title: Deontay Wilder vs. Tyson Fury

text: The fight was shown live on Showtime in the United States and on BT Sport Box Office in the United Kingdom. It was the first boxing pay-per-view event headlined by heavyweights on US TV since Hasim Rahman vs. Oleg Maskaev II in 2006, and the first heavyweight fight to be PPV in both the US and UK since Lennox Lewis fought Mike Tyson in 2002.


title: Deontay Wilder vs. Tyson Fury

text: The event was both a critical and a commercial success. At $74.99 in HD, the fight generated 325,000 buys in the United States. In the United Kingdom, the fight sold 450,000 buys. Showtime's delayed broadcast a week later drew an average 488,000 viewers, peaking at 590,000, in the United States.


title: Deontay Wilder vs. Tyson Fury

text: According to UK-based anti-piracy company Muso, the fight was watched illegally online by nearly 10 million viewers worldwide via pirated streams, including 1.9 million in the United States and more than 1 million in the United Kingdom.


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, and the county seat of Queens County. Named after Queen Charlotte, Charlottetown was an unincorporated town until it was incorporated as a city in 1855.


title: Charlottetown

text: It was the site of the famous Charlottetown Conference in 1864, the first gathering of Canadian and Maritime statesmen to discuss the proposed Maritime Union. This conference led, instead, to the union of British North American colonies in 1867, which was the beginning of the Canadian confederation. PEI, however, did not join Confederation until 1873. From this, the city adopted as its motto "Cunabula Foederis", "Birthplace of Confederation".


title: Charlottetown

text: The population of Charlottetown is estimated to be 40,500 (2022); this forms the centre of a census agglomeration of 83,063 (2021), which is roughly half of the province's population (160,302).


title: Charlottetown

text: The first European settlers in the area were French; personnel from Fortress Louisbourg founded a settlement in 1720 named "Port La Joye" on the southwestern part of the harbour opposite the present-day city. This settlement was led by Michel Haché-Gallant, who used his sloop to ferry Acadian settlers from Louisbourg.


title: Charlottetown

text: During King George's War, the British had taken over the Island. French officer Ramezay sent 500 men to attack the British troops in the Battle at Port-la-Joye. The French were successful in killing or capturing forty British troops.


title: Charlottetown

text: In August 1758, at the height of the French and Indian War, a British fleet took control of the settlement and the rest of the island, promptly deporting those French settlers that they could find in the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign (this being fully three years after the initial Acadian Expulsion in Nova Scotia). British forces built "Fort Amherst" near the site of the abandoned "Port La Joye" settlement to protect the entrance to the harbour.


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown was selected as the site for the county seat of Queens County in the colonial survey of 1764 by Captain Samuel Holland of the Royal Engineers. A year later, Charlottetown was made the colonial capital of St. John's Island. Further surveys conducted between 1768 and 1771 established the street grid and public squares which can be seen in the city's historic district. The town was named in honour of Queen Charlotte.


title: Charlottetown

text: On November 17, 1775, during the American Revolution, the colony's new capital was ransacked by Massachusetts-based privateers in the Raid on Charlottetown (1775). During the attack, the colonial seal was stolen and several prisoners, including Phillips Callbeck and Thomas Wright, were taken to Cambridge, Massachusetts and later released.


title: Charlottetown

text: In 1793, land had been set aside by Governor Fanning on the western limits of the community for use by the "Administrator of Government" (the governor), and as such it became known informally as "Fanning's Bank" or just "Fanning Bank". On November 29, 1798, St. John's Island was renamed to Prince Edward Island in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, who was the Commander-in-Chief, North America.


title: Charlottetown

text: In 1805, the local British garrison constructed a harbour defence called "Fort Edward" to the west of the capital's waterfront and the "Prince Edward Battery" manned this facility. In 1835, "Government House" was constructed at Fanning Bank as a residence for the colony's Governor. Today, it serves as the official residence for the Lieutenant Governor.


title: Charlottetown

text: Between 1843 and 1847, a new legislative building was constructed in the community. Named the Colonial Building originally, following Confederation with Canada it gradually became known as "Province House". The completion of this structure with Isaac Smith as builder/architect was an important milestone in the history of the capital and it is still in use today as the provincial legislature as well as a National Historic Site, and is currently the second-oldest legislative seat in Canada.


title: Charlottetown

text: On April 17, 1855, Charlottetown was incorporated as a city, holding its first council meeting on August 11 of that year. The community had 6,500 residents at the time of incorporation.


title: Charlottetown

text: Between September 1–8, 1864, Charlottetown hosted what is now termed the Charlottetown Conference. Although many of the meetings and negotiations which would lead to Canadian Confederation were held in Province House, various social events spilled over into the surrounding community.


title: Charlottetown

text: Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1, 1873. Aside from being the seat of colonial government, the community came to be noted during the early nineteenth century for shipbuilding and its lumber industry as well as being a fishing port. The shipbuilding industry declined in the latter part of the nineteenth century.


title: Charlottetown

text: On June 14, 1873 the "Government House Farm" at Fanning Bank was designated a municipal park, named Victoria Park in honour of Queen Victoria.


title: Charlottetown

text: In August 1874, the Prince Edward Island Railway opened its main line between Charlottetown and Summerside. The railway, along with the shipping industry, would continue to drive industrial development on the waterfront for several decades to come. The province's first health care facility, the Charlottetown Hospital, was opened by the Diocese of Charlottetown in 1879, which was followed by the publicly operated Prince Edward Island Hospital in 1884.


title: Charlottetown

text: Religion played a central role in the development of Charlottetown's institutions with non-denominational (i.e. Protestant) and Roman Catholic public schools (Catholic Queen Square, Notre Dame, and St Joseph's vs. Protestant West Kent and Prince Street), hospitals (Prince Edward Island Hospital vs. Charlottetown Hospital), and post-secondary institutions (Prince of Wales College vs. St. Dunstan's University) being instituted. St. Dunstan's was originally developed as a seminary for training priests, and the Maritime Christian College was founded in 1960 to train preachers for the Christian churches and churches of Christ in Prince Edward Island and the Maritime Provinces.


title: Charlottetown

text: As with most communities in North America, the automobile shaped Charlottetown's development in the latter half of the twentieth century, when outlying farms in rural areas of Brighton, Spring Park, and Parkdale saw increased housing developments. The Charlottetown airfield in the nearby rural community of Sherwood was upgraded as part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan and operated for the duration of World War II as RCAF Station Charlottetown, in conjunction with RCAF Station Mount Pleasant and RCAF Station Summerside. After the war the airfield was designated Charlottetown Airport. Charlottetown's shipyards were used extensively during World War II, being used for refits and upgrades to numerous Royal Canadian Navy warships. Further post-war development continued to expand residential properties in adjacent outlying areas, particularly in the neighbouring farming communities of Sherwood, West Royalty, and East Royalty.


title: Charlottetown

text: In 1959, the suburban village of Spring Park was amalgamated into the city, extending the city's northern boundary from Kirkwood Drive to Hermitage Creek and included the campus of St. Dunstan's University.


title: Charlottetown

text: To commemorate the centennial of the Charlottetown Conference, the ten provincial governments and the Government of Canada contributed to a national monument to the "Fathers of Confederation". The Confederation Centre of the Arts, which opened in 1964, is a gift to the residents of Prince Edward Island, and contains a public library, nationally renowned art gallery, and a mainstage theatre which has played to the Charlottetown Festival every summer since.


title: Charlottetown

text: In the 1960s, new public schools were constructed in the community, and in 1969 the city became home to the amalgamated University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), located on the campus of the former St. Dunstan's University. Together with the federal Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food's Charlottetown Experimental Farm (also known as "Ravenwood Farm"), these properties comprise a large green space surrounded by the city. The Prince of Wales College downtown campus became part of a new provincial community college system named Holland College, in honour of the island's famous surveyor. The PEI Comprehensive Development Plan in the late 1960s greatly contributed to the expansion of the provincial government in Charlottetown for the next decade.


title: Charlottetown

text: The Queen Elizabeth Hospital opened in 1982. In 1983, the national headquarters of the federal Department of Veterans Affairs was moved to Charlottetown as part of a nationwide federal government decentralization programme. In 1986, UPEI expanded further with the opening of the Atlantic Veterinary College.


title: Charlottetown

text: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, there was increased commercial office and retail development. A waterfront hotel and convention centre was completed in 1982 and helped to encourage diversification and renewal in the area, leading to several residential complexes and downtown shopping facilities. The abandonment of rail service in the province by CN Rail in December 1989 led to the railway and industrial lands at the east end of the waterfront being transformed into parks and cultural attractions.


title: Charlottetown

text: In the late 1990s and 2000s, the retail landscape changed with the opening of big box stores on the site of former traditional shopping centres and in new developments in the northern suburbs, particularly the neighbourhood of West Royalty, which is a key road junction.


title: Charlottetown

text: On April 1, 1995, Charlottetown amalgamated with the Town of Parkdale and the incorporated communities of East Royalty, Hillsborough Park, Sherwood, West Royalty, and Winsloe. At the same time, the amalgamated Charlottetown annexed Queens Royalty. Today, the City of Charlottetown occupies parts of the Lot 33 and Lot 34 townships.


title: Charlottetown

text: The central business district continues to undergo incremental expansion as government and private sector office space is constructed and new institutional space is built or retrofitted, however retail space in the CBD has suffered as a result of outlying big box retail construction in recent years.


title: Charlottetown

text: On May 31, 2021, the Charlottetown City Council voted to remove a statue of John A. MacDonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada, following a year of vandalism in the wake of the George Floyd Protests. The catalyst for the removal came following the discovery of a mass grave at the Kamloops Indian Residential School in British Columbia.


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown is situated on its namesake harbour, which is formed by the confluence of three rivers in the central part of the island's south shore. The harbour opens onto the Northumberland Strait. The city is roughly V-shaped (pointed to the south) and constrained by the North (Yorke) and the Hillsborough (East) Rivers to the west and east.


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown has a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfb") moderated partially by Prince Edward Island's location in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Winters are somewhat milder than many inland cities at a similar latitude: the January average is , and lows reach or below on an average 7 days per season. However, the coastal position means that winter precipitation, more often as snow, is frequent and at times heavy: the seasonal snow average is . Spring warming is gradual due to the ocean waters still being cold. Summers are mild, again due to the same maritime moderation: the July high is . Precipitation averages per year, with the greatest amounts falling in late fall and winter.


title: Charlottetown

text: The highest temperature ever recorded in Charlottetown was on 19 August 1935. The coldest temperature ever recorded was on 29 January 1877.


title: Charlottetown

text: Downtown Charlottetown includes the city's historic five hundred lots, as surveyed by Captain Samuel Holland, as well as the waterfront facing the harbour and the Hillsborough River. Adjacent communities to the original downtown included Brighton, Spring Park, Sherwood and Parkdale. The areas to the west, north and east of downtown have been developed in recent decades with several residential and commercial/retail developments, although the outer regions of the city are still predominantly farmland, as is an area in the centre of the city where an Agriculture Canada experimental crop research station is located. The Agriculture Canada research station farm is the last remnant of the Queens Royalty common pasture lands and creates a large greenspace in the centre of the city, north of downtown. The development of the township of Queens Royalty, with its estates surveyed during the 18th and 19th centuries along a north–south axis forced early road networks into a grid.


title: Charlottetown

text: The present-day Charlottetown landscape is dominated by urban development along the waterfront areas, suburban development to the west, north and east, as well as the airport to the north. Commercial development, aside from the central business district, is concentrated along several road corridors:


title: Charlottetown

text: The original municipal boundary between Charlottetown and the common area of the township of Queens Royalty was the northern edge of the original five hundred lots along present-day Euston Street. This boundary was extended north to Allen Street and Kirkwood Drive during the early twentieth century, taking in part of the rural community of Brighton west of the downtown. The village of Spring Park was amalgamated into the city in 1959, extending the city's boundary north to Hermitage Creek, which also formed the southern boundary of the village of West Royalty. Development filled in most vacant land in the Brighton and Spring Park neighbourhoods by the 1980s. Municipal amalgamation in 1996 saw the outlying independent municipalities of Parkdale (town), Sherwood, East Royalty, West Royalty and Winsloe (villages) merged into a larger city of Charlottetown at the same time as rural communities east and west of the city were amalgamated to form the towns of Stratford and Cornwall respectively.


title: Charlottetown

text: A green belt is in place around the northern fringe of the municipal boundary, although it is poorly enforced by the provincial government, leading to suburban sprawl.


title: Charlottetown

text: The city's streetscape with a centrally planned downtown core containing many Victorian-era houses and buildings is an attraction, as well as the waterfront redevelopment project in recent decades which has seen walking trails and parks developed on former industrial lands. A new cruise ship terminal was opened by the port authority in September 2007 which, proponents hope, will make the city a more attractive destination for the growing number of vessels operating in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.


title: Charlottetown

text: Popular attractions within the city include the provincial legislature at Province House, which hosted the Charlottetown Conference, as well as Founders Hall, a recently redeveloped railway maintenance building which now houses an interactive trip through history tracing the development of Canada as a nation.


title: Charlottetown

text: The Confederation Centre of the Arts provides live theatre, including the Charlottetown Festival during the summer months, as well as the Confederation Centre Art Gallery. The Charlottetown Festival itself is headlined by Canada's most popular and longest-running musical, "Anne of Green Gables - The Musical", which is an adaptation of Island author Lucy Maud Montgomery's novel. Several other small theatres and galleries can be found immediately surrounding the Confederation centre including the Mac (MacKenzie theatre), the Arts Guild, and Pilar Shepard gallery.


title: Charlottetown

text: There are 11 National Historic Sites of Canada located in Charlottetown, including Province House and the Confederation Centre of the Arts.


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown has numerous parks and playing fields for soccer, baseball, softball, football, rugby, and field hockey. Cricket also has been gaining popularity after building a ground and a cricket pitch at Tea hill park in Stratford. There are also many outdoor tennis courts, recreational trails, and running tracks. Most public schools in the city have gymnasiums available for public use outside of school hours and there are community-owned and operated hockey arenas and swimming pools, as well as several privately operated fitness centres.


title: Charlottetown

text: Amateur varsity team sports are prevalent for males and females in the city's two senior high schools, Colonel Gray and Charlottetown Rural, as well as the University of Prince Edward Island's varsity teams (the UPEI Panthers) through the institution's affiliation with Canadian Interuniversity Sport. Holland College also has varsity teams, the Holland Hurricanes.


title: Charlottetown

text: There is one junior hockey team in the community: the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League's Charlottetown Islanders. The city is also home to the Island Storm of the National Basketball League of Canada.


title: Charlottetown

text: In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Charlottetown had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.


title: Charlottetown

text: In the 2016 census, children under five account for approximately 4.4% of the resident population of Charlottetown. This compares with 4.9% in Prince Edward Island, and 5.4% for Canada overall. 19.7% of the resident population in Charlottetown are of retirement age compared with 19.4% in Prince Edward Island and 16.9% in Canada. The median age is 42.8 years of age compared to 44.5 years of age for Prince Edward Island and 41.2 years of age for all of Canada.


title: Charlottetown

text: There are 17,193 total private dwellings in Charlottetown with an occupancy rate of 93.6%. The median value of a private dwelling is $200,284 compared to $341,556 nationally. The population density is 814.1 per square kilometre.


title: Charlottetown

text: The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 5,245 persons or 13.9% of the total population of Charlottetown. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were China (1,030 persons or 19.6%), India (530 persons or 10.1%), Vietnam (410 persons or 7.8%), Syria (345 persons or 6.6%), Philippines (310 persons or 5.9%), United States of America (280 persons or 5.3%), United Kingdom (245 persons or 4.7%), Lebanon (115 persons or 2.2%), Iran (110 persons or 2.1%), and Jamaica (95 persons or 1.8%).


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown is approximately 84.6% white, 12.3% visible minorities and 3.1% aboriginal as of 2016. The largest visible minority groups in Charlottetown are Chinese (5.2%), South Asian (1.9%), Arab (1.4%), and Black (1.4%). 85.8% of Charlottetown residents spoke English as their first language. Other common mother tongues are Chinese languages (4.6%) French (2.1%), and Arabic (1.2%).


title: Charlottetown

text: As of 2011, the majority (75.4%) of residents are Christians. The most common denominations are Catholic (39.6%), United Church (11.3%), other Christian (9.2%), Presbyterian (6.2%), Anglican (4.1%), and Baptist (3.7%). People who have no religious affiliation make up 20.8% of the population. There are also significant populations of Muslims (1.6%) and Buddhists (1.2%).


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown's economy is dominated by the public sector. The provincial, federal, and municipal levels of government are significant employers in the central part of Queens County, as are the health care and secondary and post-secondary education sectors. Technology companies have increased their share of the city's workforce, however the actual numbers are quite small once call-centres are excluded. Other significant economic activities include light manufacturing, such as chemicals, bio-technology, and machining.


title: Charlottetown

text: The city's municipal government is structured around a council comprising a mayor and ten councillors elected using the ward system. The current mayor of the city is Philip Brown.


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown has seven seats (out of 27) in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island. Some of these electoral districts occupy adjacent rural areas that are not within the city's boundaries.


title: Charlottetown

text: Historically, Charlottetown was the centre of the province's railway network. Highway development in the latter part of the 20th century has resulted in the city being the focal point of several important routes in the province. Route 1, the Trans-Canada Highway, partially bisects the northern suburbs, linking with Riverside Drive, the Hillsborough River Bridge and the North River Causeway/Bridge on a limited-access arterial highway linking the city with the Confederation Bridge in the west and the Northumberland Ferries terminal in the east. Route 2, the province's main east–west highway intersects with Route 1 in the city.


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown Airport is the province's only airport with scheduled passenger airline service, serving 280,000 passengers per year.


title: Charlottetown

text: The absence of public transit for many decades in Charlottetown resulted in a dependence on personal use of automobiles, with municipal governments constructing three large above-ground parking garages in the city's historic district to house vehicles of downtown workers. The city also had a statistically higher proportion of taxis than the Canadian average as taxi service became a last-resort for many residents without access to a vehicle.


title: Charlottetown

text: The Charlottetown Harbour Authority operates the city's commercial port and is currently expanding a marine terminal which was formerly operated by the federal government. Importation of gravel for construction and petroleum products are the main port activities.


title: Charlottetown

text: English public schooling (gr. K-12) in Charlottetown is provided by the Public Schools Branch. French public schooling (gr. K-12) in the city is provided by the Commission scolaire de langue française.


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown is home to the University of Prince Edward Island. UPEI has programs in Arts, Education, Science, Business, Nursing and Engineering. The provincial university also houses the Atlantic Veterinary College. UPEI has a number of sport teams that compete in men's and women's hockey, soccer, rugby, basketball, and volleyball, and women's field hockey. These sports teams are called The Panthers.


title: Charlottetown

text: Charlottetown is also home to several campuses of Holland College, the province's community college. In addition, there are various private training colleges in the city.


title: Mooning

text: Mooning is the act of displaying one's bare buttocks by removing clothing, e.g., by lowering the backside of one's trousers and underpants, usually bending over, and also potentially exposing the genitals. Mooning is used in the English-speaking world to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or for provocation, but mooning can be done for shock value, for fun, as a joke or as a form of exhibitionism. The Māori have a form of mooning known as that is a form of insult.


title: Mooning

text: "Moon" has been a common shape metaphor for the buttocks in English since 1743, and the verb "to moon" has meant "to expose to (moon)light" since 1601. As documented by McLaren, "'mooning', or exposing one's butt to shame an enemy ... had a long pedigree in peasant culture" throughout the Middle Ages, and in many nations.


title: Mooning

text: Although the practice of mooning was widespread by the 19th century, the "Oxford English Dictionary" dates the use of "moon" and "mooning" to describe the act to student slang of the 1960s, when the gesture became increasingly popular among students at universities in the United States.


title: Mooning

text: In January 2016, mooning in a public place in Victoria was made a criminal offence/something for which one could be punished.


title: Mooning

text: is the Māori practice of baring one's buttocks with the intent to offend. It symbolises the birthing act and renders the recipient "noa" ("base").


title: Mooning

text: In January 2006, a Maryland state circuit court determined that mooning is a form of artistic expression protected by the First Amendment as a form of speech.


title: Mooning

text: The court ruled that indecent exposure relates only to exposure of the genitals, adding that even though mooning was a "disgusting" and "demeaning" act to engage in, and had taken place in the presence of a minor, "If exposure of half of the buttocks constituted indecent exposure, any woman wearing a thong at the beach at Ocean City would be guilty."


title: Mooning

text: Defense attorneys had cited a case from 1983 of a woman who was arrested after protesting in front of the U.S. Supreme Court building wearing nothing but a cardboard sign that covered the front of her body. In that case, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals had ruled that indecent exposure is limited to a person's genitalia. No review of the case by a higher court took place since prosecutors dropped the case after the ruling.


title: Mooning

text: In December 2000, in California, the California Court of Appeal found that mooning "does not" constitute indecent exposure (and therefore does not subject the defendant to sex offender registration laws), unless it can be proven beyond reasonable doubt that the conduct was sexually motivated.


title: Value-stream mapping

text: Value-stream mapping, also known as "material- and information-flow mapping", is a lean-management method for analyzing the current state and designing a future state for the series of events that take a product or service from the beginning of the specific process until it reaches the customer. A value stream map is a visual tool that displays all critical steps in a specific process and easily quantifies the time and volume taken at each stage. Value stream maps show the flow of both materials and information as they progress through the process.


title: Value-stream mapping

text: Whereas a value stream map represents a core business process that adds value to a material product, a value chain diagram shows an overview of all activities within a company. Other business activities may be represented in "value stream diagrams" and/or other kinds of diagram that represent business processes that create and use business data.


title: Value-stream mapping

text: The purpose of value-stream mapping is to identify and remove or reduce "waste" in value streams, thereby increasing the efficiency of a given value stream. Waste removal is intended to increase productivity by creating leaner operations which in turn make waste and quality problems easier to identify.


title: Value-stream mapping

text: Value-stream mapping has supporting methods that are often used in Lean environments to analyze and design flows at the system level (across multiple processes).


title: Value-stream mapping

text: Although value-stream mapping is often associated with manufacturing, it is also used in logistics, supply chain, service related industries, healthcare, software development, product development, and administrative and office processes.


title: Value-stream mapping

text: Daniel T. Jones (1995) identifies seven commonly accepted types of waste. These terms are updated from Toyota's operating model "The Toyota Way" (Toyota Production System, TPS) original nomenclature (muda):


title: Value-stream mapping

text: NNVA activities may also be referred to as "sustaining non-value adding", i.e. they have to be done, or they are necessary to sustain the business but do not contribute to customer requirements.


title: Value-stream mapping

text: There are two kinds of value stream maps, current state and future state. The current state value stream map is used to determine what the process currently looks like, the future state value stream map focuses on what the process will ideally look like after process improvements have occurred to the value stream.


title: Value-stream mapping

text: The current state value stream map must be created before the future state map and is created by observing the process and tracking the information and material flow. The value stream map is then created using the following symbols:


title: Value-stream mapping

text: In a build-to-the-standard form, Shigeo Shingo suggests that the value-adding steps be drawn across the centre of the map and the non–value-adding steps be represented in vertical lines at right angles to the value stream. Thus, the activities become easily separated into the value stream, which is the focus of one type of attention, and the "waste" steps, another type. He calls the value stream the process and the non-value streams the operations. The thinking here is that the non–value-adding steps are often preparatory or tidying up to the value-adding step and are closely associated with the person or machine/workstation that executes that value-adding step. Therefore, each vertical line is the "story" of a person or workstation whilst the horizontal line represents the "story" of the product being created.


title: Value-stream mapping

text: Value-stream mapping analyzes both material (artifact) and information flow. The following two resources exemplify the use of VSM in the context of software process improvement in industrial settings:


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Ishq Mein Marjawan () is an Indian romantic thriller television series. It aired from 20 September 2017 to 28 June 2019 on Colors TV. Produced by Yash A Patnaik under Beyond Dreams Entertainment. It starred Arjun Bijlani, Aalisha Panwar, Nia Sharma and Sonarika Bhadoria. It is the first installment of the "Ishq Mein Marjawan" series.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Intelligent and rich, Deep Raichand meets the beautiful Aarohi Kashyap at a party and falls for her, although he is already married to her look-alike Tara Raichand, a serial killer. In fact, Deep doesn't love Aarohi, and he and Tara only want to frame Aarohi for the murders done by Tara.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: When Deep tells her that he loves her (which is actually show off) she reveals about her boyfriend Vishal. Tara kills him (so that Aarohi accepts Deep's proposal) and his plan succeeds, as the shattered Aarohi marries Deep.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Due to her nature, Deep slowly begins to fall in love with her in real while she also feels the same for him. Suspecting that Deep loves Aarohi, Tara confronts him. He denies. A jealous Tara plans to kill Aarohi. To warn him, Tara murdered Arohi's elder brother, Aniket.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Deep's family is in fact pretenders hired by him. Prithvi is his manager; Maya is Tara's aunt ; Sanaya and Sushant are indeed lovebirds who are actors from a drama company including Diya. Aarohi learns the truth. Deep finds out and tortures her, framing her for an incident and jailing her.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Aarohi is bailed. Deep now lives in Mumbai. Aarohi disguises herself as Kesari to enter his house. Tara's mother, Roma reveals Deep's full story. He was actually an orphan, Deep Raj Singh and as Tara loved him, Roma realized only Deep can stop Tara from killing people and she got the two married.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Deep gets to know Kesari is actually Aarohi, and Deep loves and protects her so he tells Arohi that he sent her to jail only because he didn't want her dead. Aarohi pretending to be Tara goes to London with Deep. Aarohi shoots Deep and she returns to India. Deep is still alive, and he realized that he destroyed Aarohi's life and he tries to get away from Aarohi. She meets Tara simultaneously, their family comes and Deep misleads the police that Tara is Aarohi, and gets her arrested, and apologizes to Aarohi. Deep's father, Dilip Singh pretends to be disabled and Aarohi discovered it.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: When Roma begs Deep for Tara's release, he helps her. Tara returns. She attempts to murder Aarohi after finding out what Deep did with her. Mistakenly, instead of Aarohi; she fatally murders Roma. Deep and Aarohi decide to remarry, but at their wedding, Tara returns. Deep and Arohi are finally married.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Aarohi finds herself in a truck; her face has been changed. It is revealed that Deep changed her face and wanted to send her out of India. Aarohi returns to Mumbai and finds Deep living with Tara in Raichand mansion. Tara is now living as Arohi in front of everyone. Aarohi pretended to be Anjali where she discovers that her parents were alive as she tries to convince them that she is their daughter.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Aarohi discovers Deep was always using her and never really loved her. She is pregnant with his child and wants revenge, but Deep convinces her that he loves her and that they're trying to escape from Tara.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Wicked Tara plots to kill Aarohi and her child, making it seems like suicide. Aarohi assumes that Deep pushed her down a cliff. She loses her child and moves to a small village. Deep thinks Aarohi betrayed him and died with his child.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Deep begins to hate Aarohi and tries to find happiness with Tara, who feels elated as she succeeds in separating Deep and Aarohi. In the village, Aarohi meets warrior, Abhimanyu; who teaches her how to defend herself.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Abhimanyu enters Raichand mansion as a bodyguard to expose Deep and Tara's horrendous acts. Aarohi fails to take revenge on Deep who again convinces her that he loves her while persuading Tara he wants to get rid of Aarohi.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: A blackmailer, named Mr. X; who tries to control the entire Raichand family, mysteriously appears. Aarohi feels that Mr. X is Deep, but she cannot prove it. Raj and Tara join forces and kill Abhimanyu. Deep and Raj were in a deadly race and game where Deep's brakes are broken, but escaped from the car, while they started fighting with each other, Raj accidentally fell down from a cliff and dies.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: A few months later, after Mr. X's mystery is solved, Deep is blind and works with Shera his assistant, and does big deals. When Aarohi returns, she is shocked to see Deep is blind. She tries to find out the truth and is convinced that Deep is blind and innocent. Meanwhile, Deep has married a girl named Netra; who works for the police department and she has come to the Raichand family to arrest Deep; who is dealing in diamonds and expensive jewellery and is a white-collar criminal. Deep's new wife, Netra is a corrupt gold digger. Aarohi feels that Deep is innocent and tries to protect him from Netra. Aarohi works as a police agent to reveal the truth behind Deep.


title: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Tara dies and her eyes are gifted to Deep; who is no longer blind. However, Tara has not died; she returns and kills Netra. The love triangle of Tara, Deep, and Aarohi continues since Deep loves Tara and Aarohi loves Deep. Later, it is shown that Deep loves Tara, and how it was plotted from the starting to the end and it is said that Arohi did everything for her love and Deep did everything for his love Tara. The show ends with Tara and Deep leaving the country and Arohi still looking for Deep. He used Aarohi as she was the look-alike of Tara to save Tara because she was a psycho serial killer and Deep loves Tara unconditionally. Aarohi went out looking for Deep and Tara, while they are trying to leave. Aarohi is left shattered and heartbroken. Thus; as a lesson, if you're to fall in love, always make sure that it is pure with fidelity in it as stated by Deep Raj Singh.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: The Cessna CitationJet/CJ/M2 (also known as the Model 525) are a series of light business jets built by Cessna, and are part of the Citation family.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: <section begin=summary/>Launched in October 1989, the first flight of the Model 525 was on April 29, 1991. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification was awarded on October 16, 1992, and the first aircraft was delivered on March 30, 1993.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: The CJ series are powered by two Williams FJ44 engines; the design uses the Citation II's forward fuselage with a new carry-through section wing, and a T-tail.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: The original CitationJet model has been updated into the CJ1/CJ1+/M2 variants; additionally, the CJ1 was stretched into the CJ2/CJ2+ which was built between 2000- 2016. The design was then further developed into the CJ3/CJ3+, built from December 2004 to present, and finally into the CJ4 which has been built since 2010. By June 2017, 2,000 of all variants had been delivered.<section end=summary/>


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: Development of the CitationJet was prompted by the 1985 discontinuation of the Citation I, a reaction to the increasing price of its Pratt & Whitney JT15D-1 engines, which rendered it uncompetitive with its larger straight wing Citation stablemates. Cessna believed that a substantial market still existed for a light 4-5 passenger jet with low operating costs, docile flying qualities, and the ability to operate from short runways usable by light piston twins, a formula that had made the Citation I successful. However, that aircraft had been stigmatized for its slower cruise speed than its competitors, which had progressively been addressed in the Citation S/II and Bravo and the Citation V, Ultra and Encore, but at the cost of operating economy. To offer increased speed with reduced purchase and operating costs, Cessna engineers realized that a new, lighter airframe design would be needed, using less expensive and lower-thrust engines. To better compete with newer jets, Cessna also wanted to eliminate the step in the center aisle of the earlier Citations, created by the spar passing through the cabin.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: Cessna launched the $2.4 million (equivalent to $ million in ) model 525 CitationJet at the October 1989 NBAA convention in Atlanta, estimating a demand for 1,000 aircraft over ten years.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: Succeeding the 700 original Citation Is produced since 1972, first flight was scheduled for spring 1991, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification in October 1992 and deliveries by the end of the year.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: Its first flight was on April 29, 1991, FAA certification was awarded on October 16, 1992, and first delivery happened on March 30, 1993. The aircraft met its initial design goal: its normal cruise speed was faster than that of the Citation I, and it outperformed that aircraft in all other significant metrics except maximum payload and approach noise, despite having less total engine thrust. Twenty years after its first flight, 1,450 CJs had been produced.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: The six-seat CitationJet is a monoplane with a cantilever wing, a retractable tricycle landing gear and a pressurized cabin.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: The jet uses the Citation II's forward fuselage, a new carry-through section, a new laminar flow, supercritical wing developed with NASA and Boeing, and a T-tail.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: Powered by two Williams FJ44s, the aircraft has a trailing link undercarriage for smooth landings and can be flown by a single pilot.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: The CitationJet retains the inside diameter, circular fuselage cross-section of the Citation I and II, a semi-monocoque construction of conventional aluminum alloys assembled with rivets, fasteners and adhesive bonding.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: To reduce interference drag, a large fairing encases the low wing center section, and the engines are mounted high on the tail. Composite materials save weight in non-load-bearing components including fairings and the nose radome. The cockpit features EFIS avionics; fuselage length is reduced 11 inches (27 cm) compared to the Citation I, and cabin length is reduced by , but with a lowered center aisle for increased cabin height. The cockpit side windows are slightly smaller than those on earlier Citations to lessen interior temperature differences between the cockpit and the main cabin.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: Wing structure is a conventional ladder with chord-wise ribs over front and rear spars, and an aft sub spar to support the landing gear.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: The NASA high-speed 0213 airfoil sustains natural laminar flow over 30% of the upper surface for 10-15% better lift-to-drag ratio than the larger NACA 23000-series wing of the Citation I. To maintain the wing's laminar-flow qualities and reduce weight, icing protection is provided by ducted bleed air rather than the deicing boots or fluid deicing systems used on earlier Citations.


title: Cessna CitationJet/M2

text: Its FJ44 engine has a 16:1 overall pressure ratio and a 2.58:1 bypass ratio. Early CitationJet models have a novel design feature to reduce weight: rather than conventional thrust reversers, the aircraft are equipped with thrust attenuator paddles that pivot from the rear fuselage, similar to those used on the Cessna T-37 Tweet military trainer.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Robert Marvin Hull OC (born January 3, 1939) is a Canadian former ice hockey player who is regarded as one of the greatest players of all time. His blonde hair, skating speed, end-to-end rushes, and ability to shoot the puck at very high velocity all earned him the name "The Golden Jet". His talents were such that one or two opposing players were often assigned just to shadow him.


title: Bobby Hull

text: In his 23 years in the National Hockey League (NHL) and World Hockey Association (WHA), Hull played for the Chicago Black Hawks, Winnipeg Jets, and Hartford Whalers. He won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player twice and the Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's leading point scorer three times, while helping the Black Hawks win the Stanley Cup in 1961. He also led the WHA's Winnipeg Jets to Avco Cup championships in 1976 and 1978. He led the NHL in goals seven times, the second most of any player in history, and led the WHA in goals one additional time while being the WHA's most valuable player two times. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1983, the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1997, and received the Wayne Gretzky International Award in 2003. In 2017 Hull was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Hull was born in Pointe Anne, Ontario. He was the son of Lena Cook and Robert Edward Hull, a cement company foreman. He played his minor hockey in Belleville, and then Junior B hockey for the Woodstock Warriors in the fall of 1954. Hull led the Warriors to the 1955 Sutherland Cup as Ontario champions. Later, he played for the Galt Black Hawks and the St. Catharines Teepees in the Ontario Hockey Association, before joining the Chicago Black Hawks in 1957 at the age of 18.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Hull had a solid debut year finishing second in the Calder Memorial Trophy. Hull originally wore numbers 16 and 7 as a Black Hawk but later switched to his famous number 9, a tribute to his childhood idol Gordie Howe. By his third season (1959–60), he led the league in goal- and point-scoring (the Art Ross Trophy), a double feat which he also achieved in 1961–62 and 1965–66. He led Chicago to the Stanley Cup in 1961—their third overall and first in 23 years. He finished second in point-scoring three further times.


title: Bobby Hull

text: On March 12, 1966, the Golden Jet became the first NHL player to score more than 50 goals in a season, surpassing Maurice Richard's, Bernie Geoffrion's and his own mark of 50 goals. His 51st goal, scored on Cesare Maniago of the New York Rangers, earned him a seven-minute standing ovation from the Chicago Stadium faithful. Hull eventually scored 54 goals that season, the highest single-season total of the Original Six era. That same year, Hull set the record for the most points in a season with 97, one more than the previous record set by Dickie Moore 7 years earlier. His point total was tied the next year by teammate Stan Mikita and their record was broken three years later by Phil Esposito. Hull led the league in goal-scoring seven times during the 1960s. In 1968–69, despite Hull breaking his own goals in a season record by four goals in (netting 58) and setting a career NHL high of 107 points (second in the league that year), the Hawks missed the playoffs for the first time since his rookie season. By his final NHL season, he had scored 50 goals or more a remarkable five times. This was only one time less than all other players in NHL history combined up until that point in time.


title: Bobby Hull

text: In his 15 full NHL seasons he was voted the First-Team All-Star left winger ten times and the Second-Team All-Star left winger twice. His slapshot was once clocked at 118.3 mph (190.5 km/h) and he could skate 29.7 mph (47.8 km/h). During his drive to be the first to eclipse the 50 goal mark, Hull's wrist shot was claimed to be harder than his slapshot.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Long unhappy with his poor salary as one of hockey's preeminent superstars, Hull responded to overtures from the upstart World Hockey Association's Winnipeg Jets in 1972 by jesting that he would jump to them for a million dollars, a sum then considered absurd. Gathering the other league owners together to contribute to the unprecedented amount on the grounds that inking such a major star gave instant credibility to the new rival league that was competing directly against the entrenched NHL, Jets owner Ben Hatskin agreed to the sum, and signed Hull as a player/coach for a contract worth $1.75 million over 10 years plus a $1 million signing bonus. Although his debut with Winnipeg was held up in litigation by the NHL, Hull instantly became the WHA's greatest star winning the Gordie Howe Trophy as league MVP in 1972–73 and 1974–75. With Swedish linemates Anders Hedberg and Ulf Nilsson he formed one of the most formidable forward lines of the 1970s (known as "The Hot Line"), leading the Jets to two AVCO Cups during his time with the club. His best performance was during the 1974–75 season, when he scored 77 goals to set a new professional mark, while adding 65 assists for a total of 142 points, five behind the league leader, one of two times he finished second in the point-scoring race in the WHA. In the five WHA seasons in which he played more than half the schedule, he was voted a First-Team All-Star thrice and a Second-Team All-Star twice, while tallying 50 goals and 100 points four times each.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Because he joined the rival league, Hull was not allowed to represent Team Canada in the 1972 Summit Series, which pitted Canada's top NHL players against the USSR's national team. Two years later, a second Summit Series was held in which Hull and other top WHA stars (including Gordie Howe, who had been retired from the NHL at the time of the initial Summit Series) competed against the Soviet national team. The WHA lost the series four games to one (three ending in a tie), despite Hull's seven goals. He was a key member of the Canadian squad that won the 1976 Canada Cup, though, scoring five goals and three assists in seven games.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Hull and teammate Stan Mikita were catalysts for a 1960s craze where players curved the blades of their hockey sticks, which became widely referred to as "banana blades". Hull is the player typically linked most to the rule that banned this practice because of the potential danger to goalies, few of whom wore masks in that era. The curved blade made the puck's trajectory unpredictable. The rule originally limited the blade curvature to between one-half and three-quarters of an inch; in 1970, it was set at one-half inch. NHL Rule 10.1 currently limits the curvature to three-quarters-inch.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Slowed by injuries and age, Hull played only a few games in the WHA's final season of 1978–79. However, after the 1979 merger of the two leagues (including the Jets) and reportedly in financial straits, Hull came out of retirement to play once more for the NHL Jets. He played in eighteen games before being traded to the Hartford Whalers for future considerations, bringing the two-time Gordie Howe Trophy winner together with the 51-year-old Howe himself (who, after Hull's initial contest with the Whalers, told the press, "The kid looks good in his first game."). Hull played effectively in nine games (two goals and five assists) and three playoff games before retiring once more to care for his partner, who had been injured in an automobile accident.


title: Bobby Hull

text: In September 1981, Hull attempted one final comeback with the New York Rangers at age 42, at the suggestion of Rangers coach Herb Brooks, who wanted to try reuniting Hull with his former Jets teammates, Hedberg and Nilsson. The comeback attempt lasted five exhibition games, during which Hull had one goal and one assist, before he and the Rangers both decided it was best to end the comeback. It was the second time in Hull's career that he had played exhibition games with the Rangers; in 1959, after missing the playoffs the previous spring, the Rangers and the Boston Bruins had been sent on an exhibition tour of Europe, and then-emerging star Hull and Eddie Shack were added to the Rangers' roster for the tour. Hull and Shack co-led the Rangers in scoring, each netting 14 goals over the 23-game tour.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Hull ended his career having played in 1,063 NHL games, accumulating 610 goals, 560 assists, 1,170 points, 640 penalty minutes, three Art Ross Trophies, two Hart Memorial Trophies (he finished second or third in the voting an additional six times), a Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, and a Stanley Cup Championship, adding 62 goals and 67 assists for 129 points in 119 playoff games. He played in 411 WHA games, scoring 303 goals, 335 assists and 638 points, adding 43 goals and 37 assists in 60 playoff games. His North American major league professional total of 1,018 goals (NHL and WHA including playoffs) is the third most of all-time after Wayne Gretzky (1,109) and Gordie Howe (1,071), although the NHL does not recognize scoring statistics from the WHA in players' career totals.


title: Bobby Hull

text: In 1978, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. Besides his Hall of Fame induction, Hull's no. 9 jersey has been retired by the Black Hawks, the Jets, and their successor team, the Arizona Coyotes. When Bobby's son Brett Hull joined the Coyotes, they unretired the number for Brett to wear during his brief stint there to honour his father. Evander Kane, who wore number 9 for the current Winnipeg Jets franchise, sought and received Hull's permission to wear the number.


title: Bobby Hull

text: In 1998, Hull entered controversy after he allegedly made pro-Nazi comments. According to "The Moscow Times" he was quoted as saying, "Hitler, for example, had some good ideas. He just went a little bit too far." Hull later denied having complimented Hitler and said journalists had raised the subject. The incident was parodied on the Canadian news satire show "This Hour Has 22 Minutes", with Rick Mercer reading a spot saying Hull had been misquoted, and had actually said, ""Sittler" had some good ideas."


title: Bobby Hull

text: In 2003, he was named the figurehead commissioner of a new World Hockey Association, intended to operate during the 2004–05 NHL lockout; it never entered play, and the organization subsequently ran several ephemeral low-minor league and unsanctioned Tier II junior leagues. Hull served as an ambassador for the Blackhawks through part of the 2021-22 season until the organization announced, "When it comes to Bobby, specifically, we jointly agreed earlier this season that he will retire from any official team role."


title: Bobby Hull

text: Hull's younger brother Dennis (nicknamed ""the Silver Jet"") starred alongside him with the Chicago Black Hawks for eight seasons, scoring over 300 goals in his own right. Some commentators often wondered which brother had the harder shot. When Bobby was excluded from the 1972 Summit Series because he played in the WHA, Dennis initially planned to boycott the event as well as a show of support for his brother, but Bobby persuaded him to stay on Team Canada.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Hull's marriage to Joanne McKay ended in divorce in 1980 after several abusive incidents. In 1986, he was accused by Deborah, his third wife, of assault and battery. She eventually dropped the charges.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Hull was romantically involved with a woman named Claudia Allen. In 1980, Hull retired from the Hartford Whalers to take care of Allen, who was injured in a severe automobile accident. The couple never married.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Hull has five children with first wife Joanne: sons Bobby Jr., Blake, Brett, Bart, and daughter Michelle.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Brett Hull (the ""Golden Brett""), was also a hockey star, finishing his NHL career with 741 goals (currently the fifth-highest goal total in NHL history). Bobby and Brett are the only father-and-son tandem to achieve the marks of more than 50 goals in a NHL season and more than 600 NHL goals. They are also the only father-and-son tandem to win the Hart Memorial Trophy (Bobby twice and Brett once) and Lady Byng Trophy and to lead the league in goal scoring (Bobby seven times and Brett three times). While playing for the Phoenix Coyotes in 2005, Brett donned his father's retired No. 9 for the last five games of his career.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Bart Hull was a standout running back for the Boise State University Broncos football team and played with the Ottawa Rough Riders and Saskatchewan Roughriders in the CFL as well as one season of professional indoor football prior to recurring injuries. Post football, he briefly played professional hockey with the Idaho Steelheads.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Bobby Jr. and Blake both played junior and senior hockey. Bobby Jr. won the Memorial Cup with the 1980 Cornwall Royals. Later, the brothers played together for the Allan Cup-winning Brantford Mott's Clamatos of the OHA Senior A Hockey League (AAA Men's Amateur) in 1987.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Hull's daughter, Michelle, was an accomplished figure skater, becoming British Columbia Pre-Novice Champion at the age of 11. After many knee injuries, she ended her figure skating career and is now an attorney licensed in two states.


title: Bobby Hull

text: In July 1981, girlfriend Claudia Allen gave birth to Hull's youngest daughter, Jessica. Jessica graduated from Benedictine College with a degree in Elementary Education and currently resides in Minnesota.


title: Bobby Hull

text: Another daughter, Beth Carriero Anderson, was born on July 31, 1956 in Niagara Falls, NY. Hull was not aware of his daughter’s birth (the mother was from St. Catharines, Ontario) and the baby was put up for adoption. Beth now resides in South Carolina with her husband Joel Anderson and two children.


title: Bobby Hull

text: The Town of Cicero, Illinois created a public outdoor rink in his name. The rink hosts skating lessons, public skate, public Stick & Puck, High School Hockey games, and more.


title: The Big Valley

text: The Big Valley is an American Western drama television series that originally aired from September 15, 1965, to May 19, 1969 on ABC. The series is set on the fictional Barkley Ranch in Stockton, California, from 1884 to 1888. The one-hour episodes follow the lives of the Barkley family, one of the wealthiest and largest ranch-owning families in Stockton, led by matriarch Victoria Barkley (Barbara Stanwyck), her sons Jarrod (Richard Long) and Nick (Peter Breck), daughter Audra (Linda Evans), and their half-brother Heath (Lee Majors). The series was created by A.I. Bezzerides and Louis F. Edelman, and produced by Levy-Gardner-Laven for Four Star Television.


title: The Big Valley

text: The series begins about 6 years after the death of the family patriarch, Thomas Barkley. Although he is never shown in the series (other than a painting and a statue), the character of Thomas Barkley is referred to as a major plot point many times. The character of Heath Barkley is introduced in episode one as the illegitimate son of Tom Barkley. His presence and claim to the Barkley name is the focus of many of the dramatic plots in season one. While the successful and rich are often portrayed in present day as the unscrupulous villains, the Barkley family is portrayed as upstanding citizens of Stockton, models of justice and fairness, often going against popular sentiment to uphold the rights of the underdog.


title: The Big Valley

text: In addition to the Barkley family members, the episode plots typically revolved around morally conflicted protagonists and antagonists, a common theme in the mythology of the American West in the 19th century.


title: The Big Valley

text: The TV series was based loosely on the Hill Ranch, which was located at the western edge of Calaveras County, not far from Stockton. The Hill Ranch existed from 1855 until 1931 and included almost 30,000 acres, and the Mokelumne River ran through it. The source is from an episode in which Heath is on trial in a ghost town with another man (played by Leslie Nielsen), and tells the judge how much land they have. Lawson Hill ran the ranch until he was murdered in 1861. His wife Euphemia ("Auntie Hill") then became the matriarch. During their marriage, they had four children, one daughter and three sons. Today, the location of the ranch is covered by the waters of Camanche Reservoir. A California state historical marker standing at Camanche South Shore Park mentions the historic ranch.


title: The Big Valley

text: In the first episode, titled "Palms of Glory", the grave of Thomas Barkley (1813–1870) is shown after he is mentioned to have fought the railroad 6 years before. Later in the same episode, Frank Braun reminds Nick, Jarrod, and Eugene, "Six years ago, your daddy and mine fought and died for this," indicating the year is 1876. The episode "The Odyssey of Jubal Tanner" gives conflicting information. Audra states that her father died 6 years ago, which would—per "Palms of Glory"—point to 1876, but Jubal seems to imply that he has been gone 30 years since his wife Margaret Tanner's death, her grave marker showing that she had died in 1854, which would put the year around 1884. In the second-season episode "Hide the Children", Nick makes reference that President Ulysses Simpson Grant is in the White House. Grant's term of office was from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1877. In the fourth- and final-season episode "They Called Her Delilah", the telegram Jarrod received from Julia Saxon dated April 27, 1878, can be seen on screen. In the fourth-season episode "The Prize", Heath buries the wife of an outlaw, adding a grave marker dated May 5, 1878. In the episode "The Jonah", the band at a town dance can be heard playing Johann Strauss II's "Emperor Waltz" or ""Kaiser-Walzer"". The waltz was first performed in Berlin on October 21, 1889, which, by the time it would have reached the American West, would indicate a time period of 1890 or later, much later than other historical references in the show.


title: The Big Valley

text: While "The Big Valley" is set primarily in and near the city of Stockton, the filming of the series took place in Southern California. It was partially filmed in Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks, California.


title: The Big Valley

text: Wilfred M. Cline, Technicolor associate cinematographer on "Gone with the Wind" (1939), was director of photography for several "Big Valley" episodes, together with Chas E. Burke. Nick's girlfriend in "The River Monarch" wears an open-weave/knit gray coat with red trim that was worn by Olivia de Havilland as Melanie Wilkes in the Atlanta train station Christmas scene in "Gone With the Wind".


title: The Big Valley

text: The theme music was composed by George Duning, who also scored the pilot and four episodes; Lalo Schifrin, Elmer Bernstein, and Joseph Mullendore also scored episodes. Paul Henreid, of "Casablanca" fame, directed a number of episodes.


title: The Big Valley

text: The series’ main title theme and primary incidental music were composed by George Duning and feature sweeping musical elements highly reminiscent of classic American cinematic Westerns. For at least the first pilot episode, the theme song starts with a more relaxed woodwinds introduction leading into the title refrain at a moderate tempo. For the remainder of season one, the tempo is increased and the intro is shortened, with much more aggressive phrasing. For seasons three and four, the main theme was reworked again, with a much more brass-heavy orchestration. The final refrain (when Miss Barbara Stanwyck's credits are shown), includes an underlying Spanish rhythm outlined with tambourine that is similar to that of "The Magnificent Seven" main title. Therefore, at least three versions of the theme song were recorded for the series.


title: The Big Valley

text: In 1966, a soundtrack album was released in both monoaural and stereo versions, featuring suites of various music cues from the series, re-recorded for the LP release (ABC-Paramount; ABC 527). The album featured the iconic main theme song, but at slower tempos, giving them a more cinematic mood. To date, the album has not been re-released on compact disc or streaming. In 1980, the LP was reissued on vinyl on MCA Records for the Japanese market.


title: The Big Valley

text: Re-recordings of the main theme song to "The Big Valley" have appeared on several Western movie-music compilation compact discs, and can currently be found on most music streaming services.


title: The Big Valley

text: Despite the series' popularity, its ratings never made the top 30 in the yearly ratings charts. "The Big Valley" was cancelled in 1969 as the TV Western craze began to fade, and to make room for more modern series. In Ella Smith's 1973 biography, "Starring Miss Barbara Stanwyck", Smith noted that "The Big Valley" had been cancelled by ABC mainly due to a poor time slot. In better times, the series had been enough of a hit to outlive various time-slot rivals during its run (mainly on Mondays at 10 pm), including "The Jean Arthur Show", "Run for Your Life", and "I Spy". According to "Broadcasting" magazine (September 27, 1965), its debut episode (actually Wednesday at 9 pm, where the series aired for half the season) placed 39th in the Nielsen ratings for the week of September 13–19, 1965.


title: The Big Valley

text: "The Big Valley" also was ranked as one of the top-five favorite new shows in viewer TVQ polling (the others were "Get Smart", "I Dream of Jeannie", "Lost in Space", and "F Troop"). Early into its second season, "The Big Valley" was still a mid-range performer, placing 47th out of just 88 series during the week of October 28, 1966, which was higher than such shows as "That Girl", "Daniel Boone", "Petticoat Junction", and "The Wild Wild West". Even so, "The Big Valley" was popular enough to warrant at least three "TV Guide" covers. It also acted as a launching pad for two projected spin-offs from special episodes. A 1968 episode guest-starring Van Williams was meant to lead to a "Rifleman"-like series titled "Rimfire". A March 1969 episode, "The Royal Road", guest-starring heartthrob Sajid Khan as a young rogue, was also hoped to lead to a series, but by that year, the rising popularity of CBS's "The Carol Burnett Show" — and vocal complaints by Joey Bishop, ABC's late-night talk show host, that the show's faltering ratings were not helping to provide his program with a proper lead-in — ultimately led to the drama's demise. In syndication, "The Big Valley" proved exceptionally popular in the United States, Europe, and Latin America.


title: The Big Valley

text: In the comedy film "Airplane!" (1980), the wacky air traffic controller Johnny, played by Stephen Stucker, paid homage to "Big Valley"s penchant for big drama in one of his many asides. After Lloyd Bridges' character frets about a pilot who cracked under pressure, Johnny says: "It happened to Barbara Stanwyck!" and "Nick, Heath, Jarrod – there's a fire in the barn!" "The Big Valley" also has seeped into the darker cinematic subconscious. In "Bug", an acclaimed 2006 thriller starring Ashley Judd and Michael Shannon as drug addicts, their characters spiral into a hallucination that leads them to imagine tiny bugs have invaded their dwelling, with one referring to the little critters as "matriarchal aphids" that act "like Barbara Stanwyck in "Big Valley"."


title: The Big Valley

text: In 1966, for her first season as Victoria Barkley, Barbara Stanwyck won the Emmy for lead actress in a drama series. She was nominated two more times (1967 and 1968) for her work in "The Big Valley" and earned three Golden Globe nominations as Best TV Star for the part, as well (1966, 1967, 1968). On March 15, 1967, Stanwyck was named favorite TV actress at the "Photoplay" magazine awards, which aired as a special episode of "The Merv Griffin Show" (David Janssen of "The Fugitive" was named favorite TV actor). Richard Long helped present Stanwyck her Gold Medal at the event.


title: The Big Valley

text: "The Big Valley" was also recognized during its run for its polished production. In 1966 and 1968, the American Cinema Editors named "Valley" the year's Best Edited Television Program (for the episodes "40 Rifles" and "Disappearance", respectively).


title: The Big Valley

text: Dell Comics published a short-lived comic book for six issues in 1966-69. (The last issue reprinted the first, and came out two years after issue #5). All issues had photo covers.


title: The Big Valley

text: Film columnist Patrick Goldstein reported in the "Los Angeles Times" in July 2009 that filmmakers Daniel Adams and Kate Edelman Johnson were producing a feature-film version of "The Big Valley" with production to begin in April 2010 in New Mexico and Michigan. In 2012, the aforementioned film version of "The Big Valley", which was to have first starred Susan Sarandon and then Jessica Lange in the role of Victoria Barkley, was put on hold indefinitely after the film's would-be director, Daniel Adams, was indicted for fraud pertaining to two previous films and sued by investors in "Valley" who claimed foul, as well.


title: The Big Valley

text: Several episodes of the original TV series have been combined into concurrent-running feature-length TV movies, while the notable two-part episodes, "Legend of a General" and "Explosion!", have also been made into feature-length TV movies. These have been issued as TV movies on DVD as a box set, along with seasons one and two.


title: The Big Valley

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the first season on DVD in Region 1 on May 16, 2006. Season 2, Volume 1 was released on January 30, 2007.


title: The Big Valley

text: On January 8, 2014, Timeless Media Group announced it had acquired the rights to the series. They have subsequently released seasons 2 & 3 on DVD. The fourth and final season was released on October 28, 2014.


title: AEG

text: Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AG (AEG; ) was a German producer of electrical equipment founded in Berlin as the "Deutsche Edison-Gesellschaft für angewandte Elektricität" in 1883 by Emil Rathenau. During the Second World War, AEG worked with the Nazi Party and benefited from forced labour from concentration camps. After World War II, its headquarters moved to Frankfurt am Main.


title: AEG

text: In 1967, AEG joined with its subsidiary Telefunken AG, creating "Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AEG-Telefunken". In 1985, Daimler-Benz purchased the "AEG-Telefunken Aktiengesellschaft" (which was renamed to "AEG Aktiengesellschaft") and wholly integrated the company in 1996 into Daimler-Benz AG (1998: DaimlerChrysler). The remains of AEG became part of Adtranz (later Bombardier Transportation) and Deutsche Aerospace (1998: DASA, today part of Airbus SE).


title: AEG

text: After acquiring the AEG household subsidiary AEG Hausgeräte GmbH in 1994, Electrolux obtained the rights to the AEG brand name in 2005, which it now uses on some of its products. The AEG name is also licensed to various brand partners under the Electrolux Global Brand Licensing program.


title: AEG

text: In 1883, Emil Rathenau founded "Deutsche Edison-Gesellschaft für angewandte Elektricität" in Berlin. In 1888 it was renamed "Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft". Initially producing electrical equipment (such as light bulbs, motors and generators), the company soon became involved in AC electric transmission systems. In 1907, Peter Behrens was appointed as artistic consultant to AEG. This led to the creation of the company's initial corporate identity, with products and advertising sharing common design features.


title: AEG

text: The company expanded in the first half of the 20th century, and it is credited with a number of firsts and inventions in electrical engineering. During the same period, it entered the automobile and airplane markets. Electrical equipment for railways was produced during this time, beginning a long history of supplying the German railways with electrical equipment. According to the 1930 "Encyclopedia Britannica": "Prior to 1923 it was the largest electrical manufacturing concern in Germany and one of the most important industrial undertakings in the world."


title: AEG

text: During the Second World War, AEG joined with other large companies such as IG Farben, Thyssen and Krupp in their support of the Nazis. The company benefited from the use of large numbers of forced labourers as well as concentration camp prisoners, under inhuman conditions of work.


title: AEG

text: After WWII, the company lost its businesses in the eastern part of Germany. After a merger in 1967, the company was renamed "Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AEG-Telefunken" (from 1979 on only "AEG-Telefunken"). The company experienced financial difficulties during the 1970s, resulting in the sale of some assets. In 1983, the consumer electronics division "Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH" was sold. In 1985, the company re-took the name AEG and the remainder of the company was acquired by Daimler-Benz; the parts that remained were primarily related to electric power distribution and electric motor technology. Under Daimler-Benz ownership, the former AEG companies eventually became part of the newly named Adtranz in 1995, and the AEG name was no longer used. Electrolux, which had already acquired the household subsidiary AEG Hausgeräte GmbH in 1994, now own the rights to use and license the AEG brand.


title: AEG

text: The company originated in 1882, when Emil Rathenau acquired licences to use some of Thomas Edison's lamp patents in Germany. The Deutsche Edison Gesellschaft ("German Edison Company") was founded in 1883 with the financial backing of banks and private individuals, with Emil Rathenau as company director.


title: AEG

text: In 1884, Munich-born engineer Oskar von Miller (who later founded Deutsches Museum) joined the executive board. The same year, the company entered negotiations with the Berlin "Magistrat" (the municipal body) to supply a large area from a central supply, which resulted in the formation of the "Städtischen Elektrizitätswerke" (A.G.StEW) ("City electricity works company (Berlin)") on 8 May 1884.


title: AEG

text: The original factory was located near Stettiner Bahnhof. In 1887 the company acquired land in the Berlin-Gesundbrunnen area on which the "Weddingsche Maschinenfabrik" (founded by Wilhelm Wedding) was previously located. In the same year, in addition to a restructuring and expansion of the production range, the AEG name was adopted.


title: AEG

text: In 1887 Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrowolsky joined the company as chief engineer, later becoming vice-director. His work on polyphase electric power led him to become the world's leading engineer in three-phase electric power systems at the end of the 1880s.


title: AEG

text: In 1891 Miller and Dobrovolski demonstrated the transmission of electrical power over a distance of from a hydro electric power plant in Lauffen am Neckar to Frankfurt, where it lit 1000 light bulbs and drove an artificial waterfall at the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfurt am Main. This success marked one of beginnings of the general use of alternating current for electrification in Germany, and showed that distance transmission of electric power could be economically useful. In the same year the "Stadtbahn Halle/Saale" (City railway Halle–Saale) opened, the first electric tram system (of notable size) in Germany


title: AEG

text: Tropp Paul began his work for the AEG 1889/90 until 1893, and Franz Schwechten designed the facades of the "Acker- und Hussitenstraße" in 1894–95.


title: AEG

text: In 1894 the site of the former "Berlin Viehmarktgasse" (cattle market alley) was purchased. This had a railroad siding connecting to the Berlin rail network, but there was no rail connection between the two plants. In 1895 an underground railway link between the two plots was built in a tunnel 270 meters long. The tunnel was built by Siemens & Halske (S & H) (later to become Siemens) under the direction of C. Schwebel and Wilhelm Lauter who were also connected in the building of what is now the Spree tunnel Stralau used by the U-Bahn.


title: AEG

text: By 1889 AEG were known as specialists in the construction of industrial portable drilling machines, some of these were driven by flexible shafts from electric motors. AEG also developed a toothed belt drive to reduce motor speed down to that required by machine tools.


title: AEG

text: In 1903 the competing radio companies AEG and "Siemens & Halske" merged, forming a joint subsidiary named Telefunken.


title: AEG

text: In 1907 architect Peter Behrens became an artistic adviser. Responsible for the design of all products, advertising and architecture, he has since become considered as the world's first corporate designer. Behren's philosophy was to create a building which is solid, strong and simple in its structure. It is perfect for doing its job of producing large, heavy machinery. The dimensions of the building were chosen to allow turbines to be transported above other machinery.


title: AEG

text: In the 1920s AEG became a global supplier of electrical know-how and equipment. In 1923, for example, it provided most of the essential materials and a team of engineers to oversee the electrification of British-ruled Palestine. British firms, at the time, could not compete with the prices of AEG


title: AEG

text: The activity of the company soon extended to all areas of electrical power engineering, including electric lighting, electric power, electric railways, electro-chemical plants, as well as the construction of steam turbines, automobiles, cables and cable materials. In the first decades, the company had many factories in and around Berlin:


title: AEG

text: AEG donated 60,000 Reichsmarks to the Nazi party after the Secret Meeting of 20 February 1933 at which the twin goals of complete power and national rearmament were explained by Hitler. They joined with other large companies such as IG Farben, Thyssen and Krupp in their support of the Nazis, especially in promoting re-armament of the Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe, and Kriegsmarine. During the war itself, they were to use large numbers of forced labourers as well as concentration camp prisoners, under inhuman conditions of work.


title: AEG

text: AEG worked extensively with the Nazi party in Poland. AEG was forced to relinquish Kabelwerk Krakow, a cable manufacturing plant, to the Nazi party. Kabelwerk Krakow was located in Krakow-Plaszow and used forced Jewish labor manufacturing cables from 1942 to 1944. In 1943, AEG began to relocate goods and evacuate workers. Goods were relocated to various places, including Berlin and Sudetenland. When installing electric and lighting systems for the Waffen-SS training grounds in Dębica, AEG used forced labor from Jews placed in the Pustkow labor camp located in Southeastern Poland.


title: AEG

text: During World War II, an AEG factory near Riga used female slave labour. AEG were also contracted for the production of electrical equipment at Auschwitz concentration camp.


title: AEG

text: AEG used slave labour from Camp No. 36 at the new sub-camp of Auschwitz III and also known as Monowitz, called "Arbeitslager Blechhammer". Most of them would die in 1945 during the death marches and finally in Buchenwald.


title: AEG

text: AEG was a major supplier of grips found on World War II P38 pistols manufactured by Walther Arms, Mauser, as well as on the early wartime Spreewerk P38s.


title: AEG

text: In an effort to express regret for their use of Jewish slave labor in World War II, AEG joined with Rheinmetall, Siemens, Krupp, and I G Farben to pay DEM75 million in reparations to the Jewish Claims Conference.


title: AEG

text: In 1945, after the Second World War, the production in the factories in the western sectors of Berlin - what today is the building of the headquarters of DW (TV)Deutsche Welle - and Nuremberg, Stuttgart and Mulheim an der Ruhr resumed and further new works were erected, among others an Electric meter plant in Hameln.


title: AEG

text: The steam and electric locomotive plant in Hennigsdorf ("Fabriken Hennigsdorf") became a "Volkseigener Betrieb" (VEB) (people owned enterprise) as the "Lokomotivbau Elektrotechnische Werke" (LEW) ("electric locomotive works"). The cable plant ("Draht-, Kabel- und Metallwerk Oberspree") and apparatus factory ("Apparatefabrik Treptow") and other facilities also lay in East Germany and became "Sowjetische Aktiengesellschaft" (SAG) (Soviet joint stock companies). Over 90% of assets in Berlin lay in the Russian occupied zone and were lost.


title: AEG

text: The headquarters for the non-expropriated parts of the company was moved first to Hamburg and then finally to Frankfurt am Main, the headquarters in Berlin having been destroyed.


title: AEG

text: In 1970, AEG-Telefunken had 178,000 employees worldwide, and was the 12th largest electrical company in the world. The company was burdened by, among other things, unsuccessful projects such as an automated baggage conveyor system at Frankfurt Airport and nuclear powerplant construction. In particular, the nuclear power plant at Würgassen, the commissioning of which was delayed by several years due to technical problems cost AEG hundreds of millions of DM. As a result, the company paid its last dividend in 1972.


title: AEG

text: The entertainment arm ("Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH") headquartered in Hanover was sold. This was followed by the computer mainframe business (TR 4, TR 10, ) (a partnership under the name Telefunken Computer GmbH with the company Nixdorf) was sold to Siemens. The process computer (TR 84, TR 86, AEG 60–10, AEG 80–20, AEG 80–60) continued as "Geschäftsbereich Automatisierungstechnik" (after 1980 as ATM Computer GmbH).


title: AEG

text: In 1975 the former Telefunken Headquarter at Berlin-Charlottenburg, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 7 was sold. The building had been previously rented to the Technical University of Berlin


title: AEG

text: In 1976, to circumvent the requirement of equal participation of employees in the supervisory board, Dr. Walter Cipa (Dipl.-Geol.) (AEG boss from 1976 to 1980) created four further companies as wholly owned joint stock companies in addition to the two household appliance companies. (The numbers in parentheses refer to percentage of turnover in 1980)


title: AEG

text: In 1979 "Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AEG-Telefunken" was renamed "AEG-Telefunken AG" by dropping the supplement "Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft", used since 1887. For reasons of European Union, the corporate form AG (Aktiengesellschaft) had to be added. In February 1980, Heinz Dürr became board Chairman (until 1990).


title: AEG

text: In August 1982 a restructuring plan, backed with federal guarantees of 600 million DM and new bank loans of 275 million DM, fell apart at the first disagreement between the banks. A banking consortium provided an administrative loan of DM 1.1 billion to the AEG Group until June 1983; 400 million of which only to be available on a guarantee by the federal government. Not only was AEG-Telefunken AG affected, but also its subsidiaries "Küppersbusch AG" in Gelsenkirchen, "Hermann Zanker Maschinenfabrik GmbH & Co. KG" in Tübingen and "Carl Neff GmbH" in Bretten.


title: AEG

text: The "Alno-Möbelwerke GmbH & Co. KG" in Pfullendorf was taken over by the minority shareholders, and separated from the group.


title: AEG

text: The suppliers to AEG were affected and some filed for bankruptcy—including "Becher & Co. Möbelfabriken KG" in Bühlertann—with lack of continuity of company policy a factor. The site at Brunnenstraße in the former Berlin district of Wedding was also sold, as were the firms "AEG-Fabrik Essen" and "Bauknecht".


title: AEG

text: AEG played an important role in the history of the German railways; the company was involved on the development and manufacture of the electrical parts of almost all German electric locomotive series and contributed to the introduction of electrical power in German railways.


title: AEG

text: Additionally many steam locomotives were made in AEG factories. In 1931 the company acquired Borsig and transferred the locomotive production to the AEG-Borsig works ("Borsig Lokomotiv-Werke GmbH") from the Borsig plant in Tegel. In 1948 the plant became VEB "Lokomotivbau Elektrotechnische Werke". In addition to numerous electric locomotives produced for the DR steam locomotive production continued until 1954.


title: AEG

text: When the Federal Republic of Germany began implementing AC propulsion systems AEG found itself in competition with Brown, Boveri & Cie. The prototype DB Class E320 was built with Krupp as dual voltage (15 kV and 25 kV AC) test machine, the technology ultimately leading to locomotives such as DB Class 120 and ICE 1.


title: AEG

text: Only after German reunification and the adoption of the LEW plant in Hennigsdorf did AEG's name return to whole locomotive manufacturing, but only for a short time. "AEG locomotives GmbH " became part of ABB Daimler-Benz Transportation (later ADtranz) and currently the technology developed in the past, in part, now enables Bombardier Transportation to build the very successful TRAXX series of locomotives.


title: AEG

text: AEG manufactured a range of aircraft from 1912 to 1918. The first aircraft in 1912 was of wooden construction and modeled after the biplane of the Wright brothers. It had a wingspan of ; was powered by an eight-cylinder engine producing 75 hp; unloaded weight was 850 kg; and could attain a speed of . From 1912, the construction of airplanes proceeded in mixed wood and steel tube construction with fabric covering.


title: AEG

text: One of the planes designed and built was "Riesenflugzeug" ("giant aircraft") AEG R.I. This aircraft was powered by four Mercedes D.IVa engines linked to a combination leather cone and dog clutch. The first flight tests were satisfactory, but on 3 September 1918, the R.I broke up in the air killing its seven crewmen.


title: AEG

text: The most successful in terms of production figures of all the AEG aircraft designs was that of the G.IV "Grossflugzeuge" ("large aircraft") heavy tactical bomber, of which one still survives of the 320 built, as the sole surviving World War One German multi-engine bomber.


title: AEG

text: During the Second World War AEG produced machines for reconnaissance purposes, including a helicopter platform driven by an AC motor. This was a tethered craft that could not fly freely; the power supply was carried by three cables from the ground. The machine reached an altitude of 300 m.


title: AEG

text: AEG bought Kühlstein in 1902, founding the division "Neue Automobil Gesellschaft" (New Automobile Company), to make cars. AEG withdrew from car production in 1908.


title: AEG

text: As a result of the breakup and dissolution of the original company, Electrolux acquired the brand rights in 2005 and the name is also licensed to various companies: Currently the brand is being actively promoted by Electrolux; it includes many of the same products that it formerly manufactured, such as power solutions energy devices, telecommunication devices (phones and mobile phones), automation, car accessories, home appliances, power tools, projectors, printing equipment and supplies, water treatment devices, and personal care devices under the AEG brand.


title: Reverse racism

text: Reverse racism, sometimes referred to as reverse discrimination, is the concept that affirmative action and similar color-conscious programs for redressing racial inequality are a form of anti-white racism. The concept is often associated with conservative social movements and the belief that social and economic gains by black people in the United States and elsewhere cause disadvantages for white people.


title: Reverse racism

text: Belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States; however, there is little to no empirical evidence that white Americans suffer systemic discrimination. Racial and ethnic minorities generally lack the power to damage the interests of whites, who remain the dominant group in the U.S. Claims of reverse racism tend to ignore such disparities in the exercise of power and authority, which most scholars argue constitute an essential component of racism.


title: Reverse racism

text: Allegations of reverse racism by opponents of affirmative action began to emerge in the 1970s and have formed part of a racial backlash against social gains by people of color. While the U.S. dominates the debate over the issue, the concept of reverse racism has been used internationally to some extent wherever white supremacy has diminished, such as in post-apartheid South Africa.


title: Reverse racism

text: The concept of "reverse racism" in the United States is commonly associated with conservative opposition to color-conscious policies aimed at addressing racial inequality, such as affirmative action. Amy E. Ansell of Emerson College identifies three main claims about reverse racism: (1) that government programs to redress racial inequality create "invisible victims" in white men; (2) that racial preferences violate the individual right of equal protection before the law; and (3) that color consciousness itself prevents moving beyond the legacy of racism. The concept of reverse racism has also been used in relation to various expressions of hostility, prejudice or discrimination toward white people by members of minority groups.


title: Reverse racism

text: While there has been little empirical study on the subject of reverse racism, the few existing studies have found little evidence that white males, in particular, are victimized by affirmative-action programs. Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States generally lack the power to damage the interests of white people, who remain the dominant group. Relations between the groups have been historically shaped by European imperialism and long-standing oppression of blacks by whites. Such disparities in the exercise of power and authority are seen by scholars as an essential component of racism; in this view, individual beliefs and examples of favoring disadvantaged people do not constitute racism. Sociologist Ellis Cashmore writes that the terms "reverse racism" and "reverse discrimination" misleadingly imply that racism is only a question of beliefs and prejudices, ignoring the material relations between different groups. According to sociologist Rutledge Dennis, individual members of minority groups in the United States "may be racists" toward white people, but cannot wield institutional power or shape the opportunities available to the majority as the majority does in relation to minorities.


title: Reverse racism

text: Concerns that the advancement of African Americans might cause harm to White Americans date back as far as the Reconstruction Era in the context of debates over providing reparations for slavery. Claims of reverse racism in the early 21st century tend to rely on individual anecdotes, often based on third- or fourth-hand reports, such as of a white person losing a job to a black person.


title: Reverse racism

text: Allegations of reverse racism emerged prominently in the 1970s, building on the racially color-blind view that any preferential treatment linked to membership in a racial group was morally wrong. In his 1975 book "Affirmative Discrimination", sociologist Nathan Glazer described affirmative action as a kind of reverse racism. Where past race-conscious policies such as Jim Crow have been used to maintain white supremacy, modern programs such as affirmative action aim to reduce racial inequality. Despite affirmative-action programs' successes in doing so, conservative opponents claimed that such programs constituted a form of anti-white racism. This view was boosted by the Supreme Court's decision in "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke" (1978), which said that racial quotas for minority students were discriminatory toward white people.


title: Reverse racism

text: While not empirically supported, belief in reverse racism is widespread in the United States, where it has contributed to the rise of conservative social movements such as the Tea Party. White people's belief in reverse racism has steadily increased since the civil rights movement of the 1960s as part of a backlash against government actions meant to remedy racial discrimination. Ansell associates the idea of reverse racism with that of the "angry white male" in American politics.


title: Reverse racism

text: The perception of decreasing anti-black discrimination has been correlated with white people's belief in rising anti-white discrimination. A majority (57%) of white respondents to a 2016 survey by the Public Religion Research Institute said they believed discrimination against white people was as significant a problem as discrimination against black people, while only a minority of African Americans (29%) and Hispanics (38%) agreed. Researchers at Tufts University and Harvard report that as of the early 2010s many white Americans feel as though they suffer the greatest discrimination among racial groups, despite data to the contrary. Whereas black respondents see anti-black racism as a continuing problem, white ones tend to think it has largely disappeared, to the point that they see prejudice against white people as being more prevalent. Among white respondents since the 1990s:


title: Reverse racism

text: According to Ansell, conservatives in the U.S. believe affirmative action based on membership in a designated racial group threatens the American system of individualism and meritocracy. Psychological studies with white Americans have shown belief in anti-white racism to be linked with support for the existing racial hierarchy in the U.S. as well as the meritocratic belief that success comes from "hard work".


title: Reverse racism

text: The critical race theorist David Theo Goldberg argues that the notion of reverse racism represents a denial of the historical and contemporary reality of racial discrimination, while the anthropologist Jane H. Hill writes that charges of reverse racism tend to deny the existence of white privilege and power in society. In a widely reprinted article, legal scholar Stanley Fish wrote that Reverse racism' is a cogent description of affirmative action only if one considers the cancer of racism to be morally and medically indistinguishable from the therapy we apply to it". Sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva calls the "anti–affirmative action and 'reverse racism' mentality" that has become dominant since the 1980s part of a "mean-spirited white racial animus". He argues that this results from a new dominant ideology of "color-blind racism", which treats racial inequality as a thing of the past, thereby allowing it to continue by opposing concrete efforts at reform.


title: Reverse racism

text: Legal challenges concerning so-called "reverse racism" date back as far as the 1970s as asserted in such cases as "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke"; "Gratz v. Bollinger"; and "Grutter v. Bollinger" (regarding discrimination in higher education admissions) and "Ricci v. DeStefano" (regarding employment discrimination). The idea of reverse racism later gained widespread use in debates and legal actions concerning affirmative action in the United States.


title: Reverse racism

text: The concept of "reverse racism" has been used by some white South Africans concerned about "reverse apartheid" following the end of white-supremacist rule. Affirmative action in South Africa's white-dominated civil service was also met with charges of "reverse racism".


title: Reverse racism

text: Nelson Mandela in 1995 described "racism in reverse" when black students demonstrated in favor of changing the racial makeup of staff at South African universities. Students denied Mandela's claim and argued that a great deal of ongoing actual racism persisted from apartheid.


title: Reverse racism

text: Mixed-race South Africans have also sometimes claimed to be victimized by reverse racism of the new government. Similar accusations have been leveled by Indian and Afrikaner groups, who feel that they have not been dominant historically but now suffer from discrimination by the government.


title: Reverse racism

text: Helen Suzman, a prominent white anti-apartheid politician, charged the African National Congress and the Mbeki administration with reverse racism since Mandela's departure in 1999.


title: Reverse racism

text: South African critics of the "reverse racism" concept use similar arguments as those employed by Americans.


title: Katsuyuki Konishi

text: He was the special guest at the 2010 Anime Expo in Los Angeles, USA, where he met his fans and revealed that his favorite anime character was Kamina from "Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann"; also adding that each character whom he voiced is important to him. Konishi was awarded the Best Supporting Actor Award in the 9th Annual Seiyu Awards on March 6, 2015.


title: More Life

text: More Life is a commercial mixtape by Canadian rapper and singer Drake. Described and marketed as a playlist, some publications have referred to it as a mixtape. It was released on March 18, 2017, through Republic Records and distributed by Cash Money Records and Young Money Entertainment. Production of "More Life" was handled by a variety of record producers, including 40, Frank Dukes, Boi-1da, Murda Beatz, T-Minus, Nineteen85, and Kanye West, among others. An ensemble of guest vocalists also appear, including West, Young Thug, Giggs, Skepta, Quavo, Travis Scott, 2 Chainz, Jorja Smith, Sampha, and PartyNextDoor.


title: More Life

text: The songs on the mixtape feature a broad range of genres, including R&B, dancehall, grime, trap and Afrobeats. Supported by the singles "Fake Love", "Passionfruit", "Free Smoke", "Portland", and "Glow", "More Life" received generally positive reviews and debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, earning 505,000 album-equivalent units. It was Drake's seventh consecutive number one album, and also broke several streaming records. Though a mixtape, it was named one of the best albums of 2017 by several publications. By the end of 2017, the mixtape had accumulated over two million album-equivalent units in the US.


title: More Life

text: Following the project's announcement, Drake described "More Life" as "a body of work [he's] creating to bridge the gap between [any] major releases". He further commented on the project during an interview with "Complex", detailing his intention to "[create] a playlist to give you a collection of songs that become the soundtrack to your life". "More Life" was subject to many speculative release dates, with it initially set for December 2016. However, it was pushed back to January after Drake suffered an ankle injury on the Summer Sixteen Tour. Further dates were also rumored up until the official announcement in March 2017 of the project's release.


title: More Life

text: "More Life" borrows its name from a Jamaican slang phrase to wish someone well, popularized by dancehall artist Vybz Kartel, whom Drake has called one of his "biggest inspirations" for his own dancehall-inflected sound.


title: More Life

text: The last song on the record, "Do Not Disturb" mentions "Club Palazzo in the Bridge". This is a reference to a now defunct nightclub in the northwest Toronto suburb of Woodbridge, Ontario.


title: More Life

text: "More Life" has been characterized as hip hop, R&B, and dancehall with elements of grime, trap, Afrobeats, and pop.