title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: The Army Good Conduct Medal was established by , dated 28 June 1941, and authorized the award for soldiers completing three years active service after that date.


title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: The criteria were amended by , dated 31 March 1943, to authorize the award for enlisted soldiers having three years of service after 27 August 1940 or one year of service after 7 December 1941 while the United States is at war.


title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: , dated 10 April 1953, revised the criteria to authorize the award for soldiers having three years of service after 27 August 1940; one year of service after 7 December 1941 while the United States is at war; and for soldiers having the first award for service after 27 June 1950 upon termination of service, for periods less than three years, but more than one year. An initial award of the Good Conduct Medal can also be awarded to soldiers with less than one year of service if the soldier was discharged due to an injury sustained in the line of duty or if died in service.


title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: Officially, the Good Conduct Medal is awarded for exemplary behavior, efficiency, and fidelity in active Federal Military service. It is awarded on a selective basis to each soldier who distinguishes himself/herself from among his/her fellow soldiers by their exemplary conduct, efficiency, and fidelity throughout a specified period of continuous enlisted active Federal military service. Qualifying periods of service include each three years completed after 27 August 1940 or, for first award only, upon completion of at least one year upon termination of service if separated prior to three years. Also for the first award only, for those individuals who died before completing one year of active Federal military service if the death occurred in the line of duty. The immediate commander must approve the award and the award must be announced in permanent orders.


title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: The "loops" indicating subsequent awards were called "hitches", a "hitch" being three years of service. During the Vietnam War it was known as the "Dentyne wrapper" (chewing gum brand) owing to it being red and white like the medal's suspension ribbon.


title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: In the television series "M*A*S*H", in the episode "Change of Command" , Colonel Potter (played by Harry Morgan) displays his Good Conduct Medal to Corporal Radar O'Reilly (played by Gary Burghoff). He describes the medal as "..only an enlisted man can get one. MacArthur doesn't have one..Bradley neither."


title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: The Air Force Good Conduct Medal is the last version of the Good Conduct Medal. The medal was authorized by Congress on 6 July 1960, but not created until 1 June 1963. Air Force personnel were issued the Army Good Conduct Medal between 1947 and 1963 and for those serving both before and after 1963, the Army and Air Force Good Conduct Medals could be worn simultaneously on an Air Force uniform.


title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: The Air Force version is the same as the Army version, except that the suspension and service ribbons for the medals are different for each medal. The Air Force Good Conduct Medal has remained unchanged in appearance since its original design over fifty years ago. Additional awards of the Air Force Good Conduct Medal are denoted by bronze or silver oak leaf clusters.


title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: The criteria for award of the Air Force Good Conduct medal are as follows: It is awarded to Air Force enlisted personnel during a three-year period of active military service or for a one-year period of service during a time of war. Those airmen who were awarded this medal must have had character and efficiency ratings of excellent or higher throughout the qualifying period including time spent in attendance at service schools, and there must have been no convictions of court martial or non-judicial punishment during this period.


title: Good Conduct Medal (United States)

text: In October 2005, the 97th Air Force Uniform Board met and considered discontinuing the Good Conduct Medal with the rationale that good conduct of airmen is the expected standard, not an exceptional occurrence worthy of recognition. The decision was finalized on 8 February 2006 and the medal was no longer issued. Those airmen who had previously earned the Good Conduct Medal were still authorized to wear it. By May 2008, however, Air Force officials began reconsidering the policy. On 11 February 2009, the medal was reinstated and made retroactive to 8 February 2006, with all eligible recipients being awarded the medal automatically.


title: Choi Hyun-wook

text: Choi Hyun-wook (; born January 30, 2002) is a South Korean actor. In 2019, he began his acting career by leading in the web drama "Real:Time:Love". His role in SBS television series "Taxi Driver" and "Racket Boys" awarded him the Best New Actor at the 2021 SBS Drama Awards. Recently, he gained more recognition in the tvN drama "Twenty-Five Twenty-One" (2022).


title: Choi Hyun-wook

text: Choi Hyun-wook was born on January 30, 2002. He had played baseball for ten years since he was in elementary school. But, on his first year of high school, he had an elbow injury and the surgery along with the rehabilitation didn't help him that much. The situation pressured him to modify his career path as soon as possible, and in the end, he chose to do acting. Eventually, Choi left Gangneung High School as well as his position at the school's baseball team and transferred to Hanlim Multi Art School at Broadcasting & Entertainment Department until he graduated.


title: Choi Hyun-wook

text: Choi made his debut as an actor on the 2019 WhyNot Media's web series "Real: Time: Love", playing the role of Moon Ye-chan. Originally, he wasn't planning to pass the audition for the program as he only wanted to gain experience. But, to his surprise, he was offered the role.


title: Choi Hyun-wook

text: On March 23, 2020, Gold Medalist confirmed that Choi has been cast for the web drama "Pop Out Boy!", based on the popular webtoon of the same name. The series began filming the following month. It started to air on June 25.


title: Choi Hyun-wook

text: In April 2021, Choi appeared in a SBS drama "Taxi Driver" as Park Seung-tae, a school bully. He was the antagonist on the series' episode 3 and 4. A month earlier, he was selected to star in another SBS drama, "Racket Boys". Choi briefly appeared on "Jirisan" as Lim Cheol-kyeong in a flashback with Seo Yi-kang, one of the main characters.


title: Don Arden

text: Don Arden (born Harry Levy; 4 January 1926 – 21 July 2007) was an English music manager, agent, and businessman. He managed the careers of rock acts such as Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Air Supply, Small Faces, The Move, Black Sabbath and Electric Light Orchestra.


title: Don Arden

text: Arden gained a reputation in Britain for his aggressive, sometimes illegal business tactics, which led to his being called "Mr Big", the "English Godfather" and the "Al Capone of Pop". His success story turned sour when his violent 'negotiating' methods and questionable accounting caught up with him, and he became estranged from members of his own family.


title: Don Arden

text: He was married to Hope Shaw, a former ballet dancer/teacher, who died in 1999. He was the father of David Levy and Sharon Osbourne.


title: Don Arden

text: Born into a Jewish family in Cheetham Hill, Manchester. Arden began his show business career when he was just 13 years old as a singer and stand-up comic after briefly attending the Royal College of Music and in 1944 changed his name from Harry Levy to Don Arden. After being demobilised from the British Army at the end of World War II, Arden returned to civilian life to develop his show business career from 1946 to 1953.


title: Don Arden

text: Arden worked as an entertainer on the British variety circuit. He impersonated singers such as Enrico Caruso and film actors known for gangster roles, such as Edward G. Robinson and George Raft. On weekends, Yiddish-speaking Arden impressed Jewish audiences with his Al Jolson routine. One of his record releases was his version of "Blue Suede Shoes" on the Embassy label, on which he tried to impersonate Elvis. In 1954, he became a showbiz agent after realising it would be more profitable. He began his career organising Hebrew folk song contests, then started putting together his own shows.


title: Don Arden

text: Arden launched his career as a manager when he signed up American rock 'n' roller Gene Vincent in 1960, taking over from John Schatt. Arden could not control Vincent's compulsive alcoholism and the relationship ended when Vincent reportedly pulled a knife on his manager. For a short period of time in the early 1960s, he worked with the British singer Elkie Brooks at the start of her career.


title: Don Arden

text: During 1964, Arden moved into beat group pop management with The Nashville Teens, who secured chart hits with "Tobacco Road", "Google Eye" and "Find My Way Back Home". According to Johnny Rogan's book "Starmakers & Svengalis", the group's earnings from those hits was £3,513. When group member John Hawken confronted Arden about some confusion over monies to be collected, his manager told him: "I have the strength of 10 men in these hands" and threatened to throw him from an office window.


title: Don Arden

text: In 1965, Arden met aspiring rock band Small Faces in his office in Carnaby Street. Half an hour later, he had signed them up. Arden was immediately struck by the potential of Small Faces: "I thought at that time, on the first hearing, I thought it was the best band in the world". Kenney Jones, Small Faces' drummer, said: "He was kind of a Jewish teddy bear I suppose. You liked him immediately because he was enthusiastic and he talked about what he could do and what he couldn't do and whenever he said – 'I'll do this, I'll do that' – he did and it came true." The band's debut single, "Whatcha Gonna Do About It", was ushered into the hit parade by "chart-fixing", which cost Arden £12,000. Arden denied it was cheating: "I had a saying, you can't polish a turd. In other words, if the record's no good to begin with it still won't be any good after you've wasted your time and money getting it played".


title: Don Arden

text: In 1966, Arden and a squad of "minders" turned up at impresario Robert Stigwood's office to "teach him a lesson" for daring to discuss a change of management with Small Faces, which became one of the most notorious incidents from the 1960s British pop business. Arden reportedly threatened to throw Stigwood out of the window if he ever interfered with his business again.


title: Don Arden

text: The band was never entirely convinced that Arden had paid them everything he owed them. Kenney Jones has mixed memories of the band's stormy relationship with Arden:


title: Don Arden

text: Arden tried to rekindle his former glories as a family entertainer by releasing a single of his own in 1967: "Sunrise Sunset", from the musical "Fiddler on the Roof", but it failed to chart. Arden returned to music management in 1968 when he signed The Move. He struck gold when two groups formed by ex-Move members, ELO and Wizzard (1972), started having international hits: Wizzard with "See My Baby Jive" and "Angel Fingers" (1973), and ELO with "10538 Overture" (1972) and "Roll Over Beethoven" (1973). With later albums like "Out of the Blue" (1977) and "Discovery" (1979), ELO became a prominent act.


title: Don Arden

text: In 1973, Arden took over management of singer-songwriter Lynsey de Paul. In the following year, she provided the first hit on his new Jet label, "No Honestly", which was also the theme tune to a hit ITV comedy "No, Honestly". By 1976, Arden was embroiled in a lawsuit with the distraught singer over what she claimed was late payment of money owed to her. De Paul commented: She eventually reached a settlement with Arden in 1978. He brought his son David and daughter Sharon into the business, intending to build an Arden showbiz dynasty.


title: Don Arden

text: In 1979, one of Arden's successes, Black Sabbath, sacked their vocalist Ozzy Osbourne. Sharon entered into a relationship with Osbourne, and took over his management from her father. Arden was livid. Reportedly, the next time Sharon visited Don, his vicious pet dogs savaged her. She was pregnant at the time and lost the child. Sharon eventually married Osbourne and had no contact with her father for 20 years.


title: Don Arden

text: In 1979, investigative reporter Roger Cook used the dispute with Lynsey de Paul to probe into Arden's controversial management style on BBC Radio 4's "Checkpoint" programme. That proved to be a colourful encounter. "When you fight the champion you go 15 rounds, you've got to be prepared to go the whole way", Arden tells Cook. "I'll take you with one hand strapped up my arse. You're not a man, you're a creep." Arden threatened to break the neck of anyone who talked to Cook in his on-air interview.


title: Don Arden

text: From the late 1970s into the early 1980s, Arden enjoyed the high-rolling lifestyle of a top music mogul. In the mid-1980s, he bought Portland Recording Studios (formerly IBC Studios) from Chas Chandler and installed his son David as manager. The studio's equipment was very outdated by that time, and much of the income was being generated by another company known as RadioTracks, which ran half the facility, and by George Peckham (Porky Prime Cuts), a well-known cutting engineer, whose cutting rooms were on the ground floor at the back of the building. Arden had acquired shares in RadioTracks through buying out Chandler without the knowledge of the other directors.


title: Don Arden

text: In 1986, Arden was arrested for kidnapping and torturing a Jet records accountant named Harshad Patel, whom Arden believed had been embezzling money. Arden's son, known legally as 'David Levy', appeared at the Old Bailey in 1986 for his role in the matter. The incident occurred at the offices at 35 Portland Place. Convicted, Levy spent several months in an open prison. Arden, tried separately on related charges, was acquitted.


title: Don Arden

text: The drawn-out dispute meant Arden was unable to attend to business, and legal costs proved a fatal strain on Jet Records, which collapsed. Portland Recording Studios were considerably in arrears with rent to the Prudential, which owned the building at Portland Place, close to the BBC's Broadcasting House. Eventually, the Prudential evicted Jet Records.


title: Don Arden

text: From 1986 to the mid-1990s, Arden shuttled between his homes in Beverly Hills and Parkside in Wimbledon, London.


title: Don Arden

text: In 2001 Sharon Osborne told "The Guardian": "The best lesson I ever had was watching him fuck his business up. He taught me everything not to do. My father's never even seen any of my three kids and, as far as I'm concerned, he never will." Later the same year, at Ozzy's insistence, Sharon and Arden finally reconciled, with Arden taking a walk-on role in the successful reality TV show "The Osbournes" in 2002. He also met his grandchildren Jack and Kelly for the first time on the show, and he met his granddaughter Aimee off-screen.


title: Don Arden

text: In August 2004, Sharon Osbourne stated her father had Alzheimer's disease. A "tell all" biography about Arden's life, entitled "Mr Big", was published in 2007, shortly before Arden's death in Los Angeles on 21 July 2007. Sharon Osbourne paid for her father's care in the last years of his life. He was buried in Agecroft Jewish Cemetery, Langley Road, Pendlebury, in Salford on 25 July 2007.


title: Don Arden

text: On 29 October 2007, a memorial headstone was unveiled at Agecroft by his sister Eileen (Somers), daughter Sharon Osbourne, grandson Jack Osbourne and nephew and niece Danny Somers and Cathy Cowan. One line on the inscription reads: "His beautiful voice will sing in our hearts forever. Shalom". Later in the morning a plaque was unveiled at Higher Crumpsall Synagogue, Cheetham Hill, Manchester, with the addition of the words "It all started here" with a line of musical notes. That refers to the time when Arden, then Harry Levy, sang in the synagogue choir as a very young man.


title: Don Arden

text: On 8 September 2007, a commemorative plaque dedicated to Don Arden and Small Faces was unveiled at 52–55 Carnaby Street, London, Arden's former offices. Kenney Jones, ex-drummer of Small Faces, said: "To honour the Small Faces after all these years is a terrific achievement. I only wish that Steve Marriott, Ronnie Lane and the late Don Arden were here to enjoy this moment with me".


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Glenn James Maxwell (born 14 October 1988) is an Australian professional cricketer, who represents Australia national cricket team in One Day International and Twenty20 International formats of the game and has played Test cricket for Australia. Maxwell is an all-rounder who bats right handed and bowl off break. He represents Victoria and Melbourne Stars in Australian domestic cricket.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: His professional cricketing career was launched when he started playing for Victoria in the Twenty20 Big Bash in 2010. Known for his dramatic shot making and improvisation in the short form of the game, he scored 102 from 52 balls against Sri Lanka in the 2015 World Cup, the second fastest World Cup century to date. He also scored an unbeaten 145* from 65 balls against Sri Lanka in 2016, the fourth highest score in Twenty20 Internationals.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In spite of his power hitting in the short form of the game, he has shown ability in the longer form of the game, including a maiden test century against India in Ranchi on 16 March 2017, in which he scored 104 from 185 balls. In doing so, he became the second Australian to score centuries in all three formats, after Shane Watson, and joined an elite club of only 13 other cricketers who have achieved this feat. On 24 November 2017 he scored his maiden double century in the Sheffield Shield competition. He was dismissed for 278 from 318 balls in an innings which included 36 fours and four sixes.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In 2011, he set the record for the fastest ever half-century in Australian domestic one day cricket, scoring 50 runs off 19 balls. Then, in February 2013, the Indian Premier League team the Mumbai Indians bought him for $1 million US. In March 2013, he made his Test debut against India in the second Test at Hyderabad.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: On 28 March 2018, Maxwell was urgently recalled to the Test squad, along with Matthew Renshaw and Joe Burns, following the suspensions of Steve Smith, David Warner and Cameron Bancroft for ball tampering during the Third Test of the Australian 2018 Tour of South Africa.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In October 2019, Maxwell announced an indefinite break from the game to deal with mental health difficulties.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was born in Kew, Victoria, and played junior cricket for South Belgrave CC. He began cricket as a pace bowler, before remodelling his run-up and becoming an off spin bowler. Despite that, he also has a deceptively powerful and accurate throw to effect run-outs. Maxwell's teammates and the media gave him the nickname "The Big Show" due to his confidence and his tendency to play extravagant shots, especially a wide array of variations of sweep shots. He however prefers the nickname "Maxi".


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell joined the Victorian squad in July 2015. and was called into the FDR squad in November when Andrew McDonald was injured. Maxwell played in the 2010 Hong Kong Cricket Sixes tournament and was named Player of the Tournament as the Australia team became champions for the first time.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was selected to play for the Australian Institute of Sports in the 2020 Emerging Players Tournament. He scored 69 against India in the final.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He later made his first-class debut for Victoria against NSW in 2010–11. In that match, he took two catches, two wickets and scored 38. From there, he leapt to national attention when he scored a match winning 51 off 19 balls in a Ryobi Cup game against Tasmania. It was the fastest half century in Australian domestic one day history.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He followed this with an excellent Shield game against South Australia, scoring 233 and 403, and taking three catches, winning the Man of the Match Award. He scored 38 (the top score of the innings) and 61 against Queensland.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In the 2011 Emerging Players Tournament, Maxwell scored 59 off 23 balls in a game against India. He then made 110 off 52 balls against South Africa in a losing cause.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell began the 2011–12 season well against Queensland, making 4 and 32 and taking three wickets. He followed this with 92 against New South Wales. Maxwell took 2/30 and 3/36 against Tasmania, but only scored 2 and 10 with the bat. He made 61 and 72 against Western Australia and took two wickets. In the second Victoria-WA game he scored 43 and 0 and took two wickets. Maxwell made 26 and 43 against New South Wales.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He scored 65 and took 2 wickets against Queensland. In a Ryobi Cup game against Queensland, Maxwell scored 50 off 37 balls. In the BBL Maxwell scored 124 in six innings for the Melbourne Renegades. He was briefly injured in January.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell went to England to play club cricket for South Wilts and Hampshire Second XI. He played T20 for Hampshire. He played for Hampshire Second XI against Essex, scoring 66 and taking 1 for 12 in six overs. He then played T20: 32 from 12 balls against Sussex and 115 from 31 balls against MCC Young Cricketers. He scored 178 runs at 59.33 and a strike rate of 178 for Hampshire in the county Twenty20 competition.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell began the 2012–19 summer well, scoring 58 off 53 balls in a Ryobi Cup game. He scored 51 in a Shield game against Tasmania. Against New South Wales, Maxwell took 2/12 and 0/50 and made 39 with the bat. In a Shield game against South Australia, Maxwell scored a pair, but took 4/42 with the ball, his best bowling effort at first-class level to date.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell attempted to transfer to the NSW team for the 2016–17 summer but was refused. Maxwell was dropped from the Victorian side for the first match of the 2016–17 Sheffield Shield season. "He should have been playing,” said test selector Mark Waugh. “From an Australian point of view, he’s quite capable of playing Test match cricket. You need to be asking the Victorian selectors why they left him out. It surely can’t be cricket-related because he would be in the team.” Maxwell was picked in the next Shield game and scored 81. He scored 10and 3 against NSW, 6 and 29 against South Australia.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In the first Shield game of the 2017-18 year, Maxwell made 7 and 20. He scored 60 and 64 in the next game, against South Australia. In the third round, playing for Victoria against Tasmania, Maxwell scored 4 and 45 not out; in the second innings he played for 115 balls and helped Victoria draw the rain-shortened game.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was picked for the UAE tour of 2016. Head selector John Inverarity said Maxwell was "a versatile and lively off-spinning allrounder and brilliant fieldswoman... Glenn will provide another spin bowler option on the slow, low, turning wickets in the UAE."


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell made his ODI debut for Australia against Afghanistan in a one-off One Day International in the United Arab Emirates in 2012. He scored 2 and took 0-21. In his 2nd ODI, playing against Pakistan, he hit 38 off 38 balls, helping rescue Australia from a tricky 5–121 to victory. He followed it with 28 off 27 balls and 0-37 off 4 overs in the second ODI, but in a losing course. In the third ODI he scored an unbeaten 56, including a six to seal victory for Australia; he also took 0-33.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell then played in two T20I games against Pakistan in the same tour. In his debut he scored 4 and opened the bowling, taking 0-25. In third T20I, he made 27 off 20 balls and took 1-12.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was picked in Australia's squad to play in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka. During press conference he said that, "I'm very confident I can perform now at this level. "Hopefully I can be that x-factor that Australia needs to win this tournament... That could mean a run out, a brilliant catch, a breakthrough wicket with the ball or big hitting. I'm really embracing that 'x-factor' tag. I don't really have too many doubts, I don't think I'm going to try to back down any time soon either."


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He did not have a memorable tournament though, with returns of 1–12 against Ireland, 0–17 against the West Indies, 0-11 and 4 against India, 0–7 against South Africa, and 0-6 and 4 against Pakistan. Australia reached semi-final of the tournament, where they lost the match to West Indies.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was picked in the Australian A side to play South Africa, replacing an injured Jon Holland. Selector John Inverarity said when he spoke to Maxwell he "said 'you're the spinner, you're in the hot seat, get on with it', and we hope he responds to that sort of challenge. Glenn is a player of particular interest, a player of great skill and exuberance and enthusiasm. We want him as an allrounder, so we're very keen for him to get opportunity with his spin bowling, and we're putting him in the hot seat here." Maxwell scored 64 and took 2/70.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was picked for the Cricket Australia Chairman's XI against Sri Lanka, scoring 91 off 77 balls and taking 1/127 with the ball.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was brought into the Australian squad for the third test against Sri Lanka to replace Shane Watson. ""Glenn brings that allrounder package," said skipper Michael Clarke. "He's scored plenty of runs for Victoria with the bat, I think he averages over 40 with the bat in first-class cricket, and he's had success with the ball. He's the full package and he has that X-factor about him." Maxwell did some work with Shane Warne to help with his bowling.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: On 10 January 2013, he played his first ODI at home against Sri Lanka, being involved in two run outs off consecutive balls. He made 5 and 0-28. In other games against Sri Lankans he made 8 and 0-19, 9 and 0–6. The series drawn 2-2.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He was involved in a controversy in the 2nd T20 against Sri Lanka when involved in a verbal altercation against Sri Lankan players after failing to hit the last ball for four.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: On 1 February 2013, he scored 51* (from 35 balls) as an opener as Australia chased down the target of 71 set by the West Indies in their first ODI of the series. On 3 February in the series' 2nd ODI in Perth, he scored a duck, but took 4/63 with the ball to support Mitchell Starc (5/32) and help bowl out the visitors for 212 in 38.1 overs. In the last two games he took 4 and 1-44, and 1-34 and 1.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was picked on the 2013 2012-13 Indian tour. Australia was hoping to use him as an all rounder despite erratic bowling form.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: "Maxwell has bowled extremely well, he is getting better and better," said coach Mickey Arthur. "One of the things we've sat down and said is if you want to be the spinning all-rounder you've got to put a huge amount of time into your bowling, because Maxy would always try to bowl the miracle ball and then he'd bowl a leggie, then try a doosra, he just didn't settle on anything. All we've got him in the nets is bowling offspin, offspin, offspin. It's repetition all the time and he's getting better and better at it. He's a very fast learner."


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: "I feel like I'm definitely a genuine batsman," Maxwell said. "I've done a lot of work on my technique over the last few years... I've played some good Shield innings where I've played technically really good cricket... I'm sure if I get the chance to play Test cricket I'll probably be a bit more reserved."


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In March 2013, he made his Test debut against India in the second Test at Hyderabad. He was included as the second spinner in the team, supporting Xavier Doherty (Nathan Lyon had been dropped and Steve O'Keefe was not taken on the tour). Maxwell failed to impress with the bat, making 13 and 8 in the first and second innings respectively, but took 4/127 with the ball.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He was dropped from the team in the third Test as Australia went with more specialist bowlers. He made a comeback in the fourth and final Test in Delhi due to a Michael Clarke injury. However he failed again with the bat making just 10 and 8.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In June 2013, during 2013 ICC Champions Trophy Maxwell scored 29 off 22 balls against New Zealand. Against Sri Lanka, he scored 32 off 20 balls in a losing course. Australia knocked out from tournament in early stages.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell missed selection for the 2013 Ashes but was picked to play for Australia A in a tour of South Africa. He scored 61 and 25 against Zimbabwe A, and 155 and 17 against South Africa A (taking 1/78) then making a pair and taking no wickets in a second game against South Africa A. In the one day tournament, he scored 145 off 79 balls, and 93 against India A.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell returned to India in October as part of an Australian limited over team tour of India. Maxwell made 31 off 23 balls, 53 from 32 balls and 0-48, 1-8 and 3, 92 off 77 balls, 9 and 0/40, and 0-32 and 60 off 22 balls. India won the 7-match series 3–2.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was picked in the Australian A side to play England. He did not bat and went for 0/89 off 27 overs. In the Sheffield Shield, Maxwell made 5 and 6 against Tasmania. He scored 35 and 38 against WA and went for 0/106 off 21 overs with the ball. He did make 4 and 82 against South Australia. Maxwell made 14 and 16 against Queensland. Maxwell ended the summer strongly in a Shield game against NSW. He scored 94 off 95 balls in the first innings, and 127 off 157 balls in the second (rescuing Victoria from 7/32). Against South Australia he took three wickets and scored 119 and 4.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was picked in the ODI team against England in 2013–14 season. He took 1-8 and 8, 2-32 and 54 off 39 balls, 0-38, 1-31 and 26, and 22 and 0-25. Australia won the series 4–1.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was named in Australia's 15 man Squad for 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh. He had a great start to the tournament by making 74 off just 33 balls including 7 fours and 6 sixes against Pakistan in Australia's First group stage match. He finished the series as Australia's second highest run scorer, making 147 at an average of 36.75 with a strike rate of 210.00. Australia again knocked out from the tournament very early.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell toured Zimbabwe with the Australian one day team for a triangular ODI series. He took 93 off 46 balls against Zimbabwe, 7 against South Africa, 13 and 1–41 against Zimbabwe, 2 and 2–22 against South Africa, and in the final, he caught for 2 and took one wicket for 12 runs against South Africa. South Africa won the tri-series.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell made a return to the Test team in October 2014 against Pakistan in the UAE, playing the 2nd match of the series. He made 37 in the first innings and just 4 in the second and took 0–78 with the ball. He had better luck in the ODI games, taking 21 and 2-29, 0-19 and 78 off 81 balls earned him man of the match award, and 20 off 21 balls and 2-41 for another man of the match performance.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In the one day games, Maxwell took 29 and 1-32 against South Africa, 0 and 1-20, 1-43 and 2, 1-30 and 7.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: During the Carlton Mid Triangular Series in Australia in 2014–15, Maxwell scored 1-37 and 0 against England, 0-14 and 20 against India, and 0-22 and 37 against England. In the final against England he won Man of the Match award for match winning 95 and 4-46.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was part of Australia's 15 man squad for 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand. He made 66 runs off 40 balls in the first match against England, 1 and 1–7 against New Zealand in losing course, and 88 runs off 39 balls and 1–21 against Afghanistan.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Later on in the tournament, he blasted a 51-ball century against Sri Lanka at the SCG, by recording the fastest century by Australian in ODIs and the second-fastest in World Cup history. It was also during early 2015 that Maxwell broke into the top 10 of the ICC one-day international batting rankings.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He did not bat against Scotland and took 1–24 with the ball. In the quarter final against Pakistan, Maxwell took 2-43 and scored 44 off 29 balls. In the semi final against India, he scored 23 and took 0-18 and helped with a run out. He did not bat in the final against New Zealand, as Australia won the match by 7 wickets and also won their fifth World Cup title. He took 1-37 and ran out a batsman. Maxwell ended the World Cup as third highest run scorer for Australia behind Steve Smith (402) and David Warner (345), scoring 324 runs at an average of 64.80 with a strike rate of 182.02.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In late 2015, Maxwell travelled to England to play for Yorkshire. He scored 0 and 2 against Somerset, 0 and 23 against Middlesex (but took three wickets), 36 and 140 against Durham, and 43 against Sussex. During Australia tour of England and Ireland, Maxwell played in all ODIs. In one-off ODI against Ireland, he scored only 2 runs and took 2-41.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Against England he made 15 and 1-29, 49 and 2-44, 2-56 and 17, 85 (off 64 balls) and 1-54. He was awarded the Men's T20I Player of the Year at the Allan Border Medal ceremony by the CA in 2015.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In the one day series against India, Maxwell made 6 in first ODI, 26 runs in second ODI, 96 off 83 balls in third ODI and awarded Man of the Match. and 41 off 20 balls in fourth ODI. Australia won the series 4–1.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In February Maxwell toured New Zealand with the one day team for 3-match series. The series was not good at all for him. He was bowled for naught in the first ODI, scored only 6 runs in second ODI, and caught for second duck in the series in third ODI. New Zealand won the series 2–1.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In mid 2016, Australia toured West Indies for a Tri-nation series involving West Indies and South Africa. Maxwell made 1-3 and 0 against the West Indies, 2-15 and 3 against South Africa, 46 off 26 against West Indies, and only 4 run in the final against the West Indies. Despite his poor performances throughout the series, Australia won the series by defeating West Indies by 58 runs.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was not included for the Test and ODI series against Sri Lanka, but was called to the T20I series. On 6 September 2016, at Pallekele against Sri Lanka, Maxwell scored unbeaten 145 off 65 deliveries which is recorded as the second-highest individual score in Twenty20 International history. Maxwell thus became the first batsman to hit a century in his maiden T20 innings as an opener. In the match, Australia posted 263/3 by recording the highest T20I team total, surpassing the previous highest of 260/6 posted by Sri Lanka against Kenya way back in 2007.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Against Pakistan in 2016–17 season, Maxwell made 60 (off 56 balls) in first ODI, 23 in second ODI, 78 (off 44) in fourth ODI, and 13 in fifth ODI.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He was also awarded the Men's ODI Player of the Year at the Allan Border Medal ceremony by the CA in 2016.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In January, Australia went to New Zealand for a three-ODI series. In the series, Maxwell scored 20 in first ODI, and caught behind for naught in third ODI. New Zealand won the series 2–0.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In February 2017, Maxwell was picked on the Test match tour of India after New Zealand tour. He played the opening tour game against India A and scored 16 and 1. Mitchell Marsh was picked for the first two tests but then was injured. Maxwell was selected to take his place at number six for the third test.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In the match, Maxwell scored his maiden Test century of 104 off 185 balls and became the second player for Australia to score a century in all three international formats after Shane Watson. His bowling was only used for four overs. He scored 2 in the second innings. Match was ended in a draw. In the fourth test, Maxwell made only 8 and 45 runs, where India won the match by 8 wickets. India won the series 2–1.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In 2017, Maxwell only played one full game in the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy held in England and Wales. In the match against England, he scored 20 runs in a losing course. Against Bangladesh and New Zealand, matches were washed out due to rain by giving one point to each team. Thus, after defeat against England, Australia eliminated from the tournament.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was picked on the 2017 tour of Bangladesh. At the press conference, Maxwell said that, "I don't think I will change too much from what I did in India,". "I thought I had really good plans during the Test series against them. I will employ probably something similar, basically backing my defense and trying to revolve my game around that. It is basically going to be batting long periods of time and making sure that when we do bat those long periods of time we are making big hundreds." He scored 23 and 14 in the first test where Australia suffered their first defeat against Bangladesh in Tests. In the second Test, Maxwell scored 38 and 25 not out, where Australia won the match by 7 wickets. Series was shared 1-1. At the end of the tour Darren Lehman said "With No.6 in Australia, it's totally different to Asia. We'll certainly be looking at that position, and anyone can jump out of the pack in the three Shield games and what we think the best make-up is for that first Test. Glenn is there at the moment, like everyone else, he'll have to perform."


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell struggled on the ODI tour of India in September 2017. He made 39 (off 17 balls) in the first ODI, as Australia's top score, then 14 in second ODI, and 5 in third ODI. With poor performance, Maxwell was dropped for the rest of the series and Australia lost the series 4–1.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In 2017–18 Ashes series, Maxwell lost his spot in the test team for the first test in favour of Shaun Marsh. However he was called up as a possible replacement player when Marsh and David Warner both suffered injury scares the day before the game. He ultimately did not play in the test. During this period in domestic arena, Maxwell scored 278 in the first innings for Victoria against New South Wales. He followed it with 98 against Western Australia. Peter Handscomb under performed in the first two tests and the Australian selectors brought in Mitchell Marsh for the third test, not Maxwell. Marsh played in the last three tests of the series, scoring two centuries. Australia regained the Ashes 4–0.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was overlooked for the Australian One Day team in favour of Chris Lynn for the series against England in 2018. When Lynn fell injured the selectors replaced him with Cameron White. The comment by Australian coach Lehmann caused a deal of controversy at the time.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He could train a little bit smarter. We've all seen the way he can come out and play and do all his funky stuff and be pretty cool with that. But when he puts his head down he's actually a really good batsman, as we've seen in Shield cricket. If he keeps his head switched on and trains really well and focuses on basic things, probably more than the expansive things, then I think that will help him have his consistency.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: No-one is in any doubt about Glenn's ability or his potential to produce match-winning contributions with the bat. What we have wanted from him is more consistency but in his past 20 matches in this format he has averaged 22 and we need more than that from a player in the side's batting engine room.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell later said his parents "were both in tears and pretty upset for me" after Smith's comments. He and Smith subsequently had a talk about what Smith had said. When Aaron Finch fell injured for the fourth ODI, Maxwell was brought into the squad. He played in the game as 12th man, taking a catch to dismiss Chris Woakes. He played in the final game, taking 0-23 and scoring 34. England won the ODI series 4–1.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: . Maxwell was called for the 2017–18 Trans-Tasman Tri-Series involving New Zealand and England. In the first T20I of the tri-series, Maxwell scored 40 off 24 balls which helped Australia to a win against New Zealand.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: On 7 February 2018 against England, in the second T20I of tri-series, he scored a blistering 103 runs off just 58 balls to lead Australia to their second consecutive win of the Tri-Series. The innings was not without controversy, as Maxwell was ruled not out on 59 when Jason Roy claimed a catch. With this century, Maxwell joined elite club of players to score more than one century in Twenty20 International history with Brendon McCullum, Chris Gayle, Evin Lewis and record holders Colin Munro and Rohit Sharma. In addition, Maxwell took 3–10 with the ball, including two wickets in consecutive balls. He was Man of the Match for his all-round efforts.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: On 28 March 2018, Maxwell was urgently recalled to the Australian Test squad following the suspensions of Steve Smith, David Warner and Cameron Bancroft for ball tampering during the Third Test of the Australian 2018 Tour of South Africa. He did not play in the third test, however.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was picked on the Australian ODI tour of England. In the first game he was Australia's top scorer with 62. In the three matches he played, Maxwell scored 112 runs at an average of 37.33. He was also awarded the Men's T20I Player of the Year at the Allan Border Medal ceremony by the CA in 2019.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was omitted from the Australian test squad to tour the UAE in October 2018, which caused some controversy. However he was picked in the T20 squad.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In February 2019, in the first T20 vs India, Maxwell scored 56 and got support from D'Arcy Short who scored 37(37). Australia were set a target of 127. Wickets fell early but Maxwell's innings helped Australia win the match on the last ball. In the second T20 Maxwell scored 113*, thus becoming the first Australian cricketer to score 3 T20 centuries, and third in the world. He got support from D'Arcy Short again who scored 40 while Peter Handscomb also scored 20*. Australia were reeling again in a target 191 as Marcus Stoinis was dismissed early by Siddharth Kaul. But Maxwell's heroics changed the game. He won the Man of the Match award for his blistering century and also won the man of the series for his batting performance of 169 runs in 2 innings.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: On 16 July 2020, Maxwell was named in a 26-man preliminary squad of players to begin training ahead of a possible tour to England following the COVID-19 pandemic. On 14 August 2020, Cricket Australia confirmed that the fixtures would be taking place, with Maxwell included in the touring party. In the ODI series, Maxwell impressed with the bat, scoring 186 runs at an average of 62, including a brilliant 108 in the last ODI, helping Australia win their first ODI series in England since 2015. He was later named man of the series.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell's form continued into the Summer when India toured Australia for 3 ODIs and 3 T20Is. In the first ODI, with the platform of 69 from David Warner and centuries for Aaron Finch and Steve Smith, Maxwell scored 45 off just 19 balls, with 5 fours and 3 sixes but proving expensive with the ball, with figures of 0-55 of 6.4 overs. Despite this, his contribution with the bat was enough to secure a 66 run victory. In the second ODI, again being set a solid platform by the top 4, (Warner 83, Finch 60, Smith 104 and Labuschagne 70) he smashed a brutal unbeaten 63 off 29 balls but once again was poor with the ball, taking figures of 1-34 of 5 overs. Once again though, his batting was much needed as Australia won the match by 51 runs to take an unassailable 2–0 lead over India. In the final ODI, was a shining light amongst a poor Australian performance. Opening the bowling with Josh Hazlewood, he took figures of 0-27 off 5 overs and scored 59 off 38 balls before being bowled by Jasprit Bumrah, as Australia lost the game by 14 runs. Maxwell finished the series with 167 runs at an average of 83.5. In the T20 series, Maxwell was less noticeable, his only score of note being 54 in the final match and only taking one wicket in the series, which Australia lost 2–1. He was not selected for the Test Series.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In the 2012–13 Big Bash League season that summer his best scored of 82 off 50 balls came against the Sydney Sixers.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: During the BBL11 series, playing for the Melbourne Stars, Maxwell scored 154 not out against the Hobart Hurricanes, breaking the record for the highest individual score in BBL history, as well as leading his team to the biggest team total in BBL history.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell first signed for Delhi Daredevils in 2012 as a replacement player for Travis Birt who withdrew from the squad. Maxwell played two games in the 2012 competition. At the 2013 IPL auction, Maxwell was the most expensive player as Mumbai Indians bought him for 1 million US$. In 2014, he was bought by Kings XI Punjab. In his team's opening match against Chennai Super Kings, he scored 95 runs from 43 balls and in the second match against Rajasthan Royals, hit 89 off 45 balls. In the third match, Maxwell scored 95 runs from 43 balls against Sunrisers Hyderabad and was awarded the Player of the Match award for the third time in a row. Later in the season, also against Chennai he scored 90 runs from 38 balls, again winning the Player of the Match award. In 16 games he had the season's third highest aggregate of runs scored with 552 runs at an average of 34.50 runs per innings.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: He was retained by Kings XI Punjab for the 2015 IPL Season, but failed to impress with a highest score of 43 and he lost his place in the side, scoring 145 runs in 11 games at an average of 13.18. Maxwell had another disappointing IPL for Kings in 2016 and was bought by Delhi ahead of the 2018 season. He again had a poor season, scoring 142 runs at an average of 14 and not passing 50 once.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In the 2020 IPL auction, Maxwell was the subject of a bidding war between Delhi Capitals and Punjab Kings, before being bought by Kings as the second most expensive buy at IPL auctions 2020.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In 2021, Maxwell was bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore after another bidding war, this time with the Chennai Super Kings. He finished the season as the team's highest scorer, with 513 runs. He was retained by them for the 2022 IPL season as well.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell played for Hampshire in the 2012 Champions League Twenty20 in South Africa. In April 2022, he was bought by the London Spirit for the 2022 season of The Hundred.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: Maxwell was indirectly accused by Al Jazeera's documentary (without mentioning his name) as a chief suspect in the possible match fixing allegations during the 3rd Test match held between India and Australia which happened at Ranchi, a match where Glenn Maxwell recorded his maiden test century. However Maxwell denied all of the allegations levelled against him.


title: Glenn Maxwell

text: In October 2019 Maxwell announced he would be taking a break from cricket due to mental health issues. Virat Kohli praised Maxwell, saying he had set the right example.


title: Lotharingia

text: Lotharingia (; ; ; ) was a short-lived medieval successor kingdom of the Carolingian Empire. As a more durable later duchy of the Ottonian Empire, it comprised present-day Lorraine (France), Luxembourg, Saarland (Germany), Netherlands, and the eastern half of Belgium, along with parts of today's North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany), Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany) and Nord (France). It was named after King Lothair II, who received this territory after his father Lothair I's kingdom of Middle Francia was divided among his three sons in 855.


title: Lotharingia

text: Lotharingia resulted from the tripartite division in 855 of the kingdom of Middle Francia, which itself was formed after the threefold division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun of 843. Conflict between East and West Francia over Lotharingia was based on the fact that these were the old Frankish homelands of Austrasia, so possession of them was a matter of great prestige as true claimant of Frankish imperial legacy.


title: Lotharingia

text: Because Lotharingia lacked a single historic or ethnic identity, contemporaries were unsure what to call it. It was known as "regnum quondam Lotharii" or "regnum Lotharii" ("kingdom [once] Lothair's") and its inhabitants "Lotharii" (from "Lotharius"), "Lotharienses" (from "Lothariensis"), or "Lotharingi" (which gives the modern Dutch, German, and Luxembourgish names for the province "Lotharingen, Lothringen," and "Lothringen" respectively). The latter term, formed with the Germanic suffix "-ing", indicating ancestral or familial relationships, gave rise to the Latin term "Lotharingia" (from the Latin suffix "-ia", indicating a country) in the tenth century. Later French terms such as "Lorraine" and "Lothier" are derived from this Latin term.


title: Lotharingia

text: In 817, emperor Louis the Pious made plans for division of the Carolingian Empire among his three sons after his death. Unforeseen in 817 was a further heir besides Louis's three grown sons. A fourth son, Charles the Bald, was born to Louis's second wife Judith of Bavaria in 823. When Louis tried in 833 to re-divide the empire for the benefit of Charles, he met with opposition from his adult sons, Lothair, Pepin, and Louis. A decade of civil war and fluctuating alliances followed, punctuated by brief periods of peace.


title: Lotharingia

text: Pepin died in 838, and Louis the Pious in 840. The remaining three brothers made peace and divided the Empire with the 843 Treaty of Verdun. Lothair, as the eldest, kept the imperial title and received a long strip of territories stretching from the North Sea to southern Italy. The logic of the division was that Lothair had the crown of the Kingdom of Italy, which had been his subkingdom under Louis the Pious, and that as emperor he should rule in Aachen, the capital of the first Carolingian emperor, Charlemagne, and in Rome, the ancient capital of emperors. Middle Francia (Latin "Francia media") thus included all the land between Aachen and Rome, and it has sometimes been called by historians the "Lotharingian axis".


title: Lotharingia

text: In 855, when Lothair I was dying in Prüm Abbey, he divided his kingdom among his three sons with the Treaty of Prüm. To the eldest son, Louis II, went Italy, with the imperial title. To the youngest, Charles, still a minor, went Provence. To the middle son, Lothair II, went the remaining territories to the north of Provence, a kingdom which lacked ethnic or linguistic unity.


title: Lotharingia

text: Lothair II ruled from Aachen and did not venture outside his kingdom. When he died in 869, Lothair II left no legitimate children, but one illegitimate son - Hugh, Duke of Alsace. His uncles, king of East Francia Louis the German and West Francia Charles the Bald (who wanted to rule the whole of Lotharingia) agreed to divide Lotharingia between them with the 870 Treaty of Meerssen - the western half went to West Francia and the eastern half to East Francia. Thus, Lotharingia, as a united kingdom, ceased to exist for some years. In 876, Charles the Bald invaded eastern Lotharingia with the intent to capture it, but was defeated near Andernach by Louis's son, Louis the Younger.


title: Lotharingia

text: In 879, Louis the Younger was invited by a faction of the West Frankish nobility to succeed king Louis the Stammerer, Charles's son, on the throne of West Francia. After a brief war, Louis the Stammerer's young sons, Carloman II and Louis III, ceded western Lotharingia to Louis. The border between the two kingdoms was established at Saint-Quentin in 880 by the Treaty of Ribemont.


title: Lotharingia

text: In November 887, Arnulf of Carinthia called a council of East Frankish nobility to depose emperor Charles the Fat, who by 884 had succeeded to the thrones of all the kingdoms of the Empire. The Lotharingian aristocracy, in an attempt to assert its right to elect a sovereign, joined the other East Frankish nobles in deposing Charles the Fat in 887 and elected Arnulf as their king. The rule of Arnulf in East Francia was initially opposed by Guy III of Spoleto, who became king of Italy, and by Rudolph I of Burgundy, who was elected king in the southern half of former Middle Francia - Upper Burgundy. Rudolph had intended to make himself king over the whole of Lothair II's former kingdom, but had to be content with Burgundia.


title: Lotharingia

text: Arnulf defeated the Vikings in 891 and dislodged them from their settlements at Louvain. In 895, he appointed his illegitimate son Zwentibold as the king of Lotharingia who ruled semi-independently until he was overthrown and killed by Reginar on August 13, 900. The kingdom then ceased to exist and became a duchy.


title: Lotharingia

text: The young king of East Francia Louis the Child appointed Gebhard to be the duke of Lotharingia in 903. His title was recorded in contemporary Latin as "dux regni quod a multis Hlotharii dicitur": "duke of the kingdom that many call Lothair's". He died in 910 fighting Hungarian invaders.


title: Lotharingia

text: When non-Carolingian Conrad I of Germany was elected king of East Francia in 911, Lotharingian nobles under the new duke Reginar voted to attach their duchy to West Francia, still ruled by the Carolingian dynasty. In 915, Charles the Simple rewarded him by granting him the title of margrave. Reginar was succeeded by his son Gilbert who used the title "dux Lotharingiae": "duke of Lotharingia".


title: Lotharingia

text: When the West Franks deposed Charles in 922, he remained king in Lotharingia, from where he attempted to reconquer his kingdom in 923. He was captured and imprisoned by Heribert II of Vermandois until his death in 929. In 923, king Henry the Fowler of East Francia used this opportunity and invaded Lotharingia (including Alsace). In 925, Lotharingians under Gilbert elected Henry the Fowler to be their king. In 930, Gilbert's loyalty was rewarded and he received the prestigious hand of Henry's daughter Gerberga in marriage.


title: Lotharingia

text: On Henry's death in 936, Gilbert rebelled and tried to swap Lotharingian allegiance to the West Franks, since their king Rudolph was weak and would interfere less in local affairs. In 939, Henry's son and successor, Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Lotharingia, and at the Battle of Andernach defeated Gilbert who drowned trying to flee across the Rhine.


title: Lotharingia

text: The dukes of Lotharingia were thereafter royal appointees. Henry I, Duke of Bavaria was duke for two years, followed in 941 by duke Otto, who, in 944, was followed by Conrad. Lotharingia was turned into a junior stem duchy whose dukes had a vote in royal elections. While the other stem duchies had tribal or historic identities, Lotharingia's identity was solely political.


title: Lotharingia

text: King Louis IV of West Francia tried to maintain a claim to Lotharingia by marrying Gilbert's widow and Otto's sister Gerberga. In his turn, Otto I accepted homage from West Francia's Hugh the Great and Herbert II, Count of Vermandois at Attigny in 942. The weak Louis IV had no choice but to agree to Otto's continued suzerainty over Lotharingia. In 944, West Francia invaded Lotharingia, but retreated after Otto I responded with mobilization of a large army under Herman I, Duke of Swabia.


title: Lotharingia

text: In 953, Duke Conrad rebelled against Otto I, and was removed from power and replaced by Otto's brother Bruno the Great, who finally pacified Lotharingia in 959 by dividing it into "Lotharingia superior" (Upper Lorraine or Southern Lorraine) under Frederick I, and "Lotharingia inferior" (Lower Lotharingia, Lower Lorraine or Northern Lotharingia) under Godfrey I.


title: Lotharingia

text: In 978, king Lothair of West Francia invaded the region and captured Aachen, but Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, counterattacked and reached the walls of Paris. In 980, Lothair renounced his rights to Lotharingia.


title: Lotharingia

text: Except for one brief period (1033–44, under Gothelo I), the division was never reversed and the margraves soon raised their separate fiefs into duchies. In the twelfth century the ducal authority in Lower Lotharingia (or Lower Lorraine) fragmented, causing the formation of the Duchy of Limburg and the Duchy of Brabant, whose rulers retained the title Duke of Lothier (derived from "Lotharingia"). With the disappearance of a "lower" Lorraine, the duchy of Upper Lorraine became the primary referent for "Lorraine" within the Holy Roman Empire.


title: Lotharingia

text: After centuries of French invasions and occupations, Lorraine was finally ceded to France at the close of the War of the Polish Succession (1737). In 1766, the duchy was inherited by the French crown and became Lorraine. In 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War, the northern portions of Lorraine were merged with Alsace to become the province of Alsace-Lorraine in the German Empire. Today the greater part of the French side of the Franco-German border belongs to the Lorraine region of France.


title: Triple jump

text: The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event, similar to the long jump. As a group, the two events are referred to as the "horizontal jumps". The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a jump into the sand pit. The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games' inception in 1896.


title: Triple jump

text: According to World Athletics rules, "the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot


title: Triple jump

text: The current male world record holder is Jonathan Edwards of the United Kingdom, with a jump of . The current female world record holder is Yulimar Rojas of Venezuela, with a jump of .


title: Triple jump

text: Historical sources on the ancient Olympic Games occasionally mention jumps of 15 meters or more. This led sports historians to conclude that these must have been a series of jumps, thus providing the basis for the triple jump. However, there is no evidence for the triple jump being included in the ancient Olympic Games, and it is possible


title: Triple jump

text: that the recorded extraordinary distances are due to artistic license of the authors of victory poems, rather than attempts to report accurate results.


title: Triple jump

text: The triple jump was a part of the inaugural modern Olympics in 1896 in Athens, although at the time it consisted of two hops on the same foot and then a jump. In fact, the first modern Olympic champion, James Connolly, was a triple jumper. Early Olympics also included the standing triple jump, although this has since been removed from the Olympic program and is rarely performed in competition today. The women's triple jump was introduced into the Atlanta Olympics in 1996.


title: Triple jump

text: In Irish mythology the geal-ruith (triple jump), was an event contested in the ancient Irish Tailteann Games as early as 1829 BC.


title: Triple jump

text: The approach is one of the most important parts of an athlete's jump. The athlete sprints down a runway to a takeoff mark, from which the triple jump is measured. The takeoff mark is commonly either a piece of wood or similar material embedded in the runway, or a rectangle painted on the runway surface. In modern championships a strip of plasticine, tape, or modeling clay is attached to the far edge of the board to record athletes overstepping or "scratching" the mark, defined by the trailing edge of the board. These boards are placed at different places on the runway depending on how far the athlete can jump. Typically the boards are set 40 ft, 32 ft, and 24 ft from the pit. These are the most common boards seen at the high school and collegiate levels, but boards can be placed anywhere on the runway. There are three phases of the triple jump: the "hop" phase, the "bound" or "step" phase, and the "jump" phase. They all play an important role in the jump itself. These three phases are executed in one continuous sequence. The athlete has to maintain a good speed through each phase. They should also try to stay consistent to avoid fouls.


title: Triple jump

text: The hop begins with the athlete jumping from the take-off board on one leg, which for descriptive purposes, will be the right leg. Precise placement of the foot on the take-off is important in order for the athlete to avoid a foul. The objective of the first phase is to hop "out", with athletes focusing all momentum forward. The hop landing phase is very active, involving a powerful backward "pawing" action of the right leg, with the right take-off foot landing heel first on the runway.


title: Triple jump

text: The hop landing also marks the beginning of the step phase, where the athlete utilizes the backward momentum of the right leg to immediately execute a powerful jump forwards and upwards, the left leg assisting the take-off with a hip flexion thrust similar to a bounding motion. This leads to the step-phase mid-air position, with the right take-off leg trailing flexed at the knee, and the left leg now leading flexed at the hip and knee. The jumper then holds this position for as long as possible, before extending the knee of the leading left leg and then immediately beginning a powerful backward motion of the whole left leg, again landing on the runway with a powerful backward pawing action. The takeoff leg should be fully extended with the drive leg thigh just below parallel to the ground. The takeoff leg stays extended behind the body with the heel held high. The drive leg extends with a flexed ankle and snaps downward for a quick transition into the jump phase. The athlete tries to take the farthest step they can while maintaining balance and control, using techniques such as pulling their leg up as high as possible.


title: Triple jump

text: The step landing forms the take-off of the final phase (the jump), where the athlete utilizes the backward force from the left leg to take off again. The jump phase is very similar to the long jump although most athletes have lost too much speed by this time to manage a full hitch kick, and mostly used is a hang or sail technique.


title: Triple jump

text: When landing in the sand-filled pit, the jumper should aim to avoid sitting back on landing or placing either hand behind the feet. The sandpit usually begins 13m from the take-off board for male international competition or 11m from the board for international female and club-level male competition. Each phase of the triple jump should get progressively higher, and there should be a regular rhythm to the three landings.


title: Triple jump

text: A "foul", also known as a "scratch", or missed jump, occurs when a jumper oversteps the takeoff mark, misses the pit entirely, does not use the correct foot sequence throughout the phases, or does not perform the attempt in the allotted amount of time (usually about 90 seconds). When a jumper "scratches", the seated official will raise a red flag, and the jumper who was "on deck", or up next, prepares to jump.


title: Triple jump

text: It shall not be considered a foul if an athlete, while jumping, should touch or scrape the ground with his/her "sleeping leg". Also called a "scrape foul", "sleeping leg" touch violations were ruled as fouls prior to the mid-1980s. The IAAF changed the rules following outrage at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, when Soviet field officials in the Men's Triple Jump ruled as foul eight of the twelve jumps made by two leading competitors (from Brazil and Australia) thus helping two Soviet jumpers win the gold and silver medals.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Alfie is a 1966 British comedy-drama film directed by Lewis Gilbert and starring Michael Caine. An adaptation by Bill Naughton of his own 1966 novel and 1963 play of the same name, the film was released by Paramount Pictures.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: "Alfie" tells the story of a young womanising man who leads a self-centred life, purely for his own enjoyment, until events force him to question his uncaring behaviour, his loneliness and his priorities. He cheats on numerous women, and despite his confidence towards women, he treats them with disrespect and refers to them as "it", using them for sex and for domestic purposes. Alfie frequently breaks the fourth wall by speaking directly to the camera narrating and justifying his actions. His words often contrast with or totally contradict his actions.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: The film had its World Premiere at the Plaza Theatre in the West End of London on 24 March 1966. A box office success, it received critical acclaim and is an influential part of British cinema.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Alfie Elkins, a handsome Cockney, self-centered, narcissistic chauffeur in London enjoys the sexual favours of married and single women, while avoiding commitment. He is ending an affair with Siddie, a married woman, just as he gets his submissive single girlfriend, Gilda, pregnant. Alfie thinks nothing of pilfering fuel and money from his employer and tells Gilda to do the same. Although he refuses to marry her, and despite his constant cheating, Gilda decides to have the child, Malcolm Alfred, and keep him rather than give him up.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Over time, Alfie becomes quite attached to his delightful son, but his unwillingness to marry Gilda causes her to break up with him and marry Humphrey, a kindly bus conductor and neighbour. He loves her and is willing to accept Malcolm Alfred as his own. Gilda bars Alfie from any further contact with Malcolm, forcing him to watch from a distance as Humphrey steps into his fatherly role. When a health check reveals Alfie has tubercular shadows on his lungs, the diagnosis, and his fear of death, combined with his separation from his son, leads him to have a brief mental breakdown.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Alfie spends time recuperating in a pastoral sanitorium, where he befriends Harry, a fellow patient, a family man devoted to his frumpy wife Lily. Alfie makes out with one of the nurses, disgusting Harry. Alfie thinks nothing of cheating, lying, stealing, or taking other men's wives. When Alfie flippantly suggests that Lily might be cheating on him, Harry angrily confronts Alfie about his attitudes and behaviour.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Released from the convalescent home, Alfie briefly stops working as a chauffeur to take holiday photos of tourists near the Tower of London. Here he meets Ruby, an older, voluptuous, affluent and promiscuous American, who, although she is accompanied by an older gentleman, gives him her address and telephone number.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Alfie returns to chauffeuring and drives a Rolls Royce to the sanitorium to visit Harry. He finds Lily finishing a visit with her husband, who asks him to give his wife a ride back to London to save her an exhausting train ride. Neither initially want to spend time together, but they agree in order to please Harry. Along the way, they stop for tea and then a canoe ride where he seduces her.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Later, chauffeuring in the Rolls again, Alfie sees a young red-headed hitchhiker, Annie, who wants a fresh start in London. A lorry driver picks her up just before Alfie gets to her. He follows them to a cafe and steals her away to London. She moves into his bedsit where she proves preoccupied with a love left behind, scrubbing Alfie's floor, doing his laundry, and preparing his meals to compensate. The lorry driver finds him in a pub, punches him in the face and a barroom brawl ensues.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Coming home with a big black eye, Alfie grows resentful of Annie and drives her out with an angry outburst, immediately regretting it. Around the same time, Lily informs him that she is pregnant from their one encounter, and they plan for her to have an abortion. Lily comes to his flat to meet the abortionist. During the procedure, Alfie leaves Lily and walks around. He catches sight of his son Malcolm outside a church and witnesses the baptism of Gilda and Humphrey's new daughter. He watches as they exit the church as a family. The abortion traumatizes both Lily and Alfie, with him breaking down in tears when seeing the aborted fetus, the first time he confronts the consequences of his actions.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: The stress of the situations with Annie and Lily makes Alfie decide to change his non-committal ways and settle down with the rich Ruby. However, visiting her, he finds a younger man in her bed. He comes across Siddie, (the married woman from the beginning of the movie), but she has lost interest in him and returned to her husband. Alfie is left lonely, wondering about his life choices, then asks the viewers "What's it all about? You know what I mean."


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: The film is unusual in that it has no opening credits and the end credits feature photos of the principal actors, as well as of the main technical crew, including director Gilbert and cameraman Otto Heller.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Several leading actors, including Richard Harris, Laurence Harvey, James Booth and Anthony Newley turned down the title role due to the then-taboo subject matter. Despite having played "Alfie" on Broadway, Terence Stamp categorically declined to reprise the role on film, so he and casting agents approached his good friend and then roommate Michael Caine: not one to then snub a role about a common man, Caine agreed to do it. He received a positive reception for the role.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: It was shot at Twickenham Studios with scenes shot at several locations in London; including Waterloo Bridge which is seen at the beginning and end of the film where the title character walks into the distance accompanied by a stray dog and Tower Bridge which is the backdrop for the photography scene with Shelley Winters.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: The original film soundtrack featured jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins with London musicians including Stan Tracey on piano, who improvised "Little Malcolm Loves His Dad" (although never credited), Rick Laird on bass, Phil Seamen on drums, Ronnie Scott on tenor sax.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: The Sonny Rollins album "Alfie", orchestrated and conducted by Oliver Nelson, was recorded in the United States in January 1966. It features Rollins with J.J. Johnson – trombone (tracks 1 & 2), Jimmy Cleveland – trombone (tracks 3–6), Phil Woods – alto saxophone, Bob Ashton – tenor saxophone, Danny Bank – baritone saxophone, Roger Kellaway – piano, Kenny Burrell – guitar, Walter Booker – bass and Frankie Dunlop – drums


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: The title song, "Alfie", written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, was sung by Cher over the film's closing credits in the US release reaching #32 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It became a hit for British singer Cilla Black (Millicent Martin sang "Alfie" on its British release) and for Madeline Eastman and Dionne Warwick.


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 97%, based on reviews from 29 critics, with an average rating of 8/10. The site's consensus states: "Anchored by Michael Caine's charmingly droll performance, Alfie is an equally raucous and heart-rending portrait of romance in the Swinging '60s."


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: Bosley Crowther, film reviewer for "The New York Times", singled out Vivien Merchant's acting for particular praise:


title: Alfie (1966 film)

text: The 1966 film was followed by "Alfie Darling" (1975), with Alan Price replacing Caine. An updated 2004 remake starred Jude Law in the title role.


title: Little Russia

text: Little Russia (; ), also known in English as Malorussia, Little Rus' (; ) and Rus' Minor (from ), is a geographical and historical term used to describe the modern-day territories of Ukraine. The first use of such names has been attributed to Bolesław-Jerzy II, ruler of Ruthenia and Galicia-Volhynia, who in 1335 signed his decrees "Dux totius Russiæ minoris". The distinction between "Great" and "Little" Rus' probably originated among Byzantine, Greek-speaking, clerics who wanted to separate the two Ruthenian ecclesiastical metropolises of Halych and Moscow.


title: Little Russia

text: The specific meaning of the adjectives "Great" and "Little" in this context is unclear. It is possible that terms such as "Little" and "Lesser" at the time simply meant geographically smaller and/or less populous, or having fewer eparchies. Another possibility is that it denoted a relationship similar to that between a homeland and a colony (just as "Magna Graecia" denoted a Greek colony).


title: Little Russia

text: The name "Little Rus'/Russia" went out of use in the late 15th century. It was revived again in late 18th century. Then "Little Russia" developed into a political and geographical concept in Russia, referring to most of the territory of modern-day Ukraine, especially the territory of the Cossack Hetmanate. Accordingly, derivatives such as "Little Russian" () were commonly applied to the people, language, and culture of the area. A large part of the region's élite population adopted a Little Russian identity that competed with the local Ukrainian identity. The territories of modern-day southern Ukraine, after being annexed by Russia in the 18th century, became known as Novorossiya ("New Russia").


title: Little Russia

text: After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, and with the amalgamation of Ukrainian territories into one administrative unit (the Ukrainian People's Republic and then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic), the term started to recede from common use. Today, the term is anachronistic, and many Ukrainians regard its usage as offensive.


title: Little Russia

text: The toponym translates as "Little" or "Lesser Rus’" and is adapted from the Greek term, used in medieval times by Patriarchs of Constantinople since the 14th century (it first appeared in church documents in 1335). The Byzantines called the northern and southern parts of "Rus’" lands () – Greater Rus’) and ( – Lesser or Little Rus’), respectively. Initially "Little" or "Lesser" meant the smaller part, as after the division of the united Rus' Metropolis (ecclesiastical province) into two parts in 1305, a new southwestern metropolis in the Kingdom of Halych-Volynia consisted of only 6 of the 19 former eparchies. It later lost its ecclesiastical associations and became a geographical name only.


title: Little Russia

text: In the 17th century, the term "Malorossiya" was introduced into Russian. In English the term is often translated "Little Russia" or "Little Rus’," depending on context.


title: Little Russia

text: The Russian-Polish geographer and ethnographer Zygmunt Gloger in his "Geography of historic lands of the Old Poland" () describes an alternative view of the term "Little" in relations to Little Russia where he compares it to the similar term of "Little Poland".


title: Little Russia

text: The first recorded usage of the term is attributed to Boleslaus George II of Halych. In a 1335 letter to Dietrich von Altenburg, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, he styled himself «dux totius Rusiæ Minoris». The name was used by Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople in 1361 when he created two metropolitan sees: Great Rus' in Vladimir and Kyiv and Little Rus' with its centers in Galich ("Halych") and Novgorodok ("Navahrudak"). King Casimir III of Poland was called "the king of Lechia and Little Rus'." According to Mykhaylo Hrushevsky, Little Rus' was the Halych-Volhynian Principality, after the downfall of which the name ceased to be used.


title: Little Russia

text: In the post-medieval period, the name "Little Rus"' was first used by the Eastern Orthodox clergy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, e.g. by influential cleric and writer Ioan Vyshensky (1600, 1608), Metropolitan Matthew of Kiev and All Rus' (1606), Bishop Ioann (Biretskoy) of Peremyshl, Metropolitan Isaiah (Kopinsky) of Kiev, Archimandrite Zacharias Kopystensky of Kiev Pechersk Lavra, etc. The term has been applied to all Orthodox Ruthenian lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Vyshensky addressed "the Christians of Little Russia, brotherhoods of Lviv and Vilna," and Kopystensky wrote "Little Russia, or Kiev and Lithuania."


title: Little Russia

text: The term was adopted in the 17th century by the Tsardom of Russia to refer to the Cossack Hetmanate of Left-bank Ukraine, when the latter fell under Russian protection after the Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654). From 1654 to 1721, the official title of Russian tsars contained the language (literal translation) ""The Sovereign of all Rus': the Great, the Little, and the White.""


title: Little Russia

text: The term "Little Rus"' has been used in letters of the Cossack Hetmans Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Ivan Sirko. Innokentiy Gizel, Archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, wrote that the Russian people were a union of three branches—Great Russia, Little Russia, and White Russia—under the sole legal authority of the Moscow Tsars. The term "Little Russia" has been used in Ukrainian chronicles by Samiilo Velychko, in a chronicle of the Hieromonk Leontiy (Bobolinski), and in "Thesaurus" by Archimandrite Ioannikiy (Golyatovsky).


title: Little Russia

text: The usage of the name was later broadened to apply loosely to the parts of Right-bank Ukraine when it was annexed by Russia at the end of the 18th century upon the partitions of Poland. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Russian Imperial administrative units known as the Little Russian Governorate and eponymous General Governorship were formed and existed for several decades before being split and renamed in subsequent administrative reforms.


title: Little Russia

text: Up to the very end of the 19th century, "Little Russia" was the prevailing term for much of the modern territory of Ukraine controlled by the Russian Empire, as well as for its people and their language. This can be seen from its usage in numerous scholarly, literary and artistic works. Ukrainophile historians Mykhaylo Maksymovych, Nikolay Kostomarov, Dmytro Bahaliy, and Volodymyr Antonovych acknowledged the fact that during the Russo-Polish wars, "Ukraine" had only a geographical meaning, referring to the borderlands of both states, but "Little Russia" was the ethnonym of Little (Southern) Russian people. In his prominent work "Two Russian nationalities," Kostomarov uses "Southern Russia" and "Little Russia" interchangeably. Mykhailo Drahomanov titled his first fundamental historic work "Little Russia in Its literature" (1867–1870). Different prominent artists (e.g., Mykola Pymonenko, Kostyantyn Trutovsky, Nikolay Aleksandrovich Sergeyev, photographer Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, etc.), many of whom were native to the territory of modern-day Ukraine, used "Little Russia" in the titles of their paintings of Ukrainian landscapes.


title: Little Russia

text: The term "Little Russian language" was used by the state authorities in the first Russian Empire Census, conducted in 1897.


title: Little Russia

text: The term "Little Russia," which traces its origin to medieval times, was once widely used as the name for the geographic territory. The first appearance of the name "Ukraine" ("Ukraina") was in 12th-century chronicles; it was used sporadically from the mid-17th century until it was reintroduced in the 19th century by several writers making a conscious effort to awaken Ukrainian national awareness. But it was not until the 20th century when the modern term "Ukraine" started to prevail, while "Little Russia" gradually fell out of use.


title: Little Russia

text: The term "Little Russia" (Rus' Minor) is now anachronistic when used to refer to the country Ukraine and the modern Ukrainian nation, its language, culture, etc. Such usage is typically perceived as conveying an imperialist view that the Ukrainian territory and people ("Little Russians") belong to "one, indivisible Russia." Today, many Ukrainians consider the term disparaging, indicative of imperial Russian (and Soviet) suppression of Ukrainian identity and language. It has continued to be used in Russian nationalist discourse, in which modern Ukrainians are presented as a single people in a united Russian nation. This has provoked new hostility toward and disapproval of the term by some Ukrainians. In July 2021 Vladimir Putin published a 7000-word essay, a large part of which was devoted to expounding these views.


title: Little Russia

text: The concept of "Little Russianness" () is defined by some Ukrainian authors as a provincial complex they see in parts of the Ukrainian community due to its lengthy existence within the Russian Empire. They describe it as an "indifferent, and sometimes a negative stance towards Ukrainian national-statehood traditions and aspirations, and often as active support of Russian culture and of Russian imperial policies". Mykhailo Drahomanov, who used the terms "Little Russia" and "Little Russian" in his historical works, applied the term "Little Russianness" to Russified Ukrainians, whose national character was formed under "alien pressure and influence" and who consequently adopted the "worse qualities of other nationalities and lost the better ones of their own". Ukrainian conservative ideologue and politician Vyacheslav Lypynsky defined the term as "the malaise of statelessness". The same inferiority complex has been said to apply to the Ukrainians of Galicia with respect to Poland ("gente ruthenus, natione polonus"). The related term "Magyarony" has been used to describe Magyarized Rusyns in Carpathian Ruthenia who advocated for the union of that region with Hungary.


title: Little Russia

text: The term "Little Russians" has also been used to denote stereotypically uneducated, rustic Ukrainians exhibiting little or no self-esteem. The uncouth stage persona of popular Ukrainian singer and performer Andriy Mykhailovych Danylko is an embodiment of this stereotype; his Surzhyk-speaking drag persona Verka Serduchka has also been seen as perpetuating this demeaning image. Danylko himself usually laughs off such criticism of his work, and many art critics argue that his success with the Ukrainian public is rooted in the unquestionable authenticity of his presentation.


title: Little Russia

text: Tchaikovsky's Symphony No 2 in C minor, Op 17, is nicknamed the "Little Russian" from its use of Ukrainian folk tunes. In April 2022, it was proposed that the sub-title "Little Russian" should be replaced with "Ukrainian" to clarify the musical inspiration for this work.


title: Office Assistant

text: The Office Assistant is a discontinued intelligent user interface for Microsoft Office that assisted users by way of an interactive animated character which interfaced with the Office help content. It was included in Microsoft Office for Windows (versions 97 to 2003), in Microsoft Publisher and Microsoft Project (versions 98 to 2003), Microsoft FrontPage (versions 2002 and 2003), and Microsoft Office for Mac (versions 98 to 2004).


title: Office Assistant

text: The default assistant in the English version was named Clippit (commonly nicknamed Clippy), after a paperclip. The character was designed by Kevan J. Atteberry. Clippit was the default and by far the most notable Assistant (partly because in many cases the setup CD was required to install the other assistants), which also led to it being called simply the Microsoft Paperclip. The original Clippit from Office 97 was given a new look in Office 2000.


title: Office Assistant

text: The feature drew a strongly negative response from many users. Microsoft turned off the feature by default in Office XP, acknowledging its unpopularity in an ad campaign spoofing Clippit. The feature was removed altogether in Office 2007 and Office 2008 for Mac, as it continued to draw criticism even from Microsoft employees.


title: Office Assistant

text: In July 2021, Microsoft used Twitter to show off a redesign of Clippit (which they called "Clippy" in the Tweet), and said that if it received 20,000 likes they would replace the paperclip emoji on Microsoft 365 with the character. The Tweet quickly surpassed 20,000 likes and they then announced to replace it. In November 2021, Microsoft officially updated their design of the paperclip emoji (📎) on Windows 11 to be Clippit/"Clippy".


title: Office Assistant

text: According to Alan Cooper, the "Father of Visual Basic", the concept of Clippit was based on a "tragic misunderstanding" of research conducted at Stanford University, showing that the same part of the brain in use while using a mouse or keyboard was also responsible for emotional reactions while interacting with other human beings and thus is the reason people yell at their computer monitors. Microsoft concluded that if humans reacted to computers the same way they react to other humans, it would be beneficial to include a human-like face in their software. As people already related to computers directly as they do with humans, the added human-like face emerged as an annoying interloper distracting the user from the primary conversation.


title: Office Assistant

text: First introduced in Microsoft Office 97, the Office Assistant was codenamed TFC during development. It appeared when the program determined the user could be assisted by using Office wizards, searching help, or advising users on using Office features more effectively. It also presented tips and keyboard shortcuts. For example, typing an address followed by "Dear" would cause the Assistant to appear with the message, "It looks like you're writing a letter. Would you like help?"


title: Office Assistant

text: In many cases the Office installation CD was necessary to activate a different Office assistant character, so the default character, Clippy, remains widely known compared to other Office Assistants.


title: Office Assistant

text: The Clippy and Office Logo assistants were also redesigned. The removed assistants later resurfaced as downloadable add-ons.


title: Office Assistant

text: The Microsoft Office XP Multilingual Pack had two more assistants, , an animated secretary, and a version of the Monkey King () for Asian language users in non-Asian Office versions. Native language versions provided additional representations, such as Kairu the dolphin in Japanese.


title: Office Assistant

text: A small image of Clippy can be found in Office 2013 or newer, which could be enabled by going to Options and changing the theme to "School Supplies". Clippy would then appear on the ribbon.


title: Office Assistant

text: The Office Assistant used technology initially from Microsoft Bob and later Microsoft Agent, offering advice based on Bayesian algorithms. From Office 2000 onward, Microsoft Agent (.acs) replaced the Microsoft Bob-descended Actor (.act) format as the technology supporting the feature. Users can add other assistants to the folder where Office is installed for them to show up in the Office application, or install in the Microsoft Agent folder in System32 folder. Microsoft Agent-based characters have richer forms and colors, and are not enclosed within a boxed window. Furthermore, the Office Assistant could use the Lernout & Hauspie TruVoice Text-to-Speech Engine to provide output speech capabilities to Microsoft Agent, but it required SAPI 4.0. The Microsoft Speech Recognition Engine allowed the Office Assistant to accept speech input.


title: Office Assistant

text: The Microsoft Agent components that it requires are not included in Windows 7 or later; however, they can be downloaded from the Microsoft website. Installation of Microsoft Agent on Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and Windows 11 is also possible. When desktop compositing with Aero glass is enabled on Windows Vista or 7, or when running on Windows 8 or newer, the normally transparent space around the Office Assistant becomes the assistant's transparency color, which is usually solid-colored pink, blue, or green.


title: Office Assistant

text: Since their introduction, more assistants have been released and have been exclusively available via download.


title: Office Assistant

text: The program was widely reviled among users as intrusive and annoying, and was criticized even within Microsoft. Microsoft's internal codename TFC had a derogatory origin: Steven Sinofsky states that "C" stood for "clown", while allowing his readers to guess what "TF" might stand for. "Smithsonian Magazine" called Clippit "one of the worst software design blunders in the annals of computing". "Time" magazine included Clippit in a 2010 article listing the fifty worst inventions.


title: Office Assistant

text: Although helpful to brand-new users, and although introduced at a time when relatively few people had extensive experience with computers, Clippy was criticized for interrupting users and not providing advice that was fully adapted to the situation.


title: Office Assistant

text: In July 2000, the online comic strip "User Friendly" ran a series of panels featuring Clippit. In 2001, a Microsoft advertising campaign for Office XP included the (now defunct) website "officeclippy.com", which highlighted the disabling of Clippit in the software. It featured the animated adventures of Clippit (voiced by comedian Gilbert Gottfried) as he learned to cope with unemployment ("X… XP… As in, ex-paperclip?!") and parodied behaviors of the Office assistant. Curiously, one of these ("Clippy Faces Facts") uses the same punchline as one of the User Friendly comic strips. These videos can be downloaded from Microsoft's website as self-contained Flash Player executables. In the latest video of the series, Clippit ends up in an office as a floppy disk ejecting pin.


title: Office Assistant

text: In August 2001, a Microsoft Windows Flash-based parody named Windows RG was made by internet comedian JamesWeb. Windows RG is a parody of Windows Me that replicated the operating system’s crashes and instabilities in a more humorous way. It featured parodies of Microsoft Word and Clippit. Upon starting the pseudo-application, the Clippit-style character informs the user that they are not writing a letter but that the assistant likes letters and they should too. The assistant then instructs the user to start with the words "Milk" and "Sponge", and then adds a picture of an enlarged paperclip, which the assistant claims that it’s their brother. The pseudo-app then crashes afterwards, with a dialog box saying that "paperclip.exe" had performed "94,708" illegal operations and will be shot. After this, the assistant then appears lying dead on the floor with blood spewing out, which the assistant questions itself saying why they have blood even though they are a paperclip. Another dialog box appears afterwards, saying that Word has performed an illegal operation ("killed a paperclip") and will be "arrested" (which for that reason actually meant closed). Another Flash-based Windows parody, Windows FU (meant to be a parody of Windows XP), also featured parodies of Microsoft Word and Clippit in a similar manner to Windows RG.


title: Office Assistant

text: There is a Clippit parody in the "Plus! Dancer" application included in Microsoft Plus! Digital Media Edition which is later included as "Windows Dancer" in Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005. The dancing character Boo Who? is wearing a ghost outfit, roughly having the shape of Clippit's body, with a piece of wire visible underneath. Occasionally, the white sheet slips, and reveals the thin curve of steel. The description mentions "working for a short while for a Redmond, WA based software company, where he continued to work until being retired in 2001". Clippit is also included as a player character in "Microsoft Bicycle Card Games" and "Microsoft Bicycle Board Games". It was also used in the "Word Crimes" music video by "Weird Al" Yankovic.


title: Office Assistant

text: Vigor is a Clippit-inspired parody software—a version of the vi text editor featuring a rough-sketched Clippit.


title: Office Assistant

text: In a June 2008 episode of the NPR show "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!" marking the occasion of Bill Gates transitioning to semi-retirement from Microsoft, humorist Adam Felber and comedian Paul Provenza ad-lib a scenario in which Clippit (referred to as Clippy) is being driven to a location outside of Redmond, Washington, at night and says such things as "It looks like you're digging a grave. Is this a business grave or a personal grave?" The segment has become one of the most requested by listeners for replay during "best of" reviews of the show.


title: Office Assistant

text: On April 1, 2014, Clippit appeared as an Office Assistant in Office Online as part of an April Fools' Day joke. Several days later, an easter egg was found in the then-preview version of Windows Phone 8.1. When asked if she likes Clippit, the personal assistant Cortana would answer "Definitely. He taught me how important it is to listen." or "What's not to like? That guy took a heck of a beating and he's still smiling." Her avatar occasionally turned into a two-dimensional Metro-style Clippit for several seconds. This easter egg is still available in the full release version of the Windows Phone operating system and Windows 10.


title: Office Assistant

text: A Clippit easter egg is also found in Apple's personal assistant, Siri, although it is less flattering, saying things like "Clippy?! Don't get me started." or "The less said about Clippy the better."


title: Office Assistant

text: In Google Assistant, when asked if she trusts, knows, likes, or is Clippy, she responds with "Clippy? Clippy is legendary", with a smiling emoji at the end. And when asked why, she simply has no idea why Clippy is legendary. And when asked if she knows who Clippy is, she states she remembers the user has told her, with the answer "Clippy is an office."


title: Office Assistant

text: The built-in linting tool of the Rust programming language, which was created in 2014, is named Clippy as a reference to Clippit.


title: Office Assistant

text: On April 1, 2015, Tumblr created a parody of Clippit, Coppy, as an April Fools joke. Coppy is an anthropomorphized photocopier that behaved in similar ways to Clippit, asking the user if they want help. Coppy would engage the reader in a series of pointless questions, with a dialogue box written in Comic Sans MS, which was deliberately designed to be extremely annoying. In 2022, Tumblr created a YouTooz collectible of Coppy.


title: Office Assistant

text: Clippit is often the subject of humorous parody and reference, including internet memes. It has been lampooned in multiple television series, such as "The Office", and "Silicon Valley".


title: Office Assistant

text: Clippit is portrayed as a romantic interest in "Conquered by Clippy", a tongue-in-cheek erotic story by Leonard Delaney.


title: Office Assistant

text: After featuring Clippit's tomb in a movie to promote Office 2010, the character was relaunched as the main character of the game "Ribbon Hero 2", which is an interactive tutorial released by Microsoft in 2011. In the game, Clippy needs a new job and accidentally goes inside a time machine, travelling to different ages solving problems with Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote. Other Office Assistant names are also featured during the "Future Age" as planets of the future solar system.


title: WrestleMania IV

text: WrestleMania IV was the fourth annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on March 27, 1988, at the Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The announced attendance of the event was 19,199, drawing a 6.5 buyrate on PPV.


title: WrestleMania IV

text: The main event featured the finals of a one-night, 14-man single-elimination tournament for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, in which Macho Man Randy Savage defeated "Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase to win the vacant title. The main matches on the undercard were a twenty-man battle royal won by Bad News Brown, Demolition (Ax and Smash) versus Strike Force (Tito Santana and Rick Martel) for the WWF Tag Team Championship, and Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake versus The Honky Tonk Man for the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship.


title: WrestleMania IV

text: WrestleMania is considered the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) flagship pay-per-view (PPV) event, having first been held in 1985. It is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. WrestleMania IV was scheduled to be held on March 27, 1988, at the Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. This event was advertised as being held at the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, but taking place across the road at Convention Hall and sponsored by Donald Trump.


title: WrestleMania IV

text: Much of the promotion of the event featured the continued rivalry of André the Giant and Hulk Hogan, who had faced off in the previous edition's main event. This took place inside of a single elimination fourteen-man tournament for the vacant WWF World Heavyweight Championship. The event was broadcast across closed circuit television to 175,000 homes, and also on PPV.