title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: Between 1940 and 1944, a wholesale change in the coinage was carried out. Production of the c ceased in 1940, with bronze 1c introduced in 1942 with reduced weight and thickness. Nickel-brass replaced cupro-nickel in the 5c in the same year and replaced silver in the 25c and 50c in 1943. In 1944, nickel-brass, scalloped shaped 2c and 10c coins were introduced. The scalloped 10c coin replaced the silver 10c coin. Later 2c coins issued in 1957 were the only coins from this period to ever depict Queen Elizabeth II. Coins with the portrait of King George VI continued to be in circulation after his death in 1952. In 1957, cupro-nickel Re. 1/- coins and .925 silver Rs. 5/- coins commemorating 2,500 years of Buddhism were issued.


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: In 1963, a new coinage was introduced which omitted the monarch's portrait, depicting instead The Armorial ensign of Ceylon. Coins issued were aluminium 1c and 2c, nickel brass 5c and 10c and cupro-nickel 25c and 50c and Re. 1/-. These coins had the same shapes and sizes of the previous series but were composed of different materials. In 1976, commemorative seven-sided Rs. 2/- and ten-sided Rs. 5/- coins were introduced in limited numbers. In 1978, devaluation prompted aluminum to be the replacement of nickel-brass in the 5c and 10c, while shortly after 1c and 2c were discontinued. Cupro-nickel Rs. 2/- and aluminium-bronze Rs. 5/- coins were introduced in 1984 fully replacing the corresponding banknotes. In 1987, commemorative Rs. 10/- were released which like the 5c coin was square with round edges. In 1998 a bimetallic commemorative Rs. 10/- coin was released. Like earlier forerunner rupee denominations, these were again only issued in limited supply, not intended to replace the corresponding banknotes.


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: The obverse of the coins issued since 1972 carry the Armorial Ensign of the Republic of Sri Lanka. The reverse of the coin the value in numerals and in Sinhala, Tamil and English below and year of issue at the bottom with SRI LANKA in Sinhala on top. The lower denominations of 1c, 2c, 5c, 10c, 25c and 50c are not in circulation and the minting of these denominations had been discontinued.


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: The observe and reverse designs of the new coins remained identical to the circulating coins of the new series based on similar denominations. However their weights and compositions have been changed to electroplated steel as opposed to a solid alloy for easier identification purposes and to save on production expense.


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: In the year 2017, a complete new series of stainless steel coins was introduced and is currently in circulation.


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: On 15 December 2010, to mark the 60th Anniversary, the Central Bank of Sri Lanka issued a frosted proof crown size multi-colour silver commemorative coin in the denomination of Rs. 5,000/-. It was the first multi-colour coin issued by the Central Bank.


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: The Government of Ceylon introduced its first rupee banknote issue in 1885. A Rs. 5/- note (1885–1925) was followed by Rs. 10/- (1894–1926) and Rs. 1,000/- notes (1899 and 1915). A second issue included the Re. 1/- (1917–1939), Rs. 2/- (1917–1921), Rs. 50/- (1914) and Rs. 100/- (1919) notes. During the 1920s (and in some cases the 1930s) the Re. 1/- (mentioned above), Rs. 2/- (1925–39), two types of Rs. 5/- (1925–28 and 1929–39), two types of Rs. 10/- (1927–28 and 1929–39), Rs. 50/- (1922–39), Rs. 100/- (1926–39), Rs. 500/- (1926), and Rs. 1,000/- (1929) notes were all in circulation.


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: There were two issues in 1941. The first consisted of a Re. 1/-, Rs. 2/-, Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- banknote issued only in 1941. Though issued slightly earlier, a Rs. 1,000/- note (1938) has been grouped with this issue. The 1941 second issue consisted of Re. 1/- (1941–49), Rs. 2/- (1941–49), Rs. 5/- (1941–49), Rs. 10/- (1941–46), Rs. 50/- (1941–45), Rs. 100/- (1941–45), Rs. 1,000/- (1941), and Rs. 10,000/- (1947) notes. In 1942, fractional banknote issues were introduced. A 25c and 50c note (1942) were followed by a second issue of 5c (1942), 10c (1942–43), 25c (1942–49), and 50c notes (1942–49).


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: The Central Bank of Ceylon issued Re. 1/- and Rs. 10/- notes (1951), Rs. 1/-, Rs. 2/-, Rs. 5/-, Rs. 50/-, and Rs. 100/- notes (1952–54)


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: From 1977, banknotes were issued by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Rs. 20/- notes were introduced in 1979, followed by Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1,000/- in 1981. The Rs. 200/- in 1998 and Rs. 2,000/- in 2006 (discontinued). Sri Lankan banknotes are unusual in that they are printed vertically on the reverse. In 1998, a Rs. 200/- note was issued to commemorate the 50th anniversary of independence (1948–1998). This is the first polymer banknote issued in Sri Lanka, and it was printed by Note Printing Australia. All other denominations are printed by the De la Rue Lanka Currency and Securities Print (Pvt) Ltd, a joint venture of the Government of Sri Lanka and De La Rue.


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: Portraits of former Sri Lankan prime ministers and former president Mahinda Rajapaksa have graced the fronts of Sri Lankan bank notes, while the backs have featured Sri Lankan fauna and flora, Sri Lankan landscapes and industries, and images depicting Sri Lankan culture, history, and achievements.


title: Sri Lankan rupee

text: The Sri Lankan rupee is a closed currency which means it is not available to buy or sell outside of Sri Lanka. One can buy LKR at the Sri Lankan airport or currency outlets available throughout the country.


title: Luenell

text: Luenell Campbell (born March 12, 1959), known mononymously as Luenell, is an American comedian and actress.


title: Luenell

text: In the early-1990s, Luenell appeared regularly on "Soul Beat TV" on the Oakland, California cable station KSBT, along with prominent Bay Area African-American journalist Chauncey Bailey, an interviewer and talk show host on the program.


title: Luenell

text: On June 18, 2001, Luenell married her husband, whom she refers to as Mr. Rarely. They have a daughter, Da'Nelle.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: "To Serve Man" is the 24th episode of the third season of the anthology series "The Twilight Zone", and the 89th overall. It originally aired on March 2, 1962 on CBS. Based on Damon Knight's 1950 short story of the same title, the episode was written by Rod Serling and directed by Richard L. Bare. It is considered one of the best episodes from the series, particularly for its final twist.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: The episode begins with Michael Chambers locked alone in a spartan room with a cot. A voice offers him a meal, delivered through a small aperture in the wall, which he grimly refuses.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: The setting changes to several months earlier, on Earth. The Kanamits, a race of aliens, land on Earth as the planet is beset by international crises. As the secretary-general announces the landing of aliens on Earth to the worldwide public at a United Nations news conference, one of the aliens arrives and addresses the assembled delegates and journalists via telepathy. He announces that his race's motive in coming to Earth is to provide humanitarian aid by sharing their advanced technology, including an atomic generator that can provide electric power for a few dollars, a nitrate fertilizer that can end famine, and a force field that can be deployed to prevent international warfare. After answering questions, the Kanamit departs without comment and leaves behind a book in the Kanamit language, which leads to Michael Chambers, a United States government cryptographer, being pressed into service.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: Initially wary of an alien race who came "quite uninvited", international leaders begin to be persuaded of the Kanamits' benevolence when their advanced technology puts an end to hunger, energy shortages, and the arms race. Trust in the Kanamits seems to be justified when Patty, a member of the cryptography staff led by Chambers, decodes the title of the Kanamit book: "To Serve Man". The Kanamits submit to interrogation and polygraph, at the request of the UN delegates. When they declare their benevolent intentions, the polygraph indicates that the Kanamit is speaking the truth.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: Soon, humans are volunteering for trips to the Kanamits' home planet, which they describe as a paradise. Kanamits now have embassies in every major city on Earth. With the U.S. Armed Forces having been disbanded and world peace having been achieved, the code-breaking staff has no real work to do, but Patty is still trying to work out the meaning of the text of "To Serve Man".


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: The day arrives for Chambers's excursion to the Kanamits' planet. Just as he mounts the spaceship's boarding stairs, Patty runs toward him in great agitation. While being held back by a Kanamit guard, Patty cries: "Mr. Chambers, don't get on that ship! The rest of the book, "To Serve Man", it's... it's a cookbook!" Chambers tries to run back down the stairs, but a Kanamit blocks him, the stairs retract, and the ship lifts off.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: Chambers is in the shipboard room now, and is again offered a meal. He throws it to the floor, but a Kanamit retrieves it and encourages him to eat: "We wouldn't want you to lose weight". At last, Chambers, in one of the few instances of the series where a character breaks the fourth wall, says to the audience: "How about you? You still on Earth, or on the ship with me? Really doesn't make very much difference, because sooner or later, we'll all of us be on the menu... "all of us"." The episode closes as Chambers gives in and breaks his hunger strike.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: The arriving Kanamit ship is shown as scenes extracted from "The Day the Earth Stood Still", but with different sound; the departing Kanamit ship is shown as a scene extracted from "Earth vs. the Flying Saucers", also with different sound.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: "TV Guide" ranked the episode at number 11 on its list of the "100 Greatest Episodes of All Time" and ranked the ending as the "Greatest Twist of All Time". "Time" listed the episode among the "Top 10 Twilight Zone Episodes". "Rolling Stone" named the episode first on its list of the "25 Best Twilight Zone Episodes".


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: Marc Scott Zicree, writing in "The Twilight Zone Companion", was critical of the episode, stating that "without some sort of interplanetary Rosetta Stone, deciphering an unknown language would be impossible." He also said that the word "serve" is highly unlikely to have the same dual meaning in both English and an alien language.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: The episode is occasionally referenced in popular culture, usually with the line "It's a cookbook!" or some variation thereof. References or parodies can be found in television series as "Futurama", "The Simpsons", and "Buffy the Vampire Slayer"; movies such as "", and "Madagascar" ("The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear" featured a tongue-in-cheek cameo by Lloyd Bochner, who played Michael Chambers in the "TZ" episode); the comic strip "Mark Trail"; and musical works by artists Nuclear Assault, Cattle Decapitation, Mono Puff, and El-P. A reference to the episode has even found its way into an unofficial emblem for a United States Air Force unit.


title: To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)

text: The 2019 "Twilight Zone" episode "You Might Also Like" serves as a sequel to the episode "To Serve Man", which features the Kanamits, who are still learning about Earth's culture.


title: 2030s

text: The 2030s (pronounced "twenty-thirties"; shortened to the '30s) is the next decade in the Gregorian calendar that will begin on 1 January 2030, and will end on 31 December 2039.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: The 2022–23 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol season is the 119th season in existence and the club's 92nd consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football. In addition to the domestic league, Real Madrid are participating in this season's editions of the Copa del Rey, the Supercopa de España, and the UEFA Champions League. As the reigning European champions, they contested the UEFA Super Cup against Eintracht Frankfurt, winning 2–0 and claiming a record-equalling fifth title, and will enter the FIFA Club World Cup in February 2023.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: Real Madrid is not scheduled to play any matches between 10 November and 30 December due to a mid-season break in accommodation of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. La Liga was suspended after matchday 14, and the Champions League group stage wrapped up earlier than usual, at the beginning of November.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: This season is the first since 2005–06 without Marcelo, who departed as a free agent in the summer, first since 2012–13 without Gareth Bale and Isco, and the first season since 2014–15 without Casemiro.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: On 1 June, right after the conclusion of the 2021–22 season, the club announced the departures of Isco and Gareth Bale due to the expiration of their contracts, both players having spent nine seasons playing for "Los Blancos". On 2 June, Madrid announced the arrival of Antonio Rüdiger on a free transfer from Chelsea, with the German signing a four-year deal. On 8 June, Luka Modrić renewed his contract with Real Madrid until 2023. Three days later, Madrid announced the signing of Aurélien Tchouaméni from Monaco, penning a six-year contract with the player. On 12 June, Madrid announced the departure of the team's captain, Marcelo, after 15 years of service; he won 25 titles with Real Madrid, more than any other player in the history of the club. On 8 July, the club announced that they had reached an agreement with Fiorentina for the permanent transfer of Luka Jović. Eleven days later, Madrid announced the departure of Takefusa Kubo to Real Sociedad. On 1 August, Borja Mayoral left the club to join Getafe on a permanent transfer.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: On 10 August, Real Madrid opened the season with a 2–0 victory over Eintracht Frankfurt in the 2022 UEFA Super Cup. David Alaba and Karim Benzema scored the goals, with the latter breaking the tie with Raúl and becoming the club's outright second-highest goalscorer. The win marked Madrid's fifth European Super Cup title, a tournament record shared with Milan and Barcelona. Four days later, Lucas Vázquez and Alaba scored two second-half goals, as Madrid started their La Liga title defense with a 2–1 win at Almería. On 19 August, the club announced an agreement with Manchester United on the transfer of Casemiro, who spent nine years at Real Madrid and won 18 trophies. On 20 August, Celta Vigo was beaten 4–1 on the road, with Benzema, Luka Modrić, Vinícius Júnior and Federico Valverde on the scoresheet. Eight days later, a goal from Vinícius and a late Benzema brace got Madrid a 3–1 win at Espanyol, their third straight away win.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: On the third day of the new month, goals from Vinícius and Rodrygo secured Madrid a 2–1 win over Real Betis at the Santiago Bernabéu, ending a five-year winless and goalless home run against "Los Verdiblancos". On 6 September, Madrid faced Celtic away from home in the first match of the UEFA Champions League and won 3–0, with Vinícius, Modrić and Eden Hazard scoring the goals. Five days later, a strike from Valverde and goals from Vinícius, Rodrygo and Rüdiger, a debut one for the German, earned Real a 4–1 home victory over Mallorca. On 14 September, Madrid defeated RB Leipzig 2–0 at home on Matchday 2 of the Champions League, thanks to goals from Valverde and Marco Asensio. Four days later, Rodrygo and Valverde scored two first-half goals for a 2–1 away win against Atlético Madrid in the Madrid derby.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: After the international break, play resumed on 2 October and Madrid's winning run came to an end after a 1–1 home draw against Osasuna, with Vinícius scoring the only goal for the team. Three days later, goals from Rodrygo and Vinícius gave Madrid a 2–1 home win over Shakhtar Donetsk in the third matchday of the Champions League. On 8 October, Madrid registered a 1–0 win at Getafe, with the lone goal being scored by Éder Militão in the third minute. Three days later, Real played Shakhtar Donetsk in a Champions League game in Poland and came away with a 1–1 draw, thanks to an injury time goal from Rüdiger, which also officially qualified them for the round of 16. On 16 October, Madrid won the first El Clásico of the season, beating Barcelona 3–1 at the Santiago Bernabéu with goals from Benzema, Valverde and Rodrygo. Three days later, Madrid defeated Elche 3–0 away from home, with Valverde, Benzema and Asensio on the scoresheet. On 22 October, Sevilla was beaten at the Bernabéu, as goals from Modrić, Vázquez and Valverde gave Madrid a 3–1 win. Three days later, Madrid suffered a 2–3 away loss in a Champions League game against RB Leipzig, with the two goals being scored by Vinícius and Rodrygo. This defeat was their first in the season, also ending the team's twenty-game unbeaten streak. On 30 October, Madrid dropped points against Girona at home. The game ended tied at 1–1, with Vinícius initially giving Real the lead.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: On the second day of the new month, Real Madrid produced a 5–1 home victory over Celtic in the Champions League and advanced to the round of 16 as group winners. Modrić, Rodrygo, Asensio, Vinícius and Valverde each scored one goal. On 7 November, the league match at Rayo Vallecano was lost 2–3, with Modrić and Militão scoring to give Madrid a temporary 2–1 lead. This was Real's first La Liga loss of the season. Three days later, Madrid managed to beat Cádiz in their last game before the World Cup break, winning 2–1 at home after Militão's header and a strike from Toni Kroos.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: On 10 June 2022, Real Madrid announced they would travel to the United States to participate in the pre-season Soccer Champions Tour. "El Clásico" against Barcelona marked the second time the teams face each other on American soil after the 2017 International Champions Cup match.


title: 2022–23 Real Madrid CF season

text: Madrid will enter the tournament in the round of 32, as they qualified for the 2022–23 Supercopa de España.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: "A Sky Full of Stars" is a song by the British rock band Coldplay. It was released in May 2014 as the second single from their sixth album, "Ghost Stories" (2014). An exclusive digital EP version of it, with the B-sides "All Your Friends", "Ghost Story" and "O (Reprise)", came out in the following weeks, being considered the band's eleventh extended play.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: The band co-wrote and co-produced the song with Avicii and received production assistance from Paul Epworth, Daniel Green and Rik Simpson. It was recorded at The Bakery and The Beehive in North London, England. Upon its release, "A Sky Full of Stars" garnered mostly positive reviews from music critics and charted inside the top 10 in over 16 countries such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and United States.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: A music video for the song was directed by Mat Whitecross and was released on 19 June 2014. The single peaked at number one in Italy, Israel, Luxembourg, Portugal, Lebanon, and the Walloon region of Belgium. It also topped the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Songs chart. It was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 57th Grammy Awards.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: "A Sky Full of Stars" marks the band's first dance track, being outlined as an EDM track with house influences. A piano-centric song which is written in the key of G♭ major, the track opens as a piano ballad, with progressive house-influenced electronic music that plays out in between verses. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, the song follows a chord progression of E♭m– B –G♭–B♭m with a tempo of 125 beats per minute, and the vocals span from A♭ to G♭. The track has been described as "[falling] in line with the synth-heavy soundscapes of 'Midnight', but with more danceable flavor". The song's repeating chord sequence and varied melody was inspired by the work of American pop singer Katy Perry and Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit" (1991).


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: "A Sky Full of Stars" was recorded during the sessions for the band's sixth studio album, at their purpose-built studios The Bakery and The Beehive in North London, England. The studios were both originally constructed for work on their two previous studio albums, 2008's "Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends" and 2011's "Mylo Xyloto".


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: Swedish record producer Avicii was invited by the band to collaborate on "A Sky Full of Stars". In addition to producing the track, he was also asked by lead singer Chris Martin to play and record the piano parts. However, Martin later stated in a BBC Radio 1 interview with Zane Lowe that he felt that he had "cheated" on the band by asking Avicii to play the piano instead of playing it himself.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: On 2 May 2014, "A Sky Full of Stars" was released early through "Ghost Stories" on the iTunes Store worldwide and on Spotify. On 5 May 2014, the single was released at Google Play store in Australia. On 26 June, Coldplay announced the "A Sky Full of Stars EP", which features the radio edit of the song and three bonus tracks from the Target version of "Ghost Stories": "All Your Friends", the title track "Ghost Story" and "O (Reprise)". The extended play was then released on 29 June 2014 worldwide, with exception of the United States, given that those songs are already available through their exclusive deluxe edition, although in 2021, the EP was made available in the United States on all streaming platforms.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: The single art for "A Sky Full of Stars" was etched by UK-based, Czech etching artist Mila Fürstová. The artwork continues the motif of artworks in the "Ghost Stories" album cycle, which feature a scene occurring in a larger, enclosed body. Multiple figures such as angels with wings like of the "Ghost Stories" artwork, buildings such as a church, and objects such as a maze and a chair, also alluding to those in the "Ghost Stories" artwork, are depicted encased in a three-dimensional star chart. The artwork is reminiscent of Fürstová's earlier work, "Other Skies", which also features various figures, buildings and objects imposed onto a star map.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: "A Sky Full of Stars" received generally positive reviews upon release. Carl Williott of Idolator gave the track a positive review, stating: "Quite honestly it sounds more like a Zedd or Avicii offering than a Coldplay one, and it's certainly the loudest and most joyful cut we've heard from the album so far". Melinda Newman of "HitFix" had similar thoughts, calling the song "the most commercial and dance-y track so far" from the album. Chris De Ville of Stereogum gave "A Sky Full of Stars" an overwhelmingly positive comment, stating that the song is "the most energetic and classically Coldplay song we've heard from the album so far". Chris Martins of "Spin" magazine also commented relatively positively, writing that "The big-tent EDM offering is pretty satisfying in all of the ways that those things are".


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: Consequence of Sound's wrote the song "starts off as a heartfelt piano ballad before flourishes of pounding electronics take over the chorus" and noted that it "falls in line with the synth-heavy soundscapes of 'Midnight', but with more danceable flavor." Zane Lowe of BBC Radio 1 named the track his 'Hottest Record' for 29 April 2014. However, a negative review came from Carolyn Menyes of "Music Times" who criticized the song for "lack[ing] a personality or heart, something that the best Coldplay songs are chock full of." Josh Modell of "The A.V. Club" panned it as a "blatantly pandering, album-interrupting, mood-f*cking-up [track] which is destined to be a hit and also instantly dated." iHeartRadio included the track on their unranked list of "30 Alternative Rock Songs That Defined the 2010s".


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: Within 24 hours of its iTunes release, the track had sold 121,690 units worldwide, peaking at number one in 86 countries on the iTunes Store Charts. As of July 2014, the song reached the Top 10 of nearly every country it charted in, including the bands' homeland country, the United Kingdom where it reached number 9 on UK Singles Chart. The single enjoyed massive commercial success in Australia and New Zealand. In Australia, the song reached number two on the ARIA Charts, their highest-charting single since 2008's "Viva La Vida", and became one of their three highest-charting singles in the country. In New Zealand, the song reached number two on New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming the band's highest-charting single to date and their fifth top-ten single in the country.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: On the issue dated 21 May 2014, the song reached number ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it their third top 10 hit and first since their number-one single "Viva la Vida" in 2008. It also became their first number-one single on the "Billboard" Hot Rock Songs chart. "A Sky Full of Stars" was the band's second number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart. The song has sold over a million digital copies in the U.S. as of November 2014.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: <mapframe width=230 height=230 zoom=17 latitude=-33.8967797 longitude=151.17933 text="Route scheme in the music video">


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: The official music video was directed by Mat Whitecross and the shooting took place on King Street, Newtown, Sydney, on 17 June 2014. It was released on 19 June 2014.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: At the beginning of the video, Chris Martin, walks down King Street dressed as a one-man band, singing the first verse of the song. Then he reaches the other members of the band (also dressed as one-man bands) and, together, they play the instrumental refrain. Martin is then seen walking through the street, without the other members, while he sings the second verse. At the end of the video the band reunites in a square, singing and playing the final part of the song with a crowd of fans. While Martin is singing the final part, many paper-made stars are blown into the square.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: An alternate music video, produced by design studio Artisan, shows the band performing the song in a dark room where an animation of stars is projected onto the floor. The musicians interact with the projection and the stars swirl and fly around following their movements. During an interview, Martin revealed this version was actually the original idea for the music video, but was later scrapped and they decided to shoot a new video in Sydney. However, snippets from the Artisan video were included in the official one and they can be seen playing on the TV screens in a shop's showcase.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: "A Sky Full of Stars" was first played in closed-audience performances. The band, when performing the song before the release of the "A Sky Full of Stars" single, would routinely ask the audience not to record their performance of the song, in an attempt to prevent the song from leaking ahead of its release. Despite their intentions, the song was leaked after their performance of the song during the opening night of their "Ghost Stories" Promotional Tour at E-Werk in Cologne, Germany on 25 April 2014. The song was premiered live on the 29 April 2014 airing of BBC Two music television show "Later... with Jools Holland". The band then performed the song on "Saturday Night Live" on 3 May 2014. The band also performed the song on "The Graham Norton Show", in the UK, on 30 May 2014.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: At the Apple September 9, 2014, Event, "A Sky Full of Stars" was the song of choice when the first introduction video unveiled the Apple Watch.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: "A Sky Full of Stars" was played during the 2020 Democratic National Convention and after the acceptance speeches of U.S. President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris following their victory in the 2020 presidential election on November 7, 2020. Dana Bash of CNN noted the significance of the song choice for Biden as it was the favourite song of his late son Beau Biden.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: It was also chosen by the players of English football team Liverpool F.C. to play during the celebrations as they lifted the 2019–20 Premier League, their first league title in 30 years.


title: A Sky Full of Stars

text: Taron Egerton performed the song as his character Johnny for the 2021 animated film, "Sing 2"; the song was also included on the film's soundtrack.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: Montgomery Ward is the name of two successive U.S. retail corporations. The original Montgomery Ward & Co. was a world-pioneering mail-order business and later also a leading department store chain that operated between 1872 and 2001. The current Montgomery Ward Inc. is a national online shopping and mail-order catalog retailer that started several years after the original Montgomery Ward shut down.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: Aaron Montgomery Ward started his business in Chicago; conflicting reports place his first office either in a single room at 825 North Clark Street or in a loft above a livery stable on Kinzie Street, between Rush and State Streets.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In 1883, the company's catalog, which became popularly known as the "Wish Book", had grown to 240 pages and 10,000 items. In 1896, Wards encountered its first serious competition in the mail order business, when Richard Warren Sears introduced his first general catalog. In 1900, Wards had total sales of $8.7 million, compared to $10 million for Sears, and both companies struggled for dominance during much of the 20th century. By 1904, Wards had expanded such that it mailed three million catalogs, weighing each, to customers.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In 1908, the company opened a building stretching along nearly one-quarter mile of the Chicago River, north of downtown Chicago. The building, known as the Montgomery Ward & Co. Catalog House, served as the company headquarters until 1974, when the offices moved across the street to a new tower designed by Minoru Yamasaki. The catalog house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978 and a Chicago historic landmark in May 2000. In the decades before 1930, Montgomery Ward built a network of large distribution centers across the country in Baltimore, Fort Worth, Kansas City, Oakland, Portland, and St. Paul. In most cases, these reinforced concrete structures were the largest industrial structures in their respective locations. The Baltimore Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In 1926, the company broke with its mail-order-only tradition when it opened its first retail outlet store in Plymouth, Indiana. It continued to operate its catalog business while pursuing an aggressive campaign to build retail outlets in the late 1920s. In 1928, two years after opening its first outlet, it had opened 244 stores. By 1929, it had more than doubled its number of outlets to 531. Its flagship retail store in Chicago was located on Michigan Avenue between Madison and Washington streets.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In 1930, the company declined a merger offer from rival chain Sears. Losing money during the Great Depression, Wards alarmed its major investors, including J. P. Morgan, Jr.. In 1931, Morgan hired a new president, Sewell Avery, who cut staff levels and stores, changed lines, hired store rather than catalog managers, and refurbished stores. These actions caused the company to become profitable before the end of the 1930s.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: Wards was very successful in its retail business. "Green awning" stores dotted hundreds of small towns across the country. Larger stores were built in the major cities. By the end of the 1930s, Montgomery Ward had become the country's largest retailer, and Sewell Avery became the company's chief executive officer.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In April 1944, four months into a nationwide strike by the company's 12,000 workers, U.S. Army troops seized the company's Chicago offices. The action was ordered due to Avery's refusal to settle the strike as requested by the Roosevelt administration, concerned about the adverse effect on the delivery of goods in wartime. Avery had refused to comply with a War Labor Board order to recognize the unions and institute the terms of a collective bargaining agreement. Eight months later, with Montgomery Ward continuing to refuse to recognize the unions, President Roosevelt issued an executive order seizing all of Montgomery Ward's property nationwide, citing the War Labor Disputes Act as well as his power under the Constitution as commander-in-chief. In 1945, Truman ended the seizure and the Supreme Court ended the pending appeal as moot.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: After World War II, Sewell Avery believed the country would fall back into a recession or even a depression. He decided to not open any new stores, and did not even permit expenditure for paint to freshen the existing stores. His plan was to bank profits to preserve liquidity when the recession or depression he anticipated hit, and then buy up his retail competition.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: However, without new stores or any investment back into the business, Montgomery Ward declined in sales volume compared to Sears; many have blamed the conservative decisions of Avery, who seemed not to understand the postwar years' changing economy. As new shopping centers were built after the war, Sears was perceived to have better locations than Wards. Nonetheless, for many years Wards was still the nation's third-largest department store chain.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In 1955, investor Louis Wolfson waged a high-profile proxy fight to obtain control of the board of Montgomery Ward. The new board forced the resignation of Avery. This fight led to a state court decision that Illinois corporations were not entitled to stagger elections of board members."


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In 1961, company president John Barr hired Robert Elton Brooker to lead Montgomery Ward as president in its turnaround. Brooker brought with him a number of key new management people, including Edward Donnell, former manager of Sears' Los Angeles stores.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: The new management team achieved the turnaround reducing the number of suppliers from 15,000 to 7,000 and the number of brands being carried dropped from 168 to 16. Ward's private brands were given 95 percent of the volume compared with 40 percent in 1960.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: The results of these changes were lower handling costs and higher quality standards. Buying was centralized but store operations were decentralized, under a new territory system modeled after Sears.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In 1966, Ed Donnell was named company president. Brooker continued as chairman and chief executive officer until 1976. In 1968, Brooker helped engineer a friendly merger with Container Corporation of America; the new company was named MARCOR. In 1974, Mobil oil company bought MARCOR.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: During the 1970s, the company continued to struggle. In 1973, its 102nd year in business, it purchased a small discount store chain, the Miami-based Jefferson Stores, renaming these locations Jefferson Ward. Mobil, flush with cash from the recent rise in oil prices, acquired Montgomery Ward in 1976.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: By 1980, Mobil realized that the Montgomery Ward stores were doing poorly in comparison to the Jefferson stores, and decided that high quality discount units, along the lines of Dayton Hudson Company's Target stores, would be the retailer's future.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: Within 18 months, management quintupled the size of the operation, now called Jefferson Ward, to more than 40 units in the Delaware Valley and Richmond metropolitan areas, and planned to convert one-third of Montgomery Ward's existing stores to the Jefferson Ward model.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: The burden of servicing the new stores fell to the tiny Jefferson staff, who were overwhelmed by the increased store count, had no experience in dealing with some of the product lines they now carried, and were unfamiliar with buying for northern markets.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In 1985, the company closed its catalog business after 113 years and began an aggressive policy of renovating its remaining stores. It restructured many of the store layouts in the downtown areas of larger cities and affluent neighborhoods into boutique-like specialty stores, as these were drawing business from traditional department stores.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: In 1988, the company management undertook a successful $3.8 billion leveraged buyout, making Montgomery Ward a privately held company.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: By the 1990s even its rivals began to lose ground to low-price competition from the likes of Target and Walmart, which eroded even more of Montgomery Ward's traditional customer base. In 1997, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, emerging from protection by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois in August 1999 as a wholly owned subsidiary of GE Capital, which was by then its largest shareholder.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: As part of a last-ditch effort to remain competitive, the company closed over 100 retail locations in 30 U.S. states, abandoned the specialty store strategy, rebranded the chain as simply Wards, and spent millions of dollars to renovate its remaining outlets to be flashier and more consumer-friendly. GE Capital reneged on promises of further financial support of Montgomery Ward's restructuring plans.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: On December 28, 2000, after lower-than-expected sales during the Christmas season, the company announced it would cease operating, close its remaining 250 retail outlets, and lay off its 37,000 employees.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: At its height, the original Montgomery Ward was one of the biggest retailers in the United States. After its demise, the familiarity of its brand meant its name, corporate logo, and advertising were considered valuable intangible assets. In 2004, catalog marketer Direct Marketing Services Inc. (DMSI), an Iowa direct marketing company, purchased much of the intellectual property assets of the former Wards, including the "Montgomery Ward" and "Wards" trademarks, for an undisclosed amount.


title: Montgomery Ward

text: DMSI applied the brand to a new online and catalog-based retailing operation, with no physical stores, headquartered in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. DMSI then began operating under the Montgomery Ward branding in June 2004, selling many of the same kinds of products as the original company. The new company does not honor its predecessor's obligations, such as gift cards and items sold with a lifetime guarantee. David Milgrom, then president of the DMSI-owned firm, told the Associated Press, "We're rebuilding the brand, and we want to do it right."


title: Montgomery Ward

text: Four years later, in July 2008, DMSI announced it was on the auction block, with the sale of its assets scheduled for the following month. On August 5, 2008, the catalog retailer Swiss Colony purchased DMSI. Swiss Colony—which changed its name to Colony Brands Inc. June 1, 2010—kept Montgomery Ward alive and relaunched the Wards website September 10, 2008, with new catalogs mailing in February 2009. A month before the catalog's launch, Swiss Colony President John Baumann told United Press International the retailer might also resurrect the original Montgomery Ward's Signature and Powr-Kraft store brands. Among the new store brands Wards started under Colony was a home and kitchen brand called Chef Tested. By 2020, some Chef Tested and Montgomery Ward-brand home and kitchen items were being sold on Amazon.com.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), hyposexuality or inhibited sexual desire (ISD) is sometimes considered a sexual dysfunction, and is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity, as judged by a clinician. For this to be regarded as a disorder, it must cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulties and not be better accounted for by another mental disorder, a drug (legal or illegal), or some other medical condition. A person with ISD will not start, or respond to their partner's desire for, sexual activity. HSDD affects approximately 10% of all pre-menopausal women in the United States, or about 6 million women.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: There are various subtypes. HSDD can be general (general lack of sexual desire) or situational (still has sexual desire but lacks sexual desire for current partner), and it can be acquired (HSDD started after a period of normal sexual functioning) or lifelong (the person has always had no/low sexual desire).


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: In the DSM-5, HSDD was split into male hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female sexual interest/arousal disorder. It was first included in the DSM-III under the name inhibited sexual desire disorder, but the name was changed in the DSM-III-R. Other terms used to describe the phenomenon include sexual aversion and sexual apathy. More informal or colloquial terms are "frigidity" and "frigidness".


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Low sexual desire alone is not equivalent to HSDD because of the requirement in HSDD that the low sexual desire causes marked distress and interpersonal difficulty and because of the requirement that the low desire is not better accounted for by another disorder in the DSM or by a general medical problem. It is therefore difficult to say exactly what causes HSDD. It is easier to describe, instead, some of the causes of low sexual desire.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: In men, though there are theoretically more types of HSDD/low sexual desire, typically men are only diagnosed with one of three subtypes.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Though it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish between these types, they do not necessarily have the same cause. The cause of lifelong/generalized HSDD is unknown. In the case of acquired/generalized low sexual desire, possible causes include various medical/health problems, psychiatric problems, low levels of testosterone or high levels of prolactin. One theory suggests that sexual desire is controlled by a balance between inhibitory and excitatory factors. This is thought to be expressed via neurotransmitters in selective brain areas. A decrease in sexual desire may therefore be due to an imbalance between neurotransmitters with excitatory activity like dopamine and norepinephrine and neurotransmitters with inhibitory activity, like serotonin. Low sexual desire can also be a side effect of various medications. In the case of acquired/situational HSDD, possible causes include intimacy difficulty, relationship problems, sexual addiction, and chronic illness of the man's partner. The evidence for these is somewhat in question. Some claimed causes of low sexual desire are based on empirical evidence. However, some are based merely on clinical observation. In many cases, the cause of HSDD is simply unknown.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Some factors are believed to be possible causes of HSDD in women. As with men, various medical problems, psychiatric problems (such as mood disorders), or increased amounts of prolactin can cause HSDD. Other hormones are believed to be involved as well. Additionally, factors such as relationship problems or stress are believed to be possible causes of reduced sexual desire in women. According to one recent study examining the affective responses and attentional capture of sexual stimuli in women with and without HSDD, women with HSDD do not appear to have a negative association to sexual stimuli, but rather a weaker positive association than women without HSDD.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: In the DSM-5, male hypoactive sexual desire disorder is characterized by "persistently or recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies and desire for sexual activity", as judged by a clinician with consideration for the patient's age and cultural context. Female sexual interest/arousal disorder is defined as a "lack of, or significantly reduced, sexual interest/arousal", manifesting as at least three of the following symptoms: no or little interest in sexual activity, no or few sexual thoughts, no or few attempts to initiate sexual activity or respond to partner's initiation, no or little sexual pleasure/excitement in 75–100% of sexual experiences, no or little sexual interest in internal or external erotic stimuli, and no or few genital/nongenital sensations in 75–100% of sexual experiences.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: For both diagnoses, symptoms must persist for at least six months, cause clinically significant distress, and not be better explained by another condition. Simply having lower desire than one's partner is not sufficient for a diagnosis. Self-identification of a lifelong lack of sexual desire as asexuality precludes diagnosis.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: HSDD, like many sexual dysfunctions, is something that people are treated for in the context of a relationship. Theoretically, one could be diagnosed with and treated for HSDD without being in a relationship. However, relationship status is the most predictive factor accounting for distress in women with low desire and distress is required for a diagnosis of HSDD. Therefore, it is common for both partners to be involved in therapy.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Typically, the therapist tries to find a psychological or biological cause of the HSDD. If the HSDD is organically caused, the clinician may try to treat it. If the clinician believes it is rooted in a psychological problem, he or she may recommend therapy. If not, treatment generally focuses more on relationship and communication issues, improved communication (verbal and nonverbal), working on non-sexual intimacy, or education about sexuality may all be possible parts of treatment. Sometimes problems occur because people have unrealistic perceptions about what normal sexuality is and are concerned that they do not compare well to that, and this is one reason why education can be important. If the clinician thinks that part of the problem is a result of stress, techniques may be recommended to more effectively deal with that. Also, it can be important to understand why the low level of sexual desire is a problem for the relationship because the two partners may associate different meanings with sex but not know it.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: In the case of men, the therapy may depend on the subtype of HSDD. Increasing the level of sexual desire of a man with lifelong/generalized HSDD is unlikely. Instead, the focus may be on helping the couple to adapt. In the case of acquired/generalized, it is likely that there is some biological reason the clinician can address. In the case of acquired/situational, some form of psychotherapy may be used, possibly with the man alone and possibly together with his partner.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Flibanserin was the first medication approved by FDA for the treatment of HSDD in pre-menopausal women. Its approval was controversial and a systematic review found its benefits to be marginal. The only other medication approved in the US for HSDD in pre-menopausal women is bremelanotide, in 2019.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: A few studies suggest that the antidepressant, bupropion, can improve sexual function in women who are not depressed, if they have HSDD. The same is true for the anxiolytic, buspirone, which is a 5-HT receptor agonist similarly to flibanserin.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Testosterone supplementation is effective in the short term. However, its long-term safety is unclear.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: The term "frigid" to describe sexual dysfunction derives from medieval and early modern canonical texts about witchcraft. It was thought that witches could put spells on men to make them incapable of erections. Only in the early nineteenth century were women first described as "frigid", and a vast literature exists on what was considered a serious problem if a woman did not desire sex with her husband. Many medical texts between 1800 and 1930 focused on women's frigidity, considering it a sexual pathology.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: The French psychoanalyst Princess Marie Bonaparte theorized about frigidity and considered herself to have it. In the early versions of the DSM, there were only two sexual dysfunctions listed: frigidity (for women) and impotence (for men).


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: In 1970, Masters and Johnson published their book "Human Sexual Inadequacy" describing sexual dysfunctions, though these included only dysfunctions dealing with the function of genitals such as premature ejaculation and impotence for men, and anorgasmia and vaginismus for women. Prior to Masters and Johnson's research, female orgasm was assumed by some to originate primarily from vaginal, rather than clitoral, stimulation. Consequently, feminists have argued that "frigidity" was "defined by men as the failure of women to have vaginal orgasms".


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Following this book, sex therapy increased throughout the 1970s. Reports from sex-therapists about people with low sexual desire are reported from at least 1972, but labeling this as a specific disorder did not occur until 1977. In that year, sex therapists Helen Singer Kaplan and Harold Lief independently of each other proposed creating a specific category for people with low or no sexual desire. Lief named it "inhibited sexual desire", and Kaplan named it "hypoactive sexual desire". The primary motivation for this was that previous models for sex therapy assumed certain levels of sexual interest in one's partner and that problems were only caused by abnormal functioning/non-functioning of the genitals or performance anxiety but that therapies based on those problems were ineffective for people who did not sexually desire their partner. The following year, 1978, Lief and Kaplan together made a proposal to the APA's taskforce for sexual disorders for the DSM III, of which Kaplan and Lief were both members. The diagnosis of Inhibited Sexual Desire (ISD) was added to the DSM when the 3rd edition was published in 1980.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: For understanding this diagnosis, it is important to recognize the social context in which it was created. In some cultures, low sexual desire may be considered normal, and high sexual desire conversely problematic. For example, sexual desire may be lower in East Asian populations than Euro-Canadian/American populations. In other cultures, this may be reversed. Some cultures try hard to restrain sexual desire. Others try to excite it. Concepts of "normal" levels of sexual desire are culturally dependent and rarely value-neutral. In the 1970s, there were strong cultural messages that sex is good for you and "the more the better". Within this context, people who were habitually uninterested in sex, who in previous times may not have seen this as a problem, were more likely to feel that this was a situation that needed to be fixed. They may have felt alienated by dominant messages about sexuality and increasingly people went to sex-therapists complaining of low sexual desire. It was within this context that the diagnosis of ISD was created.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: In the revision of the DSM-III, published in 1987 (DSM-III-R), ISD was subdivided into two categories: Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Sexual Aversion Disorder (SAD). The former is a lack of interest in sex and the latter is a phobic aversion to sex. In addition to this subdivision, one reason for the change is that the committee involved in revising the psychosexual disorders for the DSM-III-R thought that the term "inhibited" suggests psychodynamic cause (i.e., that the conditions for sexual desire are present, but the person is, for some reason, inhibiting their own sexual interest). The term "hypoactive sexual desire" is more awkward, but more neutral with respect to the cause. The DSM-III-R estimated that about 20% of the population had HSDD. In the DSM-IV (1994), the criterion that the diagnosis requires "marked distress or interpersonal difficulty" was added.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: The DSM-5, published in 2013, split HSDD into "male hypoactive sexual desire disorder" and "female sexual interest/arousal disorder". The distinction was made because men report more intense and frequent sexual desire than women. According to Lori Brotto, this classification is desirable compared to the DSM-IV classification system because: (1) it reflects the finding that desire and arousal tend to overlap (2) it differentiates between women who lack desire before the onset of activity, but who are receptive to initiation and or initiate sexual activity for reasons other than desire, and women who never experience sexual arousal (3) it takes the variability in sexual desire into account. Furthermore, the criterion that 6 symptoms be present for a diagnosis helps safeguard against pathologizing adaptive decreases in desire.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: HSDD, as currently defined by the DSM, has come under criticism of the social function of the diagnosis.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder is not recognized as a disorder by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for the British National Health Service, with the judgement based on an article in the "Journal of Medical Ethics" that "Hypoactive sexual desire disorder is a typical example of a condition that was sponsored by industry to prepare the market for a specific treatment".


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: Prior to the publication of the DSM-5, the DSM-IV criteria were criticized on several grounds. It was suggested that a duration criterion should be added because lack of interest in sex over the past month is significantly more common than lack of interest lasting six months. Similarly, a frequency criterion (i.e., the symptoms of low desire be present in 75% or more of sexual encounters) has been suggested.


title: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

text: The current framework for HSDD is based on a linear model of human sexual response, developed by Masters and Johnson and modified by Kaplan consisting of desire, arousal, orgasm. The sexual dysfunctions in the DSM are based around problems at any one or more of these stages. Many of the criticisms of the DSM-IV framework for sexual dysfunction in general, and HSDD in particular, claimed that this model ignored the differences between male and female sexuality. Several criticisms were based on the inadequacy of the DSM-IV framework for dealing with females' sexual problems.


title: 2022–23 EFL League Two

text: The 2022–23 EFL League Two (referred to as the Sky Bet League Two for sponsorship reasons) is the 19th season of the Football League Two under its current title and the 31st season under its current league division format. It began on 30 July 2022.


title: Ælfweard of Wessex

text: Ælfweard (; c. 902 – 2 August 924) was the second son of Edward the Elder, the eldest born to his second wife Ælfflæd.


title: Ælfweard of Wessex

text: The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" simply states that Ælfweard died soon after his father's death on 17 July 924 and that they were buried together at Winchester. Manuscript D of the "Chronicle" specifies that he outlived his father by only 16 days. No reign is explicitly attributed to him here. However, a list of West-Saxon kings in the 12th-century "Textus Roffensis" mentions him as his father's successor, with a reign of four weeks. He is also described as king in the New Minster "Liber Vitae", an 11th-century source based in part on earlier material. On the other hand, William of Malmesbury, summarising a text dating to the lifetime of Ælfweard's elder brother Æthelstan, states that Æthelstan succeeded under the terms of his father's will.


title: Ælfweard of Wessex

text: This conflicting documentation has led to alternative interpretations, some modern historians concluding that he had succeeded his father in preference to his older half-brother Æthelstan, while others maintain that Æthelstan was the only heir to his father. Alternatively, a divided rule has been suggested, since the so-called Mercian register of the "Chronicle" reports that Æthelstan became king of the Mercians, and William of Malmesbury, though denying a reign for Ælfweard, reports that Æthelstan was educated at the Mercian court of his aunt Æthelflæd. In the view of Simon Keynes, Ælfweard was recognised as king in Wessex and Æthelstan in Mercia, and although it is possible that Edward intended a division of the kingdom after his death, it is more likely that the leaders of Wessex chose Ælfweard and Mercia set up Æthelstan in opposition.


title: Ælfweard of Wessex

text: Ælfweard died only 16 days after his father, on 2 August 924 at Oxford, and was buried at the New Minster, Winchester. Æthelstan still had difficulty in securing acceptance in Wessex, and he was not crowned King of the Anglo-Saxons until 4 September 925.


title: Future Group

text: Future Group is an Indian conglomerate, founded by Kishore Biyani and based in Mumbai. The company is known in Indian retail and fashion sectors, operating supermarket chains Big Bazaar and Food Bazaar, lifestyle stores Brand Factory and Central, integrated foods and FMCG manufacturing sectors. Future Retail Limited and Future Lifestyle Fashions Limited are two operating companies whose assets are among the top retail companies listed in BSE, with market capitalization among the highest on the National Stock Exchange of India.


title: Future Group

text: The group promotes its fashion and sports brands Indigo Nation, Spalding, Lombard, and Bare, and FMCG brands Tasty Treat, Fresh & Pure, Clean Mate, Ektaa, Premium Harvest, Sach. Other operating companies address internal financial matters and consulting. The company is attempting to reduce debt to avoid insolvency, according to industry sources.


title: Future Group

text: In May 2012, Future Group announced a 50.1% stake sale of its fashion chain Pantaloons to Aditya Birla Group in order to reduce its debt of around . To do so, the Pantaloons fashion segment was demerged from Pantaloons Retail India Ltd, which was then merged into subsidiary Future Value Retail Ltd and later renamed Future Retail Ltd.


title: Future Group

text: On 21 November 2014, Future Consumer Enterprises Limited acquired 98% of Nilgris from Actis Capital and other promoters. With that, Nilgiris is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Future Consumer Enterprises Limited (FCEL).


title: Future Group

text: In August 2019, Amazon acquired a 49% stake in Future Coupons, and indirectly obtained a 3.5% minority stake in Future Retail, ahead of an option to buy all or part of the promoters' holding in the company.


title: Future Group

text: In August 2020, it was announced that Reliance Retail had reached an agreement with Future Group to acquire the latter's retail and wholesale businesses and its logistics and warehousing businesses for $3.4 billion.


title: Future Group

text: The merger between Reliance Retail and Future Group was halted in October 2020, after Amazon filed a plea in the High Court for enforcement of EA awarded by the Singapore International Arbitration Center. In August 2021, the Supreme Court of India upheld Amazon's plea to restrain the merger. In December 2021, the CCI withdrew its approval for Amazon's acquisition of a minority stake in Future Coupons, stating that Amazon had misled the regulator about the purpose of its investment in the Future Group company.


title: Future Group

text: FabFurnish was launched as an online retailer of furniture, décor, and home appliances in March 2012 by Vikram Chopra, Mehul Agrawal, and Vaibhav Aggarwal. The company was headquartered in Gurgaon, NCR.


title: Future Group

text: In July 2015, the brand announced a strategic restructuring, introducing Ashish Garg and Ankita Dabas as the new leaders. In April 2016, FabFurnish became a Future Group company. On 13 April 2017, the Times of India reported that Future Group was likely to close FabFurnish.


title: Future Group

text: Generali is an Italian insurance company, operating in India through a joint venture with Future Group under the brand name Future Generali Insurance. Future Generali operates in India via two Generali India Life Insurance Co. Ltd. (Life Insurance) and Generali India Insurance Co. Ltd. (Non-Life Insurance).


title: Future Group

text: Staples Inc., a United States-based office supply retailer, has a presence in over nine cities in India under a joint venture with Future Group. As of April 2013, Future Group had a 60% stake in the partnership.


title: Future Group

text: Skechers entered India through a JV with Future Group in 2012. Skechers ended the joint venture in February 2019 by buying 49% them out.


title: Future Group

text: French fashion Celio entered India in 2008 through a 50:50 joint venture with Future Group's then retail hand, Pantaloons Retail India Ltd (now Future Retail Ltd). In November 2013, Celio hiked its stake in the joint venture to 65%.


title: Future Group

text: C&J Clark International Ltd. is a UK-based footwear and accessories retailer. Future Group entered into a 50:50 joint venture to form 'Clarks Future Footwear Ltd'. The JV launched its first (1,600 sq ft.) stand-alone store in Connaught Place, Delhi on 19 April 2011.


title: Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute

text: The Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institute (originally the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute) is an acting school founded in 1969 by actor, director, and acting teacher Lee Strasberg. The Institute is located in Union Square on East 15th Street, also known as Lee Strasberg Way, in New York, New York. The school has a secondary campus located in Los Angeles, California.


text: For more than 40 years, the Institute has held a partnership with New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, where students can earn a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. The Institute is under the artistic direction of Anna Strasberg, Lee Strasberg's widow. Students at the Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institute learn method acting, an acting technique created and developed by Strasberg.


text: In 1931, Lee Strasberg co-founded the Group Theatre, hailed as "America's first true theatrical collective," alongside fellow directors Harold Clurman and Cheryl Crawford. In 1951, he became director of the Actors Studio in New York City, considered "the nation's most prestigious acting school," and, in 1966, he was involved in the foundation of the Actors Studio West in Los Angeles.


text: After almost five decades of teaching private classes and shepherding generations of actors toward success at the Actors Studio, Strasberg established his own school in 1969, open to all those interested in learning The Method. Years later, a gift from his wife Anna Strasberg established the permanent homes of the Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institutes in both New York and Los Angeles.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: The Horse Whisperer is a 1998 American Western drama film directed by and starring Robert Redford, based on the 1995 novel "The Horse Whisperer" by Nicholas Evans. Redford plays the title role, a talented trainer with a remarkable gift for understanding horses, who is hired to help an injured teenager (played by Scarlett Johansson) and her horse back to health following a tragic accident.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: The film was released on May 15, 1998. It received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed close to $187 million worldwide.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: In Lake Luzerne, New York, teenager Grace MacLean and her best friend Judith go out early one winter's morning to ride their horses, Pilgrim and Gulliver. As they ride up an icy slope, Gulliver slips and hits Pilgrim. Both horses fall, dragging the girls onto a road and get hit by a tractor-trailer. Judith and Gulliver are killed, while Grace and Pilgrim are both severely injured.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: Grace, left with a partially amputated right leg, is bitter and withdrawn after the accident. Meanwhile, Pilgrim is traumatized and uncontrollable to the extent that it is suggested he be put down. Grace's mother Annie, a strong-minded and workaholic magazine editor, refuses to allow it; sensing that somehow Grace's recovery is linked with Pilgrim's.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: Desperate for a way to heal both Grace and Pilgrim, Annie tracks down a "horse whisperer", Tom Booker, in the remote Montana mountains. Tom agrees to help, but only if Grace also takes part in the process. Grace reluctantly agrees, and she and Annie go to stay at the Booker ranch where Tom lives with his brother and his brother's family.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: As Pilgrim and Grace slowly overcome their trauma, Annie and Tom begin to develop a mutual attraction. However, they are both reluctant to act on these feelings – Annie is married and Tom had his heart broken before (his wife left him because she belonged in the city). Tom also asks Grace to tell him what happened with her and Pilgrim to understand what Pilgrim is feeling. At first, Grace is reluctant, but eventually gathers up her courage, and tearfully describes the accident.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: The status quo between Annie and Tom is broken when Robert MacLean, Grace's father and Annie's husband, unexpectedly shows up at the ranch. Annie is increasingly torn by her feelings for Tom and her love for her family. Soon, with Tom's help, Grace finally takes the last step to heal herself and Pilgrim – riding Pilgrim again. As the MacLeans get ready to leave the ranch, Robert tells Annie that he knows he loved her more than she loved him, and that if he could be a better father, husband, or lawyer then it didn't matter, he did it all for the love he had for her. He felt that he didn't need more, he knows she is not sure how she feels about him, and now he wants her to make a choice, and not to come home until she is sure.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: Although Annie wishes she could stay with Tom on the ranch, she also knows that she belongs to the city, just like Tom's wife. Annie departs, driving away from the ranch, while Tom watches her go from the top of a hill.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: Although he had already directed several films, this was the first time Robert Redford directed a film that he also starred in.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: The main character, according to writer Nicholas Evans, is modeled after horse whisperers Tom Dorrance, Ray Hunt and, in particular, their younger disciple Buck Brannaman. Brannaman also doubled for Robert Redford in the film and served as the consultant. Redford likewise assisted in the production of the documentary "Buck." Evans said, "Others have claimed to be the inspiration for Tom Booker in "The Horse Whisperer". The one who truly inspired me was Buck Brannaman. His skill, understanding and his gentle, loving heart have parted the clouds for countless troubled creatures. Buck is the Zen master of the horse world."


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: The schooling administered to the traumatized horse is faithful to a number of basic natural horsemanship techniques, although the portrayal in the film does not follow the specific method of any one practitioner. Nicholas Evans writes: "I spent many weeks traveling across the West and met three amazing horsemen: Tom Dorrance, Ray Hunt and Buck Brannaman."


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: The horse training methods shown are not entirely without controversy. While Brannaman was the on-site technical consultant, he did not have creative control. The constraints of film-making required a number of sequences to be edited for length, thus not showing some critical training elements that would normally be used. A few basic safety problems in the film include Redford kneeling in front of a horse known to charge humans in one scene, and wearing a large ring on his finger while training in another, a risky practice in the real world when simultaneously handling a dangerous horse and a rope.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: A fundamental literary device used that goes against basic horse psychology was that of having Pilgrim, apparently a well-trained horse, suddenly became a vicious rogue following a single traumatic event. A horse may have a strong reaction after an accident if the elements that preceded the trauma are repeated at a future time (for example, it would be reasonable for Pilgrim to have developed a fear of vehicles, of crossing a road, or of climbing a steep slope), but not generally a complete change in personality, manner and outlook in the way that can occur in traumatized humans. Such behavioral changes in a horse would normally be the result of sustained, long-term animal abuse.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: A practitioner of natural horsemanship, John Lyons, provided an equestrian's critique of the film, noting that while there were many positive messages, there was also the potential for people to get some dangerous messages about horse training from certain sequences. He first noted that the multiple horses that played Pilgrim were all well-trained animals and that the movie did not represent a real-life time frame for training a single real-life animal. He pointed out that the film made the rehabilitation of the horse appear to be a one-session event, when in reality it would take considerable time for such a change to occur. Lyons criticized a number of dangerous practices shown in the movie, and was particularly critical of the scene where Booker hobbles, ropes, and lays the exhausted horse on the ground, then has Grace get on the recumbent horse, which is then allowed to rise, and the horse and girl miraculously are both cured of their fears and once again a horse and rider team. He argued that the actual real-life practical risk of injury to horse and human in such a method is considerable, that a horse pushed to exhaustion is not "trained", and pushing a fearful rider in such a fashion is ill-advised. However, Lyons' critique also recognized the limitations of Hollywood film-making, stating, "In order to tell a story, things are often done that would be imprudent for horse owners to attempt."


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: "The Horse Whisperer" grossed $74.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $111.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $186.9 million.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: In its opening weekend the film made $13.7 million and finished in second, then made $14.5 million and $7.5 million the following two weekends.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 74% based on 57 reviews, with an average rating of 6.96/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "It might be a bit too eager to tug the heartstrings, but "The Horse Whisperer" is typically graceful, well-crafted Redford—on both sides of the camera." At Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: Janet Maslin in "The New York Times" says that the film "sustains great visual intensity thanks to Robert Richardson's majestic cinematography" but its "rock-solid values" are diluted by "a misconceived ending", whereas CNN in a rather sarcastic review complains that the storytelling was "all done very, very slowly" and mentions the film's length. Film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the film "two thumbs up" on their weekly TV show "At the Movies". Leonard Maltin gave the film three and a half stars out of a possible four, and called the film an "exquisite rendering of Evans' novel".


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: The song "A Soft Place to Fall" by Allison Moorer and Gwil Owen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Moorer performs the song in the movie. The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Redford for Best Director at the 56th Golden Globe Awards.


title: The Horse Whisperer (film)

text: The movie's popularity led to the word "whisperer" being coined as a slang term for anyone with a strong affinity for a particular animal or being.


title: Voir dire

text: The word (or ), in this combination, comes from Old French and derives from Latin , "[that which is] true". It is related to the modern French word , which in a deprecated use can mean "indeed", but not to the more common word , "to see", which derives from Latin . William Blackstone referred to it as , which was translated by John Winter Jones as "To speak the truth". However, the expression is now often interpreted by false etymology to mean "to see [them] say". The term is used (as ) in modern Canadian legal French.


title: Voir dire

text: In earlier centuries, a challenge to a particular juror would be tried by other members of the jury panel, and the challenged juror would take an oath of "voir dire", meaning to tell the truth. This procedure fell into disuse when the function of trying challenges to jurors was transferred to the judge.


title: Voir dire

text: In England and Wales, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Canada, it refers to a "trial within a trial". It is a hearing to determine the admissibility of evidence, or the competency of a witness or juror. As the subject matter of the "voir dire" often relates to evidence, competence or other matters that may lead to bias on behalf of the jury, the jury may be removed from the court for the "voir dire".


title: Voir dire

text: Under Scots law, jury selection is random, and there are a few well-defined exclusions in criminal trials.


title: Voir dire

text: In Canada, the case of "Erven v. The Queen" holds that testimony on a "voir dire" cannot influence the trial itself. This remains true even if the judge ruled against the accused in the "voir dire". The judge is assumed to ignore what he or she heard during "voir dire". The jury is never present during a "voir dire". However, since the evidence given at a "voir dire" may be redundant to evidence at trial, with the consent of the parties a procedure called a "blended "voir dire"" may be used to save time. In this procedure, evidence given in the "voir dire", if then found admissible, is transferred into the main trial without having to be repeated.


title: Voir dire

text: In Australia, the rule about "voir dire" is in section 189 of the "Evidence Act 1995" (Cth): "On a voir dire parties can call witnesses, cross-examine opponent's witnesses and make submissions- as they might in the trial proper." The term has thus been broadened in Australian jurisdictions to include any hearing during a trial where the jury is removed. The High Court of Australia has noted that the "voir dire" is an appropriate forum for the trial judge to reprimand counsel or for counsel to make submissions as to the running of the court to the trial judge.


title: Voir dire

text: In the United States, "voir dire" is the process by which prospective jurors are questioned about their backgrounds and potential biases before being chosen to sit on a jury. "Voir Dire is the process by which attorneys select, or perhaps more appropriately reject, certain jurors to hear a case." It also refers to the process by which expert witnesses are questioned about their backgrounds and qualifications before being allowed to present their opinion testimony in court. As noted above, in the United States (especially in practice under the Federal Rules of Evidence), "voir dire" can also refer to examination of the background of a witness to assess their qualification or fitness to give testimony on a given subject. "Voir dire" is often taught to law students in trial advocacy courses.


title: Voir dire

text: Colloquially, among attorneys and their staff, the term is used to describe the process of selecting a jury in some jurisdictions. Jury selection differs based on the court and locality where a trial occurs. The process of jury selection and managing "voir dire" is a key area of study for criminal trial attorneys. The Center for Jury Studies, a project of the National Center for State Courts, has studied "voir dire", as has The American Bar Association.


title: Sample size determination

text: Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in a study is usually determined based on the cost, time, or convenience of collecting the data, and the need for it to offer sufficient statistical power. In complicated studies there may be several different sample sizes: for example, in a stratified survey there would be different sizes for each stratum. In a census, data is sought for an entire population, hence the intended sample size is equal to the population. In experimental design, where a study may be divided into different treatment groups, there may be different sample sizes for each group.


title: Sample size determination

text: Larger sample sizes generally lead to increased precision when estimating unknown parameters. For example, if we wish to know the proportion of a certain species of fish that is infected with a pathogen, we would generally have a more precise estimate of this proportion if we sampled and examined 200 rather than 100 fish. Several fundamental facts of mathematical statistics describe this phenomenon, including the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem.


title: Sample size determination

text: In some situations, the increase in precision for larger sample sizes is minimal, or even non-existent. This can result from the presence of systematic errors or strong dependence in the data, or if the data follows a heavy-tailed distribution.


title: Sample size determination

text: Sample sizes may be evaluated by the quality of the resulting estimates. For example, if a proportion is being estimated, one may wish to have the 95% confidence interval be less than 0.06 units wide. Alternatively, sample size may be assessed based on the power of a hypothesis test. For example, if we are comparing the support for a certain political candidate among women with the support for that candidate among men, we may wish to have 80% power to detect a difference in the support levels of 0.04 units.


title: Sample size determination

text: A relatively simple situation is estimation of a proportion. For example, we may wish to estimate the proportion of residents in a community who are at least 65 years old.


title: Sample size determination

text: The estimator of a proportion is formula_1, where "X" is the number of 'positive' e.g., the number of people out of the "n" sampled people who are at least 65 years old). When the observations are independent, this estimator has a (scaled) binomial distribution (and is also the sample mean of data from a Bernoulli distribution). The maximum variance of this distribution is 0.25, which occurs when the true parameter is "p" = 0.5. In practice, since "p" is unknown, the maximum variance is often used for sample size assessments. If a reasonable estimate for p is known the quantity formula_2 may be used in place of 0.25.


title: Sample size determination

text: For sufficiently large "n", the distribution of formula_3 will be closely approximated by a normal distribution. Using this and the Wald method for the binomial distribution, yields a confidence interval of the form


title: Sample size determination

text: If we wish to have a confidence interval that is "W" units total in width (W/2 on each side of the sample mean), we will solve


title: Sample size determination

text: formula_6 , in the case of using .5 as the most conservative estimate of the proportion. "(Note: W/2 = margin of error.)"


title: Sample size determination

text: In the figure below one can observe how sample sizes for binomial proportions change given different confidence levels and margins of error.


title: Sample size determination

text: For example, if we are interested in estimating the proportion of the US population who supports a particular presidential candidate, and we want the width of 95% confidence interval to be at most 2 percentage points (0.02), then we would need a sample size of (1.96)/ (0.02) = 9604. It is reasonable to use the 0.5 estimate for p in this case because the presidential races are often close to 50/50, and it is also prudent to use a conservative estimate. The margin of error in this case is 1 percentage point (half of 0.02).


title: Sample size determination

text: will form a 95% confidence interval for the true proportion. If this interval needs to be no more than "W" units wide, the equation


title: Sample size determination

text: can be solved for "n", yielding "n" = 4/"W" = 1/"B" where "B" is the error bound on the estimate, i.e., the estimate is usually given as "within ± B". For "B" = 10% one requires "n" = 100, for "B" = 5% one needs "n" = 400, for "B" = 3% the requirement approximates to "n" = 1000, while for "B" = 1% a sample size of "n" = 10000 is required. These numbers are quoted often in news reports of opinion polls and other sample surveys. However, the results reported may not be the exact value as numbers are preferably rounded up. Knowing that the value of the "n" is the minimum number of sample points needed to acquire the desired result, the number of respondents then must lie on or above the minimum.


title: Sample size determination

text: When estimating the population mean using an independent and identically distributed (iid) sample of size "n", where each data value has variance "σ", the standard error of the sample mean is:


title: Sample size determination

text: This expression describes quantitatively how the estimate becomes more precise as the sample size increases. Using the central limit theorem to justify approximating the sample mean with a normal distribution yields a confidence interval of the form


title: Sample size determination

text: If we wish to have a confidence interval that is "W" units total in width (W/2 being the margin of error on each side of the sample mean), we would solve


title: Sample size determination

text: For example, if we are interested in estimating the amount by which a drug lowers a subject's blood pressure with a 95% confidence interval that is six units wide, and we know that the standard deviation of blood pressure in the population is 15, then the required sample size is formula_15, which would be rounded up to 97, because the obtained value is the "minimum" sample size, and sample sizes must be integers and must lie on or above the calculated minimum.


title: Sample size determination

text: A common problem faced by statisticians is calculating the sample size required to yield a certain power for a test, given a predetermined Type I error rate α. As follows, this can be estimated by pre-determined tables for certain values, by Mead's resource equation, or, more generally, by the cumulative distribution function:


title: Sample size determination

text: The table shown on the right can be used in a two-sample t-test to estimate the sample sizes of an experimental group and a control group that are of equal size, that is, the total number of individuals in the trial is twice that of the number given, and the desired significance level is 0.05. The parameters used are:


title: Sample size determination

text: Mead's resource equation is often used for estimating sample sizes of laboratory animals, as well as in many other laboratory experiments. It may not be as accurate as using other methods in estimating sample size, but gives a hint of what is the appropriate sample size where parameters such as expected standard deviations or expected differences in values between groups are unknown or very hard to estimate.


title: Sample size determination

text: All the parameters in the equation are in fact the degrees of freedom of the number of their concepts, and hence, their numbers are subtracted by 1 before insertion into the equation.


title: Sample size determination

text: For example, if a study using laboratory animals is planned with four treatment groups ("T"=3), with eight animals per group, making 32 animals total ("N"=31), without any further stratification ("B"=0), then "E" would equal 28, which is above the cutoff of 20, indicating that sample size may be a bit too large, and six animals per group might be more appropriate.


title: Sample size determination

text: Let "X", "i" = 1, 2, ..., "n" be independent observations taken from a normal distribution with unknown mean μ and known variance σ. Consider two hypotheses, a null hypothesis:


title: Sample size determination

text: for some 'smallest significant difference' "μ" > 0. This is the smallest value for which we care about observing a difference. Now, if we wish to (1) reject "H" with a probability of at least 1 − "β" when


title: Sample size determination

text: "H" is true (i.e. a power of 1 − "β"), and (2) reject "H" with probability α when "H" is true, then we need the following:


title: Sample size determination

text: "H" is true. In this case, our sample average will come from Normal distribution with mean μ. Therefore, we require


title: Sample size determination

text: With more complicated sampling techniques, such as stratified sampling, the sample can often be split up into sub-samples. Typically, if there are "H" such sub-samples (from "H" different strata) then each of them will have a sample size "n", "h" = 1, 2, ..., "H". These "n" must conform to the rule that "n" + "n" + ... + "n" = "n" (i.e., that the total sample size is given by the sum of the sub-sample sizes). Selecting these "n" optimally can be done in various ways, using (for example) Neyman's optimal allocation.


title: Sample size determination

text: There are many reasons to use stratified sampling: to decrease variances of sample estimates, to use partly non-random methods, or to study strata individually. A useful, partly non-random method would be to sample individuals where easily accessible, but, where not, sample clusters to save travel costs.


title: Sample size determination

text: The weights, formula_27, frequently, but not always, represent the proportions of the population elements in the strata, and formula_28. For a fixed sample size, that is formula_29,


title: Sample size determination

text: proportional to the standard deviation within each stratum: formula_31, where formula_32 and formula_33 is a constant such that formula_34.


title: Sample size determination

text: Sample size determination in qualitative studies takes a different approach. It is generally a subjective judgment, taken as the research proceeds. One approach is to continue to include further participants or material until saturation is reached. The number needed to reach saturation has been investigated empirically.


title: Sample size determination

text: There is a paucity of reliable guidance on estimating sample sizes before starting the research, with a range of suggestions given. A tool akin to a quantitative power calculation, based on the negative binomial distribution, has been suggested for thematic analysis.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: The Acts of Union 1800 (sometimes incorrectly referred to as a single 'Act of Union 1801') were parallel acts of the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in personal union) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The acts came into force on 1 January 1801, and the merged Parliament of the United Kingdom had its first meeting on 22 January 1801.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: Both acts remain in force, with amendments and some Articles repealed, in the United Kingdom, but have been repealed in their entirety in the Republic of Ireland to whatever extent they might have been law in the new nation at all.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: Two acts were passed in 1800 with the same long title: "An Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland". The short title of the act of the British Parliament is "Union with Ireland Act 1800", assigned by the Short Titles Act 1896. The short title of the act of the Irish Parliament is "Act of Union (Ireland) 1800", assigned by a 1951 act of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, and hence not effective in the Republic of Ireland, where it was referred to by its long title when repealed in 1962.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: Before these Acts, Ireland had been in personal union with England since 1541, when the Irish Parliament had passed the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, proclaiming King Henry VIII of England to be King of Ireland. Since the 12th century, the King of England had been technical overlord of the Lordship of Ireland, a papal possession. Both the Kingdoms of Ireland and England later came into personal union with that of Scotland upon the Union of the Crowns in 1603.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: In 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland were united into a single kingdom: the Kingdom of Great Britain. Upon that union, each House of the Parliament of Ireland passed a congratulatory address to Queen Anne, praying that, "May God put it in your royal heart to add greater strength and lustre to your crown, by a still more comprehensive Union". The Irish Parliament was both before then subject to a certain restrictions that made it subordinate to the Parliament of England and after then, to the Parliament of Great Britain; however, Ireland gained effective legislative independence from Great Britain through the Constitution of 1782.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: By this time access to institutional power in Ireland was restricted to a small minority: the Anglo-Irish of the Protestant Ascendancy. Frustration at the lack of reform among the Catholic majority eventually led, along with other reasons, to a rebellion in 1798, involving a French invasion of Ireland and the seeking of complete independence from Great Britain. This rebellion was crushed with much bloodshed, and the motion for union was motivated at least in part by the belief that the rebellion was exacerbated as much by brutally reactionary loyalists as by United Irishmen (anti-unionists).


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: Furthermore, Catholic emancipation was being discussed in Great Britain, and fears that a newly enfranchised Catholic majority would drastically change the character of the Irish government and parliament also contributed to a desire from London to merge the Parliaments.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: According to historian James Stafford, an Enlightenement critique of Empire in Ireland laid the intellectual foundations for the Acts of Union. He writes that Enlightenment thinkers connected "the exclusion of the Irish Kingdom from free participation in imperial and European trade with the exclusion of its Catholic subjects, under the terms of the ‘Penal Laws’, from the benefits of property and political representation." These critiques were used to justify a parliamentary union between Britain and Ireland.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: Complementary acts had to be passed in the Parliament of Great Britain and in the Parliament of Ireland.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: The Parliament of Ireland had recently gained a large measure of legislative independence under the Constitution of 1782. Many members of the Irish Parliament jealously guarded that autonomy (notably Henry Grattan), and a motion for union was legally rejected in 1799. Only Anglicans were permitted to become members of the Parliament of Ireland though the great majority of the Irish population were Roman Catholic, with many Presbyterians in Ulster. In 1793 Roman Catholics regained the right to vote if they owned or rented property worth £2 annually. Wealthy Catholics were strongly in favour of union in the hope for rapid religious emancipation and the right to sit as MPs, which came to pass only well after the religiously divisive Napoleonic Wars, namely under the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: From the perspective of Great Britain's elites, the union was desirable because of the uncertainty that followed the French Revolution of 1789 and the Irish Rebellion of 1798. If Ireland adopted Catholic emancipation willingly or not, a Roman Catholic Parliament could break away from Britain and ally with the French, but the same measure within the United Kingdom would exclude that possibility. Also, in creating a regency during King George III's "madness", the Irish and British Parliaments gave the Prince Regent different powers. These considerations led Great Britain to decide to attempt the merger of both kingdoms and Parliaments.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: The final passage of the Act in the Irish Commons turned on an about 16% relative majority, garnering 58% of the votes, and similar in the Irish Lords, in part per contemporary accounts through bribery with the awarding of peerages and honours to critics to get votes. The first attempt had been defeated in the Irish House of Commons by 109 votes to 104, but the second vote in 1800 passed by 158 to 115.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: They were passed on 2 July 1800 and 1 August 1800 respectively, and came into force on 1 January 1801. They ratified eight articles which had been previously agreed by the British and Irish parliaments:


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: Part of the attraction of the Union for many Irish Catholics was the promise of Catholic Emancipation, allowing Roman Catholic MPs, who had not been allowed in the Irish Parliament. This was however blocked by King George III who argued that emancipating Roman Catholics would breach his Coronation Oath, and was not realised until 1829.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: The traditionally separate Irish Army, which had been funded by the Irish Parliament, was merged into the larger British Army.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: In the first Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the members of the House of Commons were not elected afresh. By royal proclamation authorised by the Act, all the members of the last House of Commons from Great Britain took seats in the new House, and from Ireland 100 members were chosen from the last Irish House of Commons: two members from each of the 32 counties and from the two largest boroughs, and one from each of the next 31 boroughs (chosen by lot) and from Dublin University. The other 84 Irish parliamentary boroughs were disfranchised; all were pocket boroughs, whose patrons received £15,000 compensation for the loss of what was considered their property.


title: Acts of Union 1800

text: The Union Flag, created as a consequence of the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1800, still remains the flag of the United Kingdom. Called the Union Flag, it combined the flags of St George's Cross (which was deemed to include Wales) and the St Andrew's Saltire of Scotland with the St Patrick's Saltire to represent Ireland (it now represents Northern Ireland). At the same time, the moribund English claims to the French throne were given up, so the fleur-de-lis were removed from the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom.


title: Burnley

text: Burnley () is a town and the administrative centre of the wider Borough of Burnley in Lancashire, England, with a 2001 population of 73,021. It is north of Manchester and east of Preston, at the confluence of the River Calder and River Brun.


title: Burnley

text: The town is located near the countryside to the south and east, with the towns of Padiham and Brierfield to the west and north respectively. It has a reputation as a regional centre of excellence for the manufacturing and aerospace industries.


title: Burnley

text: The town began to develop in the early medieval period as a number of farming hamlets surrounded by manor houses and royal forests, and has held a market for more than 700 years. During the Industrial Revolution it became one of Lancashire's most prominent mill towns; at its peak, it was one of the world's largest producers of cotton cloth and a major centre of engineering.


title: Burnley

text: Burnley has retained a strong manufacturing sector, and has strong economic links with the cities of Manchester and Leeds, as well as neighbouring towns along the M65 corridor. In 2013, in recognition of its success, Burnley received an Enterprising Britain award from the UK Government, for being the "Most Enterprising Area in the UK". For the first time in more than fifty years, a direct train service now operates between the town's Manchester Road railway station and Manchester's Victoria station, via the newly restored Todmorden Curve, which opened in May 2015.