title: In the Earth

text: The next morning, Olivia's site is surrounded by a thick mist containing fungal spores, trapping them. They send Alma through the mist in a hazmat suit, but the spores make it through and subject her to horrifying visions. That night, the mist encroaches closer to the site as Zach arrives to speak with the others, telling them to communicate with the standing stone using the sounds and lights as well as to consume a "sacrament," a mixture of ground mushrooms alluded to in the book.


title: In the Earth

text: Martin agrees to drink the sacrament and waits for it to take effect. Zach ambushes Alma and prepares to sacrifice Martin. Alma makes her way back to camp, where she finds Olivia in her tent surrounded by more photographs of her and Zach's victims. Olivia attacks Alma, but she fends her off. Zach hears their struggle and rushes back to camp, where Alma kills him. She then pursues Olivia back to the standing stone as the mist overtakes the camp, and they are all subjected to more visions from the spores.


title: In the Earth

text: By morning, Alma and Olivia suddenly find themselves far from the stone, broken out from their trances. Olivia, overcome with awe, collapses on the ground. Alma then approaches a waking Martin by the stone and, speaking with a distorted voice, she offers to guide him out of the woods.


title: In the Earth

text: In September 2020, Ben Wheatley announced that he had written and directed a horror film over the course of 15 days in August. In November 2020, it was announced that the cast included Joel Fry, Ellora Torchia, Hayley Squires and Reece Shearsmith, and that Neon was set to distribute in the United States.


title: In the Earth

text: Clint Mansell, who has worked with the director Ben Wheatley in his previous films, composed the film score. Lakeshore Records & Invada Records has released the soundtrack.


title: In the Earth

text: "In the Earth" was then released on Blu-ray and DVD on 25 October 2021 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment (through Warner Bros. Home Entertainment) in the UK.


title: In the Earth

text: The film had its premiere at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival on January 29, 2021, and was released in theatres on April 16, 2021. It was released on video on demand on May 7, 2021.


title: In the Earth

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 170 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critics consensus reads, ""In The Earth"s bleak kaleidoscope of horror is a meditation on the residual pandemic fears that haunt humanity." On Metacritic, the film has weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: In the Earth

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film a score of 4/5 stars, writing that it "brings us back to Wheatley’s classic world of occult loopy weirdness and cult Britmovie seediness, with a new topical dimension of pandemic paranoia". Mark Kermode also gave the film a score of 4/5 stars in his review for "The Observer", saying that it "combines humour and horror in terrifically bamboozling fashion, not least during a gruellingly extended amputation sequence that will have you squirming, laughing and wincing all at once." Linda Marric of "The Jewish Chronicle" also gave the film a score of 4/5 stars, describing it as "a brilliantly imagined, well acted and thoroughly compelling offering from a writer-director who is a cut above the rest when it comes to small scale horror productions."


title: In the Earth

text: Clarisse Loughrey of "The Independent" gave the film a score of 3/5 stars, writing: ""In the Earth" is a horror film with razor-sharp teeth, even if the relative flimsiness behind that facade betrays its spur-of-the-moment inception." Robbie Collin of "The Daily Telegraph" gave the film a score of 5/5 stars, describing it as "an outrageously entertaining film that feels utterly rooted in the bleak era in which it was made." Barry Hertz of "The Globe and Mail" wrote: "While I hope to never, ever watch "In the Earth" again, I must admit to admiring parts of it, too", and praised the film's use of dark humour. Matt Zoller Seitz of "RogerEbert.com" gave the film a score of 3/4 stars, writing: "Even though some sections feel rushed and it falls apart at the end, every part of it is memorable."


title: In the Earth

text: Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" was more critical of the film, giving it a score of 1.5/4 stars. He wrote that the film's setting "reads more like a peaceful suburban park than the “hostile environment” of the forest primeval it’s described as", and added: "the film has nothing interesting to say about pandemics." Randy Myers of "The Mercury News" gave the film a score of 2/4 stars, writing: "While it lacks the thematic punch of [Ben Wheatley's] "High Rise", "Earth" deserves points for originality, but grows wobbly by its end." Kevin Maher of "The Times" gave the film a score of 2/5 stars, describing it as ending with "a prolonged blast of rapid-fire psychedelia that seemed like an outrageous narrative cop out."


title: In the Earth

text: Dread Corps, a UK based horror website, also gave In the Earth a more critical review with a rating of 43/100, stating that "In the Earth fails to leave a lasting impression and fails to reach its full potential, particularly from such a talented director and cast".


title: Duke of Cambridge

text: Duke of Cambridge, one of several current royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom , is a hereditary title of specific rank of nobility in the British royal family. The title (named after the city of Cambridge in England) is heritable by male descendants by primogeniture, and has been conferred upon members of the British royal family several times.


title: Duke of Cambridge

text: The title of Duke of Cambridge, first created in 1660, superseded an earlier title of Earl of Cambridge. The title became extinct several times before being revived in 2011, when Queen Elizabeth II bestowed it on her grandson Prince William on 29 April 2011 upon his marriage to Catherine Middleton. Catherine became known as the Duchess of Cambridge.


title: Duke of Cambridge

text: The title was first granted in 1660 by King Charles II (immediately following the Restoration of the monarchy) to his infant eldest nephew Charles Stuart (1660–1661), the first son of the Duke of York (later King James II), though he was never formally created Duke of Cambridge as he died at the age of six months. The first officially recognised creation of the dukedom was in the Peerage of England in 1664, when King Charles II granted the title to his next eldest surviving nephew James Stuart, the infant second son of the Duke of York, who died early in 1667 at the age of three, when the title again became extinct. The title was then granted later that year by King Charles II to his next eldest surviving nephew Edgar Stuart, the third son of the Duke of York, who also died in infancy, in 1671 at the age of three, when the title became extinct the third time. The Duke of York's fourth son Charles (his eldest son by his second wife) was also styled Duke of Cambridge in 1677, but died when about a month old, not having lived long enough to be formally created duke.


title: Duke of Cambridge

text: The title was recreated by Queen Anne in 1706 who granted it to George Augustus (later King George II), son of the Elector of Hanover (later King George I), her distant cousin (both being descended from King James I). When the title was created George Augustus was third in line to the throne, after his grandmother Sophia and his father. When he ascended to the throne as King George II in 1727, the dukedom merged with the Crown.


title: Duke of Cambridge

text: The title was again recreated in the peerage of the United Kingdom and was granted in 1801 by King George III to his seventh son Prince Adolphus (1774–1850), then aged 27. Following his death in 1850 the title was inherited by his only son Prince George, 2nd Duke of Cambridge, whose three sons were barred from inheriting the title as his marriage had been in violation of the Royal Marriages Act 1772. Thus on the death of the 2nd Duke in 1904 the title again became extinct.


title: Duke of Cambridge

text: During the period leading up to the 1999 wedding of Prince Edward, the youngest son of Queen Elizabeth II, some people speculated that the Dukedom of Cambridge or Sussex were the most likely to be granted to him, and "The Sunday Telegraph" later reported that Prince Edward was at one point set to be titled Duke of Cambridge. Instead, Prince Edward was created Earl of Wessex, and it was announced that he would eventually be created the next Duke of Edinburgh after his father.


title: Duke of Cambridge

text: On 29 April 2011, the day of his wedding, it was announced that Queen Elizabeth II had created her grandson Prince William Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus, titles relating respectively to places in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland, three of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom.


title: Duke of Cambridge

text: The letters patent granting these titles received the great seal on 26 May 2011. They were illuminated by Andrew Stewart Jamieson.


title: Duke of Cambridge

text: If William becomes king, his titles, including the dukedom, will merge with the crown. However, if he dies before becoming king, then his sons are eligible to inherit the dukedom:


title: George Monbiot

text: George Joshua Richard Monbiot ( ; born 27 January 1963) is a British writer known for his environmental and political activism. He writes a regular column for "The Guardian" and is the author of a number of books.


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot grew up in Oxfordshire and studied zoology at the University of Oxford. He then began a career in investigative journalism, publishing his first book "Poisoned Arrows" in 1989 about human rights issues in West Papua. In later years, he has been involved in activism and advocacy related to various issues, such as climate change, British politics and loneliness. In "Feral" (2013), he discussed and endorsed expansion of rewilding. He is the founder of The Land is Ours, a campaign for the right of access to the countryside and its resources in the United Kingdom. Monbiot was awarded the Global 500 in 1995 and the Orwell Prize in 2022.


title: George Monbiot

text: Born in Kensington, Monbiot grew up in Rotherfield Peppard, Oxfordshire. His father, Raymond Monbiot, is a businessman who headed the Conservative Party's trade and industry forum. His mother, Rosalie (daughter of Gresham Cooke MP) was a Conservative councillor and former leader of South Oxfordshire District Council. His uncle, Canon Hereward Cooke, was the Liberal Democrat deputy leader of Norwich City Council.


title: George Monbiot

text: After preparatory boarding school, he was educated at Stowe School, in Buckinghamshire. He won an open scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford. Monbiot has stated that his "political awakening" was prompted by reading Bettina Ehrlich's book, "Paolo and Panetto" while at his prep school and that he regretted attending Oxford.


title: George Monbiot

text: After graduating with a degree in zoology, Monbiot joined the BBC Natural History Unit as a radio producer, making natural history and environmental programmes. He transferred to the BBC's World Service, where he worked briefly as a current affairs producer and presenter, before leaving to research and write his first book.


title: George Monbiot

text: Working as an investigative journalist, he travelled in Indonesia, Brazil, and East Africa. His activities led to his being made "persona non grata" in seven countries and being sentenced to life imprisonment "in absentia" in Indonesia.


title: George Monbiot

text: In these places, he was also shot at, beaten up by military police, shipwrecked and stung into a poisoned coma by hornets. He came back to work in Britain after being pronounced clinically dead in Lodwar General Hospital in north-western Kenya, having contracted cerebral malaria.


title: George Monbiot

text: He joined the British roads protest movement and was often called to give press interviews; as a result he was denounced as a "media tart" by groups such as Green Anarchist and Class War. He was attacked by security guards, who allegedly drove a metal spike through his foot, smashing the middle metatarsal bone. His injuries left him in hospital. Sir Crispin Tickell, a former United Nations diplomat, who was then Warden at Green College, Oxford, made the young protester a Visiting Fellow.


title: George Monbiot

text: In November 2012, he apologised to Lord McAlpine for his "stupidity and thoughtlessness" in implying, in a tweet, that the Conservative peer was a paedophile.


title: George Monbiot

text: In 2014, Monbiot wrote an article on the theme of loneliness. This led to a collaboration with musician Ewan McLennan. Together they released an album "Breaking the Spell of Loneliness" in October 2016 followed by a tour of the UK. Folk Radio described it as "an enthralling album" where "Each song is a short, eloquent and thought provoking essay on the destruction of our humanity and how it can be regained".


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot narrated the video "How Wolves Change Rivers" which was based on his TED talk of 2013 on the restoration of ecosystems and landscape (rewilding) when wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone Park. In 2019, Monbiot co-presented "Nature Now", a video about natural climate solutions, with Greta Thunberg. He appeared in the 2021 Netflix documentary "Seaspiracy", which focuses on the human impact on marine life and fishing, and defended it from critics.


title: George Monbiot

text: In 2021, Monbiot created the live documentary "Rivercide", highlighting the lamentable state of the UK's rivers, and in particular the River Wye.


title: George Monbiot

text: While describing the film "Don't Look Up" in early2022, Monbiot explained how difficult it is to campaign for the preservation of Earth in the face of what he sees as overwhelming inaction.


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot believes that drastic action coupled with strong political will is needed to combat global warming. To reduce his personal impact on the environment, he has transitioned to a vegan lifestyle and encourages others to do the same.


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot has criticised media coverage of climate change and environmental issues, in particular that of the BBC and its nature documentaries. He has also criticised the BBC for what he views as its political bias.


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot made an unsuccessful attempt to carry out a citizen's arrest of John Bolton, a former US ambassador to the United Nations, when the latter attended the Hay Festival to give a talk on international relations in May 2008. Monbiot argued that Bolton was one of the instigators of the Iraq War, of which Monbiot was an opponent.


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot is a critic of neoliberalism. In January 2004, Monbiot and Salma Yaqoob co-founded Respect – The Unity Coalition (later formally the Respect Party) which grew out of the Stop the War Coalition. He resigned from the group the following February when Respect failed to reach agreement with the Green Party not to stand candidates in the same constituencies in the forthcoming 2004 European Parliament election.


title: George Monbiot

text: In an interview with the British political blog "Third Estate" in September 2009, Monbiot expressed his support for the policies of Plaid Cymru, saying "I have finally found the party that I feel very comfortable with. That's not to say I feel uncomfortable with the Green Party, on the whole I support it, but I feel even more comfortable with Plaid."


title: George Monbiot

text: In April 2010, he was a signatory to an open letter of support for the Liberal Democrats, published in "The Guardian". Prior to the May 2015 UK general election, he was one of several public figures who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. In the election he also endorsed the Green Party as a whole. In August 2015, Monbiot endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. In April 2017, he announced his intention to vote for the Labour Party in the 2017 general election. In August 2021, he endorsed Tamsin Omond and Amelia Womack in the 2021 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election.


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot, who has warned that Britain is at risk of becoming a failed state, is a supporter of Scottish independence, Welsh independence and Irish reunification. On 11 February 2021, whilst on BBC Two's "Politics Live", he said, "If I lived in Scotland, I'd want to get out of this corrupt, dysfunctional, chaotic union as quickly as possible. And the same applies to Wales, the same applies to Northern Ireland. I can't see the point of staying in the United Kingdom, of being chained to the United Kingdom like a block of concrete, as the boat begins to founder."


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot once expressed deep antipathy to the nuclear industry. He finally rejected his later neutral position regarding nuclear power in March 2011. Although he "still loathe[s] the liars who run the nuclear industry", Monbiot now advocates its use, having been convinced of its relative safety by what he considers the limited effects of the 2011 Japan tsunami on nuclear reactors in the region. Subsequently, he has harshly condemned the anti-nuclear movement, writing that it "has misled the world about the impacts of radiation on human health ... made [claims] ungrounded in science, unsupportable when challenged and wildly wrong." He singled out Helen Caldicott for, he wrote, making unsourced and inaccurate claims, dismissing contrary evidence as part of a cover-up, and overstating the death toll from the Chernobyl disaster by a factor of more than 140.


title: George Monbiot

text: In October 2013 Monbiot criticized the selection of a generation III reactor design for the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station due to cost as well as for a half century requirement of uranium mining and transuranic waste production; he contrasted this with two generation IV reactor concepts: "if integral fast reactors were deployed, the UK's stockpile of nuclear waste could be used to generate enough low-carbon energy to meet all UK demand for 500 years. These reactors would keep recycling the waste until hardly any remained: solving three huge problems – energy supply, nuclear waste and climate change – at once. Thorium reactors use an element that's already extracted in large quantities as an unwanted byproduct of other mining industries. They recycle their own waste, leaving almost nothing behind." ("cf." similar comments by James Hansen)


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot's first book was "" (1989), concerning the partially World Bank-funded transmigration program on the peoples and tribes of West Papua. It was followed by "Amazon Watershed" (1991), which documents the expulsions of Brazilian peasant farmers from their land. His third book, "" (1994), documented the seizure of land and cattle from nomadic people in Kenya and the Tanzania.


title: George Monbiot

text: In 2000, he published "Captive State: The Corporate Takeover of Britain" in which Monbiot argues that corporate power in the United Kingdom is a serious threat to democracy. His fifth book, "The Age of Consent: A Manifesto for a New World Order", was published in 2003. The book is an attempt to set out a positive manifesto for change for the global justice movement.


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot's next book, "Heat: How to Stop the Planet Burning", published in 2006, focused on the issue of climate change. "" was published in 2013, and focuses on the concept of rewilding the planet. In the book, Monbiot criticises sheep farming. The book received favourable reviews in "The Spectator" and "The Daily Telegraph". It won the Society of Biology Book Award for general biology in 2014. Monbiot's 2022 book "Regenesis" focuses on the environmental impact of agriculture and sustainable approaches.


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot's weekly column for "The Guardian" has covered a variety of issues, concentrating on political philosophy in relation to ecological and social problems, particularly in the United Kingdom.


title: George Monbiot

text: Monbiot has mostly lived in Oxford, but for a few years from 2007, he lived in a low emissions house in the market town of Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire, originally with his then-wife, writer and campaigner Angharad Penrhyn Jones, and their daughter. Because his new partner lives in Oxford, Monbiot returned by 2012. The couple's daughter, Monbiot's second, was born in early 2012. In December 2017, Monbiot was diagnosed with prostate cancer; he had surgery in March 2018.


title: George Monbiot

text: In 1995, Nelson Mandela presented him with a United Nations Global 500 Award for outstanding environmental achievement. He won the Sir Peter Kent award 1991 prize for his book "Amazon Watershed". In November 2007, his book "Heat" was awarded the Premio Mazotti, an Italian book prize, but he was denied the money given with the prize because he chose not to travel to Venice to collect it in person, arguing that it was not a good enough reason to justify flying. In 2017, he was a recipient of the SEAL Environmental Journalism Award for his work at "The Guardian".


title: Singam

text: Singam () is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by Hari, and produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja under his Studio Green banner in association with Reliance Big Pictures, and distributed by Sun Pictures. It stars Suriya in the lead role, marking his 25th film, with Anushka Shetty, Prakash Raj and Vivek in other lead roles. It is the first installment in the "Singam" franchise. The film was released on 28 May 2010.


title: Singam

text: The film was a commercial success at the box office, and was remade in Kannada as "Kempe Gowda", in Hindi as "Singham", in Bengali as "Shotru" and in Punjabi as "Singham". It was followed by the sequels "Singam II" (2013) and "Si3" (2017).


title: Singam

text: Duraisingam is an honest SI of Nallur, a small village in Thoothukudi district in southern Tamil Nadu, assisted by his bumbling colleague "Yettu" Erimalai. He belongs to Nallur with his father Soundarapandi, having a respectable status in the village. His family business is provision stores, and Singam wants to join it, but he joined the police due to Soundarapandi's wishes. He resolves most of the problems in his village with non-violence and mutual counselling. He uses force only when the situation demands it, thereby gaining much reputation and love from the villagers.


title: Singam

text: Mahalingam, an industrialist in Chennai and friend of Soundarapandi, comes to the village with his daughters Kavya and Divya (Krishna Priya). Singam initially thinks of Kavya as a tiger when she is about to prank her cousin by wearing a tiger costume. As Singam is roaming around the village, he accidentally slaps her. As Kavya is about to take revenge on Singam, he apologizes to her. Kavya gets moved by this and slowly falls in love with him. After some hilarious incidents, Kavya professes her love to Singam. Initially taken aback, Singam soon reciprocates Kavya's love.


title: Singam

text: Mayil Vaaganam is a Chennai-based big-time extortionist with shady mafia dealings who blackmails people by complaining to the Income Tax Department, is required to travel to Nallur to sign a conditional bail. Instead, Mayil sends one of his allies to do the formalities, much to the anger and rage of Singam, who demands that Mayil sign the bail in person. Humiliated, Mayil reaches Nallur but is unable to take any revenge on Singam, fearing the immense love and devotion of the entire village towards Singam. Using political contacts, Mayil Vaaganam gets Singam transferred to Chennai to teach him a lesson. Singam, unaware of Mayil's hand behind his transfer, joins Thiruvanmiyur police station. His coworker SI Ravi hates Mayil for his crimes, but is unable to take any action because of Mayil's political powers.


title: Singam

text: Rajendran, Singam's senior is on Mayil's payroll and takes care in concealing and eliminating the evidence of Mayil's crimes from the eyes of the law. The Commissioner also does not help Singam as there is no evidence against Mayil, and Rajendran warns Singam to stay away from Mayil's case. Unable to take on Mayil in his stronghold, Singam wants to return to his village, but is stopped by Kavya, who encourages him to fight against Mayil and end his crime network. Being mentally tortured by Mayil, Singam arrests Mayil's brother Vaikuntam in a fake case of illegally smuggling alcohol. He thwarts off Rajendran in full view of the public when Rajendran, bounded by his duties to Mayil, tries to protect the henchmen. Mayil kidnaps Divya for ransom.


title: Singam

text: Singam rescues her with unexpected help from Home Minister Ramanathan. Singam successfully traces the origins of the kidnapping racket to Mayil and also gets promoted to ACP of the specially-formed Anti-Kidnapping Task Force. Mahalingam, who was hostile to Singam following an altercation with Soundarapandi back at Nallur, softens up and agrees to give him Kavya's hand in marriage. The entire police force, including the Police Commissioner and Rajendran, are now on Singam's side. They decide to help him fight Mayil. They manage to kill Mayil's henchmen in an encounter at a hospital and begin to target everyone and everything related to Mayil.


title: Singam

text: In retribution, Mayil starts targeting everyone close to Singam, including Kavya, whom he shoots but is saved by Singam, and Ravi, who is hacked to death by Mayil's henchmen. To escape the arrest warrant issued out to him, Mayil kidnaps Karnataka Home minister's daughter. He falsely tells Singam that he is going to Pondicherry with her, when actually he is going to Nellore in Andhra Pradesh to put the police off the track. However, Singam manages to pursue them till Gudur near Nellore, where he rescues her and kills Mayil in an encounter. After that, he resigns his job publicly in a felicitation function organised for him.


title: Singam

text: Singam is seen with Kavya heading back to Nallur. He is stopped briefly by Ramanathan, who offers an undercover mission, to which he willingly agrees.


title: Singam

text: After Suriya had finished K. S. Ravikumar's "Aadhavan", discussions regarding his subsequent project, notably his 25th film, were held. Initially, reports emerged that it was going to be directed by Prabhu Deva. At the launch of his film "Seval" in May 2009, however, director Hari announced officially that he would direct Suriya's 25th film titled "Singam" and that he had finished penning the script. Becoming Suriya's third film with Hari following "Aaru" and "Vel", it was announced that the project would release in July 2010. Suriya's cousin, K. E. Gnanavel Raja was announced as the producer.


title: Singam

text: Devi Sri Prasad was chosen as the music director, thus becoming his third venture with Suriya. Suriya was revealed to play a police officer in the film, the second time in his career after "Kaakha Kaakha". Anushka was chosen to play the female lead after her second Tamil film Vettaikaaran. Priyan was chosen as the lead camera man and V.T. Vijayan as the editor.


title: Singam

text: After completing "Seval", Hari joined the cast and crew to start the filming in 2009. The shooting began in Thirunelveli district and was carried on in southern parts of Tamil Nadu. A scene from the song "Stole my Heart" was shot in Muscat Park that was choreographed by Brindha and produced by Renny Johnson who was also a co line producer of the movie. Afterwards, some scenes where shot in Karnataka. The main scenes were shot in Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai. During December, Hari announced that the film wouldn't have a formal audio launch as per his previous films and that the shooting would get over quickly. The trailers were released on 24 February. Sun Pictures acquired the distribution rights, and Sony Music bought the music for a hefty price.


title: Singam

text: The film's soundtrack, released on 9 May 2010, was scored by Devi Sri Prasad, marking his third collaboration with Suriya after "Maayavi" and "Aaru" and with Hari for second time after "Aaru".


title: Singam

text: "Behindwoods" gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated that Hari has "concocted and packaged his masala contents in the right proportion and has served a tasty dish", while praising Suriya for having "diligently worked towards balancing the niche and the mass" and proving "once again that he can deliver a commercial masala flick with as finesse as he can deliver a performance-oriented film". "Sify" described the film as a "predictable entertainer that follows the age old formula", citing that it was Suriya who "carries the film to the winning post. His passion and the way he brings an ordinary regular larger-than-life hero character alive on screen is lesson for other commercial heroes". "Rediff" also gave 2.5 out of 5 stating that the film was an "unapologetic, entertainer and has Suriya in every frame. Lovers of commercial potpourri will definitely get their money's worth." "Indiaglitz" wrote that "Singam" was the "king of the masses, who love action and commercial films". A "Times of India" critic gave 3.5 out of 5, claiming that "even with a sleepy narration in the first 30 minutes or so, "Singam" is worth a watch."


title: Singam

text: "Singam" was the third highest grossing Tamil film of the year in Chennai, collecting more than 5.38 crore there. In Malaysia and the United Kingdom, the film collected $1,471,508 and $12,956 respectively.


title: Singam

text: "Singam" was remade in multiple different languages; in Hindi as "Singham" (2011), in Kannada as "Kempe Gowda" (2011), in Bengali as "Shotru" (2011), and in Punjabi as "Singham" (2019).


title: Singam

text: It was dubbed in Telugu under the title ,"Yamudu", and was released on 2 July 2010. Despite the Hindi remake, the film was dubbed in Hindi under the title "The Fighterman Singham".


title: Singam

text: Santhanam and Soori parodied Suriya's character in "Vellore Maavattam" (2011) and "Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam" (2013), respectively. The famous line in the film, "Ongi Adicha Ondra Tonne Weight" (If I punch you, you will feel one and half tonnes of weight) was used in "The Punch Song", a song from the film, "Aaha Kalyanam" (2014).


title: Stüssy

text: Stüssy ( ) is an American privately held fashion house founded in the early 1980s by Shawn Stussy. It benefited from the surfwear trend originating in Orange County, California, but was later adopted by the skateboard and hip hop scenes.


title: Stüssy

text: Shawn Stussy (born 1954), was a Californian manufacturer of surfboards. The logo defining the brand started in the early 1980s, when he scrawled his surname on handcrafted boards with a simple broad-tipped marker. He then used the logo on T-shirts, shorts and caps that he sold out of his car around Laguna Beach, California. The signature was derived from that of his uncle, Jan Stussy. A stylized "S" popular in the 1990s, called the "Cool S", is often mistakenly attributed to the brand.


title: Stüssy

text: In 1984, Stussy and his friend, Frank Sinatra Jr. (no relation to the singer), partnered to sell the apparel. The company expanded into Europe by 1988, opened a boutique in SoHo, New York, and unveiled multiple other locations throughout the 1990s. Revenues reached $17 million in 1991, and $20 million in 1992. Stüssy was sold throughout the United States at both specialty and department stores alongside other high-priced "California lifestyle" clothing during this era. Outside of the US, the brand was available in specialty shops alongside high-end international design clothing.


title: Stüssy

text: In 1996, Stussy resigned as president and Sinatra bought his share of the company holdings, with the Sinatra family still owning the brand in 2017. According to the company's website, the apparel is available in branded stores and other retailers in Europe, Asia, the United States, Canada and Australia.


title: Stüssy

text: The early success of the brand has been attributed to its popularity in the hip hop and skateboarding/surfer scenes. The brand was also embraced by the punk and other subcultures. In a 1992 interview Stussy said, "Everybody calls it surf wear, or urban streetwear, punk, or surf street... I don't name it, and I don't name it on purpose."


title: Stüssy

text: In 2011, Marvel paired up with Stüssy for an extensive line split between two "series". The first, released on 27 April, had nine T-shirt designs depicting several of the comics' most popular superheroes combined with Stüssy's graphic language. The second was made up of designs from nine guest artists who interpreted their favorite characters from the Marvel Universe. In 2019, Stüssy partnered up with fashion designer Matthew Williams to released two products: a garment dyed tee made of recycled organic cotton and a pair of co-branded leather hiking boots. The next year, Williams announced a new partnership with the brand for denim products and in late 2020, the brand partnered with CDG to create a capsule collection in commemoration of Stüssy's 40th anniversary.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: SilkAir Flight 185 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by a Boeing 737-300 from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, Indonesia to Changi Airport in Singapore that crashed into the Musi River near Palembang, Sumatra, on 19 December 1997, killing all 97 passengers and seven crew on board.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The cause of the crash was independently investigated by two agencies in two countries: the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC). The NTSB, which had jurisdiction based on Boeing's manufacture of the aircraft in the U.S., investigated the crash under lead investigator Greg Feith. Its investigation concluded that the crash was the result of deliberate flight-control inputs "most likely by the captain". While the Indonesian NTSC investigators found "no concrete evidence" to support the pilot suicide allegation, and the previously suspected Parker-Hannifin hydraulic power control unit (PCU) had already been determined by the manufacturer to be defect-free, the final statement from the NTSC was that they were unable to determine a cause of the crash and was thus inconclusive.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Regardless of the findings, it is still believed to be possible that the Parker-Hannifin-made PCU that controlled the aircraft's rudder could have been defective and thereby led to the crash. The cause of some previous 737 crashes, such as United Airlines Flight 585 and USAir Flight 427, had been attributed to the 737's rudder issues. Although the NTSB and PCU manufacturer Parker-Hannifin had already determined that the PCU was properly working, and thus not the cause of the crash, a private and independent investigation into the crash for a civil lawsuit tried by jury in Los Angeles County Superior Court, which was not allowed to hear or consider the NTSB's and Parker-Hannifin's conclusions, decided that the crash was caused by a defective servo valve inside the PCU based on forensic findings from an electron microscope, which determined that minute defects within the PCU had caused the rudder hard-over and a subsequent uncontrollable flight and crash. The manufacturer of the aircraft's rudder controls and the families later reached an out-of-court settlement.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The aircraft operating flight 185 was a Boeing 737-300 with manufacturer serial number 28556, registered as 9V-TRF and was powered by two CFM56-3B2 engines. Having completed its maiden flight on 27 January 1997, the aircraft was delivered to SilkAir on 14 February, 10 months before the crash. At the time of the accident, it was the newest aircraft in SilkAir's fleet and had accumulated more than 2,200 flight hours in 1,300 cycles. This is the first and only fatal hull loss for SilkAir in the airline's history.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Carrying 97 passengers and a crew of seven, the Boeing 737 departed Jakarta's Soekarno–Hatta International Airport's runway 25R at 15:37 local time (08:37 UTC) for a planned 80-minute flight to Singapore's Changi Airport, with captain Tsu Way Ming (), 41, of Singapore, a former A-4 Skyhawk pilot, at the controls, along with first officer Duncan Ward, 23, of New Zealand. Generally fair weather was expected for the route, except for some thunderstorms near Singkep Island, south of Singapore.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The aircraft was cleared to climb to flight level 350 (FL350), about , and to head directly to Palembang. At 15:47:06, while climbing through , the crew requested clearance to proceed directly to waypoint . At 15:53, the crew reported reaching the cruise altitude of FL350 and was cleared to proceed directly to PARDI, and to report abeam Palembang. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) ceased recording at 16:05. The documentary television series "Mayday" argues Captain Tsu may have taken the opportunity of leaving the cockpit for tripping the CVR circuit breaker to turn off the CVR. At 16:10, air traffic controllers informed the flight that it was abeam Palembang and instructed the aircraft to maintain FL350 and to contact Singapore Control upon reaching PARDI. First Officer Ward acknowledged this call. At 16:11, nearly 6 minutes after the CVR ceased recording, the flight data recorder (FDR) also stopped recording. "Mayday" shows that Tsu is thought to have come up with an excuse to get Ward out of the cockpit. Having done so, the pilot then proceeded to lock his co-pilot out of the flight deck before disabling the FDR; Tsu is presumed to have done this to ensure that no record would be made of what he was going to do next.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Flight 185 remained level at FL350 until it started a rapid and nearly vertical dive around 16:12. While descending through , parts of the aircraft, including a great extent of the tail section, started to separate from the aircraft's fuselage due to high forces arising from the nearly supersonic dive. Seconds later, the aircraft hit the Musi River, near Palembang, Sumatra, killing all 104 people on board. The time it took the aircraft to dive from cruise altitude into the river was less than one minute. The plane was travelling faster than the speed of sound for a few seconds before impact. Parts of the wreckage were embedded into the riverbed.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The aircraft broke into pieces before impact, with the debris spread over a wide area, though most of the wreckage was concentrated in a single by area at the river bottom. No complete body, body part, or limb was found, as the entire aircraft and passengers disintegrated upon impact. Only six positive identifications were later obtained from the few recovered human remains.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: SilkAir issued a press release on 19 December 1997 with a passenger count by nationality, and another the following day with crew details and a complete passenger manifest.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The accident was investigated by the Indonesian NTSC, which was assisted by expert groups from the US, Singapore, and Australia.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Around 73% of the wreckage (by weight) was recovered, partially reconstructed, and examined. Both of the aircraft recorders, the CVR and the FDR, were retrieved from the river and their data were extracted and analyzed.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The investigators tested 20 different simulations for various equipment-failure scenarios, and found that the only scenario that matched the actual radar trajectory of the descent and crash of the flight was a high-speed steep dive commanded by one of the pilots. Furthermore, the investigators had found the trim jackscrew for the horizontal stabilizer, which revealed that flight inputs from one of the pilots had moved the stabilizer from level flight to a full nose-down descent.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: First Officer Duncan Ward was initially speculated to have deliberately crashed the aircraft, as he was the only person in the cockpit when the CVR stopped recording, but this was quickly ruled out, as Ward's friends, family, and co-workers said that he had not displayed any signs of depression nor suicidality during his career at SilkAir, and was in a good mood on the morning of the accident flight.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: At 16:00, the CVR showed that Captain Tsu left the cockpit; five minutes later, the CVR stopped recording. Tests indicated that a click would be heard on the CVR recording if the CVR circuit breaker had tripped normally, but not if it had been pulled out manually. As there was no click, Captain Tsu likely pulled out the CVR circuit breaker while leaving the cockpit. The NTSC and NTSB investigators thought that if Captain Tsu were responsible for the crash, he must have made up some excuse to get the first officer to leave the flight deck before disabling the FDR (which would have immediately triggered a Master Caution on both pilots' control panels), so that his actions would not be noticed. Several minutes later, as recorded by Indonesian ground radar, the aircraft entered a rapid descent, disintegrated, and crashed into the Musi River.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: On 14 December 2000, after three years of investigation, the Indonesian NTSC issued its final report. The NTSC chairman overrode the findings of his investigators—that the crash was caused deliberately by pilot input—so that the report stated that the evidence was inconclusive and that the cause of the accident could not be determined.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The US NTSB, which also participated in the investigation, concluded that the evidence was consistent with a deliberate manipulation of the flight controls, most likely by the captain.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: 1) no airplane-related mechanical malfunctions or failures caused or contributed to the accident, and


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: a) the accident airplane’s flight profile is consistent with sustained manual nose-down flight control inputs;


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: d) it is more likely that the nose-down flight control inputs were made by the captain than by the first officer.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Geoffrey Thomas of "The Sydney Morning Herald" said, "a secret report confirmed that the Indonesian authorities would not issue a public verdict because they feared it would make their own people too frightened to fly." Santoso Sayogo, an NTSC investigator who worked on the SilkAir 185 case, said that the NTSB opinion was shared by some Indonesian investigators, who were overruled by their boss.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: In the aftermath of the crash, several potential motives for the captain's alleged suicide and homicide were suggested, including recent financial losses of $1.2 million (his share-trading showed trading of more than one million shares and his securities-trading privileges had been suspended 10 days before the accident due to nonpayment), his obtaining a $600,000 life insurance policy the previous week, which was to have gone into effect on the day of the accident (though it later emerged that this was a routine policy taken out as part of a mortgage requirement), his receipt of several recent disciplinary actions on the part of the airline (including one that related to improper manipulation of the CVR circuit breaker), and the loss of four squadron mates during his military flight training, 18 years earlier on the exact date of the crash. He had also had several conflicts with Ward and other co-pilots who had questioned his command suitability. Investigations later revealed that his total assets were greater than his liabilities, although his liquid assets could not cover his immediate debts; his monthly income was less than his family's monthly expenditure; and he had some outstanding credit card debts.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: An official investigation by the Singapore Police Force into evidence of criminal offence leading to the crash found "no evidence that the pilot, copilot, or any crew member had suicidal tendencies or a motive to deliberately cause the crash of [the aircraft]".


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Tsu was formerly a Republic of Singapore Air Force pilot, and had over 20 years of flying experience in the older T/A-4S Skyhawks, as well as the newer T/A-4SU Super Skyhawks. His last appointment was instructor pilot of a Skyhawk squadron.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The CVR and FDR stopped recording minutes before the abrupt descent, but not at the same time. The CVR stopped functioning about 6 minutes before the dive as the captain was leaving the cockpit for a short break. The FDR was deactivated 5 minutes later around 1 minute before the dive. Overload and short-circuit tests show that a distinctive 400-Hz tone is recorded by the CVR when the CVR circuit breaker trips. The investigators could not find this sound on Flight 185's CVR, which made them conclude that the CVR circuit breaker was manually pulled out. The radio continued to work after the failure of the CVR, which indicates that power failure was not the cause. Subsequent investigations, including a National Geographic Channel documentary, revealed that this FDR had previously failed, for periods lasting between 10 seconds and 10 minutes. Testing of the unit by NTSC found no evidence that a malfunction or failure caused either recorder to stop recording data.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Starting in 1991, several accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 were the result of uncommanded movement of their rudders. On 3 March 1991, United Airlines Flight 585, a 737-200, crashed in Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing 25 people. On 8 September 1994, USAir Flight 427, a 737-300, crashed near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, killing 132 people. Four more incidents occurred where a 737 rudder PCU malfunction was suspected.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The "Seattle Times" devoted a series of 37 articles to Boeing 737 loss-of-control malfunctions. The accident occurred in the middle of a controversy over the NTSB's role in accidents caused by the rudder control unit.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: During the investigation of Flight 427, the NTSB discovered that the PCU's dual servo valve could jam, as well, and deflect the rudder in the opposite direction of the pilots' input, due to thermal shock, caused when cold PCUs are injected with hot hydraulic fluid. As a result of this finding, the FAA ordered the servo valves to be replaced and new training protocol for pilots to handle unexpected movement of flight controls to be developed. The FAA ordered an upgrade of all Boeing 737 rudder control systems by 12 November 2002.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: According to the series "Mayday", the rudder issue had been corrected before construction started on the accident aircraft. Nevertheless, the theory of a rudder malfunction was investigated with the possibility of corrosion of and/or debris getting stuck in the PCU, and was disproved.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: SilkAir paid USD$10,000 compensation to each victim's family, the maximum under the Warsaw Convention. Boeing also paid an undisclosed amount of compensation. In 2001, six families who had sued SilkAir for damages based on the allegation that the crash was caused by the pilot were turned down by a Singapore High Court judge, who ruled that "the onus of proving that flight MI185 was intentionally crashed has not been discharged."


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Despite the fact that the NTSB and Parker-Hannifin had already ruled out the possibility of mechanical failure as a cause to the crash of Flight 185 due to a defective PCU servo valve-unit (manufactured by Parker-Hannifin), an independent and private investigation refocused on and further examined the recovered PCU device whose malfunctioning has been pointed out in other sudden Boeing 737 crashes. The manufacturer's records relating to this particular unit revealed that it had failed some routine tests, but they claimed to have corrected these problems. A metals expert, with the use of images from a scanning electron microscope, concluded that the servo valve had 'chip-outs' and numerous burrs "that could easily have interfered with the smooth operation of the valve". After this investigation was complete, in 2004, a Los Angeles Superior Court jury in the United States, which was not allowed to hear or consider the NTSB's conclusions about the accident, found that the crash was caused by a defective servo valve in the plane's rudder. The hydraulic PCU device manufacturer, Parker-Hannifin, was ordered to pay the three families of victims involved in that case US$43.6 million. After threatening to appeal the verdict, Parker-Hannifin later compensated all families involved (although it did not accept liability).


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Parker-Hannifin spokesperson Lorrie Paul Crum stated that a federal law disallowed them from using the NTSB final report as evidence in the company's favor during the lawsuit. The lawyer representing the plaintiffs, Walter Lack, stated that the law only disallowed using the NTSB report's conclusion and suggestions, while statements of fact are admissible. USC §1154. Discovery and use of cockpit and surface vehicle recordings and transcripts states: "No part of a report of the Board, related to an accident or an investigation of an accident, may be admitted into evidence or used in a civil action for damages resulting from a matter mentioned in the report."


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: A memorial for the victims was erected at the burial site, which is located within the Botanical Gardens near Palembang. Another memorial is located at Choa Chu Kang Cemetery in Singapore.


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series "Mayday" (also called "Air Crash Investigation" or "Air Disasters") dramatised the accident in a 2012 episode titled "Pushed to the Limit" (broadcast in some countries as "Pilot Under Pressure").


title: SilkAir Flight 185

text: Singaporean singer JJ Lin's 2013 song "Practice Love" () from the album "Stories Untold" () is based on this accident, as a close friend of the artist, Xu Chue Fern, was killed on the flight.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Beautiful Girls is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Ted Demme and written by Scott Rosenberg. Its story follows New York jazz pianist Willie Conway, as he heads back to his hometown of Knight's Ridge, Massachusetts for his high school reunion, where he finds his friends evaluating their lives and relationships. It stars Matt Dillon, Noah Emmerich, Lauren Holly, Timothy Hutton, Rosie O'Donnell, Martha Plimpton, Natalie Portman, Michael Rapaport, Mira Sorvino and Uma Thurman.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: The film was produced by Cary Woods and was released on February 9, 1996, by Miramax. It grossed $2.8 million during its opening weekend and $10.6 million worldwide. It received positive reviews.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: New York jazz pianist Willie returns to his hometown of Knight's Ridge, Massachusetts for his ten-year high school reunion, staying with his widower father and younger brother.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Willie reunites with three old friends: Mo is a successful family man, while Paul and Tommy, who own a snowplowing business, are each having relationship issues. Paul was recently dumped by his longtime girlfriend Jan because he refused her ultimatum of marriage. Believing that she is now seeing Victor the meat cutter, he vindictively blocks her driveway with snow every night. Tommy is cheating on his girlfriend Sharon with his married high school sweetheart Darian.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Willie meets 13 year-old neighbor girl Marty, and they strike up a witty rapport. She presses him about his relationship: he has been with his girlfriend Tracy for a year, but is unsure if he wants to marry her. He is considering taking a steady job as a salesman, but Mo urges him not to quit his music.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Paul desperately proposes to Jan, but she turns him down. Sharon argues with Tommy about his infidelity, and seeks advice from her girlfriends. The outspoken Gina advises her to break up with Tommy, but Sharon tries to salvage the relationship by planning him a surprise birthday party.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: When the attractive Andera comes to town from Chicago, the guys compete for her attention. The next day, Gina lectures Willie and Tommy about men's unrealistic expectations of women set by supermodels and pornography. Willie feels jealous when he sees that Marty has a boyfriend.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Darian shows up at Tommy's surprise party drunk and openly tries to seduce him, causing Sharon to leave, heartbroken. Tommy drives Darian home but refuses her advances, and unsuccessfully tries to patch things up with Sharon. Willie tells Mo about his feelings for Marty, but is reminded how young she is and says that he just doesn't want to grow up.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Willie again encounters Marty, who says that she has broken up with her boyfriend because she is interested in him, asking him to wait five years until she is 18 and they can be together. Willie declines, saying that she will outgrow her feelings for him as she matures.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Paul takes Andera out, trying to make Jan jealous. Andera plays along, but when Paul tries to kiss her she smacks him and leaves. Willie chastises Paul about his obsession with supermodels; he responds that beautiful girls represent hope and promise. Tommy breaks things off with Darian, but she states her intent to win him back at the reunion.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Andera approaches Willie, turning down his flirtations but accompanying him to Paul's ice shanty, where they discuss their respective relationships. He misses the emotional rush of new love, but she feels truly happy with her boyfriend and returns to Chicago the next day. Tracy arrives from New York, and Willie's feelings for her are rekindled. Marty is downhearted by this, but Willie assures her that she will grow up to do amazing things.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: At the reunion, Darian is confronted by a former classmate who she bullied; he tells her that she was beautiful, but "mean as a snake". Tommy skips the reunion to avoid Darian, but encounters her husband Steve and his friends at a bar. Steve reveals he knows about the affair; a fight ensues, and Tommy is badly beaten. Learning of this, the guys rush to Steve's house to confront him. Steve calls his friends, but Willie pushes their car into a snowbank using Paul's snowplow. Mo is about to beat Steve up, but stops when Steve's daughter comes to the door. Darian arrives home in the aftermath of the confrontation. Tommy ends up in the hospital with a concussion and two broken ribs. Sharon stays with him overnight, and they make up. Paul, overcome with emotion, clears Jan's driveway of snow.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Willie says his goodbyes the next day, having decided to head back to New York with Tracy and not take the sales job. Paul announces that Jan and Victor are engaged. Willie introduces Tracy to Marty, and kisses Marty on the cheek before departing.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Additional minor roles were played by Kristen Rossmore as Steve and Darian's daughter Kristen; Camille D'Ambrose as Sharon's mother; Martin Ruben as Jan's restaurant boss Chip; Allison Levine as a waitress; Earl R. Burt as a bartender; Trent Nicholas Thompson and Nicole Ranallo as Mo and Sarah's children Michael and Cheryl; Joyce Lacey and Matthew Nathen Castens as classmates at the reunion; Ollie Osterberg, Sterling Robson, and Edward Kaspszak as Steve's friends who beat up Tommy; Herbert Ade as a bar owner; Ben Gooding as a customer; and Frank Anello as Irv. "Lucky the Saint Bernard" is credited as Paul's dog "Elle Macpherson", named after the supermodel.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Screenwriter Scott Rosenberg was living in Needham, Massachusetts, waiting to see if Disney would use his script for "Con Air". He said in an interview, "It was the worst winter ever in this small hometown. Snow plows were coming by, and I was just tired of writing these movies with people getting shot and killed. So I said, 'There is more action going on in my hometown with my friends dealing with the fact that they cannot deal with turning 30 or with commitment'—all that became "Beautiful Girls"."


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Originally, James L. Brooks was interested in directing the film, according to actress Leslie Mann, who auditioned for a role but was not cast.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Ted Demme had the entire cast come to Minneapolis and live together for two to three weeks so that they could bond. Filming took place in the Twin Cities Metro Area communities of Edina, Marine-on-St. Croix and Stillwater, with Demme wanting to make sure that the setting was a character unto itself. He "wanted to make it look like it's Anytown USA, primarily East Coast. And I also wanted it to feel like a real working class town". To this end, Demme drew inspiration from Michael Cimino's "The Deer Hunter" (1978). "The first third of the film is really an amazing buddy movie with those five actors. You could tell they were best friends, but they all had stuff amongst them that was personal to each one of them".


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: Scott Rosenberg co-produced and co-wrote for the 2007-2008 TV series "October Road". The show is loosely based on what happened after "Beautiful Girls" came out and how his friends reacted to a movie about their lives. Both "Beautiful Girls" and "October Road" take place in the fictional Massachusetts town of Knight's Ridge, and have similar characters, jobs, plot lines.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: The film was released on February 9, 1996 in 752 theaters, grossing $2.7 million on its opening weekend. It went on to make $10.5 million in North America.


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: The film received fairly positive reviews and currently has a 77% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 48 reviews. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote: "What's nicest about the film is the way it treasures the good feelings people can have for one another." In "The Washington Post", Desson Howe praised Natalie Portman's performance: "As a self-described 'old soul' who connects spiritually with Hutton (they're both existential searchers), she's the movie's most poignant and witty presence."


title: Beautiful Girls (film)

text: However, Jack Mathews, in the "Los Angeles Times", wrote that the film was "about as much fun as a neighborhood bar on a Tuesday night. Its crisis: not much happening." In her "New York Times" review Janet Maslin wrote that Natalie Portman got the film's "archest dialogue", and called her "a budding knockout, and scene-stealingly good even in an overly showy role."


title: Publicis

text: Publicis Groupe is a French multinational advertising and public relations company. One of the oldest and largest marketing and communications companies in the world by revenue, it is headquartered in Paris.


title: Publicis

text: After 1945, the little-known Paris-based advertising agency grew rapidly, becoming the world's fourth-largest agency. It was a leader in promoting France's post-war economic boom, especially the expansion of the advertising industry; it was successful because of its close ties with top officials of the French government, its clever use of symbols to promote itself, and its ability to attract clients from widely diverse growing industries.


title: Publicis

text: It is one of the "Big Four" agency companies, alongside WPP, Interpublic and Omnicom. Publicis Groupe S.A. is headed by Arthur Sadoun, and its agencies provide digital and traditional advertising, media services and marketing services (SAMS) to national and multinational clients.


title: Publicis

text: In 2011, Publicis was named the third-largest marketing group worldwide by revenue, surpassing Interpublic. By the end of 2010, the twin sectors of digital activities and high-growth emerging countries represented one-half of Publicis Groupe's total revenue.


title: Publicis

text: The group had operations in over 202 cities in 105 countries, including a strategic alliance with Dentsu.


title: Publicis

text: In July 2012 it was announced that Publicis Groupe and Omnicom Group would merge to form Publicis Omnicom Group, but by May 2014 it was announced that the deal had fallen through and the Publicis-Omnicom merger would not happen.


title: Publicis

text: In February 2015, Publicis acquired Sapient Corporation to form Publicis.Sapient as the world's largest digital network, which at the time included SapientNitro, Sapient Consulting, DigitasLBI and RazorfishGlobal.


title: Publicis

text: In September 2015 The Publicis Groupe acquired South African marketing, promotions and activations agency The Creative Counsel. The acquisition was reported as the largest agency buyout ever to happen in South Africa, with an unconfirmed valuation of between R1bn and R1.5bn.


title: Publicis

text: In addition, Laura Desmond became Chief Revenue Officer, leading a team of 20 Chief Client Officers who would lead client teams across all Publicis Groupe entities. The new organisation was to be effective 1 January 2016.


title: Publicis

text: Since 2016, Publicis has co-organised, with Groupe Les Echos, the annual technology conference, Viva Technology.


title: Publicis

text: In 2017, CEO Maurice Lévy replaced Elisabeth Badinter (Bleustein-Blanchet's daughter) as chairman of the supervisory board and was succeeded as CEO by Arthur Sadoun.


title: Publicis

text: On 21 January 2019, Publicis announced the deal to sell two of their Latinamerican agencies, NovaDigitas and Pixeldigital to BancroftX to form a new marketing firm under the group umbrella BancroftX.


title: Publicis

text: On 4 February 2020, Publicis Groupe India announced the merging of existing agencies – Arc Worldwide, Solutions and Ecosys OOH, to create 'Publicis In-Motion'. In January 2014, Publicis acquired Law & Kenneth, an Indian advertising and digital agency.


title: Publicis

text: On 3 May 2022 French advertising holding company Publicis Groupe acquired Profitero, an e-commerce software company that provides analytics for brands, as marketer clients are increasingly seeking services in commerce.


title: Publicis

text: The company owns several full-service advertising groups that undertake a range of media activities: mobile and interactive online communication, television, magazines & newspapers, cinema and radio, outdoor. The company's SAMS services include direct marketing/customer relationship management services, sales promotion, healthcare communications, multicultural and ethnic communications, corporate and financial communications, human resource infrastructure, public relations, design services, interactive communications, events marketing and management, sports marketing, and production and "pre-press services." Its media services include media planning, media buying, and media sales. Publicis Groupe's Vivaki developed a technological platform supported by Microsoft, Google, Yahoo! and AOL Platform A technologies that offers advertisers the possibility to target specifically defined audiences in a single campaign across multiple networks.


title: Publicis

text: Qorvis, a U.S. subsidiary of Publicis, has represented the country of Saudi Arabia since the September 11 attacks and has been accused of helping to whitewash its record on human rights. More recently, the writer Ken Klippenstein obtained leaked documents from Qorvis, which show the PR company pitched a private company on a four to five minute propaganda video, which hoped to improve the reputation of its Homestead, Florida shelter for "unaccompanied alien children."


title: Publicis

text: PublicisLive is a global event management and strategic communication firm founded in 1995 and has offices in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Geneva, Istanbul, Kigali and Paris. PublicisLive is part of Publicis Groupe.


title: Newline

text: Newline (frequently called line ending, end of line (EOL), next line (NEL) or line break) is a control character or sequence of control characters in character encoding specifications such as ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode, etc. This character, or a sequence of characters, is used to signify the end of a line of text and the start of a new one.


title: Newline

text: In the mid-1800s, long before the advent of teleprinters and teletype machines, Morse code operators or telegraphists invented and used Morse code prosigns to encode white space text formatting in formal written text messages. In particular the Morse prosign (mnemonic reak ext) represented by the concatenation of literal textual Morse codes "B" and "T" characters sent without the normal inter-character spacing is used in Morse code to encode and indicate a "new line" or "new section" in a formal text message.


title: Newline

text: Later, in the age of modern teleprinters, standardized character set control codes were developed to aid in white space text formatting. ASCII was developed simultaneously by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American Standards Association (ASA), the latter being the predecessor organization to American National Standards Institute (ANSI). During the period of 1963 to 1968, the ISO draft standards supported the use of either + or alone as a newline, while the ASA drafts supported only +.


title: Newline

text: The sequence + was commonly used on many early computer systems that had adopted Teletype machines—typically a Teletype Model 33 ASR—as a console device, because this sequence was required to position those printers at the start of a new line. The separation of newline into two functions concealed the fact that the print head could not return from the far right to the beginning of the next line in time to print the next character. Any character printed after a would often print as a smudge in the middle of the page while the print head was still moving the carriage back to the first position. "The solution was to make the newline two characters: to move the carriage to column one, and to move the paper up." In fact, it was often necessary to send extra characters—extraneous CRs or NULs—which are ignored but give the print head time to move to the left margin. Many early video displays also required multiple character times to scroll the display.


title: Newline

text: On such systems, applications had to talk directly to the Teletype machine and follow its conventions since the concept of device drivers hiding such hardware details from the application was not yet well developed. Therefore, text was routinely composed to satisfy the needs of Teletype machines. Most minicomputer systems from DEC used this convention. CP/M also used it in order to print on the same terminals that minicomputers used. From there MS-DOS (1981) adopted CP/M's + in order to be compatible, and this convention was inherited by Microsoft's later Windows operating system.


title: Newline

text: The Multics operating system began development in 1964 and used alone as its newline. Multics used a device driver to translate this character to whatever sequence a printer needed (including extra padding characters), and the single byte was more convenient for programming. What seems like a more obvious choice——was not used, as provided the useful function of overprinting one line with another to create boldface, underscore and strikethrough effects. Perhaps more importantly, the use of alone as a line terminator had already been incorporated into drafts of the eventual ISO/IEC 646 standard. Unix followed the Multics practice, and later Unix-like systems followed Unix. This created conflicts between Windows and Unix-like operating systems, whereby files composed on one operating system cannot be properly formatted or interpreted by another operating system (for example a UNIX shell script written in a Windows text editor like Notepad).


title: Newline

text: The concepts of carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF) are closely associated and can be considered either separately or together. In the physical media of typewriters and printers, two axes of motion, "down" and "across", are needed to create a new line on the page. Although the design of a machine (typewriter or printer) must consider them separately, the abstract logic of software can combine them together as one event. This is why a newline in character encoding can be defined as and combined into one (commonly called or ).


title: Newline

text: Some character sets provide a separate newline character code. EBCDIC, for example, provides an character code in addition to the and codes. Unicode, in addition to providing the ASCII and control codes, also provides a "next line" () control code, as well as control codes for "line separator" and "paragraph separator" markers.


title: Newline

text: The Unicode standard defines a number of characters that conforming applications should recognize as line terminators:


title: Newline

text: This may seem overly complicated compared to an approach such as converting all line terminators to a single character, for example . However, Unicode was designed to preserve all information when converting a text file from any existing encoding to Unicode and back. Therefore, Unicode should contain characters included in existing encodings.


title: Newline

text: For example: is part of EBCDIC, which uses code ; it is normally mapped to Unicode , , which is a control character in the C1 control set. As such, it is defined by ECMA 48, and recognized by encodings compliant with ISO/IEC 2022 (which is equivalent to ECMA 35). C1 control set is also compatible with ISO-8859-1. The approach taken in the Unicode standard allows round-trip transformation to be information-preserving while still enabling applications to recognize all possible types of line terminators.


title: Newline

text: Recognizing and using the newline codes greater than (, and ) is not often done. They are multiple bytes in UTF-8, and the code for has been used as the ellipsis () character in Windows-1252. For instance:


title: Newline

text: Note well that the Unicode special characters (, ), (, ), (, ) and (, ) are glyphs intended for presenting a user-visible character to the reader of the document, and are thus not recognized themselves as a newline.


title: Newline

text: To facilitate the creation of portable programs, programming languages provide some abstractions to deal with the different types of newline sequences used in different environments.


title: Newline

text: The C programming language provides the escape sequences (newline) and (carriage return). However, these are not required to be equivalent to the ASCII and control characters. The C standard only guarantees two things:


title: Newline

text: On Unix platforms, where C originated, the native newline sequence is ASCII (), so was simply defined to be that value. With the internal and external representation being identical, the translation performed in text mode is a no-op, and Unix has no notion of text mode or binary mode. This has caused many programmers who developed their software on Unix systems simply to ignore the distinction completely, resulting in code that is not portable to different platforms.


title: Newline

text: The C library function is best avoided in binary mode because any file not written with the Unix newline convention will be misread. Also, in text mode, any file not written with the system's native newline sequence (such as a file created on a Unix system, then copied to a Windows system) will be misread as well.


title: Newline

text: Another common problem is the use of when communicating using an Internet protocol that mandates the use of ASCII + for ending lines. Writing to a text mode stream works correctly on Windows systems, but produces only on Unix, and something completely different on more exotic systems. Using in binary mode is slightly better.


title: Newline

text: Many languages, such as C++, Perl, and Haskell provide the same interpretation of as C. C++ has an alternative I/O model where the manipulator can be used to output a newline (and flushes the stream buffer).


title: Newline

text: Java, PHP, and Python provide the sequence (for ASCII +). In contrast to C, these are guaranteed to represent the values and , respectively.


title: Newline

text: The Java I/O libraries do not transparently translate these into platform-dependent newline sequences on input or output. Instead, they provide functions for writing a full line that automatically add the native newline sequence, and functions for reading lines that accept any of , , or + as a line terminator (see ). The method can be used to retrieve the underlying line separator.


title: Newline

text: Python permits "Universal Newline Support" when opening a file for reading, when importing modules, and when executing a file.


title: Newline

text: Some languages have created special variables, constants, and subroutines to facilitate newlines during program execution. In some languages such as PHP and Perl, double quotes are required to perform escape substitution for all escape sequences, including and . In PHP, to avoid portability problems, newline sequences should be issued using the PHP_EOL constant.


title: Newline

text: The different newline conventions cause text files that have been transferred between systems of different types to be displayed incorrectly.


title: Newline

text: Text in files created with programs which are common on Unix-like or classic Mac OS, appear as a single long line on most programs common to MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows because these do not display a single or a single as a line break.


title: Newline

text: Conversely, when viewing a file originating from a Windows computer on a Unix-like system, the extra may be displayed as a second line break, as , or as at the end of each line.


title: Newline

text: Furthermore, programs other than text editors may not accept a file, e.g. some configuration file, encoded using the foreign newline convention, as a valid file.


title: Newline

text: The problem can be hard to spot because some programs handle the foreign newlines properly while others do not. For example, a compiler may fail with obscure syntax errors even though the source file looks correct when displayed on the console or in an editor. Modern text editors generally recognize all flavours of + newlines and allow users to convert between the different standards. Web browsers are usually also capable of displaying text files and websites which use different types of newlines.


title: Newline

text: Even if a program supports different newline conventions, these features are often not sufficiently labeled, described, or documented. Typically a menu or combo-box enumerating different newline conventions will be displayed to users without an indication if the selection will re-interpret, temporarily convert, or permanently convert the newlines. Some programs will implicitly convert on open, copy, paste, or save—often inconsistently.


title: Newline

text: Most textual Internet protocols (including HTTP, SMTP, FTP, IRC, and many others) mandate the use of ASCII + (, ) on the protocol level, but recommend that tolerant applications recognize lone (, ) as well. Despite the dictated standard, many applications erroneously use the C newline escape sequence () instead of the correct combination of carriage return escape and newline escape sequences (+) (see section Newline in programming languages above). This accidental use of the wrong escape sequences leads to problems when trying to communicate with systems adhering to the stricter interpretation of the standards instead of the suggested tolerant interpretation. One such intolerant system is the qmail mail transfer agent that actively refuses to accept messages from systems that send bare instead of the required +.


title: Newline

text: The standard Internet Message Format for email states: "CR and LF MUST only occur together as CRLF; they MUST NOT appear independently in the body".


title: Newline

text: The File Transfer Protocol can automatically convert newlines in files being transferred between systems with different newline representations when the transfer is done in "ASCII mode". However, transferring binary files in this mode usually has disastrous results: any occurrence of the newline byte sequence—which does not have line terminator semantics in this context, but is just part of a normal sequence of bytes—will be translated to whatever newline representation the other system uses, effectively corrupting the file. FTP clients often employ some heuristics (for example, inspection of filename extensions) to automatically select either binary or ASCII mode, but in the end it is up to users to make sure their files are transferred in the correct mode. If there is any doubt as to the correct mode, binary mode should be used, as then no files will be altered by FTP, though they may display incorrectly.


title: Newline

text: Text editors are often used for converting a text file between different newline formats; most modern editors can read and write files using at least the different ASCII / conventions.


title: Newline

text: For example, the editor Vim can make a file compatible with the Windows Notepad text editor. Within vim


title: Newline

text: Editors can be unsuitable for converting larger files or bulk conversion of many files. For larger files (on Windows NT/2000/XP) the following command is often used:


title: Newline

text: Special purpose programs to convert files between different newline conventions include and, and , and , and .


title: Newline

text: The command is available on virtually every Unix-like system and can be used to perform arbitrary replacement operations on single characters. A DOS/Windows text file can be converted to Unix format by simply removing all ASCII characters with


title: Newline

text: The same tasks are sometimes performed with awk, sed, or in Perl if the platform has a Perl interpreter:


title: Newline

text: $ awk '{sub("$","\r\n"); printf("%s",$0);}' inputfile > outputfile # UNIX to DOS (adding CRs on Linux and BSD based OS that haven't GNU extensions)


title: Newline

text: $ awk '{gsub("\r",""); print;}' inputfile > outputfile # DOS to UNIX (removing CRs on Linux and BSD based OS that haven't GNU extensions)


title: Newline

text: $ sed -e 's/$/\r/' inputfile > outputfile # UNIX to DOS (adding CRs on Linux based OS that use GNU extensions)


title: Newline

text: $ sed -e 's/\r$//' inputfile > outputfile # DOS to UNIX (removing CRs on Linux based OS that use GNU extensions)


title: Newline

text: The Unix egrep (extended grep) command can be used to print filenames of Unix or DOS files (assuming Unix and DOS-style files only, no classic Mac OS-style files):


title: Newline

text: Two ways to view newlines, both of which are self-consistent, are that newlines either "separate" lines or that they "terminate" lines. If a newline is considered a separator, there will be no newline after the last line of a file. Some programs have problems processing the last line of a file if it is not terminated by a newline. On the other hand, programs that expect newline to be used as a separator will interpret a final newline as starting a new (empty) line. Conversely, if a newline is considered a terminator, all text lines including the last are expected to be terminated by a newline. If the final character sequence in a text file is not a newline, the final line of the file may be considered to be an improper or incomplete text line, or the file may be considered to be improperly truncated.


title: Newline

text: In text intended primarily to be read by humans using software which implements the word wrap feature, a newline character typically only needs to be stored if a line break is required independent of whether the next word would fit on the same line, such as between paragraphs and in vertical lists. Therefore, in the logic of word processing and most text editors, newline is used as a "paragraph break" and is known as a "hard return", in contrast to "soft returns" which are dynamically created to implement word wrapping and are changeable with each display instance. In many applications a separate control character called "manual line break" exists for forcing line breaks inside a single paragraph. The glyph for the control character for a hard return is usually a pilcrow (¶), and for the manual line break is usually a carriage return arrow (↵).


title: Newline

text: , (U+008D REVERSE LINE FEED, ISO/IEC 6429 8D, decimal 141) is used to move the printing position back one line (by reverse feeding the paper, or by moving a display cursor up one line) so that other characters may be printed over existing text. This may be done to make them bolder, or to add underlines, strike-throughs or other characters such as diacritics.


title: Newline

text: Similarly, (U+008B PARTIAL LINE FORWARD, decimal 139) and (U+008C PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD, decimal 140) can be used to advance or reverse the text printing position by some fraction of the vertical line spacing (typically, half). These can be used in combination for subscripts (by advancing and then reversing) and superscripts (by reversing and then advancing), and may also be useful for printing diacritics.


title: Der Spiegel

text: Der Spiegel (, lit. ""The Mirror"") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg. With a weekly circulation of 695,100 copies, it was the largest such publication in Europe in 2011. It was founded in 1947 by John Seymour Chaloner, a British army officer, and Rudolf Augstein, a former Wehrmacht radio operator who was recognized in 2000 by the International Press Institute as one of the fifty World Press Freedom Heroes. Typically, the magazine has a content to advertising ratio of 2:1.


title: Der Spiegel

text: "Der Spiegel" is known in German-speaking countries mostly for its investigative journalism. It has played a key role in uncovering many political scandals such as the "Spiegel" affair in 1962 and the Flick affair in the 1980s. According to "The Economist", "Der Spiegel" is one of continental Europe's most influential magazines. The news website by the same name was launched in 1994 under the name "Spiegel Online" with an independent editorial staff. Today, the content is created by a shared editorial team and the website uses the same media brand as the printed magazine.


title: Der Spiegel

text: The first edition of "Der Spiegel" was published in Hanover on Saturday, 4 January 1947. Its release was initiated and sponsored by the British occupational administration and preceded by a magazine titled "Diese Woche" (German: "This Week"), which had first been published in November 1946. After disagreements with the British, the magazine was handed over to Rudolf Augstein as chief editor, and was renamed "Der Spiegel". From the first edition in January 1947, Augstein held the position of editor-in-chief, which he retained until his death on 7 November 2002.


title: Der Spiegel

text: After 1950, the magazine was owned by Rudolf Augstein and John Jahr; Jahr's share merged with Richard Gruner's in 1965 to form the publishing company Gruner + Jahr. In 1969, Augstein bought out Gruner + Jahr for DM 42  million and became the sole owner of "Der Spiegel". In 1971, Gruner + Jahr bought back a 25% share in the magazine. In 1974, Augstein restructured the company to make the employees shareholders. All employees with more than three years seniority were offered the opportunity to become an associate and participate in the management of the company, as well as in the profits.


title: Der Spiegel

text: Since 1952, "Der Spiegel" has been headquartered in its own building in the old town part of Hamburg.


title: Der Spiegel

text: "Der Spiegel" circulation rose quickly. From 15,000 copies in 1947, it grew to 65,000 in 1948 and 437,000 in 1961. It was nearly 500,000 copies in 1962. By the 1970s, it had reached a plateau at about 900,000 copies. When the German reunification in 1990 made it available to a new readership in former East Germany, the circulation exceeded one million.


title: Der Spiegel

text: The magazine's influence is based on two pillars; firstly the moral authority established by investigative journalism since the early years and proven alive by several impressive scoops during the 1980s; secondly the economic power of the prolific "Spiegel" publishing house. Since 1988, it has produced the TV program "Spiegel TV", and further diversified during the 1990s.


title: Der Spiegel

text: During the second quarter of 1992 the circulation of "Der Spiegel" was 1.1 million copies. In 1994, "Spiegel Online" was launched. It had separate and independent editorial staff from "Der Spiegel". In 1999, the circulation of "Der Spiegel" was 1,061,000 copies.


title: Der Spiegel

text: "Der Spiegel" had an average circulation of 1,076,000 copies in 2003. In 2007 the magazine started a new regional supplement in Switzerland. A 50-page study of Switzerland, it was the first regional supplement of the magazine.


title: Der Spiegel

text: In 2010 "Der Spiegel" was employing the equivalent of 80 full-time fact checkers, which the "Columbia Journalism Review" called "most likely the world's largest fact checking operation". The same year it was the third best-selling general interest magazine in Europe with a circulation of 1,016,373 copies.


title: Der Spiegel

text: In 2018, "Der Spiegel" became involved in a journalistic scandal after it discovered and made public that one of its leading reporters, Claas Relotius, had "falsified his articles on a grand scale".


title: Der Spiegel

text: When Stefan Aust took over in 1994, the magazine's readers realized that his personality was different from his predecessor. In 2005, a documentary by Stephan Lamby quoted him as follows: "We stand at a very big cannon!" Politicians of all stripes who had to deal with the magazine's attention often voiced their disaffection for it. The outspoken conservative Franz Josef Strauß contended that "Der Spiegel" was "the Gestapo of our time". He referred to journalists in general as "rats". The Social Democrat Willy Brandt called it "Scheißblatt" (i.e., a "shit paper") during his term in office as Chancellor.


title: Der Spiegel

text: "Der Spiegel" often produces feature-length articles on problems affecting Germany (like demographic trends, the federal system's gridlock or the issues of its education system) and describes optional strategies and their risks in depth. The magazine plays the role of opinion leader in the German press.


title: Der Spiegel

text: "Der Spiegel" has a distinctive reputation for revealing political misconduct and scandals. Online Encyclopædia Britannica emphasizes this quality of the magazine as follows: "The magazine is renowned for its aggressive, vigorous, and well-written exposés of government malpractice and scandals." It merited recognition for this as early as 1950 when the federal parliament launched an inquiry into "Spiegel"s accusations that bribed members of parliament had promoted Bonn over Frankfurt as the seat of West Germany's government.


title: Der Spiegel

text: During the Spiegel scandal in 1962, which followed the release of a report about the possible low state of readiness of the German armed forces, minister of defense and conservative figurehead Franz Josef Strauß had "Der Spiegel" investigated. In the course of this investigation, the editorial offices were raided by police while Rudolf Augstein and other "Der Spiegel" editors were arrested on charges of treason. Despite a lack of sufficient authority, Strauß even went after the article's author, Conrad Ahlers, who was consequently arrested in Spain where he was on holiday. When the legal case collapsed, the scandal led to a major shake-up in chancellor Konrad Adenauer's cabinet, and Strauß had to stand down. The affair was generally received as an attack on the freedom of the press. Since then, "Der Spiegel" has repeatedly played a significant role in revealing political grievances and misdeeds, including the Flick Affair.


title: Der Spiegel

text: The Spiegel scandal is now remembered for altering the political culture of post-war Germany and—with the first mass demonstrations and public protests—being a turning point from the old Obrigkeitsstaat (authoritarian state) to a modern democracy.


title: Der Spiegel

text: In 2010, the magazine supported WikiLeaks in publishing leaked materials from the United States State Department, along with "The Guardian", "The New York Times", "El País", and "Le Monde" and in October 2013 with the help of former NSA contractor Edward Snowden unveiled the systematic wiretapping of Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel's private cell phone over a period of over 10 years at the hands of the National Security Agency's Special Collection Service (SCS).


title: Der Spiegel

text: The leading role of the magazine in investigative journalism and its monopoly came to end in 2013 since other German media outlets, including "Süddeutsche Zeitung", "Bild", ARD and ZDF, began to effectively deal with political scandals.


title: Der Spiegel

text: One of the main criticism of "Der Spiegel" concerns its use of language. In 1957, writer Hans Magnus Enzensberger published his essay "Die Sprache des Spiegels" ("The Language of Der Spiegel"), in which he criticized what he called a "pretended objectivity". Wolf Schneider, an eminent journalist and stylist has called "Der Spiegel" "the biggest mangler of the German language" and used quotations from the magazine as examples of inept German in his style guides. Their criticism was not so much one of linguistic aesthetics as an argument that "Der Spiegel" "hides and distorts its actual topics and issues by manipulative semantics and rhetoric rather than by reporting and analyzing them". In 1957, however, Enzensberger admitted in a written statement that no other contemporary German magazine attained the "Spiegel"s level of objectivity.


title: Der Spiegel

text: Opinions about the level of language employed by "Der Spiegel" changed in the late 1990s. After hiring many of Germany's best feature writers, "Der Spiegel" has become known for its "Edelfedern" ("noble quills"—wordsmiths). The magazine frequently wins the Egon Erwin Kisch Prize for the best German feature. "Der Spiegel" ended up joining the ranks of the guardians of proper grammar and jargon with the "Zwiebelfisch" ("(printer's) pie") column on the magazine's website, which has even produced several best-selling books.


title: Der Spiegel

text: Some critics, in particular the media historian Lutz Hachmeister and the Augstein biographer and former "Der Spiegel" author Otto Köhler, have brought charges against the magazine's dealings with former Nazis, even "SS" officers. Allegedly, "Der Spiegel", which at other times showed no restraint when exposing the Nazi-era pasts of public figures, distorted history and covered up for criminals after enlisting insiders hired to write about Nazi-related topics. Its early reports and serials about the Reichstag fire, written by former "SS" officers Paul Carell (who had also served as chief press spokesman for Nazi Germany's Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop) and Fritz Tobias, have since been considered influential in historiography because since the 1960s the "Spiegel" reports written by these two authors have been corroborated by authoritative historian Hans Mommsen.


title: Der Spiegel

text: On 19 December 2018, "Der Spiegel" made public that reporter Claas Relotius had admitted that he had "falsified his articles on a grand scale", inventing facts, persons and quotations in at least 14 of his stories. The magazine uncovered the fraud after a co-author of one of Relotius's stories, Juan Moreno, became suspicious of the veracity of Relotius's contributions and gathered evidence against him. Relotius resigned, telling the magazine that he was "sick" and needed to get help. "Der Spiegel" left his articles accessible, but with a notice referring to the magazine's ongoing investigation into the fabrications.


title: Der Spiegel

text: "The Wall Street Journal" cited a former "Der Spiegel" journalist who said "some of the articles at issue appeared to confirm certain German stereotypes about Trump voters, asking "was this possible because of ideological bias?" An apology ensued from "Der Spiegel" for looking for a cliché of a Trump-voting town, and not finding it. Mathias Bröckers, former "Die Tageszeitung" editor, wrote: "the imaginative author simply delivered what his superiors demanded and fit into their spin". American journalist James Kirchick claimed in "The Atlantic" that ""Der Spiegel" has long peddled crude and sensational anti-Americanism."


title: Der Spiegel

text: In January 1978 the office of "Der Spiegel" in East Berlin was closed by the East German government following the publication of critical articles against the conditions in the country. A special 25 March 2008 edition of the magazine on Islam was banned in Egypt in April 2008 for publishing material deemed by authorities to be insulting Islam and Muhammed.


title: Der Spiegel

text: "Der Spiegel" began moving into its current head office in HafenCity in September 2011. The facility was designed by Henning Larsen Architects of Denmark. The magazine was previously located in a high-rise building with of office space.


title: Cell signaling

text: In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) or cell communication is the ability of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Signals that originate from outside a cell (or extracellular signals) can be physical agents like mechanical pressure, voltage, temperature, light, or chemical signals (e.g., small molecules, peptides, or gas). Cell signaling can occur over short or long distances, and as a result can be classified as autocrine, juxtacrine, intracrine, paracrine, or endocrine. Signaling molecules can be synthesized from various biosynthetic pathways and released through passive or active transports, or even from cell damage.


title: Cell signaling

text: Receptors play a key role in cell signaling as they are able to detect chemical signals or physical stimuli. Receptors are generally proteins located on the cell surface or within the interior of the cell such as the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus. Cell surface receptors usually bind with extracellular signals (or ligands), which causes a conformational change in the receptor that leads it to initiate enzymic activity, or to open or close ion channel activity. Some receptors do not contain enzymatic or channel-like domains but are instead linked to enzymes or transporters. Other receptors like nuclear receptors have a different mechanism such as changing their DNA binding properties and cellular localization to the nucleus.


title: Cell signaling

text: Signal transduction begins with the transformation (or transduction) of a signal into a chemical one, which can directly activate an ion channel (ligand-gated ion channel) or initiate a second messenger system cascade that propagates the signal through the cell. Second messenger systems can amplify a signal, in which activation of a few receptors results in multiple secondary messengers being activated, thereby amplifying the initial signal (the first messenger). The downstream effects of these signaling pathways may include additional enzymatic activities such as proteolytic cleavage, phosphorylation, methylation, and ubiquitinylation.


title: Cell signaling

text: Each cell is programmed to respond to specific extracellular signal molecules, and is the basis of development, tissue repair, immunity, and homeostasis. Errors in signaling interactions may cause diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, and diabetes.


title: Cell signaling

text: In many small organisms such as bacteria, quorum sensing enables individuals to begin an activity only when the population is sufficiently large. This signaling between cells was first observed in the marine bacterium "Aliivibrio fischeri", which produces light when the population is dense enough. The mechanism involves the production and detection of a signaling molecule, and the regulation of gene transcription in response. Quorum sensing operates in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and both within and between species.


title: Cell signaling

text: In slime moulds, individual cells aggregate together to form fruiting bodies and eventually spores, under the influence of a chemical signal, known as an acrasin. The individuals move by chemotaxis, i.e. they are attracted by the chemical gradient. Some species use cyclic AMP as the signal; others such as "Polysphondylium violaceum" use a dipeptide known as glorin.


title: Cell signaling

text: In plants and animals, signaling between cells occurs either through release into the extracellular space, divided in paracrine signaling (over short distances) and endocrine signaling (over long distances), or by direct contact, known as juxtacrine signaling such as notch signaling. Autocrine signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling where the secreting cell has the ability to respond to the secreted signaling molecule. Synaptic signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling (for chemical synapses) or juxtacrine signaling (for electrical synapses) between neurons and target cells.