title: Athena Parthenos

text: At least sixty-nine small-scale copies of the statue are known. Very early on, her influence was felt, sometimes very far away. Thus, gold medallions from a tomb in Kul-Oba (Crimea) and preserved in the Hermitage Museum, reproduce the head of the statue. During Roman times, small copies were mass-produced, sometimes simplifying the decor. The Athena of Varvákeion is one of the most famous examples. Sometimes, only the decoration was reproduced, mainly that of the outside of the shield, apparently in the form of decorative plates for export.


title: Athena Parthenos

text: Among the most famous ancient copies are the Lenormant Athena and therefore the Athena of Varvakeion preserved in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, the Minerva with the necklace of the Louvre Museum or a Roman copy signed Antiochos preserved at the Palazzo Altemps (Roman National Museum). A restoration was made by sculptor Pierre-Charles Simart between 1846 and 1855 for the Duke of Luynes. It is exhibited in its castle in Dampierre.


title: Athena Parthenos

text: A life-size replica was made in 1990 for the Nashville Parthenon by American sculptor Alan LeQuire. On a steel and aluminium frame, a mixture of plaster and fibreglass was covered with 8 kg of gold leaf. It was then the largest Western sculpture.


title: William Gallas

text: William Eric Gallas (born 17 August 1977) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played most of his footballing career in France and England before finishing his career in Australia with A-League club Perth Glory. Gallas began his career in France, before being signed by English club Chelsea in 2001. He transferred to Arsenal as part of an exchange deal in 2006. He then signed for rivals Tottenham Hotspur in 2010.


title: William Gallas

text: While his career has been successful, including Premier League titles in 2005 and 2006, Gallas has also had controversy due to on-field behaviour and friction with other personnel. In 2007, he was named Arsenal's captain, but was removed from the role during the 2008–09 season after criticising teammates in a media interview. He left Arsenal at the end of the 2009–10 season, when his contract expired, later signing for rivals Tottenham. He was released at the end of the 2012–13 season when his contract expired. He retired from professional football on 16 October 2014.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas was born in Asnières-sur-Seine. He is the cousin of the deceased former footballer Ludovic Quistin and of Mathieu Bastareaud, a French rugby union centre playing for Lyon.


title: William Gallas

text: A graduate of the French football academy at Clairefontaine, Gallas started his professional career at second division Caen, helping them to promotion as champions in 1996. He subsequently transferred to Marseille in 1997, where he played for four seasons. He made his debut in the UEFA Champions League for Marseille, scoring his first goal in European competition in a 1–0 win over then European champions Manchester United at the Stade Vélodrome in October 1999.


title: William Gallas

text: Chelsea manager Claudio Ranieri bought Gallas from Marseille in 2001 for £6.2 million. He chose the number 13 shirt because it was his postcode back where he lived in Marseille. Under Ranieri, Gallas developed centre-back partnerships with Marcel Desailly and later with John Terry. His partnership with Terry included a run of 16 games without conceding a goal. He also played as a left-back at times. It was with Chelsea and under Ranieri where Gallas obtained his first international cap for France. Gallas made his debut as a substitute for John Terry against Newcastle United in August 2001. His first goal followed in the FA Cup against Tottenham Hotspur. Chelsea ended up reaching the 2002 FA Cup Final in which Gallas started, however they were defeated by Arsenal.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas was part of the Chelsea squad which won back-to-back Premier League titles and a League Cup under Ranieri's successor José Mourinho. The Blues also made the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League that year, but were knocked out by Liverpool 1–0 in controversial circumstances—Gallas cleared the ball, after it was adjudged to have crossed the line.


title: William Gallas

text: Due to a serious injury to left-back Wayne Bridge in 2004–05, Gallas was forced to play out of position, and despite the purchase of Asier del Horno from Athletic Bilbao for £8 million in the 2005 close season, Gallas found himself often playing on the left, a situation he grew increasingly frustrated with, although it did showcase his versatility, being able to play anywhere in the backline. Gallas scored some vital goals against Liverpool, Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United as Chelsea retained their title in the 2005–06 Premier League season.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas' contract with Chelsea was due to expire in May 2007. He refused to sign a new contract with Chelsea on improved terms after saying the club did not offer him enough money and expressed a wish to play in the Italian Serie A, with Juventus and Milan both interested. Chelsea, however, did not agree to a transfer request by the player in May 2006, as they considered Gallas an important first-team member. After the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Gallas refused to turn up at Chelsea's crowded ranks of defenders at Stamford Bridge, so Chelsea signed Dutch international centre back Khalid Boulahrouz, though in his single season at Chelsea, Boulahrouz would play almost exclusively as a fullback.


title: William Gallas

text: On 1 September 2006, Gallas transferred to Arsenal as part of a deal that brought Ashley Cole to Chelsea, in addition to Arsenal receiving £5 million. After the transfer, Chelsea issued a statement that Gallas threatened to deliberately score own goals if he was not allowed to leave Chelsea. Gallas rejected Chelsea's claim and accused the West Londoners of "lack[ing] class" and "hiding behind false accusations." Claudio Ranieri, the former Chelsea manager who signed Gallas from Marseille, said of the allegations, "I cannot believe these stories. It is absolutely incredible. I signed William and he was always a good professional on the pitch. Of course, I don't know what has happened in the last two years." PFA Chief Executive Gordon Taylor declared that the whole episode has left a "bad taste in the mouth" and that Chelsea's statement should be taken "with a large pinch of salt."


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas signed a four-year contract with Arsenal, where he took the number 10 shirt vacated by the recently retired Dennis Bergkamp. In an October 2006 interview with the official team magazine, Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger explained his decision to hand him the squad number 10 (traditionally a forward's or a midfielder's number): "Number three was uncomfortable for him and I had given the rest of the numbers out. In the end I thought it might be a good idea to give the number ten to a defender, because a striker would suffer a lot with the comparison with Dennis. At first I was reluctant to give Dennis's number out, and especially to a defender, but overall I think it's better that way."


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas made his full debut for the Gunners at left-back in the team's 1–1 home draw against Middlesbrough on 9 September 2006 and scored his first goal against Sheffield United on 23 September 2006.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas was confirmed as Arsenal captain on 9 August 2007, with Kolo Touré serving as vice-captain. This caused some controversy, however, as Gilberto Silva was expected to receive the captain's armband. His first competitive game as Arsenal captain was on 12 August 2007 against Fulham, which ended in a 2–1 victory for Arsenal. Gallas suffered a groin injury in the game against Blackburn Rovers on 19 August, but returned to play for Arsenal in their 2–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers on 20 October. In the traditional Arsenal–Manchester United clash at the Emirates Stadium on 3 November, he scored an own goal to initially give United the lead but also a last-minute goal to give the Gunners a draw.


title: William Gallas

text: On 24 November 2007, Gallas scored against Wigan Athletic when Bacary Sagna crossed in and Gallas headed past goalkeeper Mike Pollitt. On 16 December 2007, Gallas scored against his old club Chelsea, which was to be the only goal in the match to secure three points for Arsenal. He later reflected on his goal against former club Chelsea, claiming that, "When Cesc Fàbregas sent the corner in for my goal, I saw Petr Čech come off his line and to be honest I was sure he would catch it. So I was surprised when he didn't take it, and it was just a reflex reaction to head it into the goal. I just happened to be there at the right time."


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas attracted some criticism as a result of his actions in a 2–2 draw against Birmingham City on 23 February 2008, a game in which his teammate Eduardo had his leg broken following a challenge by Martin Taylor. When Gaël Clichy of Arsenal conceded a penalty in injury time at the end of the second half, Gallas walked into the Birmingham half, apparently in protest. He stood there as Birmingham striker James McFadden converted the penalty. He then had to be restrained as he appeared to confront the crowd in fury. After the final whistle, Gallas sat down on the pitch as the rest of the players left the field before being consoled by manager Arsène Wenger.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas scored for Arsenal against Bolton at Reebok Stadium in a 2–3 win on 29 March 2008, starting the comeback which ten-man Arsenal ultimately completed. Amid speculation that Gallas would be replaced as club captain following his behaviour during the Birmingham game, Wenger said that he would consider the matter at the end of the season.


title: William Gallas

text: In August 2008, it was announced that Gallas would remain the club's captain for the 2008–09 season. In the 2008–09 season, Gallas proved prolific in the Champions League. He scored six goals in Arsenal's campaign, including two against Dutch side Twente and an equaliser against Dynamo Kyiv, as well as a header against Spurs. On 29 October 2008, he scored his first league goal of the season against Tottenham at the Emirates, scoring Arsenal's second goal in a 4–4 draw. On 8 November 2008, in a 2–1 victory over Manchester United, he received praise for his display whilst playing alongside former United defender Mikaël Silvestre. It was claimed he outshone United defenders Rio Ferdinand and Nemanja Vidić.


title: William Gallas

text: In November, Gallas gave an interview to the Associated Press in which he revealed tensions within the squad which were disruptive to team morale, and suggested that Arsenal's younger players needed to show more courage if the team were to be successful. He was dropped from the squad for the next match, against Manchester City, and was reported to have been fined two weeks' wages. Reports that he had been stripped of the captaincy permanently were confirmed by Arsenal on 24 November, and he succeeded by Cesc Fàbregas. Wenger confirmed that Gallas still had a future with the club, contrary to media speculation, and Gallas played in the following day's Champions League match.


title: William Gallas

text: On 17 March 2009, Gallas scored the winner in a 2–1 win against Hull City in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup. On 10 April 2009, it was confirmed that Gallas would miss the remainder of the season after damaging the medial ligament in his right knee during the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League quarter-final first leg tie against Villarreal. The match finished 1–1 with Gallas only lasting 43 minutes of the first half.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas started the 2009–10 campaign in fine form, scoring three goals in his first three games. He formed a partnership with Belgian centre back Thomas Vermaelen, Arsenal's only major summer signing, and the pair scored seven goals between them in their first eight league games. On 22 August, in the first home game of the season, he scored a bizarre goal against Portsmouth; Vermaelen had attempted to score a slide-in from a corner kick, but Gallas accidentally flicked the ball onto his face and it bounced into the net.


title: William Gallas

text: On 17 February, Gallas started his 100th league game for Arsenal in the 2–0 defeat against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. He suffered an injury-hit second half of the season and did not play for over two months; he was surprisingly included in the starting line up against Barcelona only to get stretchered off before half-time with a recurrence of the injury. It proved to be his last game for Arsenal—after talks over a new contract failed, Gallas left the club over the summer as a free agent having made a total of 142 appearances and scoring 17 goals for the club.


title: William Gallas

text: On 28 April, Arsène Wenger announced that talks about Gallas' future will only go until end of May and that if an agreement was not reached by then, he would most likely leave the club. Public statements made by Arsenal Chairman Peter Hill-Wood suggested that the club felt that the contractual demands made by Gallas were unreasonable. It was reported that such demands included an £80,000-a-week paycheque over a two-year period.


title: William Gallas

text: On 20 August 2010, Tottenham Hotspur manager Harry Redknapp confirmed that Gallas was set to join the club and described the move as a "no-brainer." The transfer was confirmed on 22 August, with Gallas signing a one-year contract at White Hart Lane. According to Tottenham's club historian, the move meant that Gallas would become the first player to have appeared for Chelsea, Arsenal and Tottenham; Clive Allen played for Tottenham and Chelsea and had a spell with Arsenal early in his career, but did not make an appearance for them. After training with his new team for the first time, Gallas stated that he believed that Spurs have the potential to win the Premier League.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas made his first-team debut on 11 September in a 1–1 draw away at West Bromwich Albion. On 20 November, as a result of injuries to regular captains Ledley King and Michael Dawson, Gallas captained Tottenham for the first time against his former club Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium in a famous 2–3 Tottenham victory, Spurs' first league victory at Arsenal since 1993. On 2 February 2011, Gallas partnered Sébastien Bassong at the back against Blackburn at Ewood Park in their 1–0 midweek victory. Gallas continued to impress for Tottenham into 2011. In the Champions League knockout stages, he put in two commanding performances against Milan to set up a quarter-final tie against Real Madrid in the club's first attempt in the competition.


title: William Gallas

text: Despite a season of frequent changes in defence for Tottenham due to a host of injuries to his fellow defenders, Gallas performed strongly throughout his first season with the club and was rewarded with a two-year contract extension in March 2011, which kept him at the club until the end of the 2012–13 season. In his debut season at Spurs, he made 36 appearances in all competitions.


title: William Gallas

text: During the 2011–12 Premier League, Gallas suffered several injuries that hindered his playing time for the season, making just 19 appearances for Tottenham during the campaign, particularly in light of the competition for the center-back spot with Michael Dawson and Ledley King. In the following season, Gallas played 17 games in the Premier League, scoring his first goal for the club—and also his first goal in over two years—against former club Chelsea in a 4–2 defeat. On 7 June 2013, the Premier League confirmed that he had been released from Tottenham.


title: William Gallas

text: On 23 October 2013, Gallas signed a one-year deal with Perth Glory, becoming the first Frenchman to play in the Australian A-League. Gallas joined the league following the arrival of other international players, Alessandro Del Piero, Emile Heskey and Shinji Ono. Gallas made his debut for Perth in round 6 against Adelaide United, coming on as substitute. He scored his first goal on 3 September 2014 in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix He retired after the end of the 2013–14 A-League, making 14 appearances and scoring one goal.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas was a part of the France U-18 European Championship winning side. He also played for the France U-20 team in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship along with Thierry Henry, David Trezeguet, Nicolas Anelka, Mikaël Silvestre and Willy Sagnol.


title: William Gallas

text: In October 2002, Gallas debuted for the France senior team in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifier against Slovenia. He was included in France's squad for the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup and played the full 90 minutes as "Les Bleus" defeated Cameroon 1–0 in the final. He went on to represent France at UEFA Euro 2004, starting in three of France's four matches, as they were knocked out by eventual champions Greece. In August 2005, Gallas scored his first goal for the national team in a friendly match against the Ivory Coast.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas was ever present as France finished runner-up in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, losing on penalties to Italy at the Berlin Olympiastadion. In September 2006, he won his 50th cap for France in a 3–1 win against Italy at the Stade de France in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier. At UEFA Euro 2008, Gallas was a regular starter as France were knocked out at the group stage.


title: William Gallas

text: In November 2009, Gallas scored a goal which qualified France for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The goal came against the Republic of Ireland in extra time of a World Cup playoff, making the score 1–1, and 2–1 to France on aggregate. The goal was controversial as it was scored after his teammate, Thierry Henry handled the ball twice.


title: William Gallas

text: Gallas was included in France's squad for the 2010 World Cup. The tournament was a disaster for France as Nicolas Anelka was expelled by coach Raymond Domenech and the team went on strike from training. As a senior member of the team, Gallas was cited as being one of the disruptive influences in an inharmonious camp. After the tournament, Gallas criticised Domenech, blaming the former coach for France's first round elimination.


title: William Gallas

text: On 6 June 2011, aged 33 and with 84 caps to his name and 5 goals he announced his retirement from international football with immediate effect after he had not been selected in the year since the World Cup. Gallas was eligible to represent Guadeloupe internationally as well, as they are not FIFA-affiliated. His cousin Ludovic Quistin has represented Guadeloupe.


title: The Midnight

text: The Midnight is an American synthwave band composed of Atlanta-based singer-songwriter Tyler Lyle and Los Angeles-based Danish-born producer, songwriter, and singer Tim McEwan.


title: The Midnight

text: The band was formed as a result of Lyle and McEwan meeting during a co-writing workshop in 2012 in North Hollywood, CA. Inspired in part by the score for "Drive", and the retro synth genre growing around its release, the pair wrote two singles, "WeMoveForward" and "Gloria", that would be released two years later in 2014 as part of their debut EP titled "Days of Thunder".


title: The Midnight

text: In 2016, the duo released a 12 track LP, "Endless Summer", followed in 2017 with the release of "Nocturnal", which spent several weeks as a best seller on the music distribution website Bandcamp and reached number 17 on "Billboard"s Dance/Electronic charts in October 2017. The band went on to perform their second sell-out concert, taking place at the Globe Theatre on Broadway in Los Angeles in November 2017.


title: The Midnight

text: The band had multiple collaborations with Timecop1983, another retro synth genre producer. One of the collaborations appears on the album "Nocturnal", titled "River of Darkness". The other collaboration between them appears on the album "Night Drive" of Timecop1983, titled "Static".


title: The Midnight

text: The band's motto is "" (), a Japanese phrase that loosely translates to "a sense of nostalgic wistfulness and the awareness that nothing lasts forever".


title: The Midnight

text: In 2019 McEwan appeared in the documentary film "The Rise of the Synths", which explored the origins and growth of the synthwave genre. McEwan appeared alongside various other composers from the scene, including John Carpenter, who also starred in and narrated the film.


title: The Midnight

text: During the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, The Midnight hosted a remix competition called Remix Radio, providing the stems of multiple songs they had produced on their website for free. On April 3, 2020, the livestream premiered on YouTube for one hour and thirty minutes.


title: Father Damien

text: Father Damien or Saint Damien of Molokai, SS.CC. or Saint Damien De Veuster ( or '; 3 January 1840 – 15 April 1889), born Jozef De Veuster, was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium and member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, a missionary religious institute. He was recognized for his ministry, which he led from 1873 until his death in 1889, in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi to people with leprosy (Hansen's disease), who lived in government-mandated medical quarantine in a settlement on the Kalaupapa Peninsula of Molokai.


title: Father Damien

text: During this time, he taught the Catholic faith to the people of Hawaii. Father Damien also cared for the patients and established leaders within the community to build houses, schools, roads, hospitals, and churches. He dressed residents' ulcers, built a reservoir, made coffins, dug graves, shared pipes, and ate poi with them, providing both medical and emotional support.


title: Father Damien

text: After eleven years caring for the physical, spiritual, and emotional needs of those in the leper colony, Father Damien contracted leprosy. He continued with his work despite the infection but finally succumbed to the disease on 15 April 1889. Father Damien also had tuberculosis which worsened his condition, but some believe that the reason he volunteered in the first place was due to his illness of tuberculosis.


title: Father Damien

text: Father Damien has been described as a "martyr of charity". Damien De Veuster is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. In the Anglican Communion and other Christian denominations, Damien is considered the spiritual patron for leprosy and outcasts. Father Damien Day, 15 April, the day of his death, is also a minor statewide holiday in Hawaii. Father Damien is the patron saint of the Diocese of Honolulu and of Hawaii.


title: Father Damien

text: Father Damien was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI on 11 October 2009. Libert H. Boeynaems, writing in the "Catholic Encyclopedia," calls him "the Apostle of the Lepers." Damien De Veuster's feast day is 10 May.


title: Father Damien

text: Father Damien was born Jozef ("Jef") De Veuster, the youngest of seven children and fourth son of the Flemish corn merchant Joannes Franciscus ("Frans") De Veuster and his wife Anne-Catherine ("Cato") Wouters in the village of Tremelo in Flemish Brabant in rural Belgium on 3 January 1840. His older sisters Eugénie and Pauline became nuns, and his older brother Auguste (Father Pamphile) joined the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Picpus Fathers). Jozef was forced to quit school at age 13 to work on the family farm. His father sent him to a college at Braine-le-Comte to prepare for a commercial profession, but as a result of a mission given by the Redemptorists in 1858, Joseph decided to pursue a religious vocation.


title: Father Damien

text: Jozef entered the novitiate of the Fathers of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Mary at Louvain and took in religion the name of Damien, presumably after the first Saint Damian, a fourth-century physician and martyr. He was admitted to the religious profession on 7 Oct. 1860.


title: Father Damien

text: His superiors thought that he was not a good candidate for the priesthood because he lacked education. However, he was not considered unintelligent. Because he learned Latin well from his brother, his superiors decided to allow him to become a priest. During his religious studies, Damien prayed daily before a picture of St. Francis Xavier, patron of missionaries, to be sent on a mission. Three years later when his brother Father Pamphile (Auguste) could not travel to Hawaiʻi as a missionary because of illness, Damien was allowed to take his place.


title: Father Damien

text: On 19 March 1864, Damien arrived at Honolulu Harbor on Oʻahu. He was ordained into the priesthood on 21 May 1864, at what is now the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace.


title: Father Damien

text: In 1865 Damien was assigned to the Catholic Mission in North Kohala on the island of Hawaii. While he was serving in several parishes on Oʻahu, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was struggling with a labor shortage and a public health crisis. Many of the Native Hawaiian parishioners had high mortality rates due to infectious diseases such as leprosy (from which he later died), smallpox, cholera, influenza, syphilis, and whooping cough, brought to the Hawaiian Islands by foreign traders, sailors and immigrants. Thousands of Hawaiians died of such diseases, to which they had no acquired immunity.


title: Father Damien

text: It is believed that Chinese workers carried leprosy (later known as Hansen's disease) to the islands in the 1830s and 1840s. At that time, leprosy was thought to be highly contagious and was incurable. In 1865, out of fear of this contagious disease, Hawaiian King Kamehameha V and the Hawaiian Legislature passed the "Act to Prevent the Spread of Leprosy." This law quarantined the lepers of Hawaii, requiring the most serious cases to be moved to a settlement colony of Kalawao on the eastern end of the Kalaupapa peninsula on the island of Molokai. Later the settlement of Kalaupapa was developed. Kalawao County, where the two villages are located, is separated from the rest of Molokai by a steep mountain ridge. From 1866 through 1969, about 8,000 Hawaiians were sent to the Kalaupapa peninsula for medical quarantine.


title: Father Damien

text: The Royal Board of Health initially provided the quarantined people with food and other supplies, but it did not have the workforce and resources to offer proper health care. According to documents of that time, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi did not intend for the settlements to be penal colonies. Still, the Kingdom did not provide enough resources to support them. The Kingdom of Hawaii had planned for the lepers to be able to care for themselves and grow their crops. Still, due to the effects of leprosy and the peninsula's local environmental conditions, this was impractical.


title: Father Damien

text: By 1868, according to the "Catholic Encyclopedia" (1911), "Drunken and lewd conduct prevailed. The easy-going, good-natured people seemed wholly changed."


title: Father Damien

text: While Bishop Louis Désiré Maigret, the vicar apostolic of the Honolulu diocese, believed that the lepers needed a Catholic priest to assist them, he realized that this assignment had high risk. He did not want to send any one person "in the name of obedience." After much prayer, four priests volunteered to go, among them Father Damien. The bishop planned for the volunteers to take turns in rotation assisting the inhabitants.


title: Father Damien

text: On 10 May 1873, the first volunteer, Father Damien, arrived at the isolated settlement at Kalaupapa, where there were then 600 lepers, and was presented by Bishop Louis Maigret. At his arrival, he spoke to the assembled lepers as "one who will be a father to you, and who loves you so much that he does not hesitate to become one of you; to live and die with you."


title: Father Damien

text: Damien worked with them to build a church and establish the Parish of Saint Philomena. In addition to serving as a priest, he dressed residents' ulcers, built a reservoir, built homes and furniture, made coffins, and dug graves. Six months after his arrival at Kalawao, he wrote to his brother, Pamphile, in Europe: "...I make myself a leper with the lepers to gain all to Jesus Christ."


title: Father Damien

text: During this time, Father Damien cared for the lepers and established leaders within the community to improve the state of living. Father Damien aided the colony by teaching, painting houses, organizing farms, and organizing the construction of chapels, roads, hospitals, and churches. He also dressed residents, dug graves, built coffins, ate food by hand with lepers, shared pipes with them, and lived with the lepers as equals. Father Damien also served as a priest during this time and spread the Catholic faith to the lepers; it is said that Father Damien told the lepers that despite what the outside world thought of them, they were always precious in the eyes of God.


title: Father Damien

text: Some historians believed that Father Damien was a catalyst for a turning point for the community. Under his leadership, basic laws were enforced, shacks were upgraded and improved as painted houses, working farms were organized, and schools were established. At his request and of the lepers, Father Damien remained on Molokai. Many such accounts, however, overlook the roles of superintendents who were Hawaiian or part-Hawaiian. Pennie Moblo states that until the late 20th century, most historical reports of Damien's ministry revealed biases of Europeans and Americans, and nearly completely discounted the roles of the native residents on Molokai. However, it could be asserted that Pennie Moblo does not account for the separation of civil authorities and religious authorities. As was customary in the time period, Fr. Damien's work was reported to Europeans and Americans in order to raise funds for the mission. How the colony was governed would be outside the scope of the written accounts and not important to raise funds for the charitable works of Father Damien.


title: Father Damien

text: King David Kalākaua bestowed on Damien the honor of "Knight Commander of the Royal Order of Kalākaua." When Crown Princess Lydia Liliuokalani visited the settlement to present the medal, she was reported as having been too distraught and heartbroken at the sight of the residents to read her speech. The princess shared her experience, acclaiming Damien's efforts. Consequently, Damien became internationally known in the United States and Europe. American Protestants raised large sums of money for the missionary's work. The Church of England sent food, medicine, clothing, and supplies to the settlement. It is believed that Damien never wore the royal medal, although it was placed by his side at his funeral.


title: Father Damien

text: Father Damien worked for 16 years in Hawaii, providing comfort to the lepers of Kalaupapa. Not only did he give the people faith, he also built homes for them and treated them with his medical expertise. He prayed at the cemetery of the deceased and comforted the dying at their bedsides.


title: Father Damien

text: In December 1884, while he was preparing to bathe, Damien inadvertently put his foot into scalding water, causing his skin to blister. He felt nothing and realized that he had contracted leprosy after working in the colony for 11 years. This was a common way for people to discover that they had been infected with leprosy. Despite his illness, Damien worked even harder.


title: Father Damien

text: In 1885, Masanao Goto, a Japanese leprologist, came to Honolulu and treated Damien. He believed that leprosy was caused by a diminution of the blood. His treatment consisted of nourishing foods, moderate exercise, frequent friction to the benumbed parts, special ointments, and medical baths. The treatments relieved some of the symptoms and they were very popular with the Hawaiian patients as a result. Damien had faith in the treatments and said that he only wanted to be treated by Goto, who eventually became a good friend of Father Damien.


title: Father Damien

text: Despite the fact that the illness was slowing his body down, Damien engaged in a flurry of activities during his last years. With his remaining time, he tried to advance and complete as many projects as possible. While he was continuing to spread the Catholic Faith and aid the lepers during their treatments, Damien completed several building projects and improved orphanages. Four volunteers arrived at Kalaupapa to help the ailing missionary: a Belgian priest, Louis Lambert Conrardy; a soldier, Joseph Dutton (an American Civil War veteran who left behind a marriage which had been broken by his alcoholism); a male nurse from Chicago, James Sinnett; and Mother (now Saint) Marianne Cope, who had been the head of the Franciscan-run St Joseph's Hospital in Syracuse, New York. Conrardy took up Damien's pastoral duties. Cope organized a working hospital. Dutton attended to the construction and maintenance of the community's buildings. Sinnett nursed Damien during the last phases of his illness.


title: Father Damien

text: With an arm in a sling, with a foot in bandages, and with his leg dragging, Damien knew that his death was near. He was bedridden on 23 March 1889, and on 30 March, he made a general confession. Damien died of leprosy at 8:00 a.m. on 15 April 1889, at the age of 49. The next day, after the Mass was said by Father Moellers at St. Philomena's, the whole settlement followed the funeral cortège to the cemetery. Damien was laid to rest under the same pandanus tree where he first slept upon his arrival on Molokai.


title: Father Damien

text: In January 1936, at the request of King Leopold III of Belgium and the Belgian government, Damien's body was returned to his native land in Belgium. It was transported aboard the Belgian ship "Mercator." Damien was buried in Leuven, the historic university city which is close to the village where he was born. After Damien's beatification in June 1995, the remains of his right hand were returned to Hawaii and re-interred in his original grave on Molokai.


title: Father Damien

text: Father Damien had become internationally known before his death, because he was seen as a symbolic Christian figure who spent his life caring for the afflicted natives. His superiors thought that Damien lacked education and finesse but they considered him to be "an earnest peasant hard at work in his own way for God." News of his death on 15 April was quickly carried across the globe by the modern communications of the time, by steamship to Honolulu and California, telegraph to the East Coast of the United States, and cable to England, reaching London on 11 May. Following an outpouring of praise for his work, other voices began to be heard in Hawaii.


title: Father Damien

text: Representatives of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches in Hawaii criticized his approach. Reverend Charles McEwen Hyde, a Presbyterian minister in Honolulu, wrote to his fellow pastor Reverend H. B. Gage of San Francisco in August. Hyde referred to Father Damien as "a coarse, dirty man," who contracted leprosy due to "carelessness." Hyde said that Damien was mistakenly being given credit for reforms which had actually been implemented by the Board of Health. Without consulting Hyde, Gage had the letter published in a San Francisco newspaper, generating comment and controversy in the US and Hawaii. The white people of the period consistently overlooked the role which had been played by the Hawaiians themselves, among whom were several who had prominent leadership positions on the island.


title: Father Damien

text: Later in 1889, the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson and his family arrived in Hawaii for an extended stay. He had tuberculosis, a disease which was also considered incurable, and he was seeking some relief for it. Moved by Damien's story, he became interested in the priest's controversy and went to Molokai for eight days and seven nights. Stevenson wanted to learn more about Damien at the place where he had worked. He spoke with residents of various religious backgrounds in order to learn more about Damien's work. Based on his conversations and observations, he wrote an open letter to Hyde in which he addressed the minister's criticisms and he had it printed at his own expense. Stevenson's letter became the most famous account of Damien, featuring him in the role of a European who was aiding a benighted native people.


title: Father Damien

text: Since then, historians and ethnologists have also studied Damien's work and residents' lives on Molokai. For example, Pennie Moblo, in researching the myth and the controversy surrounding the priest, has concluded they did not develop from the religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, but instead from changes in relationships on Hawaii between and among the royalty, European-American planters, missionaries, and native Hawaiians in the years leading up to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the U.S. takeover. During this period, Damien had J.K. Kahuila, a Hawaiian Protestant minister in his care, put in irons and deported to Oahu because he believed the man was too rebellious. Kahuila got a lawyer and demanded an investigation of Damien. Moblo concludes that in most 19th- and 20th-century accounts, "the focus on Damien eclipses the active role played by Hawaiians and preserves a colonially biased history."


title: Father Damien

text: Mahatma Gandhi said that Father Damien's work had inspired his social campaigns in India, leading to the independence of his people and the securing of aid for needy Indians. Gandhi was quoted in T.N. Jagadisan's 1965 publication "Mahatma Gandhi Answers the Challenge of Leprosy":


title: Father Damien

text: In 1977, Pope Paul VI declared Father Damien to be venerable. On 4 June 1995, Pope John Paul II beatified him and gave him his official spiritual title of Blessed. On 20 December 1999, Jorge Medina Estévez, Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, confirmed the November 1999 decision of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops to place Blessed Damien on the liturgical calendar with the rank of an optional memorial. Father Damien was canonized on 11 October 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI. His feast day is celebrated on 10 May. In Hawaii, it is celebrated on the day of his death, 15 April.


title: Father Damien

text: Two miracles have been attributed to Father Damien's posthumous intercession. On 13 June 1992, Pope John Paul II approved the cure of a nun in France in 1895 as a miracle attributed to Venerable Damien's intercession. In that case, Sister Simplicia Hue began a novena to Father Damien as she lay dying of a lingering intestinal illness. It is stated that the pain and symptoms of the illness disappeared overnight.


title: Father Damien

text: In the second case, Audrey Toguchi, a Hawaiian woman who suffered from a rare form of cancer, had remission after having prayed at the grave of Father Damien on Molokai. There was no medical explanation, as her prognosis was terminal. In 1997, Toguchi was diagnosed with liposarcoma, a cancer that arises in fat cells. She underwent surgery a year later and a tumor was removed, but the cancer metastasized to her lungs. Her physician, Dr. Walter Chang, told her, "Nobody has ever survived this cancer. It's going to take you." Toguchi was still alive in 2016.


title: Father Damien

text: In April 2008, the Holy See accepted the two cures as evidence of Father Damien's sanctity. On 2 June 2008, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints at the Vatican voted to recommend raising Father Damien of Molokai to sainthood. The decree that officially notes and verifies the miracle needed for canonization was promulgated by Pope Benedict XVI and Cardinal José Saraiva Martins on 3 July 2008, with the ceremony taking place in Rome and celebrations in Belgium and Hawaii. On 21 February 2009, the Vatican announced that Father Damien would be canonized. The ceremony took place in Rome on Rosary Sunday, 11 October 2009, in the presence of King Albert II of the Belgians and Queen Paola as well as the Belgian Prime Minister, Herman Van Rompuy, and several cabinet ministers, completing the process of canonization. In Washington, D.C., President Barack Obama affirmed his deep admiration for St. Damien, saying that he gave voice to the voiceless and dignity to the sick. Four other individuals were canonized with Father Damien at the same ceremony: Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński, Sister Jeanne Jugan, Father Francisco Coll Guitart and Rafael Arnáiz Barón.


title: Father Damien

text: Damien is honored, together with Marianne Cope, with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on 15 April.


title: Father Damien

text: In 2005, Damien was honored with the title of "De Grootste Belg", chosen as "The Greatest Belgian" throughout that country's history, in polling conducted by the Flemish public broadcasting service, VRT. He ranked third on "Le plus grand Belge" ("The Greatest Belgian") in a poll by the French-speaking public channel RTBF.


title: Father Damien

text: In 1952, the Picpus Fathers (SS .CC) opened the Damien Museum, (Dutch: ) in Tremelo, Belgium, in the house where Damien was born and grew up. In 2017 the museum was completely renovated.


title: Father Damien

text: With canonization highlighting his ministry to persons with leprosy, Father Damien in his work has been cited as an example of how society should minister to HIV/AIDS patients. On the occasion of Damien's canonization, President Barack Obama stated, "In our own time, as millions around the world suffer from disease, especially the pandemic of HIV/AIDS, we should draw on the example of Father Damien’s resolve in answering the urgent call to heal and care for the sick." Several clinics and centers nationwide catering to HIV/AIDS patients bear his name. There is a chapel named for him and dedicated to people with HIV/AIDS, in St. Thomas the Apostle Hollywood, an Episcopal parish.


title: Father Damien

text: The Damien The Leper Society is among charities named after him that work to treat and control leprosy. Damien House, Ireland, is a centre for "peace for families and individuals affected by bereavement, stress, violence, and other difficulties with particular attention to Northern Ireland". Saint Damien Advocates is a religious freedom organization that says it wants to carry on Father Damien's work with orphans and others.


title: Father Damien

text: Schools named after him include Damien High School in Southern California, Saint Damien Elementary School in Calgary, Canada, and Damien Memorial School in Hawaii. The village of Saint-Damien, Quebec, is also named after him. Churches worldwide are named after him.


title: Father Damien

text: St. Damien of Molokai Catholic Church in Edmond, Oklahoma, dedicated in 2010, is believed to have been the first Roman Catholic church in the continental United States to be named for Saint Damien after his canonization. A Traditional Latin Mass church, it is operated by the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter (FSSP) and was authorized in 2010 by Eusebius J. Beltran, Archbishop of Oklahoma City. Pontiac, Michigan (in the Catholic archdiocese of Detroit) has a St. Damien parish.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: The Ant Bully is a 2006 American computer-animated fantasy adventure comedy film written and directed by John A. Davis and based on the 1999 children's book of the same name by John Nickle. Starring the voices of Julia Roberts, Nicolas Cage, Meryl Streep, Paul Giamatti, Regina King, Bruce Campbell and Lily Tomlin, it was produced by Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman's Playtone, Davis and Keith Alcorn's DNA Productions, and Legendary Pictures in their first animated film, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Set in suburban Las Vegas, "The Ant Bully" follows Lucas Nickle, a 10-year-old destructive boy who is neglected by his family and bullied by Steve and his friends. He attacks the nearby ant colony out of frustration, but Zoc, a wizard ant, creates a potion to shrink Lucas. After being shrunk by Zoc, Lucas Nickle must join forces with his new friends to defeat Stan Beals, an exterminator who threatens their colony upon signing the contract. It was released on July 28, 2006.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Shortly before its release, most of the DNA employees were laid off and the studio was closed (as the result of their second and final film to be made after ""). It was also the last film role by Ricardo Montalbán, before his death on January 14, 2009. "The Ant Bully" received mixed reviews from critics, with praise aimed at the vocal performances, animation, and humor, but criticism for its dialogue and script, its lack of faithfulness to the source material and the execution of its premise. It was also a box-office bomb, grossing $55.2 million against its $50 million budget.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Lonely 10-year-old Lucas Nickle is left with his older sister, Tiffany, and his grandmother, when his parents go to Puerto Vallarta for their wedding anniversary. Neglected by his family and tormented by a local bully named Steve and his friends, Lucas takes out his frustration on an anthill and attacks it with a squirt gun, terrifying the colony. One ant, Zoc, an eccentric sorcerer, tries to fight back. His girlfriend Hova, a nurse ant who is fascinated by humans, attempts to communicate with Lucas. He drops his gun on the grass, and kicks the anthill with one of his sneakers, sending the colony flying into the grass. Hova tries to communicate to him, but she is almost crushed before being saved by Zoc. The leaders of the colony decide to use a potion Zoc has recently created to shrink Lucas down to ant size.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: The local exterminator, Stan Beals, convinces Lucas to sign a contract to kill the vermin. Later that night, Zoc and a small troop of ants pour the potion into his ear; Lucas wakes up and discovers that he is shrunk, and naked and is carried to the anthill for the court. Zoc insists that he should be studied then eaten, but he is overruled by the Queen, who sentences him to hard labor. Hova volunteers to train Lucas alongside her friends Kreela and Fugax, much to Zoc's mortification, and they both learn about the differences between ants and humans. The ants are later attacked by tarantula hawks. Lucas finds a firecracker discarded by Steve and uses it to scare the wasps away. This earns him the admiration of all the ants except Zoc.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Lucas is shown a painting that depicts the Great Ant Mother and the exterminator, and is told that the Great Ant Mother will return and shower the ants with honeydew, while the Cloud-Breather will spell destruction for all of them. Lucas, Hova, Fugax, and Kreela return to his house, where Lucas tries to cancel Beals' contract, but accidentally calls a pizzeria instead. Tiffany then enters the kitchen, and attacks Lucas and company where it flees.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: When Zoc finds out that Lucas put Hova in possible danger, he accuses him of further treachery, and tells him that he refuses to give him the antidote, causing him to run away in fright. Hearing what happened, Hova gets angry with Zoc scolding him for banishing Lucas from the ant colony and even that he did not put them in danger. He helps them for getting the food and angrily lashed him out for been selfish and jealous of him, and goes out to look for Lucas included Kreela and Fugax leaving Zoc alone in the cave. Once she finds him, he is swallowed by a frog. Zoc witnesses the event and realizes what he done and how much Hova cares about Lucas, so he frees him to make up for his selfishness. Afterwards, they discuss their differences. Zoc explains that ants work for the benefit of the colony, whilst Lucas states that most humans work for personal gain. Zoc is unsure as to how anything gets accomplished in Lucas' world, but then sympathizes with him when they both admit that they both used to act without thinking.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: The next day, when Beals arrives to exterminate the colony, Lucas and Zoc enlist the wasps' aid; at first, the wasps want to eat them, but upon hearing that their hill is being destroyed by Beals, they agree to help. During the battle with Beals, Lucas saves the lives of Hova and an injured wasp. Both the ants and wasps are no match against pesticide, but as Beals is about to exterminate the anthill, a beetle and glowworm that Zoc and Lucas met while trapped inside of the frog's stomach bite him in the groin. As he painfully doubles up, Lucas injects him with the shrinking potion, severely disfiguring Beals, and he retreats on a tricycle while being attacked by the wasps.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: The Queen pronounces Lucas an ant in honor of his heroic actions, names him "Rokai", and Zoc gives him the antidote. He returns to normal size, reunites and reconciles with his mother, and finally stands up to Steve, whose friends choose to befriend Lucas after Steve insults them. Lucas then showers the colony with jelly beans as a parting gift. Post-credits Overture / Warner Bros. Pictures logo ("My Fair Lady") (1964).


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Additional voices were provided by Tyler James Williams, Jaishon Fisher, Tom Kenny, Neil Ross, Bob Joles, Wally Wingert, Leon Morenzie, Johnathan Cook, Clive Robertson, S. Scott Bullock, Susan Silo, Zack Shada, Max Burkholder, Benjamin Bryan, Jordan Orr, Candi Milo, Nika Futterman, Colin Ford, Nicole Sullivan, Paul Greenberg, and David Kaye


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Tom Hanks originally conceived the idea for an animated film adaptation after reading the book with his child. He then sent a copy to John A. Davis due to Davis' work on the computer-animated film "Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius". Davis came up with a potential take on the story within a few days. "To be honest, when I first looked at it, I thought Oh, why does it have to be ants again?" said Davis. "But the more I thought about it, I said, So what? It's got as much to do with "The Incredible Shrinking Man" as it does the other bug movies. It's a completely different story."


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Hanks agreed that the story could be expanded considerably (the original book being around only 2,000 words). Keith Alcorn had a similar initial reaction to the project as Davis did. "My first thought," recalled Alcorn, "was, 'not another ant movie.' But looking at the actual story, this was really about a little boy and how he learns about the world by having to live beneath the surface." Davis states that he felt like something of a hypocrite when, while he was working on the script, carpenter ants infested his house and he called an exterminator.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: The film was rendered on DNA Productions' 1400-CPU render farm, managed by the open-source Sun Grid Engine job scheduler. The nodes started out with Fedora Core 2 Linux with a modern 2.6.x kernel, but the new AMD Opteron nodes are running Fedora Core 4. Most of the applications are commercial, including Maya, Lightwave 3D, Houdini, Massive and Pixar’s RenderMan.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Along with the theatrical release of "The Ant Bully", an IMAX 3D version was presented in only some of the IMAX theaters. The others continued to run the 3D version of "Superman Returns". The special IMAX 3D version was remastered in three dimensions with IMAX DMR. Critics within the 3D motion-picture community have given the film high marks, as unlike "Superman Returns", the entire film is projected in 3D stereo. The process to turn a pure animation film into 3D is much simpler than converting a film having live actors. Some of the production took place at C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures in Canada.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: The film was theatrically released on July 28, 2006 by Warner Bros. Pictures, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 28, 2006, by Warner Home Video.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 62% approval rating, based on 118 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's consensus reads, "Sometimes inventive and witty, this animated adventure into an ant-sized world is a pleasant diversion." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 59/100 based on 26 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Ruthe Stein of "The San Francisco Chronicle" wrote that "the brilliance of "The Ant Bully" is in the crafty way it delves into the minds of ants as they plot to save themselves from extermination...Davis creates a marvelously labyrinthine society for them, right below the surface of a bland suburb."


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" liked Roberts and Cage in their roles, and referred to Streep's queen ant as "excellently magisterial". She also wrote that "the kind of life lessons that usually gum up the fun go down as easily as jelly beans in "The Ant Bully"." Jeffrey E. McCants of the Minneapolis "Star Tribune" wrote that "the film's heavy-handed lessons turn it from a fun romp through a cartoonish insect world to a predictable and preachy snoozefest".


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Lou Lumenick of the "New York Post" called the film "generic" and wrote that "adults will be less than enchanted by its preachiness, talkiness, and Communist Party-line political views". Bill Muller of "The Arizona Republic" wrote, ""The Ant Bully", in trying to match "Antz" or "A Bug's Life", just digs itself into a big hole."


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Jack Mathews of the "New York Daily News" was positive about the film's lack of pop-culture references and thought that the film does not "talk down" to children. Additionally, he noted, "adults may be amused (or maybe not) by the Christian parallel in the ants' religion."


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: The film opened at number five on July 28, 2006, and closed on November 16, 2006, with $28 million in North America and a total of $55 million worldwide. The estimated production budget was $50 million. The film was released in the United Kingdom on August 4, 2006, and only opened on number eight.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: The soundtrack's music score was composed and conducted by John Debney, who previously worked with Davis on "Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius". This film has no songs.


title: The Ant Bully (film)

text: Games publisher Midway released "The Ant Bully", the official video game tie-in to the film on GameCube, PlayStation 2, PC, and Game Boy Advance on July 24, 2006. A Wii version was released on December 5, 2006. The game was developed by the Montreal Studio Artificial Mind and Movement.


title: Italo disco

text: Italo disco (variously capitalized, and sometimes hyphenated as Italo-disco) is a music genre which originated in Italy in the late 1970s and was mainly produced in the early 1980s. Italo disco evolved from the then-current underground dance, pop, and electronic music, both domestic and foreign (American hi-NRG, French Euro disco) and developed into a diverse genre. The genre employs electronic drums, drum machines, synthesizers, and occasionally vocoders. It is usually sung in English, and to a lesser extent in Italian and Spanish.


title: Italo disco

text: The origin of the genre's name is strongly tied to marketing efforts of the ZYX record label, which began licensing and marketing the music outside Italy in 1982. Italo disco faded in the early 1990s and then split into many genres (Eurobeat, Italo house, Italo dance).


title: Italo disco

text: The term "Italo", a generic prefix meaning Italian, had been used on pop music compilation albums in Germany as early as 1978, such as "Italo Top Hits" on the K-Tel label and the first volume of "Italo Super Hits" on the Ariola label.


title: Italo disco

text: There is no documentation of where the term "Italo-Disco" first appeared, but its origins are generally traced to Italian and other European disco recordings released in the German market. Examples include the phrase "Original Italo-Disco" on the sleeve of the German edition of "Girls on Me" by Amin-Peck in 1982, and the 1983 compilation album "The Best of Italo-Disco". These records, along with the "Italo Boot Mix" megamix, were released by Bernhard Mikulski on his ZYX label, who was therefore credited with coining the term "Italo disco". The "Best of" and "Boot Mix" compilations each became a 16-volume series that culminated in 1991. Both series primarily featured disco music of Italian origin, often licensed from independent Italian labels which had limited distribution outside Italy, as well as songs in a similar style by other European artists.


title: Italo disco

text: The presenters of the Italian music show "Discoring" (produced by RAI) usually referred to Italo disco tracks as "rock elettronico" (electronic rock) or "balli da discoteca" (disco dance) before the term "Italo disco" came into existence.


title: Italo disco

text: Italo disco originated in Europe in the late 1970s. After Disco Demolition Night in 1979, American interest in disco sharply declined, whereas in Europe the genre maintained mainstream popularity and survived into the 1980s.


title: Italo disco

text: The adoption of synthesizers and other electronic instruments by disco artists led to electronic dance music, which spawned many subgenres such as hi-NRG in America and space disco in Europe. Italo disco's influences include Italian producer Giorgio Moroder, French musician Didier Marouani, French drummer Cerrone, and the San Francisco-based hi-NRG producer Patrick Cowley, who worked with singers as Sylvester and Paul Parker.


title: Italo disco

text: In the late 1970s, Italo disco group D. D. Sound (La Bionda) released the song "1, 2, 3, 4, Gimme Some More". In 1979, Jacques Fred Petrus and Mauro Malavasi created the soulful post-disco groups Change and B. B. & Q. Band. In 1981, both groups gained US R&B and Dance hits with "Paradise" and "On the Beat" respectively.


title: Italo disco

text: Italo disco often features electronic sounds, electronic drums, drum machines, catchy melodies, vocoders, overdubs, and heavily accented English lyrics. By 1983, Italo disco's instrumentation was predominantly electronic. Along with love, Italo disco themes deal with robots and space, sometimes combining all three in songs like "Robot Is Systematic" (1982) by Lectric Workers and "Spacer Woman" (1983) by Charlie.In 1983, there were frequent hit singles, and labels such as American Disco, Crash, Merak, Sensation and X-Energy appeared. The popular label Discomagic Records released more than thirty singles within the year. It was also the year that the term "Italo disco" became widely known outside Italy, with the release of the first volumes of "The Best of Italo Disco" compilation series on the German record label ZYX. After 1983, Italo disco was also produced outside Italy.


title: Italo disco

text: Although Italo disco was successful in mainland Europe during the 1980s, only few singles reached the UK charts, such as Ryan Paris's "Dolce Vita", Laura Branigan's "Self Control", Baltimora's "Tarzan Boy", Spagna's "Call Me" and Sabrina's "Boys", all of which were top 5 hits. Italo disco maintained an influence in the UK's underground music scenes in the UK, and its impact can be heard in the music of several British electronic acts such as the Pet Shop Boys, Erasure and New Order.


title: Italo disco

text: Canada, particularly Quebec, produced several remarkable Italo disco acts, including Trans X ("Living on Video"), Lime ("Angel Eyes"), Rational Youth ("City of Night"), Pluton & the Humanoids ("World Invaders"), Purple Flash Orchestra ("We Can Make It"), and Tapps ("Forbidden Lover"). Those productions were called "Canadian disco" during 1980–1984 in Europe and hi-NRG disco in the U.S.


title: Italo disco

text: In English-speaking countries, it was called Italo disco and hi-NRG. In Mexico the style is known just as "disco", having nothing to do with the 1970s genre. German productions were sung in English and were characterized by an emphasis on melody, exaggerated production, and a more earnest approach to the themes of love; examples may be found in the works of Modern Talking, Fancy, American-born singer and Fancy protégé Grant Miller, Bad Boys Blue, Joy, Silent Circle, the Twins, Lian Ross, C. C. Catch, Blue System and London Boys.


title: Italo disco

text: During the mid-1980s, spacesynth, a derivation of Italo disco, developed. It was mostly instrumental, featured space sounds, and was exemplified by musicians such as Koto, Proxyon, Rofo, Cyber People, Hipnosis, Laserdance and Mike Mareen (whose music inhabited the spacesynth/hi-NRG overlap).


title: Italo disco

text: As Italo disco declined in Europe, Italian and German producers adapted the sound to Japanese tastes, creating "Eurobeat". Music produced in this style is sold exclusively in Japan due to the country's Para Para culture, produced by Italian producers for the Japanese market. The two most famous Eurobeat labels are A-Beat-C Records and Time Records. One traditional Italo disco label, S.A.I.F.A.M., still produces Eurobeat music for Japan.


title: Italo disco

text: Around 1989 in Italy, Italo disco evolved into Italo house when Italian Italo disco artists experimented with harder beats and the "house" sound.


title: Italo disco

text: A big comeback of German disco began in 1998, when Modern Talking reunited. Rete 4 channel in Italy, Hits 24, Goldstar TV, and ProSieben channels in Germany, and the program "Nostalgia" on Spain's TVE channel started to broadcast Italo disco.


title: Italo disco

text: Several online radio stations, like Radio Stad Den Haag (Netherlands), stream the genre. The renewed popularity inspired re-releases and new mixes by many of the original Italo disco record labels. ZYX Records has released many new CD mixes since 2000. Panama Records and Radius Records have re-released Italo tracks on vinyl. Northern European labels I Venti d'Azzurro (Netherlands) and Flashback Records (Finland) have produced unreleased demos, new versions of old hits, and new songs.


title: Italo disco

text: A number of new Italo disco artists have emerged and have been featured on the "ZYX Italo Disco New Generation" discs: Birizdo I Am, Boris Zhivago, D-White, Estimado, Italove, Mirko Hirsch, Nation in Blue, Siberian Heat, among many others.


title: Italo disco

text: Italo disco is also one of the major influences to the sound of the synthwave genre. Synthwave and Italo disco revival artists are often featured on the same mixtapes, playlists, and labels.


title: Italo disco

text: At least one modern history of "space disco" traces the genre's origins to science fiction themes (outer space, robots, and the future) in the titles, lyrics and cover artwork of dance music in the late 1970s. Plausible associations are drawn between the popularity of "Star Wars" (released mid-1977), the subsequent surge of interest in science fiction themes in popular culture, and the release of a number of science fiction themed and "futuristic"-sounding (synthesizer and arpeggiator-infused) disco music worldwide. The most commercially successful space disco tracks were "Star Wars Theme/Cantina Band" (1977) by Meco and "Automatic Lover" (1978) by Dee D. Jackson, with each song reaching the top ten in a number of countries, including the United Kingdom.


title: Italo disco

text: Additional examples of space disco usually include the compositions "Just Blue" and "Symphony" (both 1978) of French band Space, additional tracks by Dee D. Jackson during the 1970s and 1980s, and "I Feel Space" by Lindstrøm.


title: Italo disco

text: New York City-based post-disco record label Emergency Records specialized in reissuing/selling records from Italy (e.g. Kano "I'm Ready"), since the 1970s. Kano, a moniker of Anglo-Caribbean DJ Glen White, is noted for incorporating American musical elements ("heavy funk" influences, "breakbeat" rhythm, the use of vocoder) with electronic music while using rudimentary synthesizers, constituting one of the earliest forms of Italo disco. This form of Americanized Italo disco, that also includes Klein + M.B.O. ("Dirty Talk", "Wonderful", "The M. B. O. Theme"), re-entered the States and was known to be influential on the development of house music. Doctor's Cat ("Feel the Drive"), likewise, was one of the earliest "house music" songs.


title: YHLQMDLG

text: YHLQMDLG (acronym for "Yo Hago Lo Que Me Da La Gana", Spanish for "I Do Whatever I Want") is the second solo studio album and third overall by Puerto Rican rapper and singer Bad Bunny. It was released on February 29, 2020, by Rimas Entertainment. The album's music style is heavily influenced by "old-school" reggaeton, and features guest appearances from Daddy Yankee, Nesi, Yaviah, Ñengo Flow, Sech, Mora, Jowell & Randy, Anuel AA, Myke Towers, Kendo Kaponi, Arcángel, Duki and Pablo Chill-E.


title: YHLQMDLG

text: The album debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, becoming the highest-charting all-Spanish album ever on the chart at the time, until the release of his third album, "El Último Tour Del Mundo". "YHLQMDLG" was the best selling Latin album in the United States of 2020, became Spotify's most streamed album globally of 2020, and won for Best Latin Pop or Urban Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards.


title: YHLQMDLG

text: "Vete" was released as the lead single of the album on November 22, 2019. The album title was first mentioned during a sequence of the accompanying music video. The second single "Ignorantes" with Panamanian singer Sech came out on February 14, 2020. Bad Bunny announced the album on February 27, 2020, and stated that it would be released on Leap Day 2020.


title: YHLQMDLG

text: "YHLQMDLG" is a primarily a Latin trap and reggaeton album that also incorporates elements of pop, rock, hip-hop, R&B, reggae, dancehall, bachata, dembow and sandungueo. "Billboard" had described the album as an "old-school perreo, romantic reggaeton, and Latin trap with global appeal. It is a departure from Bad Bunny's Latin trap style showcased on his very beginnings and focuses more on fun, bouncy, and aggressive reggaeton beats and lyrics. Bad Bunny's vision for the album was for it to bring back the “glory days” of reggaeton, drawing inspiration from it, like the song “Safaera”, which is a heavy, 00's-inspired, beat switching described "reggaeton symphony", which features Puerto Rican duo Jowell y Randy and Nengo Flow. The album also features Latin trap sounds, incorporating the widely known 808 drum patterns, and both fun and aggressive melodies, such as in “Si Veo A Tu Mama”, which samples the bossa-nova classic "The Girl from Ipanema", featuring a sweet, Nintendo-ish keyboard sound, while the song “25/8” is an example of the dark, hard-hitting melodies that some of the trap songs in the record share. Lyrically, Bad Bunny sings and raps about themes such as women, partying, heartbreak, and women-empowerment, an example of it is the song “Yo Perreo Sola”, which talks about a girl that Bad Bunny wants to dance with, but she refuses, because according to her, Bad Bunny also refused to dance with her in the past, so now he is the one who is "begging". In the last track of the album, “<3”, Bad Bunny thanks all his fans and team of work for supporting and believing in him, while also expressing his desire to retire and living with no more stress, closing both the song and album with the title of the record.


title: YHLQMDLG

text: "YHLQMDLG" received widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 88 based on five reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: YHLQMDLG

text: Writing for AllMusic, Thom Jurek stated Bad Bunny "turns the notion of the cohesive urban statement into a sprawling 20-track mix of styles, production techniques, and completely accessible hooks in a work of peerless musical invention," and described "YHLQMDLG" as "a transformative fever dream of an album that accents freedom by breaking all the rules without writing new ones." In "Rolling Stone", Suzy Exposito gave "YHLQMDLG" 4.5 stars, writing that Bad Bunny "convenes a family reunion of his favorite rappers and reggaetoneros to produce a genre-promiscuous work of reggaeton a la marquesina." For "Consequence of Sound", Lucas Villa wrote that Bad Bunny "is emerging as a rarity in the game like the mythical Mew. Benito is game-sharking a system that was once othering Latin music artists with his "perreo" takeover of pop." Matthew Ismael Ruiz in "Pitchfork" deemed the album "outstanding" and described it as "a big party record that pushes boundaries and pays homage to reggaetón's past and future, all made by a swaggering star with absolutely nothing to prove."


title: YHLQMDLG

text: "YHLQMDLG" debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 dated March 14, 2020, earning 179,000 album-equivalent units, including 35,000 pure album sales in its first week. It earned 201.4 million on-demand streams in the country, achieving the biggest streaming week ever for a Latin album, surpassing the record set by Ozuna's "Aura" (2018, 53.2 million streams). It became the highest-charting all-Spanish album to ever appear on the chart at the time—before he broke his own record with "El Último Tour Del Mundo"s release in November, which debuted atop the chart. Previous record-holders for an all-Spanish-language albums were Shakira's "Fijación Oral, Vol. 1" (2005) and Maná's "Amar es Combatir" (2006), both at number four, while two mostly-Spanish albums have reached number one, Selena's "Dreaming of You" (1995) and Il Divo's "Ancora" (2006). In its second week, the album dropped to number three on the chart, earning an additional 111,000 units. In its third week, the album remained at number three on the chart, earning 69,000 more units. In its fourth week, the album fell to number four on the chart, with 51,000 units. YHLGMLG was the best selling Latin Album of 2020 in the United States with 1,444,000 album-equivalent units. In 2021, it was the second best selling latiin albums with 755,000 units sold. As of January 2022, the album had sold 2.2 million of units in the United States.


title: YHLQMDLG

text: Bad Bunny charted all 20 album tracks on the US Hot Latin Songs ranking dated March 14, setting several records: most concurrently charting titles in the top 10 (8), in the top 20 (18) and in the top 25 (20). With eight top 10 songs on the chart, Bad Bunny outdid himself as he previously held the record for the most simultaneous top 10s, with six (September 2019). With 18 songs in the top 20, he surpassed J Balvin's nine-song mark (February 2020). Both Bad Bunny and Ozuna have placed 20 songs simultaneously on the chart. Bad Bunny brought his total career entries on the chart to a record 83, surpassing Daddy Yankee's 74 entries.


title: YHLQMDLG

text: Bad Bunny also placed 11 album tracks simultaneously on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, the most for any Latin artist performing only in Spanish. "YHLQMDLG" became Spotify's most streamed album globally of 2020, with 3.3 billion streams during the year.


title: YHLQMDLG

text: In Spain, the album debuted at number one on the charts. It was the most popular and most streamed album of 2020 in Spain.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The Hyundai Theta is a gasoline four-cylinder automobile engine family. The third all-aluminum engine of Hyundai Motor Company debuted in the fourth-generation Hyundai Sonata sedan (codenamed NF), which was unveiled in August 2004 in South Korea. Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama (HMMA) built a Theta II engine shop on the grounds of their Montgomery, Alabama automobile factory.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The Global Engine Alliance was a joint venture between Chrysler, Mitsubishi Motors, and the Hyundai Motor Company for developing a line of shared four-cylinder engines. The initial design of the engine block and cylinder head was handled by Hyundai. However, each manufacturer configured their variants of the initial design differently based on their needs. In 2009, Chrysler bought out Mitsubishi and Hyundai's stake in the joint-venture; however, each company retained rights to build the engines.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The engine features hollow stainless-steel dual overhead camshafts (DOHC) with powder-metal cam lobes, pent-roof combustion chambers and shimless bucket tappets in the cylinder head. BorgWarner Morse TEC supplies the complete timing system which uses the company's proprietary silent timing chains. Continuously variable valve timing (CVVT) works on the intake side.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The aluminum alloy engine block, which is formed using a high-pressure die-cast method, has a unique Metaldyne-supplied cassette-type balance shaft module with a two-stage oil pump built-in. In the lower-end, the block is reinforced by a ladder frame. Other notable features include fracture-split sinter-forged connecting rods manufactured by Sinteron and a stainless-steel exhaust manifold.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: Theta's EMS (engine management system) software is EMS-II from Siemens VDO and the 32-bit PCM (Powertrain Control Module) calculates the amount of intake air by utilizing a contamination-proof hot-film type MAF (mass air flow) sensor.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The 1.8L version is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a 10.5:1 compression ratio; the engine makes at 6,000–6,200 rpm and of torque at 4,250 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The 2.0L version is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a bore and stroke of 86 mm and a 10.5:1 compression ratio; the engine makes at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000–4,250 rpm. It uses a timing chain instead of belt, and the engine dry weight is .


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The 2.4L version is an inline 4-cylinder engine that carries a bore of 88.0 mm, stroke of 97.0 mm and a 10.5:1 compression ratio; the engine dry weight is and it makes at 5,800 rpm and of torque at 4,250 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The second generation Theta engine added CVVT on the exhaust side as well as a two-way VIS and comes in two sizes, the 2.0L and 2.4L.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The 2.0L Theta II MPi engine has a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and it produces at 6,200 rpm and of torque at 4,500–4,600 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The 2.4L Theta II MPi engine (G4KE) has a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and it produces at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The 2.4L Theta II FR MPi engine (G4KG) is for RWD applications and has a 10.5:1 compression ratio, and it produces at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,200 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The Theta II GDi was announced in November 2009 starting with the 6th generation Sonata, improvements include switching to GDI. Compression ratio is 11.3:1, early versions were rated at at 6,300 rpm and of torque at 4,250 rpm while later versions were rated at at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The turbo used is a Mitsubishi TD04 model, the block used is very similar to the 4B11T engine found in Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X, as core components like pistons and rods are said to move freely between them, however, the two engines are not identical. The 4B11T is a semi-closed deck block with larger oil and coolant passages, where as the Theta is an open deck block.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: For RWD based applications, the 2.0L turbo MPI in the 2009–2012 Genesis Coupe, compression ratio is 9.5:1 and it produces at 6,000 rpm and on 91 RON/87 octane (AKI) gasoline, and at 6,000 rpm on 98 RON/93 octane (AKI). Torque remains the same at at 2,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: For the facelifted 2013–2014 Genesis Coupe, the engines got upgraded with a new twin-scroll turbocharger, compression ratio is 9.0:1 and the newer version now producing at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 2,000 and 4,500 rpm on 91 RON/87 octane (AKI) gasoline, and at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 2,000 and 4,500 rpm on 98 RON/93 octane.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The first iteration of 2.0L T-GDI engine was used in the sixth generation Sonata and third generation Optima, compression ratio is 9.5:1 and the engine develops at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,750 rpm and 4,500 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The updated second iteration of the engine changed the CVVT controls from hydraulic to electronic along with a smaller turbo for improved responsiveness and fuel economy, it was used in the seventh generation Sonata and fourth generation Optima, compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine develops at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,350 rpm and 4,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The high power version of the second iteration uses a bigger turbocharger to improve power, its used in the i30N and Veloster N, compression ratio is 9.5:1 and the engine develops at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 1,450 rpm and 4,700 rpm, for the Kona N and Elantra N the power output is at 6,000 rpm and of torque between 2,100 rpm and 4,700 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: For the RWD based applications, compression ratio is 10.0:1 and the engine develops at 6,200 rpm and of torque between 1,400 rpm and 4,000 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: A detuned version that develops between 4,500 and 6,200 rpm and of torque between 1,450 rpm and 3,500 rpm is used for the European market.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: The 2.4L Theta II Hybrid engine compression ratio is 13.0:1, it features multi-point fuel injection and the gasoline engine produce at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm, the electric motor is rated between 1,400 and 6,000 rpm with of torque between 0 and 1,400 rpm.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: Newer revision of this engine combines a at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm engine plus a between 1,770 and 2,000 rpm with of torque between 0 and 1,770 rpm electric motor for a total system power of at 5,500 rpm and of torque.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: Hyundai and Kia vehicles equipped with Theta II engines (gdi) were recalled, due to the fact that those engines were, and continue to be, the subject of an investigation by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Safety regulators are investigating if Hyundai and Kia did enough in a timely manner with regards to the recalls of nearly 1.7 million vehicles with Theta engines, which were prone to an abnormal amount of noise and seizing.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: In September 2015, Hyundai recalled about 470,000 model year 2011-2012 Sonatas equipped with 2-liter and 2.4-liter Theta II engines. At the time, Hyundai told NHTSA that manufacturing problems left metallic debris around the engine crankshaft, causing problems with oil flow. The pieces of metal interfere with the oil flow through the connecting rod bearings and damage the connecting rods. The automaker blamed the problem on a mechanical "deburring" process used to remove metallic machining debris from the crankshaft.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: By April 2017, Hyundai expanded the 2015 recall by including another 572,000 vehicles with Theta II engines, including 2013-2014 Hyundai Sonata and Santa Fe Sport vehicles. Hyundai told safety regulators the same metal debris problem caused the expanded recall. Near that same time, Kia told NHTSA about a recall of more than 618,000 model year 2011-2014 Kia Optima, 2012-2014 Sorento and 2011-2013 Sportage vehicles because the Theta engine bearings wore out too early and caused the engines to seize. Kia said it didn't recall the vehicles in 2015 when Hyundai first recalled its cars because the Theta II engines in the Kia vehicles were built on a different production line and had different problems than Hyundai. In addition to customers complaining about the Theta II engines, a Korean whistleblower who worked for Hyundai as an engineer let NHTSA know what he knew.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: Also in April 2017, Hyundai and Kia Motors planned to recall 170,000 vehicles in South Korea from five models, including their Grandeur and Sonata, after acknowledging a defect in the Theta 2 engines used in them. Eventually, 520,000 vehicles were recalled in South Korea.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: Owners started suing after the automaker refused to pay the thousands of dollars to repair or replace the engines, with one lawsuit from 2015 alleging a dealer wanted $4,500 to do the work. Kia was also served papers over a class-action lawsuit in 2016 filed by owners of vehicles equipped with Theta engines. NHTSA says it took action to "investigate both the timeliness and scope of Hyundai's Theta II engine recalls, and Hyundai's compliance with reporting requirements."


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: In Canada in 2019 Hyundai announced a recall for most vehicles using the affected engines, however a class action lawsuit was filed in 2018 as a result of failures of this engine used in Canadian Forte models and lack of manufacturer support against Kia Canada Inc.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: On December 1, 2020, Hyundai and Kia recalled 423,000 vehicles equipped with various engines following a joint review by Hyundai and the NHTSA, of which the 2.4L Theta II MPI engines were a part of. This marks the first instance of the MPI variants of these engines being recalled. Affected vehicles include the 2011-2013 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid, 2012 Hyundai Santa Fe, 2012-2013 Kia Sorento, 2011-2013 Kia Optima Hybrid, 2012-2013 Kia Forte and Forte Koup, and the 2012 Kia Sportage 2.4l.


title: Hyundai Theta engine

text: On 2013-11-05, Hyundai announced the creation of a new factory crate engine program at the 2013 SEMA Show in Las Vegas, which initially included a 2.0-liter, turbocharged four-cylinder engine. The crate engine program began in December 2013.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: Michael Allen Jones (born November 18, 1981) is an American rapper. He reached national fame in 2004 on Swishahouse with the release of his breakout single "Still Tippin'" (featuring Slim Thug and Paul Wall), which peaked at number 60 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Jones subsequently released his single "Back Then", which peaked at number 22 on the "Billboard". "Still Tippin'" and "Back Then" acted as singles for his debut studio album "Who Is Mike Jones?", released on April 19, 2005, which peaked at number 3 on the US "Billboard" 200 and is certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: Jones initially became recognized for his catchphrase "Mike Jones, who?" (or, "who is Mike Jones?"), which he would usually repeat several times on songs. He also became known for handing out shirts with his cell phone number printed on the back. The two went on to be trademarks of Jones throughout his music career.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: Mike Jones originally wanted to be a National Basketball Association player who rapped on the side. He transferred from school to school many times, forcing him to only play in YMCA leagues due to transfer rules after the ninth grade. Jones dropped out of Booker T. Washington High School and briefly took jobs at fast food restaurants. He worked at a Compaq plant and sold cell phones from an apartment on Antoine Drive. T. Brown, Jones's partner in several financial ventures, said that he sold some "dime bags" for six months, but the two mainly bought "T-Mobile Sidekicks" and sold them for an inexpensive price.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: Jones often visited his grandmother's house in the Studewood area of Houston. He credits her with giving him the ideas to pursue rap, to use his real name, and to write songs for strippers.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: Jones began his musical career in a group called Souf Folk, using the alias Sache. He released one album with Souf Folk called "Country Thuggin". In 2001, Jones formed his own independent record label, Ice Age Entertainment, and began solo rapping. He independently promoted and distributed his music on the streets and pressed it on DJs at strip clubs.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: Jones eventually signed to upcoming southern record label Swishahouse after meeting with Swishahouse A&R T. Farris. At that time, Swishahouse was signing fellow upcoming southern rappers Slim Thug, Paul Wall and Chamillionaire. Farris recalled signing Jones, saying, "I heard him on one of my partner’s mixtapes and I wanted to meet him and try to get him to rap on our mixtapes. We linked up, signed him." DJ Casual from Meridian, Mississippi was the first person to play Jones on the radio. He loved what Jones was doing and passed it on to several fellow DJs.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: In 2004 after the release of his breakout single "Still Tippin'", which was receiving much radio play, Jones signed a major deal to Jive Records and Warner Bros. He quickly released his second single, "Back Then", which eventually went Platinum, making it Jones's first Platinum single. On April 19, 2005, Jones released his debut album, "Who Is Mike Jones?" After two months the album also achieved Platinum status, eventually reaching double Platinum. It is Jones's highest selling album to date.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: After leaving Jive Records Jones signed to a distribution deal with Asylum Records for his label Ice Age. In September 2006 Jones released the single titled "Mr. Jones". It debuted at #92 on the Billboard Charts. The song gained further recognition when fellow rapper Lil Wayne freestyled on his version "Sky Is The Limit" for his "Da Drought 3" mixtape. On January 31, 2007, Jones announced an upcoming EP and a movie, both titled "The American Dream". On April 21, 2007, Jones released the second single from the EP, titled "My 64", featuring Bun B and Snoop Dogg. The single debuted at #1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. On November 20, 2007, Jones released "The American Dream" it debuted on the Billboard charts at #183.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: On November 27, 2007, Jones released the debut single "Drop & Gimme 50" for his second solo album, titled "The Voice". "Drop & Gimme 50" featured Hurricane Chris. On May 19, 2008, Jones released the album's second single, called "Cuddy Buddy". The single did well on the "Billboard" Hot 100, debuting at #78. On December 2, 2009, the third single from "The Voice" was released. Titled "Next To You, it debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at #63. On April 28, 2009 "The Voice" was released, debuting on the "Billboard" 200 at #12 and selling 25,000 copies its first week.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: During 2010 and 2011, Jones went on a hiatus. On August 20, 2012, he announced his return, explaining the reason for his hiatus was due to financial disputes with his former label, Asylum Records and that money had been taken from him. He announced he was finished with his next album, "Where Is Mike Jones?" and that he was working on its follow-up, titled "WHO!Print", with further plans to release a mixtape called "Ballin Underground 2".


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: On August 28, 2014, during an interview Jones would talk about his upcoming album "Where is Mike Jones?", his upcoming mixtape "Money Train" and would announce he had signed a new distribution deal with Atlantic Records stating "It's just a group of people who are all about making money and having money. Once people really understand what the "Money Train" is, then they'll be onboard with it." On December 28, 2014, Jones released a new single titled "3 Grams" featuring appearances from Slim Thug and Yung Duece.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: On January 1, 2015, Jones released a mixtape titled "Money Train". On February 5, 2015, Jones announced via his Instagram he was working on another mixtape entitled "Money Train: Reloaded" which will be a sequel to his mixtape "Money Train".


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: In September 2021, Jones announced a new record deal with RBC Records to release his third studio album Guap Season in May 2022.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: His first acting role was a minor part in the Fox television series "Prison Break" as Darius Morgan, C-Note's brother-in-law. In 2007, Jones released his movie "The American Dream", in which he starred, with much of the plot based on his life.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: Jones has been actively involved in many charity programs, such as his Ice Age for Kids and The American Dream Foundation, through which he hosted community youth events and donated thousands of dollars to help.


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: In 2004, Chamillionaire called out the rest of the Houston hip hop scene because he felt like they weren't representing the best of what Houston had to offer, lyrically, and urged them to improve in order to gain the recognition he believes Houston deserves. In response, Swishahouse took offense and replied by criticizing Chamillionaire. Chamillionaire then accused Jones, a past member of Swishahouse, of slander. As a result, the first CD of "The Mixtape Messiah" included insults directed at Jones, including the tracks "You Got Wrecked", "Who They Want", and "Game Over".


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: On February 10, 2007, YouTube user FDTV Video Podcast uploaded a parody video of Chamillionaire shooting Jones. It ridiculed Jones and was the subject of some small further controversy. However, in late 2008, the beef between the pair had died down. Chamillionaire apologized to Jones in 2010, marking an official end to their dispute. He said, live on stage, "From the bottom of my heart, I apologize to Mike Jones for the triple disc "Mixtape Messiah 1" diss tracks. I mean no disrespect."


title: Mike Jones (rapper)

text: On August 12, 2008, at the Ozone Awards, Jones got into a physical altercation with fellow Houston rapper Trae The Truth, who punched Jones three times—once in the back, once in the face, and once on the nose. The last punch broke Jones's nose. They have since resolved their issues and are now reconciled.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: Ravindra Narayana Ravi (born 3 April 1951) is an ex-IPS(29RR), 1976 batch an Indian politician and former bureaucrat serving as the current and 15th Governor of Tamil Nadu.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: Ravi served as the 18th Governor of Nagaland from 1 August 2019 to 9 September 2021 and Governor of Meghalaya from 18 December 2019 to 26 January 2020.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: In 2014, he was appointed the Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee. He was appointed Deputy National Security Advisor of India on 5 October 2018.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: He also served as the interlocutor for the talks between NSCN-IM and the Government of India, from 2014 to 2021.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: Ravi was appointed the Governor of Nagaland on 20 July 2019 by the order of the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: The Nagaland Peace Accord between Naga's and Indian government was achieved during his stint in August 2015. It's a major breakthrough for achieving peace in the region since the 1997 ceasefire agreement.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: As interlocutor, Ravi had a fallout with the Isak Muivah-led National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-IM) in 2020 with whom he manoeuvred the signing of the 2015 Framework Agreement after he allegedly misinterpreted the agreement and tried to manipulate it. Subsequently, the NSCN (IM) sought to have him removed as interlocutor. Ravi was also perceived to be targeting the NCSN (IM) group while being soft on its rival Naga National Political Groups comprising seven extremist groups.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: After his appointment to Tamil Nadu, the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party president Chingwang Konyak said the Nagaland government was not happy with the way Ravi functioned and said he interfered in the affairs of a popular government. Journalists of the Kohima Press Club (KPC), boycotted the state farewell programme for Ravi to show their resentment when he was shifted to Tamil Nadu since Ravi refused to interact with the media despite numerous approaches.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: On 9 September 2021, R. N. Ravi was appointed the Governor of Tamil Nadu by President of India Ram Nath Kovind. He took charge as Governor of Tamil Nadu on 18 September 2021. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. K. Stalin greeted Ravi and welcomed him. However, his appointment was questioned by Indian National Congress and Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi, allies to the ruling party Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam claiming that there is an ulterior motive in his appointment.


title: R. N. Ravi

text: The Supreme Court on April 2022 brought into question Ravi's action to refer Rajiv Gandhi assassination convict A. G. Perarivalan's remission plea to the President, saying such a move strikes at the "very roots" of the country's "federal structure."


title: R. N. Ravi

text: Ravi had rejected approval for 19 bills passed by the assembly from September 2021 to April 2022 including the anti-NEET bill. Ravi has been criticised by political analysts in Tamilnadu for interfering in the administration of the government. On May 31, 2022, he had 21 bills passed in the Tamil Nadu assembly pending before him.


title: Ghibran

text: Ghibran (often credited as M. Ghibran) is an Indian composer. He has composed music for Indian films, advertising films and television commercial jingles in different languages.


title: Ghibran

text: Ghibran was born and raised in Coimbatore. When he was in the tenth grade, his family relocated to Chennai after his father suffered a severe loss in business. He had to discontinue studies and do several jobs to support his family.


title: Ghibran

text: Ghibran said that he had developed an interest in music after he had seen Yanni perform on TV, when he was about eight or ten. He had enrolled into a music college, but had to drop out and instead attended keyboard classes and learnt keyboard part-time from Paul Augustine. He completed RSA Grade 8 in both piano and music theory through Trinity College London, and obtained a degree in classical composition and film scoring under Australian Composer Lindsay Vickery at the LASALLE College of the Arts, Singapore. He received an offer to compose music for animations as an in-house composer, and worked there for two years. In 2000, he set up his own studio and over the next six years composed for over 700 ads.


title: Ghibran

text: In Singapore, he worked part-time composing music for media houses to meet his expenses. After completing his works, he worked for the Singapore wood and percussion instruments orchestra. He subsequently returned to India, but could not find many advertisements to work on there.


title: Ghibran

text: The director A. Sarkunam selected Ghibran to compose the soundtrack for "Vaagai Sooda Vaa". N. Venkateswaran of "The Times of India" wrote of the soundtrack, "M Ghibran joins the list of debut composers who have impressed with their work in recent times. The music score complements the movie, and marks him out as a musician to watch out for". Malathi Rangarajan from "The Hindu" wrote that "Music is another highlight. M. Gibran's numbers keep ringing in your ears long after you leave the cinema". Rajagopalan Badrinarayanan from musicperk.com wrote ""Vaagai Sooda Vaa" is a wholesome package with wonderful songs. Being his first movie Gibran has done a great job with the musical score. The album will surely reshuffle the current chart". Ghibran said that after "Vaagai Sooda Vaa" and that he was then approached by several directors about other projects, but he decided to take a break to look for an urban based script.


title: Ghibran

text: In 2013, Ghibran composed the music for the films "Vatthikuchi", "Kutti Puli" and "Naiyaandi". His 2014 releases were "Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah" and "Amara Kaaviyam". He also had his first Telugu release "Run Raja Run". According to Behindwoods.com, his work in the film "garnered great appreciation from the fans" and the songs had been "in the top of the charts for a long time". He was offered soundtrack work for "Vishwaroopam II" by Kamal Haasan, as well as his next two projects, "Uttama Villain" and "Papanasam", the Tamil remake of "Drishyam".


title: Ghibran

text: Ghibran currently shuttles between Chennai, Mumbai and Singapore for all his recording works, and owns a studio in Chennai.


title: Ghibran

text: Ghibran is married to a Telugu woman from Vijayawada, a scientist, whom he met in Singapore. Ghibran's first child, a son was born on 18 December 2014. His elder brother A. G. Amid is a director.


title: 2001 World Series

text: The 2001 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2001 season. The 97th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion Arizona Diamondbacks and the three-time defending World Series champions and American League (AL) champion New York Yankees. The underdog Diamondbacks defeated the heavily favored Yankees, four games to three to win the series. Considered one of the greatest World Series of all time,


title: 2001 World Series

text: its memorable aspects included two extra-inning games and three late-inning comebacks. Diamondbacks pitchers Randy Johnson and Curt Schilling were named World Series co-Most Valuable Players.


title: 2001 World Series

text: The Yankees advanced to the World Series by defeating the Oakland Athletics, three games to two, in the AL Division Series, and then the Seattle Mariners in the AL Championship Series, four games to one. It was the Yankees' fourth consecutive World Series appearance, after winning championships in , , and . The Diamondbacks advanced to the World Series by defeating the St. Louis Cardinals, three games to two, in the NL Division Series, and then the Atlanta Braves in the NL Championship Series, four games to one. It was the franchise's first appearance in a World Series.