title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: Production took place at the Shepperton Studios, England. During filming, in order to allow for the Muppets and the human actors to be in the shot, floors had to be removed and re-inserted, with Michael Caine having to walk across narrow planks between the Muppets and their performers. Additionally, the buildings in the London street scenes were constructed by hand but diminished in size in order to achieve the appearance that the streets were relatively longer. When the musical sequence "It Feels Like Christmas" ends with a crane shot, the short buildings became visibly seen in the background; Brian Henson explained on the DVD audio commentary that they were aware of the problem during shooting, but eventually decided that the closing shot was worth it as they believed not many people would notice the error.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: Walt Disney Pictures appeared to have high expectations for the film, being their widest-released film of the holiday season and the second-widest release under the Disney banner that year. However, the film opened in sixth place, initially reported to have collected $5.9 million in box office estimates, which was later revised to $5 million. Ultimately, "The Muppet Christmas Carol" grossed a total of $27.3 million in North America. Despite being a modest box office success, "The Muppet Christmas Carol" did not have a large effect during its theatrical release, having to face competition from "" and Disney's own "Aladdin".


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 75% based on 51 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's consensus states, "It may not be the finest version of Charles Dickens' tale to grace the screen, but "The Muppet Christmas Carol" is funny and heartwarming, and serves as a good introduction to the story for young viewers." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 64 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: Janet Maslin, reviewing for "The New York Times", summarized the film as not a "great show of wit or tunefulness here, and the ingenious cross-generational touches are fairly rare. But there "is" a lively kiddie version of the Dickens tale, one that very young viewers ought to understand." The "Chicago Sun-Times" film critic Roger Ebert, who gave the film three stars out of four, praised the technical achievements, but felt it "could have done with a few more songs than it has, and the merrymaking at the end might have been carried on a little longer, just to offset the gloom of most of Scrooge's tour through his lifetime spent spreading misery." On the television program "Siskel & Ebert", his partner "Chicago Tribune" film critic Gene Siskel gave the film a Thumbs Down although he was favorable towards Michael Caine's performance.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: Also from "The Chicago Tribune", Dave Kehr reviewed the film as "a talky, plodding film that seems likely to bore children and adults in equal measure." Nevertheless, Kehr praised Val Strazovec's production design and John Fenner's cinematography believing its "shadowy, naturalistic lighting creates a new look for a puppet film," but derided Paul Williams's songs as unmemorable. Likewise, "Variety" praised the production design and criticized Williams's songs, writing "Muppets Christmas Carol" is "not as enchanting or amusing as the previous entries in the Muppet series. But nothing can really diminish the late Jim Henson's irresistibly appealing characters.”


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: Giving the film three stars out of five, Almar Haflidason of the BBC wrote the film is "liberal but fun adaptation of a classic" that "turns out to be quite touching as Muppet movies go. Less pleasing are the forgettable songs that offer both clumsy word construction and dire music that eats away at the aesthetic quality of the movie. But you'll be too busy looking out for the assorted Muppets to care much." Anthony McGlynn of "Screen Rant" called "The Muppet Christmas Carol" "a work of genius on every level" and "the greatest Christmas movie ever made," praising the original songs that were written for the film and Michael Caine's performance as Scrooge.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: This is the first "Muppet" film co-produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures—and the rights to the Muppets featured in the film would later be purchased by the studio's parent company. In addition to theatrical releases, the film has also been made available on home video formats. It was first released on VHS in the US on November 5, 1993, in the UK on November 15, 1993, and later on DVD in both countries. The first US DVD release on October 8, 2002, was in a full-screen-only format. Walt Disney Home Entertainment re-released the film in the US on DVD on November 29, 2005, in conjunction with Kermit the Frog's 50th anniversary celebration; this time the DVD contained both full-screen and widescreen presentations. The UK has also had similar DVD releases.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a 20th anniversary collector's edition on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital copy on November 6, 2012. The release does not include the film's extended cut. However, the song "When Love Is Gone" and its accompanying scene can be viewed in its entirety on the full-screen version of the anniversary edition of "The Muppet Christmas Carol", though it is cut in the widescreen format.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: On December 9, 2022, Disney+ released a 30th anniversary edition via streaming media which includes the song "When Love Is Gone" as an option in its menu.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: The film's original score was composed by Miles Goodman with songs written by Paul Williams. Williams previously worked with the Muppets on the soundtrack to "The Muppet Movie" (1979) in which he and Kenneth Ascher were nominated for an Academy Award for writing "Rainbow Connection." Goodman previously scored several films that were directed by Muppet performer Frank Oz.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: "The Muppet Christmas Carol: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" contains all of the songs from the film, which were written by Paul Williams, as well several cues from the score by Miles Goodman. However, most of them are different arrangements than what appear in the film. The performances are by the Muppet characters as well as Caine, and the album also includes the songs "Room in Your Heart" and "Chairman of the Board" that were recorded but never filmed. As with all previous Muppet films, "The Muppet Christmas Carol" was shot as a musical. The soundtrack album peaked at number 189 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The soundtrack was digitally re-released by Walt Disney Records on November 6, 2012.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: "When Love Is Gone" is a song sung by the character Belle (portrayed by Meredith Braun) as she laments that Scrooge's love of money has replaced his love of her. The song itself was cut from the original 1992 American theatrical edition of the film by Jeffrey Katzenberg the then-chairman of Walt Disney Studios, who believed that the song would not appeal to young viewers. Instead, the song was played during the film's end credits scene. Brian Henson objected to this decision as the concluding song, "The Love We Found," was a direct counterpoint to it.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: Henson commented: "'When Love Is Gone' was not in the theatrical release, and is presently missing from some copies of the movie, which is a real shame." The song titled "When Love Is Gone" is only included on some home media releases of "The Muppet Christmas Carol" which are now out of print. It is included as a deleted scene in the "extras" section of the film on Disney+.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: The song is included on all of the 1993 VHS and LaserDisc releases of the film, as well as at least one UK VHS release. The LaserDisc version includes the only widescreen presentation of this song ever released.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: The 2002 and 2005 DVD releases of the movie retain the song in the 90-minute full-screen version of the film, but not in the 86-minute widescreen version on the same disc. A 2012 standalone DVD release of the film uses the same disc from the 2005 release, so it also contains the song. However, a different DVD was used for the 2012 Blu-ray combo pack which does not contain the song. The digital download release of the film contains the entire "When Love Is Gone" as a bonus feature, in widescreen and in high definition.


title: The Muppet Christmas Carol

text: In a 2018 interview with "The Big Issue", Henson said he believed that the song was "unlikely" to appear in any further releases of the film, because Disney had reportedly lost the original video master and film negative. However, on December 9, 2020, Henson confirmed to BBC Radio 2 that the original film negative featuring the entire footage of the song had been found by Disney archivists and would be included in all future 4K releases. Due to time constraints, Disney+ was unable to include the new full version on its Christmas 2020 streaming release of the film. At the 2022 D23 Expo in September, Henson stated the full version of the film with the song left intact would be available on Disney+ on December 11 of that year. The full version of the film with the song included was made available on Disney+ in the film's "extras" section on December 9, 2022.


title: AllMovie

text: AllMovie (previously All Movie Guide) is an online database with information about films, television programs, and screen actors. , AllMovie.com and the AllMovie consumer brand are owned by RhythmOne.


title: AllMovie

text: AllMovie was founded by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine, who also founded AllMusic and AllGame.


title: AllMovie

text: The AllMovie database was licensed to tens of thousands of distributors and retailers for point-of-sale systems, websites and kiosks. The AllMovie database is comprehensive, including basic product information, cast and production credits, plot synopsis, professional reviews, biographies, relational links and more.


title: AllMovie

text: AllMovie data was accessed on the web at the AllMovie website. It was also available via the AMG LASSO media recognition service, which can automatically recognize DVDs.


title: AllMovie

text: The AMG consumer facing web properties AllMusic.com, AllMovie.com and AllGame.com were sold by Rovi in August 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. The buyers also include the original founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Splendor in the Grass is a 1961 American period drama film produced and directed by Elia Kazan, from a screenplay written by William Inge. It stars Natalie Wood and Warren Beatty (in his film debut) as two high school sweethearts, navigating feelings of sexual repression, love, and heartbreak. Pat Hingle, Audrey Christie, Barbara Loden, Zohra Lampert, and Joanna Roos are featured in supporting roles.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: "Splendor in the Grass" was released theatrically on October 10, 1961, by Warner Bros. Pictures to critical and commercial success, grossing $4 million, and received two nominations at the 34th Academy Awards for Best Actress (for Wood) and Best Original Screenplay, winning the latter.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: In 1928 Kansas, teenagers Wilma Dean "Deanie" Loomis and her boyfriend, Bud Stamper, want a more physically intimate relationship, but heed the advice of their parents not to become more involved for the sake of Deanie's reputation and Bud's future plans for college. Bud's sister, Ginny, a flapper, is more worldly having returned from Chicago after an annulment and rumors of an abortion to the disappointment and shame of Mr. and Mrs. Stamper. Bud rescues Ginny from an attempted rape at a New Year's Eve party, but disturbed by what he has seen, tells Deanie they should stop fooling around and they break up.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Bud has a liaison with Juanita. Shortly afterward, Deanie explodes in anger when her mother asks if she's still a virgin. Allen "Toots" Tuttle takes Deanie to a school dance where she sees Bud and tries to entice him into having sex. Bud rebuffs her and Deanie runs back to Toots, who drives her to a private spot. While there, Deanie realizes that she can't go through with sex, at which point she is almost raped. Escaping from Toots and driven close to madness, she attempts to commit suicide by jumping in the pond, but is rescued just before reaching the waterfalls. Her parents sell their oil stock to pay for her institutionalization, and fortuitously turn a profit prior to the Crash of 1929 that leads to the Great Depression.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: While Deanie is in the institution, she meets another patient, Johnny Masterson, who has anger issues targeted at his parents, who want him to be a surgeon. The two patients form a bond. Meanwhile, Bud is sent to Yale, where he fails practically all his courses but meets Angelina, the daughter of Italian immigrants who run a local restaurant in New Haven. In October 1929, Bud's father travels to New Haven in an attempt to persuade the dean not to expel Bud from school; Bud tells the dean he only aspires to own a ranch. The stock market crashes while Ace is in New Haven and he loses everything. He takes Bud to New York for a weekend, including to a cabaret nightclub, then commits suicide by jumping from a building – something he had been joking about just a short time earlier – and Bud must identify the body.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Deanie returns home from the asylum after two years and six months, "almost to the day." Ace's widow has gone to live with relatives, and Bud's sister has died in a car crash. Deanie's mother wants to shield her from any potential anguish from meeting Bud, so she pretends to not know where he is. When Deanie's friends from high school come over, her mother gets them to agree to feign ignorance on Bud's whereabouts. However, Deanie's father refuses to coddle his daughter and tells her that Bud has taken up ranching and lives on the old family farm. Her friends drive Deanie to meet Bud, at an old farmhouse. He is now dressed in plain clothes and married to Angelina; they have an infant son named Bud Jr. and another child on the way. Deanie lets Bud know that she is going to marry John (who is now a doctor in Cincinnati). During their brief reunion, Deanie and Bud realize that both must accept what life has thrown at them. Bud says, "What's the point? You gotta take what comes." They each relate that they "don't think about happiness very much anymore."


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: As Deanie leaves with her friends, Bud only seems partially satisfied by the direction his life has taken. After the others are gone, he reassures Angelina, who has realized that Deanie was once the love of his life. Driving away, Deanie's friends ask her if she is still in love with Bud. She does not answer them, but her voice is heard reciting four lines from Wordsworth's "":


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Filmed in New York City at Filmways Studios, "Splendor in the Grass" is based on people whom screenwriter William Inge knew while growing up in Kansas in the 1920s. He told the story to director Elia Kazan when they were working on a production of Inge's play "The Dark at the Top of the Stairs" in 1957. They agreed that it would make a good film and that they wanted to work together on it. Inge wrote it first as a novel, then as a screenplay.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Two years before writing the screenplay for the film, Inge wrote "Glory in the Flower" (1953), a stage play whose title comes from the same line of the Wordsworth poem. The play relates the story of two middle-aged, former lovers who meet again briefly at a diner after a long estrangement; they are essentially the same characters as Bud and Deanie, though the names are Bus and Jackie.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Scenes of Kansas and the Loomis home were shot in the Travis section of Staten Island, New York City. Exterior scenes of the high school campus were shot at Horace Mann School in the Bronx. The gothic buildings of the North Campus of The City College of New York stand in for Yale University in New Haven. The scenes at the waterfall were shot in High Falls, New York, summer home of director Kazan.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Warren Beatty, while having appeared on television (most notably in a recurring role on "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis"), made his screen debut in this film. He had met Inge the year before while appearing in Inge's play "A Loss of Roses" on Broadway.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Inge also made his screen debut in the film, as did Sandy Dennis who appeared in a small role as a classmate of Deanie. Marla Adams and Phyllis Diller were others who made their first appearances in this film. Diller's role was based on Texas Guinan, a famous actress and restaurateur, who owned the famous 300 Club in New York City in the 20s.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" called the film a "frank and ferocious social drama that makes the eyes pop and the modest cheek burn"; he had comments on several of the performances:


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: Writing in "Esquire" magazine, however, Dwight Macdonald confirmed the notion that Elia Kazan was "as vulgar a director as has come along since Cecil B. De Mille." He further commented:


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: As for the performances, "Variety" stated that Wood and Beatty "deliver convincing, appealing performances" and Christie and Hingle were "truly exceptional," but also found "something awkward about the picture's mechanical rhythm. There are missing links and blind alleys within the story. Several times it segues abruptly from a climax to a point much later in time at which is encountered revelations and eventualities the auditor cannot take for granted. Too much time is spent focusing attention on characters of minor significance in themselves." Philip K. Scheuer of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "The picture does have its theatrical excesses and falls short idealistically in that its morality remains unresolved; nevertheless, it is film-making of the first order and one of the few significant American dramas we have had this year." Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" found "beauty and truth" in the story but thought "the parents' incessant nagging and unlistening ears are not convincing" and that Christie and Hingle's characters "could do all that they do in far less footage." "Harrison's Reports" awarded a grade of "Very Good" and wrote that the adult themes "do not blow up the story into a soap-opera bubble. The emotional cheapness and the sordid crudeness that are evidencing themselves in so many of the yarns being spun, these days, out of the sexual pattern of young, immoral behavior is not to be found here. Instead, you find a poignantly appealing and warmly touching performance of lovely Natalie Wood that gives the story meaning." Brendan Gill of "The New Yorker" disagreed and slammed the film for being "as phony a picture as I can remember seeing," explaining that Inge and Kazan "must know perfectly well that the young people whom they cause to go thrashing about in 'Splendor in the Grass' bear practically no relation to young people in real life ... one has no choice but to suppose that this unwholesome sally into adolescent sexology was devised neither to instruct our minds nor to move our hearts but to arouse a prurient interest and produce a box-office smasheroo. I can't help hoping they have overplayed their hand."


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: "Time" magazine said "the script, on the whole, is the weakest element of the picture, but scriptwriter Inge can hardly be blamed for it" because it had been "heavily edited" by Kazan; he called the film a "relatively simple story of adolescent love and frustration" that has been "jargoned-up and chaptered-out till it sounds like an angry psychosociological monograph describing the sexual mores of the heartless heartland."


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: The film ranked No. 50 on "Entertainment Weekly"s list of the 50 Best High School Movies. In 2002, the American Film Institute ranked "Splendor in the Grass" number 47 on its list of the top 100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: "Splendor in the Grass" was re-made as the 1981 television film "Splendor in the Grass" with Melissa Gilbert, Cyril O'Reilly, and Michelle Pfeiffer.


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: The movie's story line and main character inspired a hit song by Shaun Cassidy entitled, "Hey Deanie." It was written by Eric Carmen, who also later recorded the song. Cassidy's rendition reached No. 7 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 during the winter of 1978. "Hey Deanie" was the second of two songs directly inspired by the movie, the first being Jackie DeShannon's 1966 song, "Splendor in the Grass."


title: Splendor in the Grass

text: In 1973 Judy Blume published a young adult novel entitled "Deenie". The first few lines of the book have the central character introduce herself and explain that shortly before she was born her mother saw a movie about a beautiful girl named Wilmadeene whom everybody called Deenie for short, and that the first time that she held her baby daughter she knew the baby would turn out beautiful and so named her Deenie too. Blume's Deenie goes on to explain that it took her almost 13 years to find out that the girl in the movie went crazy and "ended up on the funny farm," and that her mother advised her to forget that part of the story.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: AnnenMayKantereit (occasionally shortened "AMK") is a German rock band founded in Cologne in 2011. Their songs are predominantly performed in German, but the band also occasionally publish cover songs in English. A notable feature of the band's music is the distinctly rough voice of the singer Henning May.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: The three founding members, whose joint surnames make up the band name, formed a band while at school at the Schiller-Gymnasium in Sülz in 2011. Initially, these three, Annen, May and Kantereit, performed as street musicians in Cologne. At a jam session, they were joined by double bass player Lars Lötgering. In 2013, they released their first, self-recorded album, which had a release party in Gebäude 9 in Cologne. The album, which was partly recorded on the street, is no longer available. They have their own YouTube channel on which they have published their songs. Malte Huck has been the bassist of the band since August 2014 but has since left the group in 2020.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: After the release of the music video of their song "Wohin du gehst", the band toured Germany. In summer 2014, they played at several big festivals, such as the Appletree Garden Festival, the Open Flair, and the Reeperbahn Festival. In autumn, they played at several concerts as the supporting act for the Beatsteaks and accompanied Clueso on the "Stadtrandlichter Tour" as a support act. They were finalists in the New Music Award of the ARD-Jugendprogramme.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: In December 2014, AnnenMayKantereit were featured in the television programme "Circus HalliGalli", and at the beginning of 2015, they went on tour again. In summer 2015 they performed at more festivals, including the Haldern Pop Festival and Rock am Ring. The Hip-Hop group K.I.Z featured singer Henning May in their song "Hurra die Welt geht unter".


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: In autumn 2015, the band signed with Universal. Together with Moses Schneider they recorded the EP "Wird schon irgendwie gehen" at Hansa-Studios in Berlin. It was released on 16 October, 2015, by the label "Vertigo Berlin". Subsequently they had a new tour and sold out numerous venues.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: In February 2016 they released the single Pocahontas from their upcoming album "Alles Nix Konkretes". The whole album was released in March 2016 and reached number one on the German album charts.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: On December 7, 2018, the band released their new album "Schlagschatten", produced by Markus Ganter, recorded in a small village in Spain.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: On January 8, 2019 BMG Rights Management announced that they have concluded a worldwide publishing contract with the band While not touring in 2018 the band started a new tour at the end of January 2019 in Mannheim (Club Tour). In March 2019 they started a big hall tour.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the band was forced to cancel all planned concerts starting from March 2020. In September 2020, AnnenMayKantereit participated at the mass demonstration "Fridays for Future" in Berlin where they announced that Malte Huck was leaving the band. In November 2020, the band surprise released their third album "12" without prior announcement.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: On the Official Singles Chart Top 100 of 25 March 2022 to 31 March 2022, the band achieved their first UK hit when their version of Suzanne Vega's "Tom's Diner", with Giant Rooks, charted at number 63. On the same date, the song was a new entry on the Official Irish Singles Chart Top 50 at number 33.


title: AnnenMayKantereit

text: In early May 2022, the band announced on their Instagram channel that artist Sophie Chassée would support the band as bass player on their 2022 club tour. Since the club tour in spring 2022 and also at big festivals like Lollapalooza in Berlin the band is supported by a string quartet and a four member jazz combo. Those musicians are also mentioned at the so called "Proberaum sessions" at the youtube channel of the band.


title: Dalip Tahil

text: Dalip Tahil (born as Dalip Tahilramani; 30 October 1952) is an Indian film, television and theatre actor. He studied at Sherwood College in Nainital, India. After attending Aligarh Muslim University for a year, he graduated from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Tahil is best known for his work in "Baazigar" (1993), "Raja" (1995), Hum hai rahi pyar ke (1993) and Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988).


title: Dalip Tahil

text: Dalip Tahilramani was born on 30 October 1952 in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India into a Sindhi Hindu family which had recently migrated from Sindh during the Partition of India. His father's name is Ghanshyam Jethanand Tahilramani.


title: Dalip Tahil

text: Dalip Tahil began to appear on stage while at Sherwood College, Nainital, at the age of 10. Dalip's participation over the years in choir, elocution competitions, Nativity plays, and formal and informal concerts gave him a platform to be cast in principal parts. So, during his senior years at school, he won the Kendall Cup for the best actor in two consecutive years, first as Joseph in the play "My Three Angels" and again as Macbeth in Shakespeare's "Macbeth". He was declared the best actor for a record third time in 1969, his final year at Sherwood College.


title: Dalip Tahil

text: Dalip moved with his family to Mumbai in 1968, joined the Theatre Group Bombay and trained under its directors, Alyque and Pearl Padamsee. He appeared in some of its major productions, such as John the Baptist and Jesus in "Godspell" (India's first English theatre musical, directed by Pearl Padamsee), Stanley Kowalski in Tennessee Williams' "A Street Car Named Desire", directed by Alyque Padamsee.


title: Dalip Tahil

text: He is internationally known for starring as Madan Kumar in the A.R Rahman theatre musical "Bombay Dreams", which he performed in over 500 shows through 2002, at the Apollo Theatre in London.


title: Dalip Tahil

text: Director Shyam Benegal noticed Dalip and offered him a part in his first feature film "Ankur" in 1974. In 1980, Ramesh Sippy offered him the role of a villain in his epic production, "Shaan". This was followed by a cameo in Sir Richard Attenborough's,"Gandhi", in 1982.


title: Dalip Tahil

text: He went on to play principal character roles of a villain or supporting role of a father, police officer, in over 100 Bollywood films from the 1980s to 2013. He appeared in the Merchant Ivory English films "The Deceivers" and "The Perfect Murder" (1988).


title: Dalip Tahil

text: In 1984, he acted as the father of Baby Sonia in India's first 3-D film, "My Dear Kuttichathan", produced by Navodaya. In 2013, he portrayed Jawaharlal Nehru, in Rakeysh Om Prakash Mehra's, "Bhaag Milkha Bhaag", with Farhan Akhtar in the title role of Milkha Singh. In 2007, he starred in the Punjabi movie, "Sajna ve Sajna". He is well remembered for his villainous role of Madan Chopra, a wicked businessman in "Baazigar" (1993). Dalip has also played the role of Rupert Dali in Mission Mangal.


title: Dalip Tahil

text: On television, Tahil played roles in Sanjay Khan's television serial "The Sword of Tipu Sultan" and Ramesh Sippy's "Buniyaad". Thereafter, Tahil worked in his first British television series, "Bombay Blue (TV series)".


title: Dalip Tahil

text: Tahil gained national recognition across the UK when he won the role of Dan Ferreira, in the iconic BBC1 soap opera "EastEnders" in 2003, appearing in over 60 episodes. He made his last appearance in the episode aired on 30 December 2003. As a result of an insufficient work permit application, Dalip had to exit the series which compelled him to appeal to the Secretary of State in the UK. Dalip was subsequently granted indefinite leave to remain in the UK in 2005.


title: Dalip Tahil

text: In 2007, Tahil appeared in the BBC2 mini-series "Nuclear Secrets" in the episode "Terror Traders", playing Pakistani scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan. He later played the role of King Dasaratha in the Indian television series, Siya Ke Ram, which premiered on 16 November 2015 through Star Plus and concluded on 4 November 2016.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# (pronounced F sharp) is a functional-first, general purpose, strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods. It is most often used as a cross-platform Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) language on .NET, but can also generate JavaScript and graphics processing unit (GPU) code.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# is developed by the F# Software Foundation, Microsoft and open contributors. An open source, cross-platform compiler for F# is available from the F# Software Foundation. F# is a fully supported language in Visual Studio and JetBrains Rider. Plug-ins supporting F# exist for many widely used editors including Visual Studio Code, Vim, and Emacs.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# is a member of the ML language family and originated as a .NET Framework implementation of a core of the programming language OCaml. It has also been influenced by C#,


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: The language evolution process is managed by Don Syme from Microsoft Research as the benevolent dictator for life (BDFL) for the language design, together with the F# Software Foundation.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: Earlier versions of the F# language were designed by Microsoft and Microsoft Research using a closed development process.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# originates from Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK. The language was originally designed and implemented by Don Syme, according to whom in the fsharp team, they say the F is for "Fun".


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: Andrew Kennedy contributed to the design of units of measure. The Visual F# Tools for Visual Studio are developed by Microsoft. The F# Software Foundation developed the F# open-source compiler and tools, incorporating the open-source compiler implementation provided by the Microsoft Visual F# Tools team.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: While supporting object-oriented features available in C#, F# is a strongly typed functional-first language with a large number of capabilities that are normally found only in functional programming languages. Together, these features allow F# programs to be written in a completely functional style and also allow functional and object-oriented styles to be mixed.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# is an expression-based language using eager evaluation and also in some instances lazy evaluation. Every statement in F#,


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: including codice_1 expressions, codice_2 expressions and loops, is a composable expression with a static type. Functions and expressions that do not return any value have a return type of codice_3. F# uses the codice_4 keyword for binding values to a name. For example:


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: New types are defined using the codice_7 keyword. For functional programming, F# provides "tuple", "record", "discriminated union", "list", "option", and "result" types. A "tuple" represents a set of "n" values, where "n" ≥ 0. The value "n" is called the arity of the tuple. A 3-tuple would be represented as codice_8, where A, B, and C are values of possibly different types. A tuple can be used to store values only when the number of values is known at design-time and stays constant during execution.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: Records can be created as }. The codice_9 keyword is used to create a copy of a record, as in }, which creates a new record by copying codice_10 and changing the value of the codice_11 field (assuming the record created in the last example was named codice_10).


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: Values of the union type can correspond to either union case. The types of the values carried by each union case is included in the definition of each case.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: The "list" type is an immutable linked list represented either using a notation (codice_13 is the cons operator) or a shorthand as . An empty list is written codice_14. The "option" type is a discriminated union type with choices codice_15 or codice_16. F# types may be generic, implemented as generic .NET types.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# supports lambda functions and closures. All functions in F# are first class values and are immutable. Functions can be curried. Being first-class values, functions can be passed as arguments to other functions. Like other functional programming languages, F# allows function composition (computer science) using the codice_17 and codice_18 operators.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# provides "" that define a sequence codice_19, list codice_20 or array codice_21 through code that generates values. For example,


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: forms a sequence of squares of numbers from 0 to 14 by filtering out numbers from the range of numbers from 0 to 25. Sequences are generators – values are generated on-demand (i.e., are lazily evaluated) – while lists and arrays are evaluated eagerly.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# uses pattern matching to bind values to names. Pattern matching is also used when accessing discriminated unions – the union is value matched against pattern rules and a rule is selected when a match succeeds. F# also supports "Active Patterns" as a form of extensible pattern matching. It is used, for example, when multiple ways of matching on a type exist.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# supports a general syntax for defining compositional computations called "". Sequence expressions, asynchronous computations and queries are particular kinds of computation expressions. Computation expressions are an implementation of the monad pattern.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: Also, F# supports access to all CLI types and objects such as those defined in the codice_28 namespace defining imperative data structures.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: Like other Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) languages, F# can use CLI types through object-oriented programming. F# support for object-oriented programming in expressions includes:


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# object type definitions can be class, struct, interface, enum, or delegate type definitions, corresponding to the definition forms found in C#. For example, here is a class with a constructor taking a name and age, and declaring two properties.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# supports asynchronous programming through "asynchronous workflows". An asynchronous workflow is defined as a sequence of commands inside an codice_29, as in


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: The codice_30 indicates that the expression on the right (getting the response) should be done asynchronously but the flow should only continue when the result is available. In other words, from the point of view of the code block, it's as if getting the response is a blocking call, whereas from the point of view of the system, the thread won't be blocked and may be used to process other flows while the result needed for this one doesn't become available.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: The async block may be invoked using the codice_31 function. Multiple async blocks can be executed in parallel using the codice_32 function that takes a list of codice_33 objects (in the example, codice_34 is an async object) and creates another async object to run the tasks in the lists in parallel. The resultant object is invoked using codice_31.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: Parallel programming is supported partly through the codice_32, codice_37 and other operations that run asynchronous blocks in parallel.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: Parallel programming is also supported through the codice_38 functional programming operators in the F# standard library, direct use of the codice_39 task programming model, the direct use of .NET thread pool and .NET threads and through dynamic translation of F# code to alternative parallel execution engines such as GPU code.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: The F# type system supports units of measure checking for numbers. The units of measure feature integrates with F# type inference to require minimal type annotations in user code.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# allows some forms of syntax customizing via metaprogramming to support embedding custom domain-specific languages within the F# language, particularly through computation expressions.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# includes a feature for run-time meta-programming called quotations. A quotation expression evaluates to an abstract syntax tree representation of the F# expressions. Similarly, definitions labelled with the codice_40 attribute can also be accessed in their quotation form. F# quotations are used for various purposes including to compile F# code into JavaScript and GPU code. (Quotations represent their F# code expressions as data for use by other parts of the program while requiring it to be syntactically correct F# code).


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# 3.0 introduced a form of compile-time meta-programming through statically extensible type generation called F# type providers. F# type providers allow the F# compiler and tools to be extended with components that provide type information to the compiler on-demand at compile time. F# type providers have been used to give strongly typed access to connected information sources in a scalable way, including to the Freebase knowledge graph.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: In F# 3.0 the F# quotation and computation expression features are combined to implement LINQ queries. For example:


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: The combination of type providers, queries and strongly typed functional programming is known as "information rich programming".


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# supports a variation of the Actor programming model through the in-memory implementation of lightweight asynchronous agents. For example, the following code defines an agent and posts 2 messages:


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: The SAFE Stack is an end-to-end F# stack to develop web applications. It uses ASP.NET Core on the server side and Fable on the client side.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# can be used together with the Visual Studio Tools for Xamarin to develop apps for iOS and Android. The Fabulous library provides a more comfortable functional interface.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: Among others, F# is used for quantitative finance programming, energy trading and portfolio optimization, machine learning, business intelligence and social gaming on Facebook.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: In the 2010s, F# has been positioned as an optimized alternative to C#. F#'s scripting ability and inter-language compatibility with all Microsoft products have made it popular among developers.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: The F# open-source community includes the F# Software Foundation and the F# Open Source Group at GitHub. Popular open-source F# projects include:


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: F# features a legacy "ML compatibility mode" that can directly compile programs written in a large subset of OCaml roughly, with no functors, objects, polymorphic variants, or other additions.


title: F Sharp (programming language)

text: A simple example that is often used to demonstrate the syntax of functional languages is the factorial function for non-negative 32-bit integers, here shown in F#:


title: Bhavish Aggarwal

text: Bhavish Aggarwal (born 28 August 1985) is an Indian entrepreneur and co-founder of Ola Cabs and Ola Electric. Aggarwal was included in "Time" magazine's "100 Most Influential People of 2018."


title: Bhavish Aggarwal

text: Aggarwal was born and brought up in Ludhiana city, Punjab, in a Punjabi Hindu family. He completed a bachelor's degree in computer science and engineering at Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 2008. He started his career with Microsoft Research India as a Research Intern and later got reinstated as an Assistant Researcher.


title: Bhavish Aggarwal

text: He began his career with Microsoft, where he worked for two years, filed two patents and published three papers in international journals. In January 2011 he co-founded Ola Cabs with Ankit Bhati in Bengaluru.


title: Bhavish Aggarwal

text: The idea for a cab company struck Aggarwal when he had a bad experience with a taxi, which led him and Ankit Bhati to co-found Ola Cabs in 2010. Ola Cabs has become the largest network of personal transportation options within India and has emerged as the most popular choice for many consumers in 22 Indian cities.


title: Bhavish Aggarwal

text: In May 2020, Ola Cabs announced a huge layoff of around 5000 employees in a move to survive the economic repercussions of COVID-19. It had suffered an overwhelming loss of revenue by about 95%. In a webinar addressed to the students of Bennet University, Bhavish said that the COVID-19 pandemic was about to accelerate the innovations in technologies. He claimed that the markets might move towards more car rentals and subscription-based ownerships of cars.


title: Bhavish Aggarwal

text: In April 2022, An internal email to Ola employees was sent out, announcing that Bhavish Aggarwal would be stepping down from day-to-day operations of the company to focus on the future of Ola’s venture into electric vehicles and quick-commerce.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Der Struwwelpeter ("shock-headed Peter" or "Shaggy Peter") is an 1845 German children's book by Heinrich Hoffmann. It comprises ten illustrated and rhymed stories, mostly about children. Each has a clear moral that demonstrates the disastrous consequences of misbehavior in an exaggerated way. The title of the first story provides the title of the whole book. "Der Struwwelpeter" is one of the earliest books for children that combines visual and verbal narratives in a book format, and is considered a precursor to comic books.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: "Der Struwwelpeter" is known for introducing the character of the Tailor (or Scissorman) to Western literature. Some researchers now see the stories in the book as illustrations of modern child mental disorders.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Hoffmann wrote "Struwwelpeter" in reaction to the lack of good books for children. Intending to buy a picture book as a Christmas present for his three-year-old son, Hoffmann instead wrote and illustrated his own book. In 1845 he was persuaded by friends to publish the book anonymously as "Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder mit 15 schön kolorierten Tafeln für Kinder von 3–6 Jahren" ("funny stories and droll pictures with 15 beautifully coloured panels for children of 3–6 years"). The book was one of the first uses of chromolithography (a method of making multi-colored prints) in a children's book.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: For the third edition, published in 1858, the title was changed to "Struwwelpeter", the name of the character in the first story. The book became popular among children throughout Europe.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: "Struwwelpeter" has been translated into several languages. In 1891 Mark Twain wrote his own translation of the book, but because of copyright issues Twain's "Slovenly Peter" was not published until 1935, 25 years after his death.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: British twin illustrators Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone provided new illustrations for an English translation published in 1950.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: A British stage production of "Shockheaded Peter", by Philip Carr and Nigel Playfair, with music by Walter Rubens, premiered at the Garrick Theatre in London on 26 December 1900, and played 41 performances. The title role was played by George Grossmith Jr., with Kate Bishop as Mamma and Kitty Loftus as Harriet. The piece returned to the Garrick the following year, again playing 41 performances from 14 December, this time with Lawrence Grossmith as Peter, Nina Boucicault as Harriet and 11-year-old Marie Lohr as "Child". In a revival at the Wimbledon Theatre in South London from 26 December 1929 Mamma was played in a limited run of matinees by Louie Pounds, with H. Scott Russell as Papa, Leslie Holland as Augustus and Rex London as Peter.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Geoffrey Shaw's "Struwelpeter", produced in 1914, featured the song "Conrad Suck-a-Thumb" by Martin Shaw.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: A ballet of "Der Struwwelpeter" with music composed by Norbert Schultze was produced in Germany before World War II.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: A live action film based on the book was released in Germany in 1955. Directed by Fritz Genschow, in this adaptation there is a "happy" ending where the characters' bad deeds are reversed.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: "Little Suck-a-Thumb" (1992) is a psychoanalytical interpretation of the infamous cautionary tale. The short film by writer/director David Kaplan stars Cork Hubbert and Evelyn Solann, with Jim Hilbert as the Great Tall Scissorman.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: "The Misadventures of Stuwwelpeter" for tenor and piano (also orchestrated for chamber ensemble) was composed by Michael Schelle in 1991. Five of the stories are included in the original version with piano. "Inky Boys" is included only in the chamber version.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: "Struwwelpeterlieder" (1996) is a setting of three of the stories for soprano, viola and piano by American composer Lowell Liebermann.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: German composer Kurt Hessenberg (a descendant of Hoffmann) arranged "Der Struwwelpeter" for children's choir (op. 49) later in his life.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: "Shockheaded Peter" (1998) is a British musical by The Tiger Lillies. that combines elements of pantomime and puppetry with musical versions of the poems with the songs generally following the text. It won a number of British theatre awards in the years following its release.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Composer Kenneth Hesketh's 2000–1 work, "Netsuke" (from the Japanese miniature sculptures called "netsuke") comprises five short movements inspired variously by Saint-Exupéry's "Le Petit Prince", "Struwwelpeter", and a poem by Walter de la Mare.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: The Scissorman story is adapted into comics form by Sanya Glisic in "The Graphic Canon", Volume 2, published in 2012.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: One of the stories in the 1896 edition of Max Beerbohm's "A Christmas Garland" ("A Vain Child") centres around the story of "Johnny Look-in-the-Air"; the narrator summarises the story, goes to Germany to look for his scarlet book, and ends with the story being taken from the allegorical point of view concerning the narrator's eventual downfall from journalism.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: English author Edward Harold Begbie's first published book, "The Political Struwwelpeter" (1898), is of British politics, with the British Lion is as Struwwelpeter, "bedraggled, with long, uncut claws."


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Adolf Hitler was parodied as a "Struwwelpeter" caricature in 1941 in a book called "Struwwelhitler", published in Britain under the pseudonym Dr. Schrecklichkeit (Dr. Horrors).


title: Struwwelpeter

text: The "Story of Soup-Kaspar" is parodied in Astrid Lindgren's "Pippi Longstocking" (1945), with a tall story about a Chinese boy named Peter who refuses to eat a swallow's nest served to him by his father, and dies of starvation five months later.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Josephine Tey, in "The Man in the Queue" (Macmillan, 1953), describes a scene in which a character's hair is "spread round it by the force of gravity into a Struwwelpeter effect."


title: Struwwelpeter

text: English illustrator Charles Folkard's imaginative study "A Nonsense Miscellany," published in 1956 in Roger Lancelyn Green's anthology "The Book of Nonsense, by Many Authors", is a seaside scene that incorporated Baron Munchausen, "Struwwelpeter", and a variety of characters from the works of Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Agatha Christie references "Struwwelpeter" in her novel "Curtain" (Collins Crime Club, 1975). The story's narrator, Arthur Hastings, describes another character, Stephen Norton: "He had a habit of running his hands through his short grey hair until it stuck up on end like Struwwelpeter."


title: Struwwelpeter

text: In Angela Carter's "Nights at the Circus" (1984), a hermit living by a frozen river in Siberia is described as having fingernails "as long as those of Struwwelpeter in the picture book".


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Jamie Rix said that the book inspired him to create "Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids" when his publisher asked him to write more short stories about rude children. His mother had given him the book as a child and the stories gave him nightmares. Rix wanted to create a similar series of books for his children's generation.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: "Der Fall Struwwelpeter" ("The Struwwelpeter Case"), 1989 (), by Jörg M. Günther is a satirical treatment in which the various misdeeds in the story - both by the protagonists and their surroundings - are analyzed via the regulations of the German Strafgesetzbuch.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: The Jasper Fforde fantasy/mystery novel "The Fourth Bear" (Hodder & Stoughton, 2006) opens with a police sting operation by the Nursery Crime Division to arrest the Scissorman.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: In Ben Schott’s 2020 novel, "Jeeves and the Leap of Faith", based on the "Jeeves & Wooster" stories by P.G. Wodehouse, Bertie Wooster is surprised to find that his valet, Jeeves, was read "Der Struwwelpeter" as a child, as opposed to "Winnie-the-Pooh".


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Comic book writer Grant Morrison references "Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher" in the first story arc of their "Doom Patrol" run with the recurring line, "The door flew open, in he ran / The great, long, red-legged scissorman." Doom Patrol member Dorothy Spinner, who has the ability to bring imaginary beings to life, considers among her imaginary friends the characters Flying Robert (a ghost baby balloon thing) and The Inky Boys.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: The "2000 AD" strip "London Falling" (June–July 2006), by Simon Spurrier and Lee Garbett, explores bogeymen from English folklore and mythology wreaking havoc in a modern-day setting. Two of the characters, Peter Struwwel and The Tailor, are taken from "Der Struwwelpeter".


title: Struwwelpeter

text: In the Wildstorm Comics series "Top 10", one of the officers in the precinct is called Shock-Headed Pete, ostensibly in reference to his electrical powers.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: In a 1991 edition of the Thames Television detective series "Van der Valk", entitled "Doctor Hoffman's Children," the detective, played by Barry Foster, solves a series of murders after finding the book in the bedroom of his house, when his wife relates the tale of the scissorman to their granddaughter. The murders were all done in the style of events in the book.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: Brief references are made to the book in the film "Woman in Gold" (2015), when the central character reminisces about her youth in Vienna during the Anschluss.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: "The Office" references the book in Season 2, Episode 18: "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" (2006). Dwight Schrute reads "The story of Johnny head-in-the-air" and "The story of the thumb sucker" to the children, but is interrupted by a horrified Michael Scott.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: "Family Guy" references the "Story of Little Suck-a-Thumb" in a cutaway gag in "Business Guy," the ninth episode in the eighth season, produced in 2009.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: In "Doctor Who" Season 10 Episode 3 "Thin Ice" (2017), The Doctor reads part of "The Story of the Thumb-Sucker" to the children of 1814 London.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: It is about a child whose parents are not at home. She discovers matches and sets herself on fire and burns completely.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: XTC were influenced by "The Story of the Thumb-Sucker" when they wrote "Scissor Man". from 1979's "Drums and Wires".


title: Struwwelpeter

text: American post-punk band Slovenly used the popular cover illustration of Struwwelpeter for the cover of their 1987 album, Riposte, on SST Records.


title: Struwwelpeter

text: The author, Heinrich Hoffmann, worked as a physician and later on as psychiatrist. Some of his stories describe habits of children, which can be in extreme forms signs of mental disorders. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is called Zappel-Philip-Syndrom (Fidgety-Philip syndrome) colloquially in Germany. The story of the Suppen-Kaspar (Soup-Kaspar) is a case example of anorexia nervosa. Uncombable hair syndrome is also called Struwwelpeter syndrome, after the book title.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: "Sk8er Boi" (pronounced "skater boy") is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne, released as the second single from her debut album, "Let Go" (2002). It was written by Lavigne and the Matrix (Scott Spock, Lauren Christy, and Graham Edwards), and produced by the Matrix. The song combines punk rock, pop-punk, power pop, and alt-pop styles, which lyrically tells a story told from the singer's viewpoint about her rocker boyfriend and a girl he knew in high school who rejected him because he was a skateboarder and she was a snob.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: The song was well-received by critics, with most commending its hook, calling the song "funny" and "clever". It also received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance at the 2003 edition. Commercially, "Sk8er Boi" was a success, reaching the top 10 in more than ten countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States (becoming Lavigne's second top 10 single on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart) and sold over 1.8 million copies worldwide. According to "Spin", "Sk8er Boi" has the fifth best pop-punk chorus of the 21st century.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: The music video for the song, directed by Francis Lawrence, features a concert on a city street with Lavigne singing on the hood of a car with a crowd rocking out around her. It was a success on "Total Request Live" and was voted one of the best music videos of the decade by BT TV. The song has been performed in all of Lavigne's concert tours to date.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: After being signed to Arista Records in November 2000 upon the authorization of the label's CEO, Antonio "L.A." Reid, Lavigne moved to New York with the assistance of Reid. There, she began working on her debut album, "Let Go", collaborating with a host of prime songwriters and producers. While being on the verge of getting dropped off Arista, after an unsuccessful year of writing, Lavigne came to the attention of the three-piece production team the Matrix, who later discovered that she wanted songs with punk rock inclinations. After writing "Complicated" together, Reid agreed with the musical direction Lavigne and the Matrix were taking, and sent Lavigne back to the Matrix to work with them on more songs.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: During the sessions, they wrote 10 songs, with "Sk8er Boi" being one of the six songs on the album's final track list. After the huge success of "Complicated", "Sk8er Boi" was selected as the album's second single, being the more controversial choice, according to Reid: "Some people just really didn't get that. And with the first video, there was some concern that maybe because it's so young and so playful, it might alienate more serious music lovers."


title: Sk8er Boi

text: "Sk8er Boi" was written by Lavigne, while the production team the Matrix (consisting of Lauren Christy, Graham Edwards and Scott Spock) co-wrote, arranged and produced the track. "Sk8er Boi" is a punk rock, pop punk, emo, alt-pop, and power pop song about a snobby girl who rejects a skateboarder who has a crush on her despite secretly returning his feelings, letting her friends' prejudices sway her decision-making. Later on, he becomes a superstar musician (even playing guitar on MTV) and has moved on with another woman (who narrates the song) while she ultimately ends up as a young single mother.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: "Sk8er Boi" received critical acclaim for its production. In a review for the album "Let Go", Christina Saraceno of AllMusic called "Sk8er Boi" a "terrific power pop bounce", highlighting the song as a "track pick". Brendan Schroer of Sputnikmusic praised the track, writing that Lavigne "brings another injection of infectious vocal work, peppy but not overbearing." Nick Reynolds of "BBC Music" called it "brilliant", considering the song "a classic high energy pop song with crunchy guitars and a great hook." He also praised its tale, calling it "as slick and clever as an episode of "Buffy". It bowls you over with its energy and sticks in your mind." Pat Blashill of "Rolling Stone" agreed, calling it "seventeen-year-old Lavigne's signature moment," further adding: "Over a rush of nouveau-punk guitar chords, she narrates a funny story line, but none of it would matter if Lavigne didn't have a voice, equal parts baby girl and husky siren, that seems capable of setting off car alarms several city blocks away."


title: Sk8er Boi

text: The song followed the success of Lavigne's debut single, "Complicated", which topped many charts worldwide and reached the top 10 in others. In Australia, "Sk8er Boi" debuted at its peak position, number three, and remained a further week there. In New Zealand, the song managed to spend 9 weeks until it reached the peak position, number two, on 8 December 2002. In the United States, "Sk8er Boi" debuted at number 72 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 issue date 14 September 2002, while on the issue date 2 November 2002, the song peaked at number 10. It became Lavigne's second consecutive top-10 hit. The song also topped "Billboard" Top 40 Mainstream airplay chart. As of June 2022, "Sk8er Boi" has sold 2,000,000 copies in the US. In the United Kingdom, the song was also a success, reaching number eight on the UK Singles Chart on 28 December 2002.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: "Sk8er Boi" was nominated and won many awards. At the 45th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, Lavigne received five nominations, including Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for "Sk8er Boi", but lost it to Sheryl Crow's "Steve McQueen". The song won "Favorite Song" at the 2003 Kids' Choice Awards, "Choice Music Single" at the 2003 Teen Choice Awards and "Best Pop Song" at Socan Awards.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: In a 2011 AOL Radio listener's poll, "Sk8er Boi" was voted Lavigne's fourth best song. Robert Copsey of Digital Spy listed Lavigne's seven best singles of all time, placing "Sk8er Boi" at number four, saying: "Lavigne proved she was more than a one-hit wonder with her second single 'Sk8er Boi'. Despite the rebellious spelling of the title it turned out to be another solid effort, telling the tale of a girl who rejects a baggy-clothed boy who eventually goes on to be world-famous." Bill Lamb of About.com placed the song at number two, writing: "It has been derided in the past as being too naive lyrically. However, with the benefit of hindsight, it seems perfectly pitched to her audience and the point in her career. The power pop hook of the song sticks strongly in your head. Later perky pop excursions still pale next to this one."


title: Sk8er Boi

text: The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and premiered on 22 August 2002 on "Total Request Live". The video shot to number-one on "Total Request Live" on its second day of the countdown. The video was considered the third "Best music video of the decade" in the UK by BT Vision, while "Entertainment Tonight Canada" ranked the video at number 2 on her "Top 10 Best Music Videos".


title: Sk8er Boi

text: The video centers around an impromptu concert held by Lavigne in a Los Angeles street intersection. It begins by showing several of Lavigne's friends and band members promoting the concert in advance via graffiti, flyers, email and posters. Lavigne and her band arrive at the location and begin performing on the roofs of their cars; a crowd quickly gathers. Towards the end of the song, police cars and a helicopter arrive to disperse the crowd, while Lavigne uses her guitar to break the car windshield. Lavigne then throws the guitar onto the road and looks up at the helicopter, where a shot was taken for the single's artwork.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: The impromptu concert was filmed in the intersection of 7th St & S Spring St in Los Angeles on 28 July 2002, after the remainder of the scenes had been completed the previous day.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: In 2003, Paramount Pictures optioned the song for adaptation into a feature film, hiring writer/producer David Zabel to adapt its words. The film would focus on the two teens from different backgrounds and the social constraints in which they find themselves. However, as of April 2008, the film has apparently been abandoned or is in development hell. Eurodance group Cascada recorded a dance cover of the song for the European and Japanese editions of their 2007 album "Perfect Day". The song was featured on the Australian compilation album "Hits For Kids 5" (2004).


title: Sk8er Boi

text: A cover version of the song by Angela Michael appears in the video game "Elite Beat Agents" for the Nintendo DS. The song is also included in "SingStar Pop", a PlayStation 2 game and another cover version is featured in "Rock Revolution" by Konami. The song was also used in a montage of funny rollerskates and skateboard clips in an edition of "America's Funniest Home Videos". "Sk8er Boi" was featured in the television series "Cold Case" (Season 3, "The Promise", 2 October 2005). In 2008, HBO included the song in the episode "Get Some" of the miniseries "Generation Kill". The song is sung by Cpl. Josh Ray Person as he is urinating in the desert. Filipino rock singer Kean Cipriano covered the song for his performance in the second season of "Your Face Sounds Familiar", in which he impersonates Lavigne. Filipino pop singer Justin Alva covered the song for his performance in the third season of "Your Face Sounds Familiar", in which he impersonates Lavigne. The song is interpolated by American singer and rapper Ashnikko on her 2021 mixtape "Demidevil" as a song titled "L8r Boi" which tells the story of the characters in original song reimagined ten years later.


title: Sk8er Boi

text: On 19 February 2022, Tomorrow X Together member HueningKai released a cover of the song after making a reference to it in a tweet of him behind the scenes of "Loser=Lover" and Avril herself retweeting it with rock on emojis.


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt (born Maria Mercedes Morgan; 23 August 1904 13 February 1965) was an American socialite best known as the mother of fashion designer and artist Gloria Vanderbilt and maternal grandmother of television journalist Anderson Cooper. She was a central figure in "Vanderbilt vs. Whitney", one of the most sensational American custody trials in the 20th century. Her identical twin sister, Thelma, Viscountess Furness, was the mistress of the future Edward VIII.


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: Born at the Grand Hotel National in Lucerne, Switzerland, as Maria Mercedes Morgan, she was a daughter of Henry Hays Morgan, Sr. (1860–1933), an American diplomat, who served as U.S. consul general in Buenos Aires, Argentina; Berlin, Germany; Amsterdam, Netherlands; Havana, Cuba; and Brussels, Belgium. Her mother was his second wife, the former Laura Delphine Kilpatrick (1877–1956); the couple was married in 1894 and divorced in 1927.


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: Her maternal grandfather, Hugh Judson Kilpatrick (1836–1881), was a Union Army general during the American Civil War, who also served as the U.S. minister to Chile. Her maternal grandmother, Luisa Kilpatrick, née Valdivieso Araoz, was a member of a wealthy Chilean family that had emigrated from Spain in the 17th century.


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: Gloria Morgan was educated by governesses and in convents in Europe as well as New York City, where she attended the Catholic Convent of the Sacred Heart (in the Manhattanville section of the city), the Skerton Finishing School, and Miss Nightingale's School. In October 1921, with their father's permission, Morgan and her sister Thelma, both reportedly 16 years of age, ended their schooling and moved by themselves into an apartment at 40 Fifth Avenue, a private townhouse. The sisters had some minor roles in silent movies, using the names Gloria and Thelma Rochelle. Their debuts were as extras in the 1922 Marion Davies vehicle "The Young Diana".


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: Known as "The Magnificent Morgans", Gloria and Thelma Morgan were popular society fixtures, even as teenagers. British photographer Cecil Beaton described them as "alike as two magnolias, and with their marble complexions, raven tresses, and flowing dresses, with their slight lisps and foreign accents, they diffuse a Ouida atmosphere of hothouse elegance and lacy femininity. ... Their noses are like begonias, with full-blown nostrils, their lips richly carved, and they should have been painted by Sargent, with arrogant heads and affected hands, in white satin with a bowl of white peonies near by."


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: On 6 March 1923, in New York City, at the townhouse of friends, Gloria Morgan — then 18 years of age and having received the legal consent of her father to wed — became the second wife of Reginald Claypoole Vanderbilt, age 42, an heir to the Vanderbilt railroad fortune.


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: Reginald Vanderbilt died on 4 September 1925 of what was described in news reports as "a throat infection which had caused internal hemorrhages". Following his death, his young widow became the administrator of a $2.5 million trust left to their daughter, Gloria, and spent the better part of the next six years living in Paris, Biarritz, and London, with her mother and child and often in the company of her sisters and brother, all of whom lived in France and England with their respective spouses.


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: However, the conditions of Vanderbilt's will and the custody of their child were complicated by the general belief that his widow had not reached the legal age of majority, which meant that she required a guardian. Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt believed that she was 20, rather than 21, because her mother had long declared the twins' birth year as 1905 rather than 1904. The discrepancy was discovered upon an examination of the Morgan twins' childhood passports and their birth certificates during the Vanderbilt custody trial in 1934. No reason, however, was given as to the change of birth years. As Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt wrote in her 1936 memoirs, "Without Prejudice" (E P Dutton), "Had I not thought myself a minor at this time ... there would have been no necessity for a guardian for myself ... [or] for a legal guardian for my child's person ... On this untruth—irrevocable and irremediable—hinged the currents of my child's life and my own."


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: Influenced by reports from private detectives as well as family servants and Laura Morgan (who appears by all published accounts to have been somewhat emotionally and mentally unbalanced and who testified on Mrs. Whitney's side at the trial), members of the Vanderbilt family came to believe that Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt was a bad influence and neglectful of her daughter. A custody battle erupted that made national headlines in 1934. As a result of a great deal of hearsay evidence admitted at trial, the scandalous allegations of Vanderbilt's lifestyle—including a purported lesbian relationship with Nadezhda de Torby, the Marchioness of Milford Haven, and a brief engagement to Gottfried, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg—led to a new standard in tabloid newspaper sensationalism.


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: Vanderbilt lost custody of her daughter to her sister-in-law Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. Granted limited parental rights, Vanderbilt was allowed to see young Gloria on weekends in New York. The court also removed Vanderbilt as administrator of her daughter's trust fund, whose annual investment income had been her only source of support. Two years later, the custody issue was re-opened, giving her another chance to re-gain guardianship of her daughter. This time, the case was brought before the Supreme Court of the United States. The court declined to hear the matter and it once again came before the State of New York's Supreme Court. The result was an agreement that Gloria would spend more time with her mother than was previously granted. In 1946, the widow was once more in the news when her daughter announced she would no longer be paying her mother an annual $21,000 allowance. Saying that her mother was able to work and had done so in the past, Gloria Vanderbilt stated the annual allowance would now be given to a charity for blind and starving children.


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: From the 1940s until their deaths, Gloria and her sister Thelma, Lady Furness, lived together in New York City and in Los Angeles, California. They wrote a dual memoir called "Double Exposure: A Twin Autobiography", published in 1958"."


title: Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt

text: Vanderbilt died in 1965 of cancer and was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.


title: Croupier

text: A croupier or dealer is someone appointed at a gambling table to assist in the conduct of the game, especially in the distribution of bets and payouts. Croupiers are typically employed by casinos.


title: Croupier

text: Originally a "croupier" meant one who stood behind a gambler, with extra reserves of cash to back him up during a gambling session. The word derived from "croupe" (the rump of a horse) and was by way of analogy to one who rode behind on horseback. It later came to refer to one who was employed to collect the money from a gaming-table.


title: Croupier

text: Originally a "dealer" meant one who was responsible for distributing cards or the player in the dealer position, regardless of whether or not that player was responsible for distributing the cards.


title: Croupier

text: Training methods to become a casino croupier vary from country to country. In North America, blackjack is almost always the game that dealers learn first, as it is simple and popular, and when the dealer makes errors, they tend not to cost the casino much money. In Europe, croupiers tend to learn roulette first. Complex, busy games such as craps, with complicated payout systems, etc., are usually reserved for the most competent and/or ambitious dealers.


title: Croupier

text: Select colleges and non-collegiate third-level educational institutions now offer croupier training courses, formally dubbed Casino Operations Training, which when put in a historical context is a milestone achievement for the legitimization of poker in the mainstream. Besides courses, there's a host of private lessons available on social media, poker forums and classifieds sections worldwide, which could serve even better than attending an official course, giving one-on-one apprentice–master attention.


title: Croupier

text: Casinos may also offer an in-house training program. However, sometimes it serves better to get a "general qualification" than to be trained exclusively into one company's way of operating. Prospective employers often prefer candidates without fully relevant experience over a candidate highly experienced in the idiosyncrasies of another operation. In Canada, this position is also known as a dealer and in addition to gaming experience requires excellent soft skills to interact with the visitors and sell them the idea of visiting the gaming establishment one more time to play again.


title: Croupier

text: American, Australian, Canadian and British croupiers are required to apply for a gambling license. This license includes police background checks and credit rating checks, to help determine if they are eligible to commence employment. Croupiers are not permitted to deal at a casino until being issued this license.


title: Croupier

text: As is common with customer service staff in the United States, croupiers there depend on tips to make their wage worthwhile. While a croupier should theoretically have no personal interest in the outcome of the game, a successful player customarily tips the croupier, especially in American casinos. Tips are often pooled and divided amongst all the staff. Fraternising with customers is frowned upon, and most casinos prevent their gambling staff from being seen smoking or even being seen in uniform outside the casino. Some gambling strategies include suggestions to tip the casino dealer in order to create a good atmosphere and improve dealer's mood. According to these strategies, tipping might even make the dealer shuffle the cards less frequently and thereby allow easier tracking of particular cards. Australian casinos forbid dealers from taking tips.


title: Croupier

text: Because casinos tend to allow smoking on the gambling floor, American croupiers are exposed to secondhand smoke. A health hazard evaluation of several Las Vegas casinos showed that nonsmoker croupiers suffered from more respiratory ailments than their administrative counterparts at the casinos and had cotinine and NNAL (both components of secondhand smoke) in their urine samples. Britain banned smoking in all public places, including casinos, in 2007.


title: Croupier

text: The first streaming of casino games began in an Irish casino in 2006. Since then, live-streamed games have become an online casino staple, with many top online operators having some kind of live dealer platform. For most casinos, outsourcing live dealer games to iGaming software providers is often the easiest solution. Some casinos are beginning to create in-house studios for their live dealer games. These roles generally offer competitive salaries and valuable career options for charismatic dealers, with some dealers earning upwards of six figures after tips in the United States. The online tipping culture is strong in many jurisdictions, especially in North America. In addition, dealers now have the potential to be providing services to hundreds of players at any one time, unlike at a traditional casino table. As additional states legalize online gambling in the United States and existing casinos incorporate live casino games onto their platform, more jobs will continue to appear for live dealers.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Mustafa Kamel Mustafa (; born 15 April 1958), also known as Abu Hamza al-Masri (; , – literally, father of Hamza, the Egyptian), or simply Abu Hamza, is an Egyptian cleric who was the imam of Finsbury Park Mosque in London, England, where he preached Islamic fundamentalist views. In 2004, Hamza was arrested by British police after the United States requested he be extradited to face charges. He was later charged by British authorities with sixteen offences for inciting violence and racial hatred. In 2006, a British court found him guilty of inciting violence, and sentenced him to seven years' imprisonment. On 5 October 2012, after an eight-year legal battle, he was extradited from the UK to the United States to face terrorism charges and on 14 April 2014 his trial began in New York. On 19 May 2014, Hamza was found guilty of eleven terrorism charges by a jury in Manhattan. On 9 January 2015, he was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Hamza was born Mustafa Kamel Mustafa, in Alexandria, Egypt, in 1958, the son of a middle-class army officer. In 1979, he entered Britain on a student visa.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: His initial reaction to life in Britain was to describe it as "a paradise, where you could do anything you wanted." He studied civil engineering at Brighton Polytechnic. Prior to his adoption of Islamism in Malta, 1999, Hamza was known as a "gentle giant" and a "womaniser". Hamza gained employment as a bouncer in the strip bars of Soho under his original name from 1980 until 1983, when club baron Jean Agius was arrested and charged for conspiring to be a pimp. Agius alleges that Hamza may have also co-owned a club during this time.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: In the early 1990s, Hamza lived in Bosnia under another name, and fought alongside Bosniaks against Serbs and Croats during the Bosnian War.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Hamza, who has one eye and no hands, once claimed he lost them fighting Soviet forces in Afghanistan. CNN reported they were "injuries he says he sustained while tackling a landmine in Afghanistan." Among several accounts that take issue with Hamza's story, BBC security correspondent Gordon Corera's introduction to Omar Nasiri's memoir "Inside the Jihad: My Life with Al Qaeda" says Hamza "boosted his credibility" with rumours he sustained the injuries fighting "jihad"; also that Nasiri knew they resulted from "an accident during experiments in a training camp", and Hamza asked Nasiri "to keep this secret in order to avoid undermining his reputation." During his trial in the United States, Hamza stated that his injuries occurred whilst working with explosives with the Pakistani military in Lahore. The UK tabloid press have nicknamed him "Captain Hook" in allusion to the fictional pirate Captain Hook.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: On 16 May 1980, Hamza married British citizen Valerie Fleming, a Roman Catholic convert to Islam, and soon after they had a son, Mohammed Mustafa Kamel born in October 1981. In 1984, their relationship came under increasing strain and later in that year Hamza took three-year-old Mohammed with him to Egypt, effectively breaking contact with Valerie. Eventually they divorced and he married Najat Mustafa, with whom he has seven children: five sons followed by two daughters. Hamza's stepdaughter, Donna Traverso, told "The Times" in 2006 that she was convinced Hamza had duped her mother, Valerie, into marrying him in order to gain the right to stay in the UK (see "Arrests, charges and imprisonment" below).


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: In 1999, Hamza's son Mohammed, then 17 years old, was arrested in Yemen with Hamza's stepson Mohssin Ghalain and eight other men. All were tried and convicted of planning a terrorist bombing campaign that the prosecution alleged Hamza had sent the men to carry out. Mohammed and Mohssin received prison sentences of three and seven years, respectively.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Mohammed, Mohssin, and Hamza's oldest son with Najat, Hamza Mustafa Kamel, were convicted of fraud by a London court in 2009, and sentenced to prison terms.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Hamza's third son with Najat, Yasser Kamel, was sentenced to 12 months in youth detention in 2010, for violent disorder at anti-Israel protests in 2009. In 2012, Hamza's second youngest son, Imran Mustafa Kamel, was convicted of armed robbery and illegal possession of a firearm with intent to commit an offence and was sentenced to 11 years' imprisonment. In 2013, the "Evening Standard" reported that Hamza's second-oldest son with Najat, Uthman Mustafa Kamal, delivered sermons at An-Noor mosque in Acton, west London, that were allegedly 'in support of holy war', videos of which were uploaded online but have since been taken down. In 2017, Hamza's youngest son, Sufiyan Mustafa Kamel, was stripped of his UK passport after travelling to Syria in 2013 to fight alongside rebel groups against Bashar al-Assad.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Hamza's Moroccan daughter-in-law was jailed for attempting to smuggle a mobile phone sim card when visiting him in Belmarsh prison in 2012. She is now facing deportation but because she is the sole carer of her son, a British national, the European Court of Justice's advocate general has ruled she cannot automatically be deported despite her criminality unless she is deemed to pose a 'serious' threat to society.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Hamza was the imam of Finsbury Park Mosque from 1997, and a leader of the Supporters of Sharia, a group that believed in a strict interpretation of Islamic law. On 14 September 1999, he sent an article to "Al-Hayat", one of the largest pan-Arab newspapers, supporting the Russian apartment bombings, claiming that, while "in a war, no one targets women and children in a war", these attacks were necessary as "a Muslim revenge for the Russian criminal policies in Chechnya". In 2003, he addressed a rally in central London called by the Islamic al-Muhajiroun, where members spoke of their support for Islamist goals such as the creation of a new Islamic caliphate and replacing the Western-backed Middle Eastern regimes. On 4 February 2003 (after being suspended since April 2002), Hamza was dismissed from his position at the Finsbury Park Mosque by the Charity Commission, the government department that regulates charities in England and Wales. After his exclusion from the mosque, he preached outside the gates until May 2004, when he was arrested at the start of US extradition proceedings against him (see below).


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Hamza publicly expressed support for Islamist goals such as creating a caliphate, and for Osama bin Laden. He wrote a paper entitled "El Ansar" ("The Victor") in which he expressed support for the actions of the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) in Algeria, but he later rejected them when they started killing civilians. In one sermon relating to the necessity of Jihad, he said: "Allah likes those who believe in Him who kill those who do not believe in Him. Allah likes that. So if you Muslims don't like that because you hate the blood, there is something wrong with you." He allegedly associated with Abdullah el-Faisal, a Jamaican Muslim convert cleric who preached in the UK until he was imprisoned for urging his followers to murder Jews, Hindus, Christians and Americans, subsequently being deported to Jamaica in 2007.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Hamza was arrested in December 1980, during a raid on a Soho strip club, for overstaying his tourist visa, which allowed him to stay in the UK for one month. He pleaded guilty to overstay but was allowed to remain in the UK as he was married to a British citizen, Valerie Fleming.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: On 26 August 2004, Hamza was arrested by British police under section 41 of the Terrorism Act 2000, which covers the instigation of acts of terrorism. Charges against him were dropped on 31 August 2004, but he was kept in jail whilst a US extradition case was developed and British authorities drew up further criminal charges of their own. Almost two months later, on 19 October 2004, Hamza was charged with fifteen offences under the provisions of various British statutes, including encouraging the killing of non-Muslims, and intent to stir up racial hatred. The trial commenced on 5 July 2005, but was adjourned, and not resumed until 9 January 2006. On 7 February 2006, he was found guilty on eleven charges and not guilty on four:


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: In sentencing, Mr Justice Hughes said Hamza had "helped to create an atmosphere in which to kill has become regarded by some as not only a legitimate course but a moral and religious duty in pursuit of perceived justice." Abu Hamza was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: In September 2012, Frank Gardner claimed that Queen Elizabeth II had been upset some years earlier that Abu Hamza al-Masri could not be arrested. The BBC apologised later that day for the claim.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: On 18 January 2007, Lord Justice Hughes made an order for the recovery of the full costs of the court-appointed defence of the race-hate charges, estimated in excess of £1 million. This judgement was based on his view that "the story I have been told today (by Abu Hamza) is simply not true" that he [Abu Hamza] had no share in a £220,000 house in Greenford, west London. Hamza had claimed it belonged to his sister. The court also found that Abu Hamza was contributing £9,000 a year for private education for his children.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: On 27 May 2004, Hamza was detained on remand by British authorities and appeared before magistrates at the start of a process to try to extradite him to the United States. Yemen also requested his extradition. The United States wanted Hamza to stand trial for eleven counts relating to the taking of sixteen hostages in Yemen in 1998, advocating jihad in Afghanistan in 2001, supporting James Ujaama in an alleged attempt to establish a "terrorist training camp" in late 1999 and early 2000 near Bly, Oregon, and of providing aid to al-Qaeda. Ujaama is a US citizen who had met Abu Hamza in England in 1999 and was indicted in the US for providing aid to al-Qaeda, attempting to establish a terrorist training camp, and for running a website advocating global jihad. Abu Hamza was in Britain throughout the relevant period.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Hamza could not face the death penalty if extradited to the United States because the UK is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). On 15 November 2007, British courts gave permission for Hamza's extradition to the US. Abu Hamza appealed against this decision to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). In the meantime, Hamza was kept in prison after the completion of his sentence.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: On 8 July 2010, the ECHR temporarily blocked Hamza's extradition to the United States to face terrorism charges until the court was satisfied that he would not be treated inhumanely. The court based its judgement on ECHR, which applies to British law. It is an absolute prohibition for a signatory to the ECHR to remove anyone to a place where they would be subject to inhumane or degrading treatment. In past cases, the ECtHR has prevented the UK from deporting suspected foreign terrorists to places where they might be tortured. In Hamza's case, this has been extended to refusing extradition to a country where he might be jailed for life, and where the prison regime is judged too harsh. The court said there should be further legal argument on whether life without parole would be a breach of human rights. The court asked for fresh submissions on whether Hamza, and other prisoners awaiting extradition, would face inhumane treatment in the US if they were sent there to stand trial.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: On 24 September 2012, the court agreed Hamza could be extradited to the US to face terrorism charges. After considering all evidence, statements by officials at ADX Florence, the court held that "conditions at ADX would not amount to ill-treatment" and also stated that "not all inmates convicted of international terrorism were housed at ADX and, even if they were, sufficient procedural safeguards were in place, such as holding a hearing before deciding on such a transfer" and that "if the transfer process had been unsatisfactory, there was the possibility of bringing a claim to both the Federal Bureau of Prisons' administrative remedy programme and the US federal courts", referring to the Administrative Remedy Program. On 26 September 2012, a High Court judge halted the extradition of Hamza to the US on terror charges after the cleric launched a last-ditch appeal. On 5 October 2012, the High Court granted the UK's government's request to extradite Hamza to the US. The removal process took place that same evening, when Hamza was taken from Long Lartin jail to RAF Mildenhall in Suffolk, where he was placed into the hands of the US Marshals.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: Abu Hamza arrived in the US on the morning of 6 October 2012 to face eleven charges relating to hostage taking, conspiracy to establish a militant training camp and calling for holy war in Afghanistan. He appeared in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on 6 October and was then taken into custody. He appeared in court again on 9 October and pleaded not guilty to eleven charges.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: On 14 April 2014, his trial opened with jury selection. His lawyer, Joshua Dratel, claimed Abu Hamza cooperated with MI5 and the police to help interact with the British Muslim community. On 19 May 2014, he was found guilty of the terror charges. British Home Secretary Theresa May said that she was "pleased" that Abu Hamza had "finally faced justice". On 9 January 2015, Hamza was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, and the entire sentence would be served at ADX Florence in Colorado. In U.S. confinement, his hook devices were confiscated and replaced with a prosthetic spork.


title: Abu Hamza al-Masri

text: In late August 2020, "The Times" reported that Abu Hamza had filed a lawsuit against the US Attorney General William Barr over what he described as "inhumane and degrading" conditions at ADX Florence. Hamza's complaints included solitary confinement, the removal of his prosthetic hooks despite his lack of forearms, sustaining tooth decay from opening food packages, and encountering "religious stress" from eating kosher food.


title: 13 (musical)

text: Following a move from New York City to small-town Indiana, young Evan Goldman grapples with his parents' divorce, prepares for his impending Bar Mitzvah, and navigates the complicated social circles of a new school. "13" is the only Broadway musical ever with a cast and band entirely made of teenagers. It originally began previews on September 16, 2008 and officially opened on October 5, 2008 at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre.


title: 13 (musical)

text: The Broadway production closed on January 4, 2009 after a total of 105 performances. The show was directed by Jeremy Sams and starred Graham Phillips as Evan Goldman and Allie Trimm as Patrice. It also starred Corey Snide as Evan on the matinee performances, Aaron Simon Gross as Archie, Eric Nelsen as Brett, and Delaney Moro as Kendra. The 2008 Broadway production is notable for being the professional debuts of Ariana Grande as Charlotte and Elizabeth Gillies as Lucy, who would later go on to star together in the Nickelodeon television series "Victorious".


title: 13 (musical)

text: Twelve-year-old New Yorker Evan Goldman is soon to have his Bar Mitzvah. He wants his party to be amazing, but that might not happen because his parents are splitting up as his father starts to fall in love with a stewardess, causing his mother to file a divorce against her husband ("Thirteen/Becoming A Man"). Just as Evan thinks that maybe things will be fine, his mother calls to tell him they are moving to Appleton, Indiana. Once there, Evan finds a friend in his neighbor, Patrice, who develops a crush on Evan while telling him about Appleton, Indiana ("The Lamest Place in the World").


title: 13 (musical)

text: Later that month, Evan meets Brett Sampson, the most popular kid in school, along with his goons, Malcolm and Eddie, and tells Brett and his friends to take Kendra, a very pretty girl whom Brett wants to date, to a scary movie where Brett can do "The Tongue". Brett nicknames Evan "Brain" because of his idea. Later, Brett asks out Kendra, but Lucy, her jealous friend who has a crush on Brett, tries to tell Kendra she can't go ("Hey, Kendra"). When Brett tells Evan that the idea seems to have worked, Evan is thrilled; this means that Brett will come to his Bar Mitzvah, and if Brett comes, everyone else will come. Patrice, however, is displeased. If she goes to the Bar Mitzvah, nobody else will go because the other kids don't like her and Evan will be viewed as "uncool" for hanging out with her. Evan does not think that it will be that bad, but when he hands out the invitations, he sees that Patrice is right, and in a moment of panic, rips up her invitation so the popular kids will come ("13 (Reprise)"). As the other kids express their excitement over Evan's party, Archie, a boy with muscular dystrophy, enters and introduces himself. He is upset at Evan for humiliating Patrice – his best and only friend – but promises to help make it up to her if Evan gets him a date with Kendra. When Archie's attempts to use his degenerative illness to guilt Evan into getting him the date do not work, Archie tries to convince him that Evan is the only one who can get Archie the date and if he doesn't, Archie will show up to Evan's Bar Mitzvah and ruin it ("Get Me What I Need"). Evan finally relents. Later, at cheerleading practice, Kendra teaches a new cheer while Lucy resolves to make Brett her boyfriend ("Opportunity"). Archie tries to talk Patrice into giving Evan a second chance, especially since she has a crush on him, but she has lost faith in him and is still upset at what he did to her ("What It Means To Be A Friend").


title: 13 (musical)

text: In class, Brett tells Evan to get his mother to buy them all tickets to "The Bloodmaster." Evan protests that his mother will not buy them tickets to an R-rated movie, but Brett points out that if she doesn't, nobody will go to his Bar Mitzvah and Evan will be uncool. Evan cycles through possible plans, eventually realizing that he will have Archie use his illness to guilt Evan's mother ("All Hail the Brain/Terminal Illness"). To make things better with Patrice, Evan asks her to go to the movie with him as a date. He then realizes that he "just set Brett and Archie up to be on dates with the same girl, on the same night, in the same place..." Evan makes Archie promise to do nothing more than sit next to Kendra so as not to screw up Brett's date. Archie agrees, and everyone prepares for Friday night ("Getting Ready").


title: 13 (musical)

text: Everyone gets to the movie and Brett prepares for "The Tongue." Lucy is on "Tongue Patrol" and Kendra waits for it along with Eddie and Malcolm. Amidst it all, Patrice is upset because Evan is not sitting with her; he is saving a seat for Archie ("Any Minute"). When Archie gets there, he pokes Brett with a crutch, and panic ensues: Archie squeezes his face, closes his eyes, and goes in to kiss Kendra, while Brett at the same time, turns his head, sticks out his tongue, and goes in for the kiss. Evan sees, and as he mouths "Nooooo!", reaches to pull Kendra back, while Lucy reaches for Kendra, too, but only so she can stop Kendra from getting the tongue. When Brett and Archie don't realize that Kendra is out of their way, their mouths meet. Kendra knees Brett in the crotch, trying to stop him from hurting Evan or Archie, after Archie reveals how Evan set him up on a date with Kendra. Brett breaks up with Kendra, and Lucy asks if Brett's "tongue is still available." Meanwhile, Evan is left alone by Patrice ("Good Enough").