title: Tobago

text: In 1628, Dutch settlers established the first European settlement in Tobago, a colony they called Nieuw Walcheren at Great Courland Bay. They also built a fort, Nieuw Vlissingen, near the modern town of Plymouth. The settlement was abandoned in 1630 after indigenous attacks, but was re-established in 1633. The new colony was destroyed by the Spanish in Trinidad after the Dutch supported a Nepoyo-led revolt in Trinidad. Attempts by the English to colonise Tobago in the 1630s and 1640s also failed due to indigenous resistance.


title: Tobago

text: The indigenous population also prevented European colonisation in the 1650s, including an attempt by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but the Polish or Lithuanian explorers didn't colonize the Island of Tobago, who colonised the island intermittently between 1637 and 1690. Over the ensuing years, the Curonians (Duchy of Courland), Dutch, English, French, Spanish and Swedish had caused Tobago to become a focal point in repeated attempts of colonisation, which led to the island having changed hands 33 times, the most in Caribbean history, before the Treaty of Paris ceded it to the British in 1814. In 1662, the Dutch brothers Adrian and Cornelius Lampsins were granted the title of "Barons of Tobago," and ruled until the English captured the island in 1666. Adrian briefly recaptured Tobago in 1673, but was killed in battle when the English, under Sir Tobias Bridge, yet again took control of the island.


title: Tobago

text: From about 1672, during the temporary British rule of 1672–1674, Tobago had a period of stability during which plantation culture began. Sugar, cotton and indigo factories sprang up and Africans were imported by the British to work as slaves. The economy flourished. France had abandoned the island to Britain in 1763, and by 1777 Tobago was exporting great quantities of cotton, indigo, rum and sugar.


title: Tobago

text: In 1814, when the island again came under British control, another phase of successful sugar-production began. But a severe hurricane in 1847, combined with the collapse of plantation underwriters, end of slavery in 1834 and the competition from sugar with other European countries, marked the end of the sugar trade. In 1889 the island became a ward of Trinidad. Without sugar, the islanders had to grow other crops, planting acres of limes, coconuts and cocoa and exporting their produce to Trinidad. In 1963 Hurricane Flora ravaged Tobago, destroying the villages and crops. A restructuring programme followed and attempts were made to diversify the economy. The development of a tourist industry began.


title: Tobago

text: Trinidad and Tobago obtained its independence from the British Empire in August 1962 and became a republic on 31 August 1976.


title: Tobago

text: Tobago has a land area of 300 km² and is approximately long and wide. It is located at latitude 11° 15' N, longitude 60° 40' W, slightly north of Trinidad.


title: Tobago

text: The island of Tobago is the main exposed portion of the Tobago terrane, a fragment of crustal material lying between the Caribbean and South American Plates. Tobago is primarily hilly, mountainous and of volcanic origin. The southwest of the island is flat and consists largely of coralline limestone. The mountainous spine of the island is called the Main Ridge. The highest point in Tobago is the Pigeon Peak near Speyside.


title: Tobago

text: The climate is tropical, and the island lies just south of the Atlantic hurricane belt, making it vulnerable to occasional southward-travelling tropical storms. Average rainfall varies between on the Main Ridge to less than in the southwest. There are two seasons: a wet season between June and December, and a dry season between January and May.


title: Tobago

text: Due to its close proximity to the hurricane belt, the island was struck by Hurricane Flora on September 30, 1963. The effects were so severe that they changed the face of Tobago's economy. The hurricane laid waste to the banana, coconut, and cacao plantations that largely sustained the economy, and wreaked considerable damage on the largely pristine tropical rainforest that makes up a large proportion of the interior of the island's northern half. Many of the plantations were subsequently abandoned, and the economy changed direction away from cash crop agriculture and toward tourism. In 2004 Hurricane Ivan, while less severe than Flora, also caused significant damage.


title: Tobago

text: Central and local government functions in Tobago are handled by the Tobago House of Assembly. The current Chief Secretary of Tobago is Farley Chavez Augustine from the Progressive Democratic Patriots, which controls 14 of the 15 seats in the Assembly, with the Tobago Council of the People's National Movement led by Tracy Davidson-Celestine controlling one seat since the December 2021 Tobago House of Assembly election.


title: Tobago

text: Tobago is represented by two seats in the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago, Tobago East and Tobago West. The two seats are controlled by the Tobago Council of the People's National Movement, which won and retained them in the 2015 and 2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election.


title: Tobago

text: Historically, Tobago was divided into seven parishes (Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Patrick and Saint Paul). In 1768 each parish of Tobago had nominated representatives to the Tobago House of Assembly. On 20 October 1889 the British crown implemented a Royal Order in Council constituting Tobago as a ward of Trinidad, thus terminating local government on Tobago and formed a unified colony government.


title: Tobago

text: In 1945 when the county council system was first introduced, Tobago was administered as a single county of Trinidad.


title: Tobago

text: In 1980 provisions were made for the Tobago House of Assembly to be revived as an entity providing local government in Tobago. Under the revived system, Tobago is made up of 12 local electoral districts with each district electing one Assemblyman to the THA.


title: Tobago

text: The population was 60,874 at the 2011 census. The capital, Scarborough, has a population of 17,537. While Trinidad is multiethnic, Tobago's population is primarily of African descent, although with a growing proportion of Trinidadians of East Indian descent and Europeans. Between 2000 and 2011, the population of Tobago grew by 12.55 percent, making it one of the fastest-growing areas of Trinidad and Tobago.


title: Tobago

text: Tobago's main economy is based on tourism, fishing, and government spending, government spending being the largest. The local governing body, the Tobago House of Assembly (THA), employs 62% of the labor force.


title: Tobago

text: Tourism is still a fledgling industry. Conventional beach and water-sports tourism is largely in the southwest around the airport and the coastal strip. Meanwhile, ecotourism is growing in significance, much of it focused on the large area of protected forest in the centre and north of the main island and on Little Tobago, a small island off the main island's northeast tip.


title: Tobago

text: The southwestern tourist area around Crown Point, Store Bay, Buccoo Reef, and Pigeon Point has large expanses of sand and is dominated by resort-type developments. Tobago has many idyllic beaches along its coastline, especially those at Castara, Bloody Bay, and Englishman's Bay. Tobago is linked to the world through the Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson International Airport (formerly Crown Point Airport) and Scarborough harbour. Domestic flights connect Tobago with Trinidad, and international flights connect with the Caribbean and Europe. There is a daily fast ferry service between Port of Spain and Scarborough.


title: Tobago

text: Tobago's economy is tightly linked with Trinidad's, which is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG), petrochemicals, and steel.


title: Tobago

text: Tobago is also a popular diving location, since it is the southernmost of the Caribbean islands that have coral communities. Trinidad, which is further south, has no significant coral because of low salinity and high silt content, the result of its position close to the mouth of Venezuela's Orinoco River. Scuba diving on Tobago tends to be centred at Speyside, almost diametrically across the island from the airport.


title: Tobago

text: The island has some of the best diving sites in the Caribbean. There are three wrecks located around its shores, but the one usually considered the best is the "Maverick Ferry", which used to travel between Trinidad and Tobago. The ferry is long and has been sunk in just off Rocky Point, Mt. Irvine. The top of the wreck is at . The wreck has an abundance of marine life, including a jewfish, a member of the grouper family. The wreck was purposely sunk for divers, and so all the doors and windows were removed. The waters around the island are home to many species of tropical fish, rays, sharks, and turtles.


title: Tobago

text: Tobago is home to two golf courses, both of which are open to visitors. The older of the two is Mount Irvine Hotel Golf Course, built in 1968. It was seen throughout the world after hosting the popular golf show "Shell's Wonderful World of Golf". The course is built amongst coconut palms and has a view of the Caribbean Sea from almost every hole. Formerly known as Tobago Plantations Golf Course, the recently renamed Magdalena Grand Hotel & Golf Club was opened in 2001 and has hosted the European Seniors Tour on three occasions.


title: Tobago

text: Tobago roughly matches the size and location of the island in "Robinson Crusoe", described as being located close to Trinidad and the mouth of Orinoco. However, the book is generally thought to be based on the experiences of Alexander Selkirk, who was marooned in the Pacific's Juan Fernández Islands, on the island later named after Robinson Crusoe. On Tobago, there is Crusoe Cave.


title: Tobago

text: In 1958, Tobago was chosen by the Walt Disney Company as the setting for a film based upon the Johann Wyss novel "Swiss Family Robinson". When producers saw the island for the first time, they "fell instantly in love". The script required animals, which were brought from all around the world, including eight dogs, two giant tortoises, 40 monkeys, two elephants, six ostriches, four zebras, 100 flamingos, six hyenas, two anacondas, and a tiger.


title: Tobago

text: Filming locations include Richmond Bay (the Robinsons beach), Mount Irvine Bay (the Pirates beach), and the Craig Hall Waterfalls. The treehouse was constructed in a 200-foot tall saman in the Goldsborough Bay area. After filming, locals convinced Disney, who had intended to remove all evidence of filmmaking, to let the treehouse remain, without interior furnishing. In 1960, the treehouse was listed for sale for $9,000, a fraction of its original cost, and became a popular attraction before the structure was destroyed by Hurricane Flora in 1963. The tree still remains, however, and is located on the property of the Roberts Auto Service and Tyre Shop, located in Goldsborough, just off of Windward Road. A local Tobago resident says, "The tree has fallen into obscurity; only a few of the older people knew of its significance. As a matter of fact, not many people know of the film "Swiss Family Robinson", much less that it was filmed here in Tobago."


title: Tobago

text: The Tobago Forest Reserve (Main Ridge Reserve) is the oldest protected rain forest in the Western hemisphere and is biodiverse. It was designated a protected Crown reserve on 17 April 1776 after representations by Soame Jenyns, a Member of Parliament in Britain responsible for Tobago's development. It has remained a protected area since.


title: Tobago

text: This forested area has great biodiversity, including many species of birds (such as the dancing blue-backed manakin), mammals, frogs, (non-venomous) snakes, butterflies and other invertebrates. Tobago also has nesting beaches for the leatherback turtle, which come to shore between April and July.


title: Tobago

text: The island of Tobago has multiple coral reef ecosystems. The Buccoo Reef, the Culloden Reef and Speyside Reef are the three largest coral reef marine ecosystems in Tobago. These coral reef systems protect the shores of Tobago from eroding.


title: Tobago

text: Little Tobago, the small neighbouring island, supports some of the best dry forest remaining in Tobago. Little Tobago and St Giles Island are important seabird nesting colonies, with red-billed tropicbirds, magnificent frigatebirds and Audubon's shearwaters, among others.


title: Tobago

text: Coral reefs have been damaged recently by silt and mud runoff during construction of a road along the northeast coast. There has also been damage to the reef in Charlotteville village caused by sealing the road at Flagstaff Hill and diverting more silty water down the stream from Flagstaff down to Charlotteville.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: Denial is a 2016 biographical film directed by Mick Jackson and written by David Hare, based on Deborah Lipstadt's 2005 book "History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier." It dramatises the "Irving v Penguin Books Ltd" case, in which Lipstadt, a Holocaust scholar, was sued by Holocaust denier David Irving for libel. It stars Rachel Weisz, Tom Wilkinson, Timothy Spall, Andrew Scott, Jack Lowden, Caren Pistorius and Alex Jennings.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: "Denial" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 2016. It was theatrically released in the United States by Bleecker Street on 30 September 2016, and in the United Kingdom by StudioCanal and Entertainment One on 27 January 2017.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: Deborah Lipstadt is an American professor of Holocaust studies whose speaking engagement is disrupted by David Irving, a writer on Nazi Germany. He files a libel lawsuit in the United Kingdom against Lipstadt and her publisher for declaring him a Holocaust denier in her books. As the burden of proof in UK libel cases lies with the accused, Lipstadt and her legal team, led by solicitor Anthony Julius and barrister Richard Rampton, must prove that Irving lied about the Holocaust.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: To prepare their defence, Lipstadt and Rampton tour the site of the former Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland along with Professor Robert van Pelt who explains about the operation of the gas chambers, while the research team subpoenas Irving's extensive personal diaries. Lipstadt is annoyed by Rampton's apparently disrespectful questions on the subject, and frustrated when the team minimized her involvement in the case, arguing that she harms its chances of success. Members of the British Jewish community plead with her to settle out of court to avoid creating publicity for Irving. However, her team has a promising start when they persuade Irving, by appealing to his ego, to agree to a trial by judge instead of a jury, which he could have manipulated to his advantage.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: Irving conducts his own legal representation, facing Lipstadt's legal team. Irving endeavours to twist the presented evidence for the defence. Lipstadt is approached by a Holocaust survivor who pleads for the chance to testify, but Lipstadt's legal team insisted on focusing the trial on Irving.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: Irving tries to discredit Professor van Pelt's evidence for the existence of gas chambers at Auschwitz, claiming there were no holes on the roof for the Zyklon B gas crystals to be introduced. His soundbite "no holes, no holocaust" dominated the media coverage. Furious, Lipstadt demanded that she and the Holocaust survivors be allowed to take the stand. Julius angrily counters that Irving would only humiliate and exploit a survivor on cross-examination, as he has in the past. Rampton visits Lipstadt at her home to explain his approach and earns her trust. In court, he subjects Irving to skillful cross-examination and exposes his claims as absurd, while expert testimony from respected scholars like Richard J. Evans expose the distortions in Irving's writings.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: As the trial concludes, the judge, Charles Gray, worries the defence by suggesting that, if Irving honestly believes his own claims, then he cannot be lying as Lipstadt asserted. Gray eventually rules for the defence, however, convinced of the truth of Lipstadt's portrayal of Irving as deceitful. Lipstadt is hailed for her dignified demeanour, while her legal team reminds her that, despite her silence during the trial, it was her writing that countered Irving's lies and provided the basis for the victory. At a press conference, Lipstadt praises her lawyers for their strategy.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: In April 2015, Hilary Swank and Tom Wilkinson were selected to star in the film, based on the book "History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier" by Deborah Lipstadt, with Mick Jackson directing, and Gary Foster and Russ Krasnoff producing under their Krasnoff/Foster Entertainment banner with Shoebox Films. Participant Media and BBC Films co-financed. In November 2015, Rachel Weisz replaced Swank, and Timothy Spall joined the cast, with Bleecker Street distributing the film. In December 2015, Andrew Scott, Jack Lowden, Caren Pistorius, Alex Jennings, and Harriet Walter joined the cast. Howard Shore composed the film's score.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: Principal photography began in December 2015 and concluded by the end of January 2016. "Denial" was filmed in London and at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Poland.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 2016. The film was released in the United States in a limited release on 30 September 2016, and in the United Kingdom on 27 January 2017.


title: Denial (2016 film)

text: "Denial" received positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83%, based on 167 reviews, with an average grade of 6.80/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "If "Denial" doesn't quite do its incredible story complete justice, it comes close enough to offer a satisfying, impactful drama – and another powerful performance from Rachel Weisz." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 63 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: Ziddi Dil Maane Na (English: "The Stubborn Heart Doesn't Agree") is an Indian Hindi-language youth based drama television series which airs on Sony SAB. It stars Shaleen Malhotra, Kaveri Priyam, Kunal Karan Kapoor, Diljot Kaur Chhabra, Aditya Deshmukh and Simple Kaul. Its story revolves around a young team of SAF (Special Action Force), who find love while fulfilling their aspirations at the camp. The show is being made under the banner of Sunshine Productions which premiered on 30 August 2021 and ended on 4 June 2022.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: Colonel Pushpendra Batra, founder of Parakram SAF Academy comes out of retirement and starts a civilian training program due to the increased terrorist activities and promises the minister that if he fails in his mission he would return all his medals to the ministry which he has earned in his life. He chooses his 3 best special agents to carry out this program: Special Agent Karan Shergill, a very strict and brave commando; Special Agent Sanjana Dubey, a rough and tough commando and Special Agent Faizuddin Siddiqui, a cheerful and flirt guy who has his commitment reserved only for his country. The academy is in Deolali.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: Dr. Monami Mahajan is of kind-hearted and helpful nature and has decided to join the training against her father's wishes. Her best friend is Siddharth Ganju, a comfort & drone flying lover and happy-go-lucky guy, and he is her world. Both of them are quite close. She sees Karan who is trying to stop Bala, a pick pocketer who has stolen his wallet and picks up a fight with him thinking him to be a bully and creates a terrible first impression. The recruits arrive and Karan asks them to trek in the forest to enter the academy. He thinks that while trekking the weak recruits will quit. All the recruits come inside the academy by the allotted time but Monami, who almost reaches the gate, goes back to help Koel, another recruit, and gets late by 30 seconds. Karan doesn't allow her but Monami convinces Colonel Batra that she is fit for the academy and she too is admitted. She earns the name "Monami Tsunami" from the trainers and "Rani Sahiba" from Karan for her privilege while she calls Karan "Khadoos Shergill".


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: Problems increase for her as Sid arrives at the academy and claims her to be his fiancée. She denies it but as Sanjana beats him, she accepts it. Sid claims to have a rare heart disease and Mrs. Batra throws an engagement party for Sid and Monami. Sid likes Sanjana but Sanjana rejects him and his gifts as she is already engaged though she doesn't mention it. Karan gets angry and locks up Sid and doesn't give him food or water. Sid gets unconscious and the cadets divide into two teams as they take sides: one saying Sid is at fault and the other saying Karan is too strict and it is his fault. Ambar Rawat, who hates Karan for his medals and qualifications gets a video of the fight in the academy between Karan and Monami and asks the minister for an enquiry against Karan. Karan is set free of the inquiry after a few events.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: After some events, Monami falls in love with Karan and becomes friends with him while Siddharth and Sanjana too become close. The cadets too become like family. Karan too starts to feel for Monami but ignores them due to his past trauma of losing his brother whom he loved very much. Koel is helped by the cadets and trainers to set herself free from her abusive husband. Monami proposes Karan but he refuses to it, though not saying that he doesn't feel for her. Faizi and Koel come closer while Monami gathers herself and puts a strong face and after some events gets to know Karan's whole past and she sets him free from her love to not become a burden on him. Karan starts realizing his love and soon accepts being in love with Monami in front of Faizi. Here enters the scene Sanjana's regressive fiancé Kundan and Sid and Monami's good friend Dr. Aneesh who loves Monami from their college days, making Karan jealous, insecure and possessive, and even brings out a new lover boy side of his. Sid gets heartbroken upon learning about Kundan and Sanjana. Karan and Monami console Sanju and Sid over this while Sanju leaves the academy. Karan-Monami spend some quality time together while Sid takes a break from the academy to overcome the recent happenings. Seeing them close, Aneesh conspires to create misunderstandings between them in which he succeeds leading to Karan-Monami having a heated argument. Karan realizes his intentions to degrade him in front of Monami. Later, Karan along with other SAF trainers and cadets go on a rescue mission during a landslide. Karan was worried about Monami being stuck in the landslide but he soon finds her safe, much to his relief. The duo again become close and soon Monami becomes inconsolable after finding Sid's hoodie and wallet on the site. Kundan is revealed to be involved in illegal activities. Soon Sid calls Monami and informs about him being fit and fine. Aneesh plans to kill Karan by trapping him inside a very weak cave but Monami sees Karan going inside and follows him. The duo gets close and Karan confesses his love for her but she gets unconscious due to hypothermia. Both of them are rescued while Karan starts doubting Aneesh.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: Later, an attack is expected on Parakram SAF on Republic Day by Revolutionary People's Front (RPF), an extremist organization. Its leader Kanu Pandya (KP)'s daughter Dhanu takes the guise of Pushpa and manages to enter the academy as an event manager by killing the real one to kill Karan as he failed their plans and almost arrested KP two years back.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: Karan learns that Monami didn't hear his confession and gets upset while she is confused by his changed behavior towards her. Sid too figures out that Sanjana isn't happy with her marriage and loves him and reaches her village to stop her wedding.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: In Republic Day's function, Karan finds bomb in the mike which get defused timely and the other one too is defused. Pushpa decides to kill Karan anyhow but Faizi finds out her reality and is injured by her. Monami somehow figures out the truth from Faizi and informs Karan but is held hostage at gunpoint by Pushpa. She manages to run away using Monami as a pawn. Monami recalls the cave incident but wants Karan to confess again and pesters him, and he gives into it after some pestering and confesses his love. Monami is elated while Sid starts to implement his plan. Monami and Karan share some cute and romantic moments together and go on a date while Sid is determined to break Sanju's marriage. He later learns Kundan's truth but Sanju's disbelieves him. Aneesh vows to separate Karan and Monami and pretends injured to keep Monami occupied, which Karan learns of. Aneesh calls Dr. Deepak, Monami's father, to the academy who manages to create misunderstandings between her and Karan while Kundan's boss KD enters. Kundan realizes about Sid and Sanjana and kidnaps him, who vows to not let the marriage happen at any cost. Sanjana goes to rescue Sid in which she succeeds but gets caught by KD. Karan and Monami finds Sid. They with the help of Koel and other SAF members rescue Sanjana and other girls and gets Kundan and KD arrested. Sid tries to make Sanjana accept her love while Karan and Monami sort out their differences and hug, angering Aneesh and Dr. Deepak.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: Dhanu finds Karan's look-alike Balli, a truck driver and plans to disguise him as Karan and send him to academy to take his place. Col. Batra informs Karan about Dhanu planning something big, which he hides from Monami for his duty while Balli gets smitten by her. Karan and Monami share few romantic moments. Aneesh conspires against them and captures their intimate moment and gets their photos exposed publicly in a bad light in women's day press conference with the help of a journalist. The journalist maligns Karan and Monami which leads Karan to accept their love in front of everyone. They find out that it was Aneesh's conspiracy and he is thrown out while Col. Batra and others support Karan and Monami. Karan's Bhabhi does Monami's roka and gifts her Karan's medal, who decides to ring her after Param's barsi but gets trapped by Dhanu, Charu and their men. Karan shoots Dhanu in the ensuing fight due to which she slips into coma but gets kidnapped by Charu after meeting an accident due to Balli. Balli swaps his place with Karan while Monami grows anxious for Karan's safety. Balli's activities makes Monami and others suspicious about him. Their doubts are confirmed after Balli inappropriately touches Monami while Karan kills Dhanu. Batra Sir gives Monami, Faizi and Sanjana 2 days to find Karan and they start implementing their plan. Karan realizes about the team knowing the truth and trying to find him while Monami is determined to bring him back. Karan notices another prisoner too captured by Charu and team, who turns out be Param, his brother. Balli betrays Charu which angers her. Monami, Faizi and Sanjana get to know about Aneesh's betrayal too and go to rescue Karan with the help of Balli while Charu plants a bomb in Karan's cell which blasts as Balli opens the door. Karan breathes his last in Monami's arms. Monami is shattered upon losing her love and vows vengeance while cadets realise what Karan wanted to teach them after they find their favorite belongings which Karan supposedly burnt during their first day in academy when they go to storeroom to plan a party for Monami's birthday and feel guilty for wrongly judging him. Sid is worried for Monami as he knows the truth and Monami and others were missing for two days. Monami regains consciousness after two days of Karan's death and returns academy while Batra Sir, Sanju, Faizi and Ustad Ji too breakdown. Batra and team decide to use Balli after he informs them about Charu's misunderstanding and her plan. Monami gets emotional during her birthday celebration and misses Karan while Sanju, Faizi, Ustad Ji and Batra sir support her. Monami faces a hard time seeing Balli getting the love and respect Karan used to get. The terrorist organization plans an attack on CM when he visits Parakram SAF. Monami learns about Param being alive and informs the same to Col. Batra. They rescue Param and it is revealed to the cadets that Karan is dead while Charu and team are caught. They give him a tribute. All forgive Balli in the academy after he save their lives except Monami. Param behaves weird with everyone including Baby and Barkha, which makes Balli suspicious of him and he discovers that the head of PRF is Param himself, after which he decides to join as a cadet to expose Param. Monami too doubts Param and informs Balli about it. Karan is revealed to be alive and is undercover to gather proves against Param. Monami discovers the same and makes Karan come in front of her. The duo share an emotional and romantic time together. Karan informs Monami about all what happened with him and replaces Balli in the academy to trick Param with the help of Monami and Balli. First Sid and then Faizi gets to know about Karan being alive. Later Koel proposes Faizi for marriage and he happily agrees. Balli, Monami, Karan and Faizi organise a scholarship gala to expose Param. Param finally gets exposed on the day of the scholarship gala. Param keeps Monami on gunpoint for revenge. Karan shoots Param and the latter is hospitalised. Param apologizes to Karan, Monami, Baby and Barkha and gets arrested. They forgive him. Sid reconciles with Sanjana and they rekindle their relationship and go to Bundelkhand as Sanjana is given the responsibility to open a branch of Parakram SAF in Bundelkhand while Karan gets promoted as the Academy Head of Parakram SAF, Deolali.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: Monami becomes a Spl. Agent and is the new head trainer of Parakram SAF as a bunch of new recruits join, and is stern with them just how Karan used to be. Karan is the academy head. Balli runs an NGO to help orphans using the money given by Charu and PRF. Sumanji is a Karate teacher who runs a Karate school for girls. Chitra and Bala are together. Koel, Faizi and Nikhil are a family and Koel is an agent as well. Sid is also an agent and Sanjana is the Academy Head of Parakram SAF Bundelkhand. Monami and Karan invite everyone for their marriage party. They have a reunion and have fun while Monami and Karan share a romantic dance. The show ends with Baby and Nikhil reciting the academy's anthem and deciding to be commandoes as well and Monami and Karan smiling seeing them.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: The series was announced by Sunshine Productions and was confirmed to be releasing in August 2021 by Sony SAB. Its first promo was launched on 26 July 2021.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: Shaleen Malhotra and Kaveri Priyam were cast to play the leads.Kunal Karan Kapoor, Diljot Kaur Chhabra, Aditya Deshmukh and Simple Kaul were cast in supporting roles.


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: THE BIG SHANIVAAR: First crossover of Sony Sab shows on the occasion of Sab Shows' episodes starting to be aired on Saturdays as well. (9 October 2021)


title: Ziddi Dil Maane Na

text: BIG SHANIVAAR: Crossover of Sony Sab Shows on the occasion of Diwali in Parakram SAF and to help Cadet Koel Roy in escaping from her husband. (20 November 2021)


title: Erhu

text: The erhu (; ) is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument, more specifically a spike fiddle, which may also be called a "Southern Fiddle", and is sometimes known in the Western world as the "Chinese violin" or a "Chinese two-stringed fiddle".


title: Erhu

text: It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is the most popular of the huqin family of traditional bowed string instruments used by various ethnic groups of China. As a very versatile instrument, the erhu is used in both traditional and contemporary music arrangements, such as pop, rock and jazz.


title: Erhu

text: The "Erhu" can be traced back to proto-Mongolic instruments which first appeared in China during the Tang dynasty. It is believed to have evolved from the "Xiqin" (奚 琴). The xiqin is believed to have originated from the Xi people located in current northeast China.


title: Erhu

text: The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, "èr", two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, "hú") indicates that it is a member of the "Huqin" family, with Hu commonly meaning "barbarians". The name "Huqin" literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.


title: Erhu

text: For most of history, the "erhu" was mostly a folk instrument used in southern China, whereas the "sihu" was preferred among northern musicians. However, in the 1920s, Liu Tianhua introduced the "erhu" to Beijing, and since, it has become the most popular of the "huqin."


title: Erhu

text: Historic bowed zithers of China, including the "Xiqin", "Yazheng", and "Yaqin", and also the Korean Ajaeng, were originally played by bowing with a rosined stick, which created friction against the strings. As soon as the horsehair bow was invented, it spread very widely.


title: Erhu

text: The "Erhu" consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string ("Qian Jin") placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.


title: Erhu

text: 2. There is no fingerboard; the player stops the strings by pressing their fingertips onto the strings without the strings touching the neck.


title: Erhu

text: 3. The horse hair bow is never separated from the strings (which were formerly of twisted silk but which today are usually made of metal); it passes between them as opposed to over them (the latter being the case with western bowed stringed instruments).


title: Erhu

text: 4. Although there are two strings, they are very close to each other and the player's left hand in effect plays as if on one string. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4, a fifth higher. The maximum range of the instrument is three and a half octaves, from D4 up to A7, before a stopping finger reaches the part of the string in contact with the bow hair. The usual playing range is about two and a half octaves.


title: Erhu

text: Various dense and heavy hardwoods are used in making the "Erhu". According to Chinese references the woods include "zi tan" (紫檀 red sandalwood and other woods of the genus "Pterocarpus" such as padauk), "Lao hong mu" (老红木 aged red wood), "wu mu" (乌木 black wood), and "hong mu" (红木 red wood). Particularly fine "Erhu"s are often made from pieces of old furniture. A typical "erhu" measures 81 cm from top to bottom, the length of the bow also being 81 cm.


title: Erhu

text: Most "Erhu" are mass-produced in factories. The three most esteemed centres of "Erhu" making are Beijing, Shanghai, and Suzhou. In the collectivist period after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, these factories were formed by merging what had been previously private workshops. Although most "Erhu" were machine-made in production lines, the highest quality instruments were handmade by specialist craftsmen.


title: Erhu

text: In the 20th century, there have been attempts to standardize and improve the "Erhu", with the aim of producing a louder and better sounding instrument. One major change was the use of steel strings instead of silk. The move to steel strings was made gradually. By 1950 the thinner A-string had been replaced by a violin E-string with the thicker D-string remaining silk. By 1958 professional players were using purpose made D and A steel "Erhu" strings as standard.


title: Erhu

text: In 1988 China passed its Law on the Protection of Endangered Species after ratifying the UN Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), making it illegal to use and trade unlicensed pythons. To regulate the use of python skins, China's State Forestry Administration introduced a certification scheme between python skin sellers in Southeast Asia and musical instrument makers in China. From January 1, 2005, new regulations also require "Erhu"s to have a certificate from the State Forestry Administration, which certify that the "Erhu" python skin is not made with wild pythons, but from farm-raised pythons. Individuals are allowed to take up to two "Erhu"s out of China when traveling; commercial buyers need additional export certificates.


title: Erhu

text: Outside China, manufacturers of "Erhu" can issue their own CITES licenses with approval by governments of their respective countries. Such exports are legal as they have been made from legal skin sources.


title: Erhu

text: The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra began their research for an alternative to python skin in 2005 and has since designed the Eco-"Huqin" series, which substitutes python skin with PET Polyester Membrane. For this innovation the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra received the Ministry of Culture Innovation Award in 2012.


title: Erhu

text: A notable composer for the "Erhu" was Liu Tianhua (刘天华/劉天華; Liú Tiānhuá; 1895–1932), a Chinese musician who also studied Western music. He composed 47 exercises and 10 solo pieces (1918–32) which were central to the development of the "Erhu" as a solo instrument. His works for the instrument include "Yue Ye" (月夜; Yuè yè, Moon Night) and "Zhu ying Yao hong" (烛影摇红; Zhú yǐng yáo hóng, Shadows of Candles Flickering Red).


title: Erhu

text: Other solo pieces include "Er Quan Ying Yue" (1950, Two Springs Reflecting the Moon) by Abing, Sai Ma" (Horse Race) by Huang Haihuai , "Henan Xiaoqu" (Henan Folk Tune) by Liu Mingyuan, and "Sanmenxia Changxiangqu" (1961, Sanmen Gorge Capriccio) by Liu Wenjin. Most solo works are commonly performed with yangqin accompaniment, although pieces such as the ten solos by Liu Tianhua and "Er Quan Ying Yue"(Two Springs Reflecting the Moon) originally did not have accompaniment.


title: Erhu

text: In addition to the solo repertoire, the "erhu" is one of the main instruments in regional music ensembles such as Jiangnan sizhu, Chinese opera ensembles, and the modern large Chinese orchestra.


title: Erhu

text: The "Erhu" is used in the music of the Cirque du Soleil show "O" and in solo performances in select Shen Yun tours. Even fusion progressive rock groups like The Hsu-nami have incorporated the "erhu" into their music and it is their lead instrument. It is incorporated in the Taiwanese black metal band ChthoniC and used in the song "Field Below" by Regina Spektor.


title: Erhu

text: An instrumental album by "Erhu" artist Song Fei (宋飞; Song Fei) expresses the painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival (清明上河图; Qīngmíng Shànghé Tú) drawn in the Song dynasty by Zhang Zeduan (张择端; Zhang Zeduan). It was performed with the "Erhu", "Jinghu", "Banhu", "Gaohu", etc., to show the Livelihood, Trade, Festival of the Song dynasty; the album contains 18 parts.


title: Erhu

text: More recently, the "Erhu" has appeared in several soundtracks, featuring prominently in the TV series "" (played by George Gao) and the massively multiplayer online role-playing game "" (played by Jiebing Chen). An "Erhu" solo is featured in several cues related to Vulcans from 2009's "Star Trek" soundtrack by Michael Giacchino.


title: Erhu

text: Musical groups for wedding celebrations in Cambodia often use the Tro, a similar instrument to the Erhu.


title: Erhu

text: An Erhu is listed in the credits for the Doug Anthony All Stars album "Icon" as being played by Paul McDermott. The Erhu can be heard in the character songs of China, a character in "Axis Powers Hetalia".


title: Erhu

text: The erhu is often described as a Chinese fiddle, in which, when compared to a fiddle, it has a relatively different style. While most of the instrument is built from wood, like the violin, the wood is not where the 'bridge' is put on. The bridge of an erhu has a flat base, and does not require 'fitting' onto an instrument. The reason is that the erhu uses python skin as its 'top', whereas a violin's top is a wooden plate. The python skin is stretched out like a flat surface, unlike the curved plate of a violin. Also, erhu have the hairs of the bow strung between the two strings, in which both sides of bow hair is used. The violin has the bow hair played on top of the strings. The erhu has only two strings while violin has four.


title: Erhu

text: The "erhu" is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.


title: Erhu

text: The "erhu" is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.


title: Erhu

text: The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the A string (the outside string), and pulls it inwards when bowing the "inside" D string.


title: Erhu

text: Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the "Erhu" can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.


title: Erhu

text: The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include "hua yin" (slides), "rou xian" (vibrato), and "huan ba" (changing positions).


title: Erhu

text: Prior to the 20th century, most "Huqin" instruments were used primarily to accompany various forms of Chinese opera and narrative. The use of the "Erhu" as a solo instrument began in the early 20th century along with the development of "guoyue" (literally "national music"), a modernized form of Chinese traditional music written or adapted for the professional concert stage. Active in the early 20th century were Zhou Shaomei (周少梅; 1885–1938) and Liu Tianhua (刘天华; 1895–1932). Liu laid the foundations of modern "Erhu" playing with his ten unaccompanied solos and 47 studies composed in the 1920s and 1930s. Liu Beimao (刘北茂; 1903–1981) was born in Jiangyin, Jiangsu. His compositions include "Xiao Hua Gu" (1943) (Little Flower-drum). Jiang Fengzhi (蔣风之; 1908–1986) and Chen Zhenduo (陈振铎) were students of Liu Tianhua, the piece "Hangong Qiuyue" (Autumn Moon over the Han Palace) was adapted and arranged by Jiang. Hua Yanjun (A Bing) (华彥君-阿炳,  1893–1950) was a blind street musician. Shortly before his death in 1950, two Chinese musicologists recorded him playing a few "Erhu" and "Pipa" solo pieces, the best-known being "Erquan Yingyue".


title: Erhu

text: With the founding of the People's Republic of China and the expansion of the conservatory system, the solo "erhu" tradition continued to develop. Important performers during this time include Lu Xiutang (陆修堂; 1911–1966), Zhang Rui (张锐; born 1920), Sun Wenming (孙文明; 1928–1962), Huang Haihuai (黄海怀), Liu Mingyuan (刘明源; 1931–1996), Tang Liangde (汤良德; 1938–2010), Zhang Shao (张韶) and Song Guosheng (宋国生).


title: Erhu

text: Liu Mingyuan (刘明源; 1931–1996) was born in Tianjin. He was known for his virtuosity on many instruments of the huqin family, in particular the banhu. His compositions and arrangements include "Henan Xiaoqu" (Henan Folk Tune) and "Cao Yuan Shang" (On Grassland) for Zhonghu. For many years, he taught at the China Conservatory of Music in Beijing.


title: Erhu

text: Tang Liangde (Cantonese: Tong Leung Tak; 汤良德; 1938–2010) was born in Shanghai into a famous Shanghainese musical family. He won the "Shanghai's Spring" "Erhu" competition and continued to be the soloist for the Chinese Film Orchestra in Beijing, his composition and solos can be heard throughout the "Nixon to China" documentary movie. Tang was the soloist and performed at the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, then went on to music broadcasting and education for the Hong Kong Government's Music Office making worldwide tours and was named Art Educator of the Year in 1991 by the Hong Kong Artist Guild.


title: Erhu

text: Wang Guotong (王国潼; born 1939) was born in Dalian, Liaoning. He studied with Jiang Fengzhi, Lan Yusong and Chen Zhenduo and, in 1960, graduated from the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. He performed the premiere of "Sanmenxia Changxiangqu" (Sanmen Gorge Rhapsody) composed by Liu Wenjin. In 1972, Wang became the "Erhu" soloist and later art director of the China Broadcasting Traditional Orchestra. He returned to the Central Conservatory of Music in 1983 as head of the Chinese music department. He has written many books and articles on "Erhu" playing and has performed in many countries. Wang also worked with the Beijing National Instruments Factory to further develop "Erhu" design.


title: Erhu

text: Min Huifen (閔惠芬; 1945–2014) was born in Yixing, Jiangsu. She first became known as the winner of the 1963 fourth Shanghai Spring Art Festival. She studied with Lu Xiutang and Wang Yi, and graduated from the Shanghai Conservatory of Music in 1968, and became the "Erhu" soloist with the "Shanghai Minzu Yuetuan" (Shanghai Folk Orchestra). She was the undisputed master of erhu for 50 years.


title: Erhu

text: Yang Ying (杨英; born 1959) was the featured soloist for the Chinese National Song and Dance Ensemble (中央歌舞团) of Beijing from 1978 to 1996. She was a national "Erhu" champion, frequently recorded for the Chinese film and record industry, and is listed in famous persons of China.


title: Erhu

text: The "Erhu" is featured along with other traditional Chinese instruments such as the "Pipa" in the contemporary Chinese instrumental music group Twelve Girls Band. They perform traditional Chinese music as well as Western classical and popular music.


title: Erhu

text: A few groups have used the "Erhu" in a rock context. As of 2012, the Taiwanese black metal band Chthonic remain the only black metal band to use the erhu. The New Jersey-based progressive rock band The Hsu-nami plays a variety of rock sub-styles including metal, psychedelic, prog rock, and funk. An amplified "Erhu" takes the place of lead vocals. Chie Mukai of the Japanese improv unit Ché-SHIZU also plays the "Erhu".


title: Erhu

text: Another group which falls more under Electronica/Drum & Bass is a musical duo from Parkdale, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The group, known as USS or Ubiquitous Synergy Seeker, uses an "Erhu" in a different context. The USS sound is a mixture of drum and bass beats, grunge-like guitar riffs and two-step rhythms. The "Erhu" is notable in its appearances on their two released CDs, "Wielding the C" and "Questamation".


title: Erhu

text: Toronto physician and composer Dr. Ian Pun (潘彥衡; born 1965) uses "Erhu" combined with a funk guitar musical riff in the 2011 song "加油, 加油, 加油!" performed by York University musicians Amely Zhou and Jaro Dabrowski.


title: Erhu

text: Sajjad Ali prominently used an Erhu played by Amely Zhou in the "Eternity Falls" track on his album "Where I Belong" (2011).


title: Erhu

text: Nine Inch Nails bandmember Joshua Eustis has been seen playing an "Erhu" while on tour, during the song "Disappointed". Chihsuan Yang plays an Erhu as a solo instrument with Corky Siegel's Chamber Blues on tour and on their new Different Voices CD.


title: Erhu

text: Composer Jeremy Zuckerman has used the "Erhu" in critically acclaimed shows' music such as , and The Legend of Korra. Specifically, he has said in the podcast Song Exploder that along with the "Zhonghu", he used the "Erhu" in The Legend of Korra's series finale music.


title: Erhu

text: The erhu did not become widely known to the general public outside of China, but recording artists like The Doors, The Beach Boys, Blood, Sweat & Tears, Rhythm Light Orchestra, The Rolling Stones, and John Prine have used it to create a unique sound, and it is still used by modern-day musicians outside of China.


title: Erhu

text: In the Gorillaz album Demon Days an erhu can be heard towards the end of the song "Every Planet We Reach is Dead".


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: In classical electromagnetism, Ampère's circuital law (not to be confused with Ampère's force law) relates the integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop. James Clerk Maxwell (not Ampère) derived it using hydrodynamics in his 1861 published paper "" In 1865 he generalized the equation to apply to time-varying currents by adding the displacement current term, resulting in the modern form of the law, sometimes called the Ampère–Maxwell law, which is one of Maxwell's equations which form the basis of classical electromagnetism.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: In 1820 Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that an electric current creates a magnetic field around it, when he noticed that the needle of a compass next to a wire carrying current turned so that the needle was perpendicular to the wire. He investigated and discovered the rules which govern the field around a straight current-carrying wire:


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: This sparked a great deal of research into the relation between electricity and magnetism. André-Marie Ampère investigated the magnetic force between two current-carrying wires, discovering Ampère's force law. In the 1850s Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell generalized these results and others into a single mathematical law. The original form of Maxwell's circuital law, which he derived as early as 1855 in his paper "On Faraday's Lines of Force" based on an analogy to hydrodynamics, relates magnetic fields to electric currents that produce them. It determines the magnetic field associated with a given current, or the current associated with a given magnetic field.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: The original circuital law only applies to a magnetostatic situation, to continuous steady currents flowing in a closed circuit. For systems with electric fields that change over time, the original law (as given in this section) must be modified to include a term known as Maxwell's correction (see below).


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: The original circuital law can be written in several different forms, which are all ultimately equivalent:


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: The integral form of the original circuital law is a line integral of the magnetic field around some closed curve (arbitrary but must be closed). The curve in turn bounds both a surface which the electric current passes through (again arbitrary but not closed—since no three-dimensional volume is enclosed by ), and encloses the current. The mathematical statement of the law is a relation between the total amount of magnetic field around some path (line integral) due to the current which passes through that enclosed path (surface integral).


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: In terms of total current, (which is the sum of both free current and bound current) the line integral of the magnetic -field (in teslas, T) around closed curve is proportional to the total current passing through a surface (enclosed by ). In terms of free current, the line integral of the magnetic -field (in amperes per metre, A·m) around closed curve equals the free current through a surface .


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: There are a number of ambiguities in the above definitions that require clarification and a choice of convention.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: The electric current that arises in the simplest textbook situations would be classified as "free current"—for example, the current that passes through a wire or battery. In contrast, "bound current" arises in the context of bulk materials that can be magnetized and/or polarized. (All materials can to some extent.)


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: When a material is magnetized (for example, by placing it in an external magnetic field), the electrons remain bound to their respective atoms, but behave as if they were orbiting the nucleus in a particular direction, creating a microscopic current. When the currents from all these atoms are put together, they create the same effect as a macroscopic current, circulating perpetually around the magnetized object. This magnetization current is one contribution to "bound current".


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: The other source of bound current is bound charge. When an electric field is applied, the positive and negative bound charges can separate over atomic distances in polarizable materials, and when the bound charges move, the polarization changes, creating another contribution to the "bound current", the polarization current .


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: All current is fundamentally the same, microscopically. Nevertheless, there are often practical reasons for wanting to treat bound current differently from free current. For example, the bound current usually originates over atomic dimensions, and one may wish to take advantage of a simpler theory intended for larger dimensions. The result is that the more microscopic Ampère's circuital law, expressed in terms of and the microscopic current (which includes free, magnetization and polarization currents), is sometimes put into the equivalent form below in terms of and the free current only. For a detailed definition of free current and bound current, and the proof that the two formulations are equivalent, see the "proof" section below.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: There are two important issues regarding the circuital law that require closer scrutiny. First, there is an issue regarding the continuity equation for electrical charge. In vector calculus, the identity for the divergence of a curl states that the divergence of the curl of a vector field must always be zero. Hence


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: which is nonzero for a time-varying charge density. An example occurs in a capacitor circuit where time-varying charge densities exist on the plates.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: Second, there is an issue regarding the propagation of electromagnetic waves. For example, in free space, where


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: To treat these situations, the contribution of displacement current must be added to the current term in the circuital law.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: James Clerk Maxwell conceived of displacement current as a polarization current in the dielectric vortex sea, which he used to model the magnetic field hydrodynamically and mechanically. He added this displacement current to Ampère's circuital law at equation 112 in his 1861 paper "".


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: In a dielectric the above contribution to displacement current is present too, but a major contribution to the displacement current is related to the polarization of the individual molecules of the dielectric material. Even though charges cannot flow freely in a dielectric, the charges in molecules can move a little under the influence of an electric field. The positive and negative charges in molecules separate under the applied field, causing an increase in the state of polarization, expressed as the polarization density . A changing state of polarization is equivalent to a current.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: where is the electric constant, the relative static permittivity, and is the polarization density. Substituting this form for in the expression for displacement current, it has two components:


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: The first term on the right hand side is present everywhere, even in a vacuum. It doesn't involve any actual movement of charge, but it nevertheless has an associated magnetic field, as if it were an actual current. Some authors apply the name "displacement current" to only this contribution.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: The second term on the right hand side is the displacement current as originally conceived by Maxwell, associated with the polarization of the individual molecules of the dielectric material.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: Maxwell's original explanation for displacement current focused upon the situation that occurs in dielectric media. In the modern post-aether era, the concept has been extended to apply to situations with no material media present, for example, to the vacuum between the plates of a charging vacuum capacitor. The displacement current is justified today because it serves several requirements of an electromagnetic theory: correct prediction of magnetic fields in regions where no free current flows; prediction of wave propagation of electromagnetic fields; and conservation of electric charge in cases where charge density is time-varying. For greater discussion see Displacement current.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: Next, the circuital equation is extended by including the polarization current, thereby remedying the limited applicability of the original circuital law.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: Treating free charges separately from bound charges, the equation including Maxwell's correction in terms of the -field is (the -field is used because it includes the magnetization currents, so does not appear explicitly, see -field and also Note):


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: (integral form), where is the magnetic field (also called "auxiliary magnetic field", "magnetic field intensity", or just "magnetic field"), is the electric displacement field, and is the enclosed conduction current or free current density. In differential form,


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: On the other hand, treating all charges on the same footing (disregarding whether they are bound or free charges), the generalized Ampère's equation, also called the Maxwell–Ampère equation, is in integral form (see the "proof" section below):


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: In both forms includes magnetization current density as well as conduction and polarization current densities. That is, the current density on the right side of the Ampère–Maxwell equation is:


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: where current density is the "displacement current", and is the current density contribution actually due to movement of charges, both free and bound. Because , the charge continuity issue with Ampère's original formulation is no longer a problem. Because of the term in , wave propagation in free space now is possible.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: With the addition of the displacement current, Maxwell was able to hypothesize (correctly) that light was a form of electromagnetic wave. See electromagnetic wave equation for a discussion of this important discovery.


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: Proof that the formulations of the circuital law in terms of free current are equivalent to the formulations involving total current


title: Ampère's circuital law

text: Note that we are only dealing with the differential forms, not the integral forms, but that is sufficient since the differential and integral forms are equivalent in each case, by the Kelvin–Stokes theorem.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Hudson Yards is a real estate development in the Hudson Yards area of Manhattan, New York City, between the Chelsea and Hell's Kitchen neighborhoods. Upon completion, 13 of the 16 planned structures on the West Side of Midtown South would sit on a platform built over the West Side Yard, a storage yard for Long Island Rail Road trains. The first of its two phases, opened in 2019, comprises a public green space and eight structures that contain residences, a hotel, office buildings, a mall, and a cultural facility. The second phase, on which construction had not started , will include residential space, an office building, and a school.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Related Companies and Oxford Properties are the primary developers and major equity partners in the project. Related, Oxford, and other large investors have funded Hudson Yards' construction from several capital sources, including from foreign investors through the EB-5 investment program. Mitsui Fudosan owns a 92.09 percent stake in 55 Hudson Yards, and a 90 percent stake in 50 Hudson Yards. The architectural firm Kohn Pedersen Fox designed the master plan for the site, and architects including Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Thomas Heatherwick, Foster + Partners, Roche-Dinkeloo, and Diller Scofidio + Renfro contributed designs for individual structures. Major office tenants include or will include fashion company Tapestry, consulting firm BCG, the new New York bureau for CNN, and urban planning organization Sidewalk Labs.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The Hudson Yards site was initially intended for other developments, most notably in the early 2000s as the site of the West Side Stadium, during the New York City bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Public officials and private investors began developing the new Hudson Yards plan after the failure of the West Side Stadium. Construction began in 2012 with the groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards, and the first phase opened on March 15, 2019. Agreements between various entities including the local government, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), and the state of New York made the development possible.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The special zoning for Hudson Yards (an area roughly bound by 30th Street in the south, 41st Street in the north, 11th Avenue in the west, and Eighth Avenue in the east) further incentivized the building of other large-scale projects. Hudson Yards is adjacent but unrelated to Manhattan West, 3 Hudson Boulevard, and The Spiral.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The eastern portion of the site, developed as Phase 1, is located between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues. It contains three office towers on Tenth Avenue, two of which have a retail podium between them. Phase 1 also includes The Shed performing arts center, a public plaza, the climbable "Vessel" sculpture, and three residential skyscrapers on Eleventh Avenue. Developers plan to build Phase 2, the western portion of the development, above tracks between Eleventh and Twelfth Avenues. Phase 2 will provide additional office and residential space.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The 52-story, 10 Hudson Yards is located at Tenth Avenue and 30th Street, along the southeastern corner of Phase 1. It opened in 2016. Ground was broken for the building on December 4, 2012. Construction began with 10 Hudson Yards as it was not built over railroad tracks. However, 10 Hudson Yards does straddle the High Line spur to Tenth Avenue. 10 Hudson Yards opened on May 31, 2016, and was the first structure in the Hudson Yards development to be occupied by tenants. Companies with offices in the building include L'Oreal, BCG, Sidewalk Labs, and anchor tenant Coach. Early on during construction, Coach purchased a stake in the building, which was sold back to Related toward the end of construction. Kohn Pedersen Fox designed the building.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: 15 Hudson Yards, originally proposed as Tower D, is located on Eleventh Avenue and West 30th Street, near Phase 1's southwestern corner. The building connects to a semi-permanent structure, a performance and arts space known as The Shed. 15 Hudson Yards started construction in December 2014, was topped out in February 2018, and opened in early 2019. When completed, 15 Hudson Yards included 285 residential units. Its original design, with a pronounced "corset" at the middle of the tower's height, attracted attention. 15 Hudson Yards is designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Lead Architect and Rockwell Group, Lead Interior Architect.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Prospective low-income tenants of the building filed a lawsuit against Related. The suit alleges the company created a different address (553 West 30th Street) for 15 Hudson Yards' affordable units and that the tenants of those units would not have access to the same amenities as those in the market-rate units. The suit alleges the building does not have an actual "poor door" but does still segregate its tenants through a "poor address" and "poor floors". "Poor doors" were banned in 2015 by then New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The Shed is an arts center housed in the Bloomberg Building, a three-story structure adjacent to 15 Hudson Yards. The space is focused on providing cultural programming, and is maintained by an organization of the same name. Its most prominent feature is a retractable "shell" that wraps around its roof and its northern and southern facades. The Shed opened on April 5, 2019.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The 103-story, 1,270 feet (387 m) 30 Hudson Yards is located at Tenth Avenue and 33rd Street. It is the city's sixth-tallest building. Construction began after caissons were sunk to support the platform over the tracks, the latter of which was raised above ground level, at the same elevation as the High Line. 30 Hudson Yards opened on March 15, 2019.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: 35 Hudson Yards is located at Eleventh Avenue and 33rd Street. Construction on the building's foundation was started in January 2015, and it topped out in June 2018. 35 Hudson Yards opened on March 15, 2019. The mixed-use building contains 137 condominiums, an Equinox brand hotel, an Equinox brand gym, medical offices, and retail space. David Childs, the chairman of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, contributed the designs.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Work on the -tall 50 Hudson Yards, located at Tenth Avenue between 33rd and 34th Streets, began in May 2018, with construction expected to be complete in 2022. BlackRock signed on as an anchor tenant, and is to occupy in the building, but Facebook will occupy more space with . Foster + Partners designed the building, which will rank as the fourth largest office tower in New York City in terms of available leaseable area when completed, with available to lease. Along with 55 Hudson Yards, it is one of two structures in the first phase not located above the rail yard. Mitsui Fudosan owns a 90 percent stake in the building, while Bank of China, Deutsche Bank, and Wells Fargo contributed financing for the tower.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The 55 Hudson Yards, located at Eleventh Avenue between 33rd and 34th Streets, was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and Roche-Dinkeloo. 55 Hudson Yards started construction on January 22, 2015, and topped out in August 2017. Mitsui Fudosan owns a 92.09 percent stake in the building. Like 50 Hudson Yards, 55 is not located over the rail yard, and was not included in the original master plan as created by KPF. Cooley, a law firm, signed a lease to occupy across five stories. Another law firm, Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, will occupy . American cryptocurrency trading platform Coinbase has sublet from Point72 Asset Management in the building.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: To lower costs and allow flexibility during the build, construction emphasized the use of concrete over steel. Two architectural firms, Kohn Pederson Fox and Roche Dinkeloo, were involved in the design of the building, which is the first collaborative effort between the two firms.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Phase 1 also included a seven-story mall with 100 shops and 20 restaurants, called the Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards. It has of space, including in retail, including department stores.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In September 2014, Neiman Marcus signed to become the anchor tenant of the Hudson Yards Retail Space. The retail space, designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and Elkus Manfredi Architects with a connection to the bases of 10 and 30 Hudson Yards, started construction in June 2015, with a order of steel, one of the largest such orders in the history of the United States. The mall opened on March 15, 2019.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The Neiman Marcus store occupied the top 3 levels and of the mall, or before its closure. Chef and restaurateur Thomas Keller has opened a restaurant in the complex, in addition to selecting 11 other restaurants in the retail space. There is fine dining on the fifth through seventh floors as well as more casual fare on the second through fourth floors. The mall is anchored by Dior and Chanel on the topmost floors, with "a 'Fifth Avenue' mix of shops", such as H&M, Zara, and Sephora below them. The Neiman Marcus closed in 2020 as part of a plan to close 24 locations nationwide, having been open only for 16 months. The former Neiman Marcus is slated to be converted to office space.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: There is a public square, with 28,000 plants and 225 trees, on the platform. The public square is a ventilation area for the West Side Yards, as well as a storm water runoff site. Storm water that runs off into the square is reused throughout the development. Because it is located on top of an active rail yard, the public square is located over a deep plenum above a cooling slab with 15 fans blowing air at and a rainwater storage tank. The entire platform is supported by 234 caissons. The plantings are rooted within "smart soil". The plaza opened along with the mall on March 15, 2019.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: "Vessel", a permanent art installation designed by Thomas Heatherwick, is located at the center of the plaza. The installation, a 16-story freestanding structure of connected staircases, cost US$150 million. Heatherwick took inspiration from Indian step wells in the design. Stephen M. Ross has compared the structure to the Eiffel Tower, and it has also been informally dubbed "The Shawarma". "Vessel" opened on March 15, 2019. After three suicides at the Vessel, Related closed the structure temporarily in January 2021. "Vessel" reopened in May 2021, with a rule requiring visitors to come in groups and a new ticket fee for most visitors, but "Vessel" was closed again in July 2021 after a fourth suicide. As of August 2022, Hudson Yards officials were installing safety nets around "Vessel" in preparation for the structure's possible reopening.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The Hudson Yards development sits directly west of the second largest project in the area: Manhattan West, a mixed-use multi-building development also built above previously exposed rail yards. Two large-scale, single-building office developments border the eastern portion of Hudson Yards. The larger, known as The Spiral, is owned by Tishman Speyer. The smaller development is known as 3 Hudson Boulevard.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Several existing or planned residential buildings border Phase 1. Related owns three: One Hudson Yards and Abington House, and a building under construction at 451 Tenth Avenue. Despite sharing a developer, these buildings are distinct from the main Hudson Yards project.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Another Related development also on the West Side, originally dubbed "Hudson Residences," was under construction at the same time as Hudson Yards. The project consists of two residential buildings, one designed by Thomas Heatherwick, the other by Robert A.M. Stern Architects. The company co-owns a site with Spitzer Enterprises with plans to develop both residential and office space. Related also purchased a 99.9% interest in several sites on 35th and 36th streets from Spitzer in November 2021.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: 601 West 29th Street and 606 West 30th Street are under construction south of the two Related developments. Despite the involvement of two separate real estate companies, they are being developed together due to their proximity.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In 2020, Spitzer Enterprises and Related Companies received $276 million in loans for a 526-unit housing development in Hudson Yards at 451 10th Avenue. The building, also given the address 455 10th Avenue, will include a mix of "upscale urban senior living communities" and executive apartments. The senior living and executive apartments will respectively be marketed under the brands "The Coterie" and "The Set". Handel Architects designed 451 10th Avenue.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In October 2021, Related purchased 99.9% stakes in three sites owned by Spitzer Enterprises at 511 West 35th Street, 506 West 36th Street, and 512 West 36th Street.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Several developers and other entities proposed uses for the rail yard during the 20th century. In 1956, William Zeckendorf suggested the construction of the "Freedom Tower," which would have risen , making it the tallest building in the world at the time. Transportation to the new complex would have been via a "passenger conveyor belt" from further east in Midtown. Zeckendorf never purchased the rights, as he was unable to secure financing for the deal, given that large-scale speculative real estate projects were not an asset class that institutional investors and lenders took an interest in at the time. The administration of Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. released a $670 million development plan in 1963, which was ultimately never realized.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In the 1980s, both the Jets and the Yankees proposed new stadiums above the rails, though none of these projects succeeded. Another ultimately unsuccessful plan for a new stadium for the Yankees was proposed above the West Side Yard in 1993. A similar plan for a Yankee stadium above the West Side Yard was proposed in 1996, and was endorsed by mayor Rudy Giuliani. However, the plan also received opposition from many other public figures, and was also not built. In June 2001, the "Group of 35", a citizens' consortium concerned with the development of New York City real estate, issued a list of recommendations and plans for the city. The "Report of the Group of 35, a Blue Ribbon Task Force on NYC Commercial Space" said that, for New York to compete with other regions and cities for commercial development, a strategy of developing Commercial Business Districts (CBD) should be implemented in Downtown Brooklyn, Long Island City, and "Far West Side" (now Hudson Yards).


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: By the early 2000s, plans for the rail yard long included a new Olympics stadium, to become the home of the Jets after the games ended. Proposers dubbed the structure the "New York Sports and Convention Center". In addition to the stadium, rezoning the adjacent area would have incentivized the construction of some 13,000 new residential units and of office space. This effort, led by Daniel Doctoroff, was unpopular with the public and politicians.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In January 2005, the New York City Council approved the 60-block rezoning, including the eastern portion of the West Side Yard. Michael Bloomberg, then the city's mayor, subsequently separated the city's broader rezoning plans from the rail yard stadium. In conjunction with the city, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) for a mixed-use development to be built on platforms over the rail yard, which would remain in use throughout.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The MTA received three bids to cap and lease the rail yard. Cablevision (the owner of the nearby Madison Square Garden), the New York Jets organization, and TransGas Energy all submitted proposals. The Jets won the development rights, but several lawsuits filed after the bidding process alleged they won without paying a fair price. In June 2005, New York State Assembly speaker Sheldon Silver voted against the stadium, definitively eliminating the possibility of support at the state level and the possibility of the stadium's construction. Although Bloomberg and others expressed doubts about interest in the area from real estate companies after the stadium fell through, development nevertheless continued. The former mayor later expressed that the loss of the stadium may have been a "blessing" for New York.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The MTA received proceeds from the development's 2006 bond offering to pay for an extension of the New York City Subway's to 34th Street–Hudson Yards station. With funding assured, the MTA proceeded quickly to construct the extension. The first construction contracts were awarded in October 2007, and the subway extension opened on September 13, 2015.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In late 2006, the city and the MTA backed out of a plan for the city to purchase the development site, and created a proposal to seek bids from private developers. This was followed by a formal request for proposals in 2008 with the intention of creating a large-scale mixed-use development above the rail yards. Five developers responded to the RFP: Extell Development Company, Tishman Speyer, Brookfield, Vornado Realty Trust with the Durst Organization, and the Related Companies.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Brookfield's Skidmore, Owings and Merrill-designed master plan known as "Hudson Place" and "Hudson Green" proposed constructing 15 towers (four office and 11 residential/hotel) that would range in height from to . The buildings would include of office space and 4,000 residential units, including 400 devoted to affordable housing. "Hudson Place" encompassed the office component covering the eastern portion of the railyards while "Hudson Green" was residential-focused and planned for the western railyards. Individual towers would have been designed by SHoP Architects, SANAA, Thomas Phifer, Handel Architects, and Diller Scofidio + Renfro. The development would have also included two hotels, a cultural center, school, two parks (4.4 acres for Hudson Green and 3.4 acres for Hudson Place), and of space for the Children's Museum of Manhattan.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Durst and Vornado hired FXCollaborative and César Pelli to design a development named "Hudson Center" which would have included 13 towers ranging from to tall. The development would be split between of office space and 6,500 residential units, 600 of which would have been affordable. The developers also would have included 12 acres of open space and a subterranean people mover system connecting the complex to Penn Station. Media company Condé Nast agreed to anchor the development by taking all of office space in the largest office tower and move from their headquarters at Durst's 4 Times Square in 2015.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Extell, in a master plan designed by Steven Holl, proposed 11 towers with just two featuring office space and the rest devoted to 3,812 residential units. The company's proposal also featured 19.5 acres of outdoor space including an outdoor amphitheatre and a sculpture garden named after Sol LeWitt. The company also would have built a new ferry terminal on the Hudson River as well as a Long Island Rail Road stop at the site. Extell's proposal was fundamentally different than the others as they proposed constructing a suspension deck over the rail yards similar to a suspension bridge rather than the truss structure every other developer proposed. Extell claimed this method would be more cost-effective but the suspension structure also would not have been strong enough to support large buildings. Due to this, all of Extell's proposed towers were clustered at the edges of the site in order to sit on solid ground while the deck itself would hold only the proposal's open spaces and park. Other unique aspects included a central reservoir to collect stormwater, a geothermal cooling system, and cogeneration which together would reduce energy use by almost 50%. Writing in "The Wall Street Journal", Ada Louise Huxtable praised the proposal, writing that it "could have the unity, character and potential beauty of a Rockefeller Center." "The New York Times" added to the praise, writing that the "proposal is the only one worth serious consideration."


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Related's initial proposal envisioned 13 towers split between 3 office building and 10 residential structures. The company divided the space between of office space and 4,962 residential units. The towers would have varied in height from to and been designed by a diverse array of architects including Arquitectonica, Robert A. M. Stern, and Kohn Pedersen Fox. Proposed amenities included a school, winter garden, and 15.1 acres of open space. Related also secured a commitment from Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation to move their headquarters into one of the new office towers at the development. However, News Corporation later pulled out of the deal which led Related to bid only on the residential-focused Western railyard rather than the entire site. Due to this, the MTA disqualified the Related bid.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Tishman Speyer's bid, designed by Helmut Jahn, covered 11 towers centered on four large office towers surrounded by seven smaller residential buildings. Two of the office towers would have stood at while the other two would be taller at with the accompanying residential buildings varying between and tall. The company's bid was the most office-focused with plans featuring of commercial space and 3,000 residential units. The proposed buildings would total over of space with 13 acres of open space and also include 379 units of affordable housing. Investment bank Morgan Stanley would have occupied all of office space in both the taller office towers as the company's headquarters and also would have provided equity and debt financing for the project.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Tishman Speyer, a New York-based real estate conglomerate, won the bid in March 2008. Tishman Speyer won a $1 billion bid to lease and cap the West Side Yard, with payment due as annual rent over a 99-year period. It would also spend another $2 billion for development over the rail yards, including for the two platforms over the yards to support of public spaces, four office buildings, and ten high-rise residential towers. Tishman had secured the investment bank Morgan Stanley as both an anchor tenant and financial backer.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Two months later, the deal broke down when Morgan Stanley pulled out due to the late-2000s financial crisis. Subsequently, the MTA chose the Related Companies and Goldman Sachs to develop Hudson Yards under the same conditions. Related's revised plan included 13 buildings encompassing 12 million square feet of space including 2,154 rental apartments, 20% of which would be affordable. Other components included 2,619 condominiums, 5.5 million square feet () of offices, a hotel, about of retail, a school and a cultural facility.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In December 2009, the New York City Council approved Related Companies' revised plan for Hudson Yards, and the western portion of the West Side Yard was rezoned. Following the rail yards' successful rezoning, the MTA signed another 99-year lease to the air rights over the rail yard in May 2010. The air rights were signed over to a joint venture of Related Companies and Oxford Properties Group, which invested $400 million to build a platform above both the eastern and western portions of the yard on which to construct the buildings.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In April 2013, the Related/Oxford joint venture obtained a $475 million construction loan from parties including Barry Sternlicht's Starwood Capital Group and luxury retailer Coach. The financing deal was unique in several aspects, including the fact that it included a construction mezzanine loan, that Coach was a lender on both the debt and equity sides, and that the MTA reused a "severable lease" structure (previously used by Battery Park City) that allowed for the loans. A portion of the project was also financed by the EB-5 investment program, which uses capital from immigrants, who become eligible for a green card.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The groundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards, which was not built on the platform, occurred on December 4, 2012. At that event, the start of construction was also announced for 30 Hudson Yards. No tenants had been secured for any building in the complex when construction started on 10 Hudson Yards. However, three tenants—L'Oreal, Coach, and SAP—were announced in 2013.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In October 2013, New York's Industrial Development Agency granted Related a $328 million tax exemption for 20 and 30 Hudson Yards, in addition to the previously approved $106 million exemption for 10 Hudson Yards. Shortly after, Related announced construction would begin on the platform covering the eastern railyards in January 2014 and cost $721 million. Construction on the platform began in March 2014 after Related secured a $250 million loan from Deutsche Bank. The erection of the platform was necessary in order to start construction on 15, 30, and 35 Hudson Yards. The platform for the Eastern Rail Yard was completed in October 2015, and the western platform was completed by 2016. In anticipation of the completion of the structures at Hudson Yards, the section of the High Line elevated park adjacent to the development opened in September 2014. After several delays in the completion of the 34th Street subway station, the station opened the following September. However, the first building in the complex, 10 Hudson Yards, did not open until May 31, 2016.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Groundbreaking occurred for 15 Hudson Yards in December 2014, and work on 35 Hudson Yards and 55 Hudson Yards both started the following month. Construction on The Shed, adjacent to 15 Hudson Yards, began in mid-2015 after its pilings were completed. A 16-story, honeycomb-shaped structure with stairwells named "Vessel," in the center of Hudson Yards' public plaza, was unveiled to the public in September 2016. The pieces of "Vessel" were fabricated off-site and were brought to Hudson Yards for assembly starting in April 2017. Work on the final building in the first phase, 50 Hudson Yards, began in May 2018.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: 55 Hudson Yards topped out in August 2017, while 15, 30, and 35 Hudson Yards all topped out in 2018. All four structures were opened on March 14, 2019, as were the Shed, shopping center, and "Vessel." In addition, neither the High Line nor the 34th Street station were completed at the time of their respective openings. A second entrance to the 34th Street station was opened in September 2018, while the High Line spur adjacent to 10 Hudson Yards opened in June 2019.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Higher costs for materials and land after the 2008 recession have caused real estate companies to seek lower labor costs. In New York City non-union labor has made inroads, although workers tend to have less training and experience. Douglas Durst, a real estate magnate in New York, has said "Related is leading the charge" among New York-based companies in employing non-union labor. Beginning in late 2017, unions working at the site alleged Related "continue[d] to look for deeper and deeper concessions" in their negotiations, and begin organizing a campaign referred to as "#CountMeIn". Related's push to change the site to an open shop would mostly affect the second phase of construction, on the western yard. The labor dispute is ongoing , though there have been meetings between labor leader Gary LaBarbera and Related executive Bruce Beal Jr.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The Edge observation deck on the 100th floor of 30 Hudson Yards had opened on March 11, 2020, but the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City caused Related to close Edge two days later. The restaurant on the 101st floor of the same building, Peak, also opened on March 11 but closed the following day after a staff member contracted COVID-19. In April 2020, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that condominium sales had slowed due to the pandemic. The "Journal" also noted a downturn in retail rent collections at the development. This decline occurred in part due to unique contracts between Related and its tenants, which meant the developer collected income based on sales, rather than traditional fixed payments. In May 2020, the "Financial Times" noted the development had become a "ghost town".


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: "The Wall Street Journal" reported in July that the Hudson Yards Neiman Marcus location, the flagship of the development's retail offerings, would close. Related opted to turn the Neiman Marcus store into offices instead of a store. Thomas Keller closed his restaurant in the complex in August 2020. The Hudson Yards mall reopened in September 2020, though Bloomberg noted few visitors. The Edge observation deck also reopened that month. Despite the closures, Barclays reportedly considered Hudson Yards as a location for a new American headquarters in late 2020. Additionally, BlackRock indicated in early 2021 that it still intended to move its headquarters to 50 Hudson Yards in 2022 or 2023. Due to the financial problems caused by the pandemic, Related has sought a low-interest loan from the Department of Transportation to cap the western yard, the first step in beginning the project's second phase.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Street vendors who have legally operated on public property near the development since before its opening allege they have been the targets of harassment from security employed by Related and the NYPD. Related has installed landscaping with the alleged intention of depriving the vendors of adequate space to place their carts. Related first installed new tree pits, leaving space for one cart, and later placed a large planter in the final available space.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: After receiving summonses from NYPD officers in May 2021—contravening a policy removing police from enforcing vendor compliance with laws—the vendors organized a protest. This protest was supported by Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The western portion of the yard is bordered by 30th Street and 33rd Street in the north and south, and Eleventh and Twelfth avenues in the east and west. The western phase of the project is to contain up to seven residential towers, an office building at 33rd Street and Eleventh Avenue tentatively known as "West Tower", and a school serving Pre-K to eighth grade students. The third phase of the High Line will traverse Phase 2 of the project. According to "Architectural Digest" magazine, Santiago Calatrava, Robert A.M. Stern Architects, Thomas Heatherwick, and Frank Gehry are involved in the design of the second phase's residential towers. Related Companies had previously commissioned works from Stern, Heatherwick, and Gehry.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Work on the platform to cover the second half of the tracks was originally scheduled to begin in 2018, and Phase 2 was to have been completed by 2024. However, construction was later rescheduled to begin in 2019. Around $500 million of financing for Phase 2 was approved in mid-2018. , there is no set completion date for Phase 2 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The status of the plans for buildings with a range of uses on the western yard is unclear. In late 2022, multiple sources reported that Related had entered into a partnership with Wynn Resorts to attempt develop a casino and resort on the western yard, presumably replacing earlier plans. This plan would require that the partnership secure one of several available licenses, issued by New York state, for casinos in New York City and its surroundings. Related has also entered into discussion with representatives of Madison Square Garden about moving the sporting and entertainment facility to the development.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The new platform upon which the Hudson Yards development is being built is bordered by 10th and 12th Avenues and by 30th and 33rd Streets. In 2014, it was expected to cost more than $20 billion and was projected to eventually see 65,000 visitors a day. Construction on the platform began in March 2014. Construction was overseen by Related Companies' executive vice president, Timur Galen.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The Hudson Yards project is located in the Hudson Yards area of Manhattan, between the Chelsea and Hell's Kitchen neighborhoods. It was constructed over the existing at-grade West Side Yard, allowing LIRR trains to continue to be stored during midday hours. To minimize construction impact on the LIRR's ability to store trains during midday and peak hours, caissons were drilled into bedrock throughout much of the site, over which the platform was to be built. However, only 38% of the ground level at West Side Yard was to be filled in with columns to support the development. Much of the platform itself was built by a huge Manitowoc 18000 crane. The eastern platform, supporting the towers, comprises 16 bridges. The platform for the Eastern Rail Yard was completed in October 2015, and the western part of the platform was completed the following year.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In 2013, Amtrak announced it would build a "tunnel box" through the project areas to reserve the space for a future rail right-of-way such as the proposed Gateway Project. Construction began September 2013 and took two years. The underground concrete casing is long, wide, and approximately tall.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Projected to cost $25 billion upon its completion, Hudson Yards is one of the most expensive real estate developments ever built in the United States, and the largest private development in the country's history. Under the terms of their agreement with Oxford, Related retains a 60 percent stake in the complex. Related is unusual among real estate firms in that it develops and subsequently retains ownership of rental buildings it constructs, meaning it has a large portfolio of affordable rental properties that provide consistent income. Initial funding came exclusively from Related and partner Goldman Sachs. After Goldman exited this arrangement, Related and its new partner, Oxford, secured a number of capital sources. These include conventional lenders, such as Wells Fargo, foreign investors through the EB-5 program, and a debt raise on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. $600 million of the project's financing has come from EB-5, making it the project to receive the most funding from the program. Other lenders include The Children's Investment Fund Foundation, Deutsche Bank, and Allianz. As of September 2017, Related had raised about $18 billion in funds.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Related has also received or otherwise benefited from $6 billion in investments and tax breaks from the city in conjunction with Hudson Yards' construction. While "The New York Times" described the $6 billion as comprising numerous "tax breaks", a columnist for "Crain's New York Business" disputed this statement, saying, "There are two significant tax breaks which the New School totals at a little more than $1.36 billion", and that the rest of the investment was in infrastructure such as parks and the 7 Subway Extension. The $6 billion sum includes:


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: A number of companies have moved their headquarters or New York City office to Hudson Yards or rival developments. These include financial firms, law firms, and miscellaneous technology, fashion, and media companies. 10 Hudson Yards is occupied by Coach, the Boston Consulting Group, and Sidewalk Labs. 30 Hudson Yards would be occupied by Time Warner, DNB Bank, Wells Fargo Securities, and Facebook once it opens. 50 Hudson Yards would also be occupied by Facebook. 55 Hudson Yards would be occupied by at least three law firms (Boies, Schiller & Flexner; Cooley LLP; and Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy), as well as by Facebook, electronic trading platform MarketAxess and pharmaceutical company Intercept Pharmaceuticals. The city has enticed large tenants to Hudson Yards by making them eligible for discretionary tax credits once they add a certain number of jobs there.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Joe Patrice, writing for "Above the Law", noted that with the move of Cooley LLP to 55 Hudson Yards from the Grace Building there was an "official trend" of law firms moving to the new office buildings on the far West Side. This move westward follows a trend from earlier in the 21st century, when firms began moving from parts of Midtown such as the Plaza District to Times Square and other areas with new office towers.