title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: One hand-made figure costing $2,000 was the most expensive out of 200,000 items being sold at the Disney World shopping village in 1985. During an auction in 1988, an animation cel from the iconic scene of the Queen holding her heart box sold for a record-setting price of $30,000. In 1997, another cel from the same scene sold for $21,275 and a cel of the Witch offering an apple to Snow White realized $13,800. Another cel showing the Queen reading her spellbook sold for $8,050 in an earlier in auction in 1995. In 2015, a Hag cel was sold on an auction for $48,000. Another record was made in 2016, when a cel of the Queen in front of her mirror was sold for $58,000.


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: An almost entirely alternate take on the character of the Evil Queen is Regina Mills, the main antagonist in the first season of the 2011 ABC live-action TV series "Once Upon a Time" where she is played by Lana Parrilla. Regina is the mayor of the idyllic town of Storybrooke, Maine, but is secretly the Evil Queen of legend, having cursed many beloved fairy tale characters to live in a land without magic, where they will never get their happy endings. The show is not directly based on the Disney animated films, but is inspired by them and makes many references to them. One of its episodes is titled "The Evil Queen".


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: The Disney version of the character was very well received by film critics, even as some were disturbed (columnist Dorothy Kilgallen for instance urged Disney to not make future villains as scary as the Witch). Stephen Hunter included her being "cool" among the "wonderful truths about "Snow White"." Janet Maslin wrote the film's Snow White "exists only to be victimized by her wicked stepmother - a far more interesting character. The image of the wicked Queen (initially conceived as a raven-haired glamour girl, and the epitome of late-1930s sophistication) who drinks an aging potion and then shrivels, sprouting warts and claws, turning before our eyes from a sexy, voluptuous creature into a frightening old crone, must leave as powerful an impression on the audience as Snow White's chirpy femininity." Similarly, Roger Ebert wrote "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" was "not so much about Snow White as it was about the Seven Dwarfs and the Evil Queen," opining this was the reason it has remained "the ultimate animated masterpiece" by 2001 instead of having been forgotten soon after its premiere in 1937.


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: Individualist feminist Camille Paglia said that she used to be transfixed by this "temperamental diva bitch", due to the contrast with the ideal of womanhood that she had been presented to as a child: "Mary, this silent mother; and here was the witch queen who has this weird dialogue in the mirror and it didn't have to be charitable and it didn't have to be nice. I thought she was fabulous." Likewise, Lana Parrilla, who later herself played the Evil Queen in "Once Upon A Time", said that whenever she watched Disney's "Snow White" as a young girl she rooted for and "loved the evil queen―every time the evil queen came on, I was like 'OK!' She was just so fascinating to me." Author Deborah Lipp wrote: "As I've said before and will doubtless say again, given a choice of being Snow White (helpless, sweet, voiceless) and the Wicked Queen, with the cool castle and the magic and the minions, give me my Magic Mirror "now!"" Film director John Waters said he too rooted for the evil queen to win, and Chay Yew said that if he were a Disney character, he would be the evil queen from "Snow White".


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: "Once Upon the Time" co-creator Adam Horowitz said that his earliest Disney memory was seeing a re-release of Disney's "Snow White" when he was "terrified by the Evil Queen while also being unable to look away and that stuck with me through the years." Similarly, fashion designer and Angelina Jolie's "Maleficent" collaborator Stella McCartney said: "My favorite Disney film was "Snow White". I remember growing up watching [it] and being completely freaked out by that scene where the evil queen becomes the old witch and she makes the poison apple." Film maker and actor Terry Gilliam listed the film's Queen among his eight favourite villains, commenting how "truly strange" is that "vanity and beauty are what she's all about, yet the identity she assumes when she becomes the old beggar woman is practically the ugliest in all the kingdom." Fairy tale lecturer Jack Zipes alike noted that "it is somewhat strange that the queen believes the mirror, for the picture of Snow White reveals that she is a pretty pubescent red-cheeked ordinary girl while the queen is a stunning beautiful mature woman who might easily win a beauty contest."


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: Jim Lentz, Director of Animation Art at Heritage Auctions, said in 2015: "The Evil Queen is, to this day, one of the great villains of cinema, and she was at her terrifying best when she became the Old Hag and set off to destroy Snow White." According to film maker and actor Brad Bird, back in 1937 "they had to re-upholster the seats in a very large movie palace in New York because little kids were peeing on the seats when the witch came on in "Snow White"." The Queen ranked as tenth in the American Film Institute's 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time, being the highest-ranked animated villain. When Walt Disney Parks and Resorts held their 2011 Disney Villains popularity poll for Wicked Gooey Apple Awards (named after the Queen's poison apple), the Evil Queen came first and won in three out of five categories: "Sinister Stylings" (for the most fashionable villain), "Curses! Foiled Again!" (for the villain who received the best comeuppance), and the ultimate "Unfairest of Them All" (for the most evil villain). Jeff Kurtti's 2005 book "Disney Villains: The Top Secret Files" ranks her as "the greatest villain of them all". The Evil Queen has also been often included on top lists of best villains by various publications.


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: According to Maria Tatar, an academic specializing in children's literature, the film turned "the evil queen into a figure of gripping narrative energy and makes Snow White [the character] so dull that she requires a supporting cast of seven to enliven her scenes. Ultimately it is the stepmother's disruptive, disturbing, and divisive presence that invests the film with a degree of fascination that has facilitated its widespread circulation and that has allowed it to take such powerful hold in our own culture." Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peter credited the Queen's character's influence in changing the popular visual image of witches in film and other fiction as specifically female, more often young and attractive than old and ugly, and dressed in a characteristically defining costume. A part of Maila Nurmi's inspiration for her character of Vampira came from Nurmi being fascinated by the Queen after watching Disney's "Snow White" at the age of 14. When she was cast for the 1939's "The Wizard of Oz" as the Wicked Witch of the West, Gale Sondergaard (who herself has earlier served as one of inspirations for Disney) insisted on playing a glamorous vision of the character, similar to the Disney's interpretation of the Queen from "Snow White"; when Sondergaard's idea was rejected by producers Mervyn LeRoy and Arthur Freed in favor of making the Wicked Witch ugly, she withdrew from the project and Margaret Hamilton was cast instead. Still, the similarities between the two films, including the portrayals on their respective witch characters, were such that "The Wizard of Oz" was at one point advertised as ""Snow White" with live actors."


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: An official Disney.com blog Oh My Disney stated the Evil Queen has been "the original Disney villain, and we’re really not exaggerating." According to "The Daily Telegraph", La Verne's role as the Queen "was credited as the model for such future villains as Ursula in "The Little Mermaid" (1989) and Scar in "The Lion King" (1994)." Maleficent from "Sleeping Beauty" inherited a number of characteristics from the Evil Queen, including the cowl, high collar, billowing cloak, arched eyebrows, cruel lips, and raven familiar. An abandoned concept from "Snow White" was that the Queen kidnap the Prince and lock him in her dungeon; similarly, in "Sleeping Beauty", Maleficent kidnaps Prince Philip. Lady Bane, a vain evil sorceress from "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears", too bears a similarity to the Evil Queen in her costume and character. Four wicked witches of the East, West, North and South, resembling the Witch from Disney's "Snow White", are also the villains Mickey has to kill to save Disneyland in 1988's "". The first names for the magic-wielding antagonist couple The Glooms in Disney XD's own series "The 7D" (2014) ― set in a timeframe before the Seven Dwarfs first met Snow White ― might have been inspired by the Evil Queen character's alternate name "Grimhilde", with the bumbling warlock husband named "Grim" and the determined witch wife named "Hildy".


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: The Queen's character design from the film was used in some other Snow White adaptations, such as for the Queen in the Turkish film "Pamuk Prenses ve Yedi Cüceler" (1970). Queen Naga in Italian erotic comic books "Biancaneve" was at first loosely based on the Disney version, as was its Snow White's character. When Filmation announced their own animated sequel to the fairy tale, the studio was sued by Disney until Filmation promised their characters would not resemble the ones from the Disney film. The settlement specifically stated there could not be a "wicked witch" character appearing in the film, which instead was made to feature the Queen's brother in a vendetta to avenge her death, and the title was changed from "Snow White in the Land of Doom" to "Happily Ever After".


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: The Queen also inspired main antagonist characters in the otherwise unrelated titles, such as the stepmother queen in the Russian animated film "The Wild Swans" (1962), the Witch Queen in the Mexican film "Tom Thumb and Little Red Riding Hood" (1962), the goddess Venus in the anime version of "Unico", Queen Admira in the American film "The Hugga Bunch" (1985), and the queen of the witches in the video game "Curse of Enchantia" (1992). Lady Macbeth's rendition in Orson Welles' 1948 "Macbeth" resembles the Queen in her costume, make-up, and even the manner of her death; Lady Macbeth was also visually based on the Queen in a 1982 comic book adaptation. The evil Queen Bavmorda from 1988's film "Willow" bears a resemblance so much that "Cinefantastique" editor Frederick S. Clarke described her as "simply "Snow White"'s Wicked Queen, right down to her hooded costume." Robin Wood has drawn a connection between the looks of the Witch and of the Emperor in the "Star Wars" franchise (which eventually became a Disney property too). According to video game designer Steve Brown, the Queen's old Witch form served as an inspiration for the main character Witch Queen in his 1985 game "Cauldron". Brigitte Nielsen said she based her role as the Black Witch (who also kidnaps a prince character out of jealously for a princess) in the 1992 Italian film "Fantaghirò 2" on Disney's "Grimilde" (the Queen's name in Italian comics).


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: The Queen's castle has been used prominently in the advertising of the film (acting as the backdrop of the film's poster). Later Disney fairy tales, including "Cinderella", "Sleeping Beauty", "The Little Mermaid", "Beauty and the Beast" and "Aladdin", feature similarly fantastical castles and palaces, and often these buildings act as centerpieces or backdrops for the movies' posters. A fairy tale castle stands at the centre of each Disney theme park, and the image of the castle is used in the logo for Buena Vista International.


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: The character has also made several parodic cameo and homage appearances in non-Disney media. In the 1945 radio program "This Is My Best", the Queen uttered a curse so dreadful that the Magic Mirror shattered into a thousand pieces and where the Queen once stood was nothing but a heap of ashes from which black spiders crawled and scuffled off into the night. In Woody Allen's live-action film "Annie Hall" (1977), Alvy mentions that when he saw Disney's "Snow White", he was attracted to the Queen while all the other children had a crush on Snow White. This is followed by an animated sequence of the Wicked Queen, resembling Annie and voiced by Diane Keaton, talking to the cartoon version of the daydreaming Alvy, but turns out that even the Queen scolds him; Alvy attributes it to her having her period mood, to which the Queen reminds him she is just a cartoon character.


title: Evil Queen (Disney)

text: The Queen was referenced when she appeared as a villain in an issue of Italian horror comic book series "Dylan Dog" in 1988. In "The Simpsons" episode "Four Great Women and a Manicure" (2009), the Queen escapes the dwarves after poisoning Snow White, only to be lynched by a mob of angry woodland creatures. In the short film "Welcome to the Club" (2022), the Queen also appears in her witch form along with other Disney villains. In the "U.S. Acres" two-part cartoon "Snow Wade and the 77 Dwarves", Lanolin appears as the Wicked Queen with a costume is based on the Disney version. In the "Family Guy" 2009 episode "Road to the Multiverse", Herbert appears as the disguised Queen. "The Muppet Show" character Miss Piggy is the Queen in the 2010 parody comic book miniseries "Muppet Snow White". Cassie Scerbo played the Evil Queen in the 2013 YouTube parody music video "Cell Block Tango". The Queen also appears in "Counting Scars", Oh My Disney's Halloween 2014 parody music video of OneRepublic's "Counting Stars". Kimberly Cole played the Evil Queen in Todrick Hall's 2014 parody music video "Snow White and the Seven Thugs".


title: Dave Edmunds

text: David William Edmunds (born 15 April 1944) is a Welsh singer-songwriter, guitarist and record producer. Although he is mainly associated with pub rock and new wave, having many hits in the 1970s and early 1980s, his natural leaning has always been towards 1950s-style rock and roll and rockabilly.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: Edmunds was born in Cardiff, Wales. As a ten-year-old, he first played in 1954 with a band called the Edmunds Bros Duo with his older brother Geoff (born 5 December 1939, Cardiff); this was a piano duo. Then the brothers were in the Stompers, later called the Heartbeats, formed around 1957 with Geoff on rhythm guitar, Dave on lead guitar, Denny Driscoll on lead vocals, Johnny Stark on drums, Ton Edwards on bass and Allan Galsworthy on rhythm. Then Dave and Geoff were in The 99ers along with scientist and writer Brian J. Ford. After that Dave Edmunds was in Crick Feather's Hill-Bill's formed in c 1960, with Feathers (Edmunds) on lead guitar; Zee Dolan on bass; Tennessee Tony on lead vocals; Tony Kees on piano and Hank Two Sticks on drums. The first group that Edmunds fronted was the Cardiff-based 1950s style rockabilly trio The Raiders formed in 1961, along with Brian 'Rockhouse' Davies on bass (born 15 January 1943, Cardiff) and Ken Collier on drums. Edmunds was the only constant member of the group, which later included bassist Mick Still, Bob 'Congo' Jones on drums (b. 13 August 1946, Barry, South Wales) and John Williams (stage name John David) on bass. The Raiders worked almost exclusively in the South Wales area.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: In 1966, after a short spell in a Parlophone recording band, the Image (1965–1966), with local drummer Tommy Riley, Edmunds shifted to a more blues-rock sound, reuniting with Congo Jones and bassist John Williams and adding second guitarist Mickey Gee to form the short-lived Human Beans, a band that played mostly in London and on the UK university circuit. In 1967, the band recorded a cover of "Morning Dew" on the British Columbia label, that failed to have any chart impact. After just eighteen months, the core of 'Human Beans' formed a new band called Love Sculpture that again reinstated Edmunds, Jones and Williams as a trio. Love Sculpture released their debut single "River to Another Day" in 1968. Their second single was a quasi-novelty Top 5, a reworking Khachaturian's classical piece "Sabre Dance" as a speed-crazed rock number, inspired by Keith Emerson's classical rearrangements. "Sabre Dance" became a hit after garnering the enthusiastic attention of British DJ John Peel, who was so impressed he played it twice in one programme on "Top Gear". The band issued two albums.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: After Love Sculpture split, Edmunds had a UK Christmas Number 1 single in 1970 with "I Hear You Knocking", a Smiley Lewis cover, which he came across while producing Shakin' Stevens and the Sunsets' first album entitled "A Legend". The recording was the first release on Edmunds' manager's MAM Records label. This single also reached No. 4 in the US, making it Edmunds' biggest hit by far on either side of Atlantic Ocean. It sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Edmunds had intended to record Wilbert Harrison's "Let's Work Together", but when he was beaten to that song by Canned Heat, he adapted the arrangement he intended to use for it to "I Hear You Knocking". The success of the single caused EMI's Regal Zonophone Records to use an option that it had to claim Edmunds' album, 1972's "Rockpile", and the momentum from the single's success on a different label went away.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: Edmunds' only acting role followed, as a band member in the David Essex movie "Stardust". After learning the trade of producer, culminating in a couple of singles in the style of Phil Spector, "Baby I Love You" and "Born to Be with You", he became linked with the pub rock movement of the early 1970s, producing (among others) Brinsley Schwarz, Ducks Deluxe, Flamin' Groovies, and blues rock band Foghat, using a stripped down, grittier sound.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: Edmunds had bought a house in Rockfield, Monmouth, a few miles away from Charles and Kingsley Ward's Rockfield Studios where he became an almost permanent fixture for the next twenty years. His working regime involved arriving at the studio in the early evening and working through till well after dawn, usually locked in the building alone. Applying the layered Spector sound to his own productions it was not unusual for Edmunds to multilayer up to forty separately recorded guitar tracks into the mix.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: His own solo LP from 1975, "Subtle as a Flying Mallet", was similar in style. The Brinsley Schwarz connection brought about a collaboration with Nick Lowe starting with this album, and in 1976 they formed the group Rockpile, with Billy Bremner and Terry Williams. Because Edmunds and Lowe signed to different record labels that year, they could not record as Rockpile until 1980, but many of their solo LPs (such as Lowe's "Labour of Lust" and Edmunds' own "Repeat When Necessary") were group recordings. Edmunds had more UK hits during this time, including Elvis Costello's "Girls Talk", Nick Lowe's "I Knew the Bride", Hank DeVito's "Queen of Hearts" (later a larger, international hit for American country-rock singer Juice Newton), Graham Parker's "Crawling from the Wreckage", and Melvin Endsley's "Singing the Blues" (originally a 1956 US Country No. 1 hit for Marty Robbins, then a US pop No. 1 cover for Guy Mitchell, and a UK No. 1 for both Mitchell and Tommy Steele). The album "Repeat When Necessary" received a Silver Certification from the British Phonographic Industry on 20 March 1980 (for over 60,000 copies sold in the UK). The single "Girls Talk" also received a Silver Certificate from the BPI.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: Unexpectedly, after Rockpile released their first LP under their own name, "Seconds of Pleasure" (1980), the band split. Edmunds and the band, including Lowe, performed in a music video for the track "Girls Talk", directed by Martin Pitts and produced by Derek Burbidge and Helen Pollack. For the video the band set up on the roof of the Warner Brothers Records building in Midtown Manhattan in the early afternoon. Edmunds spent the 1980s collaborating with and producing an assortment of artists, including Paul McCartney, King Kurt, Stray Cats, Fabulous Thunderbirds, and Status Quo. He recorded the soundtrack for the movie "Porky's Revenge!", supplying the main theme, "High School Nights," and was the musical director for a television special starring Carl Perkins, with assorted guests including George Harrison, Ringo Starr, and Rosanne Cash. In 1989, Edmunds produced the album "Yo Frankie" for Dion.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: On his 1983 release, "Information", Edmunds collaborated on two songs with Jeff Lynne, the leader of Electric Light Orchestra. One of these songs, a Lynne composition, "Slipping Away", became Edmunds' only other US Top 40 hit, spending a single week at No. 39 while having a video clip in heavy rotation on MTV. It was not a hit in the UK. In 1984, Lynne produced six tracks on Edmunds' following album, "Riff Raff".


title: Dave Edmunds

text: In late 1985, Dave Edmunds was the musical director and a participating band member of "Carl Perkins's Rockabilly Session" television special. Other musicians involved in the project included George Harrison, Ringo Starr, and Eric Clapton.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: Edmunds recorded less frequently after the mid-1980s, living in Wales in semi-retirement, but occasionally touring. He joined up with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band for tours in 1992 and 2000. However, 2007 marked a return to touring for Edmunds, alongside Joe Brown, on a lengthy tour around the UK. He made an appearance on stage alongside Stray Cats, at the Brixton Academy in London, on 10 September 2008, playing "The Race Is On" and "Tear It Up" with the band.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: In 1993 Edmunds was in Cardiff Crown Court as a co-defendant along with Shakin' Stevens facing charges of non-payment of playing royalties from former Sunsets' band members Robert Llewellyn, Carl Petersen, Steve Percy and Paul Dolan. The prosecution asserted that the former band members were due a share of those additional royalties that Stevens and Edmunds had received from the successful reissue of the album "A Legend" during the early eighties. The judge agreed and, while the unpaid royalties only amounted to around £70,000 to be divided between the four musicians, the associated court costs to be paid by Stevens and Edmunds amounted to £500,000.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: On New Year's Eve 2008, he appeared on "Jools' Annual Hootenanny", performing "Girls Talk" and "I Hear You Knocking". He was Holland's guest again at Borde Hill Garden on 20 June 2009, on 28 August at open-air concert at Carrickfergus Castle., 31 October at Ipswich Regent, 7 November at Stoke Victoria Hall and 14 November at Nottingham Concert Hall. Edmunds also played a five-song set, including "I Hear You Knocking," "I Knew the Bride" and "Sabre Dance" with the Holland Big Band at the Royal Albert Hall on 27 November 2009.


title: Dave Edmunds

text: He returned and performed "Sabre Dance" on "Jools' Annual Hootenanny" on the 2009/10 edition. An album release on 19 November 2013 called "...Again", featured recordings from the 1990s, plus four new tracks, Edmunds' first for almost 20 years, with the title track released as a digital download single. In 2015, Edmunds released his first instrumental album "On Guitar... Dave Edmunds: Rags & Classics", which featured instrumental covers of classic songs such as The Beach Boys' "God Only Knows" and Elton John's "Your Song". The album was Edmunds' final album and after playing a final show in July 2017, he was reported to have retired from the music business.


title: Portia (The Merchant of Venice)

text: Portia is a female protagonist of William Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice". A rich, beautiful, intelligent heiress of Belmont, she is bound by the lottery set forth in her father's will, which gives potential suitors the chance to choose among three caskets. If he chooses the right casket, he wins Portia's hand in marriage. If he chooses the incorrect casket, he must leave and never woo any other woman in marriage. She is shown to think little of various foreign noblemen of similar rank who are most likely to seek her hand in marriage and still less of two suitors who seem to attempt her father's assigned task. Instead she favours a young but impoverished Venetian noble, Bassanio, who is also a soldier and a scholar. Bassanio goes on to choose the right casket.


title: Portia (The Merchant of Venice)

text: Portia is also fond of wordplay and proverbs, frequently quoting and coining them, which was considered a sign of wisdom and sharp wit in Elizabethan era. Some suggest that the character of Portia was based on Queen Elizabeth herself, who also had a penchant for proverbs.


title: Portia (The Merchant of Venice)

text: She is beautiful, gracious, rich, intelligent, and quick-witted, with a luxury lifestyle and high standards for her potential romantic partners. She is bound by the lottery set forth in her father's will, which gives potential suitors the chance to choose between three caskets composed of gold, silver and lead. If they choose the right casket – the casket containing Portia's portrait and a scroll – they win her hand in marriage. If they choose the incorrect casket, they must leave and never seek another woman in marriage. Portia is glad when two suitors, one driven by greed and another by vanity, fail to choose correctly, although she demonstrates tact to the Princes of Morocco and Arragon, who unsuccessfully seek her hand. She favoured Bassanio, a young Venetian noble, but is not allowed to give him any clues to assist in his choice.


title: Portia (The Merchant of Venice)

text: Later in the play, she disguises herself as a man and then assumes the role of a lawyer's apprentice (named Balthazar) whereby she saves the life of Bassanio's friend Antonio in court.


title: Portia (The Merchant of Venice)

text: In the court scene, Portia finds a technicality in the bond, thereby outwitting the Jewish moneylender Shylock and saving Antonio's life from the pound of flesh demanded when everyone else including the Duke presiding as judge and Antonio himself fails. It is Portia who delivers one of the most famous speeches in "The Merchant of Venice":


title: Portia (The Merchant of Venice)

text: Despite Portia's lack of formal legal training, she wins her case by referring to the details of the exact language of the law. Her success involves prevailing on technicalities rather than the merits of the situation. She uses the tactics of what is sometimes called a Philadelphia lawyer in modern times and in so doing demonstrates that she is far from powerless, irrespective of her earlier lack of choice in the marriage. However, the concept of rhetoric and its abuse is also brought to light by Portia – highlighting the idea that an unjust argument may win through eloquence, loopholes and technicalities, regardless of the moral question at hand – and thus provoking the audience to consider that issue. Shylock leaves the trial with both his life and his job intact but retains only half of his money and is deprived of his identity on being forced to convert to Christianity, while his daughter Jessica and her Christian husband Lorenzo with whom she had previously eloped are found in Portia's castle, not, it is implied, in complete happiness. Portia and Bassanio, on the other hand, continue to live together along with the former's lady-in-waiting Nerissa and her husband Gratiano.


title: Portia (The Merchant of Venice)

text: The original Portia Shakespeare drew from was Porcia Catonis, the wife of the Roman statesman Brutus, as well as several biblical allusions. She was also compared to the wife of Brutus within the play in Act 1 scene 1 when Bassanio talks to Antonio.


title: Portia (The Merchant of Venice)

text: The strength of the role of Portia has made it attractive to many notable actresses. Frances Abington, Sarah Siddons and Elizabeth Whitlock all played Portia in the 18th century when actresses first started appearing on stage in performances of the play. More recently, the role has been depicted in the cinema, on television, and in theatres by a number of notable actresses such as Maggie Smith, Claire Bloom, Sybil Thorndike, Joan Plowright, Caroline John, Lynn Collins, Lily Rabe, and Gemma Jones.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan is a fictional character, inspired by a legendary figure, who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 36th animated feature film "Mulan" (1998). Her speaking voice is provided by actress Ming-Na Wen, while singer Lea Salonga provides the character's singing voice. Created by author Robert D. San Souci, Mulan is based on the legendary Chinese warrior Hua Mulan from the poem the "Ballad of Mulan", making her the first Disney Princess not to be based on a fairytale or folktale but rather a legend. The only child of an aging war veteran, Mulan disregards both tradition and the law by disguising herself as a man in order to enlist herself in the army in lieu of her feeble father.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Disney had originally conceived Mulan as an oppressed young Chinese woman who ultimately elopes to Europe to be with a British prince. However, director Tony Bancroft, who was inspired by the well-being of his own daughters, wanted Mulan to be a different, unique kind of Disney heroine – one who is strong and independent, whose fate does not depend upon a male character. Thus, the relationship between Mulan and Captain Li Shang was relegated to that of a minor subplot, while Mulan's bravery and strength were emphasized in order to ensure that she remained the hero of her own story. She became the eighth Disney Princess and the first one who isn't actually a princess in her film, as she wasn't born of royalty nor did she become one by marrying a prince. While an argument could be made that Pocahontas is still technically a princess since she is a chieftain's daughter, Mulan quite literally is not, but is included in the lineup nonetheless. She also became the first one of Asian descent as well. She is the last Disney Princess to be developed during the Disney Renaissance. Mulan's supervising animator was Mark Henn, who deliberately designed the character so that she would appear less feminine than her predecessors.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Reception towards Mulan's personality has been generally positive, with critics praising her bravery and heroism. However, her romantic relationship with Shang has been accused of compromising Mulan's heroism. Both Wen and Salonga have been awarded Disney Legends for their contributions to the role. Yifei Liu played the live-action version of the character in the 2020 live-action adaptation of the original 1998 film, named Hua Mulan.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: "Mulan" was originally conceived as an animated short in 1994, in which a miserable Chinese girl elopes to the West to be with a British prince. While developing a series of treatments based on traditional stories and folk tales, children's book author Robert D. San Souci discovered the "Ballad of Mulan", an ancient Chinese poem about Hua Mulan – a Chinese woman who replaces her ailing father in the army by disguising herself as a man. Fascinated by Hua Mulan's story, San Souci suggested the poem to Disney; the studio hired San Souci himself to write the film's treatment and story.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: "Mulan" explores the age-old theme of remaining true to oneself, with co-director Tony Bancroft summarizing the character's role in the film as "the story of a girl who can't help who she is but she exists in a different society that tells her who she is supposed to be." Because the "Ballad of Mulan" is such a beloved and well-known story, San Souci longed to maintain the character's integrity. However, certain creative liberties were taken with the story in regards to Mulan's role, such as the character neglecting to ask her parents' permission prior to enlisting herself in the army. Additionally, Mulan's surname was rendered as the Cantonese "Fa." Finally, Mulan's true identity is discovered much earlier in the film, soon after the army's initial encounter with the enemy, whereas her comrades remain ignorant throughout their entire 12 years at war until after Mulan has returned home.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Unlike preceding traditional Disney animated feature films, the developing romantic relationship between Mulan and Li Shang is treated as more of a subplot as opposed to a traditional central plot, as observed by film critic Andy Klein of Animation World Network. Klein commented, "Mulan isn't waiting for her prince to someday come; when he does arrive, having known her primarily as a man, and having learned to admire her for her deeper qualities, the romance is muted and subtle." Throughout the movie they are constantly working towards helping each other change into better and truer versions of themselves in order to achieve their true potential.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan's speaking voice is provided by actress Ming-Na Wen. Because the character "represented [traditional] Chinese values" and is depicted as being "dramatic ... close to her father, very respectful," Bancroft believed that Wen possessed the "perfect" voice for Mulan, which he additionally described as "very Chinese." Born and raised in Macau, China, Wen was very much familiar with both the legend of Hua Mulan and the "Ballad of Mulan "at the time of her audition for the role, having grown up being read the poem by her mother. Wen explained, "I think every Chinese kid grows up with this story," additionally likening the poem's popularity in China to that of the Western Parson Weems fable in which American president George Washington chops down his father's beloved cherry tree.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan served as Wen's first voice-acting role. In an interview with IGN, the actress elaborated on the recording process, specifically the fact that she was required to record the majority of the character's dialogue in isolation, saying, "I just loved the story so much and identified so much with the character of Mulan it was easy for me. I loved using my imagination. I felt like I was a little kid again, being silly with an imaginary sword and riding on an imaginary horse and talking to an imaginary dragon. So it was a lot of fun for me." In spite of the fact that, throughout the film, Mulan shares multiple scenes with her guardian, a miniature Chinese dragon named Mushu who is voiced by American actor and comedian Eddie Murphy, Wen and her co-star never actually encountered each other while working on "Mulan "due to the fact that they recorded their respective dialogue at separate times in separate locations.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Upon being cast as Mulan's speaking voice, Wen was immediately informed by Disney that she would not be providing the character's singing voice. The actress took no offense to this decision, commenting jokingly "I don't blame them." The directors hired Filipina singer and actress Lea Salonga to dub the character's respective singing voice, heard in the film's songs "Reflection", "I'll Make a Man Out of You" and "A Girl Worth Fighting For", on Wen's behalf. According to Thomas S. Hischak, author of the book "", Salonga was originally cast to provide both Mulan's speaking and singing voices. However, the directors eventually felt that her attempt at impersonating a man in the form of Mulan's male alter-ego "Ping" was rather unconvincing, and ultimately replacing Salonga with Wen. Six years prior to "Mulan", Salonga provided the singing voice of Princess Jasmine in Disney's "Aladdin" (1992) on behalf of American actress Linda Larkin. While auditioning for Mulan, Salonga asked jokingly, "Why do I have to audition? ... I was already a princess before. Wasn't that enough?"


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: The film's screenplay was constantly being revised and re-written. Naturally, so was Mulan's characterization and role in the film. The writers wanted Mulan to represent a "different kind of Disney heroine," specifically described as one who "didn't need a tiara, but was still just as much as graceful, strong, and courageous." Between the two, Bancroft and his twin brother Tom, an animator who also worked on "Mulan", have a total of seven daughters. This further inspired the filmmakers to portray Mulan as a unique heroine who is "not another damsel in distress" in favor of having her resemble "a strong female Disney character who would truly be the heroine of her own story" instead, essentially a "female role model. The characteristics of strength and courage were a must for Mulan." In an interview with "The Christian Post", Bancroft elaborated on the way in which he, as the film's director, continued to consider the well-being of his two young daughters while working on "Mulan", having "wanted to make a unique heroine that hadn't been seen before" and provide for them "someone who would be strong on her own, without a prince saving her." Addressing the way in which Mulan differs from traditional Disney heroines and princesses, Bancroft explained, "Most Disney heroines have an outside source that comes in and helps them change. Mulan stays consistent. From the first frame all the way through the end of the movie, her personality, her drive it all stays the same."


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Visually, the animators were influenced by both traditional Chinese and Japanese artwork. In the specific case of Mulan, "The characters' simple lines ... resemble classic Asian painting". Chinese artist Chen Yi mentored the animators, "helping [them] to come up with these designs." Mark Henn served as Mulan's supervising animator. Animating the character in her male disguise as "Ping" offered an unprecedented challenge for Henn. In order to solve this unique dilemma, Henn was provided with "the opportunity to adjust her design a little bit so that when she was disguised as Ping, as a soldier, that she was physically a little different in how we drew her than when she was herself as Mulan." Physically, Mulan was also designed to appear less feminine than preceding traditional Disney animated heroines, specifically Pocahontas from "Pocahontas" (1995) and Esmeralda from "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1996), because "you can't pass as a man in the army with a Barbie-style figure."


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Henn revealed that he was drawn to "Mulan's story [because it] was so unique and compelling that it just captivated me from the beginning". Animating the characters' distinct emotions using the traditional Chinese style turned out to be somewhat challenging for Henn. The animator explained, "We don't create realism in the sense that if you're doing a human character, it's not going to look realistic ... the balance is finding an appealing way of drawing using the visual tools that you have in the design to convey the believable emotions that you want to get across." In addition to Mulan, Henn was also responsible for animating Fa Zhou, Mulan's elderly father. He described the complex relationship between the two characters as "the emotional heart of the story". Fathering one daughter himself, Henn drew inspiration from his own emotions as well as past personal experiences while animating several intimate scenes shared by the two characters.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Several film critics have described Mulan as a tomboy. Andy Patrizio of IGN observed, "In this slightly modernized version of the story, Mulan is something of a rebel and a tomboy. She has no interest in being a good little subservient wife, despite her sighing parents' wishes." Jo Johnson, in contribution to the book "Queers in American Popular Culture Volume 1: Film and Television", wrote that "Unlike other Disney heroines, Mulan is immediately coded as a tomboy," observing the way in which the character speaks using a full mouth. Johnson additionally noticed several ways in which Mulan's design and personality differ from those typically associated with traditional Disney heroines and princesses, citing the character's clumsy, awkward demeanor; broad shoulders and muscular limbs; unruly single strand of hair; and choice of everyday attire which usually consists of loose, baggy clothing concealing her "traditionally slim Disney waist." Additionally, Mulan's intelligence has been observed in several professional analyses, with critics often citing the character as "brainy."


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: The Huns, led by Shan Yu, invade China by breaching the Great Wall. The Chinese emperor orders that the army protect his citizens over himself, general mobilization, issuing a conscription that one man from each family to join the Chinese army. After Mulan's meeting with the matchmaker goes horribly awry, Chi Fu arrives at her home to enlist her father. Although she protests knowing her veteran father can not survive another war, Mulan is silenced by both Chi Fu and her father. That evening, Mulan takes her father's old armor and disguises herself as a boy named Ping, enlisting in the army on his behalf. Upon learning of Mulan's departure, the ancestors order the small dragon Mushu, a disgraced former guardian, to awaken the "great stone dragon" so that he may retrieve Mulan, only for Mushu to destroy the statue. Mushu decides to join Mulan in the army and help train her in the hopes that the ancestors will crown him a guardian once again.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Reporting to the training camp, Mulan is able to pass as a man, although her military skills are initially lacking. Mushu provides clumsy guidance to Mulan on how to behave like a man. Under the command of Captain Li Shang, she and her fellow recruits Yao, Ling, and Chien-Po, gradually become trained warriors. Desiring to see Mulan succeed, Mushu creates a fake order from Shang's father, General Li, ordering Shang to follow the main imperial army into the mountains. The reinforcements set out, but arrive at a burnt-out encampment, where they discover that General Li and his troops have been massacred by the Huns.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: As the reinforcements solemnly leave the mountains, they are ambushed by the Huns, but Mulan cleverly uses a cannon to cause an avalanche, which buries most of the invaders. An enraged Shan Yu slashes her in the chest, and after the avalanche subsides, her deception is revealed when the wound is bandaged.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Instead of executing Mulan as the law requires, Shang spares her life, but nonetheless expels her from the army. Mulan is left to follow alone as the recruits depart for the imperial city to report the news of the Huns' destruction. However, it is discovered that six Hun warriors, including Shan Yu, have survived the avalanche, and Mulan catches sight of them as they make their way to the city, intent on capturing the emperor.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: At the imperial city, Mulan is unable to convince Shang about Shan Yu's survival; the Huns capture the emperor, and seize the palace. With Mulan's help, Yao, Ling, and Chien-Po pose as concubines, and are able to enter the palace. With the help of Shang, they defeat Shan Yu's men; as Shang prevents Shan Yu from assassinating the Emperor, Mulan lures the Hun leader onto the roof, where she engages him in single combat. Meanwhile, acting on Mulan's instructions and signal, Mushu fires a large skyrocket at Shan Yu. The rocket strikes, and propels him into a fireworks launching tower, where he dies in the resulting explosion.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan is praised by the Emperor and the assembled inhabitants of the city, who bow to her in an unprecedented honor. While she accepts the crest of the Emperor, and the sword of Shan Yu as gifts, she politely declines his offer to be his advisor, and asks to return to her family.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan returns home, where she presents these gifts to her father, who is overjoyed to have Mulan back safely. Having become enamored with Mulan, Shang soon arrives under the pretext of returning her helmet, but accepts the family's invitation to stay for dinner. Mushu is reinstated as a Fa family guardian by the ancestors amid a returning celebration. When Mulan thanks Mushu, she kisses him on the forehead, followed by her dog, Little Brother, and a herd of chickens bursting into the Temple, with a Great Ancestor calling Mushu's name, ending the film.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: One whole month after the events of the original movie, Mulan and Li Shang prepare to marry but are distracted by a task from the Emperor, who wants his three daughters escorted to their own marriage ceremony. Their romantic relationship becomes somewhat strained during the trip, as the romantic couple has differing views on various issues. Meanwhile, Mushu realizes that if Mulan marries Shang, she will not need him anymore as her guardian spirit, and decides to trick the two into breaking up. When bandits attack, Mulan and Shang fight them off, but Mulan is devastated when Shang is seemingly killed trying to save her. To make sure the three princesses are not forced to marry against their will, Mulan takes their place marrying the eldest son of the ruler of the neighboring land. Shang survives the accident and arrives in time to stop the wedding but ultimately Mulan is saved by Mushu who, posing as the mighty Golden Dragon of Unity, frees the three princesses from their vows, and marries Mulan and Li Shang himself causing Mulan to forgive him for his actions. Afterwards, Mulan informs Li Shang of Mushu's existence and he combines the temples of his family and hers, allowing Mushu to keep his position.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan, alongside other Disney Princesses, appeared in the film "Ralph Breaks the Internet", as was announced at the 2017 D23 Expo.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Yifei Liu portrays Mulan in a live-action adaptation of the 1998 animated film. The character's journey through the live-action movie is mostly the same as the animated film. Although she does have a sister, who was not featured in the original movie, and she reconsiders joining the Emperor's Guard after returning home. A phoenix also serves as a guardian to her instead of Mushu.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan is the eighth official member of the Disney Princess franchise, a media franchise marketed towards young girls. For children, Mulan demonstrates the positive aspects of never giving up, not being restricted to gender roles and the importance of family and honor. These aspects of the film are more in keeping with a traditional Chinese perspective on cultural value, such as the importance of family and honor. On the official Disney Princess website, the character's brief biography reads, "Mulan is a loving girl who is always brave and bold. When her country needs it most, she disguises herself as a man and goes off to fight. She uses courage and determination to win the day." Although Mulan is a member of the Disney Princess franchise, she is not a legitimate princess in the traditional sense, as she was neither born the daughter of a king or queen, nor does she become princess consort by marrying a prince. She is the franchise's first and currently only East Asian member.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan appears regularly for meet-and-greets, parades and shows at the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, including at the Chinese Pavilion at Epcot. Mulan and Mushu, as a kite, make cameo appearances in the Hong Kong Disneyland and Disneyland Resort versions of It's a Small World. In most of the parks she is most commonly found alongside Li Shang and Mushu in Adventureland. As a tribute, there is a portrait of her along with the other Disney Princesses at the Princess Fairytale Hall at the Magic Kingdom.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: On the Disney Cruise Line ships and in Hong Kong Disneyland, Mulan and Li Shang appear in the stage show "The Golden Mickeys". Mulan is also known to come out for meet-and-greets on the ships as well. She is also featured in the Disney on Ice shows "Princess Classics" and "Princess Wishes".


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan makes cameo appearances in the "Disney's House of Mouse" television series and the direct-to-video release "". She was scheduled to appear in the second installment of the Disney Princess Enchanted Tales series of DVDs along with Cinderella. It was to premiere in 2008 but was cancelled due to poor sales of the first DVD.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: In August 2014, Ming-Na Wen and Lea Salonga reprise their roles as Mulan for the first time since "Mulan 2" in the Disney Channel show "Sofia the First". In the episode "Princesses to the Rescue," Mulan reminds Sofia and her friends Amber and Jun they are "Stronger Than They Know" in song. Mulan is the 7th Disney princess to appear on the show.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: In the Disney TV film "Descendants", while Mulan herself does not appear, reference is made to her in the form of her daughter Lonnie, portrayed by Dianne Doan, who becomes friends with the main characters. Lonnie returns in the sequel, "Descendants 2", where she assists the former villain kids in a rescue mission on the Isle of the Lost to retrieve Prince Ben; in return, Jay (the son of Jafar), acknowledging how his heritage should encourage him to bend rules, appoints Lonnie captain of the school's fencing team in his place after she was initially rejected as the rules stated that teams must consist of the captain and eight men. At the film's conclusion, Lonnie is later seen dancing with Jay.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan appears as a playable character in "", an action video game released in December 1999 by Disney Interactive Studios exclusively for the video game console Sony PlayStation. Loosely based on the plot of the original animated film, the video game's concept and premise revolves around "Players ... assum[ing] the role of Mulan on her quest to recover the missing scrolls." Mulan also appears as a playable character in "Disney's Mulan", a similar video game released the previous year on October 10, 1998, by THQ for Game Boy.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan appears in the Square Enix and Disney video game "Kingdom Hearts II" in the Land of the Dragons world, with Ming-Na Wen reprising her role. She aids Sora in battle, taking the place of either Donald or Goofy. She uses a "jian" called "Sword of the Ancestor" for regular combat, and her combination attacks include Red Rocket and other fire attacks, thanks to Mushu. She goes under her pseudonym (Ping) for the majority of Sora's first visit to her world, which follows the storyline of the film, but has abandoned it by the time of their second visit, which follows a new story where they come into conflict with Xigbar and the Storm Rider Heartless.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: In the fourth book in the Twisted Tales series, author Elizabeth Lim asks the question "What if Mulan had to journey to the Underworld?" In the book, Shang dies and Mulan journeys to the Chinese underworld to save Shang's soul and bring him back to life. The book draws heavily on Chinese mythology.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Reception towards Mulan's personality and characterization have been generally positive. "Time Out" hailed Mulan as "A feisty young go-getter [who] rises above the male-dominated world in which she lives." Ken Fox of "TV Guide" wrote, "Intelligent and fiercely independent, Mulan ... runs afoul of social expectations that a woman will be always obedient and duty-bound to her husband." Bridget Byrne of "Boxoffice" wrote that "Mulan ... has pride, charm, spirit and aesthetic appeal which prevents her from being upstaged by the vigorous and exciting action in which she participates." "Variety"'s Todd McCarthy praised the character for inspiring "a turn of the circle from such age-old Disney classics ... in which passive heroines were rescued by blandly noble princes." McCarthy continued, "Here, it's the girl who does the rescuing, saving not only the prince but the emperor himself from oblivion, and this in a distant culture where women were expected to obey strictly prescribed rules." Similarly, Margaret A. McGurk of "The Cincinnati Enquirer" lauded Mulan for "solv[ing] her "G.I. Jane" dilemma by proving that brains can do more than brawn." Hailing the character as "Among the strongest heroines in Walt's cartoon canon," Ian Freer of "Empire" enthused, "Mulan's engaging mixture of vulnerability and derring-do becomes incredibly easy to root for." Hollis Chacona of "The Austin Chronicle" dubbed Mulan a "winning protagonist." Likewise, the "Los Angeles Times"' Kenneth Turan wrote, "As a vivacious rebel who has to be true to herself no matter what, Mulan is an excellent heroine, perfect for the young female demographic the studio is most anxious to attract", additionally calling her a "more likable and resourceful role model than Pocahontas".


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Although largely well-liked, Mulan's characterization has drawn some mild criticism and speculation, inspiring a series of generally mixed to positive reviews from some film critics. "Entertainment Weekly"'s Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Far more than "Beauty and the Beast" or the stolidly virtuous "Pocahontas", "Mulan" showcases a girl who gets to use her "wits" ... a testament to the power of mind over brawn." However, Gleiberman continued, ""Mulan" finally falls a notch short of Disney's best ... because the heroine's empowerment remains ... an emotionally isolated quest." Similarly, Moira Macdonald of "The Seattle Times" hailed Mulan as "a strong, engaging character who, unlike many of her Disney counterparts, needs no one to rescue her from danger," while questioning her personality, asking, "was it really necessary to bestow Mulan with self-esteem problems? Because she seems so confident and intelligent, her sad statement that she wants to 'see something worthwhile' in the mirror comes as a bit of a shock."


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Critics were not unanimous in their praise. "The Phoenix"'s Jeffrey Gantz felt that character was unoriginal, inaccurate and Westernized, writing, "[her] costumes (particularly the kimono and obi Mulan wears to the Matchmaker) and hairdos look Japanese ... Give Mulan Native American features and you have Pocahontas." Similarly, James Berardinelli of "ReelViews" felt that the character's depiction was too "familiar," reviewing, "Although she looks different from Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, and Pocahontas, Mulan is very much the same type of individual: a woman with a strong, independent streak who is unwilling to bend to the customs of her culture, which decree that the role of the female is to be ornamental. The film isn't very subtle in reinforcing the idea of equality between the sexes". Additionally, some critics, such as Alex von Tunzelmann of "The Guardian", have criticized Mulan for her violence, writing, "Disney struggles to make Mulan both a killer and a heroine ... Gingerly, the film attempts to tread a middle path, implying that Mulan annihilates most of the Hun army by causing an avalanche, and having her dispatch Shan Yu with a load of fireworks. Very pretty. But still technically killing." However, von Tunzelmann did conclude more positively, "as Disney heroines go, Mulan herself is a clear improvement on the standard-issue drippy princess."


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Liu's portrayal as Mulan in the 2020 film was generally well received by critics. Richard Roeper of "Chicago Sun-Times" described Liu's performance as "star-turning" as well as "a boundaries-shattering, stereotype-defying hero-warrior for her time and for ours." Writing for "IndieWire", Kate Erbland found Liu, "engaging" as Mulan and adding, "she delivers, easily inhabiting both the reticent, shy Mulan and her bombastic evolution into unmitigated badass." Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote, "Liu is so strong in the role of Mulan that it’s only later that you might realize that you were not watching Mulan herself, but someone giving an exceptional performance in a difficult part. In addition to the challenge of portraying Mulan’s journey from insecurity to glorious attainment, there were the physical rigors, which Liu had to accomplish with balletic grace." In her review for "London Evening Standard", Charlotte O'Sullivan said Liu played, "a Mulan whose fighting skills — and emotional life — dazzle. Liu often looks 13, but is actually 33. She has the kind of face you never get bored of. There’s something Meryl Streep-y about her soulfulness and all her moves are magical." While Christy Lemire of "RogerEbert.com" wrote, "Liu’s performance might have been more powerful if she’d been a bit more emotive", she still overall described it as "lovely" and that "the steeliness and physicality she displays make her a convincing fighter."


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Unlike the generally positive reviews received by Mulan, critical reception towards the character's romantic relationship with Li Shang has been largely negative, drawing much speculation from critics who accused "Mulan" of having "a typical girl-hooks-up-with-boy ending." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" observed, "The message here is standard feminist empowerment: Defy the matchmaker, dress as a boy, and choose your own career. But "Mulan" has it both ways, since inevitably Mulan's heart goes pitty-pat over Shang, the handsome young captain she's assigned to serve under. The movie breaks with the tradition in which the male hero rescues the heroine, but is still totally sold on the Western idea of romantic love." "The New York Times"' Janet Maslin negatively opined, "For all of Mulan's courage and independence in rebelling against the matchmakers, this is still enough of a fairy tale to need Mr. Right."


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Citing Mulan's relationship with Shang as an example of sexism, a film critic writing for "Teen Ink" wrote:


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Betsy Wallace of Common Sense Media observed that Mulan "doesn't fit the princess mold, and most moviegoers had never heard of her." Conclusively, Wallace wrote, "it's too bad that in the end she still needs to be married off to a 'Prince Charming' who saves the day." In contribution to the book "Beyond Adaptation: Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works", Lan Dong wrote, "Even though Mulan achieves success after she resumes her female self ... it is compromised by Mulan and Li Shang's potential engagement at the end of the film."


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Mulan is culturally recognized for her unique role in "Mulan "specifically in regards to the character's heroism, ethnicity and disinterest in romance, serving as a departure from traditional Disney heroines and princesses because she "challenged gender stereotypes and offered up an animated Disney experience that isn't princess-centric" as "one of the few strong, self-propelled female characters that Disney has." Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times "observed the way in which Mulan's role in the film as "an independent, not completely boy-crazy heroine is somewhat new for Disney." According to Sara Veal of "The Jakarta Post", Mulan "promotes self-reliance, determination and is uninterested in marriage or romance ... the film ends on her saving her country, rather than a romantic resolution." Succeeding non-white Disney Princesses Jasmine and Pocahontas, Mulan's characterization as Disney's first East Asian princess assisted in the diversification of the Disney Princess franchise, introducing "Disney princesses ... portrayed as women of color." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" commented, "Mulan ... makes a feisty prefeminist," continuing, "She doesn't swoon over Captain Shang, the hunky officer ... which leaves Shang ... frustrated ... Mulan, let the record show, does not put out." "PopMatters" Jesse Hassenger wrote that unlike other Disney films, "Mulan holds the advantage of a smart, strong heroine—not just a superhot princess figure." Ryan Mazie of Box Office Prophets felt that Mulan "might be the most important and forward-thinking Disney Princess movie made up until that point where the female character solely takes control over her own destiny without the aid of a mighty Prince."


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: In 2012, CNN's Stephanie Goldberg recognized Mulan as one of Disney's bravest and most heroic animated heroines to-date in her article ""Brave"'s Merida and other animated heroines," writing, "Mulan bent traditional gender roles when she took her father's place in the Chinese army." The Georgia Institute of Technology ranked Mulan the fourteenth greatest Disney character of all-time. Similarly, in 2013, Mulan was ranked the greatest animated Disney heroine according to a poll conducted by Jim Vejvoda of IGN.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: In 1999, "Mulan"'s theme song "Reflection", performed by Mulan, was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 56th Golden Globe Awards, but ultimately lost to Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli's "The Prayer" from "Quest for Camelot" (1998). "Reflection" is often credited with establishing the successful musical career of American recording artist Christina Aguilera, who famously recorded a pop rendition of the ballad prior to the release of her platinum-selling self-titled debut album in 1999, on which the song is featured. Additionally, the song peaked at number nineteen on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart. In 2011, Salonga was honored with a Disney Legends award in commemoration of her role as Mulan's singing voice. Additionally, Salonga performed a live rendition of "Reflection" at the ceremony. Ming-Na Wen was also named a Disney Legend in 2019 for her role as the speaking voice of Mulan.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: The 2013 Disney princess redesigns portrayed Mulan with features that differ from her film appearance. The artwork featured Mulan with blue eyes, bigger lips, noticeably lighter skin, and golden clothing which does not resemble any outfit she has worn in the film. Her new appearance has caused an uproar due to the whitewash of her character. This was particularly troubling as Mulan is one of the few princesses of color. Shavon L. McKinstry of "SPARK Movement" writes that Mulan's redesign "seem to be directly counter to her personality and character in her film", and also notes how all the princesses of color have been "noticeably pushed to the back or left out completely" from the new Disney merchandise which featured the redesigns.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: McKinstry argues that Disney "prefers to portray one demographic of princess, simultaneously alienating so much of their fanbase", pointing out that of the "ten Disney Princesses in the brand, six are white". The importance of Mulan and other non-white princesses can be seen in the 2009 study of the effects of children's cartoons on the body image of young girls by doctors Sharon Hayes and Stacey Tantleff-Dunn. The study revealed that in the group of girls ranging from 3 to 6 years old, 30.6% of the group would change their physical appearance if they could. Of these respondents, over half would change their hair and over a quarter would change something about their body, such as skin color. Of all girls surveyed, 8% said they would have to change their hair or skin color to become a princess, stating things like they would "change from brown skin to white skin", for example. The interviewed group was predominantly white.


title: Mulan (Disney character)

text: Disney has since altered the coloration in Mulan's design by changing the blue eye highlight to brown, darkening the color of her skin, and changing her clothing to better resemble her attire in the film.


title: Masonic bodies

text: There are many organisations and orders which form part of the widespread fraternity of Freemasonry, each having its own structure and terminology. Collectively these may be referred to as Masonic bodies, Masonic orders or appendant bodies (or orders) of Freemasonry.


title: Masonic bodies

text: The basic unit of Freemasonry is the Masonic Lodge, which alone can "make" (initiate) a Freemason. Such lodges are controlled by a Grand Lodge with national or regional authority for all lodges within its territory. A masonic lodge confers the three masonic degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft (or Fellow Craft), and Master Mason.


title: Masonic bodies

text: Whilst there is no degree in Freemasonry higher than that of Master Mason, there are additional degrees that are offered only to those who are Master Masons. Most of these are supervised by their own "Grand" bodies (independent from the Grand Lodge).


title: Masonic bodies

text: The United Grand Lodge of England (which has no direct authority over other Grand Lodges, but as the world's oldest Grand Lodge, has a historical influence in terms of regularity and practice) defines "pure, ancient Freemasonry" as consisting of the three degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason, including the supreme Order of the Holy Royal Arch.


title: Masonic bodies

text: The degree of the Holy Royal Arch is of great antiquity, and has a special importance in many masonic systems, including those of all three of the oldest 'Constitutions' (masonic authorities), namely the Grand Lodges of England, Scotland, and Ireland, in all of which it is considered (by varying constitutional definitions) to be the completion of the mainstream masonic structure.


title: Masonic bodies

text: A number of other organisations, most of which are known as 'masonic' or have a title identifying themselves as masonic, require candidates for membership to be a Master Mason in "good standing" (subscriptions paid, and not under any form of discipline). In some countries, notably the United States of America, the Scottish Rite and the York Rite are the two principal routes available. In other countries, notably England, Scotland, Ireland, and many of the countries of the Commonwealth, a large number of 'stand-alone' Orders and Degrees exist, without the umbrella organisation of a "rite". Some of these masonic bodies use numbers as an informal way of referring to or identifying the degrees they confer, but the most important and therefore "highest" degree is always the third, or Degree of Master Mason. These other masonic bodies (sometimes known as 'additional degrees' or 'side degrees') are optional pursuits for those who wish to take their masonic membership and activity beyond the three degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason.


title: Masonic bodies

text: Sometime before 1730, a trigradal system (that is, a system of three grades or degrees) started to emerge in Freemasonry, which quickly became the standard system in the lodges of England, Ireland and Scotland. This seems to have been accomplished by the rearrangement and expansion of the original bigradal system, particularly by the elaboration of the Hiramic legend, and its full exposition in the third degree, that of a Master Mason. The emergence, in the 1740s, of "chivalric" degrees on the continent may be linked to the deliberate "gentrification" of Freemasonry in Chevalier Ramsay's Oration of 1737.


title: Masonic bodies

text: The formation of the Royal Arch occurred in the same period, developing the Hiramic theme with the rediscovery of the secrets lost with the death of the master builder. The Premier Grand Lodge of England (the "Moderns") remained ambivalent about the new rite, perhaps because a secret password was taken from their own third degree. The Moderns' supporters of the new rite formed their own Grand Chapter, probably in 1765. There is evidence that the official date of 1767 is the result of the alteration of the foundation document, to save Lord Blayney the embarrassment of founding a controversial organisation while he was still the Moderns' Grand Master. The prime mover in the formation of the Grand Chapter was Caledonian Lodge, a lodge of Scottish Masons which had just joined the Moderns from the Ancients, and whose members included William Preston.


title: Masonic bodies

text: In 1751, as the Moderns increasingly alienated unaffiliated lodges, a few (mainly Irish) lodges in London formed the Antient Grand Lodge of England (the "Antients"), which rapidly became an umbrella organisation for unaffiliated lodges in England. Their second secretary, Laurence Dermott, believed the Royal Arch to be the fourth degree. When the two Grand Lodges merged in 1813, Article Two of the Articles of Union agreed that "pure Antient Masonry consists of three Degrees and no more, viz., those of the Entered Apprentice, the Fellow Craft and the Master Mason, including the Supreme Order of the Holy Royal Arch". Grand Chapter remained, but other degrees from this time has to be administered by separate Masonic Bodies.


title: Masonic bodies

text: The period from 1740 to 1813 saw a host of Masonic rites, orders and degrees emerge. These new rituals enlarged the scope of Masonry and encompassed many elaborations, some of which included elements which had previously been practiced within the craft. Many rites proved to be transient and died out (some being no more than a written record without evidence of having been practiced), but some proved more resilient and survived.


title: Masonic bodies

text: In England and Wales, after the degrees of craft freemasonry, there are a large number of separately administered degrees and orders open only to craft freemasons. Under the English Constitution, the Holy Royal Arch is the only degree formally recognised by the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) beyond the three degrees of craft freemasonry. Other orders and degrees are however referred to and acknowledged by the Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, and all their members are necessarily masons subject to the English Constitution. Of Masonic appendant bodies, the following are among the most popular:


title: Masonic bodies

text: The governing bodies are the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Scotland.


title: Masonic bodies

text: Under the Scottish Masonic Constitution, the Mark master's degree can be taken either within a Craft Lodge after having attained the degree of "Master Mason", or within a Royal Arch Chapter, before taking the degree of "Excellent Master". No one under the Scottish Masonic Constitution can be exalted as a "Royal Arch Mason" without previously having been advanced as a "Mark Master Mason".


title: Masonic bodies

text: A number of other orders are open to craft freemasons, of which the following are notable in Scotland:


title: Masonic bodies

text: In Ireland, after the Craft degrees conferred under the authority of the Grand Lodge of Ireland there are a number of degrees and orders that are administered separately and are open to Master Masons either by petition or by invitation.


title: Masonic bodies

text: In Scandinavia and the Nordic states, including Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, and Finland, Freemasonry exists mostly in the form of the Swedish Rite.


title: Masonic bodies

text: The following affiliated and appendant bodies confer Masonic degrees. Those who petition or are invited to membership must be at least Master Masons, although each body may have additional qualifications for membership:


title: Masonic bodies

text: These affiliated bodies and youth organisations are commonly found in North and Central America, and to a lesser degree in South America. They are not generally present in Europe, except in localised areas of American influence, particularly areas of long term American military presence.


title: Masonic bodies

text: A number of Masonic-affiliated youth organizations exist, mainly in North America, which are collectively referred to as Masonic youth organizations.


title: Goldschläger

text: Goldschläger is a Swiss cinnamon schnapps (43.5% alcohol by volume or 87 proof; originally it was 53.5% alcohol or 107 proof), a liqueur with very thin, yet visible flakes of gold floating in it. The actual amount of gold has been measured at approximately in a one-litre bottle. , this amounts to €0.66/US$0.75 on the international gold market.


title: Goldschläger

text: Goldschläger was produced in Switzerland until the 1990s. The brand was acquired by Diageo, which moved production to Italy. In 2008, Global Brands Limited (UK) purchased the brand as part of its portfolio and production returned to Switzerland. In November 2018, Diageo agreed to sell Goldschläger as part of a 19-brand portfolio of spirits brands to the New Orleans–based U.S. distiller Sazerac Company as part of a $550M deal.


title: Goldschläger

text: The German word ("gold beater") refers to the profession of gold leaf makers who beat bars of gold into extremely thin sheets.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz Noceda is the main protagonist of the Disney Channel animated series "The Owl House". She is voiced by Sarah-Nicole Robles. Luz is confirmed to be bisexual by show creator Dana Terrace, some calling her the "first bisexual lead character" on a Disney Channel show. In April 2021, the show's creator also revealed that Luz Noceda is neurodivergent.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz is well-received by both critics and fans of the show, who praised her overall character and Robles' performance.


title: Luz Noceda

text: According to series creator Dana Terrace, Luz is named after her Dominican-American roommate, Luz Batista, a story artist and consultant for the show. Terrace also said that Luz's character evolved from conversations she had with Luz Batista, who later became her best friend. Later, Nancy Kanter, EVP, Content and Creative Strategy of Disney Channels Worldwide explained that while they loved the "combination of magic and mystery in this other world" of "The Owl House," they really "fell in love with the main character Luz," leading them to green-light the show itself. This connected with Terrace's hope that audiences are "entertained by Luz’s world and her off-the-wall adventures."


title: Luz Noceda

text: On July 7, 2020, when responding to a fan who posted a still of Amity putting her hands on Luz's shoulder, from a promotion for the upcoming episode "Enchanting Grom Fright" on Twitter, Terrace said that there is no heterosexual explanation for the moment. Later, on August 10, Terrace confirmed on Twitter that the episode features a bisexual character, but didn't confirm whether this was Amity, Luz, or both, but many fans assumed this referred to Luz. On September 2, during a Reddit AMA, Dana Terrace confirmed that Amity is intended to be a lesbian and that Luz is bisexual. She also stated that the relationship between Amity and Luz would be explored in Season 2 and that Luz is "oblivious to some things in front of her," including Amity's crush on her. In the same AMA, Terrace stated that Luz was Amity's first crush and that she was thrilled to see people connect to the show's characters, like Luz and Amity.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz Noceda is a 14-year-old Afro-Dominican-American girl from the fictional town of Gravesfield, Connecticut. She has brown skin, short dark brown hair, brown eyes, and typically wears a cat-ear hooded indigo-and-white t-shirt, denim shorts, black leggings, and white shoes.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz is very quirky, outgoing, and unpredictable. She is a fan of the novel series "The Good Witch Azura". She loves fantasy to the point of being detached from reality and has a hard time making friends. However, she still does have a heart and good intentions. In the first episode of the series her mother sends her to a reality-check camp, but she accidentally ends up going to the Boiling Isles instead through a portal in a nearby house. Due to her love of all things fantasy and magical, she wants to become a witch. She soon befriends an old witch named Eda and a small wolf-like demon named King. Later, Luz enrolls in Hexside Academy as an exchange student.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz Noceda is a young girl who has a strong love for fantasy. So strong, in fact, that it gets her into trouble. After failing her book report at school due to her outlandish presentation, her mother decides to send her to "Reality Check Summer Camp" to help her focus more on reality. To show confirmation of her mother's wishes, she throws her copy of "The Good Witch Azura" book in the trash. As soon as her mother leaves, however, she fishes for it, only to see it being carried away, along with other garbage, by a diminutive owl and follows it into a dilapidated house. Luz suddenly gets transported to the magical world of the Boiling Isles, specifically a town called Bonesborough. Luz is immediately taken in by a notorious witch named Eda Clawthorne and her small "roommate" King and begins to live with them at the Owl House, the series' namesake. Realizing that her life back home would be unfulfilling, she decides to stay in Bonesborough to train under Eda and become a witch, despite the fact that she herself is incapable of performing magic. Shortly afterward, she befriends two young witches named Willow Park and Gus Porter who attend Hexside, a school that Luz begins trying to attend. She also meets Amity Blight, a snooty student who initially looks down on Luz and her friends. During her time in Bonesborough, Luz slowly learns that she can perform magic by drawing symbols(also referred to as a glyph) on paper. Her first symbol, a magic orb that produces light, stuns Eda. In a Coven Convention, Luz challenges Amity to a witch duel, which she accepts, on the condition that if she wins Luz must give up learning magic. Amity is disqualified as she is found to have been unknowingly cheating, and leaves, ridiculed. Luz finds her and comforts her by offering her friendship, and Amity, reluctant at first, allows Luz to continue her magic studies.


title: Luz Noceda

text: She discovers that Eda had been cursed as a child and wants to help her try to remove it. Her relationship with Amity begins to improve when she realizes that Luz genuinely cares for her well-being and end up having a shared love for "The Good Witch Azura" series. Through the actions of Eda, and a little from Gus, Luz finally gets accepted into Hexside and, contrary to the initial rules, is allowed to learn from every track after she saves the school from a Greater Basilisk. She helps Willow regain her confidence on school, and, by entering her mind, manages to discover the roots of her troubled past with Amity. She helps them both start over again their relationship. On Grom night, Luz offers to fight Grometheus, a monster that manifests as the fighter's deepest fears, instead of Amity, who was originally chosen. When she is overpowered, Amity comes to her for help. They dance together while casting multiple magic spells, defeating Grometheus. Despite having increased confidence and security about herself, Willow keeps getting bullied by Boscha and her friends, to which Luz, Gus, and Amity decide to help. They challenge Boscha to a Grudgby match, in which, while they lose, they gain the respect and sympathy of Boscha's teammates. Luz cares for Amity, as she suffered a leg injury during the match.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz attends a field trip to the Emperor's Coven and plans to steal an item to cure Eda. She ends up getting discovered by Lilith, Eda's sister, who has been trying to capture her, and kidnaps Luz to lure Eda out. They collectively learn that Lilith had been the one who cursed Eda and has been trying to capture her, not just to cure Eda's curse, but to also have her join the coven, something Eda had long detested. Luz ends up getting sent back home after Eda gives herself up willingly to save her. Luz and King head back to rescue her from the Emperor's Coven and reluctantly teams up with Lilith after she admits that Emperor Belos plans to kill Eda, rather than cure her. Luz faces off against the Emperor who will only let Eda go if she gives him the key to the real world, which Eda used when Luz first came to the Boiling Isles. However, Luz uses her magic to destroy it and she rescues her friends before fleeing. Lilith uses her magic to share the curse between herself and Eda, and Luz decides to help them reclaim their magic after theirs diminish.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz, now more adept and skilled with her glyph magic, decides to teach it to Eda and Lilith, to cope with their newfound weakness due to their curse. Eda, sensing Luz's guilt for recent events, tells her that her life has been better with her in it. Luz and Amity's relationship continues to improve, after the latter saved Luz from her parents, as she was trying to get her expelled friends back into Hexside. Luz learns from Eda's mother that she was not the first human on the Boiling Isles. In the library, she learns that Philip Wittebane managed to arrive to the Isles hundreds of years ago. She seeks Philip's diary, which can only be accessed with Amity's help. Their relationship improves further, with Amity expressing interest in visiting the Human Realm. After Luz made Amity lose her library card, Amity kisses her on the cheek after she helped her regain the card back. With Philip's diary and a knowledge-replaying Echo Mouse, Luz begin's studying Philip's notes. Luz can't create a connection with any of the Palismen, as she is skeptical about her future. She decides to spend the night in the Palismen nest, hoping to bond with one. After rescuing the Palismen from the Coven guard, and befriending Hunter, the Emperor's Guard, she is given a log of palistrum wood by Eda to carve her own palisman staff. After what happened at Amity's house, Luz is now more confident of her feelings. Hooty tries to help, placing both of them in a tunnel of love. As they traverse the river, Luz feels embarrassed at the tunnel's romantic messages, destroying them to prevent Amity from seeing them. However, Amity mistakenly believes Luz is uninterested in her, and turns to leave, heartbroken. Hooty, upset, lashes out, wreaking havoc in the House, but King and Eda allow Luz and Amity to ask each other out, and begin dating. Luz continues to study the contents of the Echo Mouse with the help of Amity.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz discovers from the Echo Mouse that Titan's Blood is needed to create a temporary portal home, which can be found on Eclipse Lake. Eda and King offer to get it for her, and Amity tags along, wanting to prove she is a good girlfriend for Luz. Luz worries for their well-being, and she joyfully embraces Amity when they return, happy that she is safe. With the Blood recovered, Eda and King create a temporary portal for Luz to check on her mother, Camila. She discovers that a shape-shifting Basilisk, named Vee, has been living her life back on the Human Realm. Luz learns that Vee escaped the Boiling Isles, as her species was being experimented upon by the Emperor's Coven. With the help of Camila, Luz rescues Vee from a demon-crazed curator. Luz reveals that staying in the Boiling Isles was her own choice, but promises Camila to stay in the Human Realm once she manages another way to come back, leaving Camila devastated.


title: Luz Noceda

text: After collaborating with Amity in assisting and later defeating Kikimora with her own personal business, Amity shows Luz her phone, which she left behind at school, playing a video Luz recorded for Camila. Luz finally explains her situation with her mother, and they promise to maintain themselves together throughout the journey. Luz resolves to meet with Philip personally, after learning from Eda that time-traveling puddles exist. With the help of Lilith, they travel to Philip's era through a puddle. However, they end up having to defeat Philip after he betrays them, leaving Luz guilty for having been blinded by her admiration for him. Luz agrees to help Amity in a competition, but Amity notices Luz is acting differently. Luz reveals to Amity that her father died a long time ago, and in his death anniversary, she spends the day with her mother. However, she will be unable to accompany Camila this year. They send flowers tied to a balloon into the night sky, in the hopes that they will reach the Human Realm. Luz and Hunter end up trapped inside Belos' mind. There, Luz discovers not just the whole truth about Belos, but also discovering his true identity as Philip Wittebane. After being saved by Eda and King, she is left shaken at what she has discovered. Luz tells Eda, Hooty, and King about the things she saw on Belos' mind, but does not mention his real name or reveal her actions. Luz, King, and Hooty travel to a village inhabited by beings similar to King, who call themselves the Titan Trappers. Luz and Hooty learn from talking with the elder of the village, Bill, that King is actually the son of the original Titan. Bill orders the village to sacrifice him, but Luz and Hooty save him, destroying the entrance portal as they escape.


title: Luz Noceda

text: After telling Lilith and Eda the truth about King's heritage, Luz strains her relationship with the latter when she expresses her desire to send her and King away to protect them. She confronts Eda, accusing her of underestimating her power, and they end up captured by the Coven guard. However, they are instead taken to a hideout, where Darius, Raine, and other Coven rebels express their desire to enlist their help to stop Belos' plan. The Covens Against the Throne explain to Luz their plan to stop Belos, but Luz expresses her desire to rescue Amity first, as she has been grounded by Odalia. With the help of Gus, Willow, and Hunter, she finally reunites with Amity, who leaps towards Luz, embracing her with teary eyes. Amity kisses her for the very first time, and they promise to go on a proper date when they've succeeded. Luz tries to help Amity bring sense to her parents, as they believe they are oblivious to the evil they are assisting. After destroying the Blight factory with the help of Alador, Gus reveals that Luz has been captured by Kikimora, as she assumed Hunter's appearance. As such, a captured Luz is taken to face Belos personally once again. After the draining spell begins taking effect, she duels with him, as he expresses his desire to save her from the "delusions" caused by the Demon Realm, and tries to send her back to the portal. However, she saves herself from being petrified and manages to brand him with a sigil, causing Philip to be affected by the spell. After he presumably gets killed by the freed Collector, Luz and her friends are all through the portal to the Human Realm by King in an attempt to save them. After it collapses and the magical door only leads to the old shack, Luz goes home and reunites with Camila, devastated for the fate that awaits her family in the Demon Realm.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz and her friends live with Camila for several months, during which Luz returns to school, and her friends stay home and attempt to learn how to live in the Human Realm, going as far as to try to understand Spanish. However, Luz feels guilty for her friends' predicaments, and despite her denying it, she is constantly down. Before the Gravesfield Halloween Festival, Luz records a mournful video on her laptop, exclaiming she has decided to stay in the Human Realm permanently to protect her friends. Sometime later, Luz and Hunter spot Belos in the woods on Halloween night. Belos ultimately creates a new portal in a cemetery with Titan's Blood he found using a map he stole while possessing Hunter's body. Their friends and Camila arrive to help, and Hunter expels Belos from his body after the battle. Belos crosses the portal, but Hunter is left mortally wounded. Flapjack, his palisman, sacrifices himself to save Hunter's life, deepening Luz's grief. After the fight, Luz finally confesses that the Day of Unity and everything that has happened to them is her fault, as it was she who introduced Philip Wittebane to magic when she traveled back in time. However, her friends reiterate their support, and Amity assures her she won't leave her side. After Camila arms herself, much to her surprise, both she and Luz cross the portal.


title: Luz Noceda

text: Luz's character was received positively. She was described by some as a teen who "aligns herself with a witch and a demon" to fulfill her dream to become a witch, and praised her character, with some calling her a "fantasy-loving human." Others praised the plotlines of episodes where Luz explored the magic school and met other witches of the same age, and the growing romantic relationship between Luz and Amity.


title: Luz Noceda

text: In the season 1 episode "Enchanting Grom Fright," Luz and Amity dance together for the first time. Spencer Wan says that he's "never been prouder of any other board." Alex Hirsch (voice of King and Hooty, creator of "Gravity Falls", and Terrace's partner) was very proud of Disney for including this scene in an episode. After it was confirmed that Luz was bisexual, actress Lili Reinhart, who plays Grace in "Chemical Hearts", welcomed the development, saying that often people have told her that being bisexual is "a phase," and felt validated by Luz's character.


title: Luz Noceda

text: She would later appear in Chibi form in the animated series based on the "Chibi Tiny Tales" shorts, "Chibiverse".


title: Shapiro–Wilk test

text: The Shapiro–Wilk test is a test of normality in frequentist statistics. It was published in 1965 by Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin Wilk.


title: Shapiro–Wilk test

text: The Shapiro–Wilk test tests the null hypothesis that a sample "x", ..., "x" came from a normally distributed population. The test statistic is


title: Shapiro–Wilk test

text: is made of the expected values of the order statistics of independent and identically distributed random variables sampled from the standard normal distribution; finally, formula_9 is the covariance matrix of those normal order statistics.


title: Shapiro–Wilk test

text: There is no name for the distribution of formula_10. The cutoff values for the statistics are calculated through Monte Carlo simulations.


title: Shapiro–Wilk test

text: The null-hypothesis of this test is that the population is normally distributed. Thus, if the "p" value is less than the chosen alpha level, then the null hypothesis is rejected and there is evidence that the data tested are not normally distributed. On the other hand, if the "p" value is greater than the chosen alpha level, then the null hypothesis (that the data came from a normally distributed population) can not be rejected (e.g., for an alpha level of .05, a data set with a "p" value of less than .05 rejects the null hypothesis that the data are from a normally distributed population – consequently, a data set with a "p" value more than the .05 alpha value fails to reject the null hypothesis that the data is from a normally distributed population).


title: Shapiro–Wilk test

text: Like most statistical significance tests, if the sample size is sufficiently large this test may detect even trivial departures from the null hypothesis (i.e., although there may be some statistically significant effect, it may be too small to be of any practical significance); thus, additional investigation of the "effect size" is typically advisable, e.g., a Q–Q plot in this case.


title: Shapiro–Wilk test

text: Monte Carlo simulation has found that Shapiro–Wilk has the best power for a given significance, followed closely by Anderson–Darling when comparing the Shapiro–Wilk, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, and Lilliefors.


title: Shapiro–Wilk test

text: Royston proposed an alternative method of calculating the coefficients vector by providing an algorithm for calculating values that extended the sample size from 50 to 2,000. This technique is used in several software packages including GraphPad Prism, Stata, SPSS and SAS. Rahman and Govidarajulu extended the sample size further up to 5,000.


title: Geneva Bible

text: The Geneva Bible is one of the most historically significant translations of the Bible into English, preceding the King James Version by 51 years. It was the primary Bible of 16th-century English Protestantism and was used by William Shakespeare, Oliver Cromwell, John Knox, John Donne, and others. It was one of the Bibles taken to America on the "Mayflower" (Pilgrim Hall Museum has collected several Bibles of "Mayflower" passengers). The Geneva Bible was used by many English Dissenters, and it was still respected by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers at the time of the English Civil War, in the booklet "The Souldiers Pocket Bible".


title: Geneva Bible

text: This version of the Bible is significant because, for the first time, a mechanically printed, mass-produced Bible was made available directly to the general public which came with a variety of scriptural study guides and aids (collectively called an apparatus), which included verse citations that allow the reader to cross-reference one verse with numerous relevant verses in the rest of the Bible, introductions to each book of the Bible that acted to summarize all of the material that each book would cover, maps, tables, woodcut illustrations and indices.


title: Geneva Bible

text: Because the language of the Geneva Bible was more forceful and vigorous, most readers strongly preferred this version to the Great Bible. In the words of Cleland Boyd McAfee, "it drove the Great Bible off the field by sheer power of excellence".


title: Geneva Bible

text: The Geneva Bible followed the Great Bible of 1539, the first authorised Bible in English, which was the authorized Bible of the Church of England.


title: Geneva Bible

text: During the reign of Queen Mary I of England (1553–58), because Mary I was Catholic, a number of Protestant scholars fled from England to Geneva, Switzerland, which was then ruled as a republic in which John Calvin and, later, Theodore Beza, provided the primary spiritual and theological leadership. Among these scholars was William Whittingham, who supervised the translation now known as the Geneva Bible, in collaboration with Myles Coverdale, Christopher Goodman, Anthony Gilby, Thomas Sampson, and William Cole; several of this group later became prominent figures in the Vestments controversy. Whittingham was directly responsible for the New Testament, which was complete and published in 1557, while Gilby oversaw the Old Testament.


title: Geneva Bible

text: The first full edition of this Bible, with a further revised New Testament, appeared in 1560, and was published by Sir Rowland Hill of Soulton, but it was not printed in England until 1575 (New Testament) and 1576 (complete Bible). Over 150 editions were issued; the last probably in 1644. The first Bible printed in Scotland was a Geneva Bible, which was first issued in 1579. In fact, the involvement of Knox (1514-1572) and Calvin (1509-1564) in the creation of the Geneva Bible made it especially appealing in Scotland, where a law was passed in 1579 requiring every household of sufficient means to buy a copy.


title: Geneva Bible

text: Some editions from 1576 onwards included Laurence Tomson's revisions of the New Testament. Some editions from 1599 onwards used a new "Junius" version of the Book of Revelation, in which the notes were translated from a new Latin commentary by Franciscus Junius.


title: Geneva Bible

text: The annotations which are an important part of the Geneva Bible were Calvinist and Puritan in character, and as such they were disliked by the ruling pro-government Anglicans of the Church of England, as well as King James I, who commissioned the "Authorized Version", or King James Bible, in order to replace it. The Geneva Bible had also motivated the earlier production of the Bishops' Bible under Elizabeth I, for the same reason, and the later Rheims–Douai edition by the Catholic community. The Geneva Bible remained popular among Puritans and remained in widespread use until after the English Civil War. The Geneva notes were surprisingly included in a few editions of the King James version, even as late as 1715.


title: Geneva Bible

text: The Geneva Bible was the first English version to be translated entirely from the original languages of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Though the text is principally just a revision of William Tyndales earlier work of 1534, Tyndale only translated the New Testament and the Old Testament through 2 Chronicles before he was imprisoned. The English refugees living in Geneva completed the translation of the Old Testament from Hebrew to English for the first time. The work was led by William Whittingham.


title: Geneva Bible

text: The Geneva Bible was translated from scholarly editions of the Greek New Testament and the Hebrew Scriptures that comprise the Old Testament. The English rendering was substantially based on the earlier translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale (the Genevan Bible relies significantly upon Tyndale). However, the Geneva Bible was the first English version in which all of the Old Testament was translated directly from the Hebrew (cf. Coverdale Bible, Matthew Bible).


title: Geneva Bible

text: The Geneva Bible was the first English Bible to use verse numbers based on the work of Stephanus (Robert Estienne of Paris, by this point living in Geneva).


title: Geneva Bible

text: The 1560 Geneva Bible was printed in Roman type—the style of type regularly used today—but many editions used the older black-letter ("Gothic") type. Of the various later English Bible translations, the next to use Roman type was the Douay–Rheims Bible of 1582 (New Testament) and 1609–1610 (Old Testament).


title: Geneva Bible

text: It also had an elaborate system of commentary in marginal glosses. This annotation was done by Laurence Tomson, who translated (for the 1560 Geneva Bible) L'Oiseleur's notes on the Gospels, which themselves came from Camerarius. In 1576 Tomson added L'Oiseleur's notes for the Epistles, which came from Beza's Greek and Latin edition of the Bible (1565 and later). Beginning in 1599 Franciscus Junius' notes on Revelation were added, replacing the original notes deriving from John Bale and Heinrich Bullinger. Bale's "The Image of both churches" had a great effect on these notes as well as Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Both the Junius and Bullinger-Bale annotations are explicitly anti-Roman Catholic and representative of Protestant apocalypticism during the Reformation.