title: Soap MacTavish

text: MacTavish is first introduced in the opening mission, after having been selected for the 22nd SAS, based at Hereford. He is introduced to fellow squadmates as well as his new commanding officer, Captain John Price, where he undergoes a routine training exercise in the killing house before proceeding on a mission to infiltrate a container ship in the Bering Strait and retrieve a nuclear device. He is part of the team responsible for the capture and execution of Khaled Al-Asad, the man responsible for the detonation of a similar nuclear device in an unnamed Middle Eastern country, and also the death of Imran Zakhaev, the man responsible for providing Al-Asad nuclear weapons. Soap is part of Bravo Team, which works with US Marine Force Recon in disabling nuclear missiles which Zakhaev launched at the shores of the United States, where he later kills Zakhaev after an Mi-24 Hind destroys a major bridge on their evacuation route. Soap and Price are barely spared the untimely death their squad received when a diversion created by Russian loyalists buys Soap time sufficient to kill Zakhaev and two soldiers with Price's M1911 pistol.


title: Soap MacTavish

text: Five years later, Soap is the captain of Task Force 141, a promotion he received in the aftermath of , where Price was captured and taken to a gulag in eastern Russia after an attempt on the life of Vladimir Makarov, Zakhaev's former top lieutenant. He appears on the mission "Cliffhanger" as an NPC, assisting the player's character, Gary "Roach" Sanderson. In the following mission where the player controls Roach, MacTavish and his team capture the right-hand man of an arms dealer and interrogate him, which then leads them to hunt for Alejandro Rojas, whom they captured in time, which leads to the rescue of Captain Price – the man Makarov hates most. In the final three missions of the game, he and Price discover that their commanding officer, Lt. General Shepherd had double-crossed them, but are unable to warn their team (Simon "Ghost" Riley and Roach) in time and they are subsequently killed. After battling through a massive battalion of armed military contractors (dubbed Shadow Company), Soap attempts to kill Shepherd with his combat knife, but Shepherd manages to stab him in the chest. With Shepherd distracted by a hand to hand duel with Price, and with what little strength he has left, Soap pulls the knife from his chest and throws it, directly hitting Shepherd in his eye and killing him instantly. Price patches up Soap as their friend Nikolai lands near their pickup point and extracts them to safety, setting the stage for "".


title: Soap MacTavish

text: Hours after being extracted from Site Hotel Bravo, Task Force 141 has been disavowed and a dying Soap has been extracted to a Russian loyalist holdout in India. With Makarov on their trail to tie up loose ends and a quick patch job by a loyalist doctor, loyalist Yuri joins Bravo Team in escaping the relentless assault by Russian ultranationalists loyal to Makarov to lay low while Russia is engaged in all-out combat with the United States across the eastern seaboard. Sometime later, Price contacts former 141 operator Sandman whom they worked with during Operation Kingfish for assistance with leads on Makarov's location, as well as SAS commanding officer MacMillan, Price's former captain in the SAS with whom he worked during the initial attempt to kill Imran Zakhaev 20 years prior. After retrieving intel from a number of sources and with help from loyalist Kamarov, the team is able to lock down Makarov's location in a martial law run-down Prague, in the Czech Republic, where Makarov is expected to attend a high-level meeting with other senior officials in his organization. Makarov, however, is aware that 141 is in the city, and, after letting Yuri know he shouldn't have come after them, activates bomb charges intended to kill Soap and Yuri both. Soap saves Yuri's life by pushing him out of the window at the last moment, and is then jettisoned himself from a very high elevation, at which point Soap's previous knife wound is reopened. During an attempted extraction, Soap dies from massive blood loss moments after informing Price that Makarov knows Yuri. Soap is later mentioned by Price when the latter calls MacMillan to let him know that Soap has died and pleads for help in finding Makarov's location. He is mentioned one final time at the beginning of the last mission of the game by Price, who the player takes control of, when he and Yuri suit up in EOD armor, says "This is for Soap."


title: Soap MacTavish

text: Following the death of General Roman Barkov, Captain John Price meets up with Kate Laswell to discuss the formation of Task Force 141, in preparation against the Russian terrorist Victor Zakhaev. Price receives the dossiers of several potential recruits from Laswell, among which John "Soap" MacTavish was named. At some unknown point during 2020, Soap is officially recruited to join Task Force 141, though he does not participate in the operations in Verdansk alongside Price and the other Task Force members. After Price successfully stops Victor Zakhaev from launching nuclear missiles to destroy Verdansk, he is contacted by Soap, who states that he is "half a klick off the coast."


title: Soap MacTavish

text: Due to the popularity of the character, an Xbox 360 user avatar was released for purchase, which allows players to look like Soap. Similar to the Call of Duty character Captain Price, MacTavish appears in a video posted on YouTube by Machinima entitled "Captain MacTavish Plays Halo 3", as part of their "Call of Duty" and "Halo" crossover series. The character also appears in the Soap Legend Pack, a DLC for "" where Soap is a playable multiplayer character. This was released on 22 April 2014. On 22 November a mobile app designed for iOS and Windows Phone entitled "" was released which featured Soap as a character that the player could control once unlocked. The fourth season of "" features Soap as a playable avatar if the player purchases the "Disavowed Battle Pass". The season also included weapons, equipment and vehicles with MacTavish themed skins.


title: Soap MacTavish

text: The character was well received by many fans of the "Call of Duty" franchise. An online poll on the "Guinness World Records 2011 Gamers' Edition", which involved over 13,000 gamers voting, placed John "Soap" MacTavish in 12th place out of a list of 50 fictional game characters. In 2021, Matthew Wilkinson of "TheGamer" ranked Soap the greatest "Call of Duty" character, writing he "was not only the greatest character in the history of "Call of Duty" (to this point), but he has also become one of the most beloved characters in gaming, full stop." "Complex"s Gus Turner included Soap on his "25 Dead Video Game Characters We Wish Were Still Here", saying "After playing with him through multiple CoD titles, losing Soap was like saying goodbye to an old friend." Tom Senior of "PC Gamer" described Soap's death in "Modern Warfare 3" as among "the most crushing" video game deaths.


title: Soap MacTavish

text: Soap's return was highly anticipated in the reboot series, but many were disappointed by the character's physical appearance upon his release in "Warzone", criticizing it as not looking alike to his original counterpart and mocking it with the name "Shampoo".


title: Classical Arabic

text: Classical Arabic () or Quranic Arabic is the standardized literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages, most notably in Umayyad and Abbasid literary texts such as poetry, elevated prose and oratory, and is also the liturgical language of Islam.


title: Classical Arabic

text: The first comprehensive description of "Al-ʿArabiyyah" "Arabic", Sibawayh's "al"-"Kitāb", was upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to the Qurʾān and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the "ʿarabiyya".


title: Classical Arabic

text: Modern Standard Arabic is its direct descendant used today throughout the Arab world in writing and in formal speaking, for example prepared speeches, some radio and TV broadcasts and non-entertainment content. Whilst the lexis and stylistics of Modern Standard Arabic are different from Classical Arabic, the morphology and syntax have remained basically unchanged (though Modern Standard Arabic uses a subset of the syntactic structures available in Classical Arabic). In the Arab world little distinction is made between Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic and both are normally called "al-fuṣḥā" () in Arabic, meaning 'the most eloquent'.


title: Classical Arabic

text: The earliest forms of Arabic are known as Old Arabic and survive in inscriptions in Ancient North Arabian scripts as well as fragments of pre-Islamic poetry preserved in the classical literature. By the late 6th century AD, it is hypothesized that a relatively uniform intertribal "poetic koiné", a synthetic language distinct from the spoken vernaculars, had developed with conservative, as well as innovative, features, including the case endings known as "ʾiʿrab". It is uncertain to what degree the spoken vernaculars corresponded to the literary style, however, as many surviving inscriptions in the region seem to indicate simplification or absence of the inflectional morphology of Classical Arabic. It is often said that the Bedouin dialects of Najd were probably the most conservative (or at least resembled the elevated intertribal idiom morphologically and lexically more than the other contemporary vernaculars), a view possibly supported by the romanticization of the "purity" of the language of the desert-dwellers (as opposed to the "corrupted" dialects of the city-dwellers) expressed in many medieval Arabic works, especially those on grammar, though some argue that all the spoken vernaculars probably deviated greatly from the supraregional literary norm to different degrees, while others, such as Joshua Blau, believe that "the differences between the classical and spoken language were not too far-reaching".


title: Classical Arabic

text: The Arabic script is generally believed to have evolved from local cursive varieties of the Aramaic script, which have been adopted to write Arabic, though some, such as Jean Starcky, have postulated that it instead derives directly from the Syriac script since, unlike Aramaic, the scripts of Arabic and Syriac are both cursive. Indigenous speculations concerning the history of the script sometimes ascribe the origins of the script, and oftentimes the language itself also, to one of the ancient major figures in Islam, such as Adam or Ishmael, though others mention that it was introduced to Arabia from afar. In the 7th century AD, the distinctive features of Old Hijazi, such as loss of final short vowels, loss of hamza, lenition of final /-at/ to /-ah/, and lack of nunation, influenced the consonantal text (or "rasm)" of the Qur'an (and many of its readings also) and the later normalized orthography of Classical Arabic as a standard literary register in the 8th century.


title: Classical Arabic

text: By the 2nd century AH (9th century AD/CE), the language had been standardized by Arabic grammarians and knowledge of Classical Arabic became an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world, as it was the lingua franca across the Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa, and thus, the region eventually developed into a widespread state of diglossia. Consequently, the classical language, as well as the Arabic script, became the subject of much mythicization and was eventually associated with religious, ethnic, and racial conflicts, such as the rise of many groups traditionally categorized under the broad label of al-Shu'ibiyya (roughly meaning "those of the nations", as opposed to Arab tribes), who, despite the remarkable differences in their views, generally rejected the stressed and often dogmatized belief that the Arabs, as well as their language, were far superior to all other races and ethnicities, and so the term later came to be applied pejoratively to such groups by their rivals. Moreover, many Arabic grammarians strove to attribute as many words as possible to a "pure Arabic origin", especially those in the Qur'an. Thus, exegetes, theologians, and grammarians who entertained the idea of the presence of "impurities" (for example, naturalized loanwords) in the Qur'an were severely criticized and their proposed etymologies denounced in most cases. Nonetheless, the belief in the racial and ethnic supremacy of the Arabs and the belief in the linguistic supremacy of Arabic did not seem to be necessary entailments of each other.


title: Classical Arabic

text: Poems and sayings attributed to Arabic-speaking personages who lived before the standardization of the Classical idiom, which are preserved mainly in far later manuscripts, contain traces of elements in morphology and syntax that began to be regarded as chiefly poetic or characteristically regional or dialectal. Despite this, these, along with the Qur'an, were perceived as the principal foundation upon which grammatical inquiry, theorizing, and reasoning were to be based. They also formed the literary ideal to be followed, quoted, and imitated in solemn texts and speeches. Lexically, Classical Arabic may retain one or more of the dialectal forms of a given word as variants of the standardized forms, albeit often with much less currency and use.


title: Classical Arabic

text: Various Arabic dialects freely borrowed words from Classical Arabic, a situation similar to the Romance languages, wherein scores of words were borrowed directly from Classical Latin. Arabic-speakers usually spoke Classical Arabic as a second language (if they spoke the colloquial dialects as their first language) or as a third language (if they spoke another language as their first language and a regional variety of colloquial Arabic as their second language). Nonetheless, the pronunciation of Classical Arabic was likely influenced by the vernaculars to different degrees (much like Modern Standard Arabic). The differences in pronunciation and vocabulary in the regional Arabic varieties were in turn variously influenced by the native languages spoken in the conquered regions, such as Coptic in Egypt; Berber and Punic in the Maghreb; Himyaritic, Modern South Arabian, and Old South Arabian in Yemen; and Aramaic in the Levant.


title: Classical Arabic

text: The A1 inscription dated to the 3rd or 4th century AD in the Greek alphabet in a dialect showing affinities to that of the Safaitic inscriptions shows that short final high vowels had been lost in at least some dialects of Old Arabic at that time, obliterating the distinction between nominative and genitive case in the singular, leaving the accusative the only marked case:


title: Classical Arabic

text: Classical Arabic however, shows a far more archaic system, essentially identical with that of Proto-Arabic:


title: Classical Arabic

text: The definite article spread areally among the Central Semitic languages and it would seem that Proto-Arabic lacked any overt marking of definiteness. Besides dialects with no definite article, the Safaitic inscriptions exhibit about four different article forms, ordered by frequency: "h-", "ʾ-", "ʾl-", and "hn-". The Old Arabic of the Nabataean inscriptions exhibits almost exclusively the form "ʾl-". Unlike the Classical Arabic article, the Old Arabic "ʾl" almost never exhibits the assimilation of the coda to the coronals; the same situation is attested in the Graeco-Arabica, but in A1 the coda assimilates to the following "d", αδαυρα *"ʾad-dawra" 'the region'.


title: Classical Arabic

text: In Classical Arabic, the definite article takes the form "al-", with the coda of the article exhibiting assimilation to the following dental and denti-alveolar consonants. Note the inclusion of palatal , which alone among the palatal consonants exhibits assimilation, indicating that assimilation ceased to be productive before that consonant shifted from Old Arabic :


title: Classical Arabic

text: Proto-Central Semitic, Proto-Arabic, various forms of Old Arabic, and some modern Najdi dialects to this day have alternation in the performative vowel of the prefix conjugation, depending on the stem vowel of the verb. Early forms of Classical Arabic allowed this alternation, but later forms of Classical Arabic levelled the /a/ allomorph:


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: Youssef En-Nesyri (; pronounced ; born 1 June 1997) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Sevilla and the Morocco national team.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: En-Nesyri has spent his entire senior footballing career in Spain, representing Málaga, Leganés and Sevilla. He has made over 150 La Liga appearances and scored over 40 goals.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: He made his international debut in 2016 aged 18, after previously being capped by the nation's youth teams at under-20 level. He was chosen in Morocco's squads for the FIFA World Cup in 2018 and 2022, helping the team to fourth place at the latter. He was also picked for the Africa Cup of Nations in 2017, 2019 and 2021.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: After starting his youth career at Maghreb de Fès and Mohammed VI Football Academy, En-Nesyri joined Málaga CF for a fee of €125,000 in 2015. Initially assigned to the "Juvenil" squad, he made his senior debut for the reserves on 16 April 2016, scoring the last goal in a 3–1 Tercera División away win against Guadix CF. He netted back-to-back goals in the following three matches against CD Huétor Tájar, River Melilla CF and FC Vilafranca and went on to become an integral player for the reserve side which narrowly missed promotion to the Segunda División B.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: On 8 July 2016, En-Nesyri was included in first team manager Juande Ramos' pre-season squad, and scored a double in a 4–0 friendly win against Algeciras CF eight days later.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: On 23 August 2016, after scoring six goals during the pre-season, En-Nesyri agreed to a contract extension until 2020. Three days later he made his professional – and La Liga – debut, coming on as a late substitute for Keko in a 2–2 away draw against RCD Espanyol.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: En-Nesyri scored his first professional goal on 21 September 2016, netting the winner in a 2–1 home victory against SD Eibar, after coming on as a substitute for Charles. He contributed with four goals in 25 league appearances during the 2017–18 campaign, as his side suffered relegation.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: On 17 August 2018, following Malaga's relegation from the La Liga, En-Nesyri signed a five-year contract with CD Leganés in the main category. He scored his first goals in his ninth game, to earn a 2–2 home draw with nearby Rayo Vallecano in the first leg of the last 32 of the Copa del Rey on 30 October, and on 23 November he netted his first league goal, the only one of a victory also at the Estadio Municipal de Butarque against a Deportivo Alavés team that was challenging for top spot.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: In late January to February 2019, En-Nesyri scored six goals in three games as Leganés avoided defeat: a brace in a 2–2 draw with Eibar, the late winner at Rayo and then all three goals against Real Betis; this last result made him the first "Pepinero" to net a hat-trick in La Liga.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: On 16 January 2020, Sevilla FC signed En-Nesyri from Leganés for a reported €20 million, on a contract lasting to June 2025; the Andalusians had recently sold their strikers Mu'nas Dabbur and Javier Hernández. He debuted two days later in a 2–1 loss at Real Madrid, as a 65th-minute substitute for Munir El Haddadi, and on his first start on 9 February he opened the scoring on a trip to RC Celta de Vigo with the same result.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: En-Nesyri made his debut in European competitions on 20 February 2020, in the UEFA Europa League last 32 first leg away to CFR Cluj in Romania. He scored the late equaliser in a 1–1 draw, that put his team through on the away goals rule. On 6 August 2020, he scored a goal in a 2–0 win over Roma in the round of 16. Sevilla went on to win the 2020 UEFA Europa League.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: On 4 November 2020, he scored a brace in a 3–2 win over FC Krasnodar in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League, to be his first goals in the competition. On 8 December, he scored another brace in 3–1 away win over Rennes.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: In January 2021, En-Nesyri scored hat-tricks in home wins over Real Sociedad (3–2) and Cádiz CF (3–0). On 9 March 2021, he scored a brace in a 2–2 away draw against Borussia Dortmund in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16; however, Sevilla were eliminated as they lost 4–5 on aggregate. On 14 March, he scored the winning goal in a 1–0 win over Real Betis in the Seville derby. On 4 April 2021, En-Nesyri marked his hundredth match played for the team against Barcelona.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: After representing Morocco at under-20 level, En-Nesyri was called up to the full squad by manager Hervé Renard on 22 August 2016, for friendlies against Albania and São Tomé and Príncipe. He made his debut against the former nine days later, starting in a 0–0 draw at the Loro Boriçi Stadium in Shkodër.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: En-Nesyri was called up for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations in Gabon, and scored in the second group game in a 3–1 win over Togo. He was a late addition to the squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, at the expense of defender Badr Banoun. In the last group game against Spain at the Kaliningrad Stadium, he gave the team a late lead in a 2–2 draw.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: At the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt, En-Nesyri scored the only goal of a win over the Ivory Coast to send the "Atlas Lions" into the last 16. There, he equalised against Benin as the game went to a penalty shootout, in which Saturnin Allagbé saved from him to knock the Moroccans out.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: En-Nesyri was also called up for the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations in Cameroon. In his first game back after a long injury, he came on in the 65th minute for Ayoub El Kaabi and missed a penalty in a 2–0 win over Comoros. He scored the equaliser in a 2–1 win over Malawi in the last 16.


title: Youssef En-Nesyri

text: On 10 November 2022, he was named in Morocco's 23-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. On 10 December, in their quarter-final match against Portugal, En-Nesyri jumped to score the lone goal to put Morocco through to the semi-finals, the first African nation to do so.


title: What the Peeper Saw

text: What the Peeper Saw or Night Hair Child is a 1972 thriller film directed by James Kelley and Andrea Bianchi and starring Mark Lester, Britt Ekland, Hardy Krüger and Lilli Palmer.


title: What the Peeper Saw

text: Marcus is a twelve-year-old schoolboy whose mother has recently died, leaving it up to his wealthy father Paul to look after him. He takes a sexual interest in his stepmother Elise. She notices his abnormal behaviour and investigates by visiting his school after discovering a torn-up letter from his headmaster. Elise is shocked by her findings. She becomes increasingly disturbed and wonders if Marcus is to blame for his mother's death. She enlists the help of psychiatrist Dr Viorne to find answers.


title: What the Peeper Saw

text: At the end of the film, Marcus is hit by a car when him and Elise are walking his dog and she purposely throws the ball in a road when she sees a car coming.


title: What the Peeper Saw

text: "What the Peeper Saw" was released in Italy on 14 October 1972 and in West Germany on 7 February 1973.


title: N-gram

text: In the fields of computational linguistics and probability, an "n"-gram (sometimes also called Q-gram) is a contiguous sequence of "n" items from a given sample of text or speech. The items can be phonemes, syllables, letters, words or base pairs according to the application. The "n"-grams typically are collected from a text or speech corpus. When the items are words, -grams may also be called "shingles".


title: N-gram

text: Using Latin numerical prefixes, an "n"-gram of size 1 is referred to as a "unigram"; size 2 is a "bigram" (or, less commonly, a "digram"); size 3 is a "trigram". English cardinal numbers are sometimes used, e.g., "four-gram", "five-gram", and so on. In computational biology, a polymer or oligomer of a known size is called a "k"-mer instead of an "n"-gram, with specific names using Greek numerical prefixes such as "monomer", "dimer", "trimer", "tetramer", "pentamer", etc., or English cardinal numbers, "one-mer", "two-mer", "three-mer", etc.


title: N-gram

text: An "n"-gram model is a type of probabilistic language model for predicting the next item in such a sequence in the form of a ("n" − 1)–order Markov model. "n"-gram models are now widely used in probability, communication theory, computational linguistics (for instance, statistical natural language processing), computational biology (for instance, biological sequence analysis), and data compression. Two benefits of "n"-gram models (and algorithms that use them) are simplicity and scalability – with larger "n", a model can store more context with a well-understood space–time tradeoff, enabling small experiments to scale up efficiently.


title: N-gram

text: Here are further examples; these are word-level 3-grams and 4-grams (and counts of the number of times they appeared) from the Google "n"-gram corpus.


title: N-gram

text: An "n"-gram model models sequences, notably natural languages, using the statistical properties of "n"-grams.


title: N-gram

text: This idea can be traced to an experiment by Claude Shannon's work in information theory. Shannon posed the question: given a sequence of letters (for example, the sequence "for ex"), what is the likelihood of the next letter? From training data, one can derive a probability distribution for the next letter given a history of size formula_1: "a" = 0.4, "b" = 0.00001, "c" = 0, ...; where the probabilities of all possible "next-letters" sum to 1.0.


title: N-gram

text: More concisely, an "n"-gram model predicts formula_2 based on formula_3. In probability terms, this is formula_4. When used for language modeling, independence assumptions are made so that each word depends only on the last "n" − 1 words. This Markov model is used as an approximation of the true underlying language. This assumption is important because it massively simplifies the problem of estimating the language model from data. In addition, because of the open nature of language, it is common to group words unknown to the language model together.


title: N-gram

text: Note that in a simple "n"-gram language model, the probability of a word, conditioned on some number of previous words (one word in a bigram model, two words in a trigram model, etc.) can be described as following a categorical distribution (often imprecisely called a "multinomial distribution").


title: N-gram

text: In practice, the probability distributions are smoothed by assigning non-zero probabilities to unseen words or "n"-grams; see smoothing techniques.


title: N-gram

text: "n"-gram models are widely used in statistical natural language processing. In speech recognition, phonemes and sequences of phonemes are modeled using a "n"-gram distribution. For parsing, words are modeled such that each "n"-gram is composed of "n" words. For language identification, sequences of characters/graphemes ("e.g.", letters of the alphabet) are modeled for different languages. For sequences of characters, the 3-grams (sometimes referred to as "trigrams") that can be generated from "good morning" are "goo", "ood", "od ", "d m", " mo", "mor" and so forth, counting the space character as a gram (sometimes the beginning and end of a text are modeled explicitly, adding "_ _g", "_go", "ng_", and "g_ _"). For sequences of words, the trigrams (shingles) that can be generated from "the dog smelled like a skunk" are "# the dog", "the dog smelled", "dog smelled like", "smelled like a", "like a skunk" and "a skunk #".


title: N-gram

text: Practitioners more interested in multiple word terms might preprocess strings to remove spaces. Many simply collapse whitespace to a single space while preserving paragraph marks, because the whitespace is frequently either an element of writing style or introduces layout or presentation not required by the prediction and deduction methodology. Punctuation is also commonly reduced or removed by preprocessing and is frequently used to trigger functionality.


title: N-gram

text: "n"-grams can also be used for sequences of words or almost any type of data. For example, they have been used for extracting features for clustering large sets of satellite earth images and for determining what part of the Earth a particular image came from. They have also been very successful as the first pass in genetic sequence search and in the identification of the species from which short sequences of DNA originated.


title: N-gram

text: "n"-gram models are often criticized because they lack any explicit representation of long range dependency. This is because the only explicit dependency range is ("n" − 1) tokens for an "n"-gram model, and since natural languages incorporate many cases of unbounded dependencies (such as wh-movement), this means that an "n"-gram model cannot in principle distinguish unbounded dependencies from noise (since long range correlations drop exponentially with distance for any Markov model). For this reason, "n"-gram models have not made much impact on linguistic theory, where part of the explicit goal is to model such dependencies.


title: N-gram

text: Another criticism that has been made is that Markov models of language, including "n"-gram models, do not explicitly capture the performance/competence distinction. This is because "n"-gram models are not designed to model linguistic knowledge as such, and make no claims to being (even potentially) complete models of linguistic knowledge; instead, they are used in practical applications.


title: N-gram

text: In practice, "n"-gram models have been shown to be extremely effective in modeling language data, which is a core component in modern statistical language applications.


title: N-gram

text: Most modern applications that rely on "n"-gram based models, such as machine translation applications, do not rely exclusively on such models; instead, they typically also incorporate Bayesian inference. Modern statistical models are typically made up of two parts, a prior distribution describing the inherent likelihood of a possible result and a likelihood function used to assess the compatibility of a possible result with observed data. When a language model is used, it is used as part of the prior distribution (e.g. to gauge the inherent "goodness" of a possible translation), and even then it is often not the only component in this distribution.


title: N-gram

text: Handcrafted features of various sorts are also used, for example variables that represent the position of a word in a sentence or the general topic of discourse. In addition, features based on the structure of the potential result, such as syntactic considerations, are often used. Such features are also used as part of the likelihood function, which makes use of the observed data. Conventional linguistic theory can be incorporated in these features (although in practice, it is rare that features specific to generative or other particular theories of grammar are incorporated, as computational linguists tend to be "agnostic" towards individual theories of grammar).


title: N-gram

text: An issue when using n-gram language models are out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. They are encountered in computational linguistics and natural language processing when the input includes words which were not present in a system's dictionary or database during its preparation. By default, when a language model is estimated, the entire observed vocabulary is used. In some cases, it may be necessary to estimate the language model with a specific fixed vocabulary. In such a scenario, the n-grams in the corpus that contain an out-of-vocabulary word are ignored. The n-gram probabilities are smoothed over all the words in the vocabulary even if they were not observed.


title: N-gram

text: Nonetheless, it is essential in some cases to explicitly model the probability of out-of-vocabulary words by introducing a special token (e.g. "<unk>") into the vocabulary. Out-of-vocabulary words in the corpus are effectively replaced with this special <unk> token before n-grams counts are cumulated. With this option, it is possible to estimate the transition probabilities of n-grams involving out-of-vocabulary words.


title: N-gram

text: "n"-grams can also be used for efficient approximate matching. By converting a sequence of items to a set of "n"-grams, it can be embedded in a vector space, thus allowing the sequence to be compared to other sequences in an efficient manner. For example, if we convert strings with only letters in the English alphabet into single character 3-grams, we get a formula_5-dimensional space (the first dimension measures the number of occurrences of "aaa", the second "aab", and so forth for all possible combinations of three letters). Using this representation, we lose information about the string. For example, both the strings "abc" and "bca" give rise to exactly the same 2-gram "bc" (although {"ab", "bc"} is clearly not the same as {"bc", "ca"}). However, we know empirically that if two strings of real text have a similar vector representation (as measured by cosine distance) then they are likely to be similar. Other metrics have also been applied to vectors of "n"-grams with varying, sometimes better, results. For example, z-scores have been used to compare documents by examining how many standard deviations each "n"-gram differs from its mean occurrence in a large collection, or text corpus, of documents (which form the "background" vector). In the event of small counts, the g-score (also known as g-test) may give better results for comparing alternative models.


title: N-gram

text: It is also possible to take a more principled approach to the statistics of "n"-grams, modeling similarity as the likelihood that two strings came from the same source directly in terms of a problem in Bayesian inference.


title: N-gram

text: "n"-grams find use in several areas of computer science, computational linguistics, and applied mathematics.


title: N-gram

text: To choose a value for "n" in an "n"-gram model, it is necessary to find the right trade-off between the stability of the estimate against its appropriateness. This means that trigram (i.e. triplets of words) is a common choice with large training corpora (millions of words), whereas a bigram is often used with smaller ones.


title: N-gram

text: There are problems of balance weight between "infrequent grams" (for example, if a proper name appeared in the training data) and "frequent grams". Also, items not seen in the training data will be given a probability of 0.0 without smoothing. For unseen but plausible data from a sample, one can introduce pseudocounts. Pseudocounts are generally motivated on Bayesian grounds.


title: N-gram

text: In practice it is necessary to "smooth" the probability distributions by also assigning non-zero probabilities to unseen words or "n"-grams. The reason is that models derived directly from the "n"-gram frequency counts have severe problems when confronted with any "n"-grams that have not explicitly been seen before – the zero-frequency problem. Various smoothing methods are used, from simple "add-one" (Laplace) smoothing (assign a count of 1 to unseen "n"-grams; see Rule of succession) to more sophisticated models, such as Good–Turing discounting or back-off models. Some of these methods are equivalent to assigning a prior distribution to the probabilities of the "n"-grams and using Bayesian inference to compute the resulting posterior "n"-gram probabilities. However, the more sophisticated smoothing models were typically not derived in this fashion, but instead through independent considerations.


title: N-gram

text: In the field of computational linguistics, in particular language modeling, skip-grams are a generalization of "n"-grams in which the components (typically words) need not be consecutive in the text under consideration, but may leave gaps that are "skipped" over. They provide one way of overcoming the data sparsity problem found with conventional "n"-gram analysis. In the area of computer security, skip-grams have proven more robust to attack than ngrams.


title: N-gram

text: Formally, an -gram is a consecutive subsequence of length of some sequence of tokens . A -skip--gram is a length- subsequence where the components occur at distance at most from each other.


title: N-gram

text: Syntactic "n"-grams are "n"-grams defined by paths in syntactic dependency or constituent trees rather than the linear structure of the text. For example, the sentence "economic news has little effect on financial markets" can be transformed to syntactic "n"-grams following the tree structure of its dependency relations: news-economic, effect-little, effect-on-markets-financial.


title: N-gram

text: Syntactic "n"-grams are intended to reflect syntactic structure more faithfully than linear "n"-grams, and have many of the same applications, especially as features in a Vector Space Model. Syntactic "n"-grams for certain tasks gives better results than the use of standard "n"-grams, for example, for authorship attribution.


title: N-gram

text: Another type of syntactic "n"-grams are part-of-speech "n"-grams, defined as fixed-length contiguous overlapping subsequences that are extracted from part-of-speech sequences of text. Part-of-speech "n"-grams have several applications, most commonly in information retrieval.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: The Lancia Stratos HF ("Tipo 829"), widely and more simply known as Lancia Stratos, is a rear mid-engined sports car designed for rally racing, made by Italian car manufacturer Lancia. The HF stands for "High Fidelity". It was a very successful rally car, winning the World Rally Championship in 1974, 1975 and 1976; and race car winning 1974 Targa Florio, five times the Tour de France Automobile and three editions of Giro d'Italia automobilistico.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: Lancia traditionally used the design house Pininfarina and had not used Bertone before. Bertone desired to create an opportunity for a relationship with Lancia and knew that Lancia was looking for a replacement for the aging Fulvia for use in rally sports. Bertone decided to design an eye-catching model to show to Lancia. Bertone used the running gear of a Fulvia Coupé which belonged to one of his friends and built a running model around it. When Bertone himself appeared at the Lancia factory gates with the Stratos Zero he passed underneath the barrier, to great applause from the Lancia workers. After that Lancia and Bertone agreed to develop a new rally car based on the ideas of Bertone's designer Marcello Gandini. Gandini had already designed the Lamborghini Miura and was working on the Countach at the time.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: Lancia presented the Bertone-designed Lancia Stratos HF prototype at the 1971 Turin Motor Show, a year after the announcement of the Stratos Zero concept car. The prototype Stratos HF (Chassis 1240) was fluorescent red in colour and featured a distinctive crescent-shaped wrap-around windshield providing maximum forward visibility with almost no rear visibility. The prototype had three different engines in its early development life: the Lancia Fulvia engine, the Lancia Beta engine and finally, for the 1971 public launch, the mid-mounted Dino Ferrari V6 producing in road trim. The use of this engine had been planned from the beginning of the project, but Enzo Ferrari was reluctant to sign off the use of this engine in a car he saw as a competitor to his own Dino V6. After the production of the Dino had ended, the "Commendatore" (a popular nickname for Enzo Ferrari) agreed to deliver the engines for the Stratos, upon which Lancia suddenly received 500 units.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: The Stratos was a successful rally car during the 1970s and early 1980s. It started a new era in rallying as it was the first car designed from scratch for this kind of competition. The three leading men behind the entire rallying project were Lancia team manager Cesare Fiorio, British racer/engineer Mike Parkes and factory rally driver Sandro Munari, with Bertone's Designer Marcello Gandini taking a personal interest in designing and producing the bodywork. A dedicated calculations engineer from Lancia was tasked with performing calculations on many of the chassis, steering, suspension and engine components: Nicola Materazzi.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: Lancia undertook extensive testing with the Stratos and raced the car in several racing events where Group 5 prototypes were allowed during the 1972 and 1973 seasons. Production of the 500 cars required for homologation in Group 4 commenced in 1973 and the Stratos was homologated for the 1974 World Rally Championship season. The Ferrari Dino V6 engine was phased out in 1974, but 500 engines - among the last examples built - were delivered to Lancia. Production ended in 1975, when it was thought that only 492 were made (for the 1976 season, the Group 4 production requirement was reduced to 400 in 24 months). The manufacturer of the car was Bertone in Turin, with final assembly by Lancia at the Chivasso plant. Powered by the Dino 2.4 L V6 engine that was also fitted to the rallying versions, but in a lower state of tune, it resulted in a power output of at 7,000 rpm and at 4,000 rpm of torque, giving the road car a 0– time of 6.8 seconds, and a top speed of . The car was sold as the Lancia Stratos HF Stradale.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: The Stratos weighed between 900 and 950 kilograms, depending on configuration. Power output was around for the original 12 valve version and for the 24 valve version. Beginning with the 1978 season the 24 valve heads were banned from group 4 competition by a change to the FIA rules (which would have required additional production of 24-valve cars for re-homologation). Even with this perceived power deficit the Stratos was the car to beat in competition and when it did not suffer an accident or premature transmission failure (of the latter there were many) it had great chances to win.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: The car won the 1974, 1975 and 1976 championship titles in the hands of Sandro Munari and Björn Waldegård, and might have gone on to win more had not internal politics within the Fiat group placed rallying responsibility on the Fiat 131 Abarths. As well as victories on the 1975, 1976 and 1977 Monte Carlo Rally, all courtesy of Munari, the Stratos won the event with the private Chardonnet Team as late as 1979.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: Without support from Fiat, and despite new regulations that restricted engine power, the car would remain a serious competitor and proved able to beat works cars in several occasions when entered by an experienced private team with a talented driver. The last victory of the Stratos was in 1981, at the Tour de Corse Automobile, another World Rally Championship event, with a victory by longtime Stratos privateer Bernard Darniche.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: When the Fiat group favoured the Fiat 131 for rallying, Lancia also built two Group 5 turbocharged 'silhouette' Stratos for closed-track endurance racing. The powertrain and aerodynamics were engineered by Nicola Materazzi based on experience gained with the earlier generation. These cars failed against the Porsche 935s on closed tracks but proved successful in hybrid events. Stratos won a record 5 times the Tour de France Automobile between 1973 and 1980, and also the 1974, 1976 and 1978 Giro d'Italia automobilistico, an Italian counterpart of the Tour de France Automobile. One of the cars was destroyed in Zeltweg, when it caught fire due to overheating problems. The last surviving car would win the Giro d'Italia event again before it was shipped to Japan to compete in the Fuji Speedway based Formula Silhouette series, which was never raced. The car would then be sold and reside in the Matsuda Collection before then being sold to a collector of Stratos', Ernst Hrabalek, who had the largest Lancia Stratos Collection in the world at the time, 11 unique Lancia Stratos cars, including the fluorescent red 1971 factory prototype and the 1977 Safari Rally car. The Stratos also gained limited success in 24 Hours of Le Mans, with a car, driven by Christine Dacremont and Lella Lombardi, finishing 20th in 1976.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: Another unique Group 5 car is the Lancia Stratos HF of Austrian Rallycross driver Andy Bentza. The car was first driven by his Memphis teammate Franz Wurz, father of Formula One pilot Alexander Wurz. In 1976 Wurz claimed the first ever European Rallycross title recognised by the FIA with the car, by then still featuring a 2.4 litre engine with first a 12 and later a 24 valve head. For the ERC series of 1977 Wurz was entrusted with an experimental 24 valve engine by Mike Parkes, equipped with a special crankshaft to bring the engine capacity up to just under 3000 cc. For 1978 Bentza took the Stratos over from Wurz, sold his own 2.4 L 12V Stratos to compatriot Reneé Vontsina, and won the GT Division title of the ERC. The one and only 3.0 litre Stratos worldwide was raced by Bentza till the end of 1983. After keeping the car for another 30 years Bentza has sold the Stratos to Alexander Wurz. It was fully restored over a period of almost two years and revealed to the public in May 2016, converted back to its 1976 rallycross specification with Memphis livery.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: The Lancia Stratos Zero (or 0) preceded the Lancia Stratos HF prototype by 12 months and was first shown to the public at the Turin Motor Show in 1970. The futuristic bodywork was designed by Marcello Gandini, head designer at Bertone, and featured a 1.6 L Lancia Fulvia V4 engine. The Lancia Stratos HF Zero was exhibited in Bertone's museum for many years. In 2011, it was sold during an auction in Italy for €761,600. It has been displayed in the exhibit "Sculpture in Motion: Masterpieces of Italian Design" at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles. It was at the High Museum of Art in Atlanta at the "Dream Cars" exhibit in 2014, on loan from the XJ Wang Collection of New York City.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: The car's body is wedge-shaped and finished in distinctive orange. It is unusually short in length () and height (), and it shares little with the production version. The Zero appeared in Michael Jackson's 1988 film "Moonwalker".


title: Lancia Stratos

text: In 1978, Bertone created and designed a concept car based on the Stratos called the Sibilo. It was conceived as a futuristic two-seater coupè on the chassis of the Lancia Stratos, the wheelbase of which was lengthened from 2160 to 2280mm. The car's glass surfaces seemed almost integrated into the volumes of the body, which looked like a monolithic sculpture of vigorous and smooth shape.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: In 2000, Marcello Gandini created a modern interpretation of his Lancia Stratos, commissioned by the Stola of Turin. A concept car that is a two-seater coupe built with Ciba LY 5185, a new material considered more useful than traditional clay.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: At the 2005 Geneva Auto Show, a British design firm known as Fenomenon, who had rights to the name, exhibited a retromodern concept version of the Stratos, designed by Chris Hrabalek and following its exhibition at the Frankfurt show, developed by Prodrive. The concept was based around a mid-mounted V8 engine.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: Following the stalled Fenomenon project, one interested backer funded a one-off model. Commissioned by Michael Stoschek (a keen rally driver and chairman of Brose Group) and his son, Maximilian, the New Stratos was announced in 2010 based on the overall design and concept of the original Stratos and was designed and developed by Pininfarina.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: The car made use of a Ferrari 430 Scuderia as a donor car, using the chassis (shortened by resulting in a wheelbase of ) and much of the mechanical elements including the 4.3 L V8 engine (4,308 cm), tuned to generate at 8,200 rpm and torque of at 3,750 rpm.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: The New Stratos weighs and is claimed to accelerate to 100 km/h in 3.3 seconds and on to a top speed close to . While shorter than its donor car, the New Stratos is a little larger than the original Stratos, with a length of , wide and tall. There were reports that given sufficient interest a small production run of up to 25 cars could be possible. Ferrari did not consent to this plan, and forbade its suppliers to support the project. However, on 10 February 2018, Italian coachbuilding firm Manifattura Automobili Torino of Paolo Garella announced that it would be commencing with the production of the originally planned 25 cars.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: Over the years, the Stratos has inspired several companies to build replicas or kit cars. In the February 1989 edition, the British magazine "Car" tested a Stratos clone called HF2000 by a company called Transformer.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: Since 2007, Hawk Cars Ltd has offered their HF2000/HF3000 series with a choice of Alfa Romeo, Lancia or Ferrari engines, including the original 2.4 litre V6 Dino engine. In a 2009 episode of the British car TV show "Top Gear", a Hawk HF3000 was featured.


title: Lancia Stratos

text: Lister Bell Automotive produces a Stratos replica called STR. Napiersport Ltd. (a.k.a. SuperStratos) previously produced a model called the Corse. Both are also offered with a choice of (Italian) V6 or V8 engines. Sales or production numbers of the replicas are not reported.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: MIL-STD-810, U S Department of Defense Test Method Standard, Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests, is a United States Military Standard that emphasizes tailoring an equipment's environmental design and test limits to the conditions that it will experience throughout its service life, and establishing chamber test methods that replicate the effects of environments on the equipment rather than imitating the environments themselves. Although prepared specifically for U.S. military applications, the standard is often applied for commercial products as well.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: The document revision as of 2019 is U.S. MIL-STD-810H. It supersedes MIL-STD-810G, Change Notice 1 which was issued in 2014.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: MIL-STD-810 is maintained by a Tri-Service partnership that includes the United States Air Force, Army, and Navy. The U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, or ATEC, serves as Lead Standardization Activity / Preparing Activity, and is chartered under the Defense Standardization Program (DSP) with maintaining the functional expertise and serving as the DoD-wide technical focal point for the standard. The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology is the Administrator for WG-DTE043: MIL-STD-810, the Working Group that updates this constantly evolving standard.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: MIL-STD-810 addresses a broad range of environmental conditions that include: low pressure for altitude testing; exposure to high and low temperatures plus temperature shock (both operating and in storage); rain (including wind blown and freezing rain); humidity, fungus, salt fog for rust testing; sand and dust exposure; explosive atmosphere; leakage; acceleration; shock and transport shock; gunfire vibration; and random vibration. The standard describes environmental management and engineering processes that can be of enormous value to generate confidence in the environmental worthiness and overall durability of a system design. The standard contains military acquisition program planning and engineering direction to consider the influences that environmental stresses have on equipment throughout all phases of its service life. The document does not impose design or test specifications. Rather, it describes the environmental tailoring process that results in realistic materiel designs and test methods based on materiel system performance requirements.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: Finally, there are limitations inherent in laboratory testing that make it imperative to use proper engineering judgment to extrapolate laboratory results to results that may be obtained under actual service conditions. In many cases, real-world environmental stresses (singularly or in combination) cannot be duplicated in test laboratories. Therefore, users should not assume that an item that passes laboratory testing also will pass field/fleet verification tests.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: In 1945, the Army Air Force (AAF) released the first specification providing a formal methodology for testing equipment under simulated environmental conditions. That document, entitled "AAF Specification 41065, Equipment - General Specification for Environmental Test of", is the direct ancestor of MIL-STD-810. In 1965, the USAF released a technical report with data and information on the origination and development of natural and induced environmental tests intended for aerospace and ground equipment. By using that document, the design engineer obtained a clearer understanding of the interpretation, application, and relationship of environmental testing to military equipment and materiel.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (IEST), a non-profit technical society, released the publication "History and Rationale of MIL-STD-810" to capture the thought process behind the evolution of MIL-STD-810. It also provides a development history of test methods, rationale for many procedural changes, tailoring guidance for many test procedures, and insight into the future direction of the standard.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: The MIL-STD-810 test series originally addressed generic laboratory environmental testing. The first edition of MIL-STD-810 in 1962 included only a single sentence allowing users to modify tests to reflect environmental conditions. Subsequent editions contained essentially the same phrase, but did not elaborate on the subject until MIL-STD-810D was issued marking one of the more significant revisions of the standard with its focus more on shock and vibration tests that closely mirrored real-world operating environments. MIL-STD-810F further defined test methods while continuing the concept of creating test chambers that simulate conditions likely to be encountered during a product's useful life rather than simply replicating the actual environments. More recently, MIL-STD-810G implements Test Method 527 calling for the use of multiple vibration exciters to perform multi-axis shaking that simultaneously excites all test article resonances and simulates real-world vibrations. This approach replaces the legacy approach of three distinct tests, that is, shaking a load first in its "x" axis, then its "y" axis, and finally in its "z" axis.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: A matrix of the tests and methods of MIL-STD-810 through Revision G is available on the web and quite useful in comparing the changes among the various revisions .


title: MIL-STD-810

text: The following table traces the specification's evolution in terms of environmental tailoring to meet a specific user's needs.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: Part One of MIL-STD-810 describes management, engineering, and technical roles in the environmental design and test tailoring process. It focuses on the process of tailoring design and test criteria to the specific environmental conditions an equipment item is likely to encounter during its service life. New appendices support the succinctly presented text of Part One. It describes the tailoring process (i.e., systematically considering detrimental effects that various environmental factors may have on a specific equipment throughout its service life) and applies this process throughout the equipment's life cycle to meet user and interoperability needs.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: Part Two of MIL-STD-810 contains the environmental laboratory test methods to be applied using the test tailoring guidelines described in Part One of the document. With the exception of Test Method 528, these methods are not mandatory, but rather the appropriate method is selected and tailored to generate the most relevant test data possible. Each test method in Part Two contains some environmental data and references, and it identifies particular tailoring opportunities. Each test method supports the test engineer by describing preferred laboratory test facilities and methodologies. These environmental management and engineering processes can be of enormous value to generate confidence in the environmental worthiness and overall durability of equipment and materiel. Still, the user must recognize that there are limitations inherent in laboratory testing that make it imperative to use engineering judgment when extrapolating from laboratory results to results that may be obtained under actual service conditions. In many cases, real-world environmental stresses (singularly or in combination) cannot be duplicated practically or reliably in test laboratories. Therefore, users should not assume that a system or component that passes laboratory tests of this standard also would pass field/fleet verification trials.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: Part Three contains a compendium of climatic data and guidance assembled from several sources, including "AR 70-38, Research, Development, Test and Evaluation of Materiel for Extreme Climatic Conditions (1979)", a draft version of "AR 70-38 (1990)" that was developed using Air Land Battlefield Environment (ALBE) report information, "Environmental Factors and Standards for Atmospheric Obscurants, Climate, and Terrain (1987)", and MIL-HDBK-310, "Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products". It also provides planning guidance for realistic consideration (i.e., starting points) of climatic conditions in various regions throughout the world.


title: MIL-STD-810

text: U.S. MIL-STD-810 is a flexible standard that allows users to tailor test methods to fit the application. As a result, a vendor's claims of "...compliance to U.S. MIL-STD-810..." can be misleading, because no commercial organization or agency certifies compliance, commercial vendors can create the test methods or approaches to fit their product. Suppliers can — and some do — take significant latitude with how they test their products, and how they report the test results. When queried, many manufacturers will admit no testing has actually been done and that the product is only designed/engineered/built-to comply with the standard. This is because many of the tests described can be expensive to perform and usually require special facilities. Consumers who require rugged products should verify which test methods that compliance is claimed against and which parameter limits were selected for testing. Also, if some testing was actually done they would have to specify: (i) against which test methods of the standard the compliance is claimed; (ii) to which parameter limits the items were actually tested; and (iii) whether the testing was done internally or externally by an independent testing facility.


title: Lorenzo di Bonaventura

text: Lorenzo di Bonaventura (; born January 13, 1957) is an American film producer and founder and owner of Di Bonaventura Pictures. He is best known for producing the G.I. Joe and "Transformers" film series. The films he produced have earned over $7 billion at the box office.


title: Lorenzo di Bonaventura

text: Di Bonaventura spent the 1990s as an executive in the film industry eventually rising to president of worldwide production for Warner Bros. Pictures. His production company -- Di Bonaventura Pictures—is based at Paramount Pictures. His tenure at Warner Bros. included discovering and shepherding "The Matrix" into production, purchasing the rights to the "Harry Potter" books by J. K. Rowling.


title: Lorenzo di Bonaventura

text: In 2007 Di Bonaventura purchased the film rights to the six-part series of fantasy novels "The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel" by Michael Scott. Di Bonaventura said that Scott's "fantastic series is a natural evolution from Harry Potter."


title: Lorenzo di Bonaventura

text: In the documentary "Side by Side," Di Bonaventura criticized the ubiquitousness of inexpensive digital cameras that allow anyone to become a filmmaker, potentially saturating the media landscape with awful entertainment that the public wouldn't be able to distinguish from quality works. His argument stated that the new media landscape is flawed due to lack of a "tastemaker."


title: Lorenzo di Bonaventura

text: Di Bonaventura graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall and Harvard University, where he played soccer. He later received an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. His father, Mario di Bonaventura, was a symphony conductor, and his uncle, Anthony di Bonaventura, was a concert pianist.


title: Lorenzo di Bonaventura

text: Di Bonaventura serves as chair of the Creative Council for Represent.Us, a nonpartisan anti-corruption organization. He has served on the Claremont Graduate University Board of Trustees since 2015.


title: Jin Kyung

text: Jin made her stage debut in 1998 and spent ten years in theater, before becoming active in film and television. She won Best Supporting Actress at the 50th Baeksang Arts Awards for surveillance thriller "Cold Eyes" (2013).


title: Jin Kyung

text: She won Best Supporting Actress at 28th SBS Drama Awards as Oh Myung Sim in the drama series Dr. Romantic 2.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: He was a low-ranking "samurai" from the Tosa Domain on Shikoku and became an active opponent of the Tokugawa Shogunate after the end of Japan's "sakoku" isolationist policy. Ryōma under the alias worked against the Bakufu, the government of the Tokugawa shogunate, and was often hunted by their supporters and the "Shinsengumi". Ryōma advocated for democracy, Japanese nationalism, return of power to the Imperial Court, abolition of feudalism, and moderate modernization and industrialization of Japan. Ryōma successfully negotiated the Satchō Alliance between the powerful rival Chōshū and Satsuma domains and united them against the Bakufu. Ryōma was assassinated in December 1867 with his companion Nakaoka Shintarō, shortly before the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: Sakamoto Ryōma was born on 3 January 1836 in Kōchi in the han (domain) of Tosa, located in Tosa Province (present-day Kōchi Prefecture) on the island of Shikoku. By the Japanese calendar, Ryōma was born on the 15th day of the 11th month, of the sixth year of "Tenpō". The Sakamoto family held the rank of country "samurai" or "", the lowest rank in the "samurai" hierarchy, which previous generations had purchased by acquiring enough wealth as "sake" brewers. Unlike other Japanese domains, Tosa had a strictly-enforced separation between the "joshi" (high-ranking samurai) and "kashi" (low-ranking samurai). The ranks were treated unequally and residential areas were segregated; even in Sakamoto Ryōma's generation (the third in the Sakamoto family), his family's samurai rank remained "kashi".


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: At the age of twelve, Ryōma was enrolled in a private school, but this was a brief episode in his life as he showed little scholarly inclination. Ryōma's older sister subsequently enrolled him in fencing classes of the Oguri-ryū when he was 14, after he was bullied at school. By the time Ryōma reached adulthood, he was by all accounts a master swordsman. In 1853, Ryōma was allowed by his clan to travel to Edo, the seat of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and the "de facto" capital of Japan, to train and polish his skills as a swordsman. Ryōma enrolled as a student at the famous Hokushin Ittō-ryū Hyōhō Chiba-Dōjō, which was led by its first Headmaster Chiba Sadakichi Masamichi at that time. Ryōma received the scroll from the school that declared his mastery. Ryōma became a "shihan" at the Chiba-Dōjō and taught Kenjutsu to the students together with Chiba Jūtarō Kazutane, in whom he found a close friend.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: In 1853, the Perry Expedition began while Ryōma was studying and teaching in Edo, beginning the "Bakumatsu" period. Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States arrived in Japan with a fleet of ships to forcibly end the centuries-old "sakoku" policy of national isolationism. In March 1854, Perry pressured the Tokugawa to sign the Convention of Kanagawa, officially ending the "sakoku" policy but widely perceived in Japan as an "unequal treaty" and a sign of weakness. The prestige and legitimacy of the "Shōgun", a "de facto" military dictator with nominal appointment from the Emperor of Japan, was severely damaged to the public. The convention was signed by the "rōjū" Abe Masahiro, acting as regent for the young and sickly "Shōgun" Tokugawa Iesada, against the will of the Imperial Court in Kyoto, the "de jure" ruling authority. Anti-Tokugawa considered this evidence the "Shōgun" could no longer fulfil the Emperor's will, and therefore no longer fit to rule for him. Ryōma and many of the "samurai" class supported returning state power directly to the Imperial Court in Kyoto and began agitating for the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: In 1858, Ryōma returned to Tosa after completing his studies, and became politically active in the local "Sonnō jōi", the anti-Tokugawa movement that arose in the aftermath of the Convention of Kanagawa.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: In 1862, Ryōma's friend Takechi Hanpeita (or Takechi Zuizan) organized the Tosa Loyalist Party "Kinnoto", a "Sonnō jōi" organization of about 2000 samurai (mostly from the lower rank) with the political slogan "Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians" that insisted on the reform of the Tosa government. Yamauchi Toyoshige, the "daimyō" (lord) of the Tosa Domain, refused to recognize the group. In response, Tosa Kinnoto plotted to assassinate Yamauchi's governor, Yoshida Toyo, who was appointed as a reformer and modernizer. Yoshida was later assassinated by the Tosa Kinnoto after Ryōma had left Tosa. Ryōma participated in the plot but did not advocate: he believed Tosa Kinnoto should do something for all of Japan, while Takechi demanded a revolution for only the Tosa clan. Ryōma decided to separate from Takechi and leave Tosa without authorization. In those days, no one in Japan was permitted to leave their clan without permission under the penalty of death, known as "dappan". One of Ryōma's sisters committed suicide because he left without permission. Sakamoto would later use the alias "Saitani Umetarō" (才谷 梅太郎) as he worked against the "shōgun". Ryōma is mentioned under this alias in the diary of Ernest Satow for 30 September 1867: "Mr. Saedani had to be sat up for laughing at the questions put by us, evidently with the object of ridiculing us out of our case, but he got a flea in his lug and shut up making the most diabolical faces."


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: While a "rōnin", Ryōma decided to assassinate Katsu Kaishū, a high-ranking official in the Tokugawa shogunate and a supporter of both modernization and westernization. However, Katsu Kaishū persuaded Ryōma of the necessity of a long-term plan to increase Japan's military strength in the face of Western influence that led to the Convention of Kanagawa. Instead of killing Katsu Kaishū, Ryōma started working as his assistant and protégé.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: In 1864, as the Tokugawa shogunate began taking a hard line against dissenters, Ryōma fled to Kagoshima in Satsuma Domain, which was developing as a major centre for the anti-Tokugawa movement. In 1866, Ryōma successfully negotiated the secret Satchō Alliance between the Satsuma and Chōshū – two powerful domains that historically had been irreconcilable enemies. Ryōma's position as a "neutral outsider" was critical in bridging the gap in trust and ending the feud, and accomplished the establishment of a significant military alliance against the Tokugawa. Ryōma is often regarded as the "father of the Imperial Japanese Navy", as he worked under Katsu Kaishū's direction toward creating a modern naval force (with the aid of western powers) to enable Satsuma and Chōshū to hold their own against the naval forces of the Tokugawa shogunate. Ryōma founded the private navy and trading company Kameyama Shachū in Nagasaki City with the help of the Satsuma, which later became "kaientai" or Ocean Support Fleet.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: Chōshū's subsequent victory over the Tokugawa army in 1866 and the impending collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate made Ryōma a valuable commodity to his former masters in Tosa, and recalled to Kōchi with honours. The Tosa Domain was anxious to obtain a negotiated settlement between the "Shōgun" and the Emperor, which would prevent the powerful Satchō Alliance from overthrowing the Tokugawa by force and thus emerging as a new dominant force in ruling Japan. Ryōma again played a crucial role in the subsequent negotiations that led to the voluntary resignation of the Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu in 1867, thus bringing about the Meiji Restoration.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: Ryōma was assassinated at the () in Kyoto on 10 December 1867, not long before the Meiji Restoration took place, at the age of 31. At night, assassins gathered at the door of the inn, one approached and knocked, acting as an ordinary caller. The door was answered by Ryōma's bodyguard and manservant Yamada Tōkichi (山田藤吉), a former sumo wrestler, who told the stranger he would see if Ryōma was accepting callers at that hour of the evening. When the bodyguard turned his back, the visitor at the door drew his sword and fatally slashed his back. The team of assassins then rushed in past the dying bodyguard and up the stairs to the guests' rooms. Ryōma and his associate Nakaoka Shintarō were resting and talking in one room. Hearing the scuffle on the first floor, Ryōma opened the door to yell at his bodyguard, thinking he was wrestling with a friend. The assassins charged the room, some tearing through the paper doors, and a confused melée ensued as lamps were knocked over and the room went dark. By the end of the fight, both Ryōma and Shintaro lay badly wounded, and the assassins fled. Ryōma died that night, regretting with his last words that his assassins caught him unprepared. Shintaro succumbed to injuries two days later, never regaining enough consciousness to identify the assassins, but mentioning hearing Iyo dialect among the killers.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: The night of the assassination was eventually called the Omiya Incident (近江屋事件). According to the traditional lunar calendar, Ryōma was born on the 15th day of the 11th month, and killed on his birthday in 1867. Initial reports of Ryōma's and Shintarō's deaths accused members of the "Shinsengumi", a special police force of swordsmen from the Bakufu (Tokugawa military government) based in Kyoto. Shinsengumi leader Kondō Isami was later executed on this charge. However, members of another pro-"shōgun" group, the "Mimawarigumi", confessed to the murder in 1870. Although "Mimawarigumi" members (佐々木 只三郎) and Imai Nobuo carry the blame, the identity of the true assassin has never been proven. Okuda Matsugoro, who was known for working since his early adolescence as a spy for Kondō, was rumored to have taken part in the assassination.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: Ryōma was a visionary who dreamt of an independent Japan without feudalism or the caste system, inspired by the example of the United States where "all men are created equal". Ryōma was an admirer of democratic principles and studied democratic governance, particularly the United States Congress and British Parliament, as a model for the governance of Japan after the Restoration. Ryōma argued that after centuries of having little-to-no political power, the Imperial Court lacked the resources and wherewithal to run the country. Ryōma wrote the "Eight Proposals While Shipboard" (『船中八策』) while discussing the future model of Japanese government with Gotō Shōjirō on board a Tosa ship outside Nagasaki in 1867. Ryōma outlined the need for a democratically elected bicameral legislature, the writing of a constitution, the formation of a national army and navy, and the regulation of the exchange rates of gold and silver. Ryōma read about the Western world and realized that for Japan to compete with an industrially and technologically advanced outside world, the Japanese people needed to modernize. Ryōma's proposals are thought to form the basis for the subsequent parliamentary system implemented in Japan after his death.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: Ryōma has also been seen as an intriguing mix of the traditional and modern, symbolized by his preference for samurai dress while favoring Western footwear.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: There is a Sakamoto Ryōma Memorial Museum (坂本龍馬記念館) south of Kōchi, with a large bronze statue of Ryoma overlooking the sea. The city of Kōchi has a number of Ryōma-themed attractions and locations, including the Sakamoto Ryōma Birthplace Memorial, and the Sakamoto Ryōma Hometown Museum, dedicated to showing what downtown Kōchi was like during Ryōma's childhood, including relevant aspects that may have influenced his views. On 15 November 2009, the Hokkaidō Sakamoto Ryōma Memorial Museum was built in Hakodate, Hokkaido.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: Sakamoto Ryōma is a playable character in the Secret Orders chapter of "Live a Live", as a political prisoner of the antagonist Ode Iou.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: Sakamoto Ryōma is a prominent character in the 2009–2011 TV series "Jin", portrayed by actor Masaaki Uchino.


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: In the thirteenth episode of the anime series "Arakawa Under the Bridge" (2010), the character known as Last Samurai performs an impression of Ryōma. During his impression he exclaims "my shoulder huuuuurts," to which the main character, Recruit, responds "that was an everyday Ryōma!"


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: An April 2010 "Japan Times" article stated "Ryōma has inspired at least seven television drama series, six novels, seven manga and five films." Actor Masaharu Fukuyama said that Ryoma's appeal stems from being "the kind of person onto whom anyone can project themselves", when describing his role as Ryoma in the NHK Taiga drama "Ryōmaden".


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: Sakamoto Ryōma appears as a playable character in the mobile game "Fate/Grand Order", with additional appearances in other "Fate" media, like the manga "Fate/KOHA-ACE" and its revised adaptation, "Fate/type Redline".


title: Sakamoto Ryōma

text: Sakamoto Ryōma appears as the main protagonist of "Ryū ga Gotoku Ishin!", a spin-off of the "Ryū ga Gotoku" game series. He has the visual likeness and voice of Kazuma Kiryu.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: The capital of the Republic of Indonesia is Jakarta, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia. Previously known as Batavia, it was the "de facto" capital of the Dutch East Indies. In the early 20th century, the Dutch East Indies government attempted to relocate the capital from Batavia to Bandung. During Indonesia's struggle for independence, the Indonesian government moved the capital to Yogyakarta and then to Bukittinggi, where it remained for a short time until the restoration of control to Jakarta. In 2019, during his annual state of the union address at the parliament, President Joko Widodo announced a plan to relocate the capital to Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. As part of the plan, part of Kutai Kartanegara Regency and Penajam North Paser Regency in East Kalimantan will be carved out to create a new province-level planned city, and the capital will be relocated to a more central location within Indonesia. On 17 January 2022, the name was revealed to be Nusantara.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: The plan is part of a strategy to reduce developmental inequality between Java and other islands in the Indonesian archipelago and to reduce Jakarta's burden as Indonesia's primary hub. In August 2019, the government announced that while the capital will be moved, $40 billion will be spent on saving Jakarta from sinking in the next decade.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: The Dutch colonial settlement of Batavia (present-day Jakarta) was established in 1621. Initially, it was a European-styled walled city crisscrossed by Dutch-style canals in a low-lying coastal swamp area. The poor sanitation and weak water drainage system made the city unhealthy, and it was infested with malaria, cholera, and dysentery. In 1808, Daendels decided to quit the by-then dilapidated and unhealthy Old Town. A new town centre was subsequently built further to the south, near the estate of Weltevreden. Batavia thereby became a city with two centres: Kota, as the hub of business, where the offices and warehouses of shipping and trading companies were located; and Weltevreden, the new home for the government, military, and shops. These two centres were connected by the Molenvliet Canal and a road (now Gajah Mada Road) that ran alongside the waterway.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: In the early 20th century, the Dutch East Indies government decided to relocate the capital from Batavia to Bandung. The idea was to separate the busy trading port and the commercial centre (Batavia) from the new administrative and political centre (Bandung). By the 1920s the plan to transfer the capital to Bandung was underway. As the city began the master plan of a new city, some government buildings, telecommunication (now Telkom Indonesia), railway networks (now Kereta Api Indonesia), a postal system (now Pos Indonesia), defence-military headquarters, and more were constructed and headquartered in Bandung. Some are still here to this day, such as Gedung Sate, which was planned as the government administrative centre of the Dutch East Indies. The plan, however, failed due to the Great Depression and the outbreak of World War II.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: On 5 March 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally surrendered to the Japanese occupation forces on 9 March 1942, and the colony's rule was transferred to Japan. The city was renamed Jakarta (officially ジャカルタ特別市 "Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi", Special Municipality of Jakarta, under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the collapse of Japan in 1945, the area went through a period of transition and upheaval during the Indonesian national struggle for independence. During the Japanese occupation and from the perspective of the Indonesian nationalists who declared independence on 17 August 1945, the city was once again renamed Jakarta.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: Following the surrender of the Japanese, Indonesia declared its independence on 17 August 1945. The proclamation was enacted at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56 (now Jalan Proklamasi), Central Jakarta, with Suwiryo acting as the committee chairman. Suwiryo was recognised as the first mayor of Jakarta Tokubetsu Shi. The position was soon altered to "Pemerintah Nasional Kota Jakarta" ("Jakarta City National Administration"). On 19 September 1945, Sukarno held an Indonesian independence and anti-colonialism/imperialism speech during "Rapat Akbar", or grand meeting, at Lapangan Ikada, now the Merdeka Square. The grand meeting would start a period of national revolution in Indonesia.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: During the Indonesian struggle for independence (1945–1949), prompted by political and military emergencies, the capital of the republic was moved several times, as the seat of the republic in exile during the war. The capital moved from Jakarta to Yogyakarta (1946–1948) and then to Bukittinggi (1948–1949) as the seat of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia. In 1949, the national capital of the republic returned to Jakarta.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: During Sukarno's presidency, Jakarta was established and developed as the capital of the new republic. In 1957, Sukarno laid the foundation and street grid layout of Palangkaraya as a new planned capital of Central Kalimantan province. Sukarno however, foresaw the new city as the possible new national capital in the future. The vast available area and its geographic location in the centre of the archipelago was the city's main advantage. Nevertheless, Sukarno seemed to favour Jakarta instead. In the late 1950s to the first half of the 1960s, he filled Jakarta with monuments and statues. Numbers of monumental projects were conceived, planned, and initiated during his administration, including Monumen Nasional, Istiqlal mosque, DPR/MPR Building, and Gelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also filled Jakarta with nationalistic monuments and statues, including Selamat Datang Monument, Dirgantara Monument at Pancoran, and the West Irian Liberation Monument at Lapangan Banteng. Although many of the projects were completed later, Sukarno is credited for shaping Jakarta's monuments and landmarks. He desired Jakarta to be the beacon of a powerful new nation.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: In 1966, Jakarta was granted its official status as DKI ("Daerah Khusus Ibukota") Djakarta, or the Special Capital Region. It promoted the rate of development of government office buildings and foreign embassies. Jakarta's rapid development created the need for a master plan to regulate Jakarta's growth. Since 1966, Jakarta has steadily grown into a modern metropolis.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: During the highly centralised New Order regime of Sukarno's successor Suharto, Jakarta was further established as the political and economic core of the nation. Prompted by rapid development and urbanisation, Jakarta attracted large numbers of new settlers from all over the archipelago, with the majority coming from rural Javanese towns. High-rise buildings sprung up, especially in Jakarta's commercial and financial centres along Thamrin, Sudirman, and Kuningan avenues. As a result, since the 1970s, the population of Jakarta has spiked tremendously and spilled into areas surrounding the capital. The Jabodetabek, or Greater Jakarta, region has become the largest and the most densely populated urban agglomeration in Southeast Asia.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: Proposals to move the Indonesian capital from Jakarta to other locations have been discussed since the Sukarno presidency. Massive overpopulation, a lack of urban infrastructures such as public transportation facilities, gridlock traffic, encroachment of urban areas replacing open green spaces, spread of slums within the city, over-extraction of groundwater, and poor water drainage systems have led to Jakarta's ecological degradation. As groundwater was depleted, the city slowly sank lower; parts of Northern Jakarta are below sea level and regularly encounter floods. Jakarta experienced massive floods in 2007 and 2013. In 2010, the debate about the creation of a new capital that would be separated from the urban, economic, and commercial centre of the country continued. Former president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono supported the idea to create a new political and administrative centre of Indonesia due to Jakarta's environmental and overpopulation problems.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: Two major alternative approaches have been raised over the years: One was to move the national capital altogether by creating an entirely new planned city, similar to the relocation of the Brazilian capital from Rio de Janeiro to the planned city of Brasilia in 1960. The other approach was to keep Jakarta as the official capital but to create a separate administrative centre, similar to when Malaysia moved its federal administrative centre to Putrajaya. Suggested locations for the first proposal include:


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: If Jakarta were kept as the official capital, administrative centres would have been moved to other nearby locations. Suggested locations include:


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: In April 2017, the Joko Widodo (Jokowi) administration considered moving the capital from Jakarta. The government planned to finish assessing potential alternative sites for Indonesia's new capital by the end of 2017. According to an official from the Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia (Bappenas), the government was determined to move the Indonesian capital out of Java. In April 2019, it was announced that Jakarta would no longer be the capital of Indonesia in the future, with a 10-year plan to transfer all government offices to a new capital city. The National Development Planning Ministry recommended the three provinces of South, Central, and East Kalimantan as they all met the requirements for a new capital, including being relatively free from earthquakes and volcanoes. Shortly after the plan was announced in April 2017, Jokowi visited two alternative locations in Kalimantan, Bukit Soeharto in East Kalimantan and the Triangle Area near Palangka Raya in Central Kalimantan.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: The development of Nusantara began in 23 August 2019, Jokowi submitted Presidential Letter No. R-34/Pres/08/2019. The Letter enclosed with 2 enclosures: (1) Presidential Study Report on Capital Relocation, and (2) Request on DPR Support for Capital Relocation.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: On 26 August 2019, Jokowi announced that the new capital would be partly in the Penajam North Paser Regency and partly in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency, both in East Kalimantan. The National Development Planning Ministry announced that the move would cost an estimated Rp466 trillion (32.7 billion) and that the government intended to cover 19% of the cost, the remainder coming mainly from public-private partnerships and direct investment by both state-owned enterprises and the private sector. The Indonesian parliament passed the bill on 18 January 2022, with construction not expected to start until after the COVID-19 vaccination campaign completes in March 2022.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: In early September 2021, the Bill for Capital Relocation completed. On 29 September 2021, Jokowi administration, through the State Secretary and Ministry of National Development Planning, submitted the presidential letter contained an omnibus bill for capital relocation to the People's Representatives Council (DPR). The among many items prescribed in the bill, the bill contained the plan of formation of The Nusantara Capital City Authority (Indonesian: "Otorita Ibu Kota Negara Nusantara"), special agency responsible to the new capital and answered to the President. The new agency possessed ministry-like qualities due to the office holder is by appointment of president, but with special governing capabilities which make it somewhat similar to a provincial governor. It also regulate on how The Capital Authority operates its funding, taxing and retribution management, and managing assets on the new capital.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: On 17 January 2022, during the Special Committee Meeting of the DPR with the Government and the Regional Representatives Council (DPD), Minister of National Development Planning, Suharso Monoarfa, said the new nation's capital would be named Nusantara.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: Due to the plan being submitted in the middle of Jokowi's second and final term, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR, consist of DPR and DPD) urgently re-issued an amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia, re-establishing its ability to establish the Principles of State Policies (Indonesian: "Pokok-Pokok Haluan Negara", PPHN) in order to provide security and sustainability for the project in the long term and thus ensuring its continuation after Jokowi leaves office.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: Geopolitically, the capital's territory are likely to be formed as a new province from the districts Sepaku from Penajam North Paser Regency and Samboja from Kutai Kartanegara Regency; the city of Balikpapan would instead form a semi-exclave surrounded by the capital.


title: Capital of Indonesia

text: Then Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing organized a capital city design contest from 3 October to 20 December 2019. The winner, "Nagara Rimba Nusa" ('Forest Archipelago') by URBAN+ was officially announced on 23 December 2019. The government will collaborate on the design of the winning team with that of the second- and third-placed teams, as well as international designers, to sharpen the final design process up to March or April 2020. Designers from at least 3 countries, namely China, Japan, and the United States had offered to be involved in the design. The name, which had been suggested about 3 months earlier, is aligned with the winner's main concept.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: A cylindrical coordinate system is a three-dimensional coordinate system that specifies point positions by the distance from a chosen reference axis "(axis L in the image opposite)", the direction from the axis relative to a chosen reference direction "(axis A)", and the distance from a chosen reference plane perpendicular to the axis "(plane containing the purple section)". The latter distance is given as a positive or negative number depending on which side of the reference plane faces the point.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: The "origin" of the system is the point where all three coordinates can be given as zero. This is the intersection between the reference plane and the axis.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: The axis is variously called the "cylindrical" or "longitudinal" axis, to differentiate it from the "polar axis", which is the ray that lies in the reference plane, starting at the origin and pointing in the reference direction.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: The distance from the axis may be called the "radial distance" or "radius", while the angular coordinate is sometimes referred to as the "angular position" or as the "azimuth". The radius and the azimuth are together called the "polar coordinates", as they correspond to a two-dimensional polar coordinate system in the plane through the point, parallel to the reference plane. The third coordinate may be called the "height" or "altitude" (if the reference plane is considered horizontal), "longitudinal position", or "axial position".


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: Cylindrical coordinates are useful in connection with objects and phenomena that have some rotational symmetry about the longitudinal axis, such as water flow in a straight pipe with round cross-section, heat distribution in a metal cylinder, electromagnetic fields produced by an electric current in a long, straight wire, accretion disks in astronomy, and so on.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: They are sometimes called "cylindrical polar coordinates" and "polar cylindrical coordinates", and are sometimes used to specify the position of stars in a galaxy ("galactocentric cylindrical polar coordinates").


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: As in polar coordinates, the same point with cylindrical coordinates has infinitely many equivalent coordinates, namely and where is any integer. Moreover, if the radius is zero, the azimuth is arbitrary.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: In situations where someone wants a unique set of coordinates for each point, one may restrict the radius to be non-negative () and the azimuth to lie in a specific interval spanning 360°, such as or .


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: The notation for cylindrical coordinates is not uniform. The ISO standard 31-11 recommends , where is the radial coordinate, the azimuth, and the height. However, the radius is also often denoted or , the azimuth by or , and the third coordinate by or (if the cylindrical axis is considered horizontal) , or any context-specific letter.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: In concrete situations, and in many mathematical illustrations, a positive angular coordinate is measured counterclockwise as seen from any point with positive height.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: The cylindrical coordinate system is one of many three-dimensional coordinate systems. The following formulae may be used to convert between them.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: For the conversion between cylindrical and Cartesian coordinates, it is convenient to assume that the reference plane of the former is the Cartesian -plane (with equation ), and the cylindrical axis is the Cartesian -axis. Then the -coordinate is the same in both systems, and the correspondence between cylindrical and Cartesian are the same as for polar coordinates, namely


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: in the other. The arcsine function is the inverse of the sine function, and is assumed to return an angle in the range = . These formulas yield an azimuth in the range .


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: By using the arctangent function that returns also an angle in the range = , one may also compute formula_3 without computing formula_4 first


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: Many modern programming languages provide a function that will compute the correct azimuth , in the range , given "x" and "y", without the need to perform a case analysis as above. For example, this function is called by in the C programming language, and in Common Lisp.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: Spherical coordinates (radius , elevation or inclination , azimuth ), may be converted into cylindrical coordinates by:


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: In many problems involving cylindrical polar coordinates, it is useful to know the line and volume elements; these are used in integration to solve problems involving paths and volumes.


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: The del operator in this system leads to the following expressions for gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian:


title: Cylindrical coordinate system

text: The solutions to the Laplace equation in a system with cylindrical symmetry are called cylindrical harmonics.


title: Saniyya Sidney

text: Saniyya Sidney (; born October 30, 2006) is an American actress. Her accolades include nominations for three Black Reel Awards, two Critics' Choice Awards, an NAACP Image Award, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.


title: Saniyya Sidney

text: Following independent and short film roles, Sidney earned recognition with the horror series "" (2016). Her breakthrough came with the period drama film "Fences" (2016), for which she received a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. She subsequently appeared in the biographical film "Hidden Figures" (2016) and the superhero film "Fast Color" (2018).


title: Saniyya Sidney

text: Sidney earned praise for leading FOX's vampire drama "The Passage" (2019) and playing young Venus Williams in "King Richard" (2021). For her performance in "King Richard", she earned critical acclaim and received several accolades, such as nominations for the Black Reel Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer.


title: Saniyya Sidney

text: Sidney began acting in 2012, starring in a minor role as Amity in the short horror film "The Babysitters". She next made a guest appearance as Kizzy Waller in the miniseries "Roots", and was soon cast in the horror television series "" in the recurring role of Flora Harris, which was her breakthrough role. Both were played in 2016. Sidney starred in the period drama film "Fences" as Raynell Maxson, and also starred in the biographical drama film "Hidden Figures" as Constance Johnson, both of which were released in December 2016. The films were critically acclaimed, and the former film earned her nominations for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.


title: Saniyya Sidney

text: Sidney next starred in the superhero film "Fast Color" as Lila, the daughter of Ruth, which had its world premiere at the South by Southwest film festival on March 10, 2018. The film attained a release in theaters the following year. In January 2019, Sidney was cast in the lead role of Amy Bellafonte in the fox series "The Passage", for which her performance was critically acclaimed. The series was cancelled after one season. In the same year, she starred as Riley in the Netflix comedic special "Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History", which was released in February.


title: Saniyya Sidney

text: Sidney appears in the 2021 biographical drama film "King Richard" as Venus Williams, a daughter of Richard Williams, alongside Will Smith. She had never played tennis prior to accepting the role and learned to play tennis in Venus' style, including playing right-handed when Sidney is left-handed. She earned critical acclaim for the role, with "Variety" magazine praising her for "handling both the dramatic and athletic dimensions of their characters across a span of approximately three years." She received several awards for her performance, including nominations for the Black Reel Award for Best Breakthrough Performance and the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer.


title: Saniyya Sidney

text: Sidney is set to appear in "The First Lady" for Showtime as Sasha Obama. In January 2022, Sidney was tapped to play Claudette Colvin in the drama film "Spark", directed by Anthony Mackie, which is his directorial debut.


title: Eurasian wolf

text: The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus), also known as the common wolf, is a subspecies of grey wolf native to Europe and Asia. It was once widespread throughout Eurasia prior to the Middle Ages. Aside from an extensive paleontological record, Indo-European languages typically have several words for "wolf", thus attesting to the animal's abundance and cultural significance. It was held in high regard in Baltic, Celtic, Slavic, Turkic, ancient Greek, Roman, and Thracian cultures, whilst having an ambivalent reputation in early Germanic cultures.