title: The Undertones

text: Since their reformation, the Undertones have released two albums of original material with Paul McLoone providing vocals: "Get What You Need" on 30 September 2003; and "Dig Yourself Deep", on 15 October 2007.


title: The Undertones

text: In April 2013, the Undertones released their first new material for over five years with the double A-side single "Much Too Late / When It Hurts I Count To Ten". This single—limited to 1,000 numbered copies—was released as part of the Record Store Day promotion in the UK and was recorded at Toe Rag Studios in London.


title: The Undertones

text: In a 2000 poll by "Q" to discover the 100 greatest British albums of all time as voted by the British public, the Undertones' eponymous debut LP was voted the 90th greatest British album.


title: The Undertones

text: The Undertones have also been the subject of two documentaries: The first documentary to be produced: "The Story of the Undertones: Teenage Kicks", was recorded in 2001 and released in 2004. Directed by Tom Collins, this 65-minute documentary was produced with the cooperation of John Peel, who interviews all current and former members of the band (with the exception of Vincent O'Neill) in addition to Seymour Stein and Eamonn McCann. In this documentary, the band discuss their formation, career, subsequent careers, personal lives and 1999 reunion.


title: The Undertones

text: The second documentary relating to The Undertones: "Here Comes the Summer: The Undertones Story", was commissioned by the BBC and broadcast on BBC Four in September 2012. This documentary also features with interviews with current and former members of the Undertones (excluding Feargal Sharkey) in addition to numerous fans, friends, journalists, and additional personnel involved in the band's recordings and career.


title: The Undertones

text: The band were also portrayed in the 2013 film "Good Vibrations" about Terri Hooley and the Good Vibrations record label, featuring Jodie Whittaker and Richard Dormer.


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: Ian Abercrombie (11 September 1934 – 26 January 2012) was an English actor and comedian. He was best known for playing Justin Pitt (Elaine Benes' boss) during the sixth season of "Seinfeld". He also played Alfred Pennyworth on "Birds of Prey", Rupert Cavanaugh (Ian Hainsworth's butler) in "Desperate Housewives", Professor Crumbs in "Wizards of Waverly Place", and Palpatine in "".


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: Abercrombie was born on 11 September 1934 in Grays, Essex, England. He began his theatrical career during the Blitz in World War II. After his footwork years during which he earned Bronze, Silver and Gold medals in stage dancing, he performed in London, Scotland, Ireland, and the Netherlands. He moved to the United States at age 17.


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: He made his American stage debut in 1951 in a production of "Stalag 17" with Jason Robards and Jules Munshin. Many plays in summer stock, regional, and off-Broadway followed in a variety of theatrical offerings, from revues to Shakespeare (in a particularly low period, he worked as a magician's assistant for $10 a performance).


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: In 1957, he was drafted into the United States Army and stationed in West Germany as part of Special Services, where he directed the continental premiere of "Separate Tables".


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: In the United States, he went to California for a backers' audition, which went nowhere, but he began a long film and television career. He received awards for his work in "Sweet Prince" with Keir Dullea; "Teeth 'N'smiles"; "A Doll's House" with Linda Purl; and "The Arcata Promise", opposite Anthony Hopkins. He received acclaim for the one-man show "Jean Cocteau—A Mirror Image".


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: Abercrombie was known to cult film audiences as Wiseman in the comedy horror film "Army of Darkness" (1993). He guest-starred on many television series such as "Seinfeld", "The Nanny", "Wizards of Waverly Place", "Airwolf", "Babylon 5", "Barnaby Jones" and "NewsRadio".


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: On radio, he was heard in several productions of the Hollywood Theater of the Ear. Abercrombie voiced Ambrose in Oscar winner "Rango" (2011). He also portrayed Ganthet on "", completing his work as the character shortly before his death.


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: Abercrombie voiced Chancellor Palpatine/Darth Sidious in the 2008 film "", the , and two spin-off video games ("" and ""). Supervising director Dave Filoni said that Abercrombie was very excited that Darth Sidious finally was going to be seen in person and not as a hologram anymore. During Celebration VI, Filoni mentioned that before his death, Abercrombie recorded for most of season five as the character, but did not finish, so actor Tim Curry was brought in to voice Palpatine. Abercrombie also voiced the character in the Clovis story arc of the Lost Missions (season six), since it was originally a part of the season four, and later the season five, line-up. This was his final released work, shown in 2014.


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: In 1956, Abercrombie was married to Elizabeth Romano and they divorced in 1978 after 22 years of marriage. In 1984, he was married to Gladys Abercrombie until his death in 2012.


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: Abercrombie died from kidney failure in Los Angeles, California at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on 26 January 2012, twenty days after the "Wizards of Waverly Place" finale. He was 77.


title: Ian Abercrombie

text: "Star Wars" Celebration VI included the panel "Vocal Stars of "The Clone Wars"", hosted by James Arnold Taylor and featuring cast members Matt Lanter, Ashley Eckstein, Dee Bradley Baker and Tom Kane. The cast dedicated the panel to Abercrombie. Additionally, "The Clone Wars" episode "The Lawless" includes a dedication to Abercrombie in the opening titles.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The second series of the British crime drama "Broadchurch" began airing on the ITV broadcast network in the United Kingdom on 5 January 2015. The eight-episode series focused on the continuing fallout of the murder of 11-year-old Danny Latimer in the fictional, close-knit coastal town of Broadchurch in Dorset, England. The series focuses on the effect of Joe Miller's trial on his wife, former DS Ellie Miller (now a uniformed police officer in Devon); the Latimer family's struggle to achieve a normal life during Joe's trial; and new revelations that former DI Alec Hardy is protecting a witness in the failed Sandbrook child murder case.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Although "Broadchurch" was conceived as a trilogy, the second series was only announced on 22 April 2013 as series one ended. Writing occurred over most of the following year, with series creator and lead writer Chris Chibnall using a plot-development process he used for the first series. The return of series stars Olivia Colman and David Tennant and some of their returning co-stars was reported by the media in late 2013, although both returning and new cast members were not formally announced by ITV until May 2014. Filming began in late May 2014 under the supervision of four directors. Extensive efforts were undertaken to keep the plot secret from the cast, crew, and public. Extensive location shooting occurred along the United Kingdom's Jurassic Coast and in South West England. Icelandic musician and composer Ólafur Arnalds returned as the series' musical and sound composer. Series two debuted to very high ratings and critical praise, but subsequent episodes saw a sharp drop in viewership and a more mixed response from critics and audiences alike. Later episodes of the series, however, saw a more positive critical consensus.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: On 1 December 2014, a number of media outlets reported that ITV had commissioned a third series of "Broadchurch". ITV later that day denied that a third series had been greenlit. Chibnall himself said on 18 December 2014 that a third season might not be possible. "Who knows who will be standing at the end (of series two)?", he told "Broadcast" magazine.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Minutes after the end of the Series 2 finale on 23 February 2015, ITV announced "Broadchurch" would return for a third series, with Tennant and Colman as the leads.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: While conceiving and writing the first series in 2012, "Broadchurch" creator and lead writer Chris Chibnall designed his story to be told as a trilogy. Series one was written to work both as the first part of this trilogy as well as a self-contained drama. The first series had to be self-contained, he felt, in case the show did not do well in the ratings and a second series was not commissioned. When Chibnall pitched series one to ITV in the autumn of 2012, he also pitched series two and three at the same time.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: As series one aired, Chibnall had discussions with ITV executives about commissioning series two. According to Chibnall, ITV was more concerned that people were enjoying the show than they were with the series' ratings (which were very high). ITV agreed to green-light series two about midway through the airing of series one. This allowed Chibnall to announce series two as a "gift" to viewers at the end of series one, so the public would not remain in suspense about a second series.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The final episode of series one finished on 22 April 2013 with a caption reading ""Broadchurch" Will Return". ITV executives confirmed that same night that a second series of "Broadchurch" had been commissioned, with production to begin in 2014. Following this episode, an extra scene was released on YouTube depicting Danny Latimer's wake. This video also ended with the words ""Broadchurch" Will Return". Olivia Colman said that Chibnall telephoned the cast of series one before the announcement to tell them that series two had been greenlit, and outlined his concepts for series two.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Jane Featherstone and Chris Chibnall continued as executive producers of the programme in series two, with Richard Stokes returning as producer. Chibnall also acted as lead writer. ITV executive creative director Tony Pipes declined to reveal the budget for series two, but said it was about the same as other major drama series at the network.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Chibnall told the "Daily Mirror" in the summer of 2013 that "the focus of the next series will be on how the shattered community rebuilds itself after the grisly events" of series one. Series one actor Will Mellor strongly implied in an interview that a new murder would not be the focus of the new season, while actor David Tennant told the "Associated Press" that the series would go in a "very unexpected direction" which he called "as gripping as the first season". While grief was the key theme of series one, Chibnall chose an entirely different theme for series two. Tennant described series two, "Tonally, it's the same show, but structurally, it's completely different."


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Chibnall said he mapped out the show's plot and characters on several whiteboards in his office before beginning the writing process. "You have to be very methodical," he said about plotting "Broadchurch". "It's like a mathematical puzzle where you put all these blocks together and move them around for the most satisfying thing." Chibnall was assisted in storyboarding series two by his good friend Sam Hoyle, a television script executive who also worked with him in laying out series one. "By the time I sat down to type scenes and dialogue," Chibnall said, "I'd already done quite a lot of work." As early as mid-July 2013, Chibnall told the "Daily Mirror" that he had finalised the plot and written the second series' first and last scenes, and was now working on the rest of the script. Chibnall also said that the second series' themes, story, and basic mysteries are clearly established by the end of the first episode. Much of series two draws on plot elements established in series one. Lead actor Olivia Colman noted "You find out very early in the first episode which direction it's going in and it's an instant, 'Whoooa!'. Chris set up a lot of things we never even thought about in the first series and now they've come to the fore. At the read-through we were going, 'You sneaky b*****d'." There were constant rewrites of the script as filming occurred.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: In August 2014, Erin Kelly, author of the "Broadchurch" novelisation, said that Chibnall inserted a one-line clue about series two into her book three days before printing was due to begin. Kelly said the clue is revealed in the early pages. Although it does not spoil the plot, she said, it does provide a hint about it. The clue involved the argument the postman had with Danny Latimer. Jack Marshall identifies the location as near Jocelyn Knight's home. On 19 December 2014, ITV revealed that Charlotte Rampling's character is named Jocelyn Knight.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Actor Matthew Gravelle was the first member of the series one cast to be asked to return for series two. Chris Chibnall asked him if he would appear in a "courtroom drama" follow-on to "Broadchurch" the next year, and Gravelle instantly agreed. Only his wife, actress Mali Harries, knew of his participation.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: According to Olivia Colman, Chris Chibnall telephoned the series one cast in April 2013 and secured their verbal assent to return for another season. But it wasn't clear who would be returning. Jodie Whittaker said the cast was told during the week between episodes seven and eight of series one that "Broadchurch" was being brought back for a second season. But Chibnall did not tell the actors who would be returning for series two.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: David Tennant and Olivia Colman both agreed to star in series two. Neither actor was obligated to return, but without them, Chibnall said, "We would not have done it, absolutely. Luckily they wanted to come back because they weren't contracted to." Chibnall initially expressed his opinion that Tennant would be unable to return, due to both Tennant's heavy work schedule as well as character Alec Hardy's health problems. "Attitude" magazine went so far as to call Tennant's return "unlikely". Nevertheless, Colman and Tennant's participation was first reported by the "Daily Mirror" in late October 2013. Colman confirmed her participation on 5 November 2013. Tennant denied being cast on the show in February 2014, saying "I'm still waiting" to hear if his character would be in the second series, but his participation was attested to in March 2014 by co-star Jodie Whittaker. Colman and Tennant's casting was officially announced by ITV on 12 May 2014 by the "Radio Times".


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Other returning cast members included Andrew Buchan ("Mark Latimer"), Arthur Darvill ("Rev. Paul Coates"), Jodie Whittaker ("Beth Latimer"), Charlotte Beaumont ("Chloe Latimer"), Joe Sims ("Nigel Carter"), Carolyn Pickles ("Maggie Radcliffe"), Jonathan Bailey ("Olly Stevens"), Pauline Quirke ("Susan Wright"), Tanya Franks ("Lucy Stevens"), Simone McAullay ("Becca Fisher"), and Adam Wilson ("Tom Miller"). Darvill confirmed his casting for series two on 17 September 2013. Buchan and Whittaker's participation was announced on 12 May 2014. Beaumont's return was reported on 30 May 2014 when "Metro" printed photographs of her filming a scene with other cast members. Sims' casting was finally revealed in late August 2014, when the media reported he was shooting scenes for series two. Actor Will Mellor character (alleged psychic Steve Connolly) and actress Vicky McClure character (journalist Karen White) do not return in series two. Actor Matthew Gravelle's return was never confirmed prior to airing.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Casting for "Broadchurch" series one was overseen by casting directors Kelly Valentine Hendry and Victor Jenkins of VHJ Casting. New series two cast members included James D'Arcy, Marianne Jean-Baptiste, Eve Myles, Charlotte Rampling, Meera Syal, and Phoebe Waller-Bridge. None of the new characters were connected to the Latimer murder or any other homicide, Chibnall said. Rampling was named to the cast on 12 May, and Chibnall said her "character is an integral part of the new story". He decided to ask Rampling to join the cast after seeing her perform in a video art piece directed by Steve McQueen. ITV announced that D'Arcy, Jean-Baptiste, Myles, and Waller-Bridge were joining the series on 21 May 2014. Rampling, who lives in France, had seen series one on French television and was a fan of the programme. "The sense of community, the idea of solidarity in a small town — all that is broken when suspicion starts to creep in. There is something very human about it. You don't know what happens in real life when people suffer this kind of tragedy. People go off and live their lives. But here we can actually accompany them and go through the grieving process with them."


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Eve Myles' agent called her on 15 February 2014, just four days after Myles gave birth to her daughter, Sienna, telling Myles of the opportunity to audition for "Broadchurch". Myles auditioned on videotape in her home, performing her scenes as swiftly as she could before her child made noise or needed attention. Ten days after submitting her video audition, Myles learned she'd won the role. After being cast in series two, Myles received the script for the first episode. "I kept it for bedtime; lights off, iPad out, cup of tea in bed," she said. "It was amazing, like watching a film, the writing is so good. I was shocked, exhilarated and surprised. And it made me laugh."


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Chibnall said he wrote Jean-Baptiste's role specifically for her. Baptiste admitted that, living in Los Angeles, California, she was unaware of "Broadchurch" and had heard little about the show from friends when she was approached to star in series two. She watched the programme and was so impressed that she agreed to star in series two without having seen any of the scripts. Syal's casting was not announced until 18 September 2014—about midway through filming. Chibnall also described her role as critical to the plot.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The role of Nigel Carter's adopted mother was played by Anne Sims, the mother of actor Joe Sims. "Broadchurch" series one had photographs of character Nigel Carter with his adopted mother. The production used actual photos of Sims as a child and teenager with his real-life mother, Anne. When series two needed an actress to play Nigel's adopted mother in a few scenes, Sims suggested his own mother play the role. The producers quickly agreed.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Eight-month-old twin girls Ava and Millie Priddis also were cast in series two. The daughters of Luke Priddis and his partner Rosie, of Beacon Heath, Exeter, the girls' paternal grandmother saw a newspaper advertisement for twin babies to appear on television. Although hundreds of twins applied, the producers settled on Ava and Millie just 30 minutes after receiving their photograph. The girls play a role in the Latimer family, but the exact nature of the role was not clear prior to airing.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: ITV News West Country presenter Ian Axton has a cameo in episode one. Axton jokingly asked show creator Chris Chibnall if he could appear in series two after Chibnall appeared on his show. Chibnall surprisingly contacted him some time later and said yes.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: James Strong, who directed five of the eight episodes in series one, directed the first two episodes of series two. Mike Barker, Jessica Hobbs, and Jonathan Teplitzky also directed episodes, with Barker directing episodes seven and eight. John Conroy was the director of photography for all eight episodes. Editing for series two was overseen by Mike Jones, Ben Lester, Dom Strevens, and Helen Chapman, with production design by Simon Rogers and art direction by John West.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The production was much larger than for the first series. With many scenes taking place outside the small fictional town of Broadchurch, the production expanded away from the Jurassic Coast to include many more locations over much of Southwest England. With an increase in the size of the cast, this created significant new logistical obstacles. Series two had a concomitant increase in budget, and a much more complex production schedule compared to series one.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The plot of series two was a closely guarded secret, and ITV and Kudos held meetings to plan security measures long before shooting began. Although already one of series two's highest-budget items, the cost of security on series two went significantly over budget as the public and press sought to learn about the plot. All documents were password-protected, and passwords were changed frequently. Email and other electronic communications between producers, cast, and crew could only make oblique reference to plot details, fake emails were circulated to mislead those who might leak them, and some emails were coded.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: New cast members were told before being hired that they would be sworn to secrecy about the plot. According to producer Richard Stokes, some of the new cast were surprised at the requirement. "What was really interesting was the new cast members saying 'what do you mean we won't know'. Some lead actors want to know what happens at the end so they can pitch their performance to it. In this they have to trust Chris and have to trust the directors." Cast members swore not to reveal any details of series two, and were required to sign legally binding non-disclosure agreements. Daily call sheets used pseudonyms for cast members and characters. Scripts were individually watermarked to prevent them from being photocopied, used pseudonyms for characters, and were locked away by security guards when not in use by the actors. Each actor's or crew member's script had the individual's name watermarked across the page as well, so that leaks could be traced back to the person responsible.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Actor Andrew Buchan said cast members were told little about the plot, except on a need-to-know basis as they prepared for their performances in each episode. The actors also received only parts of scripts and only two scripts at a time to ensure that they did not know story details too far in advance. Cinematographer John Conroy said the cast and crew did not know how series two ended until three weeks before shooting began on the final two scripts. Two former Coldstream Guards were hired to stand in front of news reporters when they visited the set, to block possible photographs of the filming. Several different endings for series two were filmed, and the cast was not permitted to see completed episodes of the series.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The production went to some length to keep actor Matthew Gravelle return a secret as well. His character, Joe Miller, confessed to the crime of murder at the end of series one, and there appeared to be no reason for Joe to return in series two. But Chibnall planned to bring Joe back, and include a major plot twist involving him. As late as January 5, his participation in series two remained unconfirmed. To keep Gravelle's presence a secret, he had to wear glasses and a wig and wear a hoodie while filming on location so that the public and press would not recognise him and link him to the programme. Gravelle also had to stay in a different hotel from the rest of the cast, and could not socialise with them after filming ended each day.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: ITV held no preview screenings of series two with the press. News media, however, revealed some aspects of the plot as filming occurred. Press outlets confirmed in March 2014 that at least part of the second series would still take place in the fictional town of Broadchurch. At least one scene was filmed in a cemetery, and others depicted a very pregnant Beth Latimer.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The secrecy campaign extended to the soundtrack as well. Composer Ólafur Arnalds was sworn to secrecy about the plot along with the cast and crew. To prevent hackers from breaking into the computer servers used to store and transmit the music and sound effects to the UK, his studio servers were upgraded using the latest encryption technology and software. Ólafur was prevented from telling his musicians or co-arrangers what sort of scenes his music was intended to accompany. "I just say 'play something exciting!'", he told "The Independent".


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The secrecy campaign was criticised by reporter Susanna Lazarus of "Radio Times". While generally decrying the over-use of plot highlights and one-liners in film and television marketing, she argued that there was nonetheless a role for spoilers so that audiences could decide which shows to watch among the wide array of media choices. There was a "thin line", she said, between too much and too little information, but she asked the producers of "Broadchurch" to walk it.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Much of "Broadchurch" series two was shot on location. Chibnall felt location shooting was critical to the mood and tone of series two, much as it was for series one. While many crime dramas are shot in gritty, urban locations, Chibnall believed that the bucolic Jurassic Coast setting signalled to viewers that "Broadchurch" was not a typical detective programme. Producer Richard Stokes said that the Dorset area provided "that sense of the extraordinary, [that] the tragic and the terrible [can] happen in a rather beautiful and moving environment." Early in the pre-production process, the producers and location managers discussed filming in locations other than Dorset. Among the areas considered were cliff locations near Bristol; Essex; Hastings in East Sussex; Kent; and Weston-super-Mare in Somerset. But the producers felt none of the locations could replicate the look of the Jurassic Coast, and the quality of the light in each area was different from that in Dorset.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Filming began in late May 2014, with the first cast read-through occurring on 22 May. About 70 cast and crew worked on "Broadchurch" series two, and each episode took 12 and a half days to complete. Joel Holmes was the production's location manager. The code name "Tea and Sympathy" was used as a cover to disguise as much of the production's activities as possible.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Shooting primarily occurred in the counties of Berkshire, Devon, Dorset, and Somerset. Most filming occurred in the town of Clevedon in Somerset, with some filming in Bristol. The production spent nearly three months filming at the University of Exeter in the city of Exeter in Devon. Extensive shooting was also done in West Bay in Dorset, where the production used the Station Road Car Park for its production trailers and offices. A car park next to the West Bay Hotel in Bridport served as the production's base camp while filming in that area, while the Rivermead Leisure Centre car park served as production headquarters in Reading, Berkshire. The John Nike Leisuresport Complex served as production headquarters in Bracknell, Berkshire.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: David Tennant took a break from filming the second series to shoot episodes of "Broadchurch" American remake, "Gracepoint". He returned to the "Broadchurch" series two production about 15 September 2014.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The production team was strongly criticised by the West Bay Coastguards in June 2014 for filming too close to the edge of East Cliff at West Bay. Severe weather and recent rockslides left the cliffs unstable, and a Coastguard volunteer said the production team should have used stakes, safety lines, harnesses, and helmets. A spokesperson for the "Broadchurch" production defended the film crew, noting that the production team received all necessary filming permits, visited the site numerous times to ensure safety, and took other reasonable health and safety precautions.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Filming for series two of "Broadchurch" concluded just before midnight on 12 October 2014. Final scenes were shot at the village of Eype.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Unlike the first series, series two contained a great deal of studio filming. Chibnall said this was because of the changed nature of the story, and he said that nearly all the major story moments in the second series occurred on a stage. David Tennant said that while the Jurassic Coast and several locations from series one are still featured in series two, most shooting occurred on studio sets near London.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Some sets were built at Longcross Studios in Longcross, Surrey, where art director John West built a very large set. Additional scenes were shot at North Light Film Studios in Armitage Bridge, West Yorkshire.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Two weeks were spent location filming at Britbank, the blue chalet in West Bay which doubled as Alec Hardy's new home in series two.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The casting of Rampling led to apprehension among many series two cast members, who were intimidated by her. But Chris Chibnall said that Rampling's humour (she's "a proper giggler") alleviated this immediately. Colman described Marianne Jean-Baptiste as "the coolest woman on the planet", and said that Eve Myles and Phoebe Waller-Bridge (a long-time friend of Colman's) both had a terrific sense of humour to the production.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Chibnall had particular praise for Olivia Colman's performance. "She's got such range, Olivia. ... She can do anything I throw at her — she's a writer's dream."


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Actor Matthew Gravelle took his role as the alleged murderer and possible paedophile Joe Miller very seriously. "You don't want to get it wrong with whoever you're playing. You try to be as true to somebody who might actually be like that as possible," Gravelle said. "Whatever happens, he's still ultimately not a good person and you've got to try and be sympathetic towards him just to see it from his point of view." He did not research paedophilia per se, but tried to discover research on individuals with pre-paedophiliac tendencies. He found there was little scientific research in the area. Gravelle was therefore forced to come up with his own rationales for Joe's crimes. "The need to be loved was the root of it," he said. "Joe had love but he didn't have the attention in the way that he got it from Danny. It's probably an ego thing. ... He's not working. It's a self-worth issue." Forced to stay apart from the rest of the cast to prevent the public or press from suspecting his involvement in series two, Gravelle used his sense of isolation to bring his character to life. Gravelle said he found that the key to his character in series two was desperation. Joe Miller, he said, sought spiritual relief in both series one and two out of a desperate bid to feel better about himself and his crime. His not-guilty plea in series two, Gravelle felt, was also motivated by desperation (rather than a months-long plan to expose the town's secrets).


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Icelandic musician and composer Ólafur Arnalds composed the music for "Broadchurch" series two, as he did for series one. Ólafur met with Chibnall and the other producers to discuss the score on 16 August 2014, and began work on the soundtrack the first week of September.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Ólafur tweeted via Twitter on 8 October that the series two soundtrack would have a much stronger percussion sound. He later said that he intended the heavy percussion and faster pace of the music to reflect the confusion and feeling of madness that the characters in series two feel. The musical sound was created using a string quartet, piano, drums and percussion instruments, synthesizer, electronic music, and recorded ambient sounds. The soundtrack differed from the music for the first series in another way as well. In the first series, musical themes could be identified for each character. As the music played, a viewer could anticipate what that character would do. Special musical clues even helped identify Joe Miller as Danny Latimer's murderer. But in series two, the music represents the town of Broadchurch as a whole. Doddi, a member of the musical quartet that performs with Ólafur in live shows, provided the percussion music and sounds for the new soundtrack, which (like the first series) was recorded with live musicians in an abandoned church in Reykjavik. Ólafur reported on 26 August that the opening episode involved a 10-minute-long sequence underscored with music. The composer finished writing the first musical cue for episode one on 10 October, and began recording the strings music for series two on 11 November. Music for the second episode of series two was delivered on 14 November 2014.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Ólafur tweeted on 13 November 2014 that he and longtime collaborator, singer Arnór Dan of the Icelandic band Agent Fresco, had written a new closing theme for each episode of series two. As of 11 January 2015, Ólafur was completing work on the music for episode seven, and had not yet finished composing for episode eight.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Ólafur's musical and sound contributions to "Broadchurch" series two have been highly praised. Show creator Chris Chibnall called Ólafur's soundtrack "a narrative all its own". Susanna Lazarus at "Radio Times" described the soundtrack as full of "ethereal vocals and haunting music". Alison Graham of "Radio Times" also had high praise for the soundtrack, saying, "The terrific music is important in building "Broadchurch" chilly atmosphere and dark mood. Like the best music, it's unobtrusive and doesn't tell you what you should be feeling." Catherine Bolado in the "Dorset Echo" called it "Haunting, achingly beautiful, angry, harrowing, and joyous — the Broadchurch soundtrack is as emotionally charged as the show it is taken from."


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: A compilation of Ólafur's music from "Broadchurch" series one and two was released by Mercury Classics on 19 January 2015. The album contains 13 tracks, two of which (the songs "So Close" and "So Far") have a sung vocal component.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The post-production process was a lengthy one. Actress Jodie Whittaker said that the cast would not be able to preview their performances before they aired on ITV in January.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Audio post-production was overseen by Sonorous, a company founded in 2013 by Howard Bargroff. Sound mixing was done using PMC Ltd. twotwo.6s nearfield studio monitors.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: On 9 November 2014, two 20-second teaser trailers began airing on ITV, each titled "The End Is Where It Begins". On 16 November 2014, a third 20-second teaser trailer aired on ITV, in two versions, voiced by characters Alec Hardy and Ellie Miller, respectively. These were also titled "The End Is Where It Begins". "Old Faces", a song written and performed by Laura Doggett, featured on the trailers.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: A fourth series two trailer was released on 11 December, with ITV announcing a series two air date of 5 January 2015. ITV released only a small portion of the full trailer at first, and said it would release longer versions on YouTube as the hashtag #BroadchurchReturns was tweeted a certain number of times. (The network did not disclose the retweet goals it established.) ITV executive creative director Tony Pipes said the goal was to generate online buzz about series two.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Other marketing efforts included an 'above the line' online advertising campaign. This consisted primarily of a linear advertising campaign. ITV also said it would begin billboard advertising after Christmas 2014.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Another marketing component involved the publication of short stories after each episode airs. Chibnall was so enthused by author Erin Kelly's novelisation of "Broadchurch" series one that ITV contracted with her to write a short story to accompany each episode. The short stories, each to be published individually as an e-book, focus on a single character from series two.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The premiere of "Broadchurch" series two met with a highly positive critical reception. "The Independent" awarded the premiere episode four stars out of five and labelled it "a brilliant demonstration of the risks a writer can get away with when there's a proven cast to fall back on". When questioning whether the series would be able to retain the quality of the previous series, reviewer Ellen E. Jones stated, "On the evidence of last night's twist-packed opener, perhaps even more so". Ben Lawrence in "The Daily Telegraph" also awarded the premiere episode 4/5, praising the performances of Tennant and Colman. They closed their review by stating "Broadchurch continues to be a rich and complex tapestry which respects the viewer's intelligence and commands you to become an armchair detective". Kevin O'Sullivan, writing for the "Daily Mirror", called the first episode "tension-packed" and "an impressive opening salvo[] looks set to grip the nation all over again." He also singled out the "chilling Nordic noir-style music" for praise. Awarding the episode a full 5/5, Andrew Billen of "The Times" labelled the first episode "expansively told and imaginatively filmed". He also stated, "With an extraordinary ensemble cast that churns the narrative like waves in a harbour, "Broadchurch" will this time free us with nothing but the truth". Mark Lawson in "The Guardian" called the premiere episode "an ingeniously seamless reboot" and went on to say, "Chibnall has gathered enough old loose ends and intriguing new strands to suggest that Mondays may again become a bad night for the nation's pubs and restaurants". They also praised Tennant and Colman's performances, saying "the pleasure comes from Tennant and Colman's scenes together, forcing them together, each on the edge of disintegration". Natalie Corner at the "Daily Mirror" singled out Olivia Colman's acting, calling it "fantastic". "The Independent" Neela Debnath called the cinematography "stunning".


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Episodes two and three did not fare as well, critically. Discussing the second episode, Michael Hogan in "The Daily Telegraph" found the quickened pace invigorating, and found the story gripping. But Neela Debnath at "The Independent" criticised the writing, concluding, "Sadly, all the electric tension of episode one has evaporated, instead events are becoming improbable and additional drama seems to be shoehorned in for the sake of it. ... There's so much going on that it's starting to feel unbelievable." Ross McG at "Metro" largely agreed with these points, and noted that the courtroom drama seemed bland because it essentially reiterated facts viewers already knew. Ben Skipper at the "International Business Times" was harsh in his appraisal, calling episode two ""Broadchurch" first truly bad hour of television." He blasted the plot, particularly the apparent kidnapping of Claire Ripley, the clichéd timing of Beth Latimer going into labour, and legal inconsistencies. He also called Marianne Jean-Baptiste's performance "lacking". There was limited praise for episode three, however. Ben Dowell at "Radio Times" had high praise for cinematographer John Conroy's work: "The cinematography was beautiful. Broadchurch always looks fabulously bucolic but tonight the lovely summer dawns and countryside was shown off to an even greater degree..." He also lauded Olivia Colman's performance, calling her "once again on top form".


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Episodes four, five and six received more positive reviews. "The Guardian" said episode five was better than its predecessor, saying "everything felt a little less crammed in." Discussing the sixth episode, "The Telegraph" declared the show "back on form" and ultimately awarded it four out of five stars. "The Independent" also reacted more warmly to this episode, stating "All told Broadchurch is rumbling along with the help of some good one-liners and an excellent cast". "Digital Spy" heavily praised episode six, claiming that "the various threads seem to be coming together as each character makes their mark. Decisions have been made, revelations have come to light and Broadchurch remains as gripping and as fascinating as ever".


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Episode seven also received positive reviews. "The Independent" stated that "the stakes are high just in time for next week's finale". "Radio Times" believed that "next week's finale really will be worth waiting for" and praised the episode's cinematography by stating "The court scenes came into their own, with beautiful sweeping shots of all the protagonists and bewigged drama that was not weighed down by ponderous and unconvincing legal wrangling".


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Episode eight ended the series with a generally positive critical reception, with many praising the performances of Tennant and Colman. "Radio Times" praised Tennant's performance, saying that "the episode belonged to [him]". They also heavily praised the ending to the Joe Miller case, labeling the resolution "brilliant" and claiming "Yes, he got off, but writer Chris Chibnall and his fabulous cast fashioned a quite brilliant climax where justice of a sort was done". "Digital Spy" responded positively, labeling the finale "satisfying and unsatisfying - complete closure has not been achieved. Reflecting the inequality and injustices of everyday life, Chibnall's choices for the finale were thoughtful, saddening and even worrying. A brave move, just as the entire two series have been". They also praised Tennant's performance, they said "It's a cracking performance from the actor who delves deep to deliver some fiery moments but also, having solved the Sandbrook case, his own breakdown at the station - as he sits alone and cries - is touching and deserved". "The Independent", in a mixed review, praised many of the cast by saying "Whenever the plot dragged, we could rely on Ellie (Olivia Colman), Beth (Jodie Whittaker) or Mark (Andrew Buchan) for a performance which delivered that missing emotional connection".


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: National news media also identified a phenomenon known as the ""Broadchurch" effect", a surge of interest in real estate and tourism in areas where "Broadchurch" was filmed. The Bridport area saw tourism leap 67 percent after series one ended. After the debut of series two, "The Independent" reported that major Web search engines saw a 200 percent increase in searches for Dorset and Somerset. Searches for holidays in Dorset rose 50 percent, according to a study by the hotel booking web site Hotels.com. When Britbank, the blue chalet in West Bank, went on the market in January 2015 for £275,000, real estate expert Malcolm Gill said the price had gone up £25,000 to £50,000 because of the ""Broadchurch" effect".


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: The premiere episode of series two drew an average of 7.3 million viewers for a 30.1 percent share on 5 January 2015. An average of 300,000 viewers watched it on ITV+1 an hour later. The episode opened with just 6.8 million viewers at 9 P.M., and ended with 8.7 million viewers (with a peak viewership of 8.9 million). "Broadchurch" was the second-most-watched programme of the evening, with the most-watched being "Coronation Street" (which had a peak audience of 8.3 million). After accounting for DVR and other viewers over the next seven days, the first episode's consolidated viewership figure was 9.9 million. The series two premiere drew 800,000 (28.1 percent) more viewers than the series one premiere, and was 22.6 percent higher than average ITV viewership (5.2 million) in the same time-slot over the past 12 months.


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Viewership dropped significantly for the second episode, to just 6.11 million viewers (a 22.4 percent share) after accounting for ITV+1 viewership. That was the lowest overnight viewership rating for the series since episode five of series one. It was still good enough to win its timeslot, however. Overnight ratings dropped again for the third episode to just 5.2 million viewers, the lowest for any episode of the series. Overnight viewership dropped again for episode four, reaching a low of 5.6 million viewers. However, the series won its timeslot, beating "Silent Witness".


title: Broadchurch (series 2)

text: Acorn Media UK announced it would release series two on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 23 March 2015.


title: Tim Vine

text: Timothy Mark Vine (born 4 March 1967) is an English comedian, actor, writer, and presenter best known for his one-liners and his role on the sitcom "Not Going Out" (2006–2014). He has released a number of stand-up comedy specials and has written several joke books.


title: Tim Vine

text: From 2004 to 2014, Vine held the Guinness World Record for the most jokes told in an hour; each joke had to get a laugh from the audience to count towards the total, and he set the new record with 499 jokes. In both 2010 and 2014, he won the award for best joke at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and was the runner-up for the three years in between.


title: Tim Vine

text: Timothy Mark Vine was born in the Cheam suburb of London on 4 March 1967, the son of Diana (née Tillett), a housewife and occasional doctor's receptionist, and Guy Vine (died 2018), a lecturer in civil engineering at North East Surrey College of Technology. He is the younger brother of broadcaster Jeremy Vine and the older brother of artist Sonya Vine. He was educated in Surrey, attending Lynton Prep in Ewell, Aberdour School in Burgh Heath, and Epsom College in Epsom.


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine's stand-up act consists primarily of a series of quick-fire one-liners and puns, along with silly songs and a bagful of props.


title: Tim Vine

text: During 1991, Tim Vine regularly honed his routine at the Comedy Café in London, adding other clubs throughout 1992. He came second in the Hackney Empire New Act competition in 1993. Vine quit his job to go on tour as a support act for Boothby Graffoe, who later wrote additional material for The Sketch Show. Vine became a regular on the London comedy circuit by 1994, trying a variety of comedy styles. He realised one-liners were a good way forward after the audience's positive reaction to his joke: "So I went to the doctors. He said, 'You've got hypochondria'. I said, 'Not that as well!'" Vine built up this repertoire, before making his first TV appearance on BBC One's "Pebble Mill".


title: Tim Vine

text: In 1996, Vine met Lee Mack at the Comedy Lounge in Kingston-Upon-Hull. Mack was competing in The Gong Show, where up to ten comedians try to last for a full five minute slot, hoping to beat the Gong and not get voted off by the public. Mack inadvertently did a couple of Vine's jokes, to which the audience shouted "Tim Vine". When Mack came off stage, he asked a man who Tim Vine was, and got the reply "He plays here quite a bit." The man was Tim Vine. The pair later worked together on The Sketch Show, Not Going Out and Let's Play Darts for Comic Relief.


title: Tim Vine

text: The comedian has regularly appeared at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, with shows such as "The Tim Vine Shambles" and "The Tim Vine Fiasco" (1995) - which won him the Perrier Newcomer Award - then "Tim Vine Flat Out" (1998), "I'm Vine Thanks" and "Tim Vine and the Minotaur" (1999). In 2006, he had a large advertising hoarding erected featuring his name and image, with a small sub-heading "...is not appearing at this year's Edinburgh Festival." Vine appeared at the Pleasance Courtyard for the first two weeks of the 2008 Edinburgh Festival Fringe performing a show entitled "Punslinger".


title: Tim Vine

text: He appeared at the Christian festival, Spring Harvest, in 2007, 2008 and 2013 alongside John Archer at Skegness and Minehead, and at the Cambridge Theatre in May 2007 for a show entitled "Tim Vine, Live in Concrete".


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine's UK comedy tours include "Current Puns" (2006) and "Punslinger" (2008). In July 2008, he recorded a performance at the Bloomsbury Theatre in London, which was released as a new DVD entitled "So I Said To This Bloke..." on 27 October 2008. His third tour, "The Joke-amotive", took place during February and March 2010, with a DVD of the show released in November 2011. Vine's "Tim Timinee Tim Timinee Tim Tim to You" tour recording was released in 2016, followed by "Sunset Milk Idiot" (2019). Vine's support act is usually Britain's Got Talent's comedy magician John Archer.


title: Tim Vine

text: In a BBC Radio Wales interview with Behnaz Akhgar (12 October 2021), Vine revealed that he had intended to perform a new stand-up show at the 2020 Edinburgh Fringe but this was delayed until at least 2022 due to the covid pandemic.


title: Tim Vine

text: Many of Vine's jokes have been falsely attributed to Tommy Cooper, many being in Cooper's style; the West End show about Cooper actually features some of Vine's jokes.


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine's musical talents, aside from the comedy songs in his act, include playing the guitar, bass, piano and drums.


title: Tim Vine

text: He occasionally plays the drums at his church. He was in several bands, including alongside his brother Jeremy in The Flared Generation, which "Smash Hits" magazine described as "the most unfashionable punk band in the country.


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine has released three novelty music albums, "Pretend Popstar - Fake Hits", "Dance Floor Gridlock" and "Angus Crunch and the Nepali Flautist".


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine is a huge Elvis Presley fan, and has been since Elvis died in 1977; he has a picture of the rock and roll legend in every room at home. The megastar was Vine’s Specialist Subject on Celebrity Mastermind and his inspiration for performing to "Viva Las Vegas" on "Comic Relief Does Fame Academy". In August 2019, Vine’s "Plastic Elvis" tribute act was a sell-out at the Edinburgh Fringe. On 6 January 2020, Plastic Elvis was the Dictionary Corner Guest on Countdown, plugging the 2020 UK tour, which was later postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and rescheduled for autumn 2021 through spring 2022. Although promotional material states "This is NOT a stand up comedy show", Vine's regular support act comic/magician John Archer plays Big Buddy Holly. David Martin, who wrote four of the show’s Elvis numbers, sings a duet with Plastic. Music is performed by The High Noon Band (UK) with backing vocals by Josie Quinn Abraham.


title: Tim Vine

text: In May 2020, when the Eurovision Song Contest was cancelled due to the covid pandemic, Vine competed in the "Isolation Song Contest" representing Romania with his home-filmed, self-composed entry "Room Mania". John Archer also made several appearances in shots from his own house. The event raised around £40,000 for the homeless charity Crisis, Refuge (which supports female domestic abuse survivors) and The Trussell Trust food banks.


title: Tim Vine

text: In December 2007, Vine launched his first podcast, 'Tim Vine Celebrates'. The first episode "Tim Vine Celebrates... Christmas" was released for free on 19 December and includes many previously unheard jokes and humorous songs, as well as an array of comedy characters, mostly voiced by himself.


title: Tim Vine

text: In autumn 2019, Vine premiered his YouTube channel "Tim Vine TeleVisual (TVTV)", releasing a short video of sketches every Monday evening for over a year. Additional videos include "Recreating Columbo", predominantly filmed in Vine’s home during the pandemic. Vine reprised his Columbo on Countdown, dressing as and impersonating the dishevelled detective in his guest spot (3 February 2022). Further instalments, based on season one, form part of Vine’s YouTube channel content for 2022.


title: Tim Vine

text: Similarly, Vine also contributed scenes to the 2020 international project "Jaws We Make", along with over 100 other superfans of "Jaws". The entire movie was recreated using a variety of amateur/professional production methods and released on YouTube to celebrate the blockbuster’s 45th anniversary. The previous year, "Jaws" was Vine’s Specialist Subject on his second "Celebrity Mastermind" appearance.


title: Tim Vine

text: In autumn 1995, Vine hosted BBC One morning quiz "Housemates", featuring an endgame called "Up The Garden Path". The show ran for one season of 25 episodes.


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine was the first man to appear on Channel 5, alongside Julia Bradbury and the Spice Girls, when the network launched on 30 March 1997. The following day, game show "Whittle" premiered with Vine as host for two seasons March–June and September–December.


title: Tim Vine

text: From May to August 1997, Vine presented the Channel 4 game show "Fluke" which he devised. The warm-up comedian was Lee Mack.


title: Tim Vine

text: From 2001 to 2004, Vine co-wrote/starred in both series of ITV's "The Sketch Show" with Lee Mack. Additional material was written by Vine’s good friend and tour support act, John Archer and, on occasion, Boothby Graffoe and Tim’s sister Sonya Vine.


title: Tim Vine

text: From 2006 to 2012, Vine played Timothy Gladstone Adams in Lee Mack’s BBC One sitcom "Not Going Out". He returned for a cameo in the Christmas 2014 episode and the series 7 finale as Lee's best man.


title: Tim Vine

text: Replacing Mark Williams, Vine portrayed Sebastian Beach in the second and final season of BBC One’s comedy "Blandings" (2013-2014), based on the books by P. G. Wodehouse.


title: Tim Vine

text: In 2014 and 2015, Vine appeared in the revival of "Celebrity Squares" as resident comedian alongside Joe Wilkinson.


title: Tim Vine

text: In 2017, he appeared in two episodes of "Tim Vine Travels Through Time" on BBC One. Regular cast members included Sally Phillips, Mandeep Dhillon, Marek Larwood and John Archer. Special guests included Emma Bunton and Ore Oduba, the latter starring with Vine in the 2019/2020 "Cinderella" panto at Fairfield Halls, Croydon.


title: Tim Vine

text: In mid 2018, Vine was a celebrity contestant in 10 episodes of "Taskmaster" series 6, on Dave. His improvisations included measuring a piece of string with a plastic lobster.


title: Tim Vine

text: Tim Vine has participated in several Comic Relief / Sport Relief charity competitions. In "Comic Relief Does Fame Academy" Vine performed his pop hero Elvis Presley’s hit "Viva Las Vegas" (2007) and on "Let's Dance for Comic Relief" (2013), Vine was talked out of Elvis and given Justin Timberlake’s "Rock Your Body", making it to the final. In 2015, he was runner-up in "Let's Play Darts", losing out to Lee Mack. Vine returned in 2016 to win it, beating Mike Tindall in the final. For the 2021 telethon, Vine’s contribution was "Joke In A Box", entertaining military personnel who had assisted medical centres during the COVID-19 pandemic. For 2022, Vine competed against Kiri Pritchard-McLean in "One Red Nose and Their Dog" with training shown on "Countryfile" (6 March) and the finale broadcast on Comic Relief night (18 March). Filmed at Penrhyn Castle, Wales, this is a variation on the long-running televised competition "One Man and His Dog".


title: Tim Vine

text: BBC Radio 4 airs "The Tim Vine Chat Show", where members of the audience are interviewed, having filled in a form before the show if they wish to be considered for selection. Vine presented one series of four episodes in July 2016, and a Christmas edition on 26 December 2016. A second series of six episodes was broadcast in September and October 2017. Additional Festive and Summer specials aired in 2018 and 2019. The series and specials are available on BBC Sounds and via audiobook (released April 2020). "The Tim Vine Christmas Chat Show" 2021 was recorded on 30th November at The CryerArts Centre, airing 23 December.


title: Tim Vine

text: In 2017, "Tim Vine Travels Through Time" was broadcast on BBC Radio 2, before moving to BBC One for two televised episodes.


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine’s "Punslinger" audiobook is slightly shorter than the DVD version, as some of the visual jokes are omitted.


title: Tim Vine

text: In 2003, Vine contributed to the "Sit-Down Comedy" book, but his first book was released in 2010 entitled "The Biggest Ever Tim Vine Joke Book" containing over 1,000 jokes and puns. Then, in 2011, Vine released a second joke book entitled "The Not Quite Biggest Ever Tim Vine Joke Book", specifically for children.


title: Tim Vine

text: In August 2010, Vine won the prize for the funniest joke of that year's Edinburgh Fringe, following a public vote from a judged shortlist. His winning joke was "I've just been on a once-in-a-lifetime holiday. I'll tell you what, never again."


title: Tim Vine

text: On 25 August 2011, Vine won the prize for the second funniest joke at the Edinburgh Fringe festival. His joke was "Crime in multi-storey car parks. That is wrong on so many different levels." He was beaten by Nick Helm. In 2012 Vine again came second with the joke "Last night me and my girlfriend watched three DVDs back to back. Luckily I was the one facing the telly." He was beaten by Stewart Francis. In 2013 Vine came fourth with the joke "My friend told me he was going to a fancy dress party as an Italian island. I said to him 'Don't be Sicily'." The winner was Rob Auton.


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine won the award for the second time in 2014 with the joke "I decided to sell my Hoover... well it was just collecting dust."


title: Tim Vine

text: On 7 October 2004, Vine broke the Guinness World Record for the most jokes told in an hour with 499, beating the previous record of 362 by Estonian Erkki Kolu. Each joke had to get a laugh from the paying audience to count towards the total. The record was subsequently broken on two occasions by Anthony Lehmann and Korukonda Ranga Rao, but Guinness later decided both performers had breached guidelines by using cue cards, so Vine was reinstated. He held the record until November 2014, when Australian comedian Taylor Goodwin, inspired by Vine, told 550 jokes.


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine lives in Banstead, Surrey. He is a practising Anglican, and has performed at Spring Harvest Christian festivals.


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine is a supporter of football team Sutton United FC, stating that the first of the team's games he attended was an FA Cup match against Middlesbrough FC during the 1987–88 season. He is also a keen darts fan, having attended several Professional Darts Corporation tournaments along with Lee Mack. Some of these were televised, such as the 2011 World Championships when both Vine and Mack appeared in the crowd. He also plays darts in his spare time. On 31 December 2020, during a live Twitter broadcast, Vine scored 170 in darts in front of a large online audience.


title: Tim Vine

text: In quiz show celebrity specials, Vine often plays for Cure Parkinson's, because of his father, Guy Vine, who died with the illness in August 2018.


title: Tim Vine

text: Vine has made two films, though these have not yet been widely released – "Library Altitude Zero" and "FearMoth". The latter was shown at the Brighton film festival in 2017. "FearMoth" was added to the "Tim Vine Televisual" YouTube channel on 14 April 2020, during the UK’s first Covid lockdown, around the time Vine’s "Plastic Elvis" tribute would have toured.


title: Love jihad

text: Love jihad (also known as Romeo Jihad) is an Islamophobic conspiracy theory developed by proponents of Hindutva. The conspiracy theory purports that Muslim men target Hindu women for conversion to Islam by means such as seduction, feigning love, deception, kidnapping, and marriage, as part of a broader demographic "war" by Muslims against India, and an organised international conspiracy, for domination through demographic growth and replacement.


title: Love jihad

text: The conspiracy theory is noted for its similarities to the antisemitic trope of Jewish world domination, as well as white nationalist conspiracy theories and Euro-American Islamophobia. It features Orientalist portrayals of Muslims as barbaric and hypersexual, and carries paternalistic and patriarchal notions based on the assumption that the Hindu women are possessions of men, whose purity is defiled as an equivalent to territorial conquest, and hence need to be controlled and protected from Muslims, regardless of consent. It has consequently been the cause of vigilante assaults, murders and other violent incidents, including the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots.


title: Love jihad

text: Created in 2009 as part of a propaganda campaign, the conspiracy theory was disseminated by Hindutva publications, such as the "Sanatan Prabhat" and "Hindu Janajagruti Samiti", calling Hindus to protect their women from Muslim men who were simultaneously depicted as charming individuals and lecherous rapists. Organisations including the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Vishva Hindu Parishad have since been credited for its proliferation in India and abroad, respectively. The conspiracy theory was noted to have become a significant belief in the state of Uttar Pradesh by 2014 and contributed to the success of the Bharatiya Janata Party campaign in the state.


title: Love jihad

text: The concept was institutionalised in India after the election of the Bharatiya Janata Party led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Right-wing pro-government television media, such as Times Now and Republic TV, and social media disinformation campaigns are generally held responsible for the growth of its popularity. Legislation against the purported conspiracy has been initiated in a number of states ruled by the party and implemented in the state of Uttar Pradesh by the Yogi Adityanath government, where it has been used as a means of state repression on Muslims and crackdown on interfaith marriages.


title: Love jihad

text: In Myanmar, the conspiracy theory has been adopted by the 969 Movement as an allegation of Islamisation of Buddhist women and used by the Tatmadaw as justification for military operations against Rohingya civilians. It has extended among the non-Muslim Indian diaspora and led to formation of alliances between Hindutva groups and Western far-right organisations such as the English Defence League. It has also been adopted in part by the clergy of the Catholic Church in Kerala to dissuade interfaith marriage among Christians.


title: Love jihad

text: In a piece picked up by the "Chicago Tribune", "Foreign Policy" correspondent Siddhartha Mahanta reports that the modern Love Jihad conspiracy has roots in the 1947 partition of India. This partition led to the creation of India and Pakistan. The creation of two countries with different majority religions led to large-scale migration, with millions of people moving between the countries and rampant reports of sexual predation and forced conversions of women by men of both faiths. Women on both sides of the conflict were impacted, leading to "recovery operations" by both the Indian and Pakistani governments of these women, with over 20,000 Muslim and 9,000 non-Muslim women being recovered between 1947 and 1956. This tense history caused repeated clashes between the faiths in the decades that followed as well, according to Mahanta, as cultural pressure against interfaith marriage for either side.


title: Love jihad

text: India has a long tradition of arranged marriages, wherein the bride and groom do not choose their partners. Through the 2000s and 2010s, India witnessed a rise in love marriages, although tensions continue around interfaith marriages, along with other traditionally discouraged unions. In 2012, "The Hindu" reported that illegal intimidation against consenting couples engaging in such discouraged unions, including inter-religious marriage, had surged. That year, Uttar Pradesh saw the proposal of an amendment to remove the requirement to declare religion from the marriage law in hopes of encouraging those who were hiding their interfaith marriage due to social norms to register.


title: Love jihad

text: One of the tensions surrounding interfaith marriage relates to concerns of required, even forced, marital conversion. Marriage in Islam is a legal contract with requirements around the religions of the participants. While Muslim women are only permitted within the contract to marry Muslim men, Muslim men may marry "People of the Book", interpreted by most to include Jews and Christians, with the inclusion of Hindus disputed. According to a 2014 article in the "Mumbai Mirror", some non-Muslim brides in Muslim-Hindu marriages convert, while other couples choose a civil marriage under the Special Marriage Act of 1954. Marriage between Muslim women Hindu men (including Sikh, Jaina and Buddhist) is legal civil marriage under The Special Marriage Act of 1954.


title: Love jihad

text: Love jihad in politics has been closely tied to Hindu nationalism, particularly the more extremist form hindutva associated with BJP Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi. The anti-Islamic stances of many right wing hindutva groups like Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) are usually hostile to inter-religious marriage and religious pluralism, which can sometimes result in mob violence motivated by allegations of love jihad.


title: Love jihad

text: Similar controversies over inter religious marriage were relatively common in India from the 1920s until independence in 1947, when allegations of forced marriage were typically called "abductions". They were more common in religiously diverse areas, including campaigns against both Muslims and Christians, and were tied to fears over religious demographics and political power in the newly emerging Indian nation. Fears of women converting was also a catalyst of the violence against women that occurred during that period. However, allegations of Love Jihad first rose to national awareness in September 2009.


title: Love jihad

text: Love Jihad was initially alleged to be conducted in Kerala and Mangalore in the coastal Karnataka region. According to the Kerala Catholic Bishops Council, by October 2009 up to 4,500 girls in Kerala had been targeted, whereas Hindu Janajagruti Samiti claimed that 30,000 girls had been converted in Karnataka alone. Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana general secretary Vellapally Natesan said that there had been reports in Narayaneeya communities of "Love Jihad" attempts. Following the controversy's initial flare-up in 2009, it flared again in 2010, 2011 and 2014. On 25 June 2014, Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy informed the state legislature that 2,667 young women converted to Islam in the state between 2006 and 2014. However, he stated that there was no evidence for any of them being forced to convert, and that fears of Love Jihad were "baseless." Muslim organizations such as the "Popular Front of India" and the "Campus Front" have been accused of promoting this activity. In Kerala, some movies have been accused of promoting Love Jihad, a charge which has been denied by the filmmakers. Bollywood films PK and Bajrangi Bhaijaan were accused of promoting Love jihad by Hindu outfits. The actors and directors denied that their films promote Love jihad.


title: Love jihad

text: Around the same time that the conspiracy theory was beginning to spread, accounts of Love Jihad also began becoming prevalent in Myanmar. Wirathu, the leader of 969 Movement, has said that Muslim men pretend to be Buddhists and then the Buddhist women are lured into Islam in Myanmar. He has urged to "protect our Buddhist women from the Muslim love-jihad" by introducing further legislation. Reports of similar activities also began emerging from the United Kingdom's Sikh diaspora. According to an opinion piece by the Sikh "Liberal Politics" blogger Sunny Hundal, "In the 90s, an anonymous leaflet (suspected to be by Hizb ut-Tahrir followers) urged Muslim men to seduce Sikh girls to convert them to Islam." In 2014, The Sikh Council alleged that it had received reports that girls from British Sikh families were becoming victims of Love Jihad. Furthermore, these reports alleged that these girls were being exploited by their husbands, some of whom afterwards abandoned them in Pakistan. According to the Takht jathedar, he alleged that "The Sikh council has rescued some of the victims (girls) and brought them back to their parents."


title: Love jihad

text: The initial formations of the conspiracy theory were solidified when various organisations began joining. Christian groups, such as the Christian Association for Social Action, and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) banded against it, with the VHP establishing the "Hindu Helpline" that it started answered 1,500 calls in three months related to "Love Jihad". The Union of Catholic Asian News (UCAN) has reported that the Catholic Church was concerned about this alleged phenomenon. The Vigilance Council of the Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council (KCBC) raised an alert for the Catholic community against the practice. In September, posters of right-wing group Shri Ram Sena warning against "Love Jihad" appeared in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The group announced in December that it would launch a nationwide "Save our daughters, save India" campaign to combat "Love Jihad". Muslim organizations in Kerala called it a malicious misinformation campaign. Popular Front of India (PFI) committee-member Naseeruddin Elamaram denied that the PFI was involved in any "Love Jihad", stating that people convert to Hinduism and Christianity as well and that religious conversion is not a crime. Members of the Muslim Central Committee of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts responded by claiming that Hindus and Christians have fabricated these claims to undermine Muslims.


title: Love jihad

text: In July 2010, the "Love Jihad" controversy resurfaced in the press when Kerala Chief Minister V. S. Achuthanandan referenced the alleged matrimonial conversion of non-Muslim girls as part of an effort to make Kerala a Muslim majority state. PFI dismissed his statements due to the findings of the Kerala probe, but the president of the BJP Mahila Morcha, the women's wing of the conservative Bharatiya Janata Party, called for an NIA investigation, alleging that the Kerala state probe was closed prematurely due to a tacit understanding with PFI. The Congress Party in Kerala responded strongly to the Chief Minister's comments, which they described as deplorable and dangerous.


title: Love jihad

text: In December 2011, the controversy erupted again in Karnataka legislative assembly, when member Mallika Prasad of the Bharatiya Janata Party asserted that the problem was ongoing and unaddressed with, according to her, 69 of 84 Hindu girls who had gone missing between January and November of that year confessing after their recovery that "they'd been lured by Muslim youths who professed love." According to "The Times of India", response was divided, with Deputy Speaker N. Yogish Bhat and House Leader S. Suresh Kumar supporting governmental intervention, while Congress members B. Ramanath Rai and Abhay Chandra Jain argued that "the issue was being raised to disrupt communal harmony in the district."


title: Love jihad

text: During the resurgence of the controversy in 2014, protests turned violent at growing concern, even though, according to "Reuters", the concept was considered "an absurd conspiracy theory by mainstream, moderate Indians." Then BJP MP Yogi Adityanath alleged that Love Jihad was an international conspiracy targeting India, announcing on television that the Muslims "can't do what they want by force in India, so they are using the love jihad method here." Conservative Hindu activists cautioned women in Uttar Pradesh to avoid Muslims and not to befriend them. In Uttar Pradesh, the influential committee Akhil Bharitiya Vaishya Ekta Parishad announced their intention to push to restrict the use of cell phones among young women to prevent their being vulnerable to such activities.


title: Love jihad

text: Following this announcement, "The Times of India" reported that the Senior Superintendent of Police in UP, Shalabh Mathur, "said the term 'love jihad' had been coined only to create fear and divide society along communal lines." Muslim leaders referred to the 2014 rhetoric around the alleged conspiracy as a campaign of hate. Feminists voiced concerns that efforts to protect women against the alleged activities would negatively impact women's rights, depriving them of free choice and agency.


title: Love jihad

text: In September 2014, BJP MP Sakshi Maharaj claimed that Muslim boys in madrasas are being motivated for Love Jihad with proposals of rewards of "Rs 11 lakh for an 'affair' with a Sikh girl, Rs 10 lakh for a Hindu girl and Rs 7 lakh for a Jain girl." He claimed to know this through reports to him by Muslims and by the experiences of men in his service who had converted for access. Abdul Razzaq Khan, the vice-president of Jamiat Ulama Hind, responded by denying such activities, labeling the comments "part of conspiracy aimed at disturbing the peace of the nation" and demanding action against Maharaj. Uttar Pradesh minister Mohd Azam Khan indicated the statement was "trying to break the country". In January, Vishwa Hindu Parishad's women's wing, Durga Vahini used actor Kareena Kapoor's morphed picture half covered with burqa issue of their magazine, on the theme of Love Jihad. The caption underneath read: "conversion of nationality through religious conversion". In June 2018, Jharkhand High Court granted a divorce in an alleged love jihad case in which the accused lied about his religion and forcing the victim to convert to Islam after marriage.


title: Love jihad

text: In May 2017, the Kerala High Court annulled a marriage of a converted Hindu woman Akhila alias Hadiya to a Muslim man Shafeen Jahan on the grounds that the bride's parents were not present, nor gave consent for the marriage, after allegations by her father of conversion and marriage at the behest of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Hadiya's father had claimed that his daughter had been influenced to marry a Muslim man by some organisations so she no longer remained in her parents' custody. However, Hadiya claimed that she had been following Islam since 2012 and had left her home of her own will. Akhila was married to Shafeen by the time her father's petition was taken up by the court, following which her marriage was annulled.


title: Love jihad

text: The decision of the court was challenged by Shafeen in the Supreme Court of India in July 2017. The Supreme Court sought the response from the National Investigating Agency (NIA) and the Kerala government, ordering an NIA probe headed by former SC Judge R. V. Raveendran on 16 August. The NIA had earlier submitted that the woman's conversion and marriage was not "isolated" and it had detected a pattern emerging in the state.


title: Love jihad

text: The Supreme Court on 8 March 2018 overturned the annulment of Hadiya's marriage by the Kerala High Court and held that the she had married of her own free will. However, it allowed NIA to continue investigation into the allegations of a terror dimension. The NIA examined 11 interfaith marriages in Kerala and completed its investigation in October 2018, concluding that "the agency has not found any evidence to suggest that in any of these cases either the man or the woman was coerced to convert".


title: Love jihad

text: Despite drawing severe criticisms, the Syro Malabar Church continued to repeat its stand on "love jihad". According to the church, Christian women are being targeted, recruited to terrorist outfit Islamic State, making them sex slaves and even killed. Detailing this, a circular, issued by Church chief Cardinal Mar George Alencherry, was read out in many parishes at the Sunday mass. In the circular (dated 15 January 2020) that was read out in churches on Sunday, it is stated that Christian women are being targeted under a conspiracy through inter-religious relationships, which often grow as a threat to religious harmony. "Christian women from Kerala are even being recruited to Islamic State through this," the circular read. Further, Kerala Catholic Bishops Conference's (KCBC) Commission for Social Harmony and Vigilance, claimed that there were 4,000 instances of "love jihad" between 2005 and 2012.


title: Love jihad

text: On 27 September 2020, protests occurred after a young Muslim man attempted to kidnap a 21-year-old Hindu woman near her college campus, and fatally shot her when she resisted. Her family said that he had tried to force her to convert to Islam and marry him.


title: Love jihad

text: Many BJP-ruled states, such as Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Karnataka, then began mulling over laws designed to prevent "forcible conversions" through marriage, commonly referred to as "love jihad" laws. In September 2020, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath asked his government to come up with a strategy to prevent "religious conversions in the name of love". On 31 October, he announced that a law to curb "love jihad" would be passed by his government. The law in Uttar Pradesh, which also includes provisions against "unlawful religious conversion," declares a marriage null and void if the sole intention was to "change a girl's religion" and both it and the one in Madhya Pradesh imposed sentences of up to 10 years in prison for those who broke the law. The ordinance came into effect on 28 November 2020 as the Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance. In December 2020, Madhya Pradesh approved an anti-conversion law similar to the Uttar Pradesh one. As of 25 November 2020, Haryana and Karnataka were still in discussion over similar ordinances. In April 2021, the Gujarat Assembly amended the Freedom of Religion Act, 2003, bringing in stringent provisions against forcible conversion through marriage or allurement, with the intention of targeting "love jihad".


title: Love jihad

text: The Karnataka state cabinet also approved an anti-conversion ‘love jihad’ bill, making it a law in December 2021.


title: Love jihad

text: While campaigning for the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election and the 2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election, the BJP promised that if it won the elections, it would enact a law that would ban "love jihad" in these states.


title: Love jihad

text: In August 2017, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) stated that it had found a common "mentor" in some love jihad cases, "a woman associated with the radical group Popular Front of India", in August 2017. According to a later article in "The Economist", "Repeated police investigations have failed to find evidence of any organised plan of conversion. Reporters have repeatedly exposed claims of 'love jihad' as at best fevered fantasies and at worst, deliberate election-time inventions." According to the same report, the common theme regarding many claims of "love jihad" has been the frenzied objection to an interfaith marriage while "Indian law erects no barriers to marriages between faiths, or against conversion by willing and informed consent. Yet the idea still sticks, even when the supposed 'victims' dismiss it as nonsense."


title: Love jihad

text: In October 2009, the Karnataka government announced its intention to counter "love jihad", which "appeared to be a serious issue". A week after the announcement, the government ordered a probe into the situation by the CID to determine if an organised effort existed to convert these girls and, if so, by whom it was being funded. One woman, whose conversion to Islam came under scrutiny as a result of the probe, was temporarily ordered to the custody of her parents, but eventually was permitted to return to her new husband after she appeared in court, denying pressure to convert. In April 2010, police used the term to characterize the alleged kidnapping, forced conversion and marriage of a 17-year-old college girl in Mysore.


title: Love jihad

text: In late 2009, The Karnataka CID (Criminal Investigation Department) reported that although it was continuing to investigate, it had found no evidence that a "love jihad" existed. In late 2009, Director general of police Jacob Punnoose reported that although the investigation would continue, there was no evidence of any organised attempt by any group or individual using men "feigning love" to lure women to convert to Islam. Investigators did indicate that many Hindu girls had converted to Islam of their own will. In early 2010, the State Government reported to the Karnataka High Court that, although many young Hindu women had converted to Islam, there was no organized attempt to convince them to do so. According to "The Indian Express", Justice K. T. Sankaran's conclusion that "such incidents under the pretext of love were rampant in certain parts of the state" ran contrary to Central and state government reports. A petition was also put before Sankaran to prevent the use of the terms "love jihad" and "romeo jihad", but Sankaran declined to overrule an earlier decision not to restrain media usage. Subsequently, the High Court stayed further police investigation, both because no organised efforts had been disclosed by police probes and because the investigation was specifically targeted against a single community. In early 2010, the state government reported to the Karnataka High Court that although many young Hindu women had converted to Islam, there was no organized attempt to convince them to do so.


title: Love jihad

text: The Karnataka government stated in 2010 that, although many women had converted to Islam, there was no organized attempt to convince them to do so.


title: Love jihad

text: Following the launching of a poster campaign in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, purportedly by the organisation Shri Ram Sena, state police began investigating the presence of that organisation in the area. In late October 2009, police addressed the question of "love jihad" itself, indicating that while they had not located an organisation called "Love Jihad", "there are reasons to suspect 'concentrated attempts' to persuade girls to convert to Islam after they fall in love with Muslim boys". They documented unconfirmed reports of a foreign-funded network of groups encouraging conversion through this subterfuge, but noted that no organisations conducting such campaigns had been confirmed and no evidence had been located to support foreign financial aid.


title: Love jihad

text: In November 2009, DGP Jacob Punnoose stated there was no organisation whose members lured girls in Kerala by feigning love with the intention of converting. He told the Kerala High Court that three out of 18 reports he received questioned the tendency. However, in absence of solid proof, the investigations were still continuing. In December 2009, Justice K.T. Sankaran, who had refused to accept Punnoose's report, concluded from a case diary that there were indications of forceful conversions and stated it was clear from police reports there was a "concerted effort" to convert women with "blessings of some outfits". The court, while hearing the bail plea of two individuals accused in "love jihad" cases, stated that there had been 3,000-4,000 such conversions in the past four years. The Kerala High Court in December 2009 stayed investigations in the case, granting relief to the two accused, though it criticised the police investigation. The investigation was closed by Justice M. Sasidharan Nambiar following Punnoose's statements that no conclusive evidence could be found for the existence of "love jihad".


title: Love jihad

text: On 9 December 2009, Justice K T Sankaran for the Kerala High Court weighed in on the matter while hearing bail for a Muslim youth arrested for allegedly forcibly converting two female students. According to Sankaran, police reports revealed the "blessings of some outfits" for a "concerted" effort for religious conversions, some 3,000 to 4,000 incidences of which had taken place after love affairs within a four-year period. Sankaran "found indications of 'forceful' religious conversions under the garb of 'love'", suggesting that "such 'deceptive' acts" might require legislative intervention to prevent them.


title: Love jihad

text: In January 2012, Kerala police declared that "love jihad" was "[a] campaign with no substance", bringing legal proceedings instead against the website hindujagruti.org for "spreading religious hatred and false propaganda." In 2012, after two years of investigation into the alleged "love jihad", Kerala Police declared it as a "campaign with no substance". Subsequently, a case was initiated against the hindujagruti website, where counterfeit posters of Muslim organisations offering money to Muslim youths for luring and trapping women were found.


title: Love jihad

text: In 2017, after the Kerala High Court had ruled that a marriage of a Hindu woman to a Muslim man was invalid on the basis of"'love jihad", and an appeal was filed in the Supreme Court of India by the Muslim husband. The court, based on the "unbiased and independent" evidence requested by the court from the NIA, instructed the NIA to investigate all similar cases to establish whether there was any "love jihad". It allowed the NIA to explore all similar suspicious cases to find whether banned organisations, such as SIMI, were preying on vulnerable Hindu women to recruit them as terrorists. The NIA had earlier submitted before the court that the case was not an "isolated" incident and it had detected a pattern emerging in the state, stating that another case involved the same individuals who had previously acted as instigators. In 2018, the NIA concluded its probe, after investigating 11 interfaith marriages in Kerala without finding proof of coercion, and an NIA official concluded that "we didn't find any prosecutable evidence to bring formal charges against these persons under any of the scheduled offences of the NIA", adding that "Conversion is not a crime in Kerala and also helping these men and women convert is also within the ambit of the constitution of the country."


title: Love jihad

text: In September 2014, following the resurgence of national attention, "Reuters" reported that police in Uttar Pradesh had found no credence in the five or six recent allegations of "love jihad" that had been brought before them, with state police chief A.L. Banerjee stating that, "In most cases we found that a Hindu girl and Muslim boy were in love and had married against their parents' will." The police stated that occasional cases of trickery by dishonest men are not evidence of a broader conspiracy.


title: Love jihad

text: That same month, the Allahabad High Court gave the government and election commission of Uttar Pradesh ten days to respond to a petition to restrain the use of the word "love jihad" and to take action against Yogi Adityanath.


title: Love jihad

text: In 2018, a report by the fundamentalist Sikh activist organisation, "Sikh Youth UK", entitled "The Religiously Aggravated Sexual Exploitation of Young Sikh Women Across the UK" (RASE report) made similar allegations of Muslim men targeting Sikh girls for the purposes of conversion. The report was severely criticised in 2019 by academic researchers and by an official UK government report lead by two Sikh academics for false and misleading information. It noted: ""The RASE report lacks solid data, methodological transparency and rigour. It is filled instead with sweeping generalisations and poorly substantiated claims around the nature and scale of abuse of Sikh girls and causal factors driving it. It appealed heavily to historical tensions between Sikhs and Muslims and narratives of honour in a way that seemed designed to whip up fear and hate"".


title: Love jihad

text: Previously, in 2011, Sikh academic Katy Sian had conducted research into the matter, exploring how "forced conversion narratives" arose within the Sikh diaspora in the United Kingdom and why they became so widespread. Sian, who reports that claims of conversion through courtship on campuses are widespread in the UK, says that rather than relying on actual evidence, the Sikh community primarily rest their beliefs on the word of "a friend of a friend" or personal anecdotes. According to Sian, the narrative is similar to accusations of "white slavery" lodged against the Jewish community and foreigners to the UK and the US, with the former having ties to anti-semitism that mirror the Islamophobia displayed by the modern narrative. Sian expanded on these views in her 2013 book, "Mistaken Identities, Forced Conversions, and Postcolonial Formations".


title: Love jihad

text: In response to a flurry of sensational news stories on the subject, ten Hindu academics in the UK signed an open letter wherein they argued that claims of Hindu and Sikh girls being forcefully converted in the UK were "part of an arsenal of myths propagated by right-wing Hindu supremacist organisations in India". The Muslim Council of Britain issued a press release pointing out there was a lack of evidence of any forced conversions, and suggested it was an underhanded attempt to smear the British Muslim population.


title: Love jihad

text: In response to the purported conspiracy of love jihad, affiliates of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh have stated that they have launched a "Reverse Love Jihad" campaign to marry Hindu men with Muslim women. Cases related to the campaign were reported from various parts of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), where rape and abduction of Muslim women have taken place. The perpetrators of these incidents are alleged to be the members of these affiliates who are being rewarded by the affiliates for their activities. Between 2014 and October 2016, 389 cases of underage Muslim girls missing or kidnapped were registered by the police in Kushinagar district, and a similar trend was found in a number of districts in eastern Uttar Pradesh, in areas with high communal tensions.


title: Love jihad

text: The term "Reverse Love Jihad" has also been used by the Bajrang Dal to refer to the Love Jihad conspiracy theory where the purported victim is a Hindu man being "lured" to Islam with the prospects of a job and marriage to a Muslim woman.


title: Real Oviedo

text: Real Oviedo is a Spanish football club based in Oviedo, Asturias. Founded on 26 March 1926 as a result of the merger of two clubs who had maintained a large sporting rivalry for years in the city: "Real Stadium Club Ovetense" and "Real Club Deportivo Oviedo". The club plays in the Segunda División, the second tier of the Spanish football league system.


title: Real Oviedo

text: The club plays in blue shirts and white shorts in the Estadio Carlos Tartiere, which seats 30,500 spectators, opened on 30 September 2000, and is the largest sports stadium in Asturias. In the all-time league table for the Spanish top division, Oviedo ranks in 18th


title: Real Oviedo

text: Its local rivals are Sporting Gijón on the sea coast to its north, with whom the club contests the Asturian derby.


title: Real Oviedo

text: Founded in 1926 after a merger of "Stadium Ovetense" and "Real Club Deportivo Oviedo." The first one was founded by young people who had studied in England, where the "foot-ball" was already popular. And the second club was founded a few years later by a split in the first. Oviedo first reached La Liga seven years later.


title: Real Oviedo

text: Their attacking quartet of Emilín, Galé, Herrerita and Isidro Lángara (all represented Spain in this period), as well as Casuco and Ricardo Gallart modernised the game with their pace and running off the ball tied with sharp passing and one-touch football, played in a style 30/40 years before its time, being dubbed "Delanteras Eléctricas" ("The electric forwards"); all this was connected with a rigid training and fitness regime started by a former manager of the club, Englishman Fred Pentland. Lángara won the Pichichi Trophy three years in a row prior to the Spanish Civil War, as Oviedo broke all scoring records (174 goals in 62 league games). With the outbreak of the conflict, however, the team broke up: Lángara emigrated to South America, Herrerita and Emilín signed with FC Barcelona, Galé with Racing de Santander and Gallart with Racing de Ferrol.


title: Real Oviedo

text: When football in the country resumed in 1939, Oviedo could not play 1939–40 season, as their pitch was deemed unplayable – Francisco Franco's troops had used the stadium as an ammunition dump. During the following decades, the club bounced back between the first and second levels, the high point being a best-ever third position in 1962–63 (ranking joint-first with Real Madrid after the first 15 rounds), while the lowest was the side's first relegation to "Segunda División B", in 1978 (for a single season).


title: Real Oviedo

text: With the FIFA World Cup to be held on home soil in 1982, the "Carlos Tartiere Stadium" was completely renewed, the first match being held with the Chilean national team (0–0). In 1984–85 Oviedo won the soon-to-be-defunct Spanish League Cup (second division), after successively defeating UD Salamanca, Bilbao Athletic, CF Lorca Deportiva, CE Sabadell FC and Atlético Madrileño (the latter with a 2–1 aggregate in the final).


title: Real Oviedo

text: In 1988 Oviedo returned to the top division, after ousting RCD Mallorca in the promotion playoffs (2–1 on aggregate, with striker Carlos, who would feature prominently for the club in the following years, scoring one of the goals), and remained in that level for 13 consecutive seasons – in 1990–91 it finished sixth, qualifying for the first time for Europe, and being knocked out in the first round by Genoa C.F.C. of Italy (2–3). Oviedo bounced back from that defeat immediately, with a 2–1 win at the Camp Nou over Barcelona.After that successful year, there were more brilliant seasons and others where relegation was narrowly dodged (in 1998 Real Oviedo succeeded in a relegation playoff to stay up after beating UD Las Palmas). In a nutshell, the "Carbayones" had an outstanding run in La Liga during the 1990s with a team which lined up top international players. In 1992 Real Oviedo as well as most Spanish football clubs was forced to become public limited sports company. The initial capital stock for Real Oviedo amounted to €3.6 million.


title: Real Oviedo

text: In 2000, the new "Carlos Tartiere Stadium" with 30,500 seats became Real Oviedo's new ground. It was officially opened on 20 September 2000 with a match between Real Oviedo and Partizan Belgrade, where Real Oviedo lost 0–2 to the Serbian side. Three days before, Real Oviedo and UD Las Palmas had got a 2–2 draw on the first fixture in the 2000–01 season.


title: Real Oviedo

text: After being relegated two consecutive times, Real Oviedo suffered severe economic troubles, which, when coupled with a profound lack of institutional support from the city's government, resulted in the team's inability to pay its players. The club was then forced to drop all the way to the fourth division of Spanish football, for the 2003–04 season; at this point the team nearly folded but eventually recovered and regrouped, returning to level three in the following campaign.


title: Real Oviedo

text: Oviedo lasted two further campaigns before dropping down a level again. In another playoff against a Mallorca team – this time the reserves, the club returned again to the third division, after a penalty shootout; however, its survival remained at risk in the following years, due to continuing financial difficulties.


title: Real Oviedo

text: The financial dire straits continued into the 2012–13 season, when Oviedo called on supporters to buy shares in the club. A few footballers, notably Santi Cazorla, Juan Mata, Michu and Adrián who all started their careers there, offered their financial support in an attempt to save the club from bankruptcy – the club had until 17 November to raise €2 million in order to prevent closure.


title: Real Oviedo

text: On 17 November 2012, Carlos Slim, at the time the richest person in the world, invested $2.5 million in the club, therefore gaining a controlling stake.


title: Real Oviedo

text: On 31 May 2015, Oviedo confirmed their return to the Spanish Segunda División after a thirteen-year absence with a 2–1 aggregate victory over Cádiz in the 2015 Segunda División B play-offs.


title: Real Oviedo

text: Note: this list includes players that have appeared in at least 100 league games and/or have reached international status.


title: Real Oviedo

text: The reserve team, which plays since 2018 in the third level (Segunda B), was formerly named "Vetusta". Vetusta was also the original name of the team, before the Royal Spanish Football Federation decree which banned unique reserve club names in the early 1990s.


title: Real Oviedo

text: On 28 August 2017, women's club Oviedo Moderno CF signed an agreement with Real Oviedo for using their name and their blue and white colors, instead of their classic black and green, since the 2017–18 season, with the aim to be completely integrated into the structure of the club for the 2018–19 season onwards. The club formerly used the blue and white colors for the 2016–17 promotion play-offs.


title: 800 metres

text: The 800 metres, or meters (US spelling), is a common track running event. It is the shortest commonly run middle-distance running event. The 800 metres is run over two laps of an outdoor (400-metre) track and has been an Olympic event since the first modern games in 1896. During the winter track season the event is usually run by completing four laps of an indoor 200-metre track.


title: 800 metres

text: The event was derived from the imperial measurement of a half mile (880 yards), a traditional English racing distance. 800m is 4.67m less than a half mile.


title: 800 metres

text: The event combines aerobic endurance with anaerobic conditioning and sprint speed, so the 800m athlete has to combine training for both.


title: 800 metres

text: Runners in this event are occasionally fast enough to also compete in the 400 metres but more commonly have enough endurance to 'double up' in the 1500m. Only Alberto Juantorena and Jarmila Kratochvílová have won major international titles at 400m and 800m.