title: CompuServe

text: It dominated the field during the 1980s and remained a major influence through the mid-1990s. At its peak in the early 1990s, CIS was known for its online chat system, message forums covering a variety of topics, extensive software libraries for most computer platforms, and a series of popular online games, notably "MegaWars III" and "Island of Kesmai". It also was known for its introduction of the GIF format for pictures and as a GIF exchange mechanism.


title: CompuServe

text: In 1997, 17 years after H&R Block had acquired CIS, the parent announced its desire to sell the company. A complex deal was worked out with WorldCom acting as a broker, resulting in CIS being sold to AOL. In 2015, Verizon acquired AOL, including its CompuServe division. In 2017, after Verizon completed its acquisition of Yahoo!, CompuServe became part of Verizon's newly formed Oath Inc. subsidiary, which was then spun off as the new Yahoo! company in 2021.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe was founded in 1969 as Compu-Serv Network, Inc. in Columbus, Ohio, as a subsidiary of Golden United Life Insurance. Their focus was on business customers.


title: CompuServe

text: Though Golden United founder Harry Gard Sr.'s son-in-law Jeffrey Wilkins is widely miscredited as the first president of CompuServe, its first president was actually John R. Goltz. Wilkins replaced Goltz as CEO within the first year of operation. Goltz and Wilkins were both graduate students in electrical engineering at the University of Arizona. Other early recruits from the University included Sandy Trevor (inventor of the CompuServe CB Simulator chat system), Doug Chinnock, and Larry Shelley.


title: CompuServe

text: The company's objectives were twofold: to provide in-house computer processing support to Golden United Life Insurance; and to develop as an independent business in the computer time-sharing industry, by renting time on its PDP-10 midrange computers during business hours. It was spun off as a separate company in 1975, trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol CMPU.


title: CompuServe

text: Concurrently, the company recruited executives who shifted the focus from offering time-sharing services, in which customers wrote their own applications, to one that was focused on packaged applications. The first of these new executives was Robert Tillson, who left Service Bureau Corporation (then a subsidiary of Control Data Corporation, but originally formed as a division of IBM) to become CompuServe's Executive Vice President of Marketing. He then recruited Charles McCall (who followed Jeff Wilkins as CEO, and later became CEO of medical information firm HBO & Co.), Maury Cox (who became CEO after the departure of McCall), and Robert Massey (who followed Cox as CEO).


title: CompuServe

text: In 1977, CompuServe's board changed the company's name to CompuServe Incorporated. In 1979, it began "offering a dial-up online information service to consumers." In May 1980, at which time Compuserve had fewer than 1,000 subscribers to its consumer information service, H&R Block acquired the company for $25 million and within four years had grown its subscriber base to around 110,000.


title: CompuServe

text: The original 1969 dial-up technology was fairly simple—the local phone number in Cleveland, for example, was a line connected to a time-division multiplexer that connected via a leased line to a matched multiplexer in Columbus that was connected to a time-sharing host system. In the earliest buildups, each line terminated on a single machine at CompuServe's host, so different numbers had to be used to reach different computers.


title: CompuServe

text: Later, the central multiplexers in Columbus were replaced with PDP-8 minicomputers, and the PDP-8s were connected to a DEC PDP-15 minicomputer that acted as switches so a phone number was not tied to a particular destination host. Finally, CompuServe developed its own packet switching network, implemented on DEC PDP-11 minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout the US (and later, in other countries) and interconnected. Over time, the CompuServe network evolved into a complicated multi-tiered network incorporating Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay (FR), Internet Protocol (IP) and X.25 technologies.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe is offering a video-text-like service permitting personal computer users to retrieve software from the mainframe computer over telephone lines.


title: CompuServe

text: "The New York Times" described them as "the most international of the Big Three" and noted that "it can be reached by a local phone call in more than 700 cities".


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe was also a world leader in other commercial services. One of these was the Financial Services group, which collected and consolidated financial data from myriad data feeds, including CompuStat, Disclosure, I/B/E/S as well as the price/quote feeds from the major exchanges. CompuServe developed extensive screening and reporting tools that were used by many investment banks on Wall Street.


title: CompuServe

text: In 1979, Radio Shack marketed the residential information service MicroNET, in which home users accessed the computers during evening hours, when the CompuServe computers were otherwise idle. Its success prompted CompuServe to drop the MicroNET name in favor of its own. CompuServe's origin was approximately concurrent with that of The Source.


title: CompuServe

text: Both services were operating in early 1979, being the first online services. MicroNet was made popular through the Issue 2 of Commodore Disk User (February 1988), which included instructions on how to connect and run MicroNet programs.


title: CompuServe

text: By the mid-1980s, CompuServe was one of the largest information and networking services companies, and it was the largest consumer information service. It operated commercial branches in more than 30 US cities, selling primarily network services to major corporations throughout the United States. Consumer accounts could be bought in most computer stores (a box with an instruction manual and a trial account login) and awareness of this service was extremely high. By 1987, the consumer side would be 50% of CompuServe revenues.


title: CompuServe

text: The corporate culture was entrepreneurial, encouraging "skunkworks projects". Alexander "Sandy" Trevor secluded himself for a weekend, writing the "CB Simulator", a chat system that soon became one of CIS's most popular features. Instead of hiring employees to manage the forums, they contracted with sysops, who received compensation based on the success of their own forum's boards, libraries, and chat areas.


title: CompuServe

text: In July 1980, working with "Associated Press", CompuServe began hosting text versions of the "Columbus Dispatch". "The New York Times", "Virginian-Pilot and Ledger Star", "The Washington Post", "San Francisco Examiner", "San Francisco Chronicle", and "Los Angeles Times" were added in 1981; additional newspapers followed.


title: CompuServe

text: Although accessing articles in these newspapers made up 5% of CompuServe's traffic, reading an entire newspaper using this method was impractical; the text of a $0.20 print edition newspaper would take two to six hours to download at a cost of $5 per hour (after 6 p.m.).


title: CompuServe

text: Another major unit of CompuServe, the CompuServe Network Services, was formed in 1982 to generate revenue by selling connectivity on the nationwide packet network CompuServe had built to support its time-sharing service. CompuServe designed and manufactured its own network processors, based on the DEC PDP-11, and wrote all the software that ran on the network. Often (and erroneously) called an X.25 network, the CompuServe network implemented a mixture of standardized and proprietary layers throughout the network.


title: CompuServe

text: One of the proprietary layers was called Adaptive Routing. The Adaptive Routing system implemented two powerful features. One is that the network operated entirely in a self-discovery mode. When a new switch was added to the network by connecting it to a neighbor via a leased telephone circuit, the new switch was discovered and absorbed into the network without explicit configuration. To change the network configuration, all that was needed was to add or remove connections, and the network would automatically reconfigure. The second feature implemented by Adaptive Routing was often talked about in network engineering circles, but was implemented only by CNS - establishing connection paths on the basis of real-time performance measurements. As one circuit became busy, traffic was diverted to alternative paths to prevent overloading and poor performance for users.


title: CompuServe

text: While the CNS network was not itself based on the X.25 protocol, the network presented a standard X.25 interface to the outside world, providing dialup connectivity to corporate hosts, and allowing CompuServe to form alliances with private networks Tymnet and Telenet, among others. This gave CompuServe the largest selection of local dial-up phone connections in the world, in an era when network usage charges were expensive, but still lower than long-distance charges. Other networks permitted CompuServe access to still more locations, including international locations, usually with substantial connect-time surcharges. It was common in the early 1980s to pay a $30-per-hour charge to connect to CompuServe, which at the time cost $5 to $6 per hour before factoring in the connect-time surcharges. This resulted in the company being nicknamed "CompuSpend", "Compu$erve" or "CI$".


title: CompuServe

text: CNS has been the primary supplier of dial-up communications for credit-card authorizations for more than 20 years, a competence developed through its long relationship with Visa International. At the peak of this line of business, CompuServe carried millions of authorization transactions each month, representing several billion dollars of consumer purchase transactions. For many businesses an always-on connection was an extravagance, and a dialup option made better sense. Today this service remains in operation, deeply embedded within Verizon (see below). There are no other competitors remaining in this market.


title: CompuServe

text: The company was notable for introducing a number of online services to personal computer users. CompuServe began offering electronic mail capabilities and technical support to commercial customers in 1978 under the name Infoplex, and was also a pioneer in the real-time chat market with its CB Simulator service introduced on February 21, 1980, as the first public, commercial multi-user chat program. Introduced in 1985, EaasySABRE, a customer-accessible extension of the Sabre travel system, made it possible for individuals to find and book airline flights and hotel rooms without the help of a travel agent. CompuServe also introduced a number of online games.


title: CompuServe

text: Around 1981, CompuServe introduced its CompuServe B protocol, a file-transfer protocol, allowing users to send files to each other. This was later expanded to the higher-performance B+ version, intended for downloads from CIS itself. Although the B+ protocol was not widely supported by other software, it was used by default for some time on CIS itself. The B+ protocol was later extended to include the Host-Micro Interface (HMI), a mechanism for communicating commands and transaction requests to a server application running on the mainframes. HMI could be used by "front end" client software to present a GUI-based interface to CIS, without having to use the error-prone CLI to route commands.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe began to expand its reach outside the United States. It entered the international arena in Japan in 1986 with Fujitsu and Nissho Iwai, and developed a Japanese-language version of CompuServe called "NIFTY-Serve" in 1989. In 1993, CompuServe Hong Kong was launched in a joint venture with Hutchison Telecom and was able to acquire 50,000 customers before the dial-up ISP frenzy. Between 1994 and 1995 Fujitsu and CompuServe co-developed WorldsAway, an interactive virtual world. As of 2014 the original world that launched on CompuServe in 1995, known as the Dreamscape, is still operating.


title: CompuServe

text: In the late 1980s, it was possible to log on to CompuServe via worldwide X.25 packet switching networks, which bridged onto CompuServe's existing US-based network. Gradually it introduced its own direct dial-up access network in many countries, a more economical solution. With its network expansion, CompuServe also extended the marketing of its commercial services, opening branches in London and Munich.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe was the first online service to offer Internet connectivity, albeit with limited access, as early as 1989, when it connected its proprietary e-mail service to allow incoming and outgoing messages to be exchanged with Internet-based e-mail addresses.


title: CompuServe

text: In the early 1990s, CompuServe had hundreds of thousands of users visiting its thousands of moderated forums, forerunners to the discussion sites on the Web. (Like the Web, many forums were managed by independent producers who then administered the forum and recruited moderators, called sysops.) Among these were many in which hardware and software companies offered customer support. This broadened the audience from primarily business users to the technical "geek" crowd, some of whom migrated over from "Byte Magazine"s Bix online service.


title: CompuServe

text: There were special forums, special groups, but many had "relatively large premiums" (as did "some premium data bases" with charges of "$7.50 each time you enter a search request.")


title: CompuServe

text: In 1992, CompuServe hosted the first known WYSIWYG e-mail content and forum posts. Fonts, colors and emoticons were encoded into 7-bit text-based messages via the third party product NavCIS (Dvorak Development) running on DOS and Windows 3.1, and later, Windows 95 operating systems. NavCIS included features for offline work, similar to offline readers used with bulletin board systems, allowing users to connect to the service and exchange new mail and forum content in a largely automated fashion. Once the "run" was complete, the user edited their messages locally while offline. The system also allowed interactive navigation of the system to support services like the chat system. Many of these services remained text based.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe later introduced CompuServe Information Manager (CIM) to compete more directly with AOL. Unlike Navigator, CIM was tuned for online work, and used a point-and-click interface very similar to AOLs. Later versions interacted with the hosts using the "HMI" communications protocol. For some areas of the service which did not support HMI, the older text-based interface could be used. WinCIM also allowed caching of forum messages, news articles and e-mail, so that reading and posting could be performed offline, without incurring hourly connect costs. Previously, this was a luxury of the NavCIS, AutoSIG and TapCIS applications for power users.


title: CompuServe

text: One of the big advantages of CIS over the Internet was that the users could purchase services and software from other CompuServe members using their CompuServe account. At this time, the Internet backbone was operated by NSFNET, and use of Internet accounts for commercial activity was prohibited.


title: CompuServe

text: During the early 1990s the hourly rate fell from over $10 per hour to $1.95 per hour. In March 1992, it launched online signups with credit card based payments and a desktop application to connect online and check emails. In April 1995, CompuServe topped three million members, still the largest online service provider, and launched its NetLauncher service, providing WWW access capability via the Spry Mosaic browser. AOL, however, introduced a far cheaper flat-rate, unlimited-time, advertisement-supported price plan in the US to compete with CompuServe's hourly charges. In conjunction with AOL's marketing campaigns, this caused a significant loss of customers until CompuServe responded with a similar plan of its own at $24.95 per month in late 1997.


title: CompuServe

text: As the World Wide Web grew in popularity with the general public, company after company closed their once-busy CompuServe customer support forums to offer customer support to a larger audience directly through company websites, an area which the CompuServe forums of the time could not address because they had not yet introduced universal WWW access.


title: CompuServe

text: AOL's entry into the PC market in 1991 marked the beginning of the end for CIS. AOL charged $2.95 an hour versus $5.00 an hour for CompuServe. AOL used a freely available GUI-based client; CompuServe's wasn't free, and it only supported a subset of the system's functionality. In response, CIS lowered its hourly rates on several occasions. Subsequently, AOL switched to a monthly subscription instead of hourly rates, so for active users AOL was much less expensive. By late 1994, CompuServe was offering "unlimited use of the standard services (including news, sports, weather ... and limited electronic mail" for $8.95 per month - what "The New York Times" called "probably the best deal."


title: CompuServe

text: CIS' number of users grew, peaking in April 1995 at 3 million worldwide. By this point AOL had over 20 million users in the United States alone, but this was off their peak of 27 million, due to customers leaving for lower-cost offerings. By 1997 the number of users leaving all online services for dialup Internet service providers was reaching a climax.


title: CompuServe

text: In 1997, CompuServe began converting its forums from its proprietary Host-Micro Interface (HMI) to HTML web standards. The 1997 change discontinued text based access to the forums, but the forums were accessible both through the web as well as through CompuServe's proprietary HMI protocol. In 2004 CompuServe discontinued HMI and converted the forums to web access only. The forums remained active on CompuServe.com until the end of 2017.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe made a number of acquisitions in its history, both before and after being acquired by H&R Block:


title: CompuServe

text: Before the widespread adoption of the Internet and World Wide Web, the United Kingdom's first national major-brands online shopping service was developed by the UK arm of CompuServe/CIS as part of its proprietary closed-system collection of consumer services.


title: CompuServe

text: Andrew Gray set up CompuServe UK's operations as the European arm of the US company back in the late 1980s and later became the company's European general manager, while David Gilroy was CompuServe's UK director of customer services. The service continued to grow and offered technical support managed by Suzanne Gautier and sales managed by Colin Campbell.


title: CompuServe

text: The service was proposed by Paul Stanfield, an independent business-to-consumer electronic commerce consultant, to Martin Turner, Product Marketing Director for CIS UK, in August 1994. Turner agreed and the project started in September with rapid market research, product development and sales of online space to major UK retail and catalogue companies. These included WH Smith, Tesco, Virgin/Our Price, Great Universal Stores/GUS, Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World (retailer) and Innovations.


title: CompuServe

text: The service launched on Thursday April 27, 1995, with Paul Stanfield's purchase of a book from the WH Smith shop. This was a repeat of the first formal test of the service on February 9, 1995, which included secure payment and subsequent fulfilment of the order by Royal Mail postal delivery. Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG), the UK's industry association for e-retailing, believes that the UK's first national shopping service secure online transaction was the purchase of a WH Smith book from the CompuServe centre.


title: CompuServe

text: Approximately 1,000,000 UK customers had access to the shops at that time and it was British retailers' first major exposure to the medium. Other retailers joined the service soon after and included Sainsbury's Wine and Jaguar Cars (branded lifestyle goods).


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe UK commissioned writer Sue Schofield to produce a 'retail' pack including a new "UK CompuServe Book" and a free CD-ROM containing the CIS software to access the service.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe, with its closed private network system, was slow to react to the rapid development of the open World Wide Web and it was not long before major UK retailers started to develop their own web sites independently of CompuServe.


title: CompuServe

text: The original CompuServe user IDs consisted of seven octal digits in the form 7xxxx,xx – a legacy of PDP-10 architecture – (later eight and nine octal digits in the form 7xxxx,xxx and 7xxxx,xxxx and finally ten octal digits in the form 1xxxxx,xxxx) that were generated in advance and issued on printed "Snap Paks".


title: CompuServe

text: From 1989, CompuServe users had email access to the Internet, using their user ID in the form xxxxx.xxxx@compuserve.com – where the comma in the original ID was replaced with a period. In 1996, users were allowed to create an alias for their Internet e-mail address, which could also be used for a personal web page; the longest-term members were allowed first choice of the new addresses. In 1998, users were offered the option of switching their mailbox to a newer system that provided POP3 access via the Internet, so that any Internet mail program could be used. Current CompuServe email addresses look like XXXXXX@cs.com for users of the CompuServe 2000 service.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe has a long history offering a custom portal of the CompuServe Information Service to the airline industry. Beginning in the 1970s, CompuServe offered a customized version of its service that allows pilots and flight attendants to bid for flight schedules with their airline. CompuServe offered customized solutions to other industries as well, including a service called CompuServe for Lawyers; another was "the African-American Culture and Arts Forum."


title: CompuServe

text: As part of CompuServe 2000, another customized portal made "a 2-year deal ... with WebMD, an Internet healthcare startup for physicians and consumers."


title: CompuServe

text: Long the largest online service provider, by 1987 CompuServe had 380,000 subscribers, compared to 320,000 at the Dow Jones News/Retrieval, 80,000 at The Source, and 70,000 at GEnie.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe had 3 million worldwide users at its peak, compared to AOL's 27 million. By early 1999, many home users had switched to standard dial-up Internet access, and CompuServe had slipped to "2 million largely business professional users."


title: CompuServe

text: One popular use of CompuServe in the 1980s was file exchange, particularly pictures. Indeed, in 1985 it hosted perhaps the first online comic in the world, "Witches and Stitches". CompuServe introduced a simple black-and-white image format known as RLE (run-length-encoding) to standardize the images so they could be shared among different microcomputer platforms. With the introduction of more powerful machines, universally supporting color, CompuServe introduced the much more capable GIF format, invented by Steve Wilhite. GIF went on to become the de facto standard for 8-bit images on the Internet in the early and mid-1990s.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe, and its outside telecommunications attorney, Randy May, led the appeals before the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to exempt data networks from having to pay the Common Carrier Access Charge (CCAC) that was levied by the telephone Local Exchange Carriers (primarily the Baby Bell companies) on long-distance carriers. The primary argument was that data networking was a brand new industry, and the country would be better served by not exposing this important new industry to the aberrations of the voice telephone economics (the CCAC is the mechanism used to subsidize the cost of local telephone service from long-distance revenue). The FCC agreed with CompuServe's position, and the consequence is that all dial-up networking in the United States, whether on private networks or the public Internet, is much less expensive than it otherwise would have been.


title: CompuServe

text: In 1991, CompuServe was sued for defamation in one of the early cases testing the application of traditional law on the Internet in "Cubby v. CompuServe". Although defamatory content was posted on one of its forums, CompuServe was not liable for this content because it was unaware of the content and did not exercise editorial control over the forum.


title: CompuServe

text: A November 1993 copyright infringement lawsuit regarding "about 900 songs" was settled two years later with payment, to be divided "among publishers whose songs were involved."


title: CompuServe

text: In 1995, CompuServe blocked access to sex-oriented newsgroups after being pressured by Bavarian prosecutors. In 1997, after CompuServe reopened the newsfeeds, Felix Somm, the former managing director for CompuServe Germany, was charged with violating German child pornography laws because of the material CompuServe's network was carrying into Germany.


title: CompuServe

text: He "was first convicted, in November 1997" and after another hearing sentenced to two years' probation on May 28, 1998. He was cleared on appeal on November 17, 1999.


title: CompuServe

text: Wow! (styled WOW!) was an online service run by CompuServe, starting in March 1996; its closure was announced by November of the same year, to be effective at the end of January 1997.


title: CompuServe

text: Among the promised features were "the first Internet service to be offered with a monthly 'unlimited' rate ($17.95)." Software bugs, random shutdowns of the service, and loss of email messages, limited the service to a small, but very loyal fan base. It closed January 31, 1997.


title: CompuServe

text: Several class-action lawsuits were filed, claiming that WOW! was sold to stockholders with false and misleading information. Wow! was supposed to make the company competitive with AOL – "a proprietary service aimed at families and novice computer users." The "Wow! Information Service", announced in late 1995, was supposed to commence with Microsoft Windows 95 SR2, the first to include Internet Explorer. Knowing that bundling their browser would be considered anti-competitive, Microsoft also planned to bundle installers for several major ISPs into Windows, but CompuServe's software was not ready.


title: CompuServe

text: AOL retained the wow.com domain name after it acquired CompuServe, and kept it dormant from the shut-down of Wow! until 2007. In mid-2007, AOL considered moving its Digg-style news aggregator, then hosted at Netscape.com, to wow.com, before ultimately moving it to Propeller.com. Toward the end of the year, AOL was reportedly working on using the domain for a social networking service focused on the popular online role-playing game "World of Warcraft".


title: CompuServe

text: From October 2010 until its 2015 shut-down, some of that was moved to a subdomain of Joystiq. The wow.com domain was simultaneously relaunched as a deal of the day site similar to Groupon. However, that site was also short-lived, shutting down in late 2011.


title: CompuServe

text: As of January 2019, wow.com is a search engine powered by Bing, using the same back-end as AOL Search, which is now part of Oath Inc.


title: CompuServe

text: The battle for customers between AOL and CompuServe became one of handing customers back and forth, using free hours and other enticements. There were technical problems—the thousands of new generation U.S. Robotics dialup modems deployed in the network would crash under high call volumes. For the first time in decades, CompuServe began losing money, and at a prodigious rate. An effort, code-named "Red-Dog", was initiated to convert CompuServe's long-time PDP-10 based technologies over to servers based on Intel x86 architectures and the Microsoft Windows NT operating system.


title: CompuServe

text: Parent H&R Block was going through its own management changes at the same time, beginning with the retirement of CEO Henry Bloch. A series of successors ensued. In 1997, H&R Block announced its intention to divest itself of CompuServe. A number of potential buyers came to the forefront, but the terms they offered were unacceptable to management. AOL, the most likely buyer, made several offers to purchase CompuServe using AOL stock, but H&R Block management sought cash, or at least a higher quality stock.


title: CompuServe

text: In February 1998, John W. Sidgmore, then vice chairman of WorldCom, and the former CEO of UUNET, devised a complex transaction which ultimately met the goals of all parties. Step one was that WorldCom purchased all the shares of CompuServe with $1.2 billion of WCOM stock. The next day, WorldCom sold the CompuServe Information Service portion of the company to AOL, retaining the CompuServe Network Services portion. AOL in turn sold its networking division, Advanced Network Services (ANS), to WorldCom. Sidgmore said that at this point the world was in balance: the accountants were doing taxes, AOL was doing information services, and WorldCom was doing networks.


title: CompuServe

text: WorldCom's newly acquired CompuServe Network Services was renamed WorldCom Advanced Networks, and continued to operate as a discrete company within WorldCom after being combined with AOL's network subsidiary, ANS, and an existing WorldCom networking company called Gridnet. In 1999, Worldcom acquired MCI and became MCI WorldCom, WorldCom Advanced Networks briefly became MCI WorldCom Advanced Networks. MCI WorldCom Advanced Networks was ultimately absorbed into UUNET. Soon thereafter, WorldCom began its spiral to bankruptcy, re-emerging as MCI. In 2006, MCI was sold to Verizon. As a result, the organization that had once been the networking business within CompuServe is now part of Verizon Business.


title: CompuServe

text: In the process of splitting CompuServe into its two major businesses, CompuServe Information Services and CompuServe Network Services, WorldCom and AOL both desired to make use of the CompuServe name and trademarks. Consequently, a jointly owned holding company was formed for no other purpose than to hold title to various trademarks, patents and other intellectual property, and to license that intellectual property at no cost to both WorldCom (now Verizon) and AOL.


title: CompuServe

text: In 2015, when Verizon acquired AOL, all of CompuServe's original properties were reunited under Verizon.


title: CompuServe

text: In September 2003 CompuServe Information Service, which had become a division of AOL, added CompuServe Basic to its product lines, selling via Netscape.com.


title: CompuServe

text: CIS was then positioned as the value market-provider for several million customers, as part of the AOL Web Products Group. Recent U.S. versions of the CompuServe client software—essentially an enhanced Web browser—used the Gecko layout engine (developed for Mozilla) within a derivative of the AOL client and using the AOL dialup network. The previous CompuServe service offering, re-branded as "CompuServe Classic", remained available in the US and also in other countries where CompuServe 2000 was not offered, such as the UK. In Germany, CompuServe 2000 was introduced in 1999 and withdrawn in 2001 because of failure on the German market, but CompuServe Classic service remained for a while. CompuServe Germany introduced its own products for dialup and DSL internet access, and its own client software (called "CompuServe 4.5 light").


title: CompuServe

text: In January 2007, CompuServe e-mailed members that Windows Vista was not supported, and suggested switching to the AOL-branded service. Like many older programs, however, CompuServe client software can run under Windows Vista in compatibility mode. In July 2007, CompuServe Pacific announced cessation as of August 31, 2007. In September 2007, it was announced that CompuServe France would close down its operations on November 30, 2007. In the Pacific region (Australia, New Zealand, etc.) Fujitsu Australia ran the CompuServe Pacific franchise, which in 1998 had 35,000 customers. Towards the end of its operations in that area, it was thought to have far fewer because of CompuServe Pacific's pricing plans, which have not been changed since 1998 (e.g., A$14.95 for two hours per month). In July 2008, CompuServe Germany informed its customers that it would close down its operations on July 31, 2008. Its legacy service "CompuServe Classic" would not be affected by this decision.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe forums are more tightly linked to CompuServe channels. Compuserve.com currently runs a slightly trimmed-down version of the now-defunct Netscape.com Web portal, the latter of which was shut down in 2006.


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe announced on April 15, 2009 that CompuServe Classic would "no longer operate as an Internet Service Provider" and would close on June 30, 2009. All CompuServe Classic services, including OurWorld Web pages, were taken offline as of that date. CompuServe Classic e-mail users would be able to continue using their CompuServe e-mail addresses via a new e-mail system.


title: CompuServe

text: AOL used the CompuServe brand for CompuServe 2000 (a rebranded low-cost offering), which closed in 2011 (including Mac), and CompuServe Dialer (a low-cost dialup ISP that became a Web portal).


title: CompuServe

text: CompuServe announced in November 2017 that the CompuServe Forums would be shut down on December 15, 2017. The closure came more than 36 years after the CompuServe Forums had begun in 1981. Some moved to "Forumania" or elsewhere.


title: CompuServe

text: Over time, there were several graphical user interfaces written for accessing CompuServe. Unlike what AOL gave for free, "The New York Times" wrote about them "which Compuserve ought to give away, but does not." Among their names were WinCIM, TapCIS and NavCIS.


title: CompuServe

text: At a time when subscribers paid for timed access (as well as long-distance calls in some countries) and had to spend time online reading and replying to messages, their goal was to bypass CompuServe's WinCim interface, and streamline sending all pre-written email and forum postings that the user had written offline, then receiving new messages, downloading requested files, and logging off CompuServe.


title: CompuServe

text: TapCIS (The Access Program for the Compuserve Information Service) was an automated MS-DOS-based software application that sped up access to, and management of, CompuServe email accounts and forum memberships for PC users from 1981 until 2004 when advances in CompuServe technology rendered it obsolete. It was described as "archaic-looking (but) .. remains a powerful tool for accessing CompuServe forums."


title: CompuServe

text: TapCIS was written in Borland's Turbo Pascal by Howard Benner, a marketing executive from Wilmington, Delaware who joined CompuServe in 1981 and died of melanoma in June 1990, aged 44. The software, which was shareware and retailed at , had a community of users who continued to maintain their own website.


title: CompuServe

text: Since it was able to issue administrative commands, TapCIS was the preferred tool for dozens of CompuServe system operators (SysOps).


title: CompuServe

text: Regarding WinCIM (and predecessor CIM), "PC Magazine" wrote that "They give you a broader view of what's available" and by using it "you can more easily navigate the service." They explicitly caution that, unlike TapCIS, it "won't save any money ... it could actually take you longer to retrieve and answer messages ... than without it."


title: CompuServe

text: Although OzCIS and OzWIN (its Windows-based successor) were described as "free for personal use" by "PC Magazine", it was shareware, like WinCIM, TapCIS and NavCIS.


title: CompuServe

text: The programming was done by Steve Sneed using Pascal-like Delphi; the software was published by Ozarks West Software Inc.


title: CompuServe

text: Like TapCIS, it had SysOp features such as moving and deleting messages, administering the file libraries, and "flagging" users (giving/denying SysOp rights). Unlike other offline readers such as TapCIS and NavCIS, which added proprietary ways of formatting text (colors, fonts, attributes), OzWin always remained "plain text" and never displayed any custom styles.


title: CompuServe

text: Visual CompuServe, also known as VisCIS, was a demo concept of a VRML-based client by programmer John D. Gwinner which modelled the CompuServe interface into a 3D virtual environment. It was later redeveloped by Gwinner into VisMenu, a general-purpose VRML menuing system.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Homophobia has been widespread in men's association football, also known as soccer, throughout the world. Journalist Matt Williams stated that being a gay professional player in football is still a taboo, which journalist Simon Barnes has said will never change. In February 2013, football magazine "When Saturday Comes" described homosexuality as a "continuing taboo" in the sport. John Amaechi, the first NBA player to come out, has blamed football's "toxic" culture for the lack of openly gay players, while English former footballer Clarke Carlisle has called for more education to be given to players to combat homophobia. In June 2022, it was revealed that homophobia made up the majority of abuse aimed at footballers, 40% for men and 27% for women.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Andy Brennan came out as gay in May 2019, becoming the first openly gay male professional player in Australia.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In October 2021, Josh Cavallo came out via a video posted on his club's website and social media pages. In doing so he became the only openly gay top flight professional footballer in the world.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: A number of representatives of the Australian women's national team are openly gay, including Sam Kerr, Michelle Heyman and Tameka Yallop (née Butt).


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Richarlyson was named on Brazilian television as gay by the administrative manager of a rival team. When Richarlyson undertook legal action, the complaint was thrown out by the judge, who stated "football was a virile masculine sport and not a homosexual one." Richarlyson would later come out as bisexual in 2022.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In January 2019, former Botafogo footballer Douglas Braga said that he had quit football aged 21 as it was not possible for him to be both gay and a footballer.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In 2006, PFC Levski Sofia president Todor Batkov called referee Mike Riley a "British homosexual", following Riley's controversial sending off of Cedric Bardon during the UEFA Cup quarterfinal game against Schalke 04.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Anders Lindegaard is one of the few footballers to have spoken out against the intolerance of homosexuality in football and the absence of openly gay players from the professional game. In a 2012 blog entry the Burnley FC goalkeeper wrote:


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Justin Fashanu, older brother of fellow footballer John Fashanu, was the first professional footballer to come out as gay, after he agreed to an exclusive with "The Sun" tabloid newspaper on 22 October 1990. Fashanu claimed to have had an affair with a married Conservative MP who he first met in a London gay bar. A week later, John Fashanu publicly distanced himself from his brother, describing Justin as an "outcast", while Justin's manager Brian Clough famously described him as a "bloody poof." Fashanu was interviewed for the July 1991 cover story of "Gay Times", and Fashanu revealed that no club had offered him a full-time contract since the story first appeared. In the morning of 3 May 1998, he was found hanged in a deserted lock-up garage he had broken into, in Shoreditch, London, after visiting Chariots Roman Spa, a local gay sauna. In his suicide note, he stated: "I realised that I had already been presumed guilty. I do not want to give any more embarrassment to my friends and family."


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: The prominent gay rights activist Peter Tatchell joined a Football Association campaign against homophobia in football, but later left stating the organisation does not take the matter seriously.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: The gay rights group Stonewall published a report in August 2009 which described English football as "institutionally homophobic."


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Heterosexual players, such as Graeme Le Saux and Sol Campbell, have also been the victim of homophobic abuse; Le Saux by fellow player Robbie Fowler, and Campbell by opposing supporters.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: The Gay Football Supporters Network was founded in 1989 to campaign for gay rights in English football, and it currently organises the GFSN National League, a league consisting of gay teams. Stonewall Football Club is currently Britain's highest ranking gay football team, are on the verge of going semi-professional.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In August 2010, Hope Powell, the coach of the England women's team, was named in 68th place on "The Independent" newspaper's Pink List of influential lesbian and gay people in the UK.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In 2013 David Haigh, became the first openly gay managing director of an English football club. In November 2017, Pink News credited David Haigh along with Robbie Rogers and Thomas Hitzlsperger with paving the way for LGBT players and managers in football.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In December 2013, Leeds United, became the first Stonewall Diversity Champion in English football, championing gay equality within the club and wider football. Former Leeds United player Robbie Rogers, who was one of the first male professional footballers to come out as gay, launched his 'Beyond It' anti-discrimination charity with David Haigh at the club.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: German player Thomas Hitzlsperger stated in January 2014 that he thought it would be a long time before there was an openly gay player in the English Premier League. John Ruddy later stated that openly gay players would be supported in England. Later that month it was revealed that Liam Davis, a non-league player with Gainsborough Trinity, has been out for four years; he is the country's only openly gay semi-professional player.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In February 2014 it was revealed that only 11 of the Premier League's 20 teams, and only 17 of the Football League's 72 teams, had joined the 'Football v Homophobia' campaign.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In August 2014 Malky Mackay and Iain Moody were accused of sending each other racist, sexist and homophobic text messages. Moody left his job as sporting director of Crystal Palace as a result. Mackay apologised for the texts. The League Manager's Association defended Mackay, claiming that the texts were merely "banter"; the LMA had to later apologise for this as well. Mackay later denied being racist, sexist or homophobic.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In January 2019 Sol Campbell spoke out about homophobic abuse he had recently received despite being a heterosexual. He had also been the victim of similar abuse in 2014.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In February 2019 two Burnley fans were accused of using racist slurs against Brighton player Gaetan Bong and homophobic slurs against Brighton fans. Their criminal trial collapsed in October 2019.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In July 2019 an anonymous Twitter account called 'The Gay Footballer' announced that they were a professional footballer playing in the EFL Championship. After saying they intended to come out publicly, they later deleted the account.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In August 2019 there were reports of homophobic chanting by Bristol Rovers fans, aimed at Brighton fans. Bristol Rovers condemned the incident. Bristol Rovers were later fined by the FA.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: On 17 November 2019, Wycombe Wanderers player Ryan Allsop was allegedly subjected to homophobic chants from opposition Tranmere Rovers fans, with one arrest being made.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Later that month the Home Office announced that there had been a 66% increase in hate crime in English football from the previous year, the majority related to racism.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In December 2019 Brighton players were subjected to homophobic abuse by Wolves fans; two people were arrested. Later that month "hundreds of West Ham fans" were accused of homophobic chanting against Chelsea.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: On 1 February 2020, two West Ham United fans were arrested in London Stadium by the police for directing homophobic chants towards Brighton & Hove Albion fans during a Premier League match.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In July 2020 a current Premier League player revealed he was gay but would/could not come out. Later that month Everton players Richarlison and Lucas Digne said that a gay teammate would be accepted.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In August 2021 Norwich City player Billy Gilmour was subjected to homophobic chants from a group of Liverpool fans; the club issued a statement which condemned this.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In November 2021 Crystal Palace player Conor Gallagher was subjected to homophobic chants from a group of Leeds United fans; Leeds United issued a statement which condemned this.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In December 2021 Walsall player Manny Monthe was banned for seven matches for making a homophobic comment during a game.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In January 2022 there was homophobic chanting from fans of Spurs in a match against Chelsea. Later that month Ian Holloway said he felt English football was homophobic.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: On 16 May 2022, Blackpool player Jake Daniels came out as gay, making him the only current gay male professional footballer in the UK. He said that doing so would allow him to be "free and confident", and it was described by the BBC as a "watershed moment".


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In October 2022, there were homophobic chants at a Chelsea-Manchester United match, with both team's managers condemning the same.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: A gay amateur team operates in Paris under the name Paris Foot Gay. The club's highest profile supporter from within the professional game has been former France national football team player Vikash Dhorasoo (who is heterosexual) whilst a number of leading French professional clubs have signed their charter against homophobia. The club ran into controversy in 2009 however when an amateur side Creteil Bebel refused to play them due to the "principles" of Paris Foot Gay. Additionally, Ouissem Belgacem left Toulouse FC after 5 years of having to hide his homosexuality. In 2021, he published his autobiographic novel "Adieu ma honte" to denounce homophobia in association football.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: The issue returned to the spotlight in 2010 when amateur FC Chooz refused to register Yoann Lemaire, who had been with the club for 14 years, due to him being gay as they claimed it might lead to "trouble" with his teammates.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In March 2019, former player Patrice Evra denied making homophobic comments against Paris Saint-Germain.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In August 2019, a Ligue 2 match between Nancy and Le Mans was halted following homophobic chants from the stands against the league. France's Secretary of State for Equality, Marlene Schiappa reacted on Twitter and congratulated the referee for interrupting the match. Later that month a game between Nice and Marseille was halted due to homophobic chanting.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In May 2022, Idrissa Gueye was not included in the PSG team sheet for what manager Mauricio Pochettino revealed to be "personal reasons", and not an injury. This brought the media spotlight on Gueye; RMC Sport reported that he had refused to play in the match due to PSG's shirts featuring the rainbow flag in support of the LGBT movement, an initiative taken by Ligue 1 for the occasion of the International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia. He had also notably missed the same fixture in the previous season, with the reasoning behind his non-participation then being that he was suffering from gastroenteritis. For his controversial absence against Montpellier, Gueye received backlash and calls for sanctions from Rouge Direct, an organization against homophobia, and île-de-France politician Valérie Pécresse, among others. Senegalese president Macky Sall expressed his support for Gueye, justifying the position by stating that Gueye's "religious beliefs must be respected".


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Following the controversy surrounding Idrissa Gueye, French former international referee Nicolas Potier publicly came out.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In November 2017, while playing for Dutch club Vitesse, Georgian footballer Guram Kashia wore a rainbow armband as part of the Dutch initiative Coming Out Day. His show of support for gay rights led to protests outside the Georgian Football Federation's headquarters demanding his removal from the national team, at which eight people were arrested. He described himself as being "proud to support equal rights".


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: The Hamburger SV (HSV) player Heinz Bonn (1947–1991) was the first Bundesliga player to be publicly known as being gay, but only after his death. He played for HSV from 1970 to 1973. He was found murdered in his flat in Hannover on 5 December 1991, apparently by a male prostitute, according to police investigators, although the crime has never been solved. The historian Werner Skrentny has said at the time Bonn was playing, journalists had little interest in the private lives of footballers and it would have been unthinkable for him to come out. HSV has its own official LGBT fan club. Blue Pride was founded in 2006. It was renamed Volksparkjunxx in 2012.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Marcus Urban, born 1971, played with the East Germany national youth football team and as an amateur in the second division club Rot-Weiß Erfurt. From the age of 13, he had been hot-housed at a specialist sports boarding school in Erfurt but at the age of 20, in 1991, when he was about to become a professional footballer, he gave up the sport. He came out to friends and family in 1994, and in 2007 publicly spoke to the media about his homosexuality and the difficulties that gay footballers experience. He said that the pressure of having to pretend to be something he was not 24 hours a day was too much for him. He became widely known after a biography titled "Versteckspieler: Die Geschichte des schwulen Fußballers Marcus Urban" ('Hidden Player: the story of the gay footballer Marcus Urban') was published in 2008.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Urban has since become a spokesperson and campaigner on diversity issues in sport and the workplace. He advises the German Olympic Sports Confederation and the Sports Committee of the German Federal Parliament, as well as businesses and non-profit institutions.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In December 2006, "Rund" magazine published an interview done over a two-year period with two gay footballers living secret lives. One was married and said his wife did not know of his sexual orientation nor realise he was involved in an intimate relationship with his childhood friend. The other often brought a female friend to social events.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In March 2010, former manager Rudi Assauer said that "If a player came to me and said he was gay I would say to him: 'You have shown courage'. But then I would tell him to find something else to do. That's because those who out themselves always end up busted by it, ridiculed by their fellow players and by people in the stands. We should spare them these witch hunts."


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: On 8 January 2014, Thomas Hitzlsperger, who had retired from professional football in September 2013, announced that he was gay. Before coming out, in September 2012, Hitzlsperger had publicly spoken about players coming out. In September 2014 he said that he believed the sport was tackling homophobia.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In June 2021, at the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 tournament, German national team captain Manuel Neuer was investigated by UEFA for wearing a rainbow captain's armband. The potential fines were dropped as the UEFA said that it was not a political statement but "a team symbol for diversity and thus for a good cause,"


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: On 15 June 2021, Hungary played their opening match against Portugal at the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 tournament, with Hungarian fans allegedly displaying homophobic banners. UEFA announced an investigation.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In June 2019, the Irish women's national football team captain Katie McCabe and fellow Irish international Ruesha Littlejohn announced that they were in a relationship. McCabe described women's football as being "very accepting" regarding gay footballers.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Mexican football fans are known for shouting out ""Puto!"" (a Spanish homophobic slur), when the opposing team's goalkeeper is about to perform a goalkick. The chant has been shouted during Liga MX matches as well as in matches with the Mexico national team. However, these chants have led to fines and have also led Liga MX, FIFA, and CONCACAF to implement protocols regarding them.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: The first time these protocols were initiated were during a series of matches between Club León and Monarcas Morelia in 2019.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: During the 2021 CONCACAF Nations League Finals, fans chanted out the homophobic chant during both the semifinal against Costa Rica and the final match against the United States. This has led CONCACAF to initiate their anti-discrimination protocol by stopping the match in order to warn fans of getting ejected for saying the chant.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In June 2021 the Mexican Football Federation were punished by FIFA for alleged homophobic chants from their fans during the 2020 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship. They were fined up to $65,000 and were forced to have the Men's National Team to play two World Cup qualifying games behind closed doors.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In April 2009, former Dordrecht'90 striker John de Bever married his manager and friend Kees Stevens. De Bever played at the 1996 FIFA Futsal World Championship and was named World Futsal player of the year in 1997.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In June 2021 on NOS podcast "de schaduwspits", an anonymous Eredivisie player came forward as to being homosexual. He did not reveal his identity however, because of the backlash he would receive.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Thomas Berling retired from professional football after coming out in 2000, citing widespread homophobia in the football community as the reason.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In June 2015, a Bærum SK player was given a straight red card for calling his Sandnes Ulf opponent "gay" during a 1. divisjon match.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In October 2016, Stabæk Fotball became the first European club to host a pride parade preceding their home fixture against Sarpsborg 08. The team continues to host a pride parade preceding a home fixture each season.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Ahead of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, LGBT fans were told to be "respectful of the host nation" by British politician James Cleverly; same-sex activity is illegal in Qatar. LGBT organisations in England called on pubs and bars not to stream games.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In May 2019 Hibernian chief executive Leeann Dempster, a lesbian, said that Scottish football was ready for its first publicly gay player.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In June 2019 Partick Thistle launched their new away kit for the 2019–20 season which featured LGBT rainbow details, becoming the first Scottish club to do so.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In September 2022, Zander Murray became the first openly gay male senior player in Scotland. He later said he was "blown away" by the support he had received.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Eudy Simelane, a player on the South Africa women's national football team, was an openly lesbian player who was raped and murdered for being gay.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: The first gay and lesbian football supporters' group to be officially accepted by a Spanish club was founded in February 2009, and supports FC Barcelona.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Atlético Madrid football player Rafael Rodríguez Rapún (1912–1937) was poet Federico García Lorca's partner in life.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Referee Jesús Tomillero, the first to come out as gay, received police protection over homophobic death threats.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In October 2022, Iker Casillas tweeted that he was gay, before later deleting the tweet. He said he was hacked and apologised. Carles Puyol replied to the tweet in a joking manner, and later apologised for doing so.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Anton Hysén, son of former Sweden international Glenn Hysén, came out as gay in March 2011 whilst playing for Utsiktens BK, then a Swedish football Division 2 side.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Halil İbrahim Dinçdağ was a referee with the Turkey Football Federation for 13 years, but was sacked from this position due to his homosexuality. The Trabzon Board of Referees and the Turkish Football Association decided that he was not eligible for the role as he was previously excused from the military service for being homosexual. The Board of Referees has an association policy that excludes those that having not completed the military duties due to a mental illness (including homosexuality) are ineligible as referees, although normally homosexuality is not considered as such by the Turkish constitution. The Turkish Football Federation was fined 23,000 after the incident.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: One of Turkey's famous football commentators, Erman Toroğlu, argued that he should not be given his referee position back due to the professional reasons such as the possibility for making wrong decisions related to his homosexuality.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In an interview with the Turkish journalist Canan Danyıldız, one of the famous Turkish football managers, Yılmaz Vural, was asked about the presence of LGBT people in Turkish football. He said that although he has never witnessed any homosexual interaction in the locker rooms, he knows that there exist gay football players in the Turkish League. He added that he does not believe homosexuality inhibits the talents of the players and that everyone should be free to live their personal lives the way that they want to. He finalized his words by saying that gay Turkish football players can never come out of the closet since everyone knows about the case of the former referee Dinçdağ.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Another important interview about LGBT people in Turkish Football was held between the journalist Elif Korap and the famous former football player and present football commentator Rıdvan Dilmen. When he was asked whether or not he knew of any gay Turkish football players, his answer was straightforward: "Of course, as there are in any other profession." Dilmen criticized other people in the Turkish football industry for not admitting the presence of LGBT people, since they are afraid of being considered as homosexual as well. Although Dilmen said that he does not approve the discrimination against the LGBT people in the Turkish football, on contrary, he argued that he would still disinherit his own kid for being gay once he was reminded about a negative comment he made during an interview in 1989.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In 2021, was reported that Galatasaray S.K. midfielder Taylan Antalyalı received homophobic abuse on Twitter for wearing a pride-themed T-shirt.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Former MLS player David Testo, having been released by Montreal Impact the previous month, affirmed he was gay in an interview on the French Canadian division of Radio Canada that was published on 10 November 2011.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: On 15 February 2013, midfielder Robbie Rogers, who had been released by Leeds United a few weeks earlier, came out after announcing his retirement from professional football. Rogers later stated that being openly gay was "impossible" in the sport. He has since returned to football, signing a "multi-year" contract with the Los Angeles Galaxy. Rogers stated in December 2013 that he had not received any contact from other, secretly, gay players.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: In October 2020, San Diego Loyal FC player Collin Martin, who is openly gay, accused a Phoenix Rising FC opposition player of homophobic abuse in a match. San Diego Loyal walked off in protest, forfeiting the game. A few days later Phoenix Rising player Junior Flemmings received a six-match ban for the incident, and was placed by Phoenix Rising officials on administrative leave for the remainder of his contract term, which concludes on 30 November 2020. Flemmings has denied making the alleged comments.


title: Homosexuality in association football

text: Several female players have come out as LGBT as well. Megan Rapinoe, Abby Wambach, and Ali Krieger are notable examples.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Ace the Bat-Hound is a superhero dog appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is commonly featured as the canine crime-fighting partner of Batman and the mentor of Krypto, Streaky and the Dog Star Patrol.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Kevin Hart voices the character in the animated film "DC League of Super-Pets", which was released in the United States on July 29, 2022.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Ace debuted in "Batman" #92 (July 1955) and was created by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff. Ace's introduction followed on Krypto the Superdog's debut in "Adventure Comics" #210 (March 1955), and by German Shepherd Dogs from detective films and serials, such as Rin Tin Tin and Ace the Wonder Dog.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Ace, along with Batwoman, Batgirl and Bat-Mite, retired from the comic in 1964, when editor Julius Schwartz instituted a "New Look" Batman that shed some of the sillier elements in the series.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Ace was a German Shepherd Dog originally owned by an engraver named John Wilker. He was found by Batman and Robin after his master was kidnapped by a gang of counterfeiters. Batman used Ace to try to locate Wilker. Because he had already placed a large number of "lost dog" announcements for Ace in his civilian identity of Bruce Wayne, he was concerned that anyone recognizing Ace (who had a prominent star-shaped marking on his forehead) might make the connection between Bruce Wayne and Batman. To forestall that problem, he hastily improvised a hood-like mask for the dog that incorporated the bat-emblem as a dog tag dangling from Ace's collar. Ace was subsequently christened the Bat-Hound by a criminal that the dog helped Batman to apprehend.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Wilker later took a new job that made it difficult for him to take care of Ace, so he left the dog to Bruce Wayne. Wilker was never aware that Ace was the Bat-Hound or that Bruce Wayne was Batman.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: An early case involved Ace tracking down a mentally unhinged ancient weapons expert who was using his own weapons to commit crimes. At one point, Ace acquired superpowers thanks to Bat-Mite, but this was short-lived. He did have his own training. For example; his specialized radio collar, when activated, told him to don his own mask (via a hands-free device) and track down Batman and Robin. Ace was used less and less over time, and for various reasons. When Bruce was overcome with night terrors, Robin suggested that Ace sleep beside him.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Ace disappeared from the "Batman" comics after Julius Schwartz took over as editor in 1964. His last appearance was a cameo in a story where Batman had lost his fighting spirit.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: A version of Ace is seen in the cosmic realm of Limbo when the hero Animal Man takes a trip through it.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: A post-"Crisis" version of Ace was reintroduced in "Batman" #462 (June 1991) by the late Alan Grant and the late Norm Breyfogle, although he has been rarely seen in recent years. This version was originally a guide dog belonging to a blind Native American named Black Wolf, who called him "Dog". The dog assisted Batman in fighting criminals from Black Wolf's tribe. Following Black Wolf's death, Batman adopted Dog, renaming him Ace.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: He did not wear a mask, nor was he ever referred to as Bat-Hound, and has the appearance of an English Mastiff with a bat-shaped dark patch on his flank. Ace has at times helped Batman on cases and is depicted to be very affectionate towards his owner and vice versa.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: After Batman is disabled by the villain Bane, Azrael takes over the identity and ejects Ace, Nightwing, Robin and Harold Allnut from the Batcaves. Harold, a trusted confidante of Batman, takes in Ace; they live in a part of the caverns that Azrael is unfamiliar with. To keep busy, Ace enjoys playing with a robotic mouse built by Harold.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Ace disappeared without explanation after the events of the "No Man's Land" storyline in the late 1990s. He cameos in "".


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: A traditional Ace was seen in "Final Crisis: Superman Beyond 3D". He is in Limbo with other "forgotten characters", such as Gunfire, Geist, Hardhat of the Demolition Team and Merryman of the Inferior Five. Merryman explains that everyone is here where no stories exist, because nobody is writing about them. Despite this, Superman and his allies work to rescue all the residents of Limbo, who then assist in the battle against the cosmic threat of Mandrakk.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: The original Ace appeared in a flashback scene in "Batman Inc." #4, thus making the current canon status of the Post-"Crisis" Ace unclear. In this story, Ace is trying to play with Robin, who is fuming over Kathy Kane, a.k.a. Batwoman, and her influence on Batman.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: In "Batman and Robin Vol. 1: Born to Kill", as part of "The New 52" (a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe), Bruce is seen purchasing a black Great Dane from a kennel. He later gives this dog to his son, Damian, who names him Titus. Damian rejects the dog at first, but eventually bonds with him. Writer Peter Tomasi revealed that he thought about naming Damian's dog Ace, but "it was best not to drop [Ace] in at this point in the New 52".


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: In "DC Rebirth", a different Ace was introduced in "Batman" vol. 3 Annual #1, in which he is depicted as a former guard dog of the Joker who fought Batman until Joker left him and the other dogs without food in a ditch to fight amongst themselves. The dogs had card symbols on them, and the brown dog with an ace on it killed the others. He was sent to the Gotham Pound, and Alfred adopted him two days later. In order to facilitate this, Alfred actually purchases the Gotham Pound, turning it into the Martha and Thomas Wayne Humane Society. Alfred spends the next couple of months training the dog despite Bruce's objections, as he thinks Ace's wounds from the Joker's actions cannot be healed. Despite this, Alfred manages to properly train him in time for Christmas, and Bruce starts bonding with the dog after getting injured during one of his night shifts. He gets Ace a bat-mask for Christmas and calls him a "Bat Hound". Though the Gotham Pound owner described Ace as a female, Bruce and Alfred have called Ace a him, leaving the gender ambiguous.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Titus is seen as a pet living in Wayne Manor. It alerts Alfred of Duke Thomas's sneaking out. Titus and Ace are later shown sleeping in twin baskets, confirming that both dogs now exist in the same continuity. Ace is seen following Bruce Wayne around the manor after he has a difficult night out.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Much like the TV show "Batman Beyond", a Great Dane named Ace is shown to have been owned by Bruce in his old age.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: In Mark Waid's and Alex Ross's "Kingdom Come" miniseries, Ace is portrayed as the giant winged steed of the Fourth World Batwoman. Ace is also mentioned in Howard Chaykin's "Elseworlds" crossover "". During a seance attended by Bruce Wayne and mystic debunker Harry Houdini, Ace was referred to as Bruce Wayne's childhood pet. In the "Elseworlds" Frankenstein pastiche "", Dr. Bruce Wayne tests his theories by creating a literal Bat-Hound: a dog with some of the attributes of a bat. A version of Ace appears in multiple issues of "Tiny Titans", a comic created for younger readers. Ace appears in the alternate universe 'Unkillables' storyline, assisting Jason Todd.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Pre-"Crisis", Superman's Batman-like identity of Nightwing included a Kandorian counterpart to Ace the Bat-Hound, a telepathic dog named "Nighthound".


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Ace appears as an unlockable playable character in "", with vocal effects provided again by Dee Bradley Baker.


title: Ace the Bat-Hound

text: Ace's appeal is discussed in "Mythology: The DC Comics Art of Alex Ross". Ross feels that as a child, the idea of Batman having a dog is "cool", but as an adult the same idea is "outrageous".


title: Maja Salvador

text: Maja Ross Andres Salvador-Ortega (; born October 5, 1988) is a Filipino actress, performer, television host, occasional producer, and talent manager. Referred to as the “Majestic Superstar”and the ""Queen of Revenge Drama"", Salvador is a recipient of an Asia Contents Awards, including nominations from FAMAS Awards, Asian Academy Creative Awards, and Asian Television Awards.


title: Maja Salvador

text: She made her acting debut at age 14 on television in a minor role for "It Might Be You (TV series)" (2003), which gained her a nomination for "Best New TV Personality" at the 18th PMPC Star Awards for Television. Her film debut happened three years later in a supporting role for "Sukob " (2006), which she was nominated for "Best Supporting Actress" at the 55th FAMAS Awards and Gawad PASADO Awards 2007, while she won the "Most Promising Female Star" at the 37th GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards, "New Movie Actress of the Year" at the 23rd PMPC Star Awards for Movies, and "Breakthrough Performance by an Actress" at the 4th ENPRESS Golden Screen Awards. In 2011, Salvador co-produced and portrayed the title role in the film Thelma, which earned her the 35th Gawad Urian Award and the 30th Luna Awards (Film Academy of the Philippines Award) for Best Actress in 2012.


title: Maja Salvador

text: Since her debut, she garnered subsequent success and awards for her lead roles in the TV series "Nagsimula sa Puso" (2009), "PHR Presents:Impostor" (2010), "Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin" (2011), "Ina, Kapatid, Anak" (2012), "The Legal Wife" (2014), "Bridges of Love" (2015) and "FPJ's Ang Probinsyano" (2015). Salvador cemented a superstardom status when she portrayed Lily Cruz / Ivy Aguas in the top-tier revenge-drama series "Wildflower" (2017). Aside from the high ratings and advertising loads, the show gave Salvador a swept nominations for Best Actress at the prestigious Asian Academy Creative Awards (2018), Asian Television Awards (2018), and won the Asia Contents Awards in 2019 where Wildflower is also nominated for "Best Asian Drama". Her critical acclaim was followed by her role as Camila dela Torre in another quality revenge-drama "The Killer Bride" (2019), which is a National Winner at the Asian Academy Creative Awards 2020 for "Best Telenovela".


title: Maja Salvador

text: Following ABS-CBN's free tv shutdown In May 2020 Salvador's home network since 2003, her contract with Star Magic has expired. In 2021, after 18 years, Salvador left "Star Magic" and decided to establish her own talent agency, Crown Artist Management. At present, Salvador plays the lead role Niña in "Niña Niño", a primetime comedy-drama series broadcast by TV5 every Monday-Friday (Monday, Tuesday and Thursday during PBA seasons). The series is the National Winner at the Asian Academy Creative Awards 2021 for "Best Drama Series", while Salvador hailed as the National Winner for Best Actress. She is also one of the Head Hunters in POPinoy, TV5's reality-show to unleash ultimate Pinoy pop idols, broadcasting every Sunday. Considered as a freelancer, Salvador crossed tv network as host and performer of the long-running noontime show "Eat Bulaga!'s" dance segment, DC 2021, every Monday to Saturday broadcast by GMA Network.


title: Maja Salvador

text: Before she became an established actress, Salvador was first noticed and admired by the public as a charismatic performer on stage and dubbed as the Dance Princess. Today, aside from being a respected Multi-Awarded and Versatile actress, she is widely acknowledged as the Philippines Entertainment's "Queen of the Dance Floor".


title: Maja Salvador

text: Maja Ross Andres Salvador was born in Aparri, Cagayan, Philippines, on October 5, 1988. Her mother is Thelma Andres while her father, Ross Rival, was a former actor. Salvador is a member of a family of actors which includes her father, Ross Rival, uncle Phillip Salvador and half-brother Jon Hernandez.


title: Maja Salvador

text: Salvador started her career in show business lightly. She played a minor role in "It Might Be You" (2003–2004), a series starring John Lloyd Cruz and Bea Alonzo. For the series Salvador garnered her first nomination for Best New Female TV Personality. After "It Might Be You", Salvador then started appearing in "ASAP" (2003–2020). She then started pairing up with other teen actors such as Rayver Cruz, John Wayne Sace, and Hero Angeles for the now defunct teenage television series "Nginiig" (2004–2006). Salvador, along with Cruz, Sace and Angeles, were all hosts of the series.


title: Maja Salvador

text: She then reunited with co-stars Rayver Cruz and John Wayne Sace for another teen-oriented television series. Salvador became part of the cast of "Spirits" (2004–2005), portraying the role of Gabby, an overachiever kid whose sunny ways ensures she is liked by everyone she meets. Salvador starred in several episodes of "Maalaala Mo Kaya", a drama anthology series, and gained a nomination for Best Single Performance by an Actress for an episode entitled "Regalo" (2006). In 2006, Salvador made her film debut in the horror themed movie "Sukob". She was nominated and won several awards for the movie, including Best Supporting Actress award. The film is considered one of the most scariest horror Filipino films made of all times. It topbilled actress Kris Aquino and Claudine Barretto.


title: Maja Salvador

text: After the success of her first film, "Sukob", Salvador then starred in the Philippine comedy film "First Day High" (2006), opposite Kim Chiu, Gerald Anderson, Geoff Eigenmann and Jason Abalos. Shortly afterwards, she then became part of the cast of "Sa Piling Mo" (2006) playing the role of Marisa. Salvador gained even more fame after starring in the prime time series "Pangarap na Bituin" (2007). The series is the 2nd highest Musical Prime Time series after Sharon Cuneta's "Bituing Walang Ningning". She then gained even more popularity after starring in "One More Chance" (2007), reuniting with "It Might Be You" co-stars John Lloyd Cruz and Bea Alonzo. Salvador received a nomination for Movie Supporting Actress of the Year. Salvador then starred in Susan Roces's "Pataying Sa Sindak Si Barbara" (2008), alongside Kris Aquino, Jodi Sta. Maria and veteran actress, Susan Roces.


title: Maja Salvador

text: After portraying several supporting roles in movies and television series, Salvador got her first leading role in "Nagsimula sa Puso" (2009–2010). The series revolves around a teacher named Celina who falls in love with her own student. This is the first partnership of love-team Maja Salvador and Coco Martin. Salvador stars opposite Nikki Gil, Jason Abalos and Jaclyn Jose. While also doing this series, she was also, at the time, also starring in the child-themed series "May Bukas Pa" (2009–2010), with child actor Zaijian Jaranilla. Salvador became a well known name after playing the roles of "Celina Fernandez" and "Stella Rodrigo".


title: Maja Salvador

text: Salvador experienced career expansion after playing several minor and supporting roles. She became the leading lady of Sam Milby during the 11th installment of the "Precious Hearts Romances" series. She, along with Milby, starred in the series entitled "Impostor" (2010). Shortly after, Salvador got another leading role in the miniseries of "Wansapanataym" entitled "Inday sa Balitaw" (2010). Salvador played the title role in the inspirational family drama film, "Thelma" (2011). She received 2 awards for the category of Best Actress for the film. Besides that, Salvador was also nominated twice.


title: Maja Salvador

text: She then became part of the cast in "Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin" (2011). Reuniting with her "Nagsimula sa Puso" leading man, Coco Martin, Salvador also starred with Andi Eigenmann, Martin del Rosario and veteran actress Lorna Tolentino. The series made Salvador's profile grow even more. After the successful finale of "Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin", Salvador joined the cast of "My Binondo Girl" (2011–2012), reuniting for her "First Day High" co-star Kim Chiu. She played the role of Amber Dionisio, a rival of Jade (Chiu). Salvador then starred in the film "My Cactus Heart" (2012) with Xian Lim and Matteo Guidicelli, who she once starred with in the comedy-romance television series "My Binondo Girl".


title: Maja Salvador

text: Shortly after "My Cactus Heart", Salvador then became part of the cast in the anthology comedy film "24/7 in Love" (2012). For her part in the film, Salvador was paired up with actor, Diether Ocampo. Their part in the film is about an officer worker (Salvador) and her boss (Ocampo) who then fall in love. The film involved showing some nude scenes including Diether Ocampo's posterior showing with Salvador in the room. She then returned to television and starred in another installment of the "Precious Hearts Romances" series. Salvador was once again the starring role and the series was entitled "Lumayo Ka Man Sa Akin" (2012). She starred alongside Jason Abalos and Patrick Garcia.


title: Maja Salvador

text: Salvador then paired up with Kim Chiu, Xian Lim and Enchong Dee in the critically acclaimed prime time television series "Ina, Kapatid, Anak" (2012–2013). Portraying the role of Margaux Marasigan, she plays the main anti-heroine of the series. The series scored a great beginner rating of 25.8%, while the finale episode showed great appreciation from viewers garnering a 42.9% final episode. Following her successful portrayal in the series, Salvador received two nominations for Best Drama Actress for her role as Margaux. After "Ina, Kapatid, Anak", Salvador did another comedy film and collaborated with Paulo Avelino and Jake Cuenca in "" (2013), a remake of the 1979 comedy "Salawahan".


title: Maja Salvador

text: In 2014, Salvador became part of the highly controversial prime time television series, "The Legal Wife", starring alongside veteran actress Angel Locsin, Jericho Rosales and JC de Vera. She plays main antagonist of the series being the mistress of Adrian (Rosales) and rival to Monica (Locsin). For her involvement in "The Legal Wife", Salvador got nominated for Best Drama Actress. Towards the end of the year, Salvador starred in the daytime television series, "Give Love on Christmas" (2014–2015). She did the 2nd installment of the series and it was titled "The Gift of Life".


title: Maja Salvador

text: After "Give Love on Christmas", Salvador's first project of 2015 was the critically acclaimed drama "Bridges of Love", which showed in Latin countries including Peru. Salvador plays the lead role, Mia, who is torn between two lovers, Gael and Carlos, who are fighting for her love and are unknowingly biological brothers. She stars with Jericho Rosales, Paulo Avelino, Carmina Villarroel and veteran actor Edu Manzano. The series started off with a great beginning with a 21.9% in ratings and ended off with a 26.9% finale. For her portrayal as Mia, she got nominated once for Best Drama Actress, while winning the award three times in 2015–2016. While filming "Bridges of Love", Salvador also starred in the movie "You're Still the One" (2015), opposite Richard Yap, Ellen Adarna and Dennis Trillo. The story focuses on the life of Elisse (Salvador) and how she is torn by choosing the right man who came at the wrong time or the wrong man who came at the right time.


title: Maja Salvador

text: Salvador then reunited with her "Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin" on-screen partner Coco Martin for a new project. She starred in "FPJ's Ang Probinsyano" (2015–2016) opposite Susan Roces, Bela Padilla, John Prats, Arjo Atayde, Jaime Fabregas, Albert Martinez, Eddie Garcia and Agot Isidro. The series is one of the most highly rated television series ever produced by ABS-CBN by getting a 41.6% on its pilot episode. Salvador portrayed the role of SPO1 Glen Corpuz who is Cardo's (Martin) childhood best friend and police partner who secretly admires him. However, in August 2016, Salvador departed from the series with her contract ending. Her character was replaced by Yassi Pressman. She reprises her role for the comedy television series "Home Sweetie Home" (2016) as Glen Corpuz.


title: Maja Salvador

text: After her character's departure from "Ang Probinsyano", Salvador plays the lead protagonist of the series in "Wildflower" (2017 – February 2018). In the series, she portrays the strong willed and vengeful Lily Cruz. The series occupied the pre-primetime slot, which is before ABS-CBN's flagship news show "TV Patrol" from February 2017 – February 2018. The series enjoys high ratings with 20.1% for its pilot episode and peaking at 35.2%. The series, specifically the confrontation scenes of her character and Emilia Ardiente (played by her co-actress Aiko Melendez) is popular in social media and had been a subject of several memes.


title: Maja Salvador

text: In 2017, Salvador played the role of Caridad Sonia “Carson” Herrera in JP Habac's critically acclaimed independent film I'm Drunk, I Love You. Salvador's nuanced performance as the film's hopeless-romantic female lead led to nominations at the 2018 FAMAS Awards and the 34th PMPC Star Awards for Movies, and won her the best actress award at the 5th Urduja Film Festival Heritage Films Awards.


title: Maja Salvador

text: In 2019, Salvador returned to TV with two projects, first was being a judge in World of Dance Philippines, before returning to teleserye via The Killer Bride, where she portrayed Camila Dela Torre and co-starred with her niece Janella Salvador. The tale stems from a woman named Camila dela Torre, who in 1999—right before her wedding day, "killed" their mayor and was found by her fiancé in a matching bloody wedding dress and veil. During her murder trial, Camila begs to the court that she is wrongfully accused, but is eventually shunned by her own rich, prominent family and fiancé Vito dela Cuesta who testifies against her. Resulting in Camila's life imprisonment, she eventually gives birth to a beautiful baby girl in prison. Days later, a sudden freak fire encompasses the entire prison facility. Crying, desperate and unable to locate her newborn daughter, her last words exact revenge on every person who falsely accused her, all whilst her body burned in the flames. Also, she was occasionally a guest co-host on It's Showtime when many of the hosts of the show are absent.


title: Maja Salvador

text: In 2020, after ABS-CBN was shut down on free TV, along with its franchise being denied by 70 congressmen, Salvador joined the Brightlight Productions/Cornerstone Studios-produced show Sunday Noontime Live!, which is aired on TV5 via a blocktime agreement. However, after three months, the show aired its final episode.


title: Maja Salvador

text: In 2021, after 18 years under Star Magic, Salvador left Star Magic to establish her own talent agency called Crown Artist Management. She starred as Niña in Niña Niño. On the first story, Niña was a girl who do not believe in miracles. She thrived somebody's essentials to benefit her and her Lola Belen (Ruby Ruiz) whom born by her mother named Gloria (Lilet) then leaved for a reason due to poor living. After eight years, she returned to Brgy. Consolacion along with his second child Niño (Noel Comia Jr.). Gloria revealed she was beaten by her own husband and she is trying to get away. After sunset, Lola Belen went missing after a long hunting despite that she had died on collision. Meanwhile in Belen's demise in the family, they are convince to start acted as con-artist for their potential income to the siblings, after that when Niño had a stomachache, Niña had caught by the tanods of the stealing property and both were run out quickly and they jump on a truck which brings them to Sitio Santa Ynez where they live a new life until an unexpected event changes everything. While Niña and Niño escaped through the remote area of Sta. Ynez, they had to find ways in receiving true faith for themselves and connected to healing rituals while they found Ka Iking, they had discovered happy thought for earning big income and return on basic act. This little town was ruled by Kapitana Pinang (Dudz Teraña) who was very strict and interested on making more and more money. Later on they met Isay (Moi Bien). It premiered on April 5, 2021 on TV5's "Todo Max Primetime Singko" line up replacing "Paano ang Pangako?".


title: Maja Salvador

text: On October 2, she officially joined the Eat Bulaga! to host the new segment "DC 2021". She returned to ABS-CBN in the action TV series The Iron Heart starring Richard Gutierrez


title: Maja Salvador

text: In December 2013, it was announced that Salvador had signed a recording contract with Ivory Music & Video. While recording the album, Salvador worked with award-winning arranger and producer, Jonathan Ong. By March 2014, she revealed through her Instagram account that the title will be "Believe" along with its track listing which contains mainly original composition and two cover songs. The carrier single, "Dahan-Dahan", was released on March 6 while the album was released nationwide on March 25. The album also features collaborations with rapper Abra and Project Pinas. Salvador also co-wrote a song titled "Buong Gabi". She released her first single from the said album, also titled "Dahan Dahan".


title: Maja Salvador

text: In June 2014, the album was eventually certified gold for selling over 7,500 copies nationwide and Salvador appeared on ASAP to receive a Gold Record award. She also staged her first major sold-out concert entitled "MAJ: The Legal Performer" on July 12 at the Music Museum. On September 14, 2014 she released her second single called "Halikana" featuring Abra. The same month, the music reached at no. 7 in the Top 10 Philippine pop music chart.


title: Maja Salvador

text: On March 15, 2015, during an interview with Myx, she revealed details on her second album and that its carrier single will be released by the end of the month. On April 9, 2015, a photo was uploaded on Salvador's Facebook page showing herself on set to film a music video for the carrier single titled, "Bakit Ganito Ang Pag Ibig", with actor JC De Vera. The single was digitally released on April 17. Her second album, titled "Maja in Love", was released on April 30. It features collaborations with Sam Milby and Rayver Cruz. In November, she staged her second major concert at the Mall of Asia Arena, dubbed as Majasty. She then again staged her third concert at the Music Museum, dubbed as #OnlyMaja.


title: Maja Salvador

text: In 2017, it was announced that Salvador will team up with Thai popstar with Tor+Saksit for a new single. The song, "Falling into You", was released on February 9, 2018.


title: Maja Salvador

text: In 2013, Salvador joined the PETA campaign to Free Mali from captivity in Manila Zoo and have her transferred to Boon Lott's Elephant Sanctuary where she can be given proper treatment and care. Mali is the only captive elephant in the Philippines and the zoo is considered to not have adequate knowledge or resources to properly care for her.


title: The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)

text: The Good Lord Bird is a 2020 American historical drama miniseries, based on the 2013 novel of the same name by James McBride. Focusing on John Brown's attack on American slavery, the series was created and executive produced by Ethan Hawke and Mark Richard. Produced by Jason Blum, through Blumhouse Television, it premiered on October 4, 2020, on Showtime.


title: The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)

text: The series is told from the point of view of Henry "Onion" Shackleford (Joshua Caleb Johnson), a fictional enslaved boy, who is part of John Brown (Ethan Hawke) motley crew of abolitionist soldiers during the time of Bleeding Kansas, eventually participating in the famous 1859 raid on the Federal Armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia). Brown's raid failed to initiate a slave revolt as he intended, but it was one of the events that started the American Civil War.


title: The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)

text: It is not just the story of Brown but that of those that accompanied him. According to Hawke, "If you really study this character, he asks a lot of you philosophically. He challenges why so many of us accept the unacceptable". Author James McBride was involved in the production and according to him, "John Brown is a real hero to me and to many Black people who are no longer alive. John Brown gave his life and two of his sons' lives to the cause of freedom for Black people, and he started the Civil War. They buried this man's story for a long time...".


title: The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)

text: Music in the miniseries is composed of Black musical genres: gospel, blues, and spirituals. Most is performed by Black artists or groups, with the theme song "Come On Children, Let's Sing", a gospel song, sung by Mahalia Jackson. Songs featured in the series include:


title: The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)

text: Ethan Hawke and Jason Blum adapted the 2013 novel, "The Good Lord Bird", for a limited series that premiered on October 4, 2020, on Showtime. The series was created and executive produced by Hawke and Mark Richard. Jason Blum, via Blumhouse Television, served as a production partner on the miniseries. Albert Hughes, Kevin Hooks, Darnell Martin, and Haifaa al-Mansour, Michael Nankin, and Kate Woods each directed an episode.


title: The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)

text: In August 2019, Daveed Diggs and Wyatt Russell signed on to portray Frederick Douglass and First Lieutenant J. E. B. Stuart. In July 2019, Joshua Caleb Johnson and Rafael Casal joined the cast as Henry "Onion" Shackleford and John Cook.


title: The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)

text: For the series, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 98% based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Ethan Hawke dazzles in "The Good Lord Bird", an epically irreverent adaptation that does right by its source material's good word." On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 84 out of 100 based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."


title: The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)

text: In response to John Lahr's profile of Ethan Hawke, "The New Yorker" published a letter to the editor, written by Marty Brown, a descendant of John Brown. In the letter, Marty Brown welcomes the effort to bring John Brown's story to a wider audience but notes that his characterization in the series does not reflect the work of Brown's historians and biographers.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: Monster High: The Movie is a 2022 live-action musical fantasy film directed by Todd Holland and produced by the television division of Mattel and Brightlight Pictures. In the United States, it was released on both Paramount+ and Nickelodeon on October 6, 2022.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: Based on the "Monster High" fashion doll franchise by Mattel, it is one of two projects announced on February 23, 2021, alongside an animated series as part of a second "Monster High" brand relaunch.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: Clawdeen Wolf is a half-werewolf half-human biracial girl, born from a human father, named Apollo, and werewolf mother, named Selena (who passed away for unknown reasons). Due to being part monster, Clawdeen spent her whole life in the world of humans hiding from people. On Clawdeen's 15th birthday, she receives an invitation to study at Monster High, a high school for monsters her mother used to attend. Although reluctant, Apollo agrees to let her attend the school. He warns her that she must hide her human side, because humans are considered monsters' biggest threat and only "true monster hearts" are allowed in the school.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: Upon arriving at Monster High (which is depicted as a boarding school), Clawdeen finally feels like she belongs somewhere. She befriends Frankie Stein, a non-binary Frankenmonster who is just 15 days old with a brilliant brain made from different brain bits, and falls in love with Deuce Gorgon, son of Medusa and Lyra. She also meets Draculaura, daughter of Dracula who is pressured by her father to be a top student, Cleo de Nile, daughter of the Mummy, the school's Queen Bee and Deuce's ex-girlfriend, Lagoona Blue, Colombian daughter of a Sea Monster and a Sea Nymph and Cleo's best friend, and the Zombie Ghoulia Yelps who helps her find her dormitory. The school's Headmistress Bloodgood invites Clawdeen to speak at a dinner with the Monster High Council on Founder’s Day to represent the students, to which she agrees.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: During her time at Monster High, Clawdeen discovers that she temporarily transforms into a full human when she feels strong emotions like fear or nervousness. During her first class, her new professor, Mr. Komos, teaches the students about the history of Monster High and how humans are hated by monsters. He tells them the story of Edward "Eddy" Hyde, a half-human half-monster former student who was expelled from the school when his human side was discovered and was killed by human hunters, which makes Clawdeen fear getting discovered even more. She learns from Mr. Komos that Hyde created a formula that could transform a half-human half-monster into a full-blooded monster, but he never tested it due to being expelled before he could. Clawdeen decides to find and drink the formula so no one will find out her secret and researches Hyde.


title: Monster High: The Movie

text: Clawdeen starts transforming into a human even more, particularly around Deuce, only to be discovered by Frankie. While briefly freaked out, Frankie doesn't shun Clawdeen. Instead, they help her look for Hyde's secret lab, which is apparently located in the school's graveyard. Upon arriving there, they discover Draculaura practicing witchcraft, something forbidden since witches and vampires have been at war for centuries. Frankie and Clawdeen promise to keep her abilities a secret (being impressed by the vampire's magic), and Draculaura helps the two in their mission. They discover a place that apparently is the lab, but it has a lock that only a certain hand can open.