title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: With the success of "Fibbage", Jackbox Games decided that they could offer these games in packs, reworking older games to use the streaming capabilities and adding in new games. This formed the basis of the "Jackbox Party Pack", with the first pack released in 2014 including updated versions of "You Don't Know Jack", "Fibbage", a reworked version of "Lie Swatter" for its multiplayer approach, and two new games. The company saw this as a new development model that allowed them to provide new packs on an annual basis, play around with different game formats, and provide higher value to consumers over one-off games.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: Subsequent "Jackbox Party Packs" have included improvements of existing games, support for more players including the addition of audience participation through the same connectivity approach, better support for content management for streams (as to remove offensive terms in responses, for example), and the ability to create custom games. A key part of "Party Pack" games is to streamline the ability for players to get into games, and according to Jackbox Games' CEO Mike Bilder, they spent about a year working on building their servers and software to provide a flexible architecture for the player-side mobile and web interface to expand for any of the games, and to avoid having players download any type of app to get started.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: According to Allard Laban, creative chief for both Jellyvision Labs and Jackbox Games, they select games to include in the packs through a combination of allowing the team to submit fleshed-out ideas, and through testing various ideas through pen-and-paper trials; Laban stated that for "Party Pack 4", they had over fifty play-tested concepts which they narrowed down to four new games, rounding out the package with an improved version of "Fibbage". Some games, such as "Fakin' It", took multiple years to get the right gameplay and mechanics down to make it an appropriate game for inclusion.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: The first six "Jackbox Party Packs" gained renewed attention during the COVID-19 pandemic as a way for many people to keep up social interactions while maintaining social distancing. Starting on May 1, 2020, Jackbox ran ten special Celebrity Jackbox live streams to support COVID-19 charities, with the celebrities playing various "Jackbox Party Pack" games alongside audience viewers. Jackbox said that its playerbase doubled from 100 million players in 2019 to 200 million by October 2020 due to society's shutdown. Jackbox Games improved server capacity and streaming service usability, and internationalized a standalone version of "Quiplash 2 InterLASHional" for French, German, Italian, and Spanish languages.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: Jackbox released a Twitch extension for streamers in December 2020 which allows viewers of their channel to directly participate in Jackbox games from the Twitch interface.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: Most games in "The Jackbox Party Pack" are designed for online play, requiring only one person to own and launch the game. Remaining players can be local and thus see the game via the first player's computer or console, or can be remote, watching the game be played through streaming media services. All players – whether local or remote – use either web-enabled devices, including personal computers and mobile or tablet devices, to enter a provided "room code" at Jackbox's dedicated servers to enter the game, or can use a Twitch extension controlled by the streamer to let viewers play directly via the Twitch viewer. Games are generally limited to 4-8 active players, but any other players connecting to the room after these players are connected become audience participants, who can impact how scoring is determined and influence the winner.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: Each game generally has a period where all players are given a type of prompt. This prompt appears on the individual devices and gives players sufficient time to enter their reply or draw as necessary, and can be set to account for forced streaming delays that some streaming services require. The game then collects and processes all the replies, and frequently then gives players a chance to vote for the best answer or drawing; this is often where the audience may also participate by voting as a group. Games proceed for a number of rounds, and a winner, generally with the highest score at the end, is announced.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: Seven of the eight games are developed with a default ESRB Teen rating, with a family-friendly option to censor certain questions and player input, however Party Pack 8 has an ESRB Everybody 10+ rating.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: All Packs are available on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux, Apple TV, iPad, Android TV, Amazon Fire TV, and Nvidia Shield TV. "Party Pack 1" is the only one available on the Xbox 360. "Party Pack 1" and "Party Pack 2" are the only two Packs available on PlayStation 3. Starting on April 13, 2017, the Packs are available on the Nintendo Switch. Starting in January 2018, the Packs are available on Xfinity X1. Starting on October 14, 2021, the Packs are available on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S. From November 16, 2021 to December 21, 2021, the Packs became available on Stadia.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Jackbox Party Pack" was released on PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on November 19, 2014, and for Microsoft Windows and macOS on November 26, 2014. The Xbox 360 version was released on November 3, 2015, alongside retail editions for these console platforms published by Telltale Games. The Nintendo Switch version was released on August 17, 2017.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "You Don't Know Jack 2015" is for 1-4 players and is based on the standard format for "You Don't Know Jack" games. Up to four players are tasked to answer multiple choice trivia questions presented obscurely in the game's "high culture meets pop culture" format. Players earn in-game money for answering correctly in a shorter amount of time and lose money for wrong answers. Failing to answer doesn't give a player any money. Multiplayer games also feature "screws", where one player can force another player to answer immediately and can earn a bonus if the "screwed" player answers incorrectly or fails to answer. The player with the most money at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Drawful" is for 3-8 players and is a drawing game. Each round starts with each player individually being given a playful phrase and a drawing canvas on their local device. They have a short amount of time to draw out that phrase. Following this, each picture is presented to all players, and the players except for the artist must enter a phrase they think the picture represents. Then, all those replies, along with the actual phrase for that picture, are presented to the players to make their vote of what they think the original phrase was. The artist of the picture gets points for every other player that guessed their original phrase, while those who wrote other phrases get points for votes their phrase gets. If a player selects a decoy answer, they don't get any points. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Word Spud" is for 2-8 players and is a word association game. A word is presented and one player, at a time, comes up with a word that is associated with it. The remaining players vote if the association is good or not and the player who came up with the association gets points if it gets the most likes and loses points if it gets the most dislikes. From there, the next player starts from the new word to come up with a new association, and the game continues. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Lie Swatter" is for 1-100 players and is a multiplayer version of the single-player mobile app that Jackbox Games released prior to "The Jackbox Party Pack". The game challenges up to 100 players to correctly guess if presented trivia statements are true or not, "swatting" those that are false. Players earn points for correct answers with the fastest player earning additional points. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Fibbage XL" is for 2-8 players and is an expansion of the standalone game that Jackbox Games released prior to the pack with new sets of questions. In the first two rounds of the game, each player selects from one of five random categories, and an obscure fact is presented to all players with a missing word or phrase to complete it. Each player uses their local device to enter a reply for those missing words; if they enter the actual right answer, they are asked to enter something different, and if they can't enter an answer before the timer runs out, they can press the "lie for me" button and get to choose between two game-generated choices. Then, the game presents all replies, including the correct one, to the players, who then select what they think is the right answer. Players score points for selecting the right answer, but can also score if other players select their reply, so players are encouraged to provide seemingly correct answers for their replies. Players lose points for selecting the false answer the game wrote itself. In the final round, "The Final Fibbage", one more question is provided for all of the players to answer. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Jackbox Party Pack 2" was released for Microsoft Windows, macOS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 13, 2015. The Nintendo Switch version was released on August 17, 2017.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Fibbage 2" is for 2-8 players. As compared to its predecessor, "Fibbage 2" introduces new sets of questions and the ability for the audience to vote on answers which can provide an extra scoring boost to the players. A new option called the Defibrillator permits players to delete all of the answers except one and the truth of the selection for one question.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Earwax" is for 3-8 players. In each round, one player is selected as the judge and is given a choice of five prompts. The prompt is presented to the other players, and these players are each given six random sound effects. Each player then selects two of the sound effects, in order, as a reply to the prompt. The judge player selects which combined sounds make the most humorous or fitting answer, and that selected player earns a point. The first player to earn three points wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Bidiots" is for 3-6 players. It is a spiritual successor to "Drawful". Players start by drawing images for randomly-assigned categories. Players then use in-game money to bid on these images as if at an art auction, trying to be the highest bidder for the image that matches specific categories, if they bid until they couldn't anymore, they get the image and the artist of the image earns money. Players can use screws (similar to the "You Don't Know Jack" franchise) to force other players to bid, and if players run out of money, they can take out a predatory loan to try to compete through the rest of the game. After the number of lots allotted (8 for 3 players, 10 for 4 players, 12 for 5-6 players) the images the player bought give them more money. The player with the most money at the end wins, unless one or more players take out three predatory loans, which make them lose money.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Quiplash XL" is for 3-8 players. Jackbox Games released it as a standalone game prior to the pack, and it was included in this pack's release along with previous DLC (Quip Pack 1) and "over 100 brand new prompts". In the game's first two rounds, each player is given two prompts to provide an answer to; the prompts are given so that two players see each prompt. Players provide what they believe is a funny answer to each prompt. Then, all players and the audience are shown a prompt and the two answers provided. They vote for the answer they think is the best quip. Points are gained by the percentage of votes between the two players, and bonus points are awarded from a possible "quiplash" if they get all the votes. Entering the same thing as an opponent in a prompt doesn't award any points. In the final round, "The Last Lash," all players respond to the same prompt, and vote three times for the best answers of those presented. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Bomb Corp." is for 1-4 players. One player is an employee of a bomb factory that must deactivate inadvertently-started bombs as they come off the assembly lines, while other players are employees that are given different sets of instructions to help deactivate it. The instructions are specifically obtuse and potentially conflicting, requiring careful communication between players.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Jackbox Party Pack 3" was released during the week of October 18, 2016 for Microsoft Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, certain Android devices, and Apple TV. It was subsequently released on the Nintendo Switch on April 13, 2017. A version for Xfinity's X1 set-top box was available in January 2018.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Quiplash 2" is for 3-8 players. As compared to its predecessor, "Quiplash 2" introduces new prompts, the ability for the hosting player to create new prompts, the ability for the host to censor players, the "safety quip" feature that incorporates the ability for the player to have a quip written for them, and new "Last Lash" rounds that either requires players to come up with a meaning of a given acronym, complete a caption in a comic strip, or come up with something clever using a given word in a prompt; unlike the previous game's final round, medals determine the points distributed to the players.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Trivia Murder Party" is for 1-8 players and has a lighthearted theme of a horror thriller (similar to the "Saw" franchise). Each round includes a multiple-choice trivia question, with players earning in-game money for being correct, and then a subsequent "Killing Floor" mini-game if any "living" player got the question wrong. The mini-game may cost the lives of one or more remaining players, who then otherwise continue in the game as ghosts. The endgame starts when only one player remains alive, where all players now try to escape along a darkening hallway: each question provides three possible answers to a category, and each player determines which answers belong to it; the leading player only sees two answers, giving trailing players the opportunities to take the lead and escape first. After nine questions are survived, a loser wheel minigame is drawn if there is more than one player alive before the endgame. If only one player remains alive after all other players died in 5 or fewer questions, the player has to survive two more to make it to the endgame. But if the last player dies after not successfully surviving in a minigame, it is "game over" for everyone.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Guesspionage" is for 2-8 players and is a percentage-guessing game. In the first two rounds, each player in turn, guesses what percentage of people have a certain quality or do a certain activity, such as texting while driving. If there are more than 5 audience members, they are surveyed prior to the turns to get these percentages, otherwise earlier survey results by Jackbox Games are used. Once the current player makes their guess, the other active players can consider if they are higher or lower than the guessed value, including opining if they are off by more than a certain amount. Points are scored by the current player based on how close they are and by the other players based on the guessing of higher or lower. Points are also scored by the current player that guessed the exact percentage. In the final round, one question with 9 choices is given, and the players all have to pick what they think are the three most popular answers, with points awarded based on the answer's popularity. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Fakin' It" is for 3-6 players and is a local multiplayer game where each player has their own connected device. In each round, one player is randomly selected to be the Faker, and all players except the Faker are given instructions that involve some type of physical action, such as raising a hand or making a face; the Faker is not given this information but instead must figure out from the other players what to do. Each player then attempts to guess who the Faker was by their actions, with the round ending if the Faker is guessed correctly by all other players, or successfully escaping, after which points are awarded for if at least one player guesses the Faker correctly, everyone guesses correctly, and/or if the Faker escapes capture in each task out of the number allotted (3 for 4-6 players, 2 for 3 players). After the first round, players may select any action they like. The final round is always "Text You Up", where each player answers a number of open-ended questions, while the Faker is given different questions which can have overlapping answers with the questions given to the players. (For example, the other players may be asked about a positive trait about themselves, while the Faker would be asked what traits they would look for in a companion.) The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Tee K.O." is for 3-8 players and is a drawing-based game. Each player starts by drawing three images of anything they want, though the game provides suggestions to help. Then each player has a chance to enter several short sayings or slogans. Subsequently, each player is then given two or more random drawings and two or more random sayings, and selects the pair that best fits together as printed on a T-shirt. These designs are then put into a one-on-one voting battle with all players and audience members to determine the best-voted T-shirt design and the design that had the longest voting streak. If the T-shirt gets all votes, the player who drew the shirt gets a "shirtality". A second round of drawing, slogan writing, pairing, and voting is performed. The winning designs from each round are then put against each other to determine the ultimate winning design. After the game, players are able to order custom printed T-shirts.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Jackbox Party Pack 4" was released during the week of October 17, 2017, for Microsoft Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, various Android devices, and Apple TV. A version for Xfinity's X1 set-top box was available in January 2018.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Fibbage 3" is for 2-8 players and is the third game in the "Fibbage" series. The game includes new interactivity with the audience by letting them add their own lies to the selection and new "Final Fibbage" facts with two missing words or phrases instead of one. It has a new separate game mode called "Fibbage: Enough About You" that is for 3-8 players and replaces the game's traditional questions with questions relating to the players. In the first round of this mode, players start writing a truth about themselves and then the other players have to write a lie and then find the truth about one of the players. The player who wrote the truth about themselves earns points for every other player that guessed it correctly. In the final round of this mode, all players have to write a truth and a lie about themselves and then the other players have to find which statement is true about the player.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Survive the Internet" is for 3-8 players and is a game of user-generated content that takes place on a fictional version of the Internet. In the first three rounds, one player receives a question that asks their opinion on a topic. Their answer is taken out of context and sent to another player, who is then told to determine what the reply was in response to as if they were on a specific site such as social media, forums, jobs and news, attempting to twist the reply as best they can to make the first player look bad. All players and the audience are then presented with the pairs of original replies and the guessed topic, and vote on which pairing is the most ridiculous. Each vote gains a big number of points for the second player that twisted the reply and a smaller number of points for the first player that provided the reply. If the pair of replies and the guessed topic gets the most votes, the second player that twisted the reply gets a "best burn" and a bigger number of bonus points and the first player that provided the reply gets an "ultimate sacrifice" and smaller number of bonus points. The final round is always the "Photosharing site", where players are given a question with two choices and the photo based on their selected choice is sent to another player who has to comment about it. The player with the most points at the end wins, having "survived the Internet".


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Monster Seeking Monster" is for 3-7 players and has a horror theme where each player is a disguised monster attempting to date other players. In each of the six rounds, players start by sending up to four messages to other players; the non-playable monster, the robot, if the audience is turned off for 3-4 player games, generates messages right after a player texts to it, the audience, if turned on and participating, uses mad lib-style prompts to select phrases to send. Following this, each player selects one other player they would date based on those replies. If two players selected each other, they both earn a heart. Additional scoring bonuses and effects due to the hidden monster power are also accounted for. A rejection happens when two players select other players instead of each other, or if one or more players don't select anyone (they also lose a heart if they don't select any players to date). From the end of the second round on, the monster form of the leading player whose monster form is yet unknown, is revealed to all. The player with the most hearts at the end wins, unless other special conditions are met relating to the player's monster.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Bracketeering" is for 3-16 players and is a tournament-style game for up to sixteen players, played across three rounds. In the first round, players are presented with a prompt to complete with the best or funniest answers they can. (The number of answers allotted are 2 for 3-4 players and 1 for 5-16 players.) These answers are randomly placed on a tournament-style grid (8 for 3-8 players and 16 for 9-16 players). The players are then given one of the tournament matchups and predict which answer will win that matchup. Subsequently, each match is then presented to all players and the audience. The answer that gets the highest percentage of votes wins, with the percentage that it wins by tied to how much in-game money those players that guessed that match correctly get. If two, three or four answers have the same number of votes, all players have to tap on their device as fast as they can to cheer for their answer. Subsequent matchups use these best answers going forward. After the final matchup, the player that provided the winning reply gets an additional cash bonus. The second round is a "blind bracket" where the players are presented with a prompt, but the brackets are based on a different, related prompt using those answers. The final round is a "triple blind bracket" where the prompt at each level of the bracket changes. The player with the most money at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Civic Doodle" is for 3-8 players and is an art game similar to "Drawful" and "Bidiots" with two players drawing the same piece of art simultaneously. In the first two rounds, a start of a doodle is presented to two randomly selected players, and they have a short time to draw atop that; this is done in real-time allowing the other players and the audience to provide feedback on either drawing in the form of preselected emoji. After the timer is done, the players and audience vote for which drawing is better, with points awarded to both players based on how many votes they received, as well as an additional point bonus based on the emoji votes. Subsequently, two more players then draw atop the highest-voted picture. After a number of matchups, depending on how many players are in the game, not counting the audience members, players have to suggest a title for the highest-voted picture. Following this, the players and the audience vote for their favorite title. The final round has all players given a title and a start of a doodle and they have to draw the features the game requested. The player with the most points at the end wins. After the game, players can do a free play draw or order custom merch.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Jackbox Party Pack 5" was released on October 17, 2018, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Apple TV, iPad, Amazon Fire TV, Nvidia Shield TV, and Xfinity X1.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "You Don't Know Jack: Full Stream" is for 1-8 players and is the newest iteration of the "You Don't Know Jack" franchise. The game is updated to feature similar streaming-friendly features as most other Party Pack games. This includes support for up to eight players and an audience. As the game now uses both mobile devices and computers as controllers, text-based questions like the "Gibberish Question" return, new and classic question types are present.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Split the Room" is for 3-8 players and is a scenario game. In the first two rounds, players are presented with a hypothetical solution with a fill-in-the-blank component. Players then try to fill in the blank such that when the question is presented to the other players, the yes or no responses will "split the room", with more points for an equal division of answers. The final round, which is always the "Decisive Dimension", gives prompts with two options where the first is already completed. Players complete the second answer and everyone else picks the option. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Mad Verse City" is for 3-8 players and has players use giant robots to out-rap their opponents. In each round, players are given who they are trying to out-rap, and use their device to fill in various prompts given to them. When one player is done making their rap, they may select any activity on their device. The game then runs through each rap using a text-to-speech voice, and once the two players have out-rapped each other, the other players have to choose the rap that they feel is the best. In-game money is gained by the percentage of votes between the two players and a possible "cheer" cash bonus is awarded if they get all votes. The player with the most money at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Zeeple Dome" is for 1-6 players. Players are contestants in an alien combat arena, the Zeeple Dome, to take down aliens. The game is physics-based and has players slingshot their characters across the game's levels, working together to defeat enemies and gain power-ups for their team. When each enemy is defeated, in-game money is gained in the level.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Patently Stupid" is for 3-8 players and is a game of problem-solving, inventing and funding. In the first round, players individually write out problems that need to be solved. These are randomly distributed among players, who are then given the opportunity to draw and name an invention to solve that problem. Players are then able to present their invention to the other players (either using their own voice or allowing the game to present). The other players then use in-game money to fund the invention. Inventions that surpass a funding minimum get a bonus to their inventor. In the final round, one player has to choose a problem for all players to solve. The player with the most money at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Jackbox Party Pack 6" was announced in March 2019 during PAX East and was released on October 17, 2019, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Apple TV, iPad, Amazon Fire TV, Nvidia Shield TV, and Xfinity X1. The Stadia version was available on December 21, 2021.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Trivia Murder Party 2" is for 1-8 players. It is the sequel to "Trivia Murder Party" and follows a similar format, taking place in a hotel. In addition to new questions, it includes new "Killing Floor" mini-games (including "Quiplash"), special items which can help or hinder their ability to survive, and a barrier in the endgame's exit, where players have to answer a question correctly before they can escape (the leading player now sees the third answer at the barrier). Also, the audience is their own player, whereas they were a separate entity in the first "Trivia Murder Party".


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Role Models" is for 3-6 players. Players first vote for one of the five categories and then try to match the other players (including themselves) to one of the items from that category. Points are gained between the players if any of their matches is the majority favorite of the group, and extra points can be won if the player marked their answer as "99% sure" and was correct. In case two or more subjects are tied or one player has not been assigned a role by the others, the players will do an in-game experiment. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Joke Boat" is for 3-8 players and has players make jokes based on a selected list of words brainstormed by players at the start of the game. During the first two joke rounds, players are given the start of a joke prompt with a missing word they select from a random selection of the brainstormed words. They then finish the joke. Players are then able to perform their joke (either using their own voice or allowing the game to perform), two at a time. The other players and the audience then vote for their favorite of the two. Points are gained by the number of votes between the two players, and a possible "crushed it" point bonus is awarded if they get all votes. The final round has players take an existing joke setup and try to write a better joke than the original one. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Dictionarium" is for 3-8 players and involves players creating a fake dictionary. The game can either be played where the players are given a fake word or a fake slang saying as a prompt. The game is played across three rounds. In the first round, players create a definition and vote for their favorite. Each vote gains points for the player that wrote the definition. In the second round, players create a new word or phrase as a synonym and then vote for their favorite. Each vote gains points for the player that wrote the synonym. In the final round, players create a sentence using the word or phrase and then vote for their favorite. Each vote gains points for the player that wrote the sentence. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Push The Button" is for 4-10 players and takes place on a spaceship, where one or more players have been assigned as an alien and the other players, as humans, must eject the aliens before a timer runs out. Each round, one player determines an activity on the ship (such as drawing or writing a response to a question) and selects a number of the other crew to participate. The assigned human players get one prompt, but the alien players get a different one that would likely cause some confusion. The results are shown, and players have the time to determine if any response seems suspicious. In later rounds, alien players have "hacks" they can use to either get the correct human prompt or send the alien prompt instead to a human player. At any time before the timer runs down, one player can "push the button" and select the other player(s) they believe are an alien. All other players then vote if they agree or not. In order for the players to be ejected, a unanimous vote must be passed. If the vote fails, the game continues. If the vote succeeds, the game reveals if the players were correct or incorrect. The alien players win if any of the players vote out a human or none of the players push the button before the time is up.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Jackbox Party Pack 7" was released on October 15, 2020, for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Apple TV, iPad, Amazon Fire TV, Nvidia Shield TV, and Xfinity X1. The Stadia version was available on December 7, 2021.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Quiplash 3" is for 3-8 players. It is the third game in the "Quiplash" series and has the game's signature final round, "The Last Lash", replaced with the "Thriplash", where instead of all players answering the same prompt, each pair of players only receives one prompt instead of the usual two, but must answer with three separate responses. (The host will play with the player in last place if there is an odd number of players in the game.) The game's two-dimensional style art has also been replaced by clay animation.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Devils and the Details" is for 3-8 players. Players become a family of devils, trying to work together to complete a list of mundane chores in certain scenarios (e.g. while a relative is visiting) with each successful task scoring points towards a net score during one of the three days of an episode. Many chores require verbal communication from one player to another to complete which can create confusion. As the players are devils, they are competing against each other. They can complete "selfish" chores, which provide extra points to the player who completed them but also build the selfishness meter, so the other players have to stop that player from doing the selfish chores. When the selfishness meter is full, it creates a family emergency (e.g. a flooded basement, a burning kitchen or a power outage), lowering the total score bar and making it harder to successfully finish a single day. If a day ends with the family score bar that reached the target score, the game proceeds to the next day. If the game ends when the family score bar doesn't reach the target score on either the first or second days, then the VIP player will have to either retry the day or quit the game after the unsuccessful day. The third day however is a challenge. If the day ends with the family score bar not reaching the target score, the episode will be over with just the final scores and some tasks completed (there is no retrying on this day). If the day ends with all of the tasks completed and the family score bar reaching the target score, then the winner will get a prize after the game.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Champ'd Up" is for 3-8 players. Players start by creating their own champions and challengers via a drawing interface with unusual monikers and skills, similar to "Tee K.O."s T-shirts. The players' creations are then pitted against each other with players and the audience votes for the best one in each round based on how fitting a character is for the given category. In-game money is gained by the percentage of votes between the players that made their champions/challengers and a "Champ'd Up" cash bonus is rewarded if they get all votes. The player with the most money at the end wins. There is also a card game called "Champ'd Up: Slam Down", which is available to purchase after the game.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Talking Points" is for 3-8 players. Each person starts by creating three speech titles and then choosing one of the three on their devices. Then, one person, as a presenter, is shown a series of text and picture slides which they are seeing for the first time, and has to use their own voice to talk through these to impress the audience, which votes with their reactions. The other people in the game act as assistants to the presenter to select the next slide that the presenter will see from a random selection, which could either help or throw off the presenter. Points are rewarded to the presenter based on how many times the audience reacted and the graph and to the assistant. The players can also write a comment about the presentation. Then all players name the award they will give out. The player with the most points at the end wins. The game also has a free play game mode.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Blather 'Round" is for 2-6 players. The game's style is very similar to Charades, where players have to pick a place, story, thing, or person to describe using sentences. While one player gives hints to what they have chosen with fixed sentences, the other players must try to guess what the presenter is describing. Points are awarded to the presenter and whomever correctly guesses what word they chose, as well as those who contributed a helpful hint. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Jackbox Party Pack 8" was released on October 14, 2021, for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Nintendo Switch, Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Apple TV, iPad, Amazon Fire TV, Nvidia Shield TV, and Xfinity X1. The Stadia version was available on November 16, 2021.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Drawful: Animate" is for 3-10 players and is the third game in the "Drawful" series. The highlight feature is that players create a two-frame animation rather than a single static drawing. Other added features include having three colors to use for drawing and the ability to double down on a guess once per round which awards double points if correct, but if incorrect, awards the player who wrote the fake answer double points instead. A 'friend mode' is also included which has the prompts be about the players.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Wheel of Enormous Proportions" is for 2-8 players and is a trivia game hosted by an all-knowing wheel. At the start of the game, players write a soul-seeking question for the wheel to answer. Players then must earn slices by competing in a trivia round of three questions, each starting with two slices. High scoring players win a slice, with the top scorer winning an extra one. Question types include: selecting answers from a set of twelve, matching answers with their counterpart, guessing what the wheel is thinking based on given clues, writing answers or giving a numerical estimate. On the third question, the top-performing player wins a power slice that can spread across the wheel and when landed on allows them to play a minigame that can impact the scores such as swapping points between two players. During the spinning round, players place their slices onto the wheel and take turns spinning it, earning points when the wheel lands on a slot they picked. The number of points gained increases as the wheel is spun more and points are divided between players who picked the same slot. The spinning round ends when a Spin Meter fills up, and a new trivia round begins. Once a player reaches 20,000 points, any points that player gains from the wheel allows them to spin the Winner Wheel that determines them as the game's winner. The wheel then answers the question the winner wrote at the start of the game.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Job Job" is for 3-10 players and is a job interview question game. At the beginning of each round, players answer a number of icebreaker questions in any way they want. Afterwards, all of the responses are shuffled between players where the goal is to answer job interview questions using only words from the icebreaker responses and the question itself. The interview question and the two provided responses are then pitted up and players and the audience vote on their favorite answer. Points are gained via a percentage of votes between the two players, and bonus points are awarded to players whose words were used in a winning answer or if their winning response contains words from three different players. In the final round, instead of interview questions, players create short responses about themselves by answering the same two statements. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Poll Mine" is for 2-10 players. Players are split into two teams of adventurers trapped in a cave by an evil witch. To escape, all players answer an opinion-based poll of eight options in order of preference. Afterwards, each team takes turns opening one from a set of doors, each marked by an answer from the poll. The first round has the teams find the top three most popular answers, while the second has them find the 2nd, 3rd and 4th most popular answers. Each correct answer earns a team a torch, but an incorrect answer causes them to lose a torch. During the final round, the players must open doors from least to most popular. During this round, no torches are gained, but existing torches are still lost from picking an incorrect door. When a team loses their last torch, the other team must pick the correct door to eliminate them and win the game. When everyone correctly opens all doors, the team with the most torches remaining wins. However, if both teams lose all of their torches, it is "game over" for everyone. The game also has a streamer mode where one team consist of the players and the other consisting of the audience who pick a door by majority vote.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Weapons Drawn" is for 4-8 players and is a social deduction game. Everyone plays the role of a group of detectives and murderers attending a party. Players draw two murder weapons containing a letter from their name they must hide and name an accomplice to bring as their guest. Players then attempt to murder accomplices by figuring out whoever they think invited them as a guest. If successful, one of the culprit's murder weapons is left at the scene. For reference, the game reveals one weapon drawn by each player. Players vote between two cases to solve and attempt to work together to analyse the murder weapon and vote for who they think committed the crime. During the final round, players in rapid succession, guess every remaining unsolved murder, the murderer gaining points for every detective they fool. Points are given by inviting accomplices that receive a high number of murder attempts, successfully evading being deduced as the culprit and correctly finding the culprits of other murders. The player with the most points at the end wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "The Jackbox Party Starter" was released on June 30, 2022. It contains three previously released games: "Quiplash 3", "Tee K.O", and "Trivia Murder Party 2". All three have been updated to include new features, such as moderation and subtitles. Furthermore, additional language translations, including French, German, Italian, and Spanish (European and American), were added.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Fibbage 4" is for 2-8 players and is the fourth game in the "Fibbage" series. The game includes new themed episodes, new Final Fibbage rounds with two facts and questions provided by fans of Jackbox Games solicited ahead of the game's release.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Roomerang" is for 4-9 players and is themed around a reality show. Players take on roles as characters with a defining trait, and are to give responses that fit that trait as well as working with the traits of other characters. The player with the highest voted response wins the round and an advantage in the following elimination. Eliminated players lose some points but are brought back into the game with a new trait. The player with the most points after five rounds wins.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Junktopia" is for 3-8 players. Players select one item of interest from three random items, to give a fake name and history to, and then try to sell it to the other players for the most money compared to other players' items.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Nonsensory" is for 3-8 players and is a silly, laid-back writing, drawing and guessing game. The players must guess what is the percentage or on a scale of 1 to 10 how a text-based response or draw made by another player is based on the prompt given.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "Quixort" is for 1-10 players and presents players with a prompt that players will be sorting answers under, such as "animals by number of legs". The answers are then presented as falling blocks which the players must then try to place in the proper order. The game is played in teams, but a separate game within the Party Pack, "Quixort Forever", allows a single player or a single team try to proceed as far as possible.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: Jackbox Games stated that sales jumped by up to 1,000% from March to May 2020, the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic shutdown. Though sales since leveled off after that point, the company said that its playerbase still grew, doubling from 100 million players in 2019 to 200 million by October 2020 due to the ongoing pandemic.


title: The Jackbox Party Pack

text: "PC Gamer" said "the Jackbox games are the perfect way to beat the social distancing blues". "Wired" considered the "Party Packs", along with "Fall Guys" and "Among Us", as popular narrative-less games during the pandemic, as they helped to avoid the "cultural trauma" the pandemic had brought.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: José Paciano Laurel y García (; March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, and judge, who served as the president of the Japanese-occupied Second Philippine Republic, a puppet state during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Since the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965), Laurel has been officially recognized by later administrations as a former president of the Philippines.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: José Paciano Laurel y García was born on March 9, 1891, in the town of Tanauan, Batangas. His parents were Sotero Laurel y Remoquillo and Jacoba García y Pimentel, both from Tanauan. His father had been an official in the revolutionary government of Emilio Aguinaldo and a signatory to the 1899 Malolos Constitution. Just like many other presidents, he is a Chinese mestizo descendant. His second given name Paciano was in honor of Paciano Rizal.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Laurel studied at San Jose College in Tanauan before transferring in 1903 to Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Manila. He later attended "La Regeneracion," where he completed the Spanish secondary course of instruction. In 1907, he finished the intermediate grades at Manila public schools.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: While a teen, Laurel was indicted for attempted murder when he almost killed a rival suitor of the girl he stole a kiss from with a fan knife. While studying and finishing law school, he argued for and received an acquittal in 1912.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Laurel completed his high school education at Manila High School in 1911. He received his law degree from the University of the Philippines College of Law in 1915, where he studied under Dean George A. Malcolm, whom he would later succeed at the Supreme Court of the Philippines. On the same year, he took the Philippine bar examination and placed second. He then obtained a Master of Laws degree from University of Santo Tomas in 1919. Laurel was later awarded a scholarship at Yale Law School, where he obtained his J.S.D. degree in 1920. On the same year, he was admitted to the Bar by the Supreme Court of the United States and the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia. He later traveled extensively throughout the United States and Europe, where he also took special courses in international law at Oxford University in England and at the University of Paris in France before returning to the Philippines in 1921. He also earned his Doctorate in Jurisprudence at the Escuela de Derecho in Manila and Humanities at the University of Santo Tomas.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Laurel began his life in public service while a student, as a messenger in the Bureau of Forestry, then as a clerk in the Code Committee tasked with the codification of Philippine laws, and law clerk in the Executive Bureau. During his work for the Code Committee, he was introduced to its head, Thomas A. Street, a future Supreme Court Justice who would be a mentor to the young Laurel.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Upon his return from Yale, Laurel was appointed first as Undersecretary of the Interior Department, then promoted as Secretary of the Interior in 1922. In that post, he would frequently clash with the American Governor-General Leonard Wood, and eventually, in 1923, resign from his position together with other Cabinet members in protest of Wood's administration. His clashes with Wood solidified Laurel's nationalist credentials.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: In 1921, Laurel was also appointed as lecturer at University of the Philippines, particularly at the College of Liberal Arts and at the College of Law.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: In 1925, Laurel was elected to the Philippine Senate, beating incumbent Senator Antero Soriano. Serving from the 5th district, he would serve for one term before losing his re-election bid in 1931 to fellow Batangueño Claro M. Recto.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: He retired to private practice, but by 1934, he was again elected to public office, this time as a delegate to the 1935 Constitutional Convention. Hailed as one of the "Seven Wise Men of the Convention", he would sponsor the provisions on the Bill of Rights. Following the ratification of the 1935 Constitution and the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Laurel was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on February 29, 1936.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Laurel's Supreme Court tenure may have been overshadowed by his presidency, yet he remains one of the most important Supreme Court justices in Philippine history. He authored several leading cases still analyzed to this day that defined the parameters of the branches of government as well as their powers.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: "Angara v. Electoral Commission", 63 Phil. 139 (1936), which is considered as the Philippine equivalent of "Marbury v. Madison", 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), is Laurel's most important contribution to jurisprudence and even the rule of law in the Philippines. In affirming that the Court had jurisdiction to review the rulings of the Electoral Commission organized under the National Assembly, the Court, through Justice Laurel's opinion, firmly entrenched the power of Philippine courts to engage in judicial review of the acts of the other branches of government, and to interpret the Constitution. Held the Court, through Laurel:


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: The Constitution is a definition of the powers of government. Who is to determine the nature, scope and extent of such powers? The Constitution itself has provided for the instrumentality of the judiciary as the rational way. And when the judiciary mediates to allocate constitutional boundaries, it does not assert any superiority over the other departments; it does not in reality nullify or invalidate an act of the legislature, but only asserts the solemn and sacred obligation assigned to it by the Constitution to determine conflicting claims of authority under the Constitution and to establish for the parties in an actual controversy the rights which that instrument secures and guarantees to them.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Another highly influential decision penned by Laurel was "Ang Tibay v. CIR", 69 Phil. 635 (1940). The Court acknowledged in that case that the substantive and procedural requirements before proceedings in administrative agencies, such as labor relations courts, were more flexible than those in judicial proceedings. At the same time, the Court still asserted that the right to due process of law must be observed, and enumerated the "cardinal primary rights" that must be respected in administrative proceedings. Since then, these "cardinal primary rights" have stood as the standard in testing due process claims in administrative cases.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: "Calalang v. Williams", 70 Phil. 726 (1940) was a seemingly innocuous case involving a challenge raised by a private citizen to a traffic regulation banning kalesas from Manila streets during certain afternoon hours. The Court, through Laurel, upheld the regulation as within the police power of the government. But in rejecting the claim that the regulation was violative of social justice, Laurel would respond with what would become his most famous aphorism, which is to this day widely quoted by judges and memorized by Filipino law students:


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Social justice is neither communism, nor despotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy, but the humanization of laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the State so that justice in its rational and objectively secular conception may at least be approximated. Social justice means the promotion of the welfare of all the people, the adoption by the Government of measures calculated to insure economic stability of all the competent elements of society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and social equilibrium in the interrelations of the members of the community, constitutionally, through the adoption of measures legally justifiable, or extra-constitutionally, through the exercise of powers underlying the existence of all governments on the time-honored principle of salus populi est suprema lex. Social justice, therefore, must be founded on the recognition of the necessity of interdependence among divers and diverse units of a society and of the protection that should be equally and evenly extended to all groups as a combined force in our social and economic life, consistent with the fundamental and paramount objective of the state of promoting the health, comfort, and quiet of all persons, and of bringing about "the greatest good to the greatest number.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: While an associate justice, Laurel also held other appointive posts. Laurel was appointed by President Manuel L. Quezon as a member of the Moral Code Committee in 1939 and as member of the Code Committee in 1940. In 1941, he was also appointed as Professor of Civil Law at the Central College of Law. He was also named as acting Secretary of Justice and acting Chief Justice on December of the same year and Commissioner of Justice in January 1942. His time as associate justice ended on February 5, 1942


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: As he was well known to the Japanese as a critic of US rule, as well as having demonstrated a willingness to serve under the Japanese Military Administration, he held a series of high posts in 1942–1943.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: On December 10, 1941, then-Associate Justice Laurel was appointed by President Manuel L. Quezon as acting Secretary of Justice. He was later appointed Commissioner of Justice by the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Forces on January 26, 1942, but was effective three days prior. However, on December 2, 1942, he was relieved from the post to become the Minister of the Interior, a position that he had previously held as Secretary two decades prior. He relinquished the post on October 14, 1943, when he was inaugurated President of the Second Philippine Republic.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Laurel was among the Commonwealth officials instructed by the Japanese Imperial Army to form a provisional government when they invaded and occupied the country. He cooperated with the Japanese, in contrast to Chief Justice José Abad Santos, who was shot for refusing to cooperate.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: On June 5, 1943, Laurel was playing golf at the Wack Wack Golf and Country Club, then in the City of Greater Manila, when he was shot around four times with a .45 caliber pistol. The bullets barely missed his heart and liver. He was rushed by his golfing companions, among them Far Eastern University president Nicanor Reyes Sr., to the Philippine General Hospital where he was operated by the Chief Military Surgeon of the Japanese Military Administration and Filipino surgeons. Laurel enjoyed a speedy recovery.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Two suspects to the shooting were reportedly captured and swiftly executed by the Kempetai. Another suspect, a former boxer named Feliciano Lizardo, was presented for identification by the Japanese to Laurel at the latter's hospital bed, but Laurel then professed unclear memory.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: However, in his 1953 memoirs, Laurel would admit that Lizardo, by then one of his bodyguards who had pledged to give his life for him, was indeed the would-be-assassin. Still, the historian Teodoro Agoncillo in his book on the Japanese occupation, identified a captain with a guerilla unit as the shooter.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: The presidency of Laurel understandably remains one of the most controversial in Philippine history. After the war, he would be denounced by the pro-American sectors as a war collaborator or even a traitor, although his indictment for treason was superseded by President Roxas' Amnesty Proclamation.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: When Japan invaded, President Manuel L. Quezon first fled to Bataan and then to the United States to establish a government-in-exile. Quezon ordered Laurel, Vargas and other cabinet members to stay. Laurel's prewar, close relationship with Japanese officials (a son had been sent to study at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in Tokyo, and Laurel had received an honorary doctorate from Tokyo Imperial University) in 1938, placed him in a good position to interact with the Japanese occupation forces.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Under vigorous Japanese influence, the National Assembly selected Laurel to serve as president in 1943. He took the oath of office on October 14, 1943, at the Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts) in Manila. The oath was administered by Chief Justice José Yulo.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: During Laurel's tenure as president, hunger was the main worry. Prices of essential commodities rose to unprecedented heights. The government exerted every effort to increase production and bring consumers' goods under control. However, Japanese rapacity had the better of it all. On the other hand, guerrilla activities and Japanese retaliatory measures brought the peace and order situation to a difficult point. Resorting to district-zoning and domiciliary searches, coupled with arbitrary arrests, the Japanese made the mission of Laurel's administration incalculably exasperating and perilous.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: During his presidency, the Philippines faced a crippling food shortage which demanded much of Laurel's attention. Rice and bread were still available but the sugar supply was gone.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: On October 20, 1943, the Philippine-Japanese Treaty of Alliance was signed by Claro M. Recto, who was appointed by Laurel as his Foreign Minister, and Japanese Ambassador to Philippines Sozyo Murata. One redeeming feature was that no conscription was envisioned.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Shortly after the inauguration of the Second Philippine Republic, President Laurel, together with cabinet Ministers Recto and Paredes flew to Tokyo to attend the Greater East Asia Conference which was an international summit held in Tokyo, Japan from November 5 – 6, 1943, in which Japan hosted the heads of state of various component members of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The conference was also referred to as the "Tokyo Conference".


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: The Conference addressed few issues of any substance, Eradication of Western Opium Drug Trade and to illustrate the Empire of Japan's commitments to the Pan-Asianism ideal and to emphasize its role as the "liberator" of Asia from Western colonialism.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Laurel declared the country under martial law in 1944 through Proclamation No. 29, dated September 21. Martial law came into effect on September 22, 1944, at 9 am. Proclamation No. 30 was issued the next day, declaring the existence of a state of war between the Philippines and the United States and the United Kingdom. This took effect on September 23, 1944, at 10:00 A.M.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: On the day of his inauguration, Laurel sought to gain recognition for the new republic from the Holy See. Correspondence between the diplomats of the Vatican and Japan told that the Holy See did not wish to recognize any new states for the duration of the War. Despite this, Laurel still sought to appeal to the Pope about instating Filipinos into the Church hierarchy.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Due to the nature of Laurel's government and its connection to Japan, much of the population actively resisted his presidency, instead supporting the exiled Commonwealth government.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: On July 26, 1945, the Potsdam Declaration served upon Japan an ultimatum to surrender or face utter annihilation. The Japanese government refused the offer. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima, with some 300,000 inhabitants, was almost totally destroyed by an atomic bomb dropped from an American plane. Two days later, the Soviet Union declared war against Japan and invaded Manchuria. The next day, August 9, 1945, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The Allied Forces' message now had a telling effect: Japan unconditionally surrendered to the Allied Powers on August 15, 1945.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Beginning in March 1945, President Laurel, together with his family, Camilo Osías, Benigno Aquino Sr., Gen. Tomas Capinpin, and Jorge B. Vargas evacuated to Baguio. Shortly after the city fell, they traveled to Tuguegarao, where they embarked a bomber plane to Japan via Formosa (now Taiwan) and Shanghai, China. On August 17, 1945, from Nara Hotel in Nara, Japan, President Laurel issued an Executive Proclamation which declared the dissolution of his regime.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: President Laurel is the only Philippine president who served the three branches of government. He became a senator-congressman, associate justice and a president of the Second Republic.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: On September 2, 1945, the Japanese forces formally surrendered to the United States. Gen. Douglas MacArthur ordered Laurel arrested for collaborating with the Japanese. Alongside his son Jose Laurel III and Benigno Aquino Sr., he was taken to custody and was imprisoned in Yokohama on September 15, 1945. On November 16, 1945, they were transferred to Sugamo Prison. While in prison, he was not allowed to have any reading material except "The World in 2030 A.D.", a book by the Earl of Birkenhead that he received as a gift from his son Salvador. Lacked in writing instruments, he used this book to write his "Memoirs".


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: On July 23, 1946, Laurel, together with Osias, Aquino, and his son Jose III, left Tokyo for Manila, having been turned over to the Republic of the Philippines. One month later, he was placed under technical custody at his Peñafrancia house in Paco, Manila but rather than accepting the given conditions, he preferred to be imprisoned at the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, Rizal. He was later provisionally released in September 1946 after posting a bail. He was also charged with 132 counts of treason in 1946 and was tried by the People's Court. However, the trial ended prematurely due to the general amnesty granted by President Manuel Roxas in 1948.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Laurel ran for president as a nominee of the Nacionalista Party against Elpidio Quirino in 1949 but lost in what future Foreign Affairs Secretary Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray considered as the dirtiest election in Philippine electoral history.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Laurel garnered more than 2 million votes and was elected to the Senate as the top vote getter in 1951, under the Nacionalista Party. He was urged to run for president in 1953, but declined, working instead for the successful election of Ramon Magsaysay. Magsaysay appointed Laurel head of a mission tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials, the result being known as the Laurel–Langley Agreement. Laurel was also named as chairman of the Senate Committee on Education, which he held when he sponsored in 1955 a bill that would make José Rizal's two novels, "Noli Me Tángere" and "El filibusterismo", as compulsory readings in all universities and colleges.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: Laurel considered his election to the Senate as a vindication of his reputation. He declined to run for re-election in 1957. He retired from public life, concentrating on the development of the Lyceum of the Philippines established by his family, as well as the Philippine Banking Corporation which he had established.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: During his retirement, Laurel resided in a 1957 3-story, 7-bedroom mansion in Mandaluyong, Rizal, dubbed "Villa Pacencia" after Laurel's wife. The home was one of three residences constructed by the Laurel family, the other two being in Tanauan, Batangas and in Paco, Manila (called "Villa Peñafrancia"). In 2008, the Laurel family sold "Villa Pacencia" to then-Senate President Manny Villar and his wife Cynthia.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: In 1958, Laurel launched an organization known as Committee of Citizens, which he headed. On the same year, it was announced that his book entitled "Thinking of Ourselves" would be launched and The Manila Times announced the launching of Unity Movement for National Survival that he sponsored. On his 68th birthday on March 9, 1959, President Carlos P. Garcia conferred him the award of Philippine Legion of Honor with the degree of Chief Commander.


title: Jose P. Laurel

text: In the early afternoon of November 5, 1959, Laurel suffered a stroke. On November 6, 1959, at 1:00 in the morning, he died at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Manila, from a massive heart attack and cerebral hemorrhage. He was interred three days later at what is now Tanauan City Public Cemetery in Tanauan, Batangas.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Antonio Di Natale (; born 13 October 1977) is an Italian fotball coach and former professional player who played as a striker.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: After being a member of the Empoli youth side since 1994, Di Natale started his professional career with the Empoli senior side in 1996, and remained with the club until 2004, aside from brief loan spells with Iperzola, Varese and Viareggio. During his time with Empoli, he helped the club to achieve Serie A promotion during the 2001–02 Serie B season, scoring 16 goals. His breakthrough came during the 2002–03 Serie A season, as he scored 13 goals in the league and helped Empoli avoid relegation. Despite being unable to find the net as regularly or save Empoli from relegation the following season, his performances and consistent goalscoring earned him a transfer to Udinese in 2004.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: During his time with Udinese, Di Natale's skill, leadership and ability to both score and create many goals played a key role in helping the club to third and fourth-place finishes in Serie A and qualify for the UEFA Champions League. In 2007, he was named the club's captain. Di Natale's consistent goalscoring with Udinese saw him reach double figures for nine consecutive league seasons. He won the Serie A top goalscorer award in 2010 and 2011, and was also awarded the Serie A Italian Footballer of the Year award for his performances in 2010. A late bloomer, unlike most strikers, he enjoyed his most prolific seasons in front of goal well after age 30; between 2009 and 2011, Lionel Messi (82) and Cristiano Ronaldo (86) were the only two players to have scored more league goals than Di Natale (67). In 2015, "France Football" rated him as one of the ten-best footballers in the world who are over age 36.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Di Natale is Udinese's top appearance holder and goal-scorer in Serie A with 191 goals in 385 appearances, and in UEFA club competitions, with 17 goals in 37 appearances. With 209 goals, he is also the sixth-highest goal-scorer in Serie A, and with 311 goals, he is the eighth-highest scoring Italian player in all competitions, behind Silvio Piola, Alessandro Del Piero, Giuseppe Meazza, Luca Toni, Roberto Baggio, Francesco Totti and Filippo Inzaghi.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: At international level, Di Natale represented the Italy national team 42 times between 2002 and 2012, scoring 11 goals. With Italy, he participated in UEFA Euro 2008; the 2010 FIFA World Cup, where he scored one goal; and at Euro 2012, where he also scored a goal as Italy reached the final of the tournament.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Also known as "Totò", Di Natale was born in Naples on 13 October 1977 to Salvatore, a professional painter, and Giovanna. He has two brothers, Paolo and Carmine, and two sisters, Michela and Anna.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Despite being born in Naples, Di Natale made the move north for his footballing career, joining Empoli's youth system. While at Empoli, he was loaned out three times, enjoying success with Viareggio in the 1998–99 campaign, where he scored 12 goals in 25 games for the Tuscan side. Upon his return to his parent club, he finally made his breakthrough into the first team squad and established himself as an integral member of the side. He scored 6 goals in 25 appearances for Empoli during the 1999–2000 campaign as Empoli finished in ninth place in Serie B.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Empoli won promotion to the Serie A in 2002 after finishing in fourth place during the 2001–02 Serie B season with 67 points. They finished with 60 goals, the largest tally in the competition, and Di Natale finished as the club's top goalscorer with 16 league goals. In Empoli's first season back in the topflight, he helped the club fight off relegation by scoring 13 times in the league. This included a hat-trick in Empoli's 4–2 defeat of Reggina on 17 November 2002. The next season was less fortunate for Di Natale, who only scored five goals in the league. Following two seasons in the Serie A, Empoli were relegated back to the Serie B at the end of the 2003–04 campaign.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: After Empoli were relegated, Di Natale joined Udinese for the 2004–05 Serie A season, along with Manuel Belleri and Emílson Cribari. In Udine, he partnered with Vincenzo Iaquinta and David Di Michele in attack, and the Friulian club finished fourth place at the end of the season and qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the following year. In his debut season with Udinese, Di Natale played 33 league games and scored 7 league goals.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: In the 2007–08 season, Di Natale scored 17 league goals. The two most notable goals were scored on matchday 4, when Udinese played against Reggina. Forming a formidable attacking duo with Fabio Quagliarella, Di Natale improved his goal tally, becoming the focal point of the attack. In 2007, he was named captain of Udinese and his contract was extended to 30 June 2012.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: May 2010 saw the conclusion of Di Natale's best-ever season, scoring 29 goals in Serie A, and contributing 54% of Udinese's total goals. He also surpassed Oliver Bierhoff's club record for most league goals in a season, who had scored 28. A brace against Bari on 9 May 2010 saw Di Natale surpass the 100-goal mark in Serie A. For his performances, he was voted Serie A Italian Footballer of the Year and finished as the top scorer in Serie A. He also received the Serie A Fair Play award for interrupting play in a match while Lazio's Libor Kozák was injured, with Udinese down 3–2 late in the match. The 2009–10 season saw Di Natale finish as runner-up for the European Golden Shoe with Chelsea striker Didier Drogba on 29 goals, five behind Barcelona forward Lionel Messi. He also helped the club to reach the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia that season.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: On 14 November 2010, Di Natale scored a hat-trick during a match against Lecce and on 28 November, he scored a second consecutive home hat-trick during a match against Napoli. On 8 May 2011, he struck two first-half goals to give Udinese a 2–1 victory over Lazio and into fourth place with two matches remaining to play. Despite him missing a late penalty, with a 0–0 draw against champions Milan on the final day, Udinese secured fourth place and a spot in the playoff round of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League. During the 2010–11 season, Di Natale had the best strike rate of any player in Italy, scoring 28 goals in 36 matches for a strike rate of 0.78 goals per match. This was also the third-best strike rate in Europe, behind Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo and Barcelona's Lionel Messi.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: On 23 October 2011, Di Natale scored a brace in a 3–0 defeat of Novara which sent Udinese to the top of the Serie A table. On 13 May 2012, he opened the scoring against Catania on the final matchday of the Serie A season, and Diego Fabbrini added a second-half strike to secure four-straight Serie A victories and ensure Udinese a place in next season's UEFA Champions League qualifying round. On 4 July 2012, Di Natale signed a new two-year contract with the club.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Di Natale's first goal of the 2012–13 season came on 16 September 2012 when he scored Udinese's second goal within five minutes of the start of the match, but a red card to Andrea Lazzari and two late goals from Siena condemned Udinese to a 2–2 draw. On 6 January 2013, he scored a brace as Udinese defeated ten-man Internazionale 3–0, lifting Udinese to eighth in the table. In Udinese's next league match, on 13 January, he scored two more goals as his side defeated Fiorentina 3–1 to extend their streak of five unbeaten Serie A matches. Di Natale scored his 150th Serie A goal for Udinese on 3 March, converting from close range after a cross from Luis Muriel, securing a 0–1 victory at Pescara. His last goal of the 2012–13 campaign came on the final matchday, on 19 May 2013, scoring Udinese's winning goal in a 5–2 defeat of Internazionale, confirming the club's place in the UEFA Europa League for the following season.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Before the 2013–14 season Di Natale was offered a contract with an annual salary of €10 million by Chinese club Guangzhou Evergrande, which was coached by his former Italy manager Marcello Lippi at the time. However, Di Natale declined the offer and chose to stay with Udinese. After Udinese's 3–1 loss to Hellas Verona on 6 January 2014, he told Sky Sports Italia he would retire at the end of the 2013–14 season. "I have already decided, in June I'll stop playing football. It's already established." On 8 March 2014, Di Natale scored his 185th Serie A goal, the winning strike in Udinese's 1–0 victory over Milan, to overtake Gabriel Batistuta on the all-time Serie A scoring charts. He ended the 2013–14 season with 17 goals, making him the fourth-top goalscorer in Serie A, at age 36. Despite previously announcing he would retire from professional football at the end of the 2013–14 Serie A season, he confirmed on 30 May 2014 he had decided he would not retire and would continue to play on into the 2014–15 season.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Di Natale scored four goals in a 5–1 win over Ternana in the third round of the Coppa Italia on 23 August 2014. On 31 August, in Udinese's opening Serie A match of the 2014–15 season, he scored two second half goals in a home win over newly promoted Empoli. On 23 November 2014, he scored his 200th goal in his 400th appearance in Serie A. On 2 February 2015, he was offered an $8 million contract by a yet unnamed team in Major League Soccer (MLS); he had been linked to MLS expansion club New York City FC. On 28 April, Di Natale scored his 205th goal in Serie A, matching Italian legend Roberto Baggio as the sixth-highest goalscorer in Serie A history, at age 37; this was also his 700th career appearance. The following matchday, on 3 May, he scored in a 1–0 victory over Hellas Verona, overtaking Baggio with his 206th goal in Serie A. On 12 May, he once again took back his decision to retire at the end of the 2014–15 season, announcing his intention to play another season. In late April 2016, Di Natale said he would leave the club at the end of the 2015–16 season, although he also said he intended to continue playing professional football. On 15 May 2016, he scored a goal from the penalty spot in a 2–1 home defeat to Carpi in his final appearance with Udinese, scoring a total of 191 goals in 385 league appearances during his 12 years with the club, and 227 goals and 63 assists for the club in all competitions. He officially announced his retirement later that year.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Di Natale made his debut with the Italy national team on 20 November 2002, under manager Giovanni Trapattoni, in a friendly match against Turkey. He won few caps in later years, scoring his first goal on 18 February 2004 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic, a game which ended in a 2–2 draw.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: In 2006, Di Natale regained a spot with the "Azzurri" under new manager Roberto Donadoni and was involved in the UEFA Euro 2008 qualification campaign. He was then called up to the Euro 2008 tournament proper, where he missed a crucial penalty during the quarter-final penalty shoot-out against Spain, who went on to win 4–2 on penalties and later the tournament. Di Natale missed the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup due to a knee injury, which he incurred on 28 March 2009 in an international match against Montenegro.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Di Natale participated in the 2010 FIFA World Cup under manager Marcello Lippi. Italy was placed into Group F at the finals, drawing their first two group stage matches by a score of 1–1 to Paraguay and New Zealand, respectively. In their final group match on 24 June, he scored a goal in the 3–2 defeat against Slovakia, which resulted in Italy finishing bottom of its group.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: In 2012, Di Natale was included in the Italy squad for Euro 2012, under manager Cesare Prandelli, making five appearances throughout the tournament, appearing in every match save the quarter-final against England. After coming on as a substitute in the first match against defending champions Spain, on 10 June 2012, he scored the opening goal in a 1–1 draw, curling a right-footed shot past goalkeeper Iker Casillas after receiving a through-ball from Andrea Pirlo; this was the only goal that Spain conceded throughout the entire tournament. Italy eventually reached the final of the tournament, which was played on 1 July 2012, at the Olympic Stadium in Kyiv. The Italians suffered a 4–0 defeat to Spain, with Di Natale making a substitute appearance during the match.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Following the tournament, Di Natale retired from international football. Although Prandelli called him up for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, Di Natale turned down the offer, as he was hoping to use the summer to train and prepare for the 2014 FIFA World Cup the following year instead. However, he was not called up for that tournament the following summer. In total, he scored 11 goals scored in 42 matches for the "Azzurri".


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: A quick, mobile, diminutive and versatile player, gifted with good tactical intelligence, speed, and a lethal eye for goal, Di Natale was capable of playing anywhere along the front line; throughout his career he was deployed in the centre as a lone striker, out wide on the left in an attacking trident, or even in a deeper, creative, supporting role, due to his positional sense, vision and ability to both score and create goals. He was mainly known for his pace, control, flair, technical skills and sense of space in the area, as well as his ability to make attacking runs to beat the defensive line and subsequently finish off chances. Due to his opportunism, composure in front of goal, and ability to strike the ball well with either foot despite being naturally right-footed, he was able to score from any position on the pitch.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Regarded as one of the best and most prolific Italian forwards of his generation, Di Natale earned the prestigious Serie A "Capocannoniere" award as Serie A's top goalscorer for the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons, also winning the AIC Serie A Italian Footballer of the Year award in 2010. In addition to his skill and goalscoring ability, Di Natale also stood out for his leadership, loyalty, work-rate and longevity throughout his career. He was also an accurate free-kick and penalty taker.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: On 4 September 2018, Di Natale was hired by Spezia as technical collaborator for the first team. He was subsequently put in charge of the club's Under-17 youth team in July 2019, a role he left in September 2020.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: On 11 April 2021, Di Natale was named new head coach of Serie C club Carrarese, in what represented his first managerial role in his career, taking over from Silvio Baldini, a former manager of his during his days at Empoli. After guiding Carrarese to safety in his short stint in charge of the club in the 2020–21 season, Di Natale signed a two-year deal to remain in charge of the Tuscanian club. After completing the 2021–22 Serie C with the "Apuani", on 11 July 2022 Di Natale mutually rescinded his contract with Carrerese.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: While playing for Empoli, at age 19 Di Natale met his future wife, Ilenia Betti, whom he married on 15 June 2002. The couple have two children together, Filippo and Diletta. In August 2010, he rejected a transfer to Italian giants Juventus because his children had grown up in Udine and his family was settled and enjoyed living there.


title: Antonio Di Natale

text: Di Natale took financial responsibility for the disabled sister of Udinese teammate Piermario Morosini, who died on 14 April 2012 when he suffered a sudden cardiac arrest while playing on loan for Livorno. Morosini's death left his sister with no other living relatives.


title: Tina Yothers

text: Kristina Louise Yothers is an American actress and singer. Beginning a career as a child actor at the age of three, she is best known for her role as Jennifer Keaton on the hit NBC series "Family Ties", as well as for her roles in numerous television films throughout the 1980s and early 1990s including "The Cherokee Trail", "Crash Course", and "Spunk: The Tonya Harding Story" among others.


title: Tina Yothers

text: Yothers was born in Whittier, California. Her father, Robert Yothers, was a television producer. She has three brothers, Jeffrey and Randy (twins), and Cory, who all acted in commercials as children. Randy, as a child actor, made several TV appearances in the early 1970s, and a film appearance in Return From Witch Mountain (1978), all credited as "Poindexter" Yothers. Cory appeared in numerous films and television shows throughout the early 1980s, often credited as "Bumper" Yothers.


title: Tina Yothers

text: Yothers began her acting career in television advertisements at age three. Her first cinema role was in the 1981 television film "The Cherokee Trail". She also appeared in the 1982 feature film "Shoot the Moon". Her most famous role was as Jennifer Keaton, the younger daughter in the television comedy "Family Ties" from 1982 to 1989. She also competed in the "Battle of the Network Stars" in December 1988. When "Family Ties" ended, Yothers abandoned her blonde hair color and has mostly worn it black with the notable exception of a 1996 appearance on "Married... with Children".


title: Tina Yothers

text: She wrote the book "Being Your Best: Tina Yothers's Guide for Girls" and formed the band Jaded with her brother Cory. She provided the lead vocals while Cory played keyboard. In 1998, Jaded released their self-titled CD, which was co-written by Cory Yothers, Michael Anderson, Tina Yothers and performed by Tina Yothers (lead vocals), Michael Anderson (guitars/vocals), Jerry France (guitars/vocals), Larry Rosales (drums), Mike Wilson (bass) and Phil Jordan from No Doubt on trumpet, along with a DJ. Previously, Yothers sang a cover of The Raes song "Baby I'm Back in Love Again", which she would later record as a single, in a "Family Ties" episode "Band on the Run" (February 26, 1987).


title: Tina Yothers

text: After a nine-year absence from acting, Yothers was given the lead role in "Lovelace the Musical", a 2004 stage show based on the life of former pornographic film star Linda Lovelace. She followed that up with a stint as a stock player in the Burt Reynolds Dinner Theater in Boca Raton, Florida from 2005 to 2007.


title: Tina Yothers

text: She also appeared as herself on a special TV child stars edition of "The Weakest Link" in 2001 where she was voted off in round 5.


title: Tina Yothers

text: Yothers appeared on the fourth season of the VH1 reality television show "Celebrity Fit Club", which began on August 6, 2006. After Yothers's second pregnancy, she appeared on "" to try get back to her post-Fit Club weight. On January 17, 2012 she was featured on the ABC show "Celebrity Wife Swap", where she traded places with Niecy Nash of "Reno 911!".


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Paulo Manuel Carvalho de Sousa, (; born 30 August 1970) is a Portuguese football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Starting his career at Benfica, he also represented Sporting CP in his country, where he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 117 matches and three goals in five years. From there onwards, he competed mainly in Italy and in Germany, winning the Champions League with Juventus and Borussia Dortmund and the Intercontinental Cup with the latter side. His later career was severely hampered by injuries.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa was a member of Portugal's "Golden Generation", and appeared with the national team at the 2002 World Cup and two European Championships. He took up coaching in the late 2000s, managing clubs in several countries and winning national championships with Maccabi Tel Aviv and Basel. He was also in charge of Poland at Euro 2020.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Born in Viseu, Sousa began playing professionally for Benfica, and was a starter from an early age. He won the Primeira Liga championship in 1990–91, and the Taça de Portugal two years later. On 10 April 1993, in a league match at Boavista, he was forced to play in goal after Neno was sent off and his team had no more substitutions left, in an eventual 3–2 win.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: In the summer of 1993, Sousa signed for Lisbon neighbours Sporting CP together with his teammate António Pacheco. In his only season, he partnered Luís Figo and Krasimir Balakov in midfield and the "Lions" did not win any silverware.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa joined Juventus in 1994. In his first season in Turin he won the Serie A title, the domestic cup and the Supercoppa; they also finished as runners-up in the UEFA Cup, losing to fellow Italian side Parma. The following year, he was part of the squad that conquered the UEFA Champions League.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: In the 1996 off-season, Sousa moved to Germany with Borussia Dortmund, where he repeated the Champions League triumph the following campaign, which made him only the second player after Marcel Desailly to win back-to-back titles with different teams; the final was against his former club Juventus and, although he appeared in that game, his spell was plagued with injuries, which followed him the remainder of his career.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa subsequently returned to Italy to play for Inter Milan, and eventually retired at the age of 31 after a brief loan to Parma, followed by stints at Panathinaikos and Espanyol.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: A member of the Portugal team that won the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship, Sousa went on to earn 51 caps for the senior side. His international debut came on 16 January 1991, in a friendly against Spain that ended in a 1–1 draw.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa played for his country at UEFA Euro 1996 and 2000, and was a squad member at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, but did not take part in a single match. His last appearance came shortly before the latter competition, a 2–0 friendly win over China.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa was a hard-working, tactically intelligent and versatile player, who was effective both offensively and defensively, courtesy of his anticipation and ability to read the game, although he was not known for his speed. Although he was usually classified as a hard-tackling defensive midfielder, he also possessed excellent vision and control, and was often deployed as a deep-lying playmaker throughout his career due to his passing accuracy, technique and ability to control the tempo of his teams' play; his playing style drew comparisons with Paulo Roberto Falcão throughout his career.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa began working as a manager by joining the coaching staff of the Portugal national team, taking the helm of the under-16s, and in the summer of 2008 he was appointed assistant to first-team coach Carlos Queiroz, his former boss at Sporting and the Portuguese youths.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: On 19 November 2008, Sousa was appointed head coach of Championship team Queens Park Rangers. However, on 9 April 2009, he was sacked, as the club claimed he had divulged sensitive information without permission from the hierarchy, which included Dexter Blackstock's loan move to Nottingham Forest having been agreed without his knowledge.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Following Roberto Martínez's move to Wigan Athletic, Sousa was offered the role as Swansea City manager on 18 June 2009. He verbally accepted the deal, signing a three-year contract, and was officially appointed on the 23rd.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: During the league campaign, Sousa led Swansea to its highest league finish for 27 years (seventh), just outside the play-offs. On 4 July 2010, he departed by mutual consent, set to take the vacant post at Leicester City.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa became the new manager of Leicester City on 7 July 2010. Owner Milan Mandarić stated that he was delighted to "acquire a manager of such great calibre", adding he was "the right man to take our club forward".


title: Paulo Sousa

text: On 1 October 2010, after less than three months in charge, Sousa was fired after a poor start to the season, with the team having won only once in his first nine league games.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: On 15 May 2011, Sousa signed a three-year contract with Hungarian club Videoton, newly crowned champions of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I. He made his competitive debut in the Champions League qualifying round to Sturm Graz in a 2–0 away loss, followed by an insufficient 3–2 home win.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: His team hosted Trabzonspor in the season's Europa League last qualifying round on 30 August 2012, Sousa's 42nd birthday. After the 4–2 penalty shoot-out victory (0–0 after 120 minutes), he stated: "The qualification was the most beautiful birthday of my life".


title: Paulo Sousa

text: On 7 January 2013, Videoton announced that they had agreed to terminate Sousa's contract due to family reasons. That same day, it was reported that he would become the new manager of the New York Red Bulls, but nothing came of it.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: On 12 June 2013, Maccabi Tel Aviv officially appointed Sousa as its head coach. He won the Israeli Premier League in his first and only season in charge.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa changed clubs and countries again on 28 May 2014, signing a three-year contract with Basel in the Swiss Super League. He left on 17 June of the following year, after again winning the national championship.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: On 21 June 2015, Sousa joined Serie A side Fiorentina. He left on 6 June 2017, following the appointment of Stefano Pioli.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: On 6 November 2017, Sousa signed for Tianjin Quanjian of the Chinese Super League, replacing Fabio Cannavaro. On 4 October of the following year, he left his post.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa became Bordeaux's third coach of the season on 8 March 2019 after Gus Poyet and Ricardo Gomes, agreeing to a three-and-a-half-year deal. Having come 12th in his only full season, disputes with the board led to his resignation on 10 August 2020.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: On 21 January 2021, Polish Football Association (PZPN) president Zbigniew Boniek announced Sousa as the head coach of the Poland national team; he replaced Jerzy Brzęczek, who was dismissed in spite of achieving qualification for Euro 2020. In his first match in charge, on 25 March, his side drew 3–3 against Hungary in the 2022 World Cup qualification. At the former tournament finals, and in spite of three goals from star forward Robert Lewandowski, they exited in the group stage; nonetheless, the manager was assured to remain on the job.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Sousa led Poland to second place in their World Cup qualification group, reaching the play-offs but failing to be seeded after losing the last match to Hungary 2–1. The loss caused significant financial losses for the PZPN and the manager was criticised for not fielding several key players, including Lewandowski.


title: Paulo Sousa

text: Hours after leaving the Polish national team, Sousa was announced as the new manager of Flamengo in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A on a two-year contract. Having observed the first two games of the Campeonato Carioca season, he won 3–0 at home to Boavista on his debut on 2 February 2022; his team lost the final 3–1 on aggregate to rivals Fluminense.


title: Postage stamp

text: A postage stamp is a small piece of paper issued by a post office, postal administration, or other authorized vendors to customers who pay postage (the cost involved in moving, insuring, or registering mail), who then affix the stamp to the face or address-side of any item of mail—an envelope or other postal cover (e.g., packet, box, mailing cylinder)—that they wish to send. The item is then processed by the postal system, where a postmark or cancellation mark—in modern usage indicating date and point of origin of mailing—is applied to the stamp and its left and right sides to prevent its reuse. The item is then delivered to its addressee.


title: Postage stamp

text: Always featuring the name of the issuing nation (with the exception of the United Kingdom), a denomination of its value, and often an illustration of persons, events, institutions, or natural realities that symbolize the nation's traditions and values, every stamp is printed on a piece of usually rectangular, but sometimes triangular or otherwise shaped special custom-made paper whose back is either glazed with an adhesive gum or self-adhesive.


title: Postage stamp

text: Because governments issue stamps of different denominations in unequal numbers and routinely discontinue some lines and introduce others, and because of their illustrations and association with the social and political realities of the time of their issue, they are often prized for their beauty and historical significance by stamp collectors whose study of their history and of mailing systems is called philately. Because collectors often buy stamps from an issuing agency with no intention to use them for postage, the revenues from such purchases and payments of postage can make them a source of net profit to that agency. On 1 May 1840, the Penny Black, the first adhesive postage stamp, was issued in the United Kingdom. Within three years postage stamps were introduced in Switzerland and Brazil, a little later in the United States, and by 1860, they were in 90 countries around the world. The first postage stamps did not need to show the issuing country, so no country name was included on them. Thus the United Kingdom remains the only country in the world to omit its name on postage stamps; the monarch's image signifies the United Kingdom as the country of origin.


title: Postage stamp

text: Throughout modern history, numerous methods were used to indicate that postage had been paid on a mailed item, so several different men have received credit for inventing the postage stamp.


title: Postage stamp

text: In 1680, William Dockwra, an English merchant in London, and his partner Robert Murray established the London Penny Post, a mail system that delivered letters and small parcels inside the city of London for the sum of one penny. Confirmation of paid postage was indicated by the use of a hand "stamp" to frank the mailed item. Though this "stamp" was applied to the letter or parcel itself, rather than to a separate piece of paper, it is considered by many historians to be the world's first postage stamp.


title: Postage stamp

text: In 1835, the civil servant Lovrenc Košir from Ljubljana in Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia), suggested the use of "artificially affixed postal tax stamps" using "gepresste Papieroblate" ("pressed paper wafers"), but although civil bureaucrats considered the suggestion in detail, it was not adopted. The 'Papieroblate' were to produce stamps as paper decals so thin as to prevent their reuse.


title: Postage stamp

text: In 1836, Robert Wallace, a Member of (British) Parliament, gave Sir Rowland Hill numerous books and documents about the postal service, which Hill described as a "half hundred weight of material". After a detailed study, on 4 January 1837 Hill submitted a pamphlet entitled "Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability", marked "private and confidential", and not released to the general public, to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Thomas Spring Rice. The Chancellor summoned Hill to a meeting at which he suggested improvements and changes to be presented in a supplement, which Hill duly produced and submitted on 28 January 1837.