title: General Santos

text: From 1963 to 1967, the municipality's economy experienced a boom under Mayor Lucio A. Velayo, as several large agri-based and multinational firms such as Dole Philippines, General Milling Corporation and UDAGRI expanded into the area. Although it was then qualified to become a fourth class city from being a municipality, the residents rejected a move by Congressman Salipada Pendatun to convert the Municipality of Buayan into a city and to rename it ’’Rajah Buayan’’.


title: General Santos

text: On July 8, 1968, the Municipality of General Santos was converted into a city upon the approval of Republic Act No. 5412, authored by Congressman James L. Chiongbian. It was inaugurated on September 5 of that year, with Antonio C. Acharon became the new city's first mayor. On September 5, 1988, a decade after its inauguration as a chartered city, GenSan was declared a highly urbanized city of South Cotabato.


title: General Santos

text: Even after becoming a highly urbanized city independent from South Cotabato in 1988, General Santos remained part of the province's congressional representation. The city only gained a separate representative with the passage of Republic Act No. 11243 on March 11, 2019, which segregated General Santos from the first congressional district of South Cotabato to be its 3rd congressional district. On September 15, 2021, House Bill No. 10021 authored by Representative Ferdinand Hernandez, that officially mandate General Santos as a lone district, separate from South Cotabato was passed on third and final reading.


title: General Santos

text: General Santos City lies at the southern part of the Philippines. The city is southeast of Manila, southeast of Cebu and southwest of Davao.


title: General Santos

text: The city is bounded by municipalities of Sarangani Province, namely Alabel in the east, and Maasim in the south. General Santos is likewise bounded by the South Cotabato municipality of Polomolok and Sarangani Province municipality of Malungon in the north, and the municipality of T'boli in the west.


title: General Santos

text: General Santos City has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification). With an average annual rainfall of less than , it is one of the driest places in the Philippines.


title: General Santos

text: There are two major languages spoken in the city, with Cebuano being widely spoken and being used by the local media outlets in the city (television, radio, and newspapers), followed by Hiligaynon, which is used mainly by settlers who came from the provinces of South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, North Cotabato and Maguindanao, as well as immigrants from the provinces of Negros Occidental, Iloilo and Guimaras. Other languages spoken within the city include Blaan, Tboli, Maguindanao, Ilocano, and Kapampangan.


title: General Santos

text: The predominant religion in the city is Christianity, with the largest denomination being the Catholic Church, comprising almost 90% of the population. About 9% of the population belongs to Islam, mostly Sunnites.


title: General Santos

text: The city's major economic activity is primarily anchored in two sectors namely the agro-industry and fishing industry.


title: General Santos

text: General Santos City registered 1,365 new medium to large enterprises in 2011. An aggregate investment involved is estimated PHP 1.202 billion. Top industry for new investment in 2011 was as follows: Hotel and Restaurant-31%; Wholesale & Retail Trade-20%; Repair of Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles and Personal & Household Goods, Real Estate & Renting Business Activities-17%; Other Community, Social & Personal Services-8%; Financial Intermediation-5%; Manufacturing-5%; Fishing-3%; ICT-3 %


title: General Santos

text: As of 2000, there are 59 banks serving the city. This composed of 46 commercial banks, 5 savings banks, 7 rural banks and 1 cooperative bank. Aside from this, there are 48 lending institutions as well as 49 pawnshops providing emergency loan assistance.


title: General Santos

text: General Santos City is the shopping capital of the Soccksargen region. Residents from nearby towns and provinces visit the city to do shopping and enjoy life and leisure activities. There are several huge shopping malls in the city, notable ones are KCC Mall of Gensan, SM City General Santos, Robinsons Place GenSan, Gaisano Mall of GenSan, RD Plaza (Fitmart), Veranza Mall, and the newest addition to the city which is RD City Mall located at Barangay Mabuhay, Unitop Shopping Mall in Barangay Dadingas West and AllHome (soon in Barangay Katangawan, Circumferential Road). SM Savemore has two branches in the city and another branch will be built within the downtown area. There are also news about building an Ayala Mall and Puregold. These malls are home to both national and international brands of retail merchandises as well as restaurants and cafes. There are many merchandise and large groceries owned by local and foreign Chinese, Taiwanese and Korean businessmen in the city.


title: General Santos

text: Modern and state-of-the-art communication facilities at par with global standards are readily available and are provided in General Santos City by major telecommunication companies in the country. These include voice, data, internet and network solutions, among others, in both wired and mobile forms.


title: General Santos

text: The General Santos International Airport is the largest airport in Mindanao. It has a 3,227-metre concrete runway capable of handling wide-bodied jets like Airbus A340 and Boeing 747. It was also called Rajah Buayan Airport in the 1990s, and Tambler Airport in 2008, before being renamed to its current name. Flights to and from Manila, Iloilo, and Cebu are currently being operated in the airport by Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific. General Santos International Airport is the second busiest airport in Mindanao and 9th busiest airport in the Philippines.


title: General Santos

text: The Makar Wharf is the main international sea port of the city and is one of the finest sea ports in the country. It is located in Barangay Labangal, away from the central business district. With a docking length and a width, the wharf can accommodate up to nine ship berthing positions all at the same time. The port is replete with modern facilities such as container yards, storage and weighing bridges. Several shipping companies operate regular inter-island ferry service to and from other major ports in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Negros Navigation, SuperFerry and Sulpicio Lines provide these inter-island shipping routes while numerous Indonesian shipping lines operate international ferry service between General Santos City and neighboring ports in Indonesia carrying both passenger and cargo loads.


title: General Santos

text: Commuting in and around General Santos City is a fast and convenient ride. More than 400 passenger buses, public utility vans and jeepneys wield routes within the city and neighboring provinces like in Koronadal, Cotabato, Davao, Tacurong, Pagadian, Cagayan de Oro and others. Three-wheeled motorized cabs known as tricycles are the city's main mode of public transport and have been on the road since the pioneering times. Air-conditioned taxis also ply the city streets offering commuters a choice of a more comfortable mode of transportation.


title: General Santos

text: Maintained by the City Engineers' Office, the city's major road networks are paved and endowed with safety road marks, signs and signals to ensure a secure and efficient traffic flow within the city. The Pan-Philippine Highway links the city by land to other major cities in Mindanao and to the rest of the country.


title: General Santos

text: The General Santos City Terminal—popularly known as Bulaong Terminal; located in Barangay Dadiangas North is the city's main integrated land transport terminal. The terminal serves as the city's gateway for land travelers. Buses and other forms of public mass transportation—to and from various parts of Mindanao such as Koronadal, Tacurong, Cotabato, Davao, Kidapawan, Digos, Pagadian, and Cagayan de Oro.


title: General Santos

text: The Philippine National Police, a military task force has been formed to protect the city from terrorist attacks and other crime. Task Force GenSan is affiliated with the Philippine Army and headed by an army colonel. 8 Police Stations are built on each barangay to keep the safeness and a peaceful order in city. Agencies and Organizations are forming a good and peaceful will to group an order in a city.


title: General Santos

text: The average life expectancy of Gensanon is 70 for females and 65 for males. There are 19 hospitals, with more than 2,200 beds in the city including General Santos Doctors Hospital, St. Elizabeth Hospital , SOCSARGEN County Hospital, Mindanao Medical Center, R.O Diagan Cooperative Hospital, GenSan Medical Center, Sarangani Bay Specialists Medical Center, General Santos City District Hospital and the newly inaugurated Dadiangas Medical Center servicing a care for the people. In addition, there is an ongoing construction of ACE Medical Center to add more hospital bed capacity and medical services in the city.


title: General Santos

text: Aside from more than 50 Private Schools, such as The Quantum Academy, and more than 100 public schools, General Santos City hosts three universities. These are the Notre Dame of Dadiangas University, Mindanao State University – General Santos City and New Era University – General Santos Branch. It also houses colleges such as the Doña Lourdes Institute of Technology.


title: General Santos

text: Soon, the General Santos campus of the country's oldest academic institution, University of Santo Tomas, will rise in Barangay Ligaya.


title: General Santos

text: Notable media publications in the city are the SusStar General Santos, Periodiko Banat, Sapol, and other local newspapers. Brigada Newspaper General Santos is the most popular newspaper company in the city.


title: General Santos

text: There are several television stations in the city that are owned and operated by broadcasting networks—ABS-CBN 3 Soccsksargen, GMA 8 Soccsksargen, TV5 Channel 12 Gensan, GMA News TV 26, ABS-CBN Sports+Action Channel 36, Brigada News TV 39. Most of these television networks reaches as far as Davao Region and Northern Mindanao; and caters the whole Soccsksargen Region. Major and other minor cable and satellite television companies are also operating in the city. Most of the FM and AM radio stations are operating in the city 24 hours a day such as MOR 92.7 General Santos, 89.5 Brigada News FM, iFM 91.9, 94.3 Yes! FM General Santos, Radyo5 97.5 News FM, K101.5 Love Radio GenSan, Barangay 102.3 GenSan and others.


title: General Santos

text: There are three local newscasts programs in General Santos: "TV Patrol Socsksargen (ABS-CBN 3 Soccsksargen), GMA Soccsksargen Flash Bulletin (GMA 8 Soccsksargen), Balita38 (EGTV Channel 46) and Ronda Brigada (Brigada News TV channel 39)."


title: Anthology film

text: An anthology film (also known as an omnibus film, package film, or portmanteau film) is a single film consisting of several shorter films, each complete in itself and distinguished from the other, though frequently tied together by a single theme, premise, or author. Sometimes each one is directed by a different director or written by a different author, or may even have been made at different times or in different countries. Anthology films are distinguished from "revue films" such as "Paramount on Parade" (1930)—which were common in Hollywood in the early decades of sound film, composite films, and compilation films.


title: Anthology film

text: Sometimes there is a theme, such as a place (e.g. "New York Stories", "Paris, je t'aime"), a person (e.g. "Four Rooms"), or a thing (e.g. "Twenty Bucks", "Coffee and Cigarettes", ""), that is present in each story and serves to bind them together. Two of the earliest films to use the form were Edmund Goulding's "Grand Hotel" (1932), released by MGM with an all-star cast; and Paramount's "If I Had a Million" (also 1932), featuring segments helmed by a number of directors.


title: Anthology film

text: European directors such as Roberto Rossellini directed anthology films such as "L'Amore" (segments: "Il Miracolo" and "Una voce umana") (1948), "Les Sept péchés capitaux" (segment: "Envie, L'Envy") (1952), "Siamo donne" (segment: "Ingrid Bergman") (1953), and "Amori di mezzo secolo" (segment: "Napoli 1943") (1954). American studios soon followed with films like "Quartet" (1948) based on stories by W. Somerset Maugham. This led to two sequels, "Trio" (1950) and "Encore" (1951), as well as imitators like "O. Henry's Full House" (1952) and "Actors and Sin" (1952).


title: Anthology film

text: Sometimes there is one "top-level" story, a framing device, which leads into the various "sub-stories", as in "Intolerance" (1916), "Tales of Manhattan" (1942), "Flesh and Fantasy" (1943), "Dead of Night" (1945), and "The Illustrated Man" (1968). "Dead of Night" helped to popularize the format for horror films—although they had existed as far back as "Unheimliche Geschichten" (1919)—and British company Amicus made several such films in the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Anthology film

text: The 1989 film "New York Stories" consists of three segments directed by Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola and Woody Allen.


title: Anthology film

text: "The Red Violin" (1998) could also be considered a portmanteau film, since the storylines revolve around the various owners of a precious sixteenth-century violin through the centuries. Similarly, 1964's "The Yellow Rolls-Royce" follows the owners of the titular vehicle.


title: Anthology film

text: "From Beyond the Grave" (1974), "Trilogy of Terror" (1975), "Heavy Metal" (1981), "" (1983), "Creepshow" (1982), "The Company of Wolves" (1984), "Creepshow 2" (1987), "" (1990) and "Tales from the Hood" (1995) are various horror themed anthologies from the 70s to the 90s.


title: Anthology film

text: Gene Kelly's 1956 all-dance film "Invitation to the Dance" consisted of three distinct stories, each different in tone and with its own plot line. Kelly appeared in each of the stories as different characters.


title: Anthology film

text: "Four Rooms" is also an anthology film which follows the protagonist and his misadventures in four different rooms of a hotel. The four different segments (or rooms) were all directed by different directors.


title: Anthology film

text: "Eros" (2004) is an anthology film tied by the themes of eroticism and desire. Developed by French-based producer Stéphane Tchalgadjieff and headlined by Italian director Michelangelo Antonioni, the three segments were each directed by acclaimed directors, including Antonioni, Hong Kong director Wong Kar Wai and American director Steven Soderbergh. Initially, Spanish director Pedro Almodovar was to direct a segment, but was unable to do so and was replaced by Soderbergh. Of the three segments, Kar Wai's "The Hand" received universal acclaim, while Soderbergh's segment "Equilibrium" garnered a lukewarm reception and Antonioni's segment "The Dangerous Thread of Things" was critically panned.


title: Anthology film

text: Mohsen Abdolvahab's debut "Please Do Not Disturb" (2010) was a widely acclaimed tri-segmented Iranian anthology film.


title: Anthology film

text: Anthology films are often mistaken with hyperlink cinema. Hyperlink cinema shows bits of many stories throughout the movie, whereas anthology films show story segments of one at a time. Some mistaken examples include "Pulp Fiction" (1994) and "Amores Perros" (2000), distributing their storylines non-chronologically, separated by segments.


title: Anthology film

text: "V/H/S" is a 2012 American anthology horror film created by Brad Miska and Bloody Disgusting. It features a series of five unrelated found-footage horror shorts tied together by a frame narrative. The film spawned five sequels, "V/H/S/2" (2013), "" (2014), "V/H/S/94" (2021), "V/H/S/99" (2022), "V/H/S/85" (2023), and spin-offs, "SiREN" (2016) and "Kids vs. Aliens" (2022).


title: Anthology film

text: On November 16, 2018, the Coen Brothers' American Western anthology film, "The Ballad of Buster Scruggs", was released on a limited theater run and on Netflix a week later. The film contains six separate stories written and directed by the Coen Brothers, which they wrote and accumulated over the last 25 years.


title: Anthology film

text: "" is an anthology film by Miami collective Borscht Corporation that premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival. The film takes place in Miami and contains many different stories centered around a cigarette boat.


title: Anthology film

text: "Kathasangama" (2019) is a multi-genre anthology film by Rishabh Shetty along with six other directors, each one of them directed seven independent stories running in parallel.


title: Gale Gordon

text: Gale Gordon (born Charles Thomas Aldrich Jr., February 20, 1906 – June 30, 1995) was an American character actor perhaps best remembered as Lucille Ball's longtime television foil—and particularly as cantankerously combustible, tightfisted bank executive Theodore J. Mooney, on Ball's second television situation comedy, "The Lucy Show". Gordon also appeared in "I Love Lucy" and had starring roles in Ball's successful third series "Here's Lucy" and her short-lived fourth and final series "Life with Lucy".


title: Gale Gordon

text: Gordon was also a respected and beloved radio actor who is remembered for his role as school principal Osgood Conklin in "Our Miss Brooks", starring Eve Arden, in both the 1948–1957 radio series and the 1952–1956 television series. He also co-starred as the second Mr. Wilson in "Dennis the Menace", replacing Joseph Kearns after he died.


title: Gale Gordon

text: Born Charles Thomas Aldrich Jr., in New York City to vaudevillian Charles Thomas Aldrich and his wife, English actress Gloria Gordon, Gale Gordon's first big radio break came via the recurring roles of "Mayor La Trivia" and "Foggy Williams" on "Fibber McGee and Molly", before playing Rumson Bullard on the show's successful spinoff, "The Great Gildersleeve". Gordon and his character of Mayor La Trivia left the show during World War II when Gordon enlisted in the US Coast Guard, where he spent four years. He was the first actor to play the role of Flash Gordon, in the 1935 radio serial "The Amazing Interplanetary Adventures of Flash Gordon". He also played Dr. Stevens in "Glorious One".


title: Gale Gordon

text: From 1937 to 1939, he starred as "The Octopus" in the "Speed Gibson" adventure series. In 1949, Gordon recorded the pilot for "The Halls of Ivy", starring in the program's title role of Dr. Todhunter Hall, the president of Ivy College. The pilot led to a radio series that aired from 1950 to 1952, but Ronald Colman replaced Gordon in the title role; Gordon later joined the cast as a replacement for Willard Waterman in the popular role of John Merriweather.


title: Gale Gordon

text: Gordon, in one of his few dramatic roles on radio, starred as erudite art importer, suave bachelor, and amateur sleuth Gregory Hood on "The Casebook of Gregory Hood" in 1946–47 on the "Mutual Broadcasting Network". The show followed the same format—same sponsor, same writers, same storytelling formula—as the program it was originally a summer replacement for, "The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes". The Gregory Hood program was continued on the fall schedule for the subsequent season after the network failed to reach a contractual agreement with the estate of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle for the Sherlock Holmes franchise. It was cancelled by Mutual after one full season, but returned periodically on ABC in 1948 and following years, with other actors playing the title role.


title: Gale Gordon

text: In 1950, Gordon played John Granby, a former city dweller ineptly pursuing his dream of life on a farm, in the radio series "Granby's Green Acres", which became the basis for the 1960s television series "Green Acres". Gordon went on to create the role of pompous principal Osgood Conklin on "Our Miss Brooks", carrying the role to television when the show moved there in 1952. In the interim, Gordon turned up as Rudolph Atterbury on "My Favorite Husband", which starred Lucille Ball in a precursor to "I Love Lucy".


title: Gale Gordon

text: Gordon and Ball had previously worked together on "The Wonder Show", starring Jack Haley, from 1938 to 1939. The two had a long friendship as well as recurring professional partnership. Gordon also had a recurring role as fictitious Rexall Drugs sponsor representative Mr. Scott on yet another radio hit, "The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show", staying with the role as long as Rexall sponsored the show. When the sponsor changed to RCA, the character simply switched employers.


title: Gale Gordon

text: The widely acknowledged master of the "slow-burn" temper explosion in character, Gordon was the first pick to play Fred Mertz on "I Love Lucy", but he was committed to "Our Miss Brooks" as well as being a regular on several other radio shows, and had to decline the offer (the role went to William Frawley). He appeared in two guest shots on the show: twice as Ricky Ricardo's boss, Alvin Littlefield, owner of the Tropicana Club where Ricky's band played, and later appeared as a judge on an episode of "Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour".


title: Gale Gordon

text: In 1958, Gordon appeared as a regular in the role of department store co-owner Bascomb Bleacher Sr., on the NBC sitcom "Sally", starring Joan Caulfield and Marion Lorne. He also appeared on the Walter Brennan ABC sitcom, "The Real McCoys". Gordon had a co-starring role in the CBS television comedy "Pete and Gladys". At this time, he guest starred with Pat O'Brien in the ABC sitcom, "Harrigan and Son", the story of a father-and-son lawyer team. He also appeared on the CBS/Desilu sitcom, "Angel", with Annie Fargé. On "The Danny Thomas Show", he guest starred in seven episodes. In five, he played the landlord of the building where the Williams family lived. In 1962, Gordon appeared as different characters on two episodes of another ABC sitcom, "The Donna Reed Show".


title: Gale Gordon

text: In 1962, Ball created "The Lucy Show" and planned to hire Gordon to play Theodore J. Mooney, the banker who was first Lucy Carmichael's executor and subsequently her employer, when she went to work in his bank. Gordon was under contract to play John Wilson (after the death of Joseph Kearns, who played George Wilson) on "Dennis the Menace". Prior to Gordon's replacing Kearns on "Dennis the Menace", the two had worked together on an old radio show, "The Cinnamon Bear" and also appeared with Eve Arden and Richard Crenna in Our Miss Brooks (1953–55), where Kearns first played Assistant Superintendent Michaels and later (in eight episodes) as Superintendent Stone, a role that he had played on radio.


title: Gale Gordon

text: When "Dennis the Menace" ended in spring 1963, Gordon joined "The Lucy Show" as Mr. Mooney for the 1963–64 season. (In the interim, Charles Lane played the similar Mr. Barnsdahl character for the 1962–1963 season.) The somewhat portly Gordon was surprisingly adept at physical comedy and could do a perfect cartwheel; he did this on "The Lucy Show" and "Here's Lucy", and again as a guest on "The Dean Martin Show".


title: Gale Gordon

text: After the sale of Desilu Studios in 1968, Ball shut down "The Lucy Show" and retooled it into "Here's Lucy" and became her own producer and distributor. Gordon returned, this time as her blustery boss (and brother-in-law) Harrison Otis 'Uncle Harry' Carter at an employment agency that specialized in unusual jobs for unusual people. Essentially, it was just a continuation of the Lucy Carmichael/Mr. Mooney relationship, but with new names and a new setting.


title: Gale Gordon

text: Gordon had all but retired from acting when "Here's Lucy" ended in 1974, but Ball coaxed him out of retirement in 1986 to join her for the short-lived series "Life with Lucy". Gordon was the only actor to have co-starred or guest-starred in every weekly series, radio or television, Ball had done since the 1940s. His final acting appearance would be a reprise of Mr. Mooney in the first episode of "Hi Honey, I'm Home!" in 1991.


title: Gale Gordon

text: Beginning in 1949, Gordon and his wife lived in the tiny community of Borrego Springs, California (pop. 1,500) where he owned a ranch and several dogs. He was also honorary mayor of the town and commuted approximately to and from Los Angeles every day when working for Ball.


title: Gale Gordon

text: In addition to acting, Gordon was an accomplished author, penning two books in the 1940s entitled "Nursery Rhymes for Hollywood Babies" and "Leaves from the Story Trees", and two one-act plays. After he and his wife purchased in Borrego Springs, Gordon did much of the construction of the house and his art studio himself. He also built and restored his own furniture on the property and used the land to become one of the few commercial carob growers in the United States.


title: Gale Gordon

text: "Gale Gordon: From Mayor of Wistful Vista to Borrego Springs," by Jim Manago, published by BearManor Media in 2016, is the first biography of Gordon.


title: Gale Gordon

text: Gordon died of lung cancer on June 30, 1995, at the Redwood Terrace Health Center in Escondido, California, aged 89. Virginia Curley, his wife of nearly 60 years, had died in the same facility one month earlier. The couple had no children.


title: Gale Gordon

text: In 1999, Gordon was inducted posthumously into the Radio Hall of Fame, and for his contribution to radio he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6340 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Mortification of the flesh is an act by which an individual or group seeks to mortify or deaden their sinful nature, as a part of the process of sanctification.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: In Christianity, mortification of the flesh is undertaken in order to repent for sins and share in the Passion of Jesus. Common forms of Christian mortification that are practiced to this day include fasting, abstinence, as well as pious kneeling. Also common among Christian religious orders in the past were the wearing of sackcloth, as well as self-flagellation in imitation of Jesus Christ's suffering and death. Christian theology holds that the Holy Spirit helps believers in the "mortification of the sins of the flesh." Verses in the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) considered to be precursors to Christian ideas of self-mortification include Zechariah 13:6 and 1 Kings 18:28–29.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Although the term 'mortification of the flesh', which is derived from the King James version of Romans 8:13 and Colossians 3:5, is primarily used in a Christian context, other cultures may have analogous concepts of self-denial; secular practices exist as well. Some forms unique to various Asian cultures are carrying heavy loads and immersion in water.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: The term "mortification of the flesh" comes from the Book of Romans 8:13 in the New Testament: "For if you live according to the flesh you will die, but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body you will live." The same idea is seen in other verses, such as Colossians 3:5 ("Put to death what is earthly in you: fornication, impurity, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry") and Galatians 5:24 ("And those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with its passions and desires"). Support for such behavior in the Old Testament is found in some verses such as Proverbs 20:30: "Blows that wound cleanse away evil; strokes make clean the innermost parts."


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: According to Christian exegesis, "deeds of the body" and "what is earthly" refer to the "wounded nature" of man or his concupiscence (evil inclinations as a consequence of the Fall of Man); humanity suffers the consequences of the original sin through temptation to sin. The Apostle Paul, who authored Romans, expected believers to "put to death" the deeds of the flesh. The word for 'flesh' in Koine Greek, the language in which the New Testament was originally written, is (), a word denoting the fallen or sinful elements, parts, and proclivities of humanity. This word is juxtaposed in Romans 8:13 with the term used for 'body' (), which more strictly refers to the physical body of a human. Thus in Romans 8:13, Paul draws a parallel between fallen people, with proclivities to sin without chance of redemption, and redeemed people, who are so changed that mortification of their fleshly sin can turn to bodily life, from to .


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: In its simplest form, mortification of the flesh can mean merely denying oneself certain pleasures, such as permanently or temporarily abstaining (i.e. fasting), from meat, alcoholic beverages, sexual relations, or an area of life that makes the person's spiritual life more difficult or burdensome. It can also be practiced by choosing a simple or even impoverished lifestyle; this is often one reason many monastics of various Christian denominations take vows of poverty. Among votarists, traditional forms of physical mortification are chain cilices and hair-shirts. In some of its more severe forms, it can mean using a discipline to flagellate oneself and a spugna to beat oneself.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Mortification of the flesh is undertaken by Christians in order to repent of sins and share in the Passion of Jesus.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Through the centuries, some Christians have practiced voluntary penances as a way of imitating Jesus who, according to the New Testament, voluntarily accepted the sufferings of his passion and death on the cross at Calvary in order to redeem humankind. Some Christians note that the cross carried by Jesus is the crossbar or "patibulum", a rough tree trunk, which probably weighed between . Jesus also fasted for 40 days and 40 nights, an example of submission to the first person of the Trinity, God the Father, and as a way of preparing for ministry.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: The early Christians mortified the flesh through martyrdom and through what has been called "confession of the faith": accepting torture in a joyful way. As Christians experienced persecution, they often embraced their fate of suffering due to their love for Christ and the transformation they said they experienced from following him; these individuals became martyrs of the Christian faith. Jerome, a Western church father and biblical scholar who translated the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), was famous for his severe penances in the desert.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Christians practicing mortification of the flesh often use instruments of penance as they repent, with the purpose of being contrite and sharing in the suffering of Jesus. These include the following:


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Some canonized Catholic saints and founders of Catholic religious organizations practiced mortification in order to imitate Christ. Another way of mortification that developed quickly in the early centuries was celibacy, which the Catholic tradition interprets as renouncing the joy of human marriage for a superior chastity and higher supernatural ends (cf. "Works of Supererogation"). for the sake of Christ.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: The Augsburg Confession of the Lutheran Church supports the practice of mortification of the flesh, stating:


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: In the Lutheran tradition, mortification of the flesh is not done in order to earn merit, but instead to "keep the body in a condition such that it does not hinder one from doing what one has been commanded to do, according to one's calling ()." In "The Ninety-Five Theses", Martin Luther stated that "inner repentance is worthless unless it produces various outward mortification of the flesh." He practiced mortification of the flesh through fasting and self-flagellation, even sleeping in a stone cell without a blanket.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Samuel Wesley Sr. examined the writings of Thomas à Kempis on the mortification of the flesh and concluded that "mortification is still an indispensable Christian duty." His son, John Wesley, the evangelical Christian progenitor of the Methodist Church continued "to hold à Kempis in high regard". As such, he likewise wrote that "efforts to manifest true faith would be 'quickened' by self mortification and entire obedience". Moreover, he "spoke approvingly of 'voluntary instances of mortification' in his journals". Methodist circuit riders were known for practicing the spiritual discipline of mortifying the flesh as they "arose well before dawn for solitary prayer; they remained on their knees without food or drink or physical comforts sometimes for hours on end". John Cennick, the first Methodist itinerant preacher, prayed nine times a day, fasted and "fancying dry bread too great an indulgence for so great a sinner as himself, he began to feed on potatoes, acorns, crabs, and grass". The Methodist evangelist John Wesley Childs was known for "limiting what he would eat" and choosing "to walk beside his horse rather than to ride in order to demonstrate his willingness to suffer for his calling and to try[ing] to heighten his religious experience through subjecting himself to trials." The "Wesleyan Methodist Magazine" in 1813 published a statement written by Matthew Henry for Christian believers:


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: The Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate states that "mortification of the flesh, or the putting to death of the passions which hinder attainment of the kingdom of heaven, is practiced with three disciplines of self-denial". These spiritual disciplines include "unostentatious fasting or self-denial; increased prayer, by attending to worship and various devotions; and the sacrificial giving of alms (charitable donations)."


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: It became "quite common" for members of the Oxford Movement within the Anglican Communion to practice self-flagellation using a discipline. Congregationalist writer and leader within the evangelical Christian movement, Sarah Osborn, practiced self-flagellation in order "to remind her of her continued sin, depravity, and vileness in the eyes of God".


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: According to other evangelical Christian commentators, using Paul's writings and other passages from the New Testament to justify the practise of mortification of the flesh is a complete misinterpretation. In the verses leading up to Colossians 1:24, Paul holds a very high view of Christ's redeeming work.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: This suffering Paul refers to comes as one takes on the commission to share the gospel. Persecution and suffering such as that experienced by Christ will follow and Christians should see this suffering as a divine necessity. In chapter 9, "Paul compares the evangelistic lifestyle of believers to athletes who sacrifice normal pursuits for the sake of strict training and a competitive edge". In the Corinth church there were grey areas of lifestyle and behaviors not specifically covered by the Mosaic law, and Paul was encouraging them to discipline themselves to abstain from those behaviors and practices for the sake of winning others to Christ.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Some indigenous cultures' shamans believe that endurance of pain or denial of appetites serves to increase spiritual power. In many indigenous cultures, painful rites are used to mark sexual maturity, marriage, procreation, or other major life stages. In Africa and Australia, indigenous people sometimes use genital mutilation on boys and girls that is intentionally painful, including circumcision, subincision, clitoridectomy, piercing, or infibulation. In some Native American tribes enduring scarification or the bites of ants are common rituals to mark a boy's transition to adulthood. Human rights organizations in several areas of the world have protested some of these methods, which can be forced upon the participants, although some are voluntary and are a source of pride and status.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Shamans often use painful rites and self-denial such as fasting or celibacy to attain transformation, or to commune with spirits.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: It has been speculated that extreme practices of mortification of the flesh may be used to obtain an altered state of consciousness to achieve spiritual experiences or visions. In modern times, members of the Church of Body Modification believe that by manipulating and modifying their bodies (by painful processes) they can strengthen the bond between their bodies and spirits, and become more spiritually aware. This group uses rites of passage from many traditions including Hinduism, Buddhism and shamanism, to seek their aims.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: In some contexts, modern practices of body modification and plastic surgery overlap with mortification. Often, secular people will undergo painful experiences in order to become more self-aware, to take control of their bodies or "own" them more fully, to bond with a group that is spiritual in its aims, or to overcome the body's limitations in ways that do not refer to any higher power. Many times these rites are intended to empower the participant, rather than humble them. This represents a very different aim than many traditional mortifications.


title: Mortification of the flesh

text: Roland Loomis re-creates Sun dance ceremonies and suspensions for those who believe these painful procedures expand their consciousness. Fakir Musafar explained his use of these rites as a way to awaken the spirit to the body's limits, and put it in control of them. Others who have used these experiences to transcend physical limitations report a feeling of mastery over their physical circumstance, along with a widened perspective.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: The Boss Baby is a media franchise made by DreamWorks Animation, loosely based on the 2010 picture book of the same name by Marla Frazee. The franchise began with the 2017 film "The Boss Baby" and has since grown to include a sequel, two television series, and an interactive special.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: The franchise's inciting incident is the birth of the titular Boss Baby, later known as Ted, who arrives at 7-year-old Tim's home in a taxi, wearing a suit and carrying a briefcase, the series' timeline spanning to focus on a now 37-year-old Tim's daughters, the 7-year-old Tabitha and new Boss Baby Tina.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: "The Boss Baby" is a 2017 American computer-animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox, following a 7-year-old boy helping his baby brother who is a secret agent in the war for adults' love between babies and puppies.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: The film was scheduled for a March 2016 release, but the release date was moved to March 31, 2017. "The Boss Baby" was released on Digital HD on July 4, 2017, and was released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu-ray on July 25, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. The film features the voices of Alec Baldwin as the title character, along with Miles Bakshi, Steve Buscemi, Jimmy Kimmel, Lisa Kudrow and Tobey Maguire.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: "The Boss Baby: Family Business" is a 2021 American sequel to the 2017 "The Boss Baby" film, again produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Universal Pictures, following the estranged Templeton brothers being reunited by Tim's daughters, one of whom is a new agent from BabyCorp on a mission to uncover the dark secrets behind Tabitha's school and its mysterious founder, Dr. Armstrong.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: On May 25, 2017, Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Animation announced that a sequel was set to be released on March 26, 2021, but was delayed to September 17, 2021. The film was moved up to July 2, 2021 and will also stream on Peacock on the same day for free. On May 8, 2020, production was being done remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. Along with a returning Alec Baldwin, Jimmy Kimmel and Lisa Kudrow, the film features the voices of James Marsden, Amy Sedaris, Ariana Greenblatt, Eva Longoria and Jeff Goldblum.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: During a Q&A with Alec Baldwin and Amy Sedaris in 2021, a third "Boss Baby" film was announced to be in early development.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: "The Boss Baby and Tim's Treasure Hunt Through Time" is a 2D and 3D animated short film released on July 25, 2017 on "The Boss Baby" Blu-ray and DVD pack, following Wizzie, the wizard from Tim's alarm clock, as he narrates Tim and Ted's (Boss Baby's) adventures in imagination.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: "Precious Templeton: A Pony Tale" is an 2D animated short film released on September 14 on "The Boss Baby: Family Business" Blu-ray and DVD pack, following a bedtime story to Tina and Tabitha about Precious, the pony Ted gave Tabitha as a lavish gift, who tries to win a carnival talent show from a rival horse, being narrated by Ted himself (reprised by Alec Baldwin).


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: A computer-animated television series based on the first film, titled "The Boss Baby: Back in Business", aired on Netflix between April 6, 2018 and March 16, 2020. A total of 37 episodes were released. The cast featured new voice actors for the characters of Boss Baby (JP Karliak), Tim (Pierce Gagnon), Ted Templeton Sr. (David W. Collins), Janice Templeton (Hope Levy), Jimbo (Kevin Michael Richardson), and Staci (Alex Cazares), while Eric Bell Jr. reprised his role as The Triplets from the film. This series was produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by NBCUniversal Television.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: On March 10, 2022, DreamWorks announced a new series and a possible continuation of Back in Business based on the characters from "The Boss Baby: Family Business". It was released on May 19, 2022 on Netflix, with JP Karliak (the only actor reprising from "Back in Business") reprising his role as the titular character, Ariana Greenblatt (the only actor reprising from "Family Business") reprising her role as Tabitha, Max Mittelman replaces Pierce Gagnon from the first series as Tim, and Mary Faber and Krizia Bajos replace Amy Sedaris and Eva Longoria from the second film as Tina and Carol respectively.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: "The Boss Baby: Get That Baby!", an interactive special, was released on Netflix on September 1, 2020, featuring the cast of "The Boss Baby: Back in Business" television series.


title: The Boss Baby (franchise)

text: "The Boss Baby Christmas Bonus", a Christmas special, was released on Netflix on December 6, 2022, featuring the cast of both "The Boss Baby: Back in Business" and "The Boss Baby: Back in the Crib" television series.


title: Altair

text: Altair is the brightest star in the constellation of Aquila and the twelfth-brightest star in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation Alpha Aquilae, which is Latinised from α Aquilae and abbreviated Alpha Aql or α Aql. Altair is an A-type main-sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77 and is one of the vertices of the Summer Triangle asterism; the other two vertices are marked by Deneb and Vega. It is located at a distance of from the Sun. Altair is currently in the G-cloud—a nearby interstellar cloud, an accumulation of gas and dust.


title: Altair

text: Altair rotates rapidly, with a velocity at the equator of approximately 286 km/s. This is a significant fraction of the star's estimated breakup speed of 400 km/s. A study with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer revealed that Altair is not spherical, but is flattened at the poles due to its high rate of rotation. Other interferometric studies with multiple telescopes, operating in the infrared, have imaged and confirmed this phenomenon.


title: Altair

text: "α Aquilae" (Latinised to "Alpha Aquilae") is the star's Bayer designation. The traditional name "Altair" has been used since medieval times. It is an abbreviation of the Arabic phrase "Al-Nisr Al-Ta'ir", "".


title: Altair

text: In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included "Altair" for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.


title: Altair

text: Along with β Aquilae and γ Aquilae, Altair forms the well-known line of stars sometimes referred to as the "Family of Aquila" or "Shaft of Aquila".


title: Altair

text: Altair is a type-A main-sequence star with about 1.8 times the mass of the Sun and 11 times its luminosity. It is thought to be a young star close to the zero age main sequence at about 100 million years old, although previous estimates gave an age closer to one billion years old. Altair rotates rapidly, with a rotational period of under eight hours; for comparison, the equator of the Sun makes a complete rotation in a little more than 25 days, but Altair's rotation is similar to, and slightly faster than, those of Jupiter and Saturn. Like those two planets, its rapid rotation forces the star to be oblate; its equatorial diameter is over 20 percent greater than its polar diameter.


title: Altair

text: Satellite measurements made in 1999 with the Wide Field Infrared Explorer showed that the brightness of Altair fluctuates slightly, varying by just a few thousandths of a magnitude with several different periods less than 2 hours. As a result, it was identified in 2005 as a Delta Scuti variable star. Its light curve can be approximated by adding together a number of sine waves, with periods that range between 0.8 and 1.5 hours. It is a weak source of coronal X-ray emission, with the most active sources of emission being located near the star's equator. This activity may be due to convection cells forming at the cooler equator.


title: Altair

text: The angular diameter of Altair was measured interferometrically by R. Hanbury Brown and his co-workers at Narrabri Observatory in the 1960s. They found a diameter of 3milliarcseconds. Although Hanbury Brown et al. realized that Altair would be rotationally flattened, they had insufficient data to experimentally observe its oblateness. Later, using infrared interferometric measurements made by the Palomar Testbed Interferometer in 1999 and 2000, Altair was found to be flattened. This work was published by G. T. van Belle, David R. Ciardi and their co-authors in 2001.


title: Altair

text: Theory predicts that, owing to Altair's rapid rotation, its surface gravity and effective temperature should be lower at the equator, making the equator less luminous than the poles. This phenomenon, known as gravity darkening or the von Zeipel effect, was confirmed for Altair by measurements made by the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer in 2001, and analyzed by Ohishi et al. (2004) and Peterson et al. (2006). Also, A. Domiciano de Souza et al. (2005) verified gravity darkening using the measurements made by the Palomar and Navy interferometers, together with new measurements made by the VINCI instrument at the VLTI.


title: Altair

text: Altair is one of the few stars for which a direct image has been obtained. In 2006 and 2007, J. D. Monnier and his coworkers produced an image of Altair's surface from 2006 infrared observations made with the MIRC instrument on the CHARA array interferometer; this was the first time the surface of any main-sequence star, apart from the Sun, had been imaged. The false-color image was published in 2007. The equatorial radius of the star was estimated to be 2.03 solar radii, and the polar radius 1.63 solar radii—a 25% increase of the stellar radius from pole to equator. The polar axis is inclined by about 60° to the line of sight from the Earth.


title: Altair

text: The term "Al Nesr Al Tair" appeared in Al Achsasi al Mouakket's catalogue, which was translated into Latin as "Vultur Volans". This name was applied by the Arabs to the asterism of Altair, β Aquilae and γ Aquilae and probably goes back to the ancient Babylonians and Sumerians, who called Altair "the eagle star". The spelling "Atair" has also been used. Medieval astrolabes of England and Western Europe depicted Altair and Vega as birds.


title: Altair

text: The Koori people of Victoria also knew Altair as "Bunjil", the wedge-tailed eagle, and β and γ Aquilae are his two wives the black swans. The people of the Murray River knew the star as "Totyerguil". The Murray River was formed when "Totyerguil" the hunter speared "Otjout", a giant Murray cod, who, when wounded, churned a channel across southern Australia before entering the sky as the constellation Delphinus.


title: Altair

text: In Chinese belief, the asterism consisting of Altair, β Aquilae and γ Aquilae is known as "Hé Gǔ" (; lit. "river drum"). The Chinese name for Altair is thus "Hé Gǔ èr" (; lit. "river drum two", meaning the "second star of the drum at the river"). However, Altair is better known by its other names: "Qiān Niú Xīng" ( / ) or "Niú Láng Xīng" (), translated as the "cowherd star". These names are an allusion to a love story, "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl", in which Niulang (represented by Altair) and his two children (represented by β Aquilae and γ Aquilae) are separated from respectively their wife and mother Zhinu (represented by Vega) by the Milky Way. They are only permitted to meet once a year, when magpies form a bridge to allow them to cross the Milky Way.


title: Altair

text: The people of Micronesia called Altair "Mai-lapa", meaning "big/old breadfruit", while the Māori people called this star "Poutu-te-rangi", meaning "pillar of heaven".


title: Altair

text: This star is one of the asterisms used by Bugis sailors for navigation, called "bintoéng timoro", meaning "eastern star".


title: Altair

text: NASA announced "Altair" as the name of the Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM) on December 13, 2007. The Russian-made Beriev Be-200 Altair seaplane is also named after the star.


title: Altair

text: The bright primary star has the multiple star designation WDS 19508+0852A and has several faint visual companion stars, WDS 19508+0852B, C, D, E, F and G. All are much more distant than Altair and not physically associated.


title: The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)

text: The Twelve Apostles is a collection of limestone stacks off the shore of Port Campbell National Park, by the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia.


title: The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)

text: Their proximity to one another has made the site a popular tourist attraction. Seven of the original eight stacks remain standing at the Twelve Apostles viewpoint, after one collapsed in July 2005. Though the view from the promontory by the Twelve Apostles never included twelve stacks, additional stacks—not considered part of the Apostles group—are located to the west within the national park.


title: The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)

text: The limestone unit that forms The Twelve Apostles is referred to as the Port Campbell Limestone, which was deposited in the Mid-Late Miocene, around 15 to 5 million years ago.


title: The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)

text: The Twelve Apostles were formed by erosion. The harsh and extreme weather conditions from the Southern Ocean gradually erode the soft limestone to form caves in the cliffs, which then become arches that eventually collapse, leaving rock stacks up to high. The stacks are susceptible to further erosion from waves. In July 2005, a stack collapsed, leaving seven standing at the Twelve Apostles viewpoint. Due to wave action eroding the cliffs, existing headlands are expected to become new limestone stacks in the future.


title: The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)

text: The stacks were originally known as the Pinnacles, and the Sow and Pigs (or Sow and Piglets, with Muttonbird Island being the Sow and the smaller rock stacks being the Piglets), as well as the Twelve Apostles. The formation's name was made official as the Twelve Apostles, despite only ever having had eight stacks.


title: The Twelve Apostles (Victoria)

text: In 2002, the Port Campbell Professional Fishermens Association attempted to block the creation of the Twelve Apostles Marine National Park at the Twelve Apostles site. The association approved of a later decision by the Victorian government to prohibit seismic exploration at the site by Benaris Energy, believing such exploration would harm marine life.


title: Music from Big Pink

text: Music from Big Pink is the debut studio album by the Band. Released in 1968, it employs a distinctive blend of country, rock, folk, classical, R&B, blues, and soul. The music was composed partly in "Big Pink", a house shared by bassist/singer Rick Danko, pianist/singer Richard Manuel and organist Garth Hudson in West Saugerties, New York. The album itself was recorded in studios in New York and Los Angeles in 1968, and followed the band's backing of Bob Dylan on his 1966 tour (as the Hawks) and time spent together in upstate New York recording material that was officially released in 1975 as "The Basement Tapes", also with Dylan. The cover artwork is a painting by Dylan.


title: Music from Big Pink

text: In 2000 the album was rereleased with additional outtakes from the recording sessions, and in 2018 a "50th Anniversary Super Deluxe" edition was released with a new stereo mix by Bob Clearmountain.


title: Music from Big Pink

text: The Band's members included Danko, Manuel, Hudson, guitarist Robbie Robertson and drummer/singer Levon Helm. They began to create their distinctive sound during 1967 when they improvised and recorded with Bob Dylan a huge number of cover songs and original Dylan material in the basement of a pink house in West Saugerties, New York, located at 56 Parnassus Lane (formerly 2188 Stoll Road). The house was built by Ottmar Gramms, who bought the land in 1952. The house was newly built when Rick Danko found it as a rental. Danko moved in along with Garth Hudson and Richard Manuel in February 1967. The house became known locally as "Big Pink" for its pink siding. The house was subsequently sold by Gramms in 1977, and since 1998, it has been a private residence.


title: Music from Big Pink

text: Widely bootlegged at the time, initially as "Great White Wonder" in July 1969, some of the recordings Dylan and the Band made were officially released in 1975 on "The Basement Tapes", and then in their totality in 2014 on "". By the end of 1967 the Band felt it was time to step out of Dylan's shadow and make their own statement.


title: Music from Big Pink

text: The Band's manager Albert Grossman (who was also Dylan's manager) approached Capitol Records to secure a record deal for a group still informally described as "Dylan's backing band". Alan Livingston at Capitol signed the Band, initially under the name the Crackers. Armed with news of a recording deal for the group, they lured Levon Helm back from the oil rigs where he had been working to Woodstock where he took up his crucial position in the Band, singing and playing drums. Helm's return coincided with a ferment of activity in Big Pink as the embryonic Band not only recorded with Dylan but also began to write their own songs.


title: Music from Big Pink

text: After meeting with producer John Simon, the Band started to record their debut album in Manhattan at A&R Studios, at 799 7th Avenue in the early months of 1968. The Band recorded "Tears of Rage", "Chest Fever", "We Can Talk", "This Wheel's On Fire" and "The Weight" in two sessions. Robertson has said that when Simon asked them how they wanted it to sound, they replied, "Just like it did in the basement."


title: Music from Big Pink

text: Capitol, pleased with the initial recording session, suggested that the group move to Los Angeles to finish recording their first album at Capitol Studios. They also cut some material at Gold Star Studios on Santa Monica Boulevard. The songs on "Big Pink" recorded in L.A. were "In A Station", "To Kingdom Come", "Lonesome Suzie", "Long Black Veil" and "I Shall Be Released".


title: Music from Big Pink

text: Dylan offered to sing on the album, but ultimately realized it was important for the Band to make their own statement. Instead, Dylan signified his presence by contributing a cover painting. Barney Hoskyns has written that it is significant the painting depicts six musicians. The cover of "Music From Big Pink" was intended to establish the group as having a different outlook from the psychedelic culture of 1968. Photographer Elliott Landy flew to Toronto to photograph the assembled Danko, Manuel, Robertson, and Hudson families on the Danko chicken farm. A photo was inserted of Diamond and Nell Helm, who lived in Arkansas. The photo appeared on the cover with the caption "Next of Kin". The overall design of the sleeve is by Milton Glaser (who also did the poster that was packed with the 1967 "Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits").


title: Music from Big Pink

text: The initial reception to the album was positive. It received praise for the organic quality of the instrumentation, which had been recorded live without overdubbing. In "Rolling Stone", Al Kooper's rave review of "Big Pink" ended with the words, "This album was recorded in approximately two weeks. There are people who will work their lives away in vain and not touch it." This helped to draw public attention to it ("Rolling Stone" even referred to them as "the band from Big Pink" instead of just "the Band"). The fact that Bob Dylan wrote one and co-wrote two of the songs on the album also attracted attention. Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic in "The Village Voice", in which he credited the music's original evocation of "country-soul feeling without imitating it" and the "human roughness around the edges", but ultimately found much of the album morose and boring to listen to. He later explained that the music's lack of energy reinforced the "metaphorical impenetrability" of the lyrics and that he "always admired that album" but "from a distance".


title: Music from Big Pink

text: In 1968, "The Weight" peaked at No. 63 on "Billboard"s Hot 100 singles chart in the US. The song was a bigger hit elsewhere, peaking at No. 35 in Canada, and No. 21 in the UK. The album peaked at No. 30 on "Billboard"'s Pop Albums chart in 1968, and then recharted as a No. 8 hit on the Top Internet Albums chart in 2000. "The Weight" gained widespread popularity from the Band's performance of it at Woodstock on August 17, 1969, and due partially to its inclusion in the film "Easy Rider", though it was omitted from the soundtrack because of licensing issues. A cover version by the band Smith was included on the soundtrack album instead.


title: Music from Big Pink

text: The laid-back feel of the album attracted the attention of other major artists. For example, Eric Clapton cites the album's roots rock style as what convinced him to quit Cream, and pursue the styles of Blind Faith, Delaney and Bonnie, Derek and the Dominos, and his debut album. George Harrison was also impressed by the album's musicianship and sense of camaraderie, and Roger Waters called it the second "most influential record in the history of rock and roll", after the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", and said that it "affected Pink Floyd deeply, deeply, deeply". According to Terry Burrows, the album spawned the Americana genre, while music academic Chris Smith said its songs laid the groundwork for roots rock music.


title: Music from Big Pink

text: "Music from Big Pink" was voted No. 452 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums" (2000). In 2003, it was ranked 34th on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, a ranking it maintained on the magazine's 2012 revised list, before dropping to number 100 in a 2020 revised list. On Metacritic, the expanded 50th anniversary edition of the album receives an aggregate score of 99 out of 100, based on seven reviews, a rating that the website defines as indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Music from Big Pink

text: The original LP record issue included a gatefold cover in 1968, duplicated 40 years later in 2008 as a remastered 180 gm LP. On compact disc, it was remastered as a gold CD in 1989, as a DVD-audio in 2001 and as a remastered numbered edition SACD in 2009. On August 29, 2000, it was reissued by EMI Records as a standard compact disc with nine bonus tracks. In 2012, Mobile Fidelity released a remastered, numbered, limited edition, Half-speed Mastering from the original master tapes, 180g LP pressed at RTI.


title: Music from Big Pink

text: In 2018, a 50th Anniversary Edition was released with an entirely new stereo mix and 5.1 mix by Bob Clearmountain, mastered by Bob Ludwig. It also included some of the additional tracks from the 2000 re-release, and a new vocal-only mix of "I Shall Be Released".


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: Stańczyk (Full title: Stańczyk during a ball at the court of Queen Bona in the face of the loss of Smolensk, ) is a painting by Jan Matejko finished in 1862. This painting was acquired by the Warsaw National Museum in 1924. During World War II it was looted by the Nazis and subsequently by the Soviet Union, but was returned to Poland around 1956.


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: It is one of Matejko's most famous works and the one that launched him to fame. It has been described as one of the most recognizable paintings in the Warsaw National Museum, and is a flagship painting for the "Collection of Polish paintings prior to 1914". Its primary component is the contrast between the solemn jester (the titular Stańczyk) and the lively ball going on in the background. The painting has created an image of Stańczyk that has become iconic and widely recognized in Poland.


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: Stańczyk, the male figure depicted in the painting, was the court jester when Poland was at the height of its political, economic and cultural power during the era of the Renaissance in Poland, during the reign of King Sigismund I the Old (reigned 1506–1548). He was a popular figure; besides his fame as a jester he has been described as an eloquent, witty, and intelligent man, using satire to comment on the nation's past, present, and future. Unlike jesters of other European courts, Stańczyk has always been considered as much more than a mere entertainer. Stańczyk's fame and legend were strong in his own time and enjoyed a resurgence in the 19th century, and he remains well known to this day.


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: Scarcity of sources gave rise to four distinct hypotheses about Stańczyk in the 19th century: that he was entirely invented by Jan Kochanowski and his colleagues, that he was "perhaps a typical jester dressed by his contemporaries in an Aesopian attire, perhaps a Shakespearean vision of 19th-century writers, or perhaps indeed a grey eminence of the "societatis ioculatorum"". In any measure, consensus among modern scholars is that such a person indeed existed and even if he did not, the figure had a tremendous importance to Polish culture of later centuries, appearing in works of many artists of the 19th and 20th centuries. He appears in a work of, among others, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz (in "Jan z Tęczna. Powieść historyczna", 1825) and several works by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1839, 1841).


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: The full title of the painting is "Stańczyk w czasie balu na dworze królowej Bony wobec straconego Smoleńska" (Stańczyk during a ball at the court of Queen Bona in the face of the loss of Smolensk).


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: The primary composition of the painting is in the contrast between the solemn jester (Stańczyk) – the focus of the painting – and the lively ball going on in the background. Stańczyk is shown sitting alone in a dark room, while a ball, hosted by the royal family, is in full swing in the neighbouring hall. His appearance is unlike that one would expect in a jester – gloomy, deep in thought. His seriousness is reinforced by his accessories: his marotte lies discarded on the floor, whereas a holy medallion of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa can be seen on his torso. The wrinkled carpet at Stańczyk's feet could have been formed by his collapsing heavily into the chair upon reading the letter, or through a nervous shifting of the feet thereafter. On the table lies a letter likely announcing that the Grand Duchy of Lithuania has lost Smolensk (now in Russia) to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, causing Stańczyk's sorrow and reflection on his fatherland's fate. The letter seems to have been discarded by some official, and only the jester realizes its significance – while the rulers are partying, celebrating the recent victory at the Battle of Orsha, disregarding the bad news about Smolensk. The letter bears the year 1533 (A.d. MDXXXIII) and the name "Samogitia", a province of the Commonwealth. The note is incongruent with the actual date of the fall of Smolensk in 1514, and is a matter of ongoing debate, though an outright mistake by the meticulous Matejko, known for use of symbolism and iconography, is unlikely. Another symbol, a lute, symbol of glory, is being carried by a midget, stereotyped as a person of low stature and morale in Matejko's time; this suggests a decline of the Jagiellonian dynasty's fortunes. The window is thrown – or was blown – open, ruffling the tablecloth and alluding to an upset of the present order. Through the open window, the darkened profile of Wawel Cathedral in Krakow is visible – the site of the coronation of Polish kings. Next to it, a comet is seen – a portent of ill-fortune. The imagery of downfall is completed with the inclusion of the three stars of Orion's Belt seen above and to the left of the cathedral spire. In Greek mythology, Orion was a powerful hunter blinded by ego and his own greatness, but was ultimately brought down by the pinprick of a scorpion's sting.


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: Matejko was fascinated by Stańczyk from the times of his youth, and portrayed him in several of his works (most notably, besides the painting discussed here, in "Consecration of King Sigismund's Bell", 1874 and "Prussian Homage, 1882"). Working on this painting, Matejko was also inspired by the book "Król zamczyska" by Seweryn Goszczyński, whose main character – a loner, living in the castle's ruins, trying to reconcile past and present, and himself inspired by Stańczyk – likely influenced this painting. Completed in 1862, when Matejko was twenty-four years old, it is one of his most famous works and the one that launched him to fame. It is seen as a key painting for the understanding of Matejko's style and intentions in his art. Matejko used his own face for Stańczyk, and with this work began a series of paintings analyzing and interpreting the History of Poland through the figure of Stańczyk.


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: The painting is also seen as highly significant for the culture of Poland in general. It has been described as one of the most recognizable paintings in the Warsaw National Museum, and is a flagship painting for the "Collection of Polish paintings prior to 1914". The painting has created an image of Stańczyk that has become iconic and has been repeated in other works such as the play "Wesele" (1901) of Stanisław Wyspiański. Matejko's most famous paintings are usually large, group scenes; individual scenes are less common in his work.


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: Upon its creation, the painting did not gather much attention, and was acquired by the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts for a purpose of a gift lottery. It was subsequently won by a certain individual, Korytko, in whose possession it was slightly damaged. Upon Matejko's rise to fame, the painting was rediscovered and applauded as a masterpiece, and acquired by the Warsaw National Museum in 1924. During World War II it was looted by the Nazis. It was subsequently seized by the Soviet Union and returned to Poland around 1956.


title: Stańczyk (painting)

text: The title erroneously suggests that Poland was at the time ruled by Queen Bona Sforza, when in fact, on July 30, 1514, when Smolensk was lost to Russia, Poland was ruled by King Sigismund the Old and his first wife, Queen Barbara Zápolya. Zápolya was the queen of Poland from 1512 to 1515; Bona Sforza married Sigismund only in 1518. Smolensk was captured in 1514, during the second Muscovite–Lithuanian War.


title: Tonfa

text: The tonfa (Okinawan: , lit. "old man's staff" / ""crutch""), also spelled as tongfa or tuifa, also known as T-baton is a melee weapon with its origins in the armed component of Okinawan martial arts. It consists of a stick with a perpendicular handle attached a third of the way down the length of the stick, and is about long. It was traditionally made from red or white oak, and wielded in pairs. The tonfa is believed to have originated in either China, Okinawa or Southeast Asia, where it is used in the respective fighting styles.


title: Tonfa

text: The tonfa belongs to a group of ancient weapons called kobudo weapons. 400 years ago, the Ryukyu islanders used the tonfa against the Japanese samurai. The Japanese took all the weapons of the Ryukyuans. The Ryukyu islanders developed clever ways to defend themselves using everyday objects. The millstone handle evolved into the tonfa. The tonfa along with the other kobudo weapons were working tools that were used in farming and fishing in ancient Okinawa. The tonfa was used as the handle of a millstone tool to prepare grains.


title: Tonfa

text: Although the tonfa is most commonly associated with the Okinawan martial arts, its origin is heavily debated. One of the most commonly cited origins is China, although origins from Indonesia to Okinawa are also possible. Although modern martial artists often cite that the tonfa derives from a millstone handle used by peasants, martial arts in Okinawa were historically practised by the upper classes who imported martial arts from China and elsewhere, and it is likely that the weapon was imported from outside Okinawa. The Chinese and Malay words for the weapon ("guai" and "topang" respectively) literally mean "crutch", which may suggest the weapon originating from such device. In Cambodia and Thailand, a similar weapon is used consisting of a pair of short clubs tied onto the forearms, known in Thai as "mai sok" and in Khmer as "staupe". In Thailand and Malaysia, the mai sok often has a similar design to the tonfa, with a perpendicular handle rather than being tied on. In Vietnam, a similar weapon called the song xỉ is made of a pair of steel or aluminum bars. The song xỉ is used as a small shield to protect the forearms and has a sharp tip at the end to attack.


title: Tonfa

text: There are different versions of the Okinawa tonfa but the basic design is the same. The small grip is at one end of the tonfa. The main body of the tonfa is where there are variations. The most popular form of tonfa has rounded sides and a rounded bottom which makes a semicircle. The square tonfa has rectangular faces on the main body of the weapon. A paddle-shape tonfa has the bottom half wider than the front half and looks like a paddle. Another tonfa has a rounded body throughout. A crude pointed tonfa has the front heads and back heads ending in a pointed design. This can be used for stabbing defense.


title: Tonfa

text: The tonfa can be used for blocking and striking. The tonfa measures about three centimeters past the elbow when gripped. There are three grips, "honte-mochi" (natural), "gyakute-mochi" (reverse) and "tokushu-mochi" (special). The natural grip places the handle in the hand with the long arm resting along the bottom of the forearm. This grip provides protection or brace along one's forearms, and also provides reinforcement for backfist, elbow strikes, and punches. In use, the tonfa can swing out to the "gyakute" grip for a strike or thrust. Martial artists may also flip the tonfa and grab it by the shaft, called "tokushu-mochi". This allows use of the handle as a hook in combat, similar to the kama (sickle). This grip is uncommon but is used in the kata Yaraguwa.


title: Tonfa

text: Blocking techniques involve a sidestepping maneuver. This allows the block to stop the attack while providing a way to gain entry. The block can be used to block high attack and low attacks.


title: De La Salle University

text: De La Salle University ( or Unibersidad ng De La Salle), also referred to as DLSU, De La Salle or La Salle, is a private, Catholic coeducational research university run by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools in Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila, Philippines. It was established by the Christian Brothers in 1911 as the De La Salle College (DLSC) in Nozaleda Street, Paco, Manila with Blimond Pierre Eilenbecker, FSC serving as director, and is the first De La Salle school in the Philippines. The institution moved to its present location in 1921. The college was granted university status on February 19, 1975, and is the oldest constituent of De La Salle Philippines (DLSP), a network of 16 educational institutions, established in 2006 replacing the De La Salle University System.


title: De La Salle University

text: The institution started as an exclusive all-boys elementary and high school. In 1920, it began offering a two-year Associate in Arts Commerce program, which was later discontinued in 1931 in favor of a Bachelor of Science in Commerce program. DLSU offers over a hundred coeducational undergraduate and graduate degree programs through its seven colleges and one school specializing in the disciplines of business, computer studies, economics, education, engineering, law, liberal arts, and science. The patron of the university is St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, the Vatican's patron saint for those who work in education. He was the founder of the De La Salle Christian Brothers and a network of over 1,100 Lasallian educational institutions in 80 countries.


title: De La Salle University

text: De La Salle University was cited by the Philippine Commission on Higher Education (CHED) as a Center of Excellence in 14 of its programs, and a Center of Development in 5. The university is among 40 institutions granted autonomous status by CHED as of 2010. It is the first of only two institutions granted the highest-level accreditation (Level IV) by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU). The university is a member of the ASEAN University Network (AUN) and International Association of Universities (IAU) as well as the local South Manila Inter-Institutional Consortium.


title: De La Salle University

text: Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) currently ranks DLSU in the 801-1000 bracket of its "World University Rankings" and 171st on its "Asian University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE) also includes De La Salle University in its list of "World University Rankings" and "Asia University Rankings", where DLSU is currently placed in the 1201-1500 and 401-500 brackets, respectively.


title: De La Salle University

text: The Philippines was one of the last Southeast Asian countries in which the De La Salle Christian Brothers established themselves. The De La Salle Christian Brothers had established several De La Salle schools in British and French Southeast Asian colonial territories a century before settling in the new American colony. Initially, the De La Salle Brothers were reluctant in establishing a school in the Philippines due to the Americans' insistence that the first school should only educate the children of the ruling Filipino elite. The Americans instructed the Christian Brothers to Americanize future Filipino leaders through their Catholic Lasallian education. The American demand ran contrary to the original spiritual teachings and charism of Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, the Vatican's patron saint of Christian educators whose main religious vocation was to "Teach Minds, Touch Hearts and Transform Lives" while providing tuition-free education to the poor. The De La Salle Christian Brothers eventually agreed to establish a school in Manila, conceding that the "upper-class children of the ruling elite families also needed good Catholic moral and spiritual training."


title: De La Salle University

text: De La Salle University traces its founding roots to Manila Archbishop Jeremiah James Harty. Harty, an alumnus of a Christian Brother–Lasallian school in St. Louis, Missouri, believed that the establishment of a De La Salle school in Manila would be instrumental in preempting the spread of Protestantism in the Philippines through the arrival of the Thomasites and American Protestant church missions. His request was endorsed in 1907 by Pope Pius X. An envoy of the De La Salle Christian Brothers arrived in 1910. Together with Manila Archbishop Harty, the Christian Brothers searched for a suitable campus location. A property in Nozaleda Street, Paco, Manila was purchased for this purpose.


title: De La Salle University

text: De La Salle College was established by nine De La Salle Christian Brothers. Three, Blimond Pierre Eilenbecker, Aloysius Gonzaga McGiverin and Augusto Correge, arrived on March 10, 1911, and the remaining six, Ptolomee Louis Duffaux, Goslin Camillus Henri, D. Joseph, Celba John Lynam, Imar William Reale, and Martin, on May 13. De La Salle College formally opened on June 16, 1911, with 125 students. By July 10, the number of students reached 175.


title: De La Salle University

text: On February 12, 1912, the college was incorporated under the sole ownership of the college director, Br. Eilenbecker. In March 1912, four more Brothers arrived, Wilfrid, Basilian Coin, Dorotheus Joseph and Egbert Xavier Kelly. The college was permitted to confer high school diplomas in the same year. It received a charter from the Governor-General of the Philippines, allowing the college to confer associate degrees in commerce. It started offering the degree as a two-year program in 1920. Brothers Donatian Felix, V. Andrew, Albinus Peter, Flavius Leo, Alphonsus Henry, Felix and David King were sent to the school to teach various subjects from 1917 to 1929.


title: De La Salle University

text: The college had 425 students by 1921. Due to the lack of space on the original Nozaleda Campus in Paco, Manila, it moved to 2401 Taft Avenue in Malate, its present location. Brother Acisclus Michael, FSC was able to secure a lot at the southernmost boundary of Manila. In 1931, the college discontinued its two-year commerce program in favor of a three-year Bachelor of Science in Commerce program, which was approved a year earlier.


title: De La Salle University

text: During the Second World War, the American De La Salle Christian Brothers were interred in the Japanese Los Baños Internment Camp for the duration of the three-year Japanese occupation of the Philippines while the other non-American Brothers were allowed to stay on and continue to teach at the Taft Campus.


title: De La Salle University

text: Initially, the De La Salle campus served as a secret shelter for several displaced civilians, nearby families, wounded soldiers, and some Filipino guerilla freedom fighters at the beginning of the Japanese occupation. However, it was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army and made into military defense quarters on January 2, 1942. Several bombings severely damaged the DLSC campus. Despite this, classes continued during the Japanese occupation. During this time, several Lasallites and Ateneans set their school rivalry aside to share their De La Salle College classrooms together with students from various neighboring schools. The DLSC high school classes were later transferred to St. Scholastica's College, Manila in 1943.


title: De La Salle University

text: Classes were eventually discontinued at the De La Salle campus. On February 1, 1945, Japanese forces ordered the occupants of the DLSC and the surrounding vicinity to vacate the college. However, Br. Egbert Xavier Kelly, FSC refused the order to vacate. On February 7, 1945, he was abducted by Japanese soldiers and was believed to have been tortured and killed. On February 12 shortly after noon, 20 Japanese soldiers forcibly entered the DLSC campus and massacred 16 of the 17 De La Salle Brothers residing in the chapel of the campus, along with 25 other residents. Only one Brother (Antonius von Jesus) and 21 others survived.


title: De La Salle University

text: Classes resumed in July 1945 with a class of incoming freshmen that was composed of 60 high school graduates. One year later, the College of Commerce reopened with its three-year BS Commerce program extended to a four-year program. The High School Department of De La Salle College on Taft Avenue, Manila was dissolved in 1968 and transferred to La Salle Green Hills on Ortigas Avenue, Mandaluyong in Metro Manila. The College of Commerce, together with Ateneo de Manila University, gave birth to the Asian Institute of Management in the same year with assistance from the Ford Foundation and Harvard University. Several other units were established in the following years.


title: De La Salle University

text: The school became co-educational in 1973. On February 19, 1975, De La Salle College was granted university status and became known as De La Salle University (DLSU). Since 2008, it has referred to itself as De La Salle University, its registered name in the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission. The Grade School Department was deprecated in 1978.


title: De La Salle University

text: In 1981, De La Salle University shifted from the traditional semestral academic calendar to a trimestral one. Prior to this, students were referred to as "Lasallites", but this was replaced with "Lasallian", the present term. In 1987, the university, together with four other Lasallian institutions, became part of the De La Salle University System. The system was later dissolved in favor of De La Salle Philippines, a network of 16 Lasallian institutions. De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde (DLS–CSB) became independent of the university in 1988.


title: De La Salle University

text: An Mk 2 grenade was detonated outside the southern portion of the DLSU campus in front of a popular burger shop along Taft Avenue on September 26, 2010, at around 5:05 pm by opposing rival Law fraternities, the same day as the Philippine Bar exams conducted by the university. The blast injured 47 individuals, two of whom required limbs to be amputated. Anthony Leal Nepomuceno was indicted by the Philippine Department of Justice on April 29, 2011, on the charge of detonating the device.


title: De La Salle University

text: In 2012, De La Salle Canlubang was formally integrated with De La Salle University and became an extension of DLSU. It was inaugurated as the De La Salle University – Science & Technology Complex (DLSU–STC), and later renamed as the De La Salle University – Laguna Campus. In 2015, DLSU announced that it would open its Manila campus for senior high school students in response to the K–12 implementation. The Senior High School (SHS) classes officially opened on June 1, 2016. In December 2018, DLSU announced its plan to launch a new Learning Management System (LMS) called AnimoSpace, built based on the Canvas LMS software. AnimoSpace was officially launched on January 15, 2019.


title: De La Salle University

text: The main campus is situated on a lot at 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila. As part of the University Belt, several other colleges and universities, including St. Scholastica's College, Manila and Philippine Women's University, both located nearby.


title: De La Salle University

text: The buildings have a combined floor area of . Six of the DLSU Manila campus buildings – Br. Andrew Gonzalez Hall, Don Enrique T. Yuchengco Hall, Enrique M. Razon Sports Center, Gokongwei Hall, Henry Sy Sr. Hall, and Velasco Hall – were funded and provided by DLSU alumni. Most of the buildings in the DLSU campus feature neoclassical design. These include:


title: De La Salle University

text: The DLSU–Manila campus, which is relatively small in size for its large student population suffers from limited space. According to "The LaSallian", each student had only for himself in 2009. Crowding is expected to only get worse. It has also expressed concerns regarding fire safety, citing possible evacuation difficulties should a fire occur at the Br. Andrew Gonzalez Hall, and accessibility issues for fire trucks given the lack of wide roads to major buildings. At least three fires have occurred in the campus, including two at St. Joseph Hall. To address the problem of limited space, DLSU has resolved to vertical expansion. However, this has resulted in overcrowded elevators.


title: De La Salle University

text: The Laguna campus is an extension of De La Salle University since 2012 and is located adjacent to Laguna Technopark in Biñan, Laguna, Philippines. The campus was built on land donated by the family of the late National Artist for Architecture and De La Salle alumnus Leandro Locsin. It was originally known as De La Salle Canlubang (DLSC), a district school of De La Salle Philippines that provided science-and-technology-based primary, secondary, and tertiary education. In 2012, the administrations of DLSU and DLSC approved the integration of DLSC into DLSU, becoming the De La Salle University – Science & Technology Complex (DLSU–STC), and later renamed as the De La Salle University – Laguna Campus. By 2010, of the campus had been developed. The Laguna campus offered 18 undergraduate degree programs by 2017, as well as pre-school, primary, and secondary education at the DLSU Integrated School. In 2016, DLSU signed an agreement with French video game publisher and developer Ubisoft to open a new studio in the Philippines, and to offer two new undergraduate courses in game development as well as entertainment and multimedia computing. The Laguna campus was selected as the site of the studio. The studio opened two years later in 2018, and is the first AAA game studio in the country.


title: De La Salle University

text: The Rufino Campus is an extension of De La Salle University in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig that serves as the College of Law building. Donated by the Rufino family, the campus consists of a seven-story green building that houses 17 classrooms, an auditorium, an arbitration room, and a moot court.


title: De La Salle University

text: In September 2013, the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) awarded to DLSU the lease and development of a institutional building on a slightly larger lot in Bonifacio Global City. DLSU signed a contract with the BCDA in October 2013. It was inaugurated on February 18, 2017.


title: De La Salle University

text: The Makati Extension Campus (MEC) is an extension campus of DLSU in the Alfonso Yuchengco-owned RCBC Plaza in Makati City, Philippines. The campus primarily serves the university's graduate business students.


title: De La Salle University

text: The Lian campus, known as the De La Salle University – Br. Alfred Shields Ocean Research (SHORE) Center Marine Station (formerly the DLSU Marine Biological Station), is a research facility and an extension of DLSU on a parcel of land in Sitio Matuod, Barangay Binubusan, Lian, Batangas. It is an academic facility of the College of Science for further class field activities, research and extension activities and as a base for teaching, research, and extension activities in coastal areas. The SHORE Center was established in May 2013 upon approval by Br. Ricardo Laguda FSC, then president and chancellor of DLSU, to which the existing Marine Station would be attached. The SHORE Center is headquartered at Henry Sy Sr. Hall of the Manila campus.


title: De La Salle University

text: As a non-stock incorporated entity, DLSU was headed by a 15-person board of trustees in 1992. Presently, 17 members comprise the DLSU Board of Trustees. The DLSU Board of Trustees, currently chaired by Nestor V. Tan, selects the DLSU president. As resolved by the board of trustees in June 2010, the president of De La Salle University must be a Lasallian Brother and be a holder of a PhD. Filipino citizenship is not a must but preferred. Prior to the university's move to its present location in 1921, the president was referred to as the director. The president and chancellor are assisted by four vice chancellors. Prior to the reorganization of DLSU in 2007, the chancellor was referred to as the executive vice president. The president may concurrently be the chancellor of the university, as with former president and chancellor Br. Armin Luistro, FSC.


title: De La Salle University

text: Since its establishment in 1911, De La Salle University has had 24 presidents (10 Filipinos, six Americans, six Irishmen, and two Frenchmen), with Br. Bernard S. Oca, FSC serving as the current president. He started his term on August 1, 2021. All of them, except Carmelita Quebengco, were male. Two of them had been appointed as secretaries of the Philippine Department of Education, including Br. Andrew Gonzalez, FSC (1998–2001) and Br. Armin Luistro, FSC (2010–2016). Meanwhile, Br. Rolando Ramos Dizon, FSC also a former DLSU, University of St. La Salle and La Salle Green Hills president, had served as the chairman of Philippine Commission on Higher Education from 2003 to 2004.


title: De La Salle University

text: De La Salle University is the oldest member of De La Salle Philippines, a network of 16 Lasallian institutions established in 2006. DLSP is the successor of the De La Salle University System, a similar organization. De La Salle Philippines is a member of an international, worldwide network of Lasallian educational institutions. Presently, the Lasallian order consists of over 3,000 Christian Brothers, who together with 90,000 teachers and Lay associates help run and manage over 1,100 educational institutions established globally in 80 countries with over a million students worldwide.


title: De La Salle University

text: De La Salle University is also a member of several notable international university associations such as the ASEAN University Network, Association of Christian Universities and Colleges in Asia, Association of Southeast and East Asian Catholic Colleges and Universities, Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning, International Association of Lasallian Universities, International Association of Universities, International Federation of Catholic Universities, United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia and University Cooperation for Internationalisation. The university is also a member of local organizations, including the Philippine Association for Technological Education and the South Manila Inter-Institutional Consortium.


title: De La Salle University

text: De La Salle University offers over a hundred undergraduate and graduate degree programs through its seven colleges and one school. It also offers a degree in mechatronics and robotics, one of the first to offer such in the Philippines. Presently, DLSU has 36 academic departments and 11 research centers.


title: De La Salle University

text: DLSU received 23,495 undergraduate freshman applications in 2010 and 3,428 of them were admitted. In the same year, it had 11,413 undergraduate and 3,366 graduate students, making a total of 14,779, with 704 of these being non-Filipino. Fifty-three percent of the undergraduate students were male while 59 of the graduate students were female. Eighty-five percent of its students come from Metro Manila while almost all reside near the university. In 2011, it had an average of 990 faculty members for the academic year. Sixty-nine percent of them held doctorate degrees while 28 had master's degrees. As of February 2019, the university had 1,285 faculty members. It also received 20,772 undergraduate freshman applications in 2018 and 3,528 were enrolled. DLSU also had 11,527 undergraduate and 5,177 graduate students for a total student population of 16,704.


title: De La Salle University

text: The College of Liberal Arts and the College of Business, both established in 1918 and 1920 respectively, are the oldest degree-granting units of the university. The College of Liberal Arts was originally established as the College of Arts and Sciences. In 1982, the departments of Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics separated from the Liberal Arts department to formally establish the College of Science as a distinct unit in the university. The College of Business was originally known as the College of Commerce, and later reorganized as the College of Business and Economics until 2010. In 2011, the College of Business was inaugurated as the present-day Ramon V. del Rosario College of Business.


title: De La Salle University

text: The Br. Andrew Gonzalez College of Education dates back to 1936 when De La Salle College was authorized to confer the degree of Master of Science in education. It was in 1959 when the college started to offer undergraduate degrees in education. The Gokongwei College of Engineering was established in 1947 after World War II, and the College of Computer Studies was created in 1981, the same year the university shifted to a trimestral academic calendar.


title: De La Salle University

text: The College of Law and the School of Economics, both established in 2010, are the newest units of the university. The College of Law was established by Founding Dean Chel Diokno. It offers a Juris Doctor degree program with focus on environmental and human rights law. On February 26, 2022, it was renamed as the Tañada-Diokno College of Law. The School of Economics is the product of the reorganization of the now-defunct College of Business and Economics to create two separate entities in the university. The School of Economics formally separated from the College of Business in 2010.


title: De La Salle University

text: Academic performance is rated from 4.0 (excellent) to 0.0 (fail). Grades 4.0 to 1.0 are separated by increments of 0.5, while 0.0 is immediately after 1.0. Students who attain a grade point average of 3.8, 3.6, 3.4 and 3.2 are awarded upon graduation summa cum laude, magna cum laude, cum laude and honorable mention, respectively. Graduation occurs every February, June and October.


title: De La Salle University

text: De La Salle's tuition fee is one of the highest in the Philippines in terms of annual payment and may vary in different colleges within the university. As of Term 2, 2021, the price-per-unit for 6 colleges (RVR-COB, CLA, GCOE, SOE, COS, CCS) is with the only exception being the Br. Andrew Gonzalez College of Education with . Total cost of studies per year in DLSU may range from, on average, to .


title: De La Salle University

text: DLSU offers multiple scholarship and financial aid programs in both the undergraduate and the graduate levels. High school valedictorians and salutatorians of all De La Salle Philippines schools are automatically exempted from paying fees under the Br. Andrew Gonzalez Academic Scholarship program. Also, dependents of military personnel who died or became incapacitated during duty enjoy similar benefits through PD 577. Meanwhile, children of faculty and staff, university athletes and performing artists, and senior editors of DLSU student publications are provided tuition fee discounts. Further financial assistance may be provided to students with annual family incomes less than (). Aside from these, the Top 100 of the De La Salle College Admission Test (DCAT) are given full scholarship under the Archer Achiever Scholarship program.


title: De La Salle University

text: Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) currently ranks De La Salle University in the 801-1000 bracket of its "World University Rankings" and 171st on its "Asian University Rankings". DLSU has appeared on the QS rankings since 2005. Times Higher Education (THE) included De La Salle University in its 2019 edition of "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" where DLSU was placed in the 801-1000 bracket, which also marked the university's first appearance in the rankings. It joined the University of the Philippines Diliman as the only two universities in the Philippines to enter the list, and was the only private university from the Philippines to be included at the time. De La Salle University also made its debut appearance on the "Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings" in 2019, where it was placed in the 251-300 bracket. DLSU is currently placed in the 1201-1500 and 401-500 brackets, respectively. The university has yet to appear in any edition of the "Academic Ranking of World Universities" (ARWU). De La Salle University is also currently ranked second in the Philippines by the "Webometrics Ranking of World Universities", after University of the Philippines Diliman, and ahead of Ateneo de Manila University and University of Santo Tomas.


title: De La Salle University

text: In 2010, De La Salle University was identified by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) as a Center of Excellence in seven disciplines (namely biology, chemistry, Filipino, information technology, literature, mathematics, physics), teacher education, and a Center of Development in the field of political science and engineering (namely chemical engineering, civil engineering, industrial engineering, electronics and communications engineering, computer engineering and mechanical engineering). The university is also among the 40 institutions granted autonomous status by CHED as of 2010. Autonomous institutions have the privilege to determine their own curriculum, and offer new courses without prior approval from CHED, among others. By 2016, 14 programs have been identified as Centers of Excellence and 5 programs have been identified as Centers of Development. In 2018, De La Salle University ranked third in the university rankings based on Centers of Excellence and Centers of Development awarded by CHED, after University of the Philippines Diliman and University of Santo Tomas, and ahead of University of San Carlos and Ateneo de Manila University.