz

text: In January 2022, the Hungarian Ministry for Innovation and Technology and Kamaz signed an agreement for production of electrocars in Hungary - about 32000 by 2025 and 320000 by 2030.


title: Kamaz

text: A team, Kamaz Master, which has been active since 1988 has participated as truck category in distinguished rally raid such as Dakar Rally, Silk Way Rally and Africa Eco Race, has brought Kamaz an outstanding fame. Kamaz vehicles have won the truck category of the Dakar Rally 19 times as of 2022.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: BadBadNotGood (stylized in all caps) is a Canadian instrumental band and production team from Toronto, Canada. The group was founded in 2010 by bassist Chester Hansen, keyboardist Matthew Tavares, and drummer Alexander Sowinski. In 2016, they were joined by frequent collaborator Leland Whitty. Among other projects, the group has released five solo studio albums, with the latest, "Talk Memory", released in October 2021. They have had critical and crossover success, finding audiences in the hip hop, jazz, and alternative music communities.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: The group combines jazz musicianship with a hip hop production perspective and are well known for their collaborations with artists like Tyler, The Creator, Daniel Caesar, Mick Jenkins, Kendrick Lamar, and Ghostface Killah. For their songwriting and production work, they have been nominated for four Grammy Awards, winning two.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: Matthew Tavares, Alexander Sowinski, and Chester Hansen met in 2010 through the Humber College jazz program in Toronto. The trio united over a shared love for hip hop music, including that of MF Doom and Odd Future. In this lineup, Tavares handled keys, playing rhythms on a Prophet '08 and electric piano, joined by Hansen, an acoustic and electric bassist, and drummer Sowinski. Sowinski often donned a pig mask during performances in the first years of the group, in part inspired by MF Doom. The name of the band came from the tentative title of a comedy television project that Tavares was working on, which was eventually abandoned. In a 2012 interview, the trio commented that both Tavares and Hansen had since withdrawn from Humber, while Sowinski had remained enrolled "for the school's dental plan;" Sowinski later left Humber as well.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: One of BadBadNotGood's first collaborations was a cover of "Lemonade" by Gucci Mane. They played a piece based on Odd Future's music for a panel of their jazz performance instructors, who did not find that it had musical value. After they released the track on YouTube as The Odd Future Sessions Part 1, it got the attention of rapper Tyler, The Creator, who felt differently and helped the trio's video go viral. BadBadNotGood uploaded their first EP "BBNG" to Bandcamp in June 2011, which included covers of songs from A Tribe Called Quest, Waka Flocka Flame and several tracks from Odd Future.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: In September 2011, they released their debut album, "BBNG", recorded in a three-hour session. Dante Alighieri on Sputnikmusic called the album "a welcome reinterpretation of modern jazz without the pretense of snotty wine parties and thick rimmed hipster dinosaurs." The trio had their first show together at The Red Light in Toronto that September. There, they met hip hop producer Frank Dukes who would become a close collaborator. The album was followed by two live records, "BBNGLIVE 1" and "BBNGLIVE 2", which were released in November 2011 and February 2012, respectively.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: BadBadNotGood recorded a live jam session with Tyler, The Creator in Sowinski's basement in October 2011. Videos from the session received more than a million views between them on YouTube. In the following year, they also connected with other Odd Future members like Earl Sweatshirt and Frank Ocean and their contemporaries Joey Badass and Danny Brown, among others. The trio opened for Roy Ayers at the Nujazz Festival in January 2012 and played for Gilles Peterson's Worldwide Awards in London. At a February tribute to J Dilla in Toronto, their covers of "Lemonade" and "Hard in da Paint" had hundreds moshing. BadBadNotGood released their second album, "BBNG2", in April 2012. Recorded from a ten-hour studio session, it features Leland Whitty on saxophone and Luan Phung playing electric guitar. The notes to the album indicate that "No one above the age of 21 was involved in the making of this album." The album has original material as well as covers of songs by Kanye West, My Bloody Valentine, James Blake, Earl Sweatshirt, and Feist.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: The trio was the band-in-residence at the 2012 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and backed Frank Ocean of Odd Future both weekends.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: Prior to the release of the album "III", the first single "Hedron", became available on June 20, 2013 when it was featured on the compilation album "". BadBadNotGood assisted in production and musical composition for the soundtrack of "The Man with the Iron Fists". On January 14, 2014, the second single from "III" was released titled "CS60". The third single, "Can't Leave The Night", was released on March 11, 2014 with the B-Side "Sustain" and would later feature in the third season opening episode of Better Call Saul. In March 2014, BBNG took part in SXSW for a second time and played a series of shows, including one with Tyler the Creator.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: "III" was released on May 6, 2014 on CD, vinyl, and digital download, and was the group's first album of entirely original music. Following the release of the record, BBNG toured through the end of the year, first in Europe, then Canada and the US East Coast, ending their tour in December with a hometown show in Toronto.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: The fourth album, "Sour Soul", was released by Lex Records on Feb 24 2015 in collaboration with Ghostface Killah. Unlike their earlier works, it is more of a heavy hip hop album with light jazz accents. The group toured from April through October 2015, with Ghostface making a few appearances along the way. Leland Whitty joined the band unofficially at this time, with BBNG needing a fourth musician to play tracks from "Sour Soul" on the road, and continued to work with the group in the studio.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: In December 2015, the band posted covers of some holiday classics on their YouTube channel, including a performance of "Christmas Time Is Here" in collaboration with Choir! Choir! Choir!. During this time, the group continued to song write with Frank Dukes and also began extensively collaborating with producer KAYTRANADA, with whom they wrote dozens of songs during this time. Additionally, they produced "Hoarse" on Odd Future member Earl Sweatshirt's studio debut, "Doris", and "GUV'NOR", a remix on JJ Doom's "Key to the Kuffs (Butter Edition)".


title: BadBadNotGood

text: Saxophonist Leland Whitty, a frequent collaborator of the group, joined the band on January 1, 2016. In April, BBNG took part in the Coachella Music Festival, making their first official appearance there.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: Their fifth studio album, titled "IV", was released by Innovative Leisure on July 8, 2016. It features several guest collaborations including Future Islands frontman Samuel T. Herring, saxophonist Colin Stetson, Kaytranada, hip hop artist Mick Jenkins, and singer-songwriter Charlotte Day Wilson. In December 2016, the album was picked as BBC Radio 6 Music's #1 album of the year. In the following two years, the group would release a series of unreleased tracks from their "IV" sessions as singles, namely collaborative songs with Colin Stetson, Sam Herring, and Little Dragon.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: To support the release of "IV", the band toured extensively for two years. This included festival and US club dates throughout Summer 2016, followed by European and Australian tours at the end of the year. In Fall 2016, jazz pianist James Hill joined the group on stage for the first time as a touring member. Hill, who knew Tavares from their time together at Humber College, filled in for Tavares, who stepped away from touring to focus on producing music as well as developing his solo project Matty. The group continued to tour throughout 2017 and into 2018, playing many more shows in North America, Europe, and Australia. In mid-2018, they toured Canada, before more US and European festival dates through November. For this work, the group was awarded the Libera Award for Best Live Act by the American Association of Independent Music in the following year; other nominees in the category included Run the Jewels and King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard. Outside of a few one-off shows and a short Fall tour in South America and Asia, the band took a break from touring during 2019.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: In 2018, the band served as the musical opener and instrumental backdrop to the Louis Vuitton Spring/Summer 2019 Collection runway show held in the gardens of the Palais Royal. Opening with a cover of Kanye West's "Ghost Town" from his 2018 album "Ye" and playing a variety of original work and covers for the remainder of the show. The band worked with Benji B and Virgil Abloh, both frequent collaborators with Kanye, to refine the creative direction of the music of the show.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: During and following the production of "IV", the members of BBNG took time to develop other musical projects together and bringing other artists into their Toronto studio to produce and record. This included artists like Kali Uchis and Mick Jenkins, as well as fellow Torontonians like Charlotte Day Wilson, Jaunt, and Jonah Yano. During this time, they also contributed two compositions of note for Kendrick Lamar-produced albums; the instrumentals for the track "Lust" on "DAMN." (2017) and "The Ways" on "Black Panther The Album" (2018). Both albums received Grammy Award nominations for Album of the Year.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: In October 2019, Matthew Tavares announced his departure from the band. He continues to collaborate with the group as a songwriter and contributor to side projects.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: In a February 2020 interview with Sowinski and Whitty regarding their collaborative film score for the indie thriller "Disappearance at Clifton Hill", the two noted that BBNG was currently working on a new album, tentatively due later in 2020. Before the rescheduling and cancellation of live events in 2020, the band was planning to resume touring in April beginning with Coachella. In April 2020, BBNG released the single "Goodbye Blue" backed with "Glide (Goodbye Blue Pt. 2)," their first original release in almost two years.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: To promote their new track "The Chocolate Conquistadors" with MF Doom for "Grand Theft Auto Online", the group was interviewed on December 12, 2020 by Gilles Peterson on Worldwide FM during which Sowinski said, “we definitely will have a new album [in 2021], and that will be the first record in, like, five years… hopefully, that is what the music will represent, a path forward, and changing and growing – that’s one record. We’re trying to finish two, I suppose." In July 2021, they once again inferred multiple albums were in the works via Twitter.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: In June 2021, their track "Time Moves Slow" featuring Samuel T. Herring received renewed attention when it was sampled in "Running Away" by musician VANO 3000 in his viral Adult Swim trend on TikTok. With the band, VANO 3000 officially released the single on June 21, 2021 via Innovative Leisure; as of the release date, videos tagged with "#adultswim" have been viewed some 3.4 billion times.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: In July 2021, the band announced their instrumental album "Talk Memory" via social media. The announcement approximately marks the five year anniversary of their last record, "IV". To support the album ahead of the release, the band announced a limited zine series "Memory Catalogue" distributed via independent record stores and published sheet music for the lead single "Signal from the Noise" on their website. On July 15, 2021, they released the nine-minute single "Signal from the Noise", co-produced by Floating Points. On September 8, 2021, the band released "Beside April" as a second album single and announced touring dates in three legs: Canada in December 2021, the United States in March 2022, and Europe in Fall 2022. "Talk Memory" was well received by critics and is nominated for the 2022 Polaris Music Prize.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: The band produced the sophomore album of collaborator Jonah Yano, "Portrait of a Dog", set to be released in January 2023.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: Publications have often referred to the band's sound as a combination of jazz and hip hop (or jazz rap and instrumental hip hop). They have also been associated with the genres jazz fusion, alt-jazz, nu jazz, jazz-funk, free improvisation, cinematic jazz, and psychedelic jazz. In all, the band has generally eluded identification with one specific sound or movement, with "Stereogum" referring to them as "genre-fluid."


title: BadBadNotGood

text: BBNG generally eschews being called a jazz band, acknowledging that their music contains elements of rock music, Brazilian music, electronic music, and soul music, and does not maintain jazz tradition, with Whitty commenting, "all we’re really trying to do is create something that’s unique and honest to who we are... we don’t really belong in any sort of box or are following any tradition or anything like that.” When asked in a 2016 interview about the group's relationship with jazz, Sowinski explained:


title: BadBadNotGood

text: BBNG's relationship with the style is further complicated by the fact that the jazz community at large sees the group as outside of the genre but more mainstream music fans, those with less knowledge of the tradition and musicianship, perceive them to be jazz and representative of a bright future for the genre because of their accessibility. Ethnomusicologist Matthew Neil noted, “BBNG will continue to represent jazz, even as the jazz community, and even the group themselves, wish that they did not speak for jazz. Put simply: BBNG is jazz if people think they are.”


title: BadBadNotGood

text: BBNG has cited a wide range of influences, including Brazilian composer Arthur Verocai, Miles Davis, saxophonists John Coltrane and Albert Ayler, Sam Rivers, drummers Tony Williams and Art Blakey, Sun Ra, producer J Dilla, Kurt Cobain, and Wu-Tang Clan.


title: BadBadNotGood

text: Early on, in 2012, a "Prefix" magazine review called BadBadNotGood "a jazz trio on paper -- but often strange, forever imaginative, and ultimately revolutionary hip-hop and electronic beatmakers at heart." "NOW" magazine lauded BadBadNotGood's "spastic, sonorous, genre-fucking rap covers." In describing BadBadNotGood's hip hop influences, the "Huffington Post" wrote that the group "deconstruct the four bar loops, understanding how to work crescendos by stretching out and reshaping the music into their own vision of silky smooth key progressions, pounding drums, and tasty bass lines."


title: BadBadNotGood

text: Despite BBNG’s rising popularity and press coverage by popular music media in the early 2010s, the band went unnoticed by the jazz community at large until after the release of their second album when off-the-cuff comments disregarding the jazz establishment were perceived as inflammatory by the jazz media. Critics quickly jumped to compare BBNG’s musicianship to jazz artists that had achieved similar-sized audiences, not accounting for age or experience, and thus comparing them to musicians who had spent years developing their skills. In hindsight, the reactionary response was likely due to the fact that BBNG's popularity and success in popular music preceded any recognition or approval from the jazz community itself. The band was quick to walk back some of their comments and have been increasingly complimentary of their jazz contemporaries; in the following years, sentiments on both sides have relaxed and reversed. In a 2017 retrospective, "JazzTimes" responded positively to the album "IV" and their career journey thus far.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralism is a form of animal husbandry where domesticated animals (known as "livestock") are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands (pastures) for grazing, historically by nomadic people who moved around with their herds. The animal species involved include cattle, camels, goats, yaks, llamas, reindeer, horses and sheep.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralism occurs in many variations throughout the world, generally where environmental characteristics such as aridity, poor soils, cold or hot temperatures, and lack of water make crop-growing difficult or impossible. Operating in more extreme environments with more marginal lands means that pastoral communities are very vulnerable to the effects of global warming.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralism remains a way of life in many geographic areas, including Africa, the Tibetan plateau, the Eurasian steppes, the Andes, Patagonia, the Pampas, Australia and many other places. , between 200 million and 500 million people globally practised pastoralism, and 75% of all countries had pastoral communities.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoral communities have different levels of mobility. Sedentary pastoralism has become more common as the hardening of political borders, land tenures, expansion of crop farming, and construction of fences and dedicated agricultural buildings all reduce the ability to move livestock around freely, leading to the rise of pastoral farming on established grazing-zones (sometimes called "ranches"). Sedentary pastoralists may also raise crops and livestock together in the form of mixed farming, for the purpose of diversifying productivity, obtaining manure for organic farming, and improving pasture conditions for their livestock. Mobile pastoralism includes moving herds locally across short distances in search of fresh forage and water (something that can occur daily or even within a few hours); as well as transhumance, where herders routinely move animals between different seasonal pastures across regions; and nomadism, where nomadic pastoralists and their families move with the animals in search for any available grazing-grounds - without much long-term planning. Grazing in woodlands and forests may be referred to as silvopastoralism.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralist herds interact with their environment, and mediate human relations with the environment as a way of turning uncultivated plants (like wild grass) into food. In many places, grazing herds on savannas and in woodlands can help maintain the biodiversity of such landscapes and prevent them from evolving into dense shrublands or forests. Grazing and browsing at the appropriate levels often can increase biodiversity in Mediterranean climate regions. Pastoralists shape ecosystems in different ways: some communities use fire to make ecosystems more suitable for grazing and browsing animals.


title: Pastoralism

text: One theory suggests that pastoralism developed from mixed farming. Bates and Lees proposed that the incorporation of irrigation into farming resulted in specialization. Advantages of mixed farming include reducing risk of failure, spreading labour, and re-utilizing resources. The importance of these advantages and disadvantages to different farmers or farming societies differs according to the sociocultural preferences of the farmers and the biophysical conditions as determined by rainfall, radiation, soil type, and disease. The increased productivity of irrigation agriculture led to an increase in population and an added impact on resources. Bordering areas of land remained in use for animal breeding. This meant that large distances had to be covered by herds to collect sufficient forage. Specialization occurred as a result of the increasing importance of both intensive agriculture and pastoralism. Both agriculture and pastoralism developed alongside each other, with continuous interactions.


title: Pastoralism

text: A different theory suggests that pastoralism evolved from hunting and gathering. Hunters of wild goats and sheep were knowledgeable about herd mobility and the needs of the animals. Such hunters were mobile and followed the herds on their seasonal rounds. Undomesticated herds were chosen to become more controllable for the proto-pastoralist nomadic hunter and gatherer groups by taming and domesticating them. Hunter-gatherers' strategies in the past have been very diverse and contingent upon the local environmental conditions, like those of mixed farmers. Foraging strategies have included hunting or trapping big game and smaller animals, fishing, collecting shellfish or insects, and gathering wild-plant foods such as fruits, seeds, and nuts.


title: Pastoralism

text: These diverse strategies for survival amongst the migratory herds could also provide an evolutionary route towards nomadic pastoralism.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralism occurs in uncultivated areas. Wild animals eat the forage from the marginal lands and humans survive from milk, blood, and often meat of the herds and often trade by-products like wool and milk for money and food.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralists do not exist at basic subsistence. Pastoralists often compile wealth and participate in international trade. Pastoralists have trade relations with agriculturalists, horticulturalists, and other groups. Pastoralists are not extensively dependent on milk, blood, and meat of their herd. McCabe noted that when common property institutions are created, in long-lived communities, resource sustainability is much higher, which is evident in the East African grasslands of pastoralist populations. However, it needs to be noted that the property rights structure is only one of the many different parameters that affect the sustainability of resources, and common or private property per se, does not necessarily lead to sustainability.


title: Pastoralism

text: Some pastoralists supplement herding with hunting and gathering, fishing and/or small-scale farming or pastoral farming.


title: Pastoralism

text: Mobility allows pastoralists to adapt to the environment, which opens up the possibility for both fertile and infertile regions to support human existence. Important components of pastoralism include low population density, mobility, vitality, and intricate information systems. The system is transformed to fit the environment rather than adjusting the environment to support the "food production system." Mobile pastoralists can often cover a radius of a hundred to five hundred kilometers.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralists and their livestock have impacted the environment. Lands long used for pastoralism have transformed under the forces of grazing livestock and anthropogenic fire. Fire was a method of revitalizing pastureland and preventing forest regrowth. The collective environmental weights of fire and livestock browsing have transformed landscapes in many parts of the world. Fire has permitted pastoralists to tend the land for their livestock. Political boundaries are based on environmental boundaries. The Maquis shrublands of the Mediterranean region are dominated by pyrophytic plants that thrive under conditions of anthropogenic fire and livestock grazing.


title: Pastoralism

text: Nomadic pastoralists have a global food-producing strategy depending on the management of herd animals for meat, skin, wool, milk, blood, manure, and transport. Nomadic pastoralism is practiced in different climates and environments with daily movement and seasonal migration. Pastoralists are among the most flexible populations. Pastoralist societies have had field armed men protect their livestock and their people and then to return into a disorganized pattern of foraging. The products of the herd animals are the most important resources, although the use of other resources, including domesticated and wild plants, hunted animals, and goods accessible in a market economy are not excluded. The boundaries between states impact the viability of subsistence and trade relations with cultivators.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralist strategies typify effective adaptation to the environment. Precipitation differences are evaluated by pastoralists. In East Africa, different animals are taken to specific regions throughout the year that corresponds to the seasonal patterns of precipitation. Transhumance is the seasonal migration of livestock and pastoralists between higher and lower pastures.


title: Pastoralism

text: In the Himalayas, pastoralists have often historically and traditionally depended on rangelands lying across international borders. The Himalayas contain several international borders, such as those between India and China, India and Nepal, Bhutan and China, India and Pakistan, and Pakistan and China. With the growth of nation states in Asia since the mid-twentieth century, mobility across the international borders in these countries have tended to be more and more restricted and regulated. As a consequence, the old, customary arrangements of trans-border pastoralism have generally tended to disintegrate, and trans-border pastoralism has declined. Within these countries, pastoralism is often at conflict these days with new modes of community forestry, such as Van Panchayats (Uttarakhand) and Community Forest User Groups (Nepal), which tend to benefit settled agricultural communities more. Frictions have also tended to arise between pastoralists and development projects such as dam-building and the creation of protected areas.


title: Pastoralism

text: Some pastoralists are constantly moving, which may put them at odds with sedentary people of towns and cities. The resulting conflicts can result in war for disputed lands. These disputes are recorded in ancient times in the Middle East, as well as for East Asia. Other pastoralists are able to remain in the same location which results in longer-standing housing.


title: Pastoralism

text: Different mobility patterns can be observed: Somali pastoralists keep their animals in one of the harshest environments but they have evolved of the centuries. Somalis have well developed pastoral culture where complete system of life and governance has been refined. Somali poetry depicts humans interactions, pastoral animals, beasts on the prowl, and other natural things such the rain, celestial events and historic events of significance. Wise sage Guled Haji coined a proverb that encapsulates the centrality of water in pastoral life:


title: Pastoralism

text: Mobility was an important strategy for the Ariaal; however with the loss of grazing land impacted by the growth in population, severe drought, the expansion of agriculture, and the expansion of commercial ranches and game parks, mobility was lost. The poorest families were driven out of pastoralism and into towns to take jobs. Few Ariaal families benefited from education, healthcare, and income earning.


title: Pastoralism

text: The flexibility of pastoralists to respond to environmental change was reduced by colonization. For example, mobility was limited in the Sahel region of Africa with settlement being encouraged. The population tripled and sanitation and medical treatment were improved.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralists have mental maps of the value of specific environments at different times of year. Pastoralists have an understanding of ecological processes and the environment. Information sharing is vital for creating knowledge through the networks of linked societies.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralists produce food in the world's harshest environments, and pastoral production supports the livelihoods of rural populations on almost half of the world's land. Several hundred million people are pastoralists, mostly in Africa and Asia. ReliefWeb reported that "Several hundred million people practice pastoralism—the use of extensive grazing on rangelands for livestock production, in over 100 countries worldwide. The African Union estimated that Africa has about 268 million pastoralists—over a quarter of the total population—living on about 43 percent of the continent’s total land mass." Pastoralists manage rangelands covering about a third of the Earth's terrestrial surface and are able to produce food where crop production is not possible.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralism has been shown, "based on a review of many studies, to be between 2 and 10 times more productive per unit of land than the capital intensive alternatives that have been put forward". However, many of these benefits go unmeasured and are frequently squandered by policies and investments that seek to replace pastoralism with more capital intensive modes of production. They have traditionally suffered from poor understanding, marginalization and exclusion from dialogue. The Pastoralist Knowledge Hub, managed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN serves as a knowledge repository on technical excellence on pastoralism as well as "a neutral forum for exchange and alliance building among pastoralists and stakeholders working on pastoralist issues".


title: Pastoralism

text: The Afar pastoralists in Ethiopia uses an indigenous communication method called "dagu" for information. This helps them in getting crucial information about climate and availability of pastures at various locations.


title: Pastoralism

text: There is a variation in genetic makeup of the farm animals driven mainly by natural and human based selection. For example, pastoralists in large parts of Sub Saharan Africa are preferring livestock breeds which are adapted to their environment and able to tolerate drought and diseases. However, in other animal production systems these breeds are discouraged and more productive exotic ones are favored. This situation could not be left unaddressed due to the changes in market preferences and climate all over the world, which could lead to changes in livestock diseases occurrence and decline forage quality and availability. Hence pastoralists can maintain farm animal genetic resources by conserving local livestock breeds. Generally conserving farm animal genetic resources under pastoralism is advantageous in terms of reliability and associated cost.


title: Pastoralism

text: Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" (1968) described how common property resources, such as the land shared by pastoralists, eventually become overused and ruined. According to Hardin's paper, the pastoralist land use strategy suffered criticisms of being unstable and a cause of environmental degradation.


title: Pastoralism

text: Pastoralists in the Sahel zone in Africa were held responsible for the depletion of resources. The depletion of resources was actually triggered by a prior interference and punitive climate conditions. Hardin's paper suggests a solution to the problems, offering a coherent basis for privatization of land, which stimulates the transfer of land from tribal peoples to the state or to individuals. The privatized programs impact the livelihood of the pastoralist societies while weakening the environment. Settlement programs often serve the needs of the state in reducing the autonomy and livelihoods of pastoral people.


title: Pastoralism

text: The violent herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria, Mali, Sudan, Ethiopia and other countries in the Sahel and Horn of Africa regions have been exacerbated by climate change, land degradation, and population growth.


title: Pastoralism

text: However, recently it has been shown that pastoralism supports human existence in harsh environments and often represents a sustainable approach to land use.


title: Luckiest Girl Alive

text: Luckiest Girl Alive is a 2015 New York Times Bestselling mystery novel written by the American author Jessica Knoll, and is her debut work. It was first published on May 12, 2015, by Simon & Schuster in the United States, and Pan Macmillan in Australia, and is written in the first-person narrative. The novel follows a young woman who has sought to reinvent herself in her adult life, following a series of horrifying events during her teenage years. During the book, the lead character, Ani Fanelli, is also referred to by several different names: Tifani, Tif, and Finny. The paperback version of Luckiest Girl Alive was released in April 2016.


title: Luckiest Girl Alive

text: At first glance, 28-year-old Ani appears to have a perfect life. She works as an editor at a glamorous New York City women's magazine and has a loving fiancé from a wealthy family. Yet Ani also hides a secret – as a teenager, she underwent a series of horrifying and emotionally crippling events, including a school shooting, that have continued to impact her well into her adult years. During the course of the novel, it is revealed Ani was gang raped when she was 14. She tried reaching out for help after the assault, but was subjected to cruel bullying and taunts by her peers, who did not believe her. As the story progresses, Ani begins to question whether she is truly happy with who she has become, and if her current life is the one she wants and needs.


title: Luckiest Girl Alive

text: While writing the novel, Knoll drew upon her own experiences of being gang raped and bullied as a teenager. Knoll did not initially make this public knowledge while promoting the hardcover book, at first telling fans she based the rape and aftermath on stories she had heard from others. In March 2016, Knoll wrote an essay for the online feminist newsletter "Lenny Letter", describing her experiences as a rape survivor. She further stated that she came forward after interacting with several fellow rape survivors at book signings. She said:


title: Luckiest Girl Alive

text: Knoll later stated in an interview that she "was so conditioned not to talk about it that it didn't even occur to [her] to be forthcoming".


title: Luckiest Girl Alive

text: In April 2015, Lionsgate announced that they had obtained the film rights to "Luckiest Girl Alive", with Reese Witherspoon's Pacific Standard set to produce.


title: Luckiest Girl Alive

text: It was announced in February 2021, that Mila Kunis was set to star in the film, now at Netflix. Produced by Made Up Stories and Picturestart, the screenplay was written by Knoll and will be directed by Mike Barker. The movie was released on Netflix on October 7th, 2022.


title: Luckiest Girl Alive

text: Critical reception has been positive. "Luckiest Girl Alive" has been compared to Gillian Flynn's 2012 novel "Gone Girl" and Paula Hawkins' "The Girl on the Train". The book received praise from "Entertainment Weekly" and "USA Today", the latter of which wrote that "Recent newsworthy topics create a backdrop that can, at times, make the reader uncomfortable. Yet the visceral tension Knoll creates actually complements the reading experience."


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Hemolytic anemia or haemolytic anaemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular). This most commonly occurs within the spleen, but also can occur in the reticuloendothelial system or mechanically (prosthetic valve damage). Hemolytic anemia accounts for 5% of all existing anemias. It has numerous possible consequences, ranging from general symptoms to life-threatening systemic effects. The general classification of hemolytic anemia is either intrinsic or extrinsic. Treatment depends on the type and cause of the hemolytic anemia.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath), but in addition, the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term complications, such as gallstones and pulmonary hypertension.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to the general signs of anemia. General signs and symptoms include: fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, and tachycardia. In small children, failure to thrive may occur in any form of anemia. In addition, symptoms related to hemolysis may be present such as chills, jaundice, dark urine, and an enlarged spleen. Certain aspects of the medical history can suggest a cause for hemolysis, such as drugs, medication side effects, autoimmune disorders, blood transfusion reactions, the presence of prosthetic heart valve, or other medical illness.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Chronic hemolysis leads to an increased excretion of bilirubin into the biliary tract, which in turn may lead to gallstones. The continuous release of free hemoglobin has been linked with the development of pulmonary hypertension (increased pressure over the pulmonary artery); this, in turn, leads to episodes of syncope (fainting), chest pain, and progressive breathlessness. Pulmonary hypertension eventually causes right ventricular heart failure, the symptoms of which are peripheral edema (fluid accumulation in the skin of the legs) and ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity).


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: They may be classified according to the means of hemolysis, being either intrinsic in cases where the cause is related to the red blood cell (RBC) itself, or extrinsic in cases where factors external to the RBC dominate. Intrinsic effects may include problems with RBC proteins or oxidative stress handling, whereas external factors include immune attack and microvascular angiopathies (RBCs are mechanically damaged in circulation).


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Acquired hemolytic anemia may be caused by immune-mediated causes, drugs, and other miscellaneous causes.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: In hemolytic anemia, there are two principal mechanisms of hemolysis; intravascular and extravascular.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Intravascular hemolysis describes hemolysis that happens mainly inside the vasculature. As a result, the contents of the red blood cell are released into the general circulation, leading to hemoglobinemia and increasing the risk of ensuing hyperbilirubinemia.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Intravascular hemolysis may occur when red blood cells are targeted by autoantibodies, leading to complement fixation, or by damage by parasites such as Babesia.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Extravascular hemolysis refers to hemolysis taking place in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. In this case little hemoglobin escapes into blood plasma. The macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system in these organs engulf and destroy structurally-defective red blood cells, or those with antibodies attached, and release unconjugated bilirubin into the blood plasma circulation. Typically, the spleen destroys mildly abnormal red blood cells or those coated with IgG-type antibodies, while severely abnormal red blood cells or those coated with IgM-type antibodies are destroyed in the circulation or in the liver.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: If extravascular hemolysis is extensive, hemosiderin can be deposited in the spleen, bone marrow, kidney, liver, and other organs, resulting in hemosiderosis.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: In a healthy person, a red blood cell survives 90 to 120 days in the circulation, so about 1% of human red blood cells break down each day. The spleen (part of the reticulo-endothelial system) is the main organ that removes old and damaged RBCs from the circulation. In healthy individuals, the breakdown and removal of RBCs from the circulation is matched by the production of new RBCs in the bone marrow.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: In conditions where the rate of RBC breakdown is increased, the body initially compensates by producing more RBCs; however, breakdown of RBCs can exceed the rate that the body can make RBCs, and so anemia can develop. Bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, can accumulate in the blood, causing jaundice.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: In general, hemolytic anemia occurs as a modification of the RBC life cycle. That is, instead of being collected at the end of its useful life and disposed of normally, the RBC disintegrates in a manner allowing free iron-containing molecules to reach the blood. With their complete lack of mitochondria, RBCs rely on pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) for the materials needed to reduce oxidative damage. Any limitations of PPP can result in more susceptibility to oxidative damage and a short or abnormal lifecycle. If the cell is unable to signal to the reticuloendothelial phagocytes by externalizing phosphatidylserine, it is likely to lyse through uncontrolled means.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: The distinguishing feature of intravascular hemolysis is the release of RBC contents into the blood stream. The metabolism and elimination of these products, largely iron-containing compounds capable of doing damage through Fenton reactions, is an important part of the condition. Several reference texts exist on the elimination pathways, for example.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Free hemoglobin can bind to haptoglobin, and the complex is cleared from the circulation; thus, a decrease in haptoglobin can support a diagnosis of hemolytic anemia. Alternatively, hemoglobin may oxidize and release the heme group that is able to bind to either albumin or hemopexin. The heme is ultimately converted to bilirubin and removed in stool and urine. Hemoglobin may be cleared directly by the kidneys resulting in fast clearance of free hemoglobin but causing the continued loss of hemosiderin loaded renal tubular cells for many days.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: The diagnosis of hemolytic anemia can be suspected on the basis of a constellation of symptoms and is largely based on the presence of anemia, an increased proportion of immature red cells (reticulocytes) and a decrease in the level of haptoglobin, a protein that binds free hemoglobin. Examination of a peripheral blood smear and some other laboratory studies can contribute to the diagnosis. Symptoms of hemolytic anemia include those that can occur in all anemias as well as the specific consequences of hemolysis. All anemias can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, decreased ability to exercise when severe. Symptoms specifically related to hemolysis include jaundice and dark colored urine due to the presence of hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria). When restricted to the morning hemoglobinuria may suggest paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Direct examination of blood under a microscope in a peripheral blood smear may demonstrate red blood cell fragments called schistocytes, red blood cells that look like spheres (spherocytes), and/or red blood cells missing small pieces (bite cells). An increased number of newly made red blood cells (reticulocytes) may also be a sign of bone marrow compensation for anemia. Laboratory studies commonly used to investigate hemolytic anemia include blood tests for breakdown products of red blood cells, bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase, a test for the free hemoglobin binding protein haptoglobin, and the direct Coombs test to evaluate antibody binding to red blood cells suggesting autoimmune hemolytic anemia.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Hemolytic anemia affects nonhuman species as well as humans. It has been found, in a number of animal species, to result from specific triggers.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Some notable cases include hemolytic anemia found in black rhinos kept in captivity, with the disease, in one instance, affecting 20% of captive rhinos at a specific facility. The disease is also found in wild rhinos.


title: Hemolytic anemia

text: Dogs and cats differ slightly from humans in some details of their RBC composition and have altered susceptibility to damage, notably, increased susceptibility to oxidative damage from consumption of onion. Garlic is less toxic to dogs than onion.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: I Think We're Alone Now is a 2018 American post-apocalyptic romance drama film directed by Reed Morano, who also acted as cinematographer, and written by Mike Makowsky. It stars Peter Dinklage and Elle Fanning as two survivors who learn to live together after a worldwide pandemic wipes out Earth's population.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2018. It was released on September 14, 2018, by Momentum Pictures.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: Del lives alone in a small town after an unspecified but sudden (people died where they sat) apocalyptic event has killed off the human population "on a Tuesday afternoon". Believing he is the last man on Earth, Del has set about leading a peaceful existence in his hometown, living in the library where he used to work and spending the day clearing out people's homes and burying the dead.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: One night he is awakened by fireworks. The following day he discovers a young woman, named Grace, unconscious in her car having gotten into a drunken car accident. Initially, Del is unwelcoming toward the woman, who follows him around and urges him to let her stay. When the woman decides to leave, Del stops her for a theoretical trial period in case they need each other.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: Grace is a noisy, erratic presence, but Del reluctantly becomes used to her, feeding her and teaching her his methods for clearing the homes of the dead. When Grace finds a dog, she showers it with love and attention but after the dog bites Del he lets it loose and it runs away. When he admits this to Grace she is furious and reminds him that while he was bitter and alone in his previous life she was loved and happy. A repentant Del shows her his greenhouse and asks her to continue clearing houses with him.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: On one of her trips to search for houses, Grace comes across a house that hasn't been cleared yet and which Del doesn't want to clear. She realizes that it belongs to Del's family. Grace and Del clean the house and bury Del's mother's body. Afterwards, Grace informs Del that she has something to tell him but instead avoids addressing the topic directly and kisses him.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: The following morning, Del wakes up in the house Grace has been using and is surprised to hear voices downstairs. He meets two new survivors, Patrick and Violet, who introduce themselves as Grace's parents. It is revealed that there were thousands of survivors of the apocalypse, who have formed a community. Because Del has never left his town, he has not been made aware.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: Del is upset and leaves but Grace chases him and begs him to keep her with him, saying that the couple are not her real parents and that she was paired with them when she reached the survivor's commune in California. Del ignores her and leaves. Patrick visits Del at the library where he urges Del to come with him, hinting at different experiments occurring in California that focus on the mind.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: Soon thereafter, Grace leaves with the couple and Del returns to his solitary lifestyle though he is now wracked with loneliness. No longer capable of living alone, Del abandons his small town and drives to the address Patrick left him, hoping to find Grace. Del sneaks into Grace's home to see her and while there sees she has undergone more behavior modification surgery to erase the lingering trauma caused by the loss of her family. While Del and Grace are trying to escape, Patrick attempts to stop them. He explains that the only way for the human race to move forward is to forget the past and what they all lost. Grace panics and shoots him. Violet is not upset as she still remembers her previous life and the daughter she lost, despite the behavior modification she has been subjected to. Del and Grace find the city populated with disconcertingly happy survivors, all blissfully and willfully ignorant of their past trauma. Del and Grace leave the city with no stated or implied goal or destination.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: In October 2016, Peter Dinklage and Elle Fanning were attached to star as Del and Grace, respectively. Principal photography was done in New York state, including the towns of Hastings-on-Hudson and Haverstraw.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2018, where it won the U.S. Dramatic Special Jury Award for Excellence in Filmmaking. A month later, Momentum Pictures acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on September 14, 2018.


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported approval rating, based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""I Think We're Alone Now" benefits from an absorbing aesthetic and solid work from its leads, although it's still somewhat less than the sum of its post-apocalyptic parts." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 51 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: I Think We're Alone Now (film)

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave the film 2 stars out of 5, saying, "the emotional investment we make in Del and Grace comes to nothing, as the plot ties up loose ends without a single surprise or a scintilla of genuine emotion." Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote: "It's hard to figure what induced director Reed Morano, who did such a fine job directing the first three episodes of "The Handmaid's Tale" last season, to take on such a script, one so devoid of surprise, intriguing notions and compelling scenes." Vikram Murthi of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a "C" grade, saying, "Morano's film wants to examine the emotional consequences of immersing oneself in trauma, but Makowsky's script merely paws at the edges of the idea rather than diving into the knottiness of it."


title: Monte Cristo sandwich

text: A Monte Cristo sandwich is an egg-dipped or batter-dipped ham and cheese sandwich that is pan or deep fried. It is a variation of the French "croque monsieur".


title: Monte Cristo sandwich

text: From the 1930s to the 1960s, American cookbooks had recipes for this sandwich under such names as "French sandwich", "toasted ham sandwich", and "French toasted cheese sandwich". The Monte Cristo sandwich supposedly entered the scene in the 1960s in Southern California, and exploded in popularity after the Blue Bayou Restaurant in Disneyland began serving it.


title: Monte Cristo sandwich

text: In most regions, the sandwich is savory rather than sweet. Traditionally, it is dipped in its entirety in beaten egg and pan-fried, though it may also be deep-fried. Regional variations may include sliced turkey. In some areas of the contiguous U.S. it is served grilled; in others, it is an open sandwich with only the bread egg-dipped and the assembled sandwich heated slightly under a grill or broiler. Some restaurants serve a variation that is batter-dipped and deep-fried. The Monte Cristo is sometimes covered in powdered sugar and served with maple syrup or preserves.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: "Revolution" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by John Lennon and credited to the Lennon–McCartney partnership. Three versions of the song were recorded and released in 1968, all during sessions for the Beatles' self-titled double album, also known as "the White Album": a slow, bluesy arrangement (titled "Revolution 1") that would make the final cut for the LP; an abstract sound collage (titled "Revolution 9") that originated as the latter part of "Revolution 1" and appears on the same album; and the faster, hard rock version similar to "Revolution 1", released as the B-side of "Hey Jude". Although the single version was issued first, it was recorded several weeks after "Revolution 1", as a remake specifically intended for release as a single. In addition, a promotional video for the song was shot, using the musical backing track from the hard rock version, along with live-sung lyrics that more closely resemble the "Revolution 1" version.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Inspired by political protests in early 1968, Lennon's lyrics expressed sympathy with the need for social change but doubt in regard to the violent tactics espoused by members of the New Left. Despite his bandmates' reservations, he persevered with the song and insisted it be included on their next single. When released in August, the song was viewed by the political left as a betrayal of their cause and a sign that the Beatles were out of step with radical elements of the counterculture. The release of "Revolution 1" in November indicated Lennon's uncertainty about destructive change, with the phrase "count me out" recorded instead as "count me out – in". Lennon was stung by the criticism he received from the New Left and subsequently espoused the need for Marxist revolution, particularly with his 1971 single "Power to the People". In one of the final interviews he gave before his death in 1980, however, he reaffirmed the pacifist sentiments expressed in "Revolution".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The song peaked at number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US and topped singles charts in Australia and New Zealand. The Beatles filmed a promotional clip for the single version, which introduced a new, leaner and more direct public image of Lennon. "Revolution" has received praise from several music critics, particularly for the intensity of the band's performance and the heavily distorted guitar sound on the recording. In 1987, the song became the first Beatles recording to be licensed for a television commercial, which prompted a lawsuit from the surviving members of the group. The song has been covered by numerous artists, including Thompson Twins, who performed it at Live Aid in July 1985, and Stone Temple Pilots.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: In early 1968, media coverage in the aftermath of the Tet Offensive spurred increased protests in opposition to the Vietnam War, especially among university students. The protests were most prevalent in the United States, and on 17 March, 25,000 demonstrators marched to the American embassy in London's Grosvenor Square and violently clashed with police.<ref name="Burley/Independent"></ref> Major protests concerning other political issues made international news, such as the March 1968 protests in Poland against their communist government, and the campus uprisings of May 1968 in France. The upheaval reflected the increased politicisation of the 1960s youth movement and the rise of New Left ideology, in a contrast with the hippie ideology behind the 1967 Summer of Love. For these students and activists, the Maoist idea of cultural revolution, purging society of its non-progressive elements, provided a model for social change.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: By and large, the Beatles had avoided publicly expressing their political views in their music, with "Taxman" being their only overtly political track thus far. Viewed as leaders of the counterculture, the band – particularly John Lennon – were under pressure from Leninist, Trotskyist and Maoist groups to actively support the revolutionary cause. Lennon decided to write a song about the recent wave of social upheaval while the Beatles were in Rishikesh, India, studying Transcendental Meditation. He recalled, "I thought it was about time we spoke about it, the same as I thought it was about time we stopped not answering about the Vietnamese war [in 1966]. I had been thinking about it up in the hills in India." Lennon began writing the song there and completed it in England in May, inspired especially by events in France.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Despite Lennon's antiwar feelings, he had yet to become anti-establishment, and expressed in "Revolution" that he wanted "to see the plan" from those advocating toppling the system. In author Mark Hertsgaard's description, the lyrics advocate social change but emphasise that "political actions [should] be judged on moral rather than ideological grounds". The repeated phrase "it's gonna be alright" came directly from Lennon's Transcendental Meditation experiences in India, conveying the idea that God would take care of the human race no matter what happened politically. Another influence on Lennon was his burgeoning relationship with avant-garde artist Yoko Ono and her espousal of sexual politics as an alternative to Maoist ideas and other hardline philosophies adopted by the political left. Lennon credited Ono with awakening him from his passive mindset of the previous year.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Around the fourth week of May 1968, the Beatles met at Kinfauns, George Harrison's home in Esher, to demonstrate their compositions to each other in preparation for recording their next studio album. A recording from that informal session released in the White Album's Super Deluxe version shows that "Revolution" had two of its three verses intact. The lines referencing Mao Zedong – "But if you go carrying pictures of Chairman Mao / You ain't gone make it with anyone anyhow" – were added in the studio. While filming a promotional clip later that year, Lennon told director Michael Lindsay-Hogg that it was the most important lyric in the song. By 1972, Lennon had changed his mind, saying: "I should have never said that about Chairman Mao."


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The Beatles began the recording sessions for their new album on 30 May, starting with "Revolution 1" (simply titled "Revolution" for the first few sessions). At this first session, they concentrated on recording the basic rhythm track. Take 18 lasted 10:17, much longer than the earlier takes, and it was this take that was chosen for additional overdubs recorded over the next two sessions. The full take 18 was officially released in 2018, as part of the Super Deluxe Edition of "The Beatles" coinciding with the album's fiftieth anniversary.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: During overdubs which brought the recording to take 20, Lennon took the unusual step of performing his lead vocal while lying on the floor. He also altered one line into the ambiguous "you can count me out, in". He later explained that he included both because he was undecided in his sentiments.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: "Revolution 1" has a blues style, performed at a relaxed tempo. The electric guitar heard in the intro shows a blues influence, and the "shoo-bee-do-wop" backing vocals are a reference to doo-wop music. The basic time signature is (or in a "shuffle" style), but the song has several extra half-length bars during the verses. There are also two extra beats at the end of the last chorus, the result of an accidental bad edit during the mixing process that was left uncorrected at Lennon's request.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Monitor mixes of the full-length version of "Revolution 1" became available on bootlegs such as "From Kinfauns to Chaos" in the 1990s. In 2009, a high-quality version labelled "Revolution Take 20" appeared on the bootleg CD "Revolution: Take ... Your Knickers Off!"<ref name="Krepps/RS"></ref> The release triggered considerable interest among the media and fans of the group. This version, RM1 (Remix in Mono #1) of take 20, runs to 10 minutes 46 seconds (at the correct speed) and was created at the end of the 4 June session, with a copy taken away by Lennon. It was an attempt by Lennon to augment the full-length version of "Revolution" in a way that satisfied him before he chose to split the piece between the edited "Revolution 1" and the "musique concrète" "Revolution 9".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The bootlegged recording starts with engineer Peter Bown announcing the remix as "RM1 of Take ..." and then momentarily forgetting the take number, which Lennon jokingly finishes with "Take your knickers off and let's go!" The first half of the recording is almost identical to the released track "Revolution 1". It lacks the electric guitar and horn overdubs of the final version, but features two tape loops in the key of A (same as the song) that are faded in and out at various points. After the final chorus, the song launches into an extended coda similar to that in "Hey Jude". (The album version only features about 40 seconds of this coda.) Beyond the point where the album version fades out, the basic instrumental backing keeps repeating while the vocals and overdubs become increasingly chaotic: Harrison and Paul McCartney repeatedly sing "dada, mama" in a childlike register; Lennon's histrionic vocals are randomly distorted in speed (a little of this can be heard in the fade of "Revolution 1"); and radio tuning noises à la "I Am the Walrus" appear. Several elements of this coda appear in the officially released "Revolution 9".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: After the band track ends, the song moves into avant-garde territory, with Yoko Ono reciting some prose over a portion of the song "Awal Hamsa" by Farid al-Atrash (captured from the studio recording). Ono's piece begins with the words "Maybe, it's not that ...", with her voice trailing off at the end; McCartney jokingly replies, "It "is" 'that'!" As the piece continues, Lennon quietly mumbles "Gonna be alright" a few times. Then follows a brief piano riff, some comments from Lennon and Ono on how well the track has proceeded, and final appearances of the tape loops. Most of this coda was lifted for the end of "Revolution 9", with a little more piano at the beginning (which monitor mixes reveal was present in earlier mixes of "Revolution") and minus Lennon's (or Harrison's) joking reply.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Lennon soon decided to divide the existing ten-minute recording into two parts: a more conventional Beatles track and an avant-garde sound collage. Within days after take 20, work began on "Revolution 9" using the last six minutes of the take as a starting point. Numerous sound effects, tape loops, and overdubs were recorded and compiled over several sessions almost exclusively by Lennon and Ono, although Harrison provided assistance for spoken overdubs. With more than 40 sources used for "Revolution 9", only small portions of the take 20 coda are heard in the final mix; most prominent from take 20 are Lennon's multiple screams of "right" and "alright", and around a minute near the end featuring Ono's lines up to "you become naked".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: On 21 June, the first part of take 20 received several overdubs and became officially titled "Revolution 1". The overdubs included a lead guitar line by Harrison and a brass section of two trumpets and four trombones. Final stereo mixing was completed on 25 June. The final mix that would ultimately be included on the "White Album" included the hurried announcement of "take two" by Geoff Emerick at the beginning of the song.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Lennon wanted "Revolution 1" to be the next Beatles single, but McCartney was reluctant to invite controversy, and argued along with Harrison that the track was too slow for a single. Lennon persisted, and rehearsals for a faster and louder remake began on 9 July. Recording started the following day. Writing in 2014, music journalist Ian Fortnam paired "Revolution" with the White Album track "Helter Skelter" as the Beatles' two "proto-metal experiment[s]" of 1968.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The song begins with "a startling machine-gun fuzz guitar riff", according to music critic Richie Unterberger, with Lennon and Harrison's guitars prominent throughout the track.<ref name="Unterberger/AM"></ref> The distorted sound was achieved by direct injection of the guitar signal into the mixing console. Emerick later explained that he routed the signal through two microphone preamplifiers in series while keeping the amount of overload just below the point of overheating the console. This was such a severe abuse of the studio equipment that Emerick thought, "If I was the studio manager and saw this going on, I'd fire myself." Lennon overdubbed the opening scream, and double-tracked some of the words "so roughly that its careless spontaneity becomes a point in itself", according to author Ian MacDonald.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: "Revolution" was performed in a higher key, B major, compared to the A major of "Revolution 1". The "shoo-bee-do-wop" backing vocals were omitted in the remake, and an instrumental break was added. "Revolution" was given a climactic ending, as opposed to the fade out of "Revolution 1". For this version, Lennon unequivocally sang "count me out". An electric piano overdub by Nicky Hopkins was added on 11 July, with final overdubs taking place on 13 July and mono mixing on 15 July.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Despite Lennon's efforts, McCartney's "Hey Jude" was selected as the A-side of the band's next single. Having sought to reassert his leadership of the Beatles over McCartney, Lennon reluctantly agreed to have "Revolution" demoted to the B-side.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The "Hey Jude" / "Revolution" single was issued on 26 August 1968 in the US, with the UK release taking place on 30 August. Two days after the record's US release, violent scenes occurred at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, as police and National Guardsmen were filmed clubbing Vietnam War protestors. This event came two months after the assassination of Bobby Kennedy, the Democratic presidential nominee who had pledged to end America's involvement in Vietnam, and coincided with further militant action in Europe. According to author Jonathan Gould, this combination ensured that, contrary to Lennon's doubts about the song's relevance, "'Revolution' had been rendered all "too" relevant by the onrushing tide of events."


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The single was the band's first release on Apple Records, their EMI-distributed record label. As part of their Apple Corps business enterprise, the label was run on counterculture principles and intended to be a form of what McCartney termed "Western communism". The single was one of the four records that were sent in gift-wrapped boxes, marked "Our First Four", to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family, and to Harold Wilson, the British prime minister. According to music journalist Jim Irvin, the heavily distorted sound of "Revolution" led some record buyers to return their copies, in the belief that "there was bad surface noise" on the disc. Irvin recalled of his own experience: "The exasperated [shop] assistant explained, for the umpteenth time that Saturday, 'It's "supposed" to sound like that. We've checked with EMI ...'"


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: "Hey Jude" topped sales charts around the world, while "Revolution" was a highly popular B-side. In the US, where each side of a single continued to be listed individually, it peaked at number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number 11 on the "Cash Box" Top 100, and number 2 on "Record World"s chart. The latter peak was achieved while "Hey Jude" was at number 1. The single was listed as a double-sided number 1 in Australia, while "Revolution" topped New Zealand's singles chart for one week, following "Hey Jude"'s five-week run at number 1 there.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: "Revolution 1" was released on "The Beatles" on 22 November 1968. It was the opening track on side four of the LP, four spots ahead of the companion piece "Revolution 9". In an interview following the album's release, Harrison said that "Revolution 1" "has less attack and not as much revolution" as the single B-side, and described it as "the Glenn Miller version". The lyric sheet included with the original LP carried the words "count me out", without the appended "in".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Filming for promotional clips of "Hey Jude" and "Revolution" took place on 4 September 1968 under the direction of Michael Lindsay-Hogg. Two finished clips of "Revolution" were produced, with only lighting differences and other minor variations. The Beatles sang the vocals live over the pre-recorded instrumental track from the single version. Their vocals included elements from "Revolution 1": McCartney and Harrison sang the "shoo-bee-doo-wop" backing vocals, and Lennon sang "count me out – in". Authors Bruce Spizer and John Winn each describe the performance as "exciting". According to Spizer, it "combines the best elements of the album and single versions", while Hertsgaard writes that, two years after the band had retired from public performances, the clip proved that "the Beatles could rock with the best of them".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Lindsay-Hogg recalled of the Beatles' approach to their promotion films: "Society was changing and music was in the vanguard. The appearance of the musicians, their clothes, hair, their way of talking was stirring the pot of social revolution." For Lennon, his absorption in a romantic and creative partnership with Ono was reflected in a change of appearance and image. In Fortnam's description, a "lean, mean demeanour" had replaced Lennon's "moptop-era puppy fat", while Hertsgaard says the clip presented him as "a serious longhair ... his center-parted locks falling down to his shoulders, and both his vocals and his subject matter further underlined how far he had traveled since the moptop days". Lindsay-Hogg recalled that before filming "Revolution", Lennon looked the worse for wear, yet he turned down a suggestion that he apply some stage makeup to make him appear healthier. Lennon reasoned, "Because I'm John Lennon" – a point Lindsay-Hogg cites as demonstrating that "They had a very different attitude to most stars. They were authentic, they weren't characters in a fiction."<ref name="McCormick/DT"></ref> In the clip, Lennon plays his Epiphone Casino guitar, which he had recently stripped back from its sunburst pattern to a plain white finish. MacDonald says this gesture was partly indicative of Lennon's desire for "deglamourised frankness" and that the song inaugurates Lennon's adoption of the "stripped Casino" as a "key part of his image".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: While the "Hey Jude" clip debuted on David Frost's show "Frost on Sunday", on the ITV network, the "Revolution" clip was first broadcast on the BBC1 programme "Top of the Pops" on 19 September 1968. The first US screening of "Revolution" was on the 6 October broadcast of "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". The latter show was frequently subjected to censorship by its network, CBS, for its anti-establishment views, political satire and commentary on the Vietnam War. In choosing "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" over more mainstream shows such as "The Ed Sullivan Show", the Beatles ensured that their single reached an audience aligned with countercultural ideology.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: In his contemporary review of the single, for "Melody Maker", Chris Welch praised the A-side, saying it was a track that took several listens before its full appeal became evident, but he dismissed "Revolution" as "a fuzzy mess, and best forgotten". More impressed, Derek Johnson of the "NME" described "Revolution" as "unashamed rock 'n' roll" but "a cut above the average rock disc, particularly in the thoughtful and highly topical lyric", and "a track that literally shimmers with excitement and awareness". Johnson concluded by stating that the two sides "prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that the Beatles are still streets ahead of their rivals". "Cash Box"s reviewer described "Revolution" as "straight-out rock with lyrical flavor of a pre-Revolver feel and fifties-rock instrumentation", adding: "More commercial at first few hearings, but hardly able to stand up against 'Hey Jude.'"


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: "Time" magazine devoted an article to discussing "Revolution", the first time in the magazine's history that it had done so for a pop song. The writers said the song was "exhilarating hard rock" directed at "radical activists the world over", and that its message would "surprise some, disappoint others, and move many: cool it". Dave Marsh featured "Revolution" in his 1989 book covering the 1001 greatest singles, describing it as a "gem" with a "ferocious fuzztone rock and roll attack" and a "snarling" Lennon vocal. Writing for Rough Guides, Chris Ingham includes "Revolution" in his list of the essential Beatles songs and calls it a "remarkably cogent" statement. He says that whereas "Revolution 1" resembles a "stoned, bluesy jam", the vibrant quality of the single version "has the effect of making [Lennon's] flower-proffering pacifism a dynamic option, rather than a soporifically waved white flag". In his song review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger calls "Revolution" one of the Beatles' "greatest, most furious rockers" with "challenging, fiery lyrics" where the listener's "heart immediately starts pounding before Lennon goes into the first verse".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: In 2006, "Mojo" placed "Revolution" at number 16 on its list of "The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs". In his commentary for the magazine, Pete Shelley of the punk band the Buzzcocks recalled that he had never heard such distorted guitar sounds before, and hearing the song was his "eureka moment" when he decided he wanted to be in a band. The track was ranked at number 13 in a similar list compiled by "Rolling Stone" in 2010.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Until the events of summer 1968, political activists and far left publications in the US distanced themselves from rock music and had no expectations of its relevance to their cause. According to historian Jon Wiener, "Revolution" inspired the first "serious debate" about the connection between politics and 1960s rock music. The counterculture's reaction was especially informed by news footage of the violent scenes outside the Democratic National Convention on 28 August, and of Soviet tanks invading Czechoslovakia, which marked the return of Soviet-style communism and the end of the Prague Spring. The song prompted immediate responses from the New Left and counterculture press, most of whom expressed disappointment in the Beatles. Radicals were shocked by Lennon's use of sarcasm, his contention that things would be "all right", and his failure to engage with their plight. They also objected to his requirement for a "plan" for the revolution, when their aim was to liberate minds and ensure that all individuals entered the decision-making process as a means of personal expression. "Ramparts" branded the song a "betrayal" of the cause and the "Berkeley Barb" likened it to "the hawk plank adopted this week in the Chicago convention of the Democratic Death Party". In Britain, the "New Left Review" derided the song as "a lamentable petty bourgeois cry of fear", while "Black Dwarf" said it showed the Beatles to be "the consciousness of the enemies of the revolution". The far left contrasted "Revolution" with the Rolling Stones' concurrent single, "Street Fighting Man", which Mick Jagger had been inspired to write after attending the violent rally at Grosvenor Square in March. Despite the ambiguity in Jagger's lyrics, "Street Fighting Man" was perceived to be supportive of a radical agenda.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The approval from "Time" magazine – a mainstream publication widely viewed as reflecting establishment views – added to the song's lack of credibility among the far left. Other commentators on the left applauded the Beatles for rejecting radicalism governed by hatred and violence, and for advocating "pacifist idealism". Among these, the New Left Students for a Democratic Society's newspaper at Cornell University stated that "You can argue about effectiveness of non-violence as a tactic, but it would be absurd to claim that it is a conservative notion ... The Beatles want to change the world, and they are doing what they can." With the release of "Revolution 1" three months after the single, some student radicals – unaware of the chronology of the recordings – welcomed the "count me out, in" lyric as a sign that Lennon had partly retracted his objection to Maoist revolution. According to author Mark Kurlansky, although student activists returned to their colleges after the long summer break motivated to continue the struggle, for many other people, a "feeling of weariness" supplanted their interest, and "by the end of 1968 many people agreed with the Beatles".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Among the political right, William F. Buckley Jr, an arch-conservative, wrote approvingly of the song, only to then be rebuked by the far-right John Birch Society's magazine. The magazine's editors warned that, rather than denouncing revolution, "Revolution" was urging Maoists not to "blow it all" through their impatience and was espousing a Lenin-inspired, "Moscow line". In reaction to the song and to Lennon and Ono's performance art activities, the British authorities withdrew the protection they had long afforded the Beatles as MBEs. On 18 October, Lennon and Ono were arrested on charges of drug possession; Lennon maintained he had been warned of the raid and that the drugs were planted by the arresting officers from the London Drug Squad.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Rock critics also entered the political debate over "Revolution", whereas politics had rarely been a subject of interest in their field before 1968. Greil Marcus commented that political detractors of "Revolution" had overlooked the "message" of the music, "which is more powerful than anyone's words". He added: "There is freedom and movement in the music even as there is sterility and repression in the lyrics. The music doesn't say 'cool it' or 'don't fight the cops' ... the music dodges the message and comes out in front." Ellen Willis of "The New Yorker" wrote that the Rolling Stones understood the "ambiguous relation of rock to rebellion", but "It takes a lot of chutzpah for a multimillionaire to assure the rest of us, 'You know it's gonna be all right' ... Deep within John Lennon there's a fusty old Tory struggling to get out." "Rolling Stone" editor Jann Wenner wholeheartedly supported the Beatles, saying that any accusations of "revolutionary heresy" were "absurd", since the band were being "absolutely true to their identity as it has evolved through the last six years". In his review of the White Album, Wenner added: "Rock and roll has indeed become a style and a vehicle for changing the system. But one of the parts of the system to be changed is 'politics' and this includes 'new Left' politics."


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The Beatles' apoliticism was attacked by French film-maker Jean-Luc Godard, who had recently made the film "One Plus One" in London with the Rolling Stones. In an interview for "International Times" in September 1968, Godard said the Beatles were an example of people in Britain who had been "corrupted by money". Soon afterwards, Lennon told Jonathan Cott of "Rolling Stone" that this criticism was "sour grapes" on the director's part, since Godard had been unable to get the band to appear in "One Plus One" and so had approached the Stones. On her arrival in London in December, American singer Nina Simone was quoted as saying she wanted to "know what the message is" in "Revolution" so that she could perform the song effectively in concert. Instead, she wrote and recorded an answer song, also titled "Revolution", partly based on Lennon's composition. In her lyrics, she challenged Lennon's statements about destruction and "the constitution", and urged him to "clean" his brain.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Challenged on his political stance, Lennon exchanged open letters with John Hoyland, a student radical from Keele University, in the pages of "Black Dwarf". Hoyland wrote the first letter in late October 1968, expecting that Lennon's drugs bust and the intolerance shown towards Ono, as a Japanese woman in Britain, would make him more sympathetic to a radical agenda. Hoyland said that "Revolution" was "no more revolutionary" than the radio soap opera "Mrs Dale's Diary" and criticised Lennon for continuing to espouse an ideology the Beatles had expressed in "All You Need Is Love" when, in the context of 1968, "In order to change the world we've got to understand what's wrong with the world. And then – destroy it. Ruthlessly."


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Before writing a reply, Lennon met with two other students from Keele University at his home in Surrey, on 3 December. Referring to Hoyland's letter, he said that a destructive approach to societal change merely makes way for a destructive ruling power, citing the Russian and French revolutions; he also said that the Far Left's complaints demonstrated their "extremer than thou" snobbery and their inability to form a united movement, adding that if radicals of that calibre did lead a revolution, he and the Rolling Stones would "probably be the first ones they'll shoot ... And it's him – it's the guy that wrote the letter that'll do it, you know." In his letter published in "Black Dwarf" on 10 January 1969, Lennon countered that Hoyland was "on a destruction kick" and challenged him to name a single revolution that had achieved its aims. Lennon closed the letter with a postscript saying, "You smash it – and I'll build around it." The exchange, which included a second letter from Hoyland, was syndicated internationally in the underground press. "Oz" editor Richard Neville later described it as "a classic New Left/psychedelic Left dialogue".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Lennon was stung by the criticism he received from the New Left. Having campaigned for world peace with Ono throughout 1969, he began to embrace radical politics after undergoing primal therapy in 1970. In a conversation with British activist Tariq Ali in January 1971, he said of "Revolution": "I made a mistake, you know. The mistake was that it was anti-revolution." Lennon then wrote "Power to the People" to atone for the perceived apathy of "Revolution", and instead sang: "You say you want a revolution / We better get it on right away." After moving to New York in 1971, he and Ono fully embraced radical politics with Chicago Seven defendants Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman. Lennon abandoned the cause following Richard Nixon's victory in the 1972 presidential election and he subsequently denounced revolutionaries and radical politics as useless. In the final interview he gave before his murder in December 1980, Lennon reaffirmed the pacifist message of "Revolution", saying he still wished to "see the plan" for any proposed revolution. With reference to Lennon's comments in this interview, MacDonald wrote in 1994: "Tiananmen Square, the ignominious collapse of Soviet communism, and the fact that most of his radical persecutors of 1968–70 now work in advertising have belatedly served to confirm his original instincts."


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: "Revolution" made its LP debut on the 1970 US compilation album "Hey Jude", which was also the first time that the track was available in stereo. The stereo mix was carried out on 5 December 1969, supervised by Martin. The song was subsequently issued on the Beatles compilations "1967–1970" and "Past Masters, Volume Two". Lennon disliked the stereo mix used on "1967–1970", saying in a 1974 interview that "Revolution" was a "heavy record" in mono but "then they made it into a piece of ice cream!" The song was included as the opening track of the Beatles' 2012 iTunes compilation "Tomorrow Never Knows", which the band's website described as a collection of "the Beatles' most influential rock songs".


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: In 1987, "Revolution" became the first Beatles recording to be licensed for use in a television commercial. Nike paid $500,000 for the right to use the song for one year, split between recording owner Capitol-EMI and song publisher ATV Music Publishing (owned by Michael Jackson). Commercials using the song started airing in March 1987.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The three surviving Beatles, through Apple Corps, filed a lawsuit in July objecting to Nike's use of the song. The suit was aimed at Nike, its advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy, and Capitol-EMI Records. Capitol-EMI said the lawsuit was groundless because they had licensed the use of "Revolution" with the "active support and encouragement of Yoko Ono Lennon, a shareholder and director of Apple".<ref name="Doyle/PHD"></ref> Ono had expressed approval when the ad was released, saying it was "making John's music accessible to a new generation".<ref name="Pareles/NYT"></ref> Fans were outraged at Nike's appropriation of the song and incensed at Jackson and Ono for allowing the Beatles' work to be commercially exploited in this way. Ono said that McCartney had agreed to the deal, a claim that McCartney denied. Harrison commented in an interview for "Musician" magazine:


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: Well, from our point of view, if it's allowed to happen, every Beatles song ever recorded is going to be advertising women's underwear and sausages. We've got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent. Otherwise it's going to be a free-for-all ... It's one thing when you're dead, but we're still around! They don't have any respect for the fact that we wrote and recorded those songs, and it was our lives.


title: Revolution (Beatles song)

text: The "Revolution" lawsuit and others involving the Beatles and EMI were settled out of court in November 1989, with the terms kept secret. The financial website TheStreet.com included the Nike "Revolution" advertisement campaign in its list of the 100 key business events of the 20th century, as it helped "commodify dissent".