title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Following Soriano's death, Antonio Róxas y Gargollo was elected chairman and Andrés Soriano Jr. became president. Soriano Jr. would become chairman in 1967 and was credited with instituting modern management, including decentralization along product lines.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: The Mandaue, Cebu complex was inaugurated in 1967 – its brewery and glass plant commenced operations a year later. Soriano Jr. continued to diversify the food business, building an ice cream plant in 1970 and expanding into poultry production in 1973 (it later added shrimp processing and freezing in 1984). By 1973, SMC sales exceeded a billion pesos for the first time and profits topped the hundred-million-peso mark.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: A new corporate logo was adopted in 1975. The San Miguel "escudo" (seal), symbol of the royal grant, was retained as the logo San Miguel Beer, its original grantee.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In the 1970s, then Philippine President, Ferdinand Marcos imposed a tax on the production of coconuts, a major Philippine cash crop, with the proceeds supposed to fund that industry's development. It was alleged, however, that the money was funneled into United Coconut Planters Bank, controlled by Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., which Cojuangco then used much of the funds to help him purchase his controlling stake in San Miguel in 1983. The controlling interest carried nine of SMC's 15 directors seats with it.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: SMC encountered its first major competitor in the Philippine beer market in 1982 with the entry of Asia Brewery, Inc. The rivalry between Asia Brewery and SMC came to a head in 1988, when Asia Brewery cannily introduced a bargain-priced brand called simply, "Beer" (also known as Beer Pale Pilsen and "Beer na Beer"). The product looked and tasted like San Miguel Beer, playing upon the fact that in the Philippines, the San Miguel brand was synonymous with beer. It was a creative counter to SMC's notoriously aggressive and sometimes cutthroat competitive strategy, which had reportedly included "attempts to sabotage Asia Brewery's sales network and smash its empty bottles." Asia Brewery even hired away San Miguel's brew master.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: At that time, the original San Miguel Brewery buildings in San Miguel, Manila were demolished upon transfer of ownership to the Philippine Government as part of the Malacañang Palace grounds. The site became a park while some became part of the government complex (as the new executive building).


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In 1983, SMC sold its remaining minority interest in the Spanish company (San Miguel, Fábricas de Cerveza y Malta, S.A.) The Philippine and Spanish companies have been operated independently of one another. The Spanish company enjoyed success with San Miguel in its home market. Also, it was the number one Spanish beer exported throughout Europe. Consequently, well-travelled consumers easily confuse the two San Miguel beers, even though they are brewed by two different companies.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Soriano's administration also witnessed the battle for corporate control. A thorny issue of management transparency broke Soriano's longstanding alliance with his Zóbel de Ayala relatives. The historical corporate battle that resulted in the loss of effective control by the Sorianos and Zóbels.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In 1983, Enrique J. Zóbel (a third cousin of Soriano), president of Ayala Corporation and vice chairman of the SMC board, instigated a takeover of SMC. The seeds of the "family feud" lay in the refusal of the Soriano management to share corporate information with Zóbel, particularly regarding contracts that SMC management was entering into with ANSCOR, a Soriano company. Soriano viewed his third cousin Zóbel as a rival, while Zóbel (holding nearly 20% of SMC stake) viewed Soriano (with about 7%) as mismanaging the company and engaging in sweetheart deals. Unable to oust Soriano, Zóbel sold his group's 19.5% stake to businessman Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., an associate of then President Ferdinand Marcos. Cojuangco's Coconut Industry Investment Fund (a.k.a., United Coconut Planters Bank) accumulated an additional 31% of SMC, giving him effective control of SMC and leaving the Soriano family with a mere 3%. Funds used by Cojuangco to acquire Zóbel's stake came from levies imposed by the Marcos dictatorship on coconut farmers. The Supreme Court has declared such levies to be public funds and therefore any assets bought using these funds are owned by coconut farmers.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: After Soriano died of cancer on March 19, 1984, Cojuangco became the chairman of SMC in 1984. That same year, SMC moved to its new head office in Mandaluyong. Cojuangco brought coconut oil milling and refining operations into SMC's portfolio. His reign, however, was cut short when Marcos was toppled in 1986.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: After the People Power Revolution in 1986, Corazón Aquino, Cojuangco's estranged cousin, became president of the Philippines. Aquino rode on the crest of widespread public outrage over the assassination of her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr., in 1983. One of the people blamed for her husband's death was Cojuangco, who fled on the same aircraft as Marcos to Hawaii in 1986. The Aquino administration sequestered Cojuangco's stake in SMC and agreed to let Andrés Soriano III, son of the late Soriano, run the company in spite of the Soriano family's holdings in San Miguel being a mere 1%.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Soriano launched a campaign to reclaim the family legacy, but when he tried to buy back the abandoned shares, he was blocked by the Aquino administration's Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG). The PCGG assumed control (but not legal ownership) of the 51.4-percent stake and refused to relinquish it. The government asserted that the stake had been illegally obtained. The PCGG continued to tend its SMC stake into the early 1990s, but it acceded "de facto" control of the conglomerate to Soriano via a management contract with ANSCOR. Soriano continued the company's program of expansion, acquiring majority control of La Tondeña, Inc., the leading producer of hard liquor in the Philippines, in 1987 and adding beef and pork production (Monterey Meats) to the company's food operations in 1988.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Soriano embarked on an ambitious internationalization program, hoping to expand into other countries and mitigate the effects of the Philippines' unstable economy. He also wanted to head off encroaching competition from the world's biggest breweries, namely Anheuser-Busch and Miller of the United States, Kirin of Japan, and BSN of France.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Soriano allocated $1 billion to a five-year strategic internationalization program that focused on shaping up domestic operations, then progressing to licensing and exporting, overseas production, and finally to distribution of non-beer products.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: A subsequent decentralisation created a holding company structure, with 18 non-beer operations positioned as subsidiaries. This corporate reorganization freed the spun off businesses from the bureaucratic shackles of a large conglomerate. In the course of this multifaceted effort to attain optimum efficiency, SMC reduced its workforce by more than 16 percent, from a 1989 high of 39,138 to 32,832 by 1993.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: With its domestic "ducks in a row," SMC turned to the next stage in its internationalization, beer licensing and exporting initiative. Although the company had exported beer for most of its history, this effort was intensified dramatically in the late 1980s. SMC's beer exports grew by 150 percent from 1985 to 1989 alone, and the brand was soon exported to 24 countries, including all of Asia's key markets as well as the United States, Australia, and the Middle East.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Once the core brand was established in a particular market, SMC would begin to create production facilities, sometimes on an independent basis and sometimes in concert with an indigenous joint-venture partner. By 1995, SMC had manufacturing plants in Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, and had licensing partners in Taiwan, Guam and Nepal.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Thus, in spite of the overarching quarrel over SMC's ownership (not to mention other problems endemic to operating in the Philippines), the company's sales quintupled from P12.23 billion in 1986 to P68.43 billion by 1994. Net income increased twice as fast, from P1.11 billion to P 11.86 billion over the same period, although its overseas operations (as a whole) were not yet profitable.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In 1996 SMC purchased full control of its Hong Kong arm, San Miguel Brewery Hong Kong Ltd. In April of the following year, SMC's domestic soft-drink bottling unit, Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc., was merged into the Australia-based Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd. (CCA). In effect, SMC exchanged its 70-percent interest in a Philippine-only operation for a 25-percent stake in CCA, which had operations in 17 countries. CCA soon demerged the latter operations into a UK-based firm called Coca-Cola Beverages plc (resulting in a reduction of SMC's stake in CCA to 22 percent).


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: From 1995 through 1997, SMC suffered a downturn in its main domestic businesses, while overseas operations were still in the red. Profits plummeted. In response, a major restructuring of the company's loss-making food businesses was undertaken. SMC's Magnolia ice cream and milk business was merged with the Nestlé Philippines group, to form Magnolia-Nestlé Corporation. By late 1998, SMC's stake in this business was acquired by Nestlé. SMC also exited from the ready-to-eat meal sector and curtailed the operations of its shrimp farming business. By late 1997, the company was also beginning to feel the effects of the Asian economic crisis.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Andrés Soriano III resigned in July 1998 and Eduardo M. Cojuangco Jr. was elected chairman of San Miguel Corporation. Francisco C. Eizmendi Jr. stayed as president and Ramón S. Ang was elected vice-chairman in January 1999. Ang was appointed president and chief operating officer following the retirement of Eizmendi in 2002.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Confronted by greater competitive pressures as a result of the 1997 financial crisis, the pace of change quickened for San Miguel upon Cojuangco's return. Amid an extremely difficult operating environment, working toward configuring the corporation to have better response to the highly competitive climate of the time. The immediate goals upon assuming leadership was to ease the burden of the spiraling interest expense, pursue new strategic alliances to strengthen the business—particularly in the international arena—and strengthen its profitability and financial standing to position the company for new opportunities. Progress was made on reducing costs, improving productivity and generating cash flow.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Having installed a critical mass of brewing capacity in China, Indonesia and Vietnam, the new management decided to continue the company's investments in these areas, aggressively focusing on brand and volume building initiatives, most especially in China. SMC revamped the selling and distribution organization resulting in higher distribution efficiency, improved coverage of key accounts, greater pricing stability and reduced overall costs. In China, the company chose to focus on growth markets while still reaching close to 30 cities. Where in the past, it had primarily concentrated on the premium market it then aggressively pushed its medium and low-end brands.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: By the end of 1998, Cojuangco sold SMC's stake in Coca-Cola Beverages plc (Coca-Cola Amatil's bottler in Europe), along with SMC's 45% stake in Nestlé Philippines.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In May, the San Miguel Brewing International (SMBIL) regional headquarters was transferred from Hong Kong to Manila and to reduce overhead expenses, the employees of SMBIL were repatriated. The group-wide logistics and purchasing functions were realigned at the corporate level. The food, liquor and international operations were recapitalized. Metro Bottled Water Corporation, manufacturers of Wilkins Distilled Water, was acquired. In February 2001, SMC re-acquired control of Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. Shortly after, SMC acquired Pure Foods Corporation, becoming the undisputed market leader in the Philippines’ fast growing food industry, owning two-thirds of the refrigerated and processed meat market, and over a third of the poultry and feeds industries.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Cojuangco and Ang have also been on an international shopping spree. For the next three years, SMC bought six companies in four neighboring countries. Its first major acquisition was Australian boutique brewer J. Boag and Son for A$96 million in 2000. To shore up its war chest, SMC took in Japanese brewer Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd., which acquired a 15-percent stake in SMC, for $540 million in 2002. SMC continued its international acquisitions, paying $97 million for Thai Amarit Brewery Ltd. and $35.5 million for food processor TTC (Vietnam) Co. in 2003. In 2004, it bought 51 percent of Berri Ltd., Australia's top juicemaker, for $97.9 million. By 2004, international sales comprised 13 percent of total revenues from 10 percent the previous year. In 2005, the company made its biggest overseas acquisition with the takeover of National Foods Ltd., Australia's largest publicly traded dairy, which it bought for P80.38 billion. That was followed later in the year with its $420-million purchase of Singapore-based Del Monte Pacific Ltd., the region's largest pineapple canner. San Miguel merged National Foods' operation with Berri.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In 2006, SMC has sold its 65% stake at Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (including its subsidiaries Cosmos Bottling and Philippine Beverage Partners) to The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) for $590 million. In November 2007, SMC sold Boag's to Lion Nathan for A$325 million. The same month, SMC also sold National Foods to Kirin for ¥294 billion.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In April 2012, SMC bought a 49% minority stake in Philippine Airlines (PAL) Holdings, worth US$500 million, to revitalize PAL and Air Philippines. On September 15, 2014, SMC sold its stake in PAL holdings for approximately $1.3 billion and relinquished management control back to the group of Lucio Tan.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: SMC has also expanded its oil and energy business with the purchase of Esso Malaysia Berhad (65%), ExxonMobil Borneo Sdn Bhd (100%) and ExxonMobil Malaysia Sdn Bhd (100%) for US$577.3 million.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In October 2012, SMC bought out the 24% of its shares from the government through Coconut Industry Investment Fund (CIIF) companies by paying CIIF P57.6 billion.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: By 2017, Iñigo Zóbel, son of Enrique Zóbel, became the largest common stock shareholder of SMC owning 66.1% through his holding company, Top Frontier Investment Holdings, Inc.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In separate statements on May 30, 2016, Globe Telecom and PLDT will each acquire half of Vega Telecom from SMC for P69.1 billion. The acquisition entails P52.08 billion for 100% equity interest in Vega Telecom and the assumption of around P17.02 billion of liabilities.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: On November 6, 2017, SMC announced the consolidation of its beverage businesses into San Miguel Pure Foods Company, Inc. through a $6.6-billion share swap deal. San Miguel Pure Foods Company will acquire 7.86 billion shares in San Miguel Brewery Inc. and 216.97 million shares in Ginebra San Miguel Inc. from SMC. After the consolidation, San Miguel Pure Foods Company will be renamed San Miguel Food and Beverage, Inc.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: After the ambitious airport project in Bulacan, SMC president Ang bared plans to protect and revive some 12,000 hectares of Bulacan coastline–as part of the development of the airport. It aims to protect and revive some hectares of coastal fishing areas around the planned airport and ensure environmental sustainability within and beyond the facility—and to revive the aquaculture industry.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: On April 15, 2021, ten months following the death of Cojuangco, SMC amended its by-laws to unify the role, functions and duties of chief executive officer (CEO) to that of the president. Based on the PSE disclosure following the 2021 annual stockholders' meeting of SMC, Ang remains as vice-chairman, president (CEO) and COO of the company. As of the June 8, 2021 organizational meeting, the position of chairman of the board of directors remains vacant.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: From August to September 2022, Iñigo U. Zobel sold a total of 86.432 million shares, this reduced his ownership to 1.487 billion shares or 62.36 percent.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: San Miguel Food and Beverage (formerly San Miguel Pure Foods Company) is the largest food and beverage company in the Philippines. The company was incorporated in 1956 as Pure Foods Corporation, a manufacturer of processed meats marketed under the Purefoods brand name. In 2001, SMC acquired Pure Foods Corporation from Ayala Corporation and renamed as San Miguel Pure Foods Company, Inc. The entire food division of SMC was consolidated under San Miguel Pure Foods Company, Inc. Its integrated operations range from breeding, contract growing, processing and marketing of chicken, pork and beef to the manufacture of refrigerated, canned and ready-to-cook meat products, ice cream, butter, cheese, margarine, oils and fats, as well as animal and aquatic feeds. It holds in its portfolio some of the most formidable brands in the Philippine food industry, among them, Magnolia, Purefoods, Monterey, Star and Dari Creme. Its B-Meg and Pure Blend brands are market-leaders in the animal feeds industry. Sixty per cent of sales for San Miguel Pure Foods comes from poultry, feeds and meats; branded businesses, processed meats, coffee and dairy; and flour. As of July 16, 2013, San Miguel Pure Foods has a market share of over 40 per cent, and is the Philippines' leading poultry producer.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: On November 6, 2017, SMC announced the consolidation of its beverage businesses into San Miguel Pure Foods through a $6.6-billion share swap deal. San Miguel Pure Foods would acquire 7.86 billion shares in San Miguel Brewery Inc. and 216.97 million shares in Ginebra San Miguel Inc. from SMC. After the consolidation, San Miguel Pure Foods was renamed San Miguel Food and Beverage, Inc.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: San Miguel Properties was established in 1990 as SMC's corporate real estate arm, its current projects include mixed-use developments, with economy to middle-income housing as its core products. Among its real estate development projects are Makati Diamond Residences (Makati); Emerald 88 (Pasig), Bel Aldea, Maravilla, and Muralla (General Trias, Cavite); Dover Hill (San Juan); One Dover View and Two Dover View (Mandaluyong); and Wedgewoods (Santa Rosa, Laguna).


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: San Miguel Yamamura Packaging Corporation (SMYPC) provides packaging solutions to food, beverage, pharmaceutical, chemical and personal care manufacturers. SMYPC serves clients in the United States, Europe, Japan, and Australia among other foreign markets. SMYPC also manufactures corrugated cartons, flexible packaging, plastic crates and pallets, metal closures and two-piece aluminum cans. In China, the company produces glass containers and plastic crates, pallets and metal crowns for the domestic and export markets. SMYPC also manages a plastic crate plant in Indonesia and a glass and metal crown facility in Vietnam. In Malaysia, SMYPC operates four facilities that produce flexible packaging, plastic films, woven products and radiant barriers for higher-value and high-tech industries such as electronics, health care and logistics firms.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: SMC Global Power serves as the power arm of San Miguel Corporation. To be the largest power company, with the biggest generation capacity, and a key player in Southeast Asia. To give every Filipino the power to celebrate life.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: San Miguel Holdings Corporation, doing business as SMC Infrastructure, is the infrastructure arm of San Miguel, managing several infrastructure projects in the Philippines.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: Bank of Commerce is a universal bank in the Philippines. Founded in 1963, SMC acquired the bank in 2008. The bank is the 16th largest bank in the country in terms of total assets.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: SMC shares are also involved in the controversial Coco Levy Case (Sandiganbayan Civil Case No. 33), which is actually subdivided into a total of eight cases involving different parties and properties. Arguably the most important case is Case No. 33-F, which involves 51% of the shares of SMC. This majority stake at SMC has been further subdivided into three separate litigations, each of which reaching the Supreme Court in highly contentious proceedings.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: The first case involved 4% of SMC shares, which, in the case of "San Miguel Corporation vs. Sandiganbayan", was awarded by the Supreme Court to the government. The second case, "Republic of the Philippines vs. Sandiganbayan and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.", involved a 20% block that the Supreme Court, voting 7–4, awarded to Cojuangco. The most recent High Court pronouncement came early this year, "Philippine Coconut Producers Federation, Inc. (COCOFED) vs. Republic of the Philippines", where the Court, voting 11–0, declared that the remaining 27% of SMC is owned by the government. (Note: The 27% had been diluted to 24% due to the government's failure to subscribe to the increased authorized capital stock of SMC)


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: SMC has long been involved in commercial basketball in the Philippines beginning with the Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association (MICAA) founded in 1938, where SMC organized its first basketball team, playing under the name San Miguel Brewery. After the company changed its name to San Miguel Corporation, the team's name was changed to San Miguel Corporation Braves (or the San Miguel Braves). SMC remained with the MICAA until the league's dissolution in 1982.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: In 1975, SMC organized its second basketball team, when the company became a founding member of the Philippine Basketball Association, the first professional basketball league in Asia. The team is currently playing as the San Miguel Beermen and is currently the PBA franchise with the most championships (27).


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: SMC also owns two more PBA teams, Barangay Ginebra San Miguel and the Magnolia Hotshots, as a result of corporate acquisitions.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: After the dissolution of the MICAA in 1983, the Philippine Amateur Basketball League (PABL) – later renamed Philippine Basketball League (PBL) – was formed in 1983 to take its place as the major amateur basketball league in the Philippines. SMC was one of the league's founding members and remained until the league became dormant in 2010. Its PABL/PBL franchise won a total of nine championships.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: SMC also participated in the ASEAN Basketball League, playing as the San Miguel Beermen (ABL) from 2011 to 2013, winning one ABL championship.


title: San Miguel Corporation

text: On February 1, 2018, moments after its partnership with ABL team Alab Pilipinas was formally announced, SMC forged another tie up but this time with Colegio de San Juan de Letran and vowed to support its sports program. In the summer of 2019 the Knights joined the PBA D-League as Petron-Letran to prepare for the upcoming NCAA Season 95 tournament and on November 19, 2019, they took home the school's 18th Men's Basketball championship by beating the defending champions San Beda Red Lions.


title: Cindy Morgan

text: Cindy Morgan (born Cynthia Ann Cichorski; September 29, 1954) is an American actress known for her appearances as Lora/Yori in "Tron" and Lacey Underall in "Caddyshack".


title: Cindy Morgan

text: Morgan was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Polish and German parents. Morgan attended 12 years of Catholic school, then studied communications at Northern Illinois University, where she played records on the campus radio station. A commercial station in town invited her to report the news for them and she adopted the last name Morgan, from a story she had read about Morgan le Fay when she was 12 years old.


title: Cindy Morgan

text: After graduation, Morgan worked at a television station in Rockford, Illinois, where she forecast the weather. She kept her hand in radio by working the graveyard shift at a local rock station. She returned to Chicago and deejayed on WSDM, until quitting on air during a labor dispute at the station, walking out with a record still spinning on the turntable.


title: Cindy Morgan

text: Morgan then worked for Fiat Automobiles. She moved to Los Angeles in 1978, and became the Irish Spring girl in advertisements, while attending acting schools and workshops.


title: Cindy Morgan

text: Morgan landed her first screen role in the 1980 comedy "Caddyshack", playing the role of sexy bombshell Lacey Underall. In a 2012 interview, Morgan said of the role:


title: Cindy Morgan

text: ""Caddyshack" was my first film and I'll say that the end product was so completely different, it was originally about the caddies. So at first, I had nothing to lose to audition. It was fun. All I did was focus on making the person sweat. Look 'em in the eye, do that thing many women know how to ..."


title: Cindy Morgan

text: Morgan appeared in the 1982 hit "Tron", the first computer-generated film. She played two characters: Lora, a computer programmer in the "real" world, and Yori, her alter-ego in the film's computer-generated flights of imagination.


title: Cindy Morgan

text: Morgan has multiple television and film credits, including portraying two different roles on the primetime soap opera "Falcon Crest", Lori Chapman in season one and Gabrielle Short in seasons six and seven. Morgan also played two different characters, in two different episodes, on the television series "Matlock". Her other credits include guest and minor appearances on "The Larry Sanders Show", "Amazing Stories", "CHiPs", and a co-starring role on "Bring 'Em Back Alive".


title: Cindy Morgan

text: According to the documentary "Caddyshack: The Inside Story", Morgan was a resident of Florida and working on a book about her experiences during the making of "Caddyshack".


title: Cindy Morgan

text: Morgan did not participate in the making of "", the 2010 sequel to the 1982 film, nor does she appear in any of the retrospective materials produced in conjunction with the sequel for use in a DVD/Blu-ray reissue of the film in 2011. She did reunite with her costar Bruce Boxleitner in character as Lora, in a mock news conference on April 2, 2010, promoting the release of "Tron Legacy".


title: Cindy Morgan

text: Morgan, whose father fought in World War II, is passionate about supporting the United States military and helping to alleviate the financial hardship felt by those who have been called to serve in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. She was director of the Caddyshack Reunion Golf Tournament in 2006, which reunited some of the cast of "Caddyshack" (Morgan included), along with other celebrities. Subtitled "Playing for the Home Team" and hosted at Willow Crest Golf Club in Oak Brook, Illinois, the tournament raised funds (and awareness) to benefit the Illinois Military Family Relief Fund, an organization that helps the families of National Guard members and reservists on active duty.


title: Cindy Morgan

text: Morgan spent years in television and radio before becoming an actress. She presented the weather report at 6:00 p.m. and 10:00 p.m. in Rockford, Illinois, and weekends in Milwaukee. She was the morning drive DJ at the Chicago radio station WSDM, later "The Loop". She ran camera and was an FCC-licensed radio-station engineer. In 2006, Morgan provided the voice of Emily S. Preston in the "Night Traveler" multimedia adventure series produced by Lunar Moth Entertainment. She also voiced Ma3a in Buena Vista Interactive's PC game "Tron 2.0" in 2003.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: Jacques Joseph O'Mahoney (February 7, 1919 – December 14, 1989), known professionally as Jock Mahoney, was an American actor and stuntman. He starred in two Action/Adventure television series, "The Range Rider" and "Yancy Derringer". He played Tarzan in two feature films and was associated in various capacities with several other Tarzan productions. He was credited variously as Jacques O'Mahoney, Jock O'Mahoney, Jack Mahoney, and finally Jock Mahoney.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: Mahoney was born in Chicago, Illinois and reared in Davenport, Iowa. He was of French and Irish descent, the only child of Ruth and Charles O'Mahoney. He entered the University of Iowa in Iowa City and excelled at swimming and diving, but dropped out to enlist in the United States Marine Corps when World War II began. He served as a pilot, flight instructor, and war correspondent.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: After his discharge from the Marine Corps, Mahoney moved to Los Angeles, and for a time was a horse breeder. However, he soon became a movie stuntman, doubling for Gregory Peck, Errol Flynn, and John Wayne. Director Vincent Sherman recalled staging the climactic fight scene in his 1948 film "Adventures of Don Juan" and could find only one stuntman who was willing to leap from a high staircase in the scene. That man was Mahoney, who demanded and received $1,000 for the dangerous stunt.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: Most of Mahoney's films of the late 1940s and early 1950s were produced by Columbia Pictures. Like many Columbia contract players, Mahoney worked in the studio's two-reel comedies. Beginning in 1947, writer-director Edward Bernds cast Mahoney in slapstick comedies starring the Three Stooges. Mahoney had large speaking roles in these films, and often played his scenes for laughs. Often cast alongside heroine Christine McIntyre, Mahoney appeared in the Stooge films "Out West" (1947), "Squareheads of the Round Table" (1948) (and its 1954 remake, "Knutzy Knights"), "Fuelin' Around" (1949), and "Punchy Cowpunchers" (1950). In the Stooge films, Mahoney—striking a heroic pose—would suddenly get clumsy, tripping over something or taking sprawling pratfalls.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: Beginning in 1950, Columbia management noticed Mahoney's acting skills and gave him starring roles in two adventure serials, "Cody of the Pony Express" (1950) and "Roar of the Iron Horse" (1951). Mahoney succeeded stuntman Ted Mapes as the double for Charles Starrett in Columbia's The Durango Kid Western series. The Durango Kid wore a mask covering much of his face, enabling Mahoney to replace Starrett in the action scenes. Mahoney's daring stunts made it seem that the older Starrett grew, the more athletic he became. Mahoney contributed so much to this series that he was awarded featured billing and major supporting roles as well, first as villains and then as sympathetic characters. By 1952 Columbia was billing him as Jack Mahoney.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: When Charles Starrett's contract ran out in the spring of 1952, Columbia decided to replace him with Mahoney, opposite Starrett's sidekick Smiley Burnette. The first film was completed but never released; Columbia abandoned the series in June 1952, bringing an end to its long history of B-Western production.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: Cowboy star Gene Autry, then working at Columbia, hired Mahoney to star in a television series. Autry's Flying A Productions filmed 79 half-hour episodes of the syndicated "The Range Rider" from 1951 to 1953. In 1959, a lost episode was shown six years after the series ended. He was billed as Jack Mahoney. The character had no name other than Range Rider. His series co-star was Dick Jones, playing the role of Dick West.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: In the 1958 Western film "Money, Women and Guns", Mahoney played the starring role. The film also starred Kim Hunter.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: For the 1958 television season, he starred in the outdoor-adventure series"Yancy Derringer" for 34 episodes, which aired on CBS. Yancy Derringer was a gentleman adventurer living in New Orleans, Louisiana, after the American Civil War. He had a Pawnee Indian companion named Pahoo Katchewa ("Wolf Who Stands in Water"), who did not speak, played by X Brands. Pahoo had saved the life of Derringer, and thereafter was responsible for Derringer's life.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: In 1948, Mahoney auditioned to play Tarzan after the departure of Johnny Weissmuller, but the role went to Lex Barker.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: In 1960, he appeared as Coy Banton, a villain, in "Tarzan the Magnificent", starring Gordon Scott. Mahoney's strong presence, work ethic, and lean (6 foot, 4 inch, 220 pounds) frame impressed producer Sy Weintraub, who wanted a "new look" for the fabled apeman.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: In 1962, Mahoney became the 13th actor to portray Tarzan when he appeared in "Tarzan Goes to India", shot on location in India. A year later, he again played the role in "Tarzan's Three Challenges", shot in Thailand. When this film was released, Mahoney, at 44, became the oldest actor to play the jungle king, surpassing Weissmuller and P. Dempsey Tabler, a record that still stands. Dysentery and dengue fever plagued Mahoney during the shoot in the Thai jungles, and his weight plummeted to 175 pounds. He needed a year and a half to regain his health. Owing to his health problems and the fact that producer Weintraub had decided to go for a "younger look" for the apeman, his contract was mutually dissolved.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: Mahoney made three appearances on the Ron Ely "Tarzan" series--"The Ultimate Weapon" (1966), "The Deadly Silence" (1966) (a two-part episode, later edited into a "feature film"), and "Mask of Rona" (1967).


title: Jock Mahoney

text: In 1981, Mahoney returned to the Tarzan film series as the stunt coordinator on the John Derek-directed remake of "Tarzan, the Ape Man". He was billed as "Jack O'Mahoney".


title: Jock Mahoney

text: Mahoney was cast as an engineer, Andy Prentis, in the 1954 episode, "Husband Pro-Tem," on the syndicated anthology series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, Prentis is hired by a railroad executive, Alonzo Phelps (Howard Negley) (1898–1983) to negotiate a private agreement with the Indian Chief Black Hawk (Lane Bradford) so that a railroad can be constructed across Indian lands. In his assignment, Prentis soon romantically tangles with Phelps' daughter, Evelyn (Gloria Marshall). In February 1953, Mahoney co-starred with his wife Margaret Field in the "Death Valley Days" episode "Swamper Ike".


title: Jock Mahoney

text: In 1960, Mahoney guest-starred in the "Rawhide" episode "Incident of the Sharpshooter". He also appeared in television guest-starring roles on such series as "Batman", the Ron Ely "Tarzan" series, "Hawaii Five-O", "Laramie", and "The Streets of San Francisco". In 1973, he suffered a stroke at age 54 while filming an episode of "Kung Fu", but he recovered.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: In the 1980s, Mahoney made guest appearances on the television series "B. J. and the Bear" and "The Fall Guy". During the final years of his life, he was a popular guest at film conventions and autograph shows.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: Mahoney died of a second stroke at age 70 on December 14, 1989, two days after being involved in an automobile accident in Bremerton, Washington. His ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: A tribute to Mahoney entitled "Coming Home" was published on the website of marksman Joe Bowman of Houston, a close Mahoney friend. On February 6, 1990, the poem was read at a memorial tribute to Mahoney held at the Sportsmen's Lodge in Studio City, California. More than 350 attended, including Bowman. The reading was conducted by Mahoney's widow, Autumn O'Mahoney.


title: Jock Mahoney

text: Mahoney was married three times, with three children and five stepchildren. His first wife was Lorraine O'Donnell, with whom he had two children, Kathleen O'Mahoney and Jim O'Mahoney, before their divorce. He next married actress Margaret Field in 1952. Their daughter, Princess O'Mahoney, was born six months later. Margaret Field already had two young children, Richard D. Field and Sally Field, from her first marriage. Mahoney and Field divorced in June 1968. In her 2018 memoir, "In Pieces", Sally Field wrote that Mahoney subjected her to sexual abuse throughout her childhood. In 1979, Mahoney married actress Autumn Russell, who had three children, Carl Botefuhr, Jr., Angela Botefuhr, and Andrea Botefuhr. They remained together until his death.


title: Mediastinum

text: The mediastinum (from ) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. Surrounded by loose connective tissue, it is an undelineated region that contains a group of structures within the thorax, namely the heart and its vessels, the esophagus, the trachea, the phrenic and cardiac nerves, the thoracic duct, the thymus and the lymph nodes of the central chest.


title: Mediastinum

text: The mediastinum lies within the thorax and is enclosed on the right and left by pleurae. It is surrounded by the chest wall in front, the lungs to the sides and the spine at the back. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind. It contains all the organs of the thorax except the lungs. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck.


title: Mediastinum

text: Anatomists, surgeons, and clinical radiologists compartmentalize the mediastinum differently. For instance, in the radiological scheme of Felson, there are only three compartments (anterior, middle, and posterior), and the heart is part of the middle (inferior) mediastinum.


title: Mediastinum

text: The transverse thoracic plane, thoracic plane, plane of Louis or plane of Ludwig is an important anatomical plane at the level of the sternal angle and the T4/T5 intervertebral disc. It serves as an imaginary boundary that separates the superior and inferior mediastinum.


title: Mediastinum

text: A number of important anatomical structures and transitions occur at the level of the thoracic plane, including:


title: Mediastinum

text: Bounded: pericardial sac – It contains the vital organs and is classified into the serous and fibrous pericardium.


title: Mediastinum

text: Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum, usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. As the infection can progress very quickly, this is a serious condition.


title: Mediastinum

text: Pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum, which in some cases can lead to pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum, and pneumopericardium if left untreated. However, that does not always occur and sometimes those conditions are actually the cause, not the result, of pneumomediastinum. These conditions frequently accompany Boerhaave syndrome, or spontaneous esophageal rupture.


title: Mediastinum

text: "Widened mediastinum/mediastinal widening" is where the mediastinum has a width greater than 6 cm on an upright PA chest X-ray or 8 cm on supine AP chest film.


title: Catalase

text: Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one catalase molecule can convert millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules to water and oxygen each second.


title: Catalase

text: Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 amino acids long. It contains four iron-containing heme groups that allow the enzyme to react with hydrogen peroxide. The optimum pH for human catalase is approximately 7, and has a fairly broad maximum: the rate of reaction does not change appreciably between pH 6.8 and 7.5. The pH optimum for other catalases varies between 4 and 11 depending on the species. The optimum temperature also varies by species.


title: Catalase

text: Human catalase forms a tetramer composed of four subunits, each of which can be conceptually divided into four domains. The extensive core of each subunit is generated by an eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel (β1-8), with nearest neighbor connectivity capped by β-barrel loops on one side and α9 loops on the other. A helical domain at one face of the β-barrel is composed of four C-terminal helices (α16, α17, α18, and α19) and four helices derived from residues between β4 and β5 (α4, α5, α6, and α7). Alternative splicing may result in different protein variants.


title: Catalase

text: Catalase was first noticed in 1818 by Louis Jacques Thénard, who discovered hydrogen peroxide (HO). Thénard suggested its breakdown was caused by an unknown substance. In 1900, Oscar Loew was the first to give it the name catalase, and found it in many plants and animals. In 1937 catalase from beef liver was crystallized by James B. Sumner and Alexander Dounce and the molecular weight was measured in 1938.


title: Catalase

text: The amino acid sequence of bovine catalase was determined in 1969, and the three-dimensional structure in 1981.


title: Catalase

text: While the complete mechanism of catalase is not currently known, the reaction is believed to occur in two stages:


title: Catalase

text: Here Fe()-E represents the iron center of the heme group attached to the enzyme. Fe(IV)-E(.+) is a mesomeric form of Fe(V)-E, meaning the iron is not completely oxidized to +V, but receives some stabilising electron density from the heme ligand, which is then shown as a radical cation (.+).


title: Catalase

text: As hydrogen peroxide enters the active site, it does not interact with the amino acids Asn148 (asparagine at position 148) and His75, causing a proton (hydrogen ion) to transfer between the oxygen atoms. The free oxygen atom coordinates, freeing the newly formed water molecule and Fe(IV)=O. Fe(IV)=O reacts with a second hydrogen peroxide molecule to reform Fe(III)-E and produce water and oxygen. The reactivity of the iron center may be improved by the presence of the phenolate ligand of Tyr358 in the fifth coordination position, which can assist in the oxidation of the Fe(III) to Fe(IV). The efficiency of the reaction may also be improved by the interactions of His75 and Asn148 with reaction intermediates. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase proceeds according to first-order kinetics, the rate being proportional to the hydrogen peroxide concentration.


title: Catalase

text: Catalase can also catalyze the oxidation, by hydrogen peroxide, of various metabolites and toxins, including formaldehyde, formic acid, phenols, acetaldehyde and alcohols. It does so according to the following reaction:


title: Catalase

text: Any heavy metal ion (such as copper cations in copper(II) sulfate) can act as a noncompetitive inhibitor of catalase. However, "Copper deficiency can lead to a reduction in catalase activity in tissues, such as heart and liver." Furthermore, the poison cyanide is a noncompetitive inhibitor of catalase at high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide.


title: Catalase

text: Arsenate acts as an activator. Three-dimensional protein structures of the peroxidated catalase intermediates are available at the Protein Data Bank.


title: Catalase

text: Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful byproduct of many normal metabolic processes; to prevent damage to cells and tissues, it must be quickly converted into other, less dangerous substances. To this end, catalase is frequently used by cells to rapidly catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into less-reactive gaseous oxygen and water molecules.


title: Catalase

text: Mice genetically engineered to lack catalase are initially phenotypically normal. However, catalase deficiency in mice may increase the likelihood of developing obesity, fatty liver, and type 2 diabetes. Some humans have very low levels of catalase (acatalasia), yet show few ill effects.


title: Catalase

text: The increased oxidative stress that occurs with aging in mice is alleviated by over-expression of catalase. Over-expressing mice do not exhibit the age-associated loss of spermatozoa, testicular germ and Sertoli cells seen in wild-type mice. Oxidative stress in wild-type mice ordinarily induces oxidative DNA damage (measured as 8-oxodG) in sperm with aging, but these damages are significantly reduced in aged catalase over-expressing mice. Furthermore, these over-expressing mice show no decrease in age-dependent number of pups per litter. Overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria extends the lifespan of mice.


title: Catalase

text: In eukaryotes, catalase is usually located in a cellular organelle called the peroxisome. Peroxisomes in plant cells are involved in photorespiration (the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (the breaking apart of diatomic nitrogen (N) to reactive nitrogen atoms). Hydrogen peroxide is used as a potent antimicrobial agent when cells are infected with a pathogen. Catalase-positive pathogens, such as "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "Legionella pneumophila", and "Campylobacter jejuni", make catalase to deactivate the peroxide radicals, thus allowing them to survive unharmed within the host.


title: Catalase

text: Like alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, but it is unlikely that this reaction is physiologically significant.


title: Catalase

text: The large majority of known organisms use catalase in every organ, with particularly high concentrations occurring in the liver in mammals. Catalase is found primarily in peroxisomes and the cytosol of erythrocytes (and sometimes in mitochondria)


title: Catalase

text: Almost all aerobic microorganisms use catalase. It is also present in some anaerobic microorganisms, such as "Methanosarcina barkeri". Catalase is also universal among plants and occurs in most fungi.


title: Catalase

text: One unique use of catalase occurs in the bombardier beetle. This beetle has two sets of liquids that are stored separately in two paired glands. The larger of the pair, the storage chamber or reservoir, contains hydroquinones and hydrogen peroxide, while the smaller, the reaction chamber, contains catalases and peroxidases. To activate the noxious spray, the beetle mixes the contents of the two compartments, causing oxygen to be liberated from hydrogen peroxide. The oxygen oxidizes the hydroquinones and also acts as the propellant. The oxidation reaction is very exothermic (ΔH = −202.8 kJ/mol) and rapidly heats the mixture to the boiling point.


title: Catalase

text: Long-lived queens of the termite "Reticulitermes speratus" have significantly lower oxidative damage to their DNA than non-reproductive individuals (workers and soldiers). Queens have more than two times higher catalase activity and seven times higher expression levels of the catalase gene RsCAT1 than workers. It appears that the efficient antioxidant capability of termite queens can partly explain how they attain longer life.


title: Catalase

text: Catalase enzymes from various species have vastly differing optimum temperatures. Poikilothermic animals typically have catalases with optimum temperatures in the range of 15-25 °C, while mammalian or avian catalases might have optimum temperatures above 35 °C, and catalases from plants vary depending on their growth habit. In contrast, catalase isolated from the hyperthermophile archaeon "Pyrobaculum calidifontis" has a temperature optimum of 90 °C.


title: Catalase

text: Catalase is used in the food industry for removing hydrogen peroxide from milk prior to cheese production. Another use is in food wrappers, where it prevents food from oxidizing. Catalase is also used in the textile industry, removing hydrogen peroxide from fabrics to make sure the material is peroxide-free.


title: Catalase

text: A minor use is in contact lens hygiene – a few lens-cleaning products disinfect the lens using a hydrogen peroxide solution; a solution containing catalase is then used to decompose the hydrogen peroxide before the lens is used again.


title: Catalase

text: The catalase test is one of the three main tests used by microbiologists to identify species of bacteria. If the bacteria possess catalase (i.e., are catalase-positive), when a small amount of bacterial isolate is added to hydrogen peroxide, bubbles of oxygen are observed. The catalase test is done by placing a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a microscope slide. An applicator stick is touched to the colony, and the tip is then smeared onto the hydrogen peroxide drop.


title: Catalase

text: While the catalase test alone cannot identify a particular organism, it can aid identification when combined with other tests such as antibiotic resistance. The presence of catalase in bacterial cells depends on both the growth condition and the medium used to grow the cells.


title: Catalase

text: Capillary tubes may also be used. A small sample of bacteria is collected on the end of the capillary tube, without blocking the tube, to avoid false negative results. The opposite end is then dipped into hydrogen peroxide, which is drawn into the tube through capillary action, and turned upside down, so that the bacterial sample points downwards. The hand holding the tube is then tapped on the bench, moving the hydrogen peroxide down until it touches the bacteria. If bubbles form on contact, this indicates a positive catalase result. This test can detect catalase-positive bacteria at concentrations above about 10 cells/mL, and is simple to use.


title: Catalase

text: Neutrophils and other phagocytes use peroxide to kill bacteria. The enzyme NADPH oxidase generates superoxide within the phagosome, which is converted via hydrogen peroxide to other oxidising substances like hypochlorous acid which kill phagocytosed pathogens. In individuals with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), phagocytic peroxide production is impaired due to a defective NADPH oxidase system. Normal cellular metabolism will still produce a small amount of peroxide and this peroxide can be used to produce hypochlorous acid to eradicate the bacterial infection. However, if individuals with CGD are infected with catalase-positive bacteria, the bacterial catalase can destroy the excess peroxide before it can be used to produce other oxidising substances. In these individuals the pathogen survives and becomes a chronic infection. This chronic infection is typically surrounded by macrophages in an attempt to isolate the infection. This wall of macrophages surrounding a pathogen is called a granuloma. Many bacteria are catalase positive, but some are better catalase-producers than others. Some catalase-positive bacteria and fungi include: nocardia, pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, E. coli, staphylococcus, serratia, B. cepacia and H. pylori.


title: Catalase

text: Acatalasia is a condition caused by homozygous mutations in CAT, resulting in a lack of catalase. Symptoms are mild and include oral ulcers. A heterozygous CAT mutation results in lower, but still present catalase.


title: Catalase

text: Low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process of human hair. Hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body and broken down by catalase. Hydrogen peroxide can accumulate in hair follicles and if catalase levels decline, this buildup can cause oxidative stress and graying. These low levels of catalase are associated with old age. Hydrogen peroxide interferes with the production of melanin, the pigment that gives hair its color.


title: Catalase

text: Catalase has been shown to interact with the "ABL2" and "Abl" genes. Infection with the murine leukemia virus causes catalase activity to decline in the lungs, heart and kidneys of mice. Conversely, dietary fish oil increased catalase activity in the heart, and kidneys of mice.


title: Catalase

text: In 1870, Schoenn discovered a formation of yellow color from the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with molybdate; then, from the middle of the 20th century, this reaction began to be used for colorimetric determination of unreacted hydrogen peroxide in the catalase activity assay. The reaction became widely used after publications by Korolyuk et al. (1988) and Goth (1991).


title: Catalase

text: Direct UV measurement of the decrease in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is also widely used after the publications by Beers & Sizer and Aebi.


title: Patty Griffin

text: Patricia Jean Griffin (born March 16, 1964) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. She is a vocalist and plays guitar and piano. She is known for her stripped-down songwriting style in the folk music genre. Her songs have been covered by numerous musicians, including Emmylou Harris, Ellis Paul, Kelly Clarkson, Rory Block, Dave Hause, Sugarland, Bette Midler and The Chicks.


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2007, Griffin received the Artist of the Year award from the Americana Music Association, and her album "Children Running Through" won the award for Best Album. In 2011, Griffin's album "Downtown Church" won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Gospel Album and her 2019 self-titled album won the Grammy Award for Best Folk Album.


title: Patty Griffin

text: Griffin is from Old Town, Maine, United States, next to the Penobscot Native American reservation. The youngest child in her family, with six older siblings, she bought a guitar for $50 at age 16. She sang and played but had no inclination to become a professional musician. After a 6-year marriage, which ended in 1994, Griffin began playing in Boston coffee houses and was "scouted" by A&M Records, which signed her on the strength of her demo tape. When the finished studio recordings were submitted to A&M, the company executives thought it was overproduced, so producer Nile Rodgers and A&M instead released a stripped-down reworking of her demo tape as the album "Living with Ghosts."


title: Patty Griffin

text: Griffin's second album, "Flaming Red", released in 1998, was a departure from the acoustic sound of "Living with Ghosts", with a mix of mellow songs and high-tempo rock and roll songs. The title track, "Flaming Red", is an example of the latter, beginning with an even beat until it increases to a fevered pitch of emotion. Another song from the album, "Tony", is also featured on the charity benefit album "Live in the X Lounge".


title: Patty Griffin

text: Her third album, "Silver Bell", has a sound similar to its predecessor. It was released by A&M in 2013, 13 years after it was recorded (and well after bootlegged copies had been circulated). A&M dropped Griffin's contract after "Silver Bell" was recorded, and she was then signed by Dave Matthews's ATO Records. Griffin re-recorded songs from that album for later releases, such as "Making Pies", "Mother of God", "Standing", and "Top of the World". Copies of the unreleased "Silver Bell" were leaked and bootlegged and can be easily acquired by the B&P (blanks and postage) method on message boards. In August 2013, it was announced that UM planned to release "Silver Bell", mixed by producer Glyn Johns, in October 2013.


title: Patty Griffin

text: Four albums followed on ATO: "1000 Kisses" (2002), "A Kiss in Time" (2003), "Impossible Dream" (2004), and "Children Running Through" (2007).


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2004, Griffin toured with Emmylou Harris, Buddy Miller, Gillian Welch and David Rawlings as the Sweet Harmony Traveling Revue. On February 6, 2007, she released "Children Running Through". The album debuted at number 34 on the "Billboard" 200, with 27,000 copies sold. Of the album, Griffin told "Gibson Lifestyle", "I just kind of felt like singing what I wanted to sing, and playing how I wanted to play. It's not all dark and tragic. It's a different way for me to look at things. Getting old—older, I should say, I'm not so serious all the time." It was also said that the album was inspired by her childhood.


title: Patty Griffin

text: Griffin's songs have been recorded by numerous artists, including the Irish-born singer Maura O'Connell ("Long Ride Home"), Linda Ronstadt ("Falling Down"), The Chicks ("Truth No. 2", "Top of the World", "Let Him Fly", "Mary"), Bette Midler, Melissa Ferrick and Missy Higgins ("Moses"), Beth Nielsen Chapman, Christine Collister, and Mary Chapin Carpenter ("Dear Old Friend"), Jessica Simpson ("Let Him Fly"), Martina McBride ("Goodbye"), Emmylou Harris ("One Big Love", "Moon Song"), Bethany Joy Galeotti ("Blue Sky"), the Wreckers ("One More Girl"), Keri Noble and Ruthie Foster ("When It Don't Come Easy"), Joan Osborne ("What You Are"), Solomon Burke ("Up to the Mountain"), and Miranda Lambert ("Getting Ready"). Kelly Clarkson performed "Up to the Mountain" with Jeff Beck on guitar, accompanied by some orchestration on the "Idol Gives Back" episode of "American Idol", and the live recording was released as a single immediately afterwards, reaching number 56 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in its first week and giving Griffin her highest-charting position as a songwriter. (The audience gave Clarkson a standing ovation following her performance.) Griffin's version of the song was featured in episode 11 of the fourth season of the ABC television show "Grey's Anatomy".


title: Patty Griffin

text: In September 2008, Griffin sang "You Got Growing Up to Do" in a duet with indie artist Joshua Radin on his album "Simple Times". In October 2008, she sang background vocals on Todd Snider's cover of John Fogerty's "Fortunate Son" for Snider's "Peace Queer" album. In February 2009, she was featured on the album "Feel That Fire", by Dierks Bentley, in a duet on the song "Beautiful World". In 2009, Griffin, along with Mavis Staples and the Tri-City Singers released a version of the song "Waiting for My Child to Come Home" on the compilation album "".


title: Patty Griffin

text: The collaboration with Staples led EMI's Peter York to suggest Griffin make an album of gospel songs. Griffin agreed on the condition that friend and bandmate Buddy Miller produced the record. The album, "Downtown Church" (her sixth studio album), recorded at the Downtown Presbyterian Church in Nashville, was released on January 26, 2010. The album, featuring Shawn Colvin, Emmylou Harris, and Griffin's long-time friends Buddy and Julie Miller, contains songs by Hank Williams, Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton, and "All Creatures of Our God and King" (credited to St. Francis of Assisi).


title: Patty Griffin

text: In July 2010, Robert Plant toured the United States with Band of Joy (reprising the name of his band in the 1960s), with Griffin as a backing vocalist and singer-guitarist Buddy Miller, multi-instrumentalist and vocalist Darrell Scott, bassist-vocalist Byron House, and drummer-percussionist-vocalist Marco Giovino. She is also featured on Plant's solo album "Band of Joy", released in September 2010 by Rounder Records.


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2014 Griffin parted with Plant after a long relationship; they had lived together and divided their time between Austin, Texas, and England. In 2019, Griffin released "River", a track from her upcoming self-titled album and her first new music since battling breast cancer. "Patty Griffin" was released on March 8, 2019.


title: Patty Griffin

text: On January 11, 2019, along with an official announcement of her new album release (on her PGM Recordings label via Thirty Tigers), a new song, "River", she announced a spring 2019 concert tour


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 1997, Griffin's song "Not Alone", from the album "Living with Ghosts", was used in the final scene and ending credits for the 1997 film "Niagara, Niagara". It was also used at the end of episode 6 ("Believers") of season 1 of the television series "Crossing Jordan", broadcast on October 29, 2001; on the 2009 release of the soundtrack from the television series "Without a Trace"; and at the end of episode 12 of season 10 of the television series "NCIS", which aired on January 15, 2013.


title: Patty Griffin

text: Griffin has appeared in several movies, including "Cremaster 2" and Cameron Crowe's "Elizabethtown", the soundtrack of which includes her song "Long Ride Home" and a cover of "Moon River", by Johnny Mercer and Henry Mancini.


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 1997 her song "One Big Love", from the album "Flaming Red", was used in the final scenes and credits of the film "Digging to China".


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2004, her song "Rowing Song" was used in episode 9 ("The Trick Is to Keep Breathing") of season 2 of the television series "One Tree Hill".


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2005, her songs "Cold As It Gets", "Rowing Song" and "Forgiveness" were featured in Tim Kirkman's film "Loggerheads" starring Bonnie Hunt, Tess Harper, Chris Sarandon, Michael Learned, Kip Pardue, and Michael Kelly. Only "Cold As It Gets" and "Forgiveness" appear on its soundtrack.


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2006, her song "Rain" was used in episode 17 ("The Skull in the Desert") of season 1 of the television series "Bones".


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2007, her song “Heavenly Day” was featured prominently at the end of episode 16 (“Promise”) of season 6 of the television series “Smallville”.


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2007, the Atlantic Theater Company produced "10 Million Miles", an off-Broadway musical, directed by Michael Mayer, with music and lyrics by Griffin.


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2009, her song "Mary" was used in episode 10 of season 2 of "Sons of Anarchy", and "When It Don't Come Easy" closed out season 2, episode 8 of "In Plain Sight".


title: Patty Griffin

text: Griffin's first DVD, "Patty Griffin: Live From the Artists Den", was filmed on February 6, 2007, at the Angel Orensanz Foundation for the Arts on New York's Lower East Side and released later that year. Selections from the DVD were featured on the program "Live from the Artists Den" on Ovation TV, beginning January 24, 2008.


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2007, Griffin was named Artist of the Year by the Americana Music Association, the top honor bestowed by the association, and her album "Children Running Through" was selected as Best Album. At the awards ceremony she performed "Trapeze" with Emmylou Harris harmonizing.


title: Patty Griffin

text: On June 13, 2008, Griffin performed an acoustic-in-the-round set in Nashville with Kris Kristofferson and Randy Owen (Alabama), for a taping of a PBS songwriters series aired in December 2008. Each of them played five songs; Griffin performed "Top of the World," "Making Pies," "No Bad News," "Up to the Mountain," and "Mary."


title: Patty Griffin

text: In May 2013, her song "Heavenly Day" was used in a commercial for Chevy's new Volt line of automobile, entitled "Volt: Silent Statement".


title: Patty Griffin

text: In May 2015, her song "Go Wherever You Wanna Go" was used in episode 22 of season 10 of the television series "Supernatural".


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2015, the song "Let him fly" was a turning point for Nick Yarris in the documentary "The Fear of Thirteen".


title: Patty Griffin

text: In 2018, the song "Heavenly Day" was featured in episode 5 of season one in the Netflix series "Haunting of Hill House".


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Alexander Yevgenievich Lebedev (; born 16 December 1959) is a Russian businessman, and has been referred to as one of the Russian oligarchs. Until 1992, he was an officer in the First Chief Directorate (Foreign Intelligence) of the Soviet Union′s KGB and later one of the KGB's successor-agencies, Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR).


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In early 2008, he was listed as the 39th richest Russian, and worth an estimated US$3.1 billion by "Forbes" magazine, but by October 2008 he was worth $300 million. In March 2012, "Forbes" estimated his fortune at US$1.1 billion. His fortune has since declined, and he is no longer considered to be a billionaire. He is part owner of the Russian newspaper "Novaya Gazeta" and owner of two UK newspapers with his son Evgeny Lebedev: the "Evening Standard" and "The Independent".


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In May 2022 Lebedev was put on Canada's sanctions list following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. He was separately reported to have met Vyacheslav Dukhin, a senior Russian government official, weeks before the invasion.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev was born in Moscow. His parents were part of the Moscow intelligentsia. His father, Yevgeny Nikolaevich Lebedev, was an elite athlete: a member of the Soviet national water polo team, and later a professor at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow's highest technical school. After graduating from Moscow Pedagogic Institute, Lebedev's mother, Maria Sergeyevna, worked in a rural Sakhalin school and later taught English in a Moscow tertiary school.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In 1977, Lebedev entered the Department of Economics at Moscow State Institute of International Relations. After he graduated in 1982, Lebedev began working at the Institute of Economics of the World Socialist System doing research for his Kandidat (between master's degree and doctorate) dissertation, "The problems of debt and the challenges of globalization".


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev transferred to the First Chief Directorate (Foreign Intelligence) of the KGB. According to "The Sunday Times", as a KGB spy, he was based at the Soviet embassy in London from 1988, bringing his son, Evgeny Lebedev, with him. At the embassy, he worked on economic issues with Andrey Kostin who was also at the embassy until 1990. He worked for the KGB's successor, the Foreign Intelligence Service, until 1992.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: According to a report presented by the Italian "External Intelligence and Security Agency" to the parliamentary oversight committee (Copasir), Lebedev's resignation from the FSB might have been fictitious and he "continued to participate in annual KGB meetings". Moreover, "He would have started his business activity while still in the service of the KGB and using the funds he had acquired as an agent", the report noted.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Upon leaving the Russian intelligence community, Lebedev set up his first company, the Russian Investment-Finance Company. In 1995 this bought the National Reserve Bank, a small Russian bank which was in trouble at the time. The bank subsequently grew rapidly to become one of Russia's largest banks. Among the bank's assets were:


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: The bank is the core of the group of companies holding National Reserve Corporation, that according to Lebedev's personal site owns around US$2 billion of assets. In March 2006, "Forbes" estimates Lebedev's fortune as high as US$3.5 billion, but as of July 2013 he dropped out of the billionaires list and is no longer a billionaire.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: The National Reserve Corporation included the National Land Company (the biggest potato producer in Russia), National Housing Corporation (construction of affordable houses), National Mortgage Company (Национальная Ипотечная Компания), as well as interests in textiles, telecommunications, trams and trolleybuses, electrical power, chemical and tourist industries owning a large hotel network in Crimea and plan to create the National Reserve Park that would manage diverse tourist enterprises in Russia, Ukraine and France.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev used to own the "Moskovski Korrespondent", but according to Channel 4's "Dispatches" programme, Lebedev closed it down for publishing an article about Vladimir Putin having an affair with Alina Kabayeva.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: On 21 January 2009, Lebedev and his company Evening Press Corporation, part of Lebedev Holdings, bought approximately a 75.1% of share in the "Evening Standard" newspaper for £1. The previous owners, the Daily Mail and General Trust, continue to hold 24.9% in the company in the new firm, named Evening Standard Ltd. Lebedev promised not to interfere with the editorial running of the paper. Lebedev commented that during his time as a spy in London, he used the "Evening Standard" to find information. Paul Dacre, the editor-in-chief of the "Evening Standard" at the time of the sale said: "It's a very sad day for the paper, it's a very sad day for the Rothermeres. We are very sorry that it leaked out, we had no control over that. Everyone's been working very hard and there's a lot of hope for the future of the "Evening Standard"."


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In 2009, he entered into exclusive negotiations with Independent News & Media to buy the company's British national newspapers, "The Independent" and "The Independent on Sunday". Before the purchase was completed, his representatives offered the editorship of "The Independent" to Rod Liddle. The offer was withdrawn after Liddle's putative appointment was opposed by the newspaper's staff and by an online campaign. On 25 March 2010, Lebedev bought "The Independent" and "Independent on Sunday" for £1.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In 2012, National Reserve Bank (NRB) faced difficulties: corporate deposits decreased by 2.2bn rubles, retail deposits by 1.2bn rubles. 20% of the bank's liabilities had run off by the end of January 2012. In March 2012, two top managers left the bank.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: On 5 November 2012, Lebedev announced he would close all the regional offices of the National Reserve Bank and sell off the real estate as well as 75% of the bank's loan portfolio, worth 16.8bn rubles ($542m). Also in November 2012, Lebedev announced that he was selling off his assets in Russia.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In 2019, Lebedev invested in the Emperium shipbuilding project, which produces electric-powered passenger ships. The first vessel, the Ekovolt catamaran, was launched in St. Petersburg in June 2020.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In 2021, Lebedev launched a project in the industry of decentralized finance – a cryptocurrency platform branded "Independent Decentralized Finance SmartBank & Ecosystem" (InDeFi SmartBank).


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In September 2011, while appearing on a Russian television programme, he punched a fellow guest, billionaire property developer Sergei Polonsky. Lebedev said afterwards that he had reacted to Polonsky's threat of violence towards him. Lebedev was later charged with disorderly conduct and sentenced to community service for that incident.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In 2003, Lebedev stood as a candidate for elections to the Mayoralty of Moscow and the State Duma. He received 13% in the Mayoral elections, losing to Yuriy Luzhkov, but won a seat in the State Duma on the Rodina party list (he was actually number one on the Moscow regional list of the party). He remained in the Duma until 2007, when new elections were held. In the Duma, he initially moved from nationalist Rodina to the pro-Government United Russia faction, but after Rodina was merged into the larger social-democratic coalition Fair Russia, he made his return.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev was formerly the Vice Chairman of Duma's committee on the Commonwealth of Independent States, the coordinator of Duma's group on interactions with Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and the coordinator of the State Duma group dealing with the city.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev, together with the former President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, is a co-owner of "Novaya Gazeta", one of the most vocal newspapers critical of the current Russian Government.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev is a founder and the President of the National Investment Council, a non-political and non-government organization working to improve the investment sentiments in Russia, protecting interests of the Russian business abroad, and fighting the negative sentiments towards Russian business.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In September 2008, Russian politician Mikhail Gorbachev announced he was going to make a comeback to Russian politics along with Lebedev. Their party was called the Independent Democratic Party of Russia.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: In March 2009, Lebedev announced that he would be running for mayor of Sochi, host of the 2014 Winter Olympics, but a court ruling declared his candidacy invalid on 13 April 2009. The court ruling was a result of a complaint by another candidate, Vladimir Turukhanovsky, that Lebedev's campaign received three donations from minors that is forbidden by Russian electoral law. According to the chief of Lebedev's electoral campaign, Artyom Artyomov, the three teenagers were led to Sberbank by a staff member of the Sochi council, given 500 rubles each (approximately $20), and told to donate the money to Lebedev's campaign. His campaigners sent the money back the same day it was received but still it was found sufficient to disqualify his candidacy. Lebedev said that he intended to appeal the court's decision.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev publicly supported the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea. In 2017 he held a media symposium in his hotel complex in Alushta, Crimea (so he claimed) "to correct an impression of Crimea put out by a biased western media".


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev was described by "The New York Times" as an oligarch as recently as 2020, when his son Evgeny was nominated for a life peerage by UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev has a long history of supporting culture and charity, and created an organization named Charitable Reserve Fund (Благотворительный Резервный Фонд, BRF) to bring order to these activities. Among the organizations and projects he (or BRF) have sponsored are:


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev was awarded the Saint Innokenty of Moscow Order by the Russian Orthodox Church and the "Dialogue of Cultures" medal by UNESCO.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev's first wife was Natalia Sokolova, daughter of the scientist Vladimir Sokolov, with whom he has one child, Evgeny Lebedev. They separated in 1998. Evgeny Lebedev has sat in the House of Lords as a crossbench life peer since 19 November, 2020


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Since 2005, Lebedev's partner has been Elena Perminova, a former model; some sources report they are married while others say they are engaged. They have four children together, three sons and a daughter.


title: Alexander Lebedev

text: Lebedev holds lavish social events, with guests including Mick Jagger, Eddie Izzard, Ian McKellen, Keira Knightley, Joan Collins and Ralph Fiennes, and the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Russian foreign ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova.


title: SAE steel grades

text: The SAE steel grades system is a standard alloy numbering system (SAE J1086 - Numbering Metals and Alloys) for steel grades maintained by SAE International.


title: SAE steel grades

text: In the 1930s and 1940s, the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and SAE were both involved in efforts to standardize such a numbering system for steels. These efforts were similar and overlapped significantly. For several decades the systems were united into a joint system designated the AISI/SAE steel grades. In 1995 the AISI turned over future maintenance of the system to SAE because the AISI never wrote any of the specifications.


title: SAE steel grades

text: Today steel quotes and certifications commonly make reference to both SAE and AISI, not always with precise differentiation. For example, in the alloy/grade field, a certificate might refer to "4140", "AISI 4140", or "SAE 4140", and in most light-industrial applications any of the above is accepted as adequate, and considered equivalent, for the job at hand, as long as the specific specification called out by the designer (for example, "4140 bar per ASTM-A108" or "4140 bar per AMS 6349") is certified to on the certificate. The alloy number is simply a general classifier, whereas it is the specification itself that narrows down the steel to a very specific standard.


title: SAE steel grades

text: The SAE steel grade system's correspondence to other alloy numbering systems, such as the ASTM-SAE unified numbering system (UNS), can be seen in cross-referencing tables (including the ones given below).


title: SAE steel grades

text: The AISI system uses a letter prefix to denote the steelmaking process. The prefix "C" denotes open-hearth furnace, electric arc furnace or basic oxygen furnace steels, while "E" specifies only electric arc furnace steel. A letter "L" within the grade name indicates lead as an added ingredient; for example, 12L14 is a common grade that is 1214 with lead added for machinability.


title: SAE steel grades

text: Suffixes may be added to the steel grade which specify the forming process used to create a part. These may include cold working (CDS), hot working (HR), quenching and tempering (Q&T), and other methods.


title: SAE steel grades

text: Carbon steels and alloy steels are designated a four digit number, whereby the first digit indicates the main alloying element(s), the second digit indicates tg (top grade) element(s), and the last two digits indicate the amount of carbon, in hundredths of a percent (basis points) by weight. For example, a 1060 steel is a plain-carbon steel containing 0.60 wt% C.


title: SAE steel grades

text: An "H" suffix can be added to any designation to denote hardenability is a major requirement. The chemical requirements are loosened but hardness values defined for various distances on a Jominy test.


Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIM Ahmedabad) is the number 1 business school in India, located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The school has been accorded the status of an Institute of National Importance by Ministry of Human Resources, Government of India in 2017.


title: Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad

text: Established in 1961, the institute offers master's degree programs in management and agri-business management, a fellowship program and a number of executive training programs. The institute's founding director is Ravi J. Matthai. Other notable founding figures were the Indian physicist Vikram Sarabhai, Indian businessman Kasturbhai Lalbhai and Indian educator Kamla Chowdhary.


text: IIM Ahmedabad was established on 11 December 1961 with the active support of the Government of India, the Government of Gujarat, Harvard Business School, and prominent members of Indian industry. The physicist Vikram Sarabhai and businessman Kasturbhai Lalbhai, both natives of Ahmedabad, played pivotal roles in setting up the institute. The institute's Kasturbhai Lalbhai Management Development Centre and a Kasturbhai Lalbhai Chair in Entrepreneurship are named in his honor. The management educator Ravi J. Matthai and several other Ahmedabad-based businessmen also played a major role in its creation. Kamla Chowdhary was the first faculty of the institute, and the coordinator of programmes between 1962 and 1965.


text: Established in 1961, the institute offers master's degree programs in management and agri-business management, a fellowship program and a number of executive training programs. The institute's founding director was Ravi J. Matthai. Other notable founding figures were the Indian physicist Vikram Sarabhai, Indian businessman Kasturbhai Lalbhai and Indian educator Kamla Chowdhary.


text: In 2020 it was ranked first among the business schools in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework. During the period 2017–21, it has been ranked first amongst the management institutions.


text: The IIM Ahmedabad campus is situated across 102 acres in Vastrapur, Ahmedabad. The campus houses the academic blocks, faculty offices, student and faculty accommodation, the Vikram Sarabhai Library, the R.J. Matthai Auditorium, the Louis Kahn Plaza, the International Management Development Centre, the Kasturbhai Lalbhai Management Development Centre, the Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship, sport facilities, several food outlets and merchandise stores.


text: In 1962, the IIM Ahmedabad board came to a formal agreement with the National Institute of Design (NID) for the latter to undertake the task of designing the IIM Ahmedabad campus. The National Institute of Design appointed American architect Louis Kahn and B.V. Doshi as architects for the project. Kahn worked on the IIMA project from 1962 until his death in 1974.


text: Kahn's architecture is characterized by the use of exposed red bricks, the extensive use of geometric shapes in hostels and academic blocks and vast corridors outside the classrooms. He combined Indian traditional and vernacular architecture and modern architecture skillfully. A number of tourists and architecture students often visit the campus for its phenomenal architectural impact.


text: The library is named after the institute's founder, renowned physicist Vikram Sarabhai. The library was instituted in 1962 and houses over 193000 books and has online subscriptions to greater than 24000 journals. The library provides access to 100+ digital databases relating to scholarly, company and industry information to the IIMA community. The library is located at the Louis Kahn Plaza. In year 2016, Tata Consultancy Services partnered with the university with a grant of to restore the library for digital learning and collaboration. In 2019, the library received Award of Distinction’ at the UNESCO Asia Pacific Award for Cultural Heritage Conservation 2019.


text: Students are provided single room accommodation in the 33 fully furnished dormitories spread across the campus. Married students can opt to live with their family in married students' hostels. Stay in dormitories is mandatory for students. Basic amenities including washing machines, refrigerators and TVs are available at each dorm.


text: The logo of the institute has the motif of the ‘Tree of Life’. The logo is inspired by a carved stone latticework "jaali" in the 16th century mosque of Siddi Saiyyad in old part of Ahmedabad.


text: The university has the following sector or mission oriented centres which are staffed by faculty members:


text: IIM Ahmedabad offers various full-time and part time postgraduate programmes, leading to an MBA degree. It also offers diploma programmes.


text: IIMA has affiliations with 78 leading business schools across the world. In 2015–16, 140 students from IIMA spent a semester at affiliate business schools across North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and the Asia Pacific region, while 87 students from foreign colleges spent a semester at IIMA for the same period. The institute has a Dual Degree and one term exchange programs arrangement with a few business schools such as HEC Paris, Bocconi University, EDHEC Business school, University of Louvain, ESSEC Business School in Paris, University of Cologne, ESCP Europe and Emlyon Business School. Some of the students going on exchange receive scholarships from the institute, DAAD Germany, the French Government and participating schools.


text: IIMA offers different academic programs and has admission processes and eligibility respectively. The IIMA admission process is based on the course candidate opt for. CAT score is the basic exam to apply for admission in PGP, PGP-FaBM, ePGP and ePGD-ABA. Admission to PGPX is on the basis of GMAT/GRE only. Apart from that, they accept applications from other entrance exams like GRE, GMAT, GATE, UGC-JRF & ICAR-SRF. The next major aspect for admission is the category (GEN & EWS, NC & OBC, SC, ST, PWD & PWD (ST) ), Total seats are further divided into the category where IIM accept admission on the category basis. Good academic record and percentage score is another major aspect.


text: IIM also conducts its analytics writing test and personal interview (AWT & PI) in Ahmedabad, Banglore, Hyderabad, Kolkata, & New Delhi cities of selected candidates. Seats in IIMA are reserved, based on government instruction 27% of seats are reserved for NC-OBC, 15% for SC, 7.5% for ST candidates, 5% for Persons with Benchmark Disabilities (PwD), and up to 10% for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS).


text: Worldwide, the "Financial Times" has ranked IIM Ahmedabad 20 in its Masters in Management Ranking 2019 (for the MBA-PGP) and 61 in its Global MBA Ranking 2020 (for MBA-PGPX Program). The "QS Global 250 MBA Rankings 2020" ranked it 40 in the world and 6th in Asia. It was ranked 75 by "The Economist" in its 2019 Full-time B-school ranking, the only institute in India to be ranked.


text: In India, IIM Ahmedabad was ranked first among management schools in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2020, as well as by "India Today", "BW Businessworld" and in "Outlook India"s "Top Public MBA Institutions In India" survey. It was ranked first in India in by "Business Today" in 2019.


text: The Red Brick Summit or TRBS, named after the red brick walls that the campus is known for, replaced 'Big Four' individual management fests/summits (Confluence, Amatheon, ConneXions, and Insight) as an umbrella management symposium. Instituted in 2017, the mega event – the biggest management symposium in Asia with a footfall of 20,000 students across more than 250 Indian and 30 international universities – sees renowned speakers talking about issues relevant to management and public policy, national-level business competitions, and workshops attended by hundreds. The speakers include Nirmala Sitharaman (Union Cabinet Minister, Defence), Maneka Gandhi (Union Cabinet Minister, Women and Child Development), Hasmukh Adia (Revenue Secretary, Government of India), and Deep Kalra (Founder-CEO of MakeMyTrip).


text: Chaos is the annual cultural festival of IIMA. Its yearly editions have been centred on themes like diversity, colour or going green. The cultural festivities draws footfalls of around 50,000 visitors from Ahmedabad over four days and participation from institutes across the country. Pro-nites (events hosted by professional artists) are especially a huge success with a large number of top class artists coming and performing on one stage. In the past, Chaos has witnessed musical performances by Jagjit Singh, Amit Trivedi, Raghu Dixit, Mohit Chauhan, Armaan Malik and Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy to name a few.


text: The placement process at IIM Ahmedabad is a student-driven process that institutionalizes placements for the entire batch. The Placement Committee elected by the student liaisons between the Institute administration, students, and recruiters. Placements for the PGP and PGP-FABM courses are characterized by two phases – summer placements for the first-year batch and final placements for the graduating batch. The summers process is conducted in Nov/Dec for the first year. The second-year placement committee handles the process for them. The placement process for graduating is conducted in two stages. The first is the laterals process in January where firms interview students with prior work experience and offer them mid-level managerial positions. The second stage is the final placement process in around February. This process is handled by the newly elected committee among the PGP1s to avoid any conflict of interest and ensure a fair process. Companies from multiple sectors across different geographies hire candidates for a wide range of functions


text: IIMA has been instrumental in influencing the business landscape of the country, with the highest proportion of BSE 500 CEOs (who have an MBA) coming from IIMA. More than 400 students provide live consulting for businesses through the Forum for Industry Interaction annually. 84 projects were undertaken by students in 2015.


text: IIMA has played a key role in India's monetary policy - four Governors of the Reserve Bank of India have been associated with IIMA (three as faculty - C. Rangarajan, I. G. Patel, and Y. V. Reddy, and one as student - Raghuram Rajan). Two faculty members (Ravindra Dholakia and Jayanth Varma) have been members of the Monetary Policy Committee (India).


text: A key study by IIMA on salaries in the private and public sector helped shape the 7th Central Pay Commission's recommendations. Professors from IIMA have been appointed to eminent panels and committees, responsible for shaping key policies, by the government. IIMA's Gold Policy Centre is in the process of publishing a paper on the government's Gold Monetization Policy. The Punjab Prisons Department has signed a MoU with IIMA for a prison modernization project. The Central Vigilance Commission has asked IIMA to come up with India's first index to measure perceptions of graft and corruption, based on the Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International. Key studies on state health indexes have also been released by IIMA, helping to highlight the progress made on the same by various states across the country.


text: Through its Executive Education programs, IIMA will train key senior officers from Chhattisgarh, as well as state Chief Minister Raman Singh, focussing on key management practices and project management. Officers from the Delhi Jal Board will also undergo training on Project and Risk Management. A MoU has also been signed between the Institute and the Delhi Govt to train the principals of all 1024 schools run by it, with the training to be conducted by the RTE Resource Centre.


text: The Right to Education Resource Centre (RTE-RC), started by a group of students under the guidance of Ankur Sarin, helps parents fill out forms and get children admitted under the RTE Act, while also raising awareness about the issue of underutilization of the Act. The centre received 1800 application in its first year of operation, raising the number of children admitted under RTE from 30 in 2013 to nearly 600 in 2014.


text: Launched in 2004, Prayaas impacts the lives underprivileged students by directly providing them a higher quality of education through specially appointed teachers, with classes running out of the New Campus, as also through funding drives that enable students to move to better schools, in a hope for better education and better lives. The IIMA community actively helps the children with their homework and preparation for examinations. Additionally, the children use the campus' facilities and participate in activities like painting, dance, crafts, etc.


text: IIMA, in association with the Wagh Bakri Group, set up an initiative called SMILE (Student Mediated Initiative for Learning to Excel) to educate underprivileged kids wherein students will conduct classes in their free time. This has been piloted in a space provided by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) under a flyover near the IIMA campus.


text: Among BSE 500 CEOs with MBA, the highest proportion come from IIM Ahmedabad. IIM-A alumni have garnered 9 Padma Awards – 4 Padma Bhushan awards (K. V. Kamath, CK Prahalad, Mallika Sarabhai and M. S. Banga) and 5 Padma Shri awards (Kiran Karnik, Kailasam Raghavendra Rao, S. P. Kothari, Sanjeev Bikhchandani, and Srikant Datar). Other notable alumni are Raghuram Rajan, Arvind Subramanian, Harsha Bhogle, Rashmi Bansal, Chetan Bhagat, Ajaypal Singh Banga, Ivan Menezes, Deep Kalra, and Shikha Sharma, .


text: Past and present faculty at IIM Ahmedabad include three former Governors of the Reserve Bank of India – C. Rangarajan (1968–1982), former Director I. G. Patel (1996–2001), and Y. Venugopal Reddy (current Professor of Practice). Other notable faculty over the years have been:


text: Other notable faculty include prominent scholars such as Marti G. Subrahmanyam, Ashish Nanda, and T. V. Rao, among others.


text: N. R. Narayana Murthy, Indian IT industrialist and the co-founder of Infosys, got his first job as chief systems programmer at IIM Ahmedabad.


text: The IIM Ahmedabad Endowment Fund is India's first endowment fund set up at a management school. The fund was established at IIM Ahmedabad in June 2020 from an initial corpus of ₹100 Crore provided by 10 founding alumni. The endowment aims to grow the fund to ₹1,000 Crore over the next five years.


text: The initial corpus was contributed by 10 founding alumni from across batches. This includes Deep Kalra, Founder and Group CEO, MakeMyTrip, Sandeep Singhal and SK Jain, co-founders, WestBridge Capital, Sanjeev Bikhchandani, Founder & Executive Vice Chairman, Info Edge, Kavita Iyer, Trustee, SIFF, VT Bharadwaj, co-founder, A91 Partners, Ramesh Mangaleswaran, Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company, Meenakshi Ramesh, co-founder, Citizen Matters, Kuldeep Jain, founder, Cleanmax Enviro Energy Solutions, GV Ravishankar, MD, Sequoia Capital India, Arun Duggal, chairman, ICRA.


text: According to Ravishankar, MD, Sequoia Capital India, the plan for the fund is to invest in government securities.


text: The endowment fund will be managed by an independent Endowment Committee consisting of initial alumni contributors, and the Director, and Dean, Alumni and External Relations (AER) of IIM Ahmedabad. The purpose of the endowment is to "make a larger impact in the field of education, entrepreneurial leadership, management practice and public policy".


text: 2 States (2014 film) a Bollywood film based on the by Chetan Bhagat, starring Alia Bhatt and Arjun Kapoor, was shot at the IIM-A campus.


title: Pam Shriver

text: Pamela Howard Shriver (born July 4, 1962) is an American former professional tennis player and current tennis broadcaster and pundit. During the 1980s and 1990s, Shriver won 133 titles, including 21 singles titles, 111 women's doubles titles, and one mixed doubles title. This includes 22 major titles, 21 in women's doubles and one in mixed doubles. Shriver also won an Olympic gold medal in women's doubles at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, partnering Zina Garrison. Shriver and regular doubles partner Martina Navratilova are the only women's pair to complete the Grand Slam in a calendar year, winning all four majors in 1984.


title: Pam Shriver

text: Shriver was well known for her variety, including sharp volleys and all-round solid technique at the net. She also possessed a strong slice forehand and underspin approach, which set her apart from the rest of the women's field, but she had a comparatively weak chip backhand. She was known for being a serve-and-volleyer.


title: Pam Shriver

text: Shriver first came to prominence at the 1978 US Open where, as a 16-year-old amateur, she reached the women's singles final. She defeated the reigning Wimbledon champion Martina Navratilova in a semifinal. Shriver then lost to Chris Evert in the final. This early singles achievement proved to be the pinnacle of her singles success. Shriver also won her first career singles title in 1978 in Columbus, Ohio and won a total of 21 singles titles between 1978 and 1997.


title: Pam Shriver

text: The 1978 US Open final was the only Grand Slam singles final of Shriver's career. She lost the next eight Grand Slam singles semifinals she played, four of them to Navratilova, two to Steffi Graf, and one each to Evert and Hana Mandlíková.


title: Pam Shriver

text: In 2022 Shriver disclosed that she had been in a multi-year inappropriate relationship with her coach, Australian Don Candy, that started when she was a teenager. She chose to reveal the story in part because of her concern that there are ongoing issues with young tennis players being placed in vulnerable situations.


title: Pam Shriver

text: Shriver achieved numerous successes in doubles tournaments with Navratilova, winning 79 women's doubles titles. Shriver won 112 career doubles titles overall and is one of six female players in the Open era to have won more than 100 career titles.


title: Pam Shriver

text: Navratilova and Shriver formed one of the most successful women's doubles teams, capturing seven Australian Open, five Wimbledon, five US Open and four French Open titles. In 1984, the pair captured all four major women's doubles titles, i.e. the "Calendar Grand Slam." This was part of a record 109-match winning streak between 1983 and 1985. The pair were named the WTA Tour's "Doubles Team of the Year" eight consecutive times from 1981 through 1988 and won the WTA Tour Championships title ten times between 1981 and 1992.


title: Pam Shriver

text: Shriver won another women's doubles Grand Slam title at the US Open in 1991, partnering with Natasha Zvereva. She was also the 1987 French Open mixed doubles winner with Emilio Sánchez. She won all three gold medals (singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles) at the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana, Cuba.


title: Pam Shriver

text: Shriver reached the world No. 1 doubles ranking in 1985 and held it briefly before relinquishing it again to Navratilova, her playing partner.


title: Pam Shriver

text: In the Federation Cup representing the United States, Shriver won five out of five singles matches and 14 of 15 doubles matches. From 1986 to 1992, she played in 17 Federation Cup ties. She reached three finals with her compatriots, winning twice; in 1986 the U.S. defeated Czechoslovakia (3–0); in 1987 the U.S. lost to Germany (1–2); and in 1989 the U.S. defeated Spain (3–0).


title: Pam Shriver

text: Shriver has provided television commentary for ABC, CBS, ESPN, and The Tennis Channel in the United States, the BBC in the United Kingdom, and the Seven Network in Australia. She has been providing coverage of various events since her 1996 retirement.


title: Pam Shriver

text: During Wimbledon 2010, James Blake admonished Shriver for criticizing him while his match was still in progress, as Shriver was in an outside commentary box and he could hear her. Shriver said she regretted responding to Blake while still on air.