title: Maria Canals-Barrera

text: Canals-Barrera has voiced Shayera Hol/Hawkgirl in a lead role in "Justice League" (2001–2004) and "Justice League Unlimited" (2004–2006) and in a guest appearance in "Static Shock" as part of the DC Animated Universe, Sunset Boulevardez in "The Proud Family" (2001–2005) and Paulina in "Danny Phantom" (2004–2007).


title: Maria Canals-Barrera

text: Canals-Barrera was born and raised in Miami, Florida, to Cuban parents of Catalan descent. Canals-Barrera also speaks Spanish and took drama classes in junior high school.


title: Maria Canals-Barrera

text: Canals-Barrera graduated from Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior High School before winning a theatrical scholarship to the University of Miami.


title: Maria Canals-Barrera

text: In her early years, Canals-Barrera worked extensively in theater in both Miami and Los Angeles. In 1990, she starred as Amanda in a production of "The Glass Menagerie". In 1992, she starred in a production of Brian Michael Riley's "A Cradle of Sparrows". The same year, she began starring on Telemundo Spanish-language telenovela "Marielena". She later had the recurring role in the short-lived 1993 Fox comedy-drama series, "Key West". During the 1990s, Canals-Barrera also guest starred in a number of television series, such as "21 Jump Street", "Murder, She Wrote", "Almost Perfect", and "Caroline in the City". In 1996, she starred as the title character in a production of "Hedda Gabler". The next year she played Digna in a production of Guillermo Reyes' "Chilean Holiday".


title: Maria Canals-Barrera

text: Her first regular role was on the short-lived NBC sitcom "The Tony Danza Show" in 1997. In early 2000s, Canals-Barrera had supporting roles in films "America's Sweethearts", "The Master of Disguise" and "Imagining Argentina". She has gained much recognition with comic book fans in recent years for her role as Hawkgirl/Shayera Hol on Bruce Timm's "Justice League" animated series (2001–04) and "Justice League Unlimited" (2005–06). She also had a recurring role in "Static Shock" as news reporter Shelly Sandoval, and in "Danny Phantom" as Paulina, the title character's high school crush. She also performed the voice of Mercedes "Meche" Colomar in the 1998 video game "Grim Fandango". Canals-Barrera also played incidental characters in two episodes on the TV series "The Boondocks" ("Grandad's Fight" and "Home Alone").


title: Maria Canals-Barrera

text: From 2007 to 2012, Canals-Barrera co-starred as Theresa Russo, the mother of lead character Alex Russo (played by Selena Gomez), in the Disney Channel family sitcom "Wizards of Waverly Place". She also co-starred in "", a 2009 Disney Channel Original movie based on series. Canals-Barrera also appeared in the Disney Channel Original Movies "Camp Rock" (2008) and "" (2010) as Connie Torres, the mother of Demi Lovato's character. In 2011, she appeared opposite Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts in the romantic comedy film "Larry Crowne".


title: Maria Canals-Barrera

text: In 2014, Canals-Barrera was cast as Hilda, the house manager of the country club where most of the action takes place, in the ABC soapy comedy-drama series "Members Only" created by Susannah Grant. However, it got cancelled by the network before its premiere. Later in that year she joined the cast of ABC comedy series "Cristela", as Cristela Alonzo's character sister.


title: Maria Canals-Barrera

text: On August 27, 2018, it was revealed by TVLine that Canals-Barrera was cast as the mother of Fernando Hernandez-Guerrero-Fernandez-Guerrero on the Netflix series "Fuller House".


title: Integer overflow

text: In computer programming, an integer overflow occurs when an arithmetic operation attempts to create a numeric value that is outside of the range that can be represented with a given number of digits – either higher than the maximum or lower than the minimum representable value.


title: Integer overflow

text: The most common result of an overflow is that the least significant representable digits of the result are stored; the result is said to "wrap" around the maximum (i.e. modulo a power of the radix, usually two in modern computers, but sometimes ten or another radix).


title: Integer overflow

text: An overflow condition may give results leading to unintended behavior. In particular, if the possibility has not been anticipated, overflow can compromise a program's reliability and security.


title: Integer overflow

text: For some applications, such as timers and clocks, wrapping on overflow can be desirable. The C11 standard states that for unsigned integers, modulo wrapping is the defined behavior and the term overflow never applies: "a computation involving unsigned operands can never overflow."


title: Integer overflow

text: On some processors like graphics processing units (GPUs) and digital signal processors (DSPs) which support saturation arithmetic, overflowed results would be "clamped", i.e. set to the minimum or the maximum value in the representable range, rather than wrapped around.


title: Integer overflow

text: The register width of a processor determines the range of values that can be represented in its registers. Though the vast majority of computers can perform multiple-precision arithmetic on operands in memory, allowing numbers to be arbitrarily long and overflow to be avoided, the register width limits the sizes of numbers that can be operated on (e.g., added or subtracted) using a single instruction per operation. Typical binary register widths for unsigned integers include:


title: Integer overflow

text: When an unsigned arithmetic operation produces a result larger than the maximum above for an N-bit integer, an overflow reduces the result to modulo N-th power of 2, retaining only the least significant bits of the result and effectively causing a "wrap around".


title: Integer overflow

text: In particular, multiplying or adding two integers may result in a value that is unexpectedly small, and subtracting from a small integer may cause a wrap to a large positive value (for example, 8-bit integer addition 255 + 2 results in 1, which is , and similarly subtraction 0 − 1 results in 255, a two's complement representation of −1).


title: Integer overflow

text: Such wraparound may cause security detriments—if an overflowed value is used as the number of bytes to allocate for a buffer, the buffer will be allocated unexpectedly small, potentially leading to a buffer overflow which, depending on the use of the buffer, might in turn cause arbitrary code execution.


title: Integer overflow

text: If the variable has a signed integer type, a program may make the assumption that a variable always contains a positive value. An integer overflow can cause the value to wrap and become negative, which violates the program's assumption and may lead to unexpected behavior (for example, 8-bit integer addition of 127 + 1 results in −128, a two's complement of 128). (A solution for this particular problem is to use unsigned integer types for values that a program expects and assumes will never be negative.)


title: Integer overflow

text: The carry flag is set when the result of an addition or subtraction, considering the operands and result as unsigned numbers, does not fit in the given number of bits. This indicates an overflow with a "carry" or "borrow" from the most significant bit. An immediately following "add with carry" or "subtract with borrow" operation would use the contents of this flag to modify a register or a memory location that contains the higher part of a multi-word value.


title: Integer overflow

text: The overflow flag is set when the result of an operation on signed numbers does not have the sign that one would predict from the signs of the operands, e.g., a negative result when adding two positive numbers. This indicates that an overflow has occurred and the signed result represented in two's complement form would not fit in the given number of bits.


title: Integer overflow

text: For an unsigned type, when the ideal result of an operation is outside the type's representable range and the returned result is obtained by wrapping, then this event is commonly defined as an overflow. In contrast, the C11 standard defines that this event is not an overflow and states "a computation involving unsigned operands can never overflow."


title: Integer overflow

text: When the ideal result of an integer operation is outside the type's representable range and the returned result is obtained by clamping, then this event is commonly defined as a saturation. Use varies as to whether a saturation is or is not an overflow. To eliminate ambiguity, the terms wrapping overflow and saturating overflow can be used.


title: Integer overflow

text: The term underflow is most commonly used for floating-point math and not for integer math. However, many references can be found to integer underflow. When the term integer underflow is used, it means the ideal result was closer to minus infinity than the output type's representable value closest to minus infinity. When the term integer underflow is used, the definition of overflow may include all types of overflows, or it may only include cases where the ideal result was closer to positive infinity than the output type's representable value closest to positive infinity.


title: Integer overflow

text: When the ideal result of an operation is not an exact integer, the meaning of overflow can be ambiguous in edge cases. Consider the case where the ideal result has a value of 127.25 and the output type's maximum representable value is 127. If overflow is defined as the ideal value being outside the representable range of the output type, then this case would be classified as an overflow. For operations that have well defined rounding behavior, overflow classification may need to be postponed until after rounding is applied. The C11 standard defines that conversions from floating point to integer must round toward zero. If C is used to convert the floating point value 127.25 to integer, then rounding should be applied first to give an ideal integer output of 127. Since the rounded integer is in the outputs range, the C standard would not classify this conversion as an overflow.


title: Integer overflow

text: The behavior on occurrence of overflow may not be consistent in all circumstances. For example, in the language Rust, while functionality is provided to give users choice and control, the behavior for basic use of mathematic operators is naturally fixed; however, this fixed behavior differs between a program built in 'debug' mode and one built in 'release' mode. In C, unsigned integer overflow is defined to wrap around, while signed integer overflow causes undefined behavior.


title: Integer overflow

text: Run-time overflow detection implementation codice_1 (undefined behavior sanitizer) is available for C compilers.


title: Integer overflow

text: Computer emergency response team (CERT) developed the As-if Infinitely Ranged (AIR) integer model, a largely automated mechanism to eliminate integer overflow and truncation in C/C++ using run-time error handling.


title: Integer overflow

text: By allocating variables with data types that are large enough to contain all values that may possibly be computed and stored in them, it is always possible to avoid overflow. Even when the available space or the fixed data types provided by a programming language or environment are too limited to allow for variables to be defensively allocated with generous sizes, by carefully ordering operations and checking operands in advance, it is often possible to ensure "a priori" that the result will never be larger than can be stored. Static analysis tools, formal verification and design by contract techniques can be used to more confidently and robustly ensure that an overflow cannot accidentally result.


title: Integer overflow

text: If it is anticipated that overflow may occur, then tests can be inserted into the program to detect when it happens, or is about to happen, and do other processing to mitigate it. For example, if an important result computed from user input overflows, the program can stop, reject the input, and perhaps prompt the user for different input, rather than the program proceeding with the invalid overflowed input and probably malfunctioning as a consequence. This full process can be automated: it is possible to automatically synthesize a handler for an integer overflow, where the handler is, for example, a clean exit.


title: Integer overflow

text: CPUs generally have a way to detect this to support addition of numbers larger than their register size, typically using a status bit. The technique is called multiple-precision arithmetic. Thus, it is possible to add two numbers each two bytes wide using just a byte addition in steps: first add the low bytes then add the high bytes, but if it is necessary to carry out of the low bytes this is arithmetic overflow of the byte addition and it becomes necessary to detect and increment the sum of the high bytes.


title: Integer overflow

text: Handling possible overflow of a calculation may sometimes present a choice between performing a check "before" a calculation (to determine whether or not overflow is going to occur), or "after" it (to consider whether or not it likely occurred based on the resulting value). Caution should be shown towards the latter choice. Firstly, since it may not be a reliable detection method (for example, an addition may not necessarily wrap to a lower value). Secondly, because the occurrence of overflow itself may in some cases be undefined behavior. In the C language, overflow of unsigned integers results in wrapping, but overflow of signed integers is undefined behavior. Consequently, a C compiler is free to assume that the programmer has ensured that signed overflow cannot possibly occur and thus it may silently optimise out any check subsequent to the calculation that involves checking the result to detect it without giving the programmer any warning that this has been done. It is thus advisable to always implement checks before calculations, not after them.


title: Integer overflow

text: If a value is too large to be stored it can be assigned a special value indicating that overflow has occurred and then have all successive operations return this flag value. Such values are sometimes referred to as NaN, for "not a number". This is useful so that the problem can be checked once at the end of a long calculation rather than after each step. This is often supported in floating-point hardware called FPUs.


title: Integer overflow

text: Programming languages implement various mitigation methods against an accidental overflow: Ada, Seed7, and certain variants of functional languages trigger an exception condition on overflow, while Python (since 2.4) seamlessly converts internal representation of the number to match its growth, eventually representing it as codice_2 – whose ability is only limited by the available memory.


title: Integer overflow

text: In languages with native support for arbitrary-precision arithmetic and type safety (such as Python, Smalltalk, or Common Lisp), numbers are promoted to a larger size automatically when overflows occur, or exceptions thrown (conditions signaled) when a range constraint exists. Using such languages may thus be helpful to mitigate this issue. However, in some such languages, situations are still possible where an integer overflow can occur. An example is explicit optimization of a code path which is considered a bottleneck by the profiler. In the case of Common Lisp, this is possible by using an explicit declaration to type-annotate a variable to a machine-size word (fixnum) and lower the type safety level to zero for a particular code block.


title: Integer overflow

text: In stark contrast to older languages such as C, some newer languages such as Rust provide built-in functions that allow easy detection and user choice over how overflow should be handled case-by-case. In Rust, while use of basic mathematic operators naturally lacks such flexibility, users can alternatively perform calculations via a set of methods provided by each of the integer primitive types. These methods give users several choices between performing a "checked" (or "overflowing") operation (which indicates whether or not overflow occurred via the return type); an 'unchecked' operation; an operation that performs wrapping, or an operation which performs saturation at the numeric bounds.


title: Integer overflow

text: In computer graphics or signal processing, it is typical to work on data that ranges from 0 to 1 or from −1 to 1. For example, take a grayscale image where 0 represents black, 1 represents white, and the values in between represent shades of gray. One operation that one may want to support is brightening the image by multiplying every pixel by a constant. Saturated arithmetic allows one to just blindly multiply every pixel by that constant without worrying about overflow by just sticking to a reasonable outcome that all these pixels larger than 1 (i.e., "brighter than white") just become white and all values "darker than black" just become black.


title: Integer overflow

text: Unanticipated arithmetic overflow is a fairly common cause of program errors. Such overflow bugs may be hard to discover and diagnose because they may manifest themselves only for very large input data sets, which are less likely to be used in validation tests.


title: Integer overflow

text: Taking the arithmetic mean of two numbers by adding them and dividing by two, as done in many search algorithms, causes error if the sum (although not the resulting mean) is too large to be represented and hence overflows.


title: Integer overflow

text: An unhandled arithmetic overflow in the engine steering software was the primary cause of the crash of the 1996 maiden flight of the Ariane 5 rocket. The software had been considered bug-free since it had been used in many previous flights, but those used smaller rockets which generated lower acceleration than Ariane 5. Frustratingly, the part of the software in which the overflow error occurred was not even required to be running for the Ariane 5 at the time that it caused the rocket to fail: it was a launch-regime process for a smaller predecessor of the Ariane 5 that had remained in the software when it was adapted for the new rocket. Further, the true cause of the failure was a flaw in the engineering specification of how the software dealt with the overflow when it was detected: it did a diagnostic dump to its bus, which would have been connected to test equipment during software testing during development but was connected to the rocket steering motors during flight; the data dump drove the engine nozzle hard to one side which put the rocket out of aerodynamic control and precipitated its rapid breakup in the air.


title: Integer overflow

text: On 30 April 2015, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration announced it will order Boeing 787 operators to reset its electrical system periodically, to avoid an integer overflow which could lead to loss of electrical power and ram air turbine deployment, and Boeing deployed a software update in the fourth quarter. The European Aviation Safety Agency followed on 4 May 2015. The error happens after 2 hundredths of a second (about ceil(2^31/100/3600/24) days), indicating a 32-bit signed integer.


title: Integer overflow

text: Overflow bugs are evident in some computer games. In "Super Mario Bros." for the NES, the stored number of lives is a signed byte (ranging from −128 to 127) meaning the player can safely have 127 lives, but when the player reaches their 128th life, the counter rolls over to zero lives (although the number counter is glitched before this happens) and stops keeping count. As such, if the player then dies it's an immediate game over. This is caused said data overflow, as the developers may not have thought said number of lives could be earned.


title: Integer overflow

text: In the arcade game "Donkey Kong", it is impossible to advance past level 22 due to an integer overflow in its time/bonus. The game calculates the time/bonus by taking the level number a user is on, multiplying it by 10, and adding 40. When they reach level 22, the time/bonus number is 260, which is too large for its 8-bit 256 value register, so it overflows to a value of 4 – too short to finish the level. In "Donkey Kong Jr. Math", when trying to calculate a number over 10,000, it shows only the first 4 digits. Overflow is the cause of the famous "split-screen" level in "Pac-Man". Such a bug also caused the "Far Lands" in "Minecraft" which existed from the Infdev development period to Beta 1.7.3; it was later fixed in Beta 1.8 but still exists in "Minecraft" Pocket Edition and Windows 10 Edition.


title: Integer overflow

text: In the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) game Lamborghini American Challenge, the player can cause their amount of money to drop below $0 during a race by being fined over the limit of remaining money after paying the fee for a race, which glitches the integer and grants the player $65,535,000 more than it would have had after going negative.


title: Integer overflow

text: A similar glitch occurs in where the player can drop into a negative amount by fast travelling without sufficient funds, then proceeding to the event where the player gets robbed and has all of their currency taken away. After the game attempts to take the player's money away to an amount of $0, the player is granted 2147482963 in game currency.


title: Integer overflow

text: IBM–Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM) version 1.00, and likely all other programs built by the same Pascal compiler, had an integer overflow and signedness error in the stack setup code, which prevented them from running on newer DOS machines or emulators under some common configurations with more than 512 KB of memory. The program either hangs or displays an error message and exits to DOS.


title: Integer overflow

text: In August 2016, a casino machine at Resorts World casino printed a prize ticket of $42,949,672.76 as a result of an overflow bug. The casino refused to pay this amount, calling it a malfunction, using in their defense that the machine clearly stated that the maximum payout was $10,000, so any prize exceeding that had to be the result of a programming bug. The New York State Gaming Commission ruled in favor of the casino.


title: Dire Straits (album)

text: Dire Straits is the debut studio album by the British rock band Dire Straits released on 9 June 1978 by Vertigo Records, internationally, Warner Bros. Records in the United States and Mercury Records in Canada. The album has the hit single "Sultans of Swing", which reached number 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and number 8 on the UK Singles Chart. The album reached the top of the album charts in Germany, Australia and France, number 2 in the United States and number 5 in the United Kingdom. "Dire Straits" was later certified double platinum in both the United States and the United Kingdom.


title: Dire Straits (album)

text: "Dire Straits" was recorded at Basing Street Studios in London from 13 February to 5 March 1978. Knopfler used a few guitars for the recording, including a pair of red Fender Stratocasters—one from 1961 (serial number 68354) and one from 1962 (serial number 80470). He played his 1938 National Style O 14 fret guitar (serial number B1844) on "Water of Love" and "Wild West End". He also used a black Telecaster Thinline (serial number 226254) on "Setting Me Up". David played a black Fender Stratocaster and a Harmony Sovereign acoustic guitar. The album was produced by Muff Winwood, and engineered by Rhett Davies, assisted by Greg Cobb.


title: Dire Straits (album)

text: The album was released in the US on 20 October 1978. The first single released was "Sultans of Swing" which first broke into the United States top five early in the spring of 1979, becoming a hit a full five months after the album was released there, and then reached number eight in the UK Singles Chart. "Water of Love" was also released as a single in some countries, and charted in Australia, reaching number 54, and in the Netherlands, reaching number 28.


title: Dire Straits (album)

text: "Sultans of Swing" was re-released as a single in the UK in November 1988 to promote the greatest hits compilation "Money for Nothing", released in October that year.


title: Dire Straits (album)

text: The album was remastered and reissued with the rest of the Dire Straits catalogue in 1996 to most of the world excluding the U.S. and on 19 September 2000 in the United States.


title: Dire Straits (album)

text: The album cover artwork is designed by Hothouse, who commissioned the cover painting from Chuck Loyola. The Dire Straits Fender logo, which appears on the back cover, was designed by Geoff Halpern.


title: Dire Straits (album)

text: Dire Straits promoted the release of their first single and album with the Dire Straits Tour, which started on 6 June 1978 at the Lafayette Club in Wolverhampton, included 55 shows, ending on 18 November 1978 at the College of Education in Hitchin. The European tour included concerts in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. These concerts presented Dire Straits with their largest audiences to that date. The first leg of the tour promoted their first single, "Sultans of Swing". This first leg took the band around Great Britain in June and July 1978, performing in England, Scotland and Wales. The band typically performed in small halls with a maximum capacity of 1,000. The second leg of the tour promoted the band's debut album. This leg took the band to several European countries, where they met journalists and performed on television programmes.


title: Dire Straits (album)

text: In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four out of five stars, calling it "remarkably accomplished for a debut". Erlewine praised Knopfler's "spare, tasteful guitar lines and his husky warbling" and his "inclination toward Dylanesque imagery, which enhances the smoky, low-key atmosphere of the album".


title: Dire Straits (album)

text: In his review for "Rolling Stone" magazine, Ken Tucker wrote that the band "plays tight, spare mixtures of rock, folk and country music with a serene spirit and witty irony. It's almost as if they were aware that their forte has nothing to do with what's currently happening in the industry, but couldn't care less." Tucker singled out "Sultans of Swing" for its "inescapable hook" and "Bob Dylan-like snarl in its vocal". He also praised "Setting Me Up" as a "heavenly number, funny and bitter".


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: Chalcedonian Christianity is the branch of Christianity that accepts and upholds theological and ecclesiological resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon, the Fourth Ecumenical Council, held in 451. Chalcedonian Christianity accepts the Christological Definition of Chalcedon, a Christian doctrine concerning the union of two natures (divine and human) in one hypostasis of Jesus Christ, who is thus acknowledged as a single person (prosopon). Chalcedonian Christianity also accepts the Chalcedonian confirmation of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, thus acknowledging the commitment of Chalcedonism to Nicene Christianity.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: In regard to their specific attitudes towards theological resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon, Christian denominations (both historical and modern) can be divided into:


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: Today, Chalcedonian Christianity encompasses the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and Protestant denominations, while non-Chalcedonian, or Miaphysite, Christianity encompasses the Oriental Orthodox Churches and, indirectly, the Church of the East.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: The dogmatic disputes raised during the Council of Chalcedon led to the Chalcedonian Schism thus to the formation of the Non-Chalcedonian body of churches known as Oriental Orthodoxy. The Chalcedonian churches remained united with the Holy See of Rome, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (or "New Rome") and the Eastern Orthodox patriarchates of the Middle East (namely Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem). Together, these five patriarchates were considered the pillars of orthodox catholic Christendom and of the Chalcedonian confession of faith. During the 6th-century reign of Emperor Justinian I, the five patriarchates were recognised as the Pentarchy, the official ecclesiastical authority of the Imperial Christian Church.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: Pre-Chalcedonian Christianity was mainly based on Paul. John of Tella described the foundations of pre-Chalcedeonian Christianity:


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: And [the council of Nicaea] considered and saw widely where it set up its building; and the divine Paul, wise among spiritual master-builders, invoked them, and showed them the true foundation, a rock that can not be shaken; on it they will place and build their building; and those he spoke before them when he was saying: Another foundation except for you this you should not constitute, this is Jesus Christ; it was on this that Simeon built and John; on it that Thomas completed [his mission] in Cush. And in Egypt Mark built upon it, and Addai the house of the Medians, Persians and Parthians. And it was on this that the apostle Matthew built in Palestine, and Jacob, the brother of our Lord.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: He believed this foundation was abandoned at Chalcedon: "the council of Chalcedon builds not at all on the foundation that the divine master-builder Paul has set up, but on the sand that Nestorius, the confused and dethroned builder, put to it".


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: Today, the great majority of Christian denominations can be considered descended from the Pentarchy, subscribing to Chalcedonian Christianity, broadly divided into the Roman Catholic Church in the predominantly Latin-speaking West, the Eastern Orthodox Church in the predominantly Greek-speaking East, and the Protestant denominations created in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: The groups that rejected Chalcedon's Christological definition were the majority of the Armenian, Coptic, and Ethiopian Christians, together with a part of the Indian and Syriac Christians (the latter of which came to be identified as "Jacobites"). Today, such groups are known collectively as the Non-Chalcedonian, Miaphysite, or Oriental Orthodox churches.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: Some Armenian Christians, especially in the region of Cappadocia and Trebizond inside the Byzantine Empire, accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon and engaged in polemics against the Armenian Apostolic Church.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: After the conclusion of Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572–591, direct rule of the Byzantine Empire was extended to all western parts of Armenia, and Emperor Maurice (582–602) soon decided to strengthen his political control over the entire region by supporting the local pro-Chalcedonian faction of the Armenian Church. In 593, a regional council of western Armenian bishops was convened in the city of Theodosiopolis, and proclaimed allegiance to the Chalcedonian Definition.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: The council also elected John (Yohannes, or Hovhannes) of Bagaran as the new Catholicos of the Chalcedonian Armenians.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: Those present at the Council of Chalcedon accepted Trinitarianism and the concept of hypostatic union, and rejected Arianism, Modalism, and Ebionism as heresies (which had also been rejected at the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325). Those present at the council also rejected the Christological doctrines of the Nestorians, Eutychians, and monophysites (these doctrines had also been rejected at the First Council of Ephesus in 431).


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: The Chalcedonian understanding of how the divine and human relate in Jesus Christ is that the humanity and divinity are exemplified as two natures and that the one hypostasis of the "Logos" perfectly subsists in these two natures. The Non-Chalcedonians hold the position of miaphysitism (sometimes called monophysitism by their opponents). Miaphysitism holds that in the one person of Jesus Christ, divinity and humanity are united in one nature, the two being united without separation, without confusion and without alteration. That led many members of the two churches to condemn each other: the Chalcedonians condemning the Non-Chalcedonians as Eutychian Monophysites, and the Non-Chalcedonians condemning the Chalcedonians as Nestorians.


title: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: Later interpreters of the council held that Chalcedonian Christology also rejected monothelitism and monoenergism (rejected at the Third Council of Constantinople in 680). Those who did not accept the Chalcedonian Christology now call themselves "non-Chalcedonian". Historically, they called themselves Miaphysites or Cyrillians (after St Cyril of Alexandria, whose writing "On the Unity of Christ" was adopted by them and taken as their standard) and were called by Orthodox Christians monophysites. Those who held to the non-Chalcedonian Christologies called the doctrine of Chalcedon "dyophysitism". In turn, they considered themselves to be Orthodox Christians and called the Chalcedonians, Nestorians.


title: Foster Brooks

text: Foster Brooks (May 11, 1912 – December 20, 2001) was an American actor and comedian best known for his portrayal of a lovable drunk in nightclub performances and television programs.


title: Foster Brooks

text: Brooks was born in Louisville, Kentucky on May 11, 1912, to Edna (née Megowan) and Pleasant M. Brooks. He had seven brothers. His career started in radio, notably with station WHAS (AM) in Louisville. He was a staff announcer, and his deep baritone voice was also well-suited for singing. Brooks gained fame for his reporting of the Ohio River flood of 1937, where he was featured on emergency broadcasts by WHAS and also WSM (AM) from Nashville, Tennessee. In 1952, Brooks appeared on local TV in a short-lived spoof of Gene Autry and his "Singing Cowboys".


title: Foster Brooks

text: He later worked in local broadcasting as a radio and TV personality at WHAM (AM) in Rochester, New York and at WGR & WKBW in Buffalo, where he hosted "The Musical Clock" and "Million Dollar Ballroom". In Buffalo, Brooks also performed with a country and western vocal group known as the Hi-Hatters. In 1997 Brooks was inducted into the Buffalo Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame. Moving to the West Coast, he launched a career as a stand-up comic and character actor.


title: Foster Brooks

text: In 1960, Brooks moved with his family to Los Angeles to seek more professional opportunities. During this time, he appeared on television comedies such as "The Munsters", "The Monkees" and "Bewitched". Brooks also delivered Christmas mail and phone books, and managed an apartment building in North Hollywood. In addition, he worked as a security guard for the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team.


title: Foster Brooks

text: On the syndicated "Steve Allen Show" of the 1960s, Allen introduced Brooks as an important movie producer. Brooks stumbled on stage doing his drunk act, fooling some of the other guests. Brooks claimed to be the executive in charge of editing movies for television. His biggest success, he said, was the famous movie "The Three Commandments". His character also claimed to have invented the concept of removing clips from the movies and inserting commercials.


title: Foster Brooks

text: In 1969, game show icon and television personality Dennis James took his friend Brooks to a North Carolina charity golf tournament to tell some jokes, and then introduced Brooks to good friend, singer Perry Como, who in turn gave the comedian his major break. Como chose Brooks to open for him at a Las Vegas hotel. When the hotel's owners balked at Como's choice due to Brooks' age and lack of fame, Como insisted and the owners acquiesced. Brooks was an instant hit. He made his first appearance soon thereafter on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson".


title: Foster Brooks

text: Brooks regularly appeared on "The Dean Martin Show" television program in the 1970s (for which he garnered an Emmy Award nomination in 1974) as well as many situation comedies, talk shows (including "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson"), and a few films.


title: Foster Brooks

text: His signature routine was the basis of a hit comedy album titled "Foster Brooks, The Lovable Lush", released in the early 1970s. As his "Lovable Lush" character, Brooks usually portrayed a conventioneer who had had a few too many drinks—not falling-down drunk, but inebriated enough to mix up his words and burp to comedic delight. Brooks is best remembered for his appearances on "The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast" during the 1970s, where he roasted other comedians, such as Don Rickles, Johnny Carson and Lucille Ball, and serious public figures such as writer Truman Capote, consumer activist Ralph Nader, and former vice president Hubert Humphrey.


title: Foster Brooks

text: During his period of greatest fame, Brooks rarely drank. Of giving up drinking to win a bet in 1964, Brooks said, "A fellow made me a $10 bet I couldn't quit, and I haven't had a drink since. At the time I needed the $10."


title: Foster Brooks

text: He would occasionally make cameo appearances in which his character was perfectly sober, such as his appearance in a 1968 episode of "Adam-12" playing a strait-laced citizen who tries to get out of a parking ticket by dropping the name of an officer senior to the main characters. He also played the character Harry Sachs in a 1969 episode of "Adam-12" in which he performed as a highly intoxicated man standing in the middle of a street, waving his suit jacket at oncoming traffic, as if he were a bullfighter. In a later "Adam-12" episode, he plays a stoned man, stopped for erratic driving, who tries to hide the burning marijuana "joint" in his suit's front pocket. In a more serious "Adam-12" appearance, he portrayed a drunken driver who killed another driver in an accident on Christmas Eve.


title: Foster Brooks

text: On the comedy series "Green Acres" in the 1969 episode "Economy Flight to Washington", Brooks' boozy, bobble-headed character meets and befriends the pig Arnold Ziffel in a hotel bar. In the scene, ostensibly through the haze of alcohol, Brooks mistakes the anthropomorphic pig for a U.S. Air Force lieutenant, since the animal is sitting on a bar stool and is wearing a white leather aviator's cap, goggles, and a red scarf. Brooks acted again on "Green Acres" in 1969, this time giving a "sober" performance as Charlie Williams, a chemist, in the episode "The Milk Maker." The following year he returned to his whiskey-soaked persona on the television western "The High Chaparral". Brooks asked Dean Martin to join his group "Alcoholics Unanimous," a play on Alcoholics Anonymous. He boasted he and Martin were charter members of the DUI (Driving Under the Influence) Hall of Fame.


title: Foster Brooks

text: In the 1970s, Brooks appeared as a celebrity panelist on the game shows "Hollywood Squares" and "Match Game", and in 1979, he appeared in the film "The Villain" as a bank clerk.


title: Foster Brooks

text: Public sensibilities had changed regarding alcoholics and public drunkenness by the 1980s, so Brooks moved away from his drunken character. In 1983, Brooks appeared in the film "Cannonball Run II" with comedians Louis Nye and Sid Caesar as fishermen in a rowboat. He had a recurring role as Mr. Sternhagen, Mindy's boss on "Mork & Mindy". His name was a moniker on a Louisville celebrity golf tournament benefiting Kosair Charities. Brooks was a Shriner and member of the Al Malaikah Shriners, Los Angeles. He also made occasional guest appearances on TV shows in which he would demonstrate his singing voice.


title: Foster Brooks

text: Years later Brooks was referred to on the Cartoon Network television show "Space Ghost Coast to Coast" (episode 45, "Switcheroo II"). He was featured in a scene that was cut before being aired, but the scene was later included on the "Space Ghost Coast to Coast" volume 3 DVD release. He is also referenced on an episode of "Get a Life" called "Paperboy 2000". On the March 1, 2010, episode of "The Daily Show", Jon Stewart referred to Senator Sheldon Whitehouse's mispronunciation of a constituent's name by saying, "It's not supposed to end on a Foster Brooks hiccup." He was mentioned in the lyrics of a Loudon Wainwright song, "Drinks Before Dinner."


title: Foster Brooks

text: Brooks was first married to Loretta Brooks, with whom he had a son, F. Richard, and three daughters: JoAnn, Patricia, and Diane, who died in infancy. Foster and Loretta divorced in 1950. That same year, he married Teri Brooks, with whom he had two daughters, Scotti and Teri. Brooks' brother, Tom, was a well-known entertainer in Louisville for many years. Tom Brooks played "Cactus", a hayseed character and sidekick to Randy Atcher on "T-Bar-V Ranch" and "Hayloft Hoedown", and was an off-screen announcer on WHAS-TV for many years in the 1950s and 1960s.


title: Foster Brooks

text: Brooks died on December 20, 2001, at his home in Encino, California, from heart failure. He was 89 years old.


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

text: Angel Maturino Reséndiz (August 1, 1960 – June 27, 2006), also known as The Railroad Killer, was a Mexican itinerant serial killer suspected in as many as 23 murders across the United States and Mexico during the 1990s. Some also involved sexual assault. He had become known as "The Railroad Killer" as most of his crimes were committed near railroads where he had jumped off the trains which he was using to travel around the country.


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

text: On June 21, 1999, he briefly became the 457th fugitive listed by the FBI on its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list before surrendering to the Texas authorities on July 13, 1999. He was convicted of capital murder in Texas and executed by lethal injection in 2006.


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

text: By illegally jumping on and off trains within and across Mexico, Canada and the United States, generally crossing borders illegally, Reséndiz was able to evade authorities for a considerable time. He used many aliases, but was chiefly known and sought after as "Rafael Resendez-Ramirez". His birth name was Ángel Leoncio Reyes Recendis. United States government records show that he had been deported to Mexico at least four times since first entering the U.S. in 1973.


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

text: Reséndiz killed at least 15 people with rocks, a pickaxe, and other blunt objects, mainly in their homes. He was sometimes referred to as "The Railway Killer" or "The Railcar Killer". After each murder, he would linger in the homes for a while, mainly to eat. Reséndiz took sentimental items and also laid out the victims' driver's licenses to learn about their lives. He stole jewelry and other items and gave them to his wife and mother, who lived in Rodeo, Durango, Mexico. Much of the jewelry was sold or melted down. Some of the stolen items that had been removed from his victims' homes were returned by his wife and mother after his surrender. Money was sometimes left at the scene. He raped some of his female victims; however, rape was probably a secondary intent. Most of his victims were found covered with a blanket or otherwise obscured from immediate view.


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

text: Prior to surrendering at the El Paso bridge, the U.S. Border Patrol had arrested Reséndiz and deported him back to Mexico. Reséndiz's sister, Manuela, had seen her brother's FBI's Most Wanted Poster and feared that her brother might kill someone else, or be killed by the FBI, so she contacted the police. On July 12, 1999, a Texas Ranger, Drew Carter, accompanied by Manuela and a spiritual guide, met up with Reséndiz on a bridge connecting El Paso, Texas with Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Reséndiz surrendered to Carter.


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

text: During a court appearance, Reséndiz accused Carter of lying under oath because Reséndiz's family was under the impression that he would be spared the death penalty. Reséndiz's ultimate fate, however, was decided by a jury, not Carter. In 1999, former Texas Attorney General Jim Mattox, wary of the controversy miring the many confessions and recantations by serial killer Henry Lee Lucas, remarked of Reséndiz, "I hope they don't start pinning on him every crime that happens near a railroad track."


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

text: On June 21, 2006, a Houston judge ruled that Reséndiz was mentally competent to be executed. Upon hearing the judge's ruling, Reséndiz said, "I don't believe in death. I know the body is going to go to waste. But me, as a person, I'm eternal. I'm going to be alive forever." He also described himself as half-man and half-angel and told psychiatrists he could not be executed because he did not believe he could die. These and similar statements led Dr. Pablo Stewart, a bilingual psychiatrist who evaluated Reséndiz on two occasions in 2006, to conclude that Reséndiz was not then competent to be executed as "...delusions had completely taken over [Reséndiz's] thought processes..."


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

text: Despite an appeal pending with the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Reséndiz's death warrant was signed for the murder of Claudia Benton. He was housed in the Polunsky Unit in West Livingston, Texas awaiting execution. He was executed in the Huntsville Unit in Huntsville, Texas, on June 27, 2006, by lethal injection.


title: Ángel Maturino Reséndiz

text: In his final statement, Reséndiz said, "I want to ask if it is in your heart to forgive me. You don't have to. I know I allowed the Devil to rule my life. I just ask you to forgive me and ask the Lord to forgive me for allowing the devil to deceive me. I thank God for having patience in me. I don't deserve to cause you pain. You do not deserve this. I deserve what I am getting." Reséndiz was pronounced dead at 8:05 p.m. CDT (01:05 UTC) on June 27, 2006. Claudia Benton's husband, George, was present at the execution and said Reséndiz was "evil contained in human form, a creature without a soul, no conscience, no sense of remorse, no regard for the sanctity of human life."


title: Talking Heads discography

text: The discography of American new wave band Talking Heads consists of eight studio albums, two live albums, nine compilation albums, one remix album, one video album, 31 singles, and 15 music videos.


title: Roberto Canessa

text: Roberto Jorge Canessa Urta, M.D., (born 17 January 1953) is one of the 16 survivors of the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, which crashed in the Andes mountains on 13 October 1972, and a Uruguayan political figure. He was portrayed by Josh Hamilton in the 1993 feature film, "Alive".


title: Roberto Canessa

text: At the time of the accident, Canessa was a 19-year-old medical student. His fiancée was Laura Surraco, the daughter of a doctor. He graduated from the Stella Maris College (Montevideo) and played for their alumni rugby team, Old Christians Club. Between 1971 and 1979, he played eight matches with the Uruguay national rugby union team, and was also selected in 1980, for the South American Jaguars tour of South Africa.


title: Roberto Canessa

text: It was Canessa who suggested to his fellow survivors that in order to stay alive, they should eat the flesh of the deceased victims of the crash. Together with Fernando Parrado, he spent 10 days trekking through the Andes in search of help for the survivors.


title: Roberto Canessa

text: After the rescue, Canessa recounted how his drive to escape from the mountains was fueled by the thought of his mother and his girlfriend. He later married Laura Surraco, and they had two sons and a daughter. He works as a pediatric cardiologist and motivational speaker.


title: Roberto Canessa

text: Canessa was a candidate in the 1994 Uruguayan presidential elections but he failed to gain public support. Canessa obtained only 0.08% of the vote, lagging far behind former President, Julio María Sanguinetti, whose party returned to power with 30.83% of the public vote.


title: Roberto Canessa

text: During an interview made at CNN en Español, Canessa expressed that he wanted to help the survivors of the tragedy of Chapecoense in Medellín, Colombia.


title: Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)

text: The Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) is the professional head of the British Armed Forces and the most senior uniformed military adviser to the secretary of state for defence and the prime minister of the United Kingdom. The chief of the defence staff is based at the Ministry of Defence and works alongside the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence, the ministry's senior civil servant. The Chief of Defence is the highest ranking officer to currently serve in the armed forces.


text: Constitutionally, the sovereign is the "de jure" commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. However, in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom "de facto" exercises the royal prerogative and provides direction of the Armed Forces through the Ministry of Defence's Defence Council, of which the chief of the defence staff is a member.


text: The current chief of the defence staff is Admiral Sir Tony Radakin, who succeeded General Sir Nick Carter in November 2021. Chiefs of the defence staff are appointed on the recommendation of the secretary of state for defence to the prime minister, before being approved by the monarch.


text: The CDS is supported by a deputy, the Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff, who since 1997 (when the CDS post was downgraded) has been of equivalent rank but is ordinarily from a different service to the CDS. There are also several Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (DCDS) posts who support the VCDS. As of 2015 these are:


text: The CDS maintains a close working relationship with the Ministry of Defence's Permanent Under Secretary, who is the Ministry's senior civil servant, and they both report directly to the Secretary of State for Defence. The CDS focuses on military operations and strategy while the Permanent Under Secretary's remit concerns administrative and financial policy.


text: The post was created in 1959 to reflect the new concept of joint operations that had come to the fore in the Second World War. The first incumbent was Marshal of the RAF Sir William Dickson. Prior to the creation of the post, he had served as the chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, from 1956 onwards. Before 1956, although no permanent post of chairman existed, the three service chiefs took it in turn to act as chairman at meetings. From the post's inception until the mid-to-late 1970s, CDS appointments were granted on a strict rotational basis between the three services. The first break in rotational order was precipitated by the death of Marshal of the RAF Sir Andrew Humphrey.


text: From the creation of the post until 1997, the Chief of the Defence Staff was appointed to the highest rank in the respective branch of the British armed forces to which he belonged, being an admiral of the Fleet, a field marshal or marshal of the Royal Air Force, (NATO rank code OF-10). However, with the post-Cold War reduction in the manpower strength of the British Armed Forces and the additional reasoning that no new 5-star appointments are to be made in peacetime, since 1997 the Chief of the Defence Staff has kept the rank of admiral, general or air chief marshal, (NATO OF-9), which he invariably already holds. However, during the 2010s Guthrie, Boyce, Walker and Stirrup were honorarily promoted to their respective services' senior ranks, sometime after they had each stepped down as CDS. Although there is no policy against a Royal Marines officer being appointed, few officers in the Corps attain a high enough rank to be considered for the post. However, in 2016, Gordon Messenger was promoted to the four star rank of general and appointed as Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff.


text: Customarily, former Chiefs of Defence Staff receive a life peerage on retirement, sitting in the House of Lords as non-political crossbench peers. Their appointment is recommended not via the House of Lords Appointments Commission as is normal procedure, but is instead nominated directly to The King by the Prime Minister, who elects to nominate "a limited number of distinguished public servants" on retirement for a peerage. Sir Jock Stirrup was introduced to the House of Lords on 1 February 2010 as "Baron Stirrup" of Marylebone in the City of Westminster.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: Dhritarashtra (, ISO-15919: Dhr̥tarāṣṭra) was a Kuru king, and the father of the Kauravas in the Hindu epic "Mahabharata". He was the King of the Kuru Kingdom, with its capital at Hastinapura. He was born to Vichitravirya's first wife, Ambika.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: Dhritarashtra was born blind. He fathered one hundred sons and one daughter, Dushala, by his wife, Gandhari and a son, Yuyutsu, by his wife's maid. These children, including the eldest son Duryodhana, but not including Yuyutsu and Dushala, came to be known as the Kauravas.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: A historical Kuru King named Dhritarashtra Vaichitravirya is mentioned in the "Kāṭhaka Saṃhitā" of the Yajurveda ( 1200–900 BCE) as a descendant of the Rigvedic-era King Sudas of the Bharatas. His cattle was reportedly destroyed as a result of the conflict with the "vrātya" ascetics; however, this Vedic mention does not provide corroboration for the accuracy of the Mahabharata's account of his reign. Dhritarashtra did not accept the vratyas into his territory, and with the aid of rituals, the vratyas destroyed his cattle. The group of vratyas were led by Vaka Dālbhi of Panchala.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: With Vichitravirya having died of sickness, Bhishma unable to take the throne because of his vow, and Bahlika's line unwilling to leave the Bahlika Kingdom, there was a succession crisis in Hastinapura. Satyavati invites her son Vyasa to impregnate the queens Ambika and Ambalika under the Niyoga practice. When Vyasa went to impregnate Ambika, his scary appearance frightened her, so she closed her eyes during their union; hence her son was born blind.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: Dhritarashtra, along with his younger half-brother Pandu, was trained in the military arts by Bhishma and Kripacharya. Hindered by his handicap, Dhritarashtra was unable to wield weapons, but had the strength of one hundred thousand elephants due to boon given by Vyasa, and was said to be so strong that he could crush iron with his bare hands.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: When it came time to nominate an heir, Vidura suggested that Pandu would be a better fit because he was not blind. Though bitter about losing his birthright, Dhritarashtra willingly conceded the crown, though this act would seep into the obsession he would have over his crown later in life. Dhritarashtra married Gandhari of Hastinapura's weakened and lowly vassal Gandhara; After their marriage, Gandhari covered her eyes with a blindfold in order to truly experience her husband's blindness. Gandhari and he had one hundred sons, called the Kauravas, and one daughter Dushala. He also had a son named Yuyutsu mothered by a maid.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: After the incident with Rishi Kindama, Pandu retired to the forest. Hence, Dhritarashtra was offered the crown. Through the blessings of Vyasa, he and Gandhari had one hundred sons and a daughter, with his eldest son, Duryodhana, becoming his heir. Upon Duryodhana's birth, ill omens appeared; many sages and priests advised Dhritarashtra and Gandhari to abandon the baby. But they refused to do so; Duryodhana grew up with a princely education and his parents believed that he would be a great heir.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: However, when Pandu died, Kunti and her sons returned to Hastinapura, living alongside Dhritarashtra's children. Yudhishthira, Pandu's eldest son, was older than Duryodhana. Given that Pandu was the king and that Yudhishthira was born of the god Dharma, he had a strong claim to the throne. A succession crisis began; though recognising Yudhishthira's merits, Dhritarashtra favoured his own son, blinded by affection. Upon much pressure from the Brahmins, Vidura, and Bhishma, Dhritarashtra reluctantly named Yudhishthira as his heir.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: After the House of Lac incident, in which the Pandavas are believed to have been immolated, Dhritarashtra mourns, but was able to finally name Duryodhana as his heir. When the Pandavas are revealed to have survived, Duryodhana refuses to cede his title as heir when the sour relations between the Kauravas and the Pandavas simmer. On Bhishma's advice, Dhritarashtra bifurcates the kingdom, giving Hastinapura to Duryodhana and Khandavaprastha to Yudhishthira.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: Shakuni, Gandhari's brother, was a master of dice as he could load them without his opponents having a clue. He, along with his nephew Duryodhana, conspired in a game of dice and invited the Pandavas to gamble. The Pandavas eventually lost their kingdom, wealth, and prestige and were exiled for thirteen years. Draupadi, the wife of the Pandavas, was humiliated in court after Dushasana tried to disrobe her. The blind king only intervened after counselling with Gandhari when Draupadi was going to curse the Kuru dynasty. Though notables like Vikarna and Vidura objected to the sins of Duryodhana, most of the spectators were helpless due to their obligations to Hastinapura; Dhritarashtra could have spoken out, but did not.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: Krishna, as a peace emissary of the Pandavas, travelled to Hastinapura to persuade the Kauravas to avoid the bloodshed of their own kin. However, Duryodhana conspired to arrest him, which resulted in the failure of the mission. After Krishna's peace mission failed and a war seemed inevitable, Vyasa approached Dhritarashtra and offered to grant him a divine vision so that Dhritarashtra could see the war. However, not willing to see his kin slaughtered, Dhritarashtra asked that the boon be given to Sanjaya, his charioteer. Sanjaya dutifully narrated the war to his liege, reporting how Bhima killed all his children. Sanjaya would console the blind king while challenging the king with his own viewpoints and morals. When Lord Krishna displayed his Vishvarupa (True form) to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra, Dhritarashtra regretted not possessing the divine sight.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: Dhritarashtra was confident that Bhishma, Drona, Karna and the other invincible warriors would make the Kaurava camp victorious. He rejoiced whenever the tide of war turned against the Pandavas. However, the results of the war devastated him. All of his sons and grandsons but one were killed in the carnage. Dhritarashtra's only daughter Duhsala was widowed. Yuyutsu had defected to Pandava side at the onset of the war, and was the only son of Dhritarashtra who had managed to survive the Kurukshetra War.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: Dhritarashtra was furious with Bhima for mercilessly slaying all his sons, especially Duryodhana. After the war ended, the victorious Pandavas arrived at Hastinapura for the formal transfer of power. The Pandavas set forth to embrace their uncle and offer him their respects. Dhritarashtra hugged Yudhishthira heartily without a grudge. When Dhritarashtra turned to Bhima, Krishna sensed his intentions and asked Bhima to move Duryodhana's iron statue of Bhima (used by the prince for training) in his place. Dhritarashtra crushed the statue into pieces and then broke down crying, his rage leaving him. Broken and defeated, Dhritarashtra apologised for his folly and wholeheartedly embraced Bhima and the other Pandavas.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: After the great war of "Mahabharata", the grief-stricken blind king along with his wife Gandhari, sister-in-law Kunti, and half brother Vidura left Hastinapura for penance. It is believed that all of them (except Vidura who predeceased him) perished in a forest fire and attained moksha.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: Throughout his reign as King of Hastinapura, Dhritarashtra was torn between the principles of dharma and his love for his son Duryodhana. He often ended up endorsing his son's actions merely out of fatherly love.


title: Dhritarashtra

text: Dhritarashtra is physically strong, yet psychologically weak, easily manipulated by his brother-in-law, Shakuni. Dhritarashtra appears in "Mahabharata" sections that have been circulated as separate scriptures, most notably the "Bhagavad Gita", whose dialogue was narrated to him.


title: The Roommate

text: The Roommate is a 2011 American psychological thriller film directed by Christian E. Christiansen and written by Sonny Mallhi. The film stars Leighton Meester, Minka Kelly, Cam Gigandet, Danneel Harris, Matt Lanter, and Aly Michalka.


title: The Roommate

text: Sara Matthews is starting her freshman year of college in Los Angeles. It begins with meeting the campus party girl, Tracy, who invites her to a frat party. There, Sara also meets musician, Stephen, for whom she feels an immediate attraction. Not realizing that the punch at the party was spiked, Sara gets intoxicated. Upon returning to her dorm room, Sara discovers that her roommate, Rebecca has arrived. The next day, they get to know each other at the campus bookstore. One night, Tracy invites Sarah and Rebecca to go clubbing. Sarah accepts, but Rebecca refuses One, because Rebecca developed an instant dislike of Tracy...Rebecca is unusually conservative for a girl her age, shunning Tracy's attempts to nickname her Becky. Two, she clearly views Tracy as trashy and sluttish. This is further emphasized when Tracy strands her at the nightclub, and has to call Rebecca to come get her at a local diner. The next day, Rebecca takes Sarah to view various art museums. The girls begin to bond and Rebecca learns that Sara had an older sister, Emily, who died when Sara was nine, and an ex-boyfriend, Jason, who keeps calling her in attempts to reconcile. They get even closer when Sara brings home a stray kitten, naming her Cuddles, even though it's against dorm rules.


title: The Roommate

text: Over time, Rebecca's obsession with Sara grows, which causes her to drive away anyone who could come between them. She begins camping outside of Tracy's dorm room, glaring at her malevolently. However, Sara isn't that alarmed when Tracy confronts her with it. Especially when Rebecca blows off what Tracy told Sara claiming that it was Tracy who freaked HER out by knowing her over to get to the bathroom, sick after a night of partying. One night, Rebecca ambushes Tracy in the shower room. Claiming that she is a bad influence, Rebecca attacks Tracy in the shower, pins her down, rips out her belly-button ring, and threatens to kill her unless she stays away from Sara. Tracy moves to another dorm, fearful of Rebecca. An old friend of Sara's named Irene invites Sara to move in with her when Sara's cat Cuddles is discovered by an RA. Rebecca kills Cuddles, putting her into a laundromat dryer, lying to Sara that the cat ran away, and inflicts injuries upon herself and says she was assaulted by a thug. Feeling sympathetic, Sara decides to spend Thanksgiving with Rebecca. When Sara's fashion design professor, Roberts, kisses her, Rebecca plans to get the professor out of the picture by seducing him while recording their dialogue on a tape recorder to make it sound like he was trying to rape her.


title: The Roommate

text: During her Thanksgiving stay, Sara immediately picks up on the tension between Rebecca and her parents. Spending the night with Rebecca in her room, she immediately notices artwork of a beautiful, dark haired girl on her walls. Later, Sara overhears a conversation between Rebecca and her father, hinting Rebecca has had trouble making friends in the past. The next day, Rebecca's mother lets it slip that Rebecca is supposed to be taking medication. Rebecca takes Sara to a local coffee shop that she used to go to everyday. There, Sara has a disturbing encounter with the girl that she recognizes from Rebecca's artwork. She appears to be terrified of Rebecca, immediately bolting outside with her friends. Rebecca brings Sara outside to the girl's table, introducing Sara to her. Named Maria, the girl treats them coldly. As Rebecca and Sara are leaving, Maria walks over to confront Rebecca. In front of Sara, Maria makes it clear to Rebecca that the two of them were never friends. Sara now realizes that in the past, Rebecca most likely had been stalking Maria.


title: The Roommate

text: By now, Sara is beginning to realize that Rebecca was nothing like the person that she initially thought she was. That something was very, very wrong here. Deciding to investigate while Rebecca went out, claiming to go to the art studio, Sara and Stephen find a bottle of unused Zyprexa pills. Sara discovers that this is a psychlotropic medication used to treat schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Stephen points out that he doesnt believe Rebecca was ever taking her medication, reemphasizing the suspicions her mother voiced to Sara. Sara decides to move in with Irene. Unknown to Sara, Rebecca had never gone to the studio as she had claimed. She had been stalking Irene and tracked her down to a local gay bar. She seduces Irene and they go to Irene's apartment. The following morning, Sara goes to Irene's apartment, but she is not there. She returns to the dorm to tell Rebecca that she's moving in with Irene. Before she can, however, Rebecca suddenly tells her that she wants to get a tattoo and wants Sara to come with her. It turns out to be EMILY, the name of Sara's dead sister. She tells Sara to now think of her as Emily. Alarmed, Sara finally realizes Rebecca is obsessed with her and removes her belongings from the dorm. Jason arrives at Sara's dorm and slips a note under her door, saying that he wants to see her. Rebecca intercepts the note, and disguises herself like Sara by dying her hair black. She then goes to Jason's hotel room and stabs him to death.


title: The Roommate

text: Sara receives a text message from Irene saying she needs to meet with her right away, and she calls Stephen so he can meet her there. She arrives and finds a gagged Irene handcuffed to the bed. Rebecca reveals herself and points a gun at Sara, proclaiming her love and loyalty, before revealing tearfully she was responsible for what happened to Tracy, Cuddles, Professor Roberts, Irene, and Jason, and that she did it all to win Sara's friendship. Rebecca moves to smother Irene, and Sara attempts to stop her. Sara tries to call for help, but the phone is dead. Bound and helpless, Irene pleads for Sara to save herself. Sara tries to get out the window to get help. Rebecca breaks back into the room and aims the gun at the cuffed and helpless Irene, only to be stopped by Stephen who briefly disarms her but is knocked unconscious. Climbing back into the room, Sara is strangled by an enraged Rebecca. Whilst choking, Sara stabs Rebecca with a box cutter, killing her after saying the words “You were never my friend”.


title: The Roommate

text: Sara moves back into her dorm and moves the extra bed out of her room with the help of Stephen, proclaiming that she does not want anyone as a roommate for a while.


title: The Roommate

text: Sonny Mallhi first thought of shooting the film in New York City but it was eventually shot on location at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and at Loyola Marymount University. Leighton Meester was originally set to play Sara but was replaced by Minka Kelly and Leighton played Rebecca. Billy Zane and Frances Fisher had both starred together in "Titanic" thirteen years earlier, though in this film they shared no scenes.


title: The Roommate

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 3% based on 86 reviews, with an average rating of 2.86/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Devoid of chills, thrills, or even cheap titillation, "The Roommate" isn't even bad enough to be good." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 23 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Roommate

text: Keith Staskiewicz of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a D, saying it "is really just a far-below-par thriller that desperately wishes it were a different movie – a longing it shares with the audience," but praises Meester for bringing "the slightest trace of something fascinating to her role. When she smiles, it's perfectly located between a sweet display of affection and a snarling warning." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave it a half star, stating that ""The Roommate" – the umpteenth uncredited remake of 1992's "Single White Female" – sucks bad, real bad" and that "Danish director Christian E. Christiansen has no flair for suspense". Meester's performance garnered praise from other top critics, including the "Los Angeles Times", which states: "Here, her performance often has the feeling of a sports car in neutral. When she punches it for quick changes of tone from manic to wounded or around the bend, she shows how much more she is capable of."


title: The Roommate

text: Opening in 2,534 theaters, the film grossed $15.6 million its opening weekend to take first place at the box office. Its distributor estimated that females under the age of 21 accounted for two-thirds of its audience. By the end of its run, the film grossed $37.3 million in the United States and Canada and $15.2 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $52.5 million.


title: The Roommate

text: Some of the promotional posters and displays for the film used the Christy Administration Building from Southwestern College in Winfield, Kansas as its backdrop. The college administration voiced concern that permission to use the photograph of the building was not properly obtained and investigated the legality of its use.


title: The Roommate

text: Primary concerns hinged that the image of the college (particularly the image of the building) could be damaged, while other concerns were that the college's primary iconic image was being used for promotion of an unrelated business venture.


title: The Roommate

text: Though the film successfully earned $15.6 million in receipts to top the box office during its debut weekend in the United States, concerns continued. By that time, the image of the building had been replaced on the film's official website and on subsequent promotional material. The photo of the building reportedly was licensed from iStockPhoto based in Calgary, Alberta. As of February 8, 2011, no lawsuits had been filed but discussions had taken place.


title: The Roommate

text: Students at the school reported "mixed feelings" about the topic – some believed that it may have been helpful for the college and others reported that they saw how it could have been harmful to the school's image.


title: The Roommate

text: "The Roommate" was released on Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and digital download in North America on May 17, 2011.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Sasural Simar Ka () is an Indian Hindi-language television soap opera produced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, that aired from 25 April 2011 to 2 March 2018 on Colors TV. The show starred Dipika Kakar, Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar, Avika Gor, Dheeraj Dhoopar, Manish Raisinghan, Shoaib Ibrahim, Vaishali Takkar, Varun Sharma, Nikki Sharma, Krissann Barretto, Rohan Mehra, Siddharth Shivpuri, Mazher Sayed and Monica Sharma. The show ended on 2 March 2018 completing 2,063 episodes and became the second most longest-running Indian television series on Colors TV after "Balika Vadhu", which also featured Avika Gor.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: The story revolves around the lives of two sisters from Vrindavan, Simar and Roli. Simar dreams of becoming a dancer but her parents are against her dream. Her marriage is fixed with a wealthy businessman, Prem Bharadwaj. On wedding day, Simar has to participate in a dancing contest and Roli takes her place until her return. As Simar is late, Roli is forced to marry Prem. This creates problems as Simar and Prem start loving each other. Prem's brother Siddhant enters, who was expelled from the house. After some twists and turns, Simar-Prem and Roli-Siddhant get married. Eventually, both Simar and Roli are accepted to Bharadwaj house.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Soon, Khushi enters to take revenge for her sister Anisha's death and tries to kill Simar. She tricks the Bhardwaj family and marries their son, Sankalp. Simar is pregnant but miscarries, which makes her to never conceive and become a mother. Khushi becomes surrogate mother of Prem and Simar's child. She blackmails Simar to sign the property papers. Later, Khushi is exposed and gives birth to Prem and Simar's daughter Anjali.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Simar and Roli find their long-lost sister-in-law, Jhanvi. Soon, Shaurya enters Jhanvi's life and marries her. He creates trouble but Jhanvi shoots him to death. Then, she marries Dr. Anurag. Simar and Roli save the family from Shobha, Shakti, Meghna Singhania, Bhakti and politician Jwala Devi. Jwala kidnaps Roli and while escaping, Roli unintentionally hits a car, thus leading a woman named Sunaina to die. To save Roli, Simar goes to Sunaina's family, faking her death, and lives as Sunaina as per Sunaina's husband Vikrant Mehta's instructions.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Simar lives as Sunaina and raises the Mehta's daughter, Sanjana while Roli takes care of Anjali. Prem has married his sister-in-law Pari's sister, Surbhi. Roli meets Simar at a summer camp, discovering that she is alive, and pleads her to come back. Simar returns and has to cope up with Sunaina's spirit who has returned for revenge from Vikrant's family who were the people behind her death. Prem, Roli and Siddhant also join with Simar. Eventually, Sunaina and Surabhi are banished. Vikrant falls in love with Simar and tries to murder Prem; thus, is sent to jail. Sanjana gets adopted by Simar and Prem.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Later, the story revolves around Simar, Roli, Prem and Siddhant and how they protect Bharadwaj house from some supernatural creatures who want to destroy them. These supernatural creatures include shapeshifting female serpent Maya, Dayans Mohini and Indravati, Patali Devi-Gayatri, ghosts Maalti, Madhavi and Chhoti Dulhan, Shaitan (Kaal), Moon Jewel Princess Chandramani and another two Dayans Mahamaya and Kamya. While defeating Patali Devi-Gayatri and Kaal, Simar's life falls in danger. To protect her elder sister, Roli sacrifices her life. After Roli's sad demise, a depressed Siddhant is remarried to her childhood friend Prerna and moves abroad with her. To gain his powers back and return to the world, Kaal with the help of Mahamaya and Kamya casts a spell on Simar and impregnates her with a child possessing evil powers. Simar becomes aware of this mysterious plan and soon witnesses Kamya's real vintage. The family learns of this, too. Simar and Prem have a son, Piyush. Being in doubt of the baby's spookiness, the family asks Simar to donate away the child. Simar refuses and leaves her in-laws with Piyush.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Simar and Piyush return to Bharadwaj house and reunite with their family. Now Anjali, brought up by Khushi, has grown up to be a spoilt fashionista and blames Simar for abandoning her. Simar and Prem together help their children in their lives. Anjali marries Vikram Agarwal and Piyush marries his best friend, Roshni Kapoor. As Simar helps Anjali to manage her marriage, she accepts her mother.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Kaal awakens on Piyush's birthday, possessing him and killing Roshni's father Sumit Kapoor, but is finally defeated by sorceress Ridhima. Later, Vikram divorces Anjali due to her misbehaviours and marries Tanvi. Sanjana returns to Bharadwaj house from London. The family fixes her marriage with her college friend, Sameer Kapoor. However, Anjali discovers that Sameer is a fraud who is conspiring against the Bharadwajs' and to spare herself from the same fate, she marries Sameer. She humiliates her family members and ill-treats them. Piyush plots a plan to get the Bharadwaj property back from Anjali. Anjali threatens to kill Simar, who shoots her, and Anjali falls into a coma.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Sameer's mother Bhairavi is revealed to have shot Anjali. She enters the Bharadwajs' lives to avenge Prem for killing her husband. It is subsequently revealed that Bhairavi murdered him herself and is using the Bharadwajs as a cover-up. After absorbing supernatural powers, she turns into a "daayan" and kills Simar. However, the Mother Goddess Durga, deeply worshipped by the Bharadwaj family, enters their household in the form of Simar, to destroy Bhairavi and bring Simar back to life. Sameer repents for his mistakes and the Bharadwajs forgive and accept him.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Anjali wakes up from coma and asks forgiveness from the family. Her intentions are revealed when she tries to kill her fiancé, Sahil and sets Bharadwaj Mansion on fire, and she is arrested. Simar and others disown her. The Saga of the Mystery Box begins, leading to Aliya, who shoots Roshni with a gun to avenge her father's death due to Piyush's mistake. Roshni dies, leaving the family in sadness and making Piyush mad.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Simar and Prem are in search for Piyush, who got lost after Roshni's death. Piyush has lost his memory and is being looked after by Avni. Simar takes him back to Bharadwaj house together with Avni and her mother Hema. Bhairavi has returned from jail and is living with Sameer and Sanjana, but is actually plotting revenge, having paid Avni and Hema to destroy the Bharadwaj family. Sanjana miscarries. When Avni tries to expose Bhairavi, the latter attempts to kill her but instead murders Hema. Bhairavi shooting a gun leads to Piyush regaining his memory.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: In the end, Simar kills Bhairavi and Piyush marries Avni, promising her that he would always be by her side. The Bharadwajs worship the Mother Goddess and celebrate togetherness. Pari apologises to Simar for her past mistakes. Simar misses Roli and Nirmala says that the Bharadwaj family is not only a family but a thought. With this, the first season comes to an end.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: A reboot of the show, named "Sasural Simar Ka 2", has aired on the same channel from 26 April 2021 and was launched immediately after the completion of ten years of the first season.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: It first starred Dipika Kakar, Shoaib Ibrahim, Avika Gor and Manish Raisinghan as Simar, Prem, Roli and Siddhant respectively Jayati Bhatia played role of Mataji on the Show. Shoaib Ibrahim left the show in 2013 as makers weren't giving his character much screen space disappointment with the creative independence of the character. He was replaced by Dheeraj Dhoopar who played the role of Prem after shoaib's exit from the show. In April 2016, Avika Gor left the show as she wanted a break after working non-stop for 10 years. Thus, her character Roli was shown to have died in the show. Mansi Srivastava entered the series as Prerna, Simar's childhood friend. In July 2016, Mansi Srivastava and Manish Raisinghan also left the show. So, their respective characters of Prerna and Siddhant were shown to have shifted abroad. In August 2016, Vaishali Takkar and Varun Sharma entered the show as Anjali and Piyush, respectively. In February 2017, Dipika Kakar quit the show and was replaced by Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar . In June 2017, Krissann Barretto entered the show as Sanjana. After sometime Dheeraj Dhoopar quit the show. At the end of August 2017, Mazher Sayed entered the show in the role of Prem. In December 2017, Vaishali Takkar left the show. So her character of Anjali was shown to have arrested in the show. In January 2018, Nikki Sharma also left the show. So her character of Roshni was shown to have died in the show. In the same month, Monica Sharma entered the show in the role of Avni.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: The series began and ran as a normal television drama until in 2015 when it included supernatural and fantasy genres with tracks inspired from Game of Thrones and Eega.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: The series was confirmed going off air on 2 March 2018 owing its declining ratings and the climax was decided but days before the shooting was about to complete, it received an extension on last minute discussions between the channel and production house and the script was reworked. In February 2021, the series was confirmed returning with a new season titled, Sasural Simar Ka 2, featuring Dipika Kakar and Jayati Bhatia from the former season and Radhika Muthukumar, Tanya Sharma, Avinash Mukherjee and Karan Sharma as the new leads of the show.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Based on Delhi as backdrop, Sasural Simar Ka was mainly filmed at the sets in Cine Classic Studios at Mira Road. Some episodes are shot in Hong Kong for their 1000th episodes celebration.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: The series became one of the most watched Hindi GECs during its run time. In week 52 of 2015 it was at fifth position garnering 12.33 million impressions. In week 2 of 2016, it was at third position with 13.46 million impressions.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: Sasural Simar Ka was dubbed into Tamil as "Moondru Mudichu" ( Three knots) and aired on Polimer TV from January 2012 to January 2020. Moondru Mudichu is one of the longest running Tamil soap opera and longest of all on Polimer TV.


title: Sasural Simar Ka

text: The entire show is available on Voot and also on MX Player while episode 760 onwards are also available on YouTube.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is approximately west of downtown Boston. Newton resembles a patchwork of thirteen villages, without a city center. According to the 2020 U.S. Census, the population of Newton was 88,923.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton was settled in 1630 as part of "the newe towne", which was renamed Cambridge in 1638. Roxbury minister John Eliot persuaded the Native American people of Nonantum, a sub-tribe of the Massachusett led by a sachem named Waban, to relocate to Natick in 1651, fearing that they would be exploited by colonists. Newton was incorporated as a separate town, known as Cambridge Village, on December 15, 1681, then renamed Newtown in 1691, and finally Newton in 1766. It became a city on January 5, 1874. Newton is known as "The Garden City".


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: In "Reflections in Bullough's Pond", Newton historian Diana Muir describes the early industries that developed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in a series of mills built to take advantage of the water power available at Newton Upper Falls and Newton Lower Falls. Snuff, chocolate, glue, paper and other products were produced in these small mills but, according to Muir, the water power available in Newton was not sufficient to turn Newton into a manufacturing city, although it was, beginning in 1902, the home of the Stanley Motor Carriage Company, the maker of the Stanley Steamer.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton, according to Muir, became one of America's earliest commuter suburbs. The Boston and Worcester, one of America's earliest railroads, reached West Newton in 1834. Wealthy Bostonian businessmen took advantage of the new commuting opportunity offered by the railroad, building gracious homes on erstwhile farmland of West Newton hill and on Commonwealth street. Muir points out that these early commuters needed sufficient wealth to employ a groom and keep horses, to drive them from their hilltop homes to the station.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Further suburbanization came in waves. One wave began with the streetcar lines that made many parts of Newton accessible for commuters in the late nineteenth century. The next wave came in the 1920s when automobiles became affordable to a growing upper middle class. Even then, however, Oak Hill continued to be farmed, mostly market gardening, until the prosperity of the 1950s made all of Newton more densely settled.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Two of the 9/11 hijackers stayed in Newton the night before the attack. The hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11 spent their last night in Newton's Park Inn, an economy motel across the street from the Chestnut Hill Mall and within walking distance of The Atrium.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Each April on Patriots' Day, the Boston Marathon is run through the city, entering from Wellesley on Route 16 (Washington Street) where runners encounter the first of the four infamous "Newton Hills". It then turns right onto Route 30 (Commonwealth Avenue) for the long haul into Boston. There are two more hills before reaching Centre Street, and then the fourth and most noted, Heartbreak Hill, rises shortly after Centre Street. Residents and visitors line the race route along Washington Street and Commonwealth Avenue to cheer the runners.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton is a suburban city approximately from downtown Boston, in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. The city is bordered by Waltham and Watertown on the north, Needham and the West Roxbury neighborhood of Boston on the south, Wellesley and Weston on the west, and Brookline and the Brighton neighborhood of Boston on the east.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: The Charles River flows along the north and west parts of Newton, and Route 128 passes through the west part of the city.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: The Massachusetts Turnpike goes through the more urbanized northern section of the city before heading into Boston. Additional major highways in Newton include Route 9, serving the southern parts of the city, and Hammond Pond Parkway, which is the main north–south route through Chestnut Hill and provides access to Brookline and West Roxbury.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (0.82%) is water.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton has grown around a formation of seven hills. "The general features of Newton are not without interest. Seven principal elevations mark its surface, like the seven hills of ancient Rome, with the difference that the seven hills of Newton are much more distinct than the seven hills of Rome: Nonantum Hill, Waban Hill, Chestnut Hill, Bald Pate, Oak Hill, Institution Hill and Mount Ida."


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Rather than having a single city center, Newton is a patchwork of thirteen villages, many boasting small downtown areas of their own. The 13 villages are: Auburndale, Chestnut Hill, Newton Centre, Newton Corner, Newton Highlands, Newton Lower Falls, Newton Upper Falls (both on the Charles River, and both former small industrial sites), Newtonville, Nonantum (also known as Silver Lake or "The Lake"), Oak Hill, Thompsonville, Waban and West Newton. Oak Hill Park is a place within the village of Oak Hill that itself is shown as a separate and distinct village on some city maps (including a map dated 2010 on the official City of Newton website), and Four Corners is also shown as a village on some city maps. Although most of the villages have a post office, they have no legal definition and no firmly defined borders. This village-based system often causes some confusion with addresses and for first-time visitors.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 85,146 people, 32,648 households, and 20,499 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,643.6 people per square mile (1,793.2/km). There were 32,112 housing units at an average density of 1,778.8 per square mile (686.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 79.6% White, 11.5% Asian, 2.5% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.71% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population (0.7% Puerto Rican, 0.6% Mexican, 0.4% Colombian, 0.3% Guatemalan, 0.3% Argentine). (2010 Census Report: Census report Quickfacts.com)


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton, along with neighboring Brookline, is known for its considerable Jewish and Asian populations. The Jewish population was estimated as roughly 28,002.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: There were 31,201 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. Of all households, 25.5% were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. As of the 2008 US Census, the average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.11.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: The median income for a household in the city was $107,696, and the median income for a family was $136,843. Males had a median income of $95,387 versus $60,520 for females. The per capita income for the city was $56,163. About 3.6% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton's largest employers include Boston College and Newton-Wellesley Hospital. Companies based in Newton include TechTarget, CyberArk and Upromise. Until July 2015, Newton was also home to the global headquarters of TripAdvisor, the world's largest travel site, reaching nearly 280 million unique monthly visitors. TripAdvisor moved into a newly built headquarters in neighboring Needham.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: The city has two symphony orchestras, the New Philharmonia Orchestra of Massachusetts and the Newton Symphony Orchestra. The Joanne Langione Dance Center, an American youth dance school was founded in 1976.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton has an elected strong mayor-council form of government. The council is called the City Council. The mayor is Ruthanne Fuller. Fuller is the first woman to be elected Mayor of Newton.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton's school committee decides policies and budget for Newton Public Schools. It has nine voting members, consisting of the Mayor of Newton and eight at-large Ward representatives, who are elected.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Mismanagement of Middlesex County's public hospital in the mid-1990s left the county on the brink of insolvency, and in 1997 the Massachusetts legislature stepped in by assuming all assets and obligations of the county. The government of Middlesex County was officially abolished on July 11, 1997. The sheriff and some other regional officials with specific duties are still elected locally to perform duties within the county region, but there is no county council or commission. However, communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton Junior College, operated by the Newton Public Schools, opened in 1946 to serve the needs of returning veterans who otherwise would not have been able to continue their education due to the overcrowding of colleges and universities at that time. It used the facilities of Newton High School (now Newton North High School) until its own adjacent campus was built. It closed in 1976 due to declining enrollment and increased costs. The availability of such places as UMass Boston contributed to its demise. According to the city, its former campus is now "Claflin Park," a 25-unit multi-family development.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Other former colleges include Aquinas College (1961–1999), Mount Alvernia College (1959–1973), Mount Ida College (1899–2018), and Newton College of the Sacred Heart (1946–1975). Andover Newton Theological School relocated to New Haven, CT (1807–2017).


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: The city's community newspapers are "The Newton TAB", a weekly print paper published by the Community Newspaper Company, and owned by Gatehouse Media. The Newton Patch covers daily local news out of Newton and offers a platform for locals to post opinion, events, news tips and blogs on the community online platform as well. "The Newton Voice." The Newton community is also served by its high school publications, including Newton North High School's "Newtonite" and Newton South High School's "Lion's Roar" and "Denebola". The Boston Globe occasionally covers Newton.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Residents of Newton have access to a state-of-the-art television studio and community media center, NewTV, located at 23 Needham Street in Newton Highlands. Newton is also home to NECN, a regional news network owned by NBC.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton-Wellesley Hospital is located at 2014 Washington Street in Newton. "U.S. News & World Report" ranks the hospital 13th best in the Boston metro area.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton's proximity to Boston, along with its good public schools and safe and quiet neighborhoods, make it a very desirable community for those who commute to Boston or work in Newton's businesses and industries.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton is well-served by three modes of mass transit run by the MBTA: light rail, commuter rail, and bus service. The Green Line D branch, (also known as the Riverside branch) is a light rail line running through the center of the city that makes very frequent trips to downtown Boston, ranging from 10 to 30 minutes away. The Green Line B branch ends across from Boston College on Commonwealth Avenue, virtually at the border of Boston's Brighton neighborhood and the City of Newton (an area which encompasses an unincorporated suburban village referred to as Chestnut Hill). The MBTA Worcester commuter rail, serving the northern villages of Newton that are proximate to Waltham, offers less frequent service to Boston. It runs from every half-an-hour during peak times to every couple of hours otherwise. The northern villages are also served by frequent express buses that go to downtown Boston via the Massachusetts Turnpike as well as Waltham.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: Newton Centre, which is centered around the Newton Centre MBTA station, has been lauded as an example of transit-oriented development.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: The Massachusetts Turnpike (Interstate 90), which basically follows the old Boston and Albany Railroad main line right-of-way, runs east and west through Newton, while Route 128 (Interstate 95) slices through the extreme western part of the city in the Lower Falls area. Route 30 (Commonwealth Avenue), Route 16 (Watertown Street west to West Newton, where it follows Washington Street west) and route 9 (Worcester Turnpike or Boylston Street) also run east and west through the city. Another major Boston (and Brookline) street, Beacon Street, runs west from the Boston city line to Washington Street west of the hospital, where it terminates at Washington Street.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: There are no major north–south roads through Newton: every north–south street in Newton terminates within Newton at one end or the other. The only possible exception is Needham Street, which is north–south at the border between Newton and Needham, but it turns east and becomes Dedham Street, and when it reaches the Boston border, it goes south-east.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: There are some north–south streets that are important to intra-Newton traveling. Centre Street runs south from the Watertown town line to Newton Highlands, where it becomes Winchester Street and terminates at Nahanton Street. Walnut Street runs south from Newtonville, where it starts at Crafts Street, down to Newton Highlands, where it ends at Dedham Street.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: The City of Newton Police Department has 139 sworn officers. The Newton Fire Department is fully paid and operates six engine companies, three ladder companies, and one rescue company from six stations.


title: Newton, Massachusetts

text: There are several cemeteries in Newton, three of which are owned by the City of Newton, while the rest are privately owned, as follows:


title: Rabbids

text: Rabbids, also known as Raving Rabbids (French: "Lapins Crétins"), is a multimedia franchise developed and published by Ubisoft. It originated as a spin-off video game from the "Rayman" video game series, 2006's "Rayman Raving Rabbids". "Rabbids" is centered on a titular fictional species of mischievous rabbit-like creatures, who speak gibberish and scream wildly whenever they experience an adrenaline rush. Most video games from the franchise are of the party video game genre, though other genres have been explored as well.


title: Rabbids

text: The Rabbids were initially introduced as antagonists in the "Rayman" series of games. The popularity of the characters, aided by various viral videos and media appearances, led "Raving Rabbids" to become its own separate franchise, dropping the "Rayman" name as of 2009's "Rabbids Go Home". The success of the Rabbid characters led the developers to create more games in the franchise, eventually leading to the removal of the Rayman character from the franchise entirely.


title: Rabbids

text: The Rabbids have gone on to appear in other expanded media, such as a TV show and a feature film in development, as well as making guest appearances in other Ubisoft games. As of June 2019, the series had sold over 20 million units worldwide. A film adaptation is in development by Lionsgate, Ubisoft Film & Television, Mandeville Films, & Stoopid Buddy Stoodios.