title: Electric arc furnace

text: The use of EAFs allows steel to be made from a 100% scrap metal feedstock. This greatly reduces the energy required to make steel when compared with primary steelmaking from ores.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Another benefit is flexibility: while blast furnaces cannot vary their production by much and can remain in operation for years at a time, EAFs can be rapidly started and stopped, allowing the steel mill to vary production according to demand.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Although steelmaking arc furnaces generally use scrap steel as their primary feedstock, if hot metal from a blast furnace or direct-reduced iron is available economically, these can also be used as furnace feed.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: As EAFs require large amounts of electrical power, many companies schedule their operations to take advantage of off-peak electricity pricing.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: A typical steelmaking arc furnace is the source of steel for a mini-mill, which may make bars or strip product. Mini-mills can be sited relatively near the markets for steel products, so the transport requirements are less than for an integrated mill, which would commonly be sited near a harbor for better access to shipping.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Electric arc furnace steelmaking results in lower carbon dioxide emissions of around 0.6 ton CO per ton of steel produced, which is significantly lower than the conventional production route via blast furnaces and the basic oxygen furnace.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: In theory, electric arc furnaces can be powered used only renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic solar power. This would even further reduce the emissions and embodied energy associated with steelmaking, or any of the many other materials requiring furnaces, including glass. This makes EAF's an attractive option for green industry.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Although the modern electric arc furnace is a highly efficient recycler of steel scrap, operation of an arc furnace shop can have adverse environmental effects. Much of the capital cost of a new installation will be devoted to systems intended to reduce these effects, which include:


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Because of the very dynamic quality of the arc furnace load, power systems may require technical measures to maintain the quality of power for other customers; flicker and harmonic distortion are common power system side-effects of arc furnace operation.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: For steelmaking, direct current (DC) arc furnaces are used, with a single electrode in the roof and the current return through a conductive bottom lining or conductive pins in the base. The advantage of DC is lower electrode consumption per ton of steel produced, since only one electrode is used, as well as less electrical harmonics and other similar problems. The size of DC arc furnaces is limited by the current carrying capacity of available electrodes, and the maximum allowable voltage. Maintenance of the conductive furnace hearth is a bottleneck in extended operation of a DC arc furnace.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: In a steel plant, a ladle furnace (LF) is used to maintain the temperature of liquid steel during processing after tapping from EAF or to change the alloy composition. The ladle is used for the first purpose when there is a delay later in the steelmaking process. The ladle furnace consists of a refractory roof, a heating system, and, when applicable, a provision for injecting argon gas into the bottom of the melt for stirring. Unlike a scrap melting furnace, a ladle furnace does not have a tilting or scrap-charging mechanism.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Electric arc furnaces are also used for production of calcium carbide, ferroalloys, and other non-ferrous alloys, and for production of phosphorus. Furnaces for these services are physically different from steel-making furnaces and may operate on a continuous, rather than batch, basis. Continuous-process furnaces may also use paste-type, Søderberg electrodes to prevent interruptions from electrode changes. Such a furnace is known as a submerged arc furnace, because the electrode tips are buried in the slag/charge, and arcing occurs through the slag, between the matte and the electrode. A steelmaking arc furnace, by comparison, arcs in the open. The key is the electrical resistance, which is what generates the heat required: the resistance in a steelmaking furnace is the atmosphere, while in a submerged-arc furnace, the slag (or charge) supplies the resistance. The liquid metal formed in either furnace is too conductive to form an effective heat-generating resistance.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Amateurs have constructed a variety of arc furnaces, often based on electric arc welding kits contained by silica blocks or flower pots. Though crude, these simple furnaces can melt a wide range of materials, create calcium carbide, and more.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Smaller arc furnaces may be adequately cooled by circulation of air over structural elements of the shell and roof, but larger installations require intensive forced cooling to maintain the structure within safe operating limits. The furnace shell and roof may be cooled either by water circulated through pipes which form a panel, or by water sprayed on the panel elements. Tubular panels may be replaced when they become cracked or reach their thermal stress life cycle. Spray cooling is the most economical and is the highest efficiency cooling method. A spray cooling piece of equipment can be relined almost endlessly; equipment that lasts 20 years is the norm. However while a tubular leak is immediately noticed in an operating furnace due to the pressure loss alarms on the panels, at this time there exists no immediate way of detecting a very small volume spray cooling leak. These typically hide behind slag coverage and can hydrate the refractory in the hearth leading to a break out of molten metal or in the worst case a steam explosion.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: A plasma arc furnace (PAF) uses plasma torches instead of graphite electrodes. Each of these torches has a casing with a nozzle and axial tubing for feeding a plasma-forming gas (either nitrogen or argon) and a burnable cylindrical graphite electrode within the tubing. Such furnaces can be called "PAM" (Plasma Arc Melt) furnaces; they are used extensively in the titanium-melting industry and similar specialty metal industries.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a secondary remelting process for vacuum refining and manufacturing of ingots with improved chemical and mechanical homogeneity.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: In critical military and commercial aerospace applications, material engineers commonly specify VIM-VAR steels. VIM means Vacuum Induction Melted and VAR means Vacuum Arc Remelted. VIM-VAR steels become bearings for jet engines, rotor shafts for military helicopters, flap actuators for fighter jets, gears in jet or helicopter transmissions, mounts or fasteners for jet engines, jet tail hooks and other demanding applications.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Most grades of steel are melted once and are then cast or teemed into a solid form prior to extensive forging or rolling to a metallurgically-sound form. In contrast, VIM-VAR steels go through two more highly purifying melts under vacuum. After melting in an electric arc furnace and alloying in an argon oxygen decarburization vessel, steels destined for vacuum remelting are cast into ingot molds. The solidified ingots then head for a vacuum induction melting furnace. This vacuum remelting process rids the steel of inclusions and unwanted gases while optimizing the chemical composition. The VIM operation returns these solid ingots to the molten state in the contaminant-free void of a vacuum. This tightly controlled melt often requires up to 24 hours. Still enveloped by the vacuum, the hot metal flows from the VIM furnace crucible into giant electrode molds. A typical electrode is about 15 feet (5 m) tall and will be in various diameters. The electrodes solidify under vacuum.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: For VIM-VAR steels, the surface of the cooled electrodes must be ground to remove surface irregularities and impurities before the next vacuum remelt. Then the ground electrode is placed in a VAR furnace. In a VAR furnace, the steel gradually melts drop-by-drop in the vacuum-sealed chamber. Vacuum arc remelting further removes lingering inclusions to provide superior steel cleanliness and remove gases like oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. Controlling the rate at which these droplets form and solidify ensures a consistency of chemistry and microstructure throughout the entire VIM-VAR ingot, making the steel more resistant to fracture or fatigue. This refinement process is essential to meet the performance characteristics of parts like a helicopter rotor shaft, a flap actuator on a military jet, or a bearing in a jet engine.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: For some commercial or military applications, steel alloys may go through only one vacuum remelt, namely the VAR. For example, steels for solid rocket cases, landing gears, or torsion bars for fighting vehicles typically involve one vacuum remelt.


title: Electric arc furnace

text: Vacuum arc remelting is also used in production of titanium and other metals which are reactive or in which high purity is required.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: Rebecca F. Kuang is a Chinese-American fantasy writer. Her first novel, "The Poppy War", was released in 2018, followed by the sequels "The Dragon Republic" in 2019 and "The Burning God" in 2020. Kuang released a stand-alone novel, Babel, or the Necessity of Violence, in 2022. Kuang has won the Compton Crook Award, the Crawford Award, and the 2020 Astounding Award for Best New Writer, along with being a finalist for the Nebula, Locus, World Fantasy, The Kitschies, and British Fantasy awards for her first novel.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: Kuang immigrated to the United States from Guangzhou, China, with her family when she was four years old. Her father grew up in Leiyang, in Hunan province, and her mother grew up on Hainan Island. Her maternal grandfather fought for Chiang Kai-shek. Her father's family experienced the Japanese conquest of Hunan.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: Kuang grew up in Dallas, Texas and graduated from Greenhill School in 2013. She attended Georgetown University, majoring in History, attracted by the college's well-known debating team after winning the Tournament of Champions. Halfway through college, Kuang was 19 when she began writing "Poppy War" during a gap year in China, where she worked as a debate coach; the book was published when she was 22. Kuang graduated from the Odyssey Writing Workshop in 2016 and attended the CSSF Novel Writing Workshop in 2017. She graduated from Georgetown's School of Foreign Service in June 2018. She spent the summer after graduation coaching a debate camp in Colorado.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: Kuang attended Magdalene College, University of Cambridge as a recipient of a 2018 Marshall Scholarship, where she gained a Master of Philosophy in Chinese Studies. The following academic year, she studied at Oxford University and received a MSc in Contemporary Chinese Studies. Kuang returned to the United States in the fall of 2020 to pursue a PhD in East Asian Languages and Literatures at Yale University.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: Kuang was originally scheduled to deliver the 8th annual J.R.R. Tolkien Lecture on Fantasy Literature at Pembroke College, Oxford in 2020, but it was postponed to the following year due to the world-wide COVID-19 pandemic. She took part in a virtual seminar that was held in place of the postponed annual seminar. Kuang delivered the Tolkien Lecture in person on May 23, 2022.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: Her debut novel "The Poppy War", a Chinese military fantasy, was published by Harper Voyager in 2018 and is the first book in the Poppy War trilogy. "The Poppy War" has received mainly favorable reviews, with Publishers Weekly calling it "a strong and dramatic launch to Kuang's career". In October 2020, her first two books in the Poppy Wars trilogy were include in Time Magazine's "The 100 Best Fantasy Books of All Time" (The Burning God was not available when the article was published). In December 2020, Starlight Media, the U.S. film subsidiary of China-based Starlight Culture Entertainment Group, optioned the rights to adapt Kuang's Poppy Wars trilogy for television.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: In 2020, she wrote a short story in the Star Wars universe called "Against All Odds" about a Rebel Alliance defender on the ice planet Hoth named Dak Ralter. It was published in the anthology "From a Certain Point of View: 40 Stories celebrating 40 years of The Empire Strikes Back".


title: R. F. Kuang

text: "The Poppy War", a grimdark fantasy, draws its plot and politics from mid-20th-century China, with the conflict in the novel based on the Second Sino-Japanese War, and an atmosphere inspired by the Song dynasty. "The Poppy War" was nominated for the 2019 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: Released in 2019, "The Dragon Republic" is the sequel to "The Poppy War". The Nikan Empire begins to fall apart due to in fighting and the Hesperians return. The reviewer for Fantasy Book Review wrote "Kuang excels at wreaking emotional havoc while delivering a powerful meditation on war and survival." Publishers Weekly said that "Kuang brings brilliance to this invigorating and complex military fantasy sequel to The Poppy War."


title: R. F. Kuang

text: Released in 2020, "The Burning God" is the sequel to "The Dragon Republic" and the conclusion to the "Poppy Wars" series. Rin fights the forces that have torn her country apart into a civil war. A reviewer for "The Fantasy Hive" wrote, "Rebecca Kuang's conclusion to her debut trilogy, "The Poppy War", is testament to her growth as a writer; not only is it a fitting close to an ambitious series." The reviewer for "Publishers Weekly" said that "[t]he result is a satisfying if not happy end to the series."


title: R. F. Kuang

text: In May 2021, Kuang announced the August 2022 release of her fourth novel, "Babel, or the Necessity of Violence: An Arcane History of the Oxford Translators' Revolution", by Harper Voyager. "Babel" is set in 1830s England. In the second week of September 2022, "Babel" debuted at the top spot on "The New York Times" Best Seller list for hardcover fiction, but dropped to the ninth spot the following week before disappearing from the list by the end of the month.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: In October 2021, Kuang announced that her fifth novel, "Yellowface", will be published in 2023. William Morrow and Company said "Yellowface" follows "a white author who steals an unpublished manuscript, written by a more successful Asian American novelist who died in a freak accident, and publishes it as her own".


title: R. F. Kuang

text: In 2018, Barnes & Noble includes "The Poppy War" on their list of Favorite Science Fiction & Fantasy Books of 2018.


title: R. F. Kuang

text: In 2022, Amazon, "Kirkus Reviews," NPR, and "The Washington Post" named "Babel, or the Necessity of Violence" one of the best science fiction and fantasy books of the year. Barnes & Noble named it one of the top ten books of the year, regardless of genre.


title: Jüri Vips

text: Jüri Vips (born 10 August 2000) is an Estonian professional racing driver, currently competing in the FIA Formula 2 Championship with Hitech Grand Prix. He is the 2017 ADAC Formula 4 champion, and formerly a member of the Red Bull Junior Team.


title: Jüri Vips

text: Vips was born in Tallinn and began competitive karting in 2011 in his native Estonia. After winning the Rotax Junior Estonian Championship in 2013, Vips qualified for the 2014 Rotax Max Challenge Grand Finals in the Junior category, in which he claimed victory. He competed in the CIK-FIA European KF1 Championship in 2015, racing against future FIA Formula 3 competitors Richard Verschoor and Marcus Armstrong. Vips ended the championship in twelfth place.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In 2016, Vips made his car-racing debut in the Italian F4 and ADAC Formula 4 championships with Prema Powerteam. He finished sixth in ADAC Formula 4 and fifth in Italian F4, where he won the final race of the season and took the title of rookie champion. In the winter of 2016–17, Vips took part in the Indian-based MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship, taking three podium places and finishing sixth in the standings.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In 2017, Vips continued with Prema in Italian F4 and ADAC Formula 4. His appearances in Italian F4 were as a guest driver and he was ineligible to place in the championship, however he took two pole positions and a race victory at Mugello. In ADAC Formula 4, Vips was involved in a title fight with teammate Marcus Armstrong. Vips claimed the title in the final race at the Hockenheimring after pole-sitter Armstrong lost the lead of the race to Artem Petrov.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In September 2017, after his ADAC Formula 4 victory, Vips tested Formula 3 machinery with Prema at Magny-Cours. In October he made his debut in the FIA Formula 3 European Championship as a guest driver, replacing absent Motopark driver Petru Florescu.


title: Jüri Vips

text: Vips secured a full-time seat with Motopark for the 2018 FIA Formula 3 European Championship. He took three pole positions and four race wins on his way to fourth place in the championship, behind teammate Dan Ticktum and Prema drivers Mick Schumacher and Robert Shwartzman. In November 2018, Vips made his first appearance at the Macau Grand Prix. He placed fourteenth in qualifying and improved to seventh in the qualification race. He maintained his position in the main race, finishing seventh, but was handed a 40-second time penalty for making an overtake under red-flag conditions, demoting him to nineteenth place.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In December 2018 it was announced that Vips would compete in the new FIA Formula 3 Championship, joining Hitech Grand Prix for the 2019 season. He took victory in the feature races at the Red Bull Ring and at Silverstone Circuit, the latter from pole position, and won the sprint race at the Sochi Autodrom. He ended the season fourth in the drivers' championship, behind the three Prema entries of Robert Shwartzman, Marcus Armstrong and Jehan Daruvala.


title: Jüri Vips

text: Vips continued with Hitech to contest the 2019 Macau Grand Prix. He set the fastest qualifying time – a new lap record – and converted pole position for the qualifying race into victory, putting him on pole for the main race. Vips led in the early part of the race, but crashes from Leonardo Pulcini and Ferdinand Habsburg nullified his lead as the safety car was deployed. He was overtaken by Richard Verschoor when the race resumed and finished in second place, 0.792 seconds behind Verschoor.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In October 2019, it was announced that Vips would replace Patricio O'Ward at Team Mugen for the final round of the 2019 Super Formula Championship. He qualified nineteenth and ran as high as fifth in the race. However, he stalled the car during his pit stop, losing around half a minute while sat stationary and causing him to drop to eighteenth by the finish. Vips re-joined Team Mugen in a December 2019 test at Suzuka. In January 2020, it was announced that Vips would drive for the team in the 2020 Super Formula Championship alongside Tomoki Nojiri. However, the start of the Super Formula season was postponed until August due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the closure of Japan's borders to foreign nationals put Vips' ability to compete into doubt.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In June 2020, Vips took part in a Formula Regional European Championship (FREC) test at Imola with the Finnish KIC Motorsport team. He was then announced as part of the team's lineup for the 2020 season. Vips' manager Marko Asmer clarified that his Super Formula campaign was the priority, but that FREC would be a "back-up" if travel to Japan became impossible. Vips' first FREC race at Misano ended in retirement after a spin into the gravel.


title: Jüri Vips

text: Vips was ultimately unable to enter Japan in time for the first round of the Super Formula championship at Motegi. He was replaced at Team Mugen by Ukyo Sasahara. Shortly after claiming a double podium finish in the FREC round at Circuit Paul Ricard, Vips was called up to the FIA Formula 2 Championship to replace injured DAMS driver Sean Gelael. Vips finished narrowly outside the points in his first four races at Spa-Francorchamps and Monza. He scored first points of the season at Mugello where he finished seventh in the feature race and third in the sprint race. Formula 2 commitments forced Vips to miss the FREC round at the Red Bull Ring, but he returned to FREC at the following round at Mugello, claiming a second-place finish.


title: Jüri Vips

text: After missing the first three rounds, Vips was set to return to Super Formula for the fourth round at Autopolis, having successfully entered Japan and completed a two-week quarantine period. This caused him to miss the fifth and sixth rounds of FREC, limiting his chances of earning FIA Super Licence points through that series. However, on the week before the race at Autopolis, Team Mugen confirmed that Vips would not take part in any of the remaining rounds. Formula One team Red Bull Racing later revealed that Vips had been recalled from Super Formula to complete testing and reserve driver duties.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In January 2021, it was announced that Vips would make his full-time Formula 2 debut, contesting the season with Hitech Grand Prix alongside Liam Lawson. At the first round at the Bahrain International Circuit, Vips qualified 5th. However, he was excluded from qualifying due to a technical infringement. Vips charged from the back all the way to tenth. Progressing to tenth place in the opening race earnt him reverse-grid pole position for the second race. He survived an attack from Lirim Zendeli at the race start. He finally succumbed to the lead on lap 5 after Guanyu Zhou passed him. On lap 15, the safety car was brought out and Vips made the choice to pit for fresher tyres. But with less than 3 laps to go, whilst running in 2nd place, Vips suffered a gearbox issue that fell him to 16th at the flag. The feature race saw little for Vips, ending the race in 13th. He ended the round without scoring points, describing his luck as "laughable". In Monaco, Vips finished 5th in the first sprint, holding off Dan Ticktum in the closing stages. The second sprint saw Vips finish the race in fourth place after going past Theo Pourchaire on lap 24 of 30. However when Lawson was disqualified, Vips was promoted to third, hence scoring his first podium for Hitech.


title: Jüri Vips

text: At the third round at the Baku City Circuit, Vips qualified a season best 2nd, locking up a Hitech front row alongside Lawson on pole. He finished 7th in the sprint race 1, having missed 7th place to Marcus Armstrong by less than a tenth. Vips claimed his maiden win the next race, passing Bent Viscaal and David Beckmann en route to victory in Formula 2's 100th race. He described his victory as "redemption" and "relief" after his misfortune in Bahrain. Vips won once again, holding off Oscar Piastri by a second during the feature race. In doing so, Vips became the first driver to win two Formula 2 races in a weekend.


title: Jüri Vips

text: This raised him into fourth in the championship. Vips started 2nd in the first sprint at Silverstone Circuit and jumped Christian Lundgaard at the start. Ultimately they were both jumped by Prema's Robert Shwartzman who took the lead. Vips was unable to pass Shwartzman and settled for second place. The next two races yielded 6th and 7th for Vips.


title: Jüri Vips

text: Vips qualified 9th in Monza, hence would start 2nd for sprint race 1. He took the lead from Beckmann into the first corner. He would keep the lead until lap 15, when Pourchaire passed him. Things went downhill for Vips from then on in the race, as he would struggle and fall to 8th. Vips retired on lap 7 in the feature race following a mechanical issue with his car. In Sochi Autodrom, Vips obtained second place in the first sprint in mixed conditions, unable to pressure race winner Dan Ticktum throughout the race. Vips did not finish the feature race, due to a mechanical failure once again. He voiced out that he was "very frustrated" and considered reliability to be "a bit of a joke".


title: Jüri Vips

text: Vips took 3rd place in the inaugural race at Jeddah Street Circuit. Having starting at the same position in the first sprint, he lost the position to Ralph Boschung before reclaiming the position on lap 10. He did not finish the second sprint after making contact with Drugovich and ripping off his front wing in the process. Vips would go on to finish 6th in the red-flagged feature race. The season finale at Abu Dhabi yielded little for Vips, as he qualified poorly in 15th. He was unable to progress in the sprint races, finishing 12th in the first one. He retired in the second sprint following contact with newly champion Piastri. He managed to recover in the feature race, finishing 8th after passing a few drivers in the later stages on fresher tyres. Vips finished the 2021 season in 6th place with 120 points, three places higher than teammate Lawson. During the season, Vips netted a total of 2 wins, 6 podiums and a fastest lap.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In October 2018, Vips was linked to a place in the Red Bull Junior Team. He was confirmed with the program the following month prior to the Macau Grand Prix.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In November 2020, Vips received his FIA Super Licence after completing a 300 km test with Red Bull Racing, driving the Red Bull RB8 at the Silverstone Circuit. He served as a reserve driver for Red Bull and sister team AlphaTauri at the Turkish, Bahrain, Sakhir and Abu Dhabi Grands Prix. He took part in the end-of-season Abu Dhabi young driver test with Red Bull, driving the RB16. He again took part in the Abu Dhabi young driver test at the end of the season, driving the RB16B.


title: Jüri Vips

text: Vips was one of the reserve drivers for Red Bull in . He made his Formula One free practice debut with Red Bull at the 2022 Spanish Grand Prix, taking Sergio Pérez's place.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In June 2022, Vips was suspended by Red Bull pending an investigation after he was heard using the word "nigga" on a Twitch livestream. His contract with Red Bull Racing and the Red Bull Junior Team was terminated on 28 June following the completion of the investigation. He was replaced as reserve driver by Liam Lawson. On July 6, Christian Horner, Red Bull's team principal, made some statements that implied that they would continue to support Jüri Vips "from a mental health and educational perspective" since "everybody at some point deserves a second chance" and that he would continue in the Red Bull Junior Team, even if his contract as a reserve and test driver was terminated. However, on July 19, Marko confirmed that Vips was no longer receiving support of any kind from Red Bull.


title: Jüri Vips

text: In October 2022 Vips took part in a private IndyCar driver evaluation test at Sebring with Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing. He was second fastest out of the 5 participants, three tenths off Tom Blomqvist.


title: Jüri Vips

text: As Vips had not competed in the required number of rounds, he was ineligible for a championship position.<br> As Vips was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.


title: 1729 (number)

text: 1729 is the natural number following 1728 and preceding 1730. It is a taxicab number, and is variously known as Ramanujan's number and the Ramanujan-Hardy number, after an anecdote of the British mathematician G. H. Hardy when he visited Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan in hospital. He related their conversation:


title: 1729 (number)

text: The quotation is sometimes expressed using the term "positive cubes", since allowing negative perfect cubes (the cube of a negative integer) gives the smallest solution as 91 (which is a divisor of 1729; 1991 = 1729).


title: 1729 (number)

text: Numbers that are the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in "n" distinct ways have been dubbed "taxicab numbers". The number was also found in one of Ramanujan's notebooks dated years before the incident, and was noted by Frénicle de Bessy in 1657. A commemorative plaque now appears at the site of the Ramanujan-Hardy incident, at 2 Colinette Road in Putney.


title: 1729 (number)

text: The same expression defines 1729 as the first in the sequence of "Fermat near misses" defined, in reference to Fermat's Last Theorem, as numbers of the form which are also expressible as the sum of two other cubes.


title: 1729 (number)

text: 1729 is also the third Carmichael number, the first Chernick–Carmichael number , and the first absolute Euler pseudoprime. It is also a sphenic number.


title: 1729 (number)

text: 1729 is also the third Zeisel number. It is a centered cube number, as well as a dodecagonal number, a 24-gonal and 84-gonal number.


title: 1729 (number)

text: Investigating pairs of distinct integer-valued quadratic forms that represent every integer the same number of times, Schiemann found that such quadratic forms must be in four or more variables, and the least possible discriminant of a four-variable pair is 1729.


title: 1729 (number)

text: 1729 is the lowest number which can be represented by a Loeschian quadratic form in four different ways with "a" and "b" positive integers. The integer pairs ("a","b") are (25,23), (32,15), (37,8) and (40,3).


title: 1729 (number)

text: 1729 is the dimension of the Fourier transform on which the fastest known algorithm for multiplying two numbers is based. This is an example of a galactic algorithm.


title: Clay Travis

text: Richard Clay Travis (born April 6, 1979) is an American writer, lawyer, radio host and television analyst. As a sports journalist, Travis founded "OutKick".


title: Clay Travis

text: As a political commentator, he and Buck Sexton host "The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show", a three-hour weekday conservative talk show which debuted on June 21, 2021 as the replacement of "The Rush Limbaugh Show" on many radio stations. Travis describes himself as a "radical moderate" and was a lifelong Democratic voter before the election of Donald Trump in 2016. Sources have identified his positions as strongly shifting to the right in recent years.


title: Clay Travis

text: In 1997, Travis graduated from Martin Luther King Magnet at Pearl High School in Nashville. He graduated from George Washington University in Washington, D.C., followed by Vanderbilt University Law School in Nashville.


title: Clay Travis

text: Travis originally worked as a lawyer in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Tennessee. He attracted media attention in late 2004 with his personal blog written while he was living in the U.S. Virgin Islands. A Tennessee Titans fan, Travis was unable to get NFL Sunday Ticket, the satellite TV package to watch NFL games in the islands, and went on a "pudding strike", eating only pudding every day for 50 days, with the goal of forcing DirecTV to carry the package in the Virgin Islands. The effort failed, but he blogged about the experience and received media attention.


title: Clay Travis

text: Travis began writing online for CBS Sports in September 2005, which for the first year was not paid. In 2006, Travis gave up his law practice for good. Later, while writing for CBS, Travis began working on a book, "Dixieland Delight", where he visited the football stadiums of the 12 then-current members of the Southeastern Conference. After leaving CBS, Travis became a writer and editor at Deadspin, and then a national columnist at FanHouse.


title: Clay Travis

text: After FanHouse was merged into "Sporting News" in 2011, Travis founded Outkickthecoverage.com. The website later became one of the most visited college football sites on the web. While there, he continued developing his reputation for occasionally "contrarian" opinions.


title: Clay Travis

text: In 2008, Travis worked out at D1 Sports Training with NFL prospects preparing for the NFL Draft. He later wrote a ten-part serial about the experience which he entitled "Rough Draft".


title: Clay Travis

text: In 2010, The "Nashville Scene" named Travis "Best Sports Radio Host We Love To Hate" in the publication's "Best of Nashville" issue. He later became a co-host of a sports radio talk show, "3HL," on Nashville's 104.5 The Zone with Brent Dougherty and Blaine Bishop. He also hosted a national sports radio show on NBC Sports.


title: Clay Travis

text: In 2014, Travis resigned from his role on "3HL" and was hired by Fox Sports for its weekly college football Saturday pre-game show. In 2015, he signed a deal with Fox Sports to license his entire sports media brand under Fox Sports, including "Outkick" the Coverage, which was folded into Fox Sports' website. He also started a national weekly television show, started a daily "Outkick the Show" broadcast on Periscope and Facebook, and began a national radio show with Fox Sports Radio in 2016.


title: Clay Travis

text: Travis was called out by DeMarcus Cousins for a 2010 prediction he had made that Cousins would be arrested within the next five years. In response, Travis offered to donate to a charity of Cousins' choosing.


title: Clay Travis

text: Travis began a daily sports radio show on Nashville’s 104.5 The Zone, 3HL, in 2010. After leaving 3HL, in 2016 he began the “Outkick the Coverage” radio show for Fox Sports Radio nationwide mornings from 6-9 am et. Travis left that show in May 2021, when it was announced Travis and Buck Sexton would be taking over Rush Limbaugh's time slot on Premiere Networks. That show debuted on June 21, 2021.


title: Clay Travis

text: A self-described "radical moderate" who is pro-choice and against the death penalty, Travis said he voted for former President Barack Obama twice and previously never voted Republican. In 2016, Travis voted for Gary Johnson of the Libertarian Party. As an undergrad, Travis interned for U.S. Representative Bob Clement for four years while in college at George Washington University. In 2000, he worked on Al Gore's presidential campaign. Travis was hired to work on U.S. Representative Jim Cooper's 2002 congressional campaign but was fired for wrecking Cooper's wife's car.


title: Clay Travis

text: In August 2016, Travis criticized his alma mater, Vanderbilt University, for planning to remove the word "Confederate" from its historic Confederate Memorial Hall, comparing the move to actions taken by "Middle Eastern terrorists." Consequently, Travis lost a $3,000 promotion deal he had with Jack Daniel's. Travis said online that a Jack Daniel's representative decided that his Twitter commentary on the statue "brings (the company) into public disrepute."


title: Clay Travis

text: On September 15, 2017, Travis appeared as a guest on CNN, with anchor Brooke Baldwin, to discuss free speech, specifically whether ESPN personality Jemele Hill should be fired for calling Donald Trump a "white supremacist" and stating that police officers are "modern-day slave catchers" on her personal Twitter page. Travis stated that it would be bad policy on ESPN's part to fire Hill for her private comments, just as it was bad policy when ESPN fired Curt Schilling for comments he made regarding transgender bathrooms on his personal Facebook page. Travis received criticism for using a phrase he commonly used on his radio show when he said "...I'm a First Amendment absolutist the only two things I 100 percent believe in are the First Amendment and boobs..." Baldwin cut the interview short and later responded, "when I first heard 'boobs' from a grown man on national television (in 2017!!!), my initial thought bubble was: 'Did I hear that correctly??..."


title: Clay Travis

text: On September 20, 2017, Travis announced he was considering running as an Independent for U.S. Senator of Tennessee in the 2018 election if incumbent Bob Corker decided not to run. Travis also stated that he believed with his name recognition he "could beat anyone in the state" and would make both major parties "incredibly nervous." The following week, Senator Corker announced he would not be running for re-election, but Travis did not enter the race.


title: Clay Travis

text: During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, Travis repeatedly downplayed the severity of the disease, calling it "overrated", claiming that it is less severe than the seasonal flu, projecting that fewer than several hundred would die of the disease in the US, that victims of the disease probably have been "killed a month or two earlier" than they would have been otherwise, and stated that the mortality rate for those under 80 and without pre-existing conditions is "virtually zero". He suggested that some advocates for mitigation measures to slow the spread were "rooting for the virus to triumph".


title: Clay Travis

text: On October 30, 2020, Travis said that he would be voting for Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election. He said it would be the first time he had ever voted for a Republican for president.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: The Grumman F7F Tigercat is a heavy fighter aircraft that served with the United States Navy (USN) and United States Marine Corps (USMC) from late in World War II until 1954. It was the first twin-engine fighter to be deployed by the USN. While the Tigercat was delivered too late to see combat in World War II, it saw action as a night fighter and attack aircraft during the Korean War.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: Designed initially for service on "Midway"-class aircraft carriers, early production F7Fs were land-based variants. The type was too large to operate from older and smaller carriers, and only a late variant (F7F-4N) was certified for carrier service.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: Based on the earlier Grumman XP-50 that was eventually canceled, the company developed the XP-65 (Model 51) further for a future "convoy fighter" concept. In 1943, work on the XP-65 was terminated in favor of the design that would eventually become the F7F. The contract for the prototype XF7F-1 was signed on 30 June 1941. Grumman's aim was to produce a fighter that outperformed and outgunned all existing fighter aircraft, and that had an auxiliary ground attack capability.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: Performance of the prototype and initial production aircraft met expectations; the F7F was one of the fastest piston-engine fighters, with a top speed significantly greater than single-engine USN aircraft — 71 mph faster than a Grumman F6F Hellcat at sea level. Captain Fred Trapnell, one of the premier USN test pilots of the era, stated: "It's the best damn fighter I've ever flown." The F7F was to be heavily-armed — four 20 mm cannon and four 50 caliber (0.50 in; 12.7 mm) machine guns, as well as underwing and under-fuselage hardpoints for bombs and torpedoes. This speed and firepower was bought at the cost of heavy weight and a high landing speed, but what caused the aircraft to fail carrier suitability trials was poor directional stability with only one engine operational, as well as problems with the tailhook design. The initial production series was, therefore, used only from land bases by the USMC, as night fighters with APS-6 radar.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: While the F7F was initially also known as the Grumman Tomcat, this name was abandoned, because it was considered at the time to have excessively sexual overtones; (from the 1970s, the name Tomcat became commonly associated with, and officially used by the Navy for, another Grumman design, the F-14 twin-jet carrier-based interceptor).


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: The first production variant was the single-seat F7F-1N aircraft; after the 34th production aircraft, a second seat for a radar operator was added and these aircraft were designated F7F-2N.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: A second production version, the F7F-3, was modified to correct the issues that caused the aircraft to fail carrier acceptance, and this version was again trialled on the . A wing failure on a heavy landing caused the failure of this carrier qualification as well. F7F-3 aircraft were produced in day fighter, night fighter, and photo-reconnaissance versions.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: The final production version, the F7F-4N, was extensively rebuilt for additional strength and stability, and did pass carrier qualification, but only 12 were built.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: Marine Corps night fighter squadron VMF(N)-513 flying F7F-3N Tigercats saw action in the early stages of the Korean War, flying night interdiction and fighter missions and shooting down two Polikarpov Po-2 biplanes. This was the only combat use of the aircraft.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: Most F7F-2Ns were modified to control drones for combat training, and these gained bubble canopies over the rear cockpit for the drone controller. An F7F-2D used for pilot transitioning also had a rear sliding, bubble canopy.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: In 1945, two Tigercats, serial numbers "TT346" and "TT349", were evaluated, but rejected by the British Royal Navy in favour of a naval version of the de Havilland Hornet.


title: Grumman F7F Tigercat

text: Beginning in 1949, F7Fs were flown to the then-U.S. Navy storage facility at Naval Air Station Litchfield Park, Arizona. Although the vast majority of the airframes were eventually scrapped, a number of examples were purchased as surplus. The surviving Tigercats were primarily used as water bombers to fight wildfires in the 1960s and 1970s and Sis-Q Flying Services of Santa Rosa, California, operated an F7F-3N tanker in this role until retirement in the late 1980s.


title: Rob Estes

text: Robert Estes (born July 22, 1963) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Harry Wilson on the teen drama series "90210", as Sgt. Chris Lorenzo on the crime drama series "Silk Stalkings", and as Kyle McBride on the primetime soap opera "Melrose Place".


title: Rob Estes

text: Estes first became interested in an acting career while training to be a stunt double. One of his first acting jobs was in the soap opera "Days of Our Lives" playing Glenn Gallagher (1986–1987). He later gained widespread recognition for his role as Sergeant Chris Lorenzo in "Silk Stalkings" (1991–1995), half of the "dynamic duo" alongside Mitzi Kapture.


title: Rob Estes

text: In 1993, Estes had a guest role on the prime time Fox soap opera "Melrose Place", playing Sam Towler. Three years later, the producers of the series brought him back but cast him in a different role, that of restaurateur Kyle McBride. Estes played the role from 1996 to the series' cancellation in 1999.


title: Rob Estes

text: Following "Melrose Place" he had guest starring roles on "Providence", "Suddenly Susan", "" and "Gilmore Girls". He also performed in theatre, and had roles in "Same Time, Next Year" (2004) and "The Lake" (2005).


title: Rob Estes

text: Estes starred in the comedy film "I Do, They Don't" (previously titled "Blended"), which premiered on ABC Family in March 2005 and also starred his "Melrose Place" co-star and then-wife Josie Bissett. He made his return to series television playing Sean Cole in the ABC television crime drama "The Evidence".


title: Rob Estes

text: He completed a recurring role on "" as Nick Townsend, the abusive ex-husband of Natalia Boa Vista. In a January 2007 episode, he was murdered by the husband of a killer to cover up her crime.


title: Rob Estes

text: Estes then portrayed Lieutenant Tom Hogan, Inspector Lindsay Boxer's ex-husband and current boss in the ABC police procedural and legal drama "Women's Murder Club".


title: Rob Estes

text: In May 2008, Estes was cast as Harry Wilson in "90210" on The CW. The series, like "Melrose Place" before it, is a spin-off from the original 1990s series "Beverly Hills, 90210", marking Estes' third appearance in the franchise.


title: Rob Estes

text: On January 20, 2010, Estes announced that the second season of "90210" would be his last. "This is my final season on "90210" and I wish the show, cast and crew nothing but the best. I am looking forward to spending time with my kids and exploring other opportunities", Estes said in a statement.


title: Rob Estes

text: Estes attended Santa Monica High School and is a graduate of the University of Southern California where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity.


title: Rob Estes

text: On May 1, 1992, Estes married actress Josie Bissett, another cast member of "Melrose Place". In 2005, they separated, with Estes reportedly moving out of their Seattle home at his wife's request. The couple have two children together. In January 2006 the couple announced their plans to divorce.


title: Rob Estes

text: On June 15, 2010, Estes married teacher and surfer Erin Bolte. They have a son Makai Ever, born April 29, 2011. Estes resides in San Clemente, California with his wife Erin and two sons, Mason and Makai.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: Élisabeth Borne (; born 18 April 1961) is a French politician who has served as Prime Minister of France since May 2022. She is a member of President Emmanuel Macron's party Renaissance.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: A civil engineer, government official and manager of state enterprises in the transport and construction sectors, Borne previously served as minister of transport (2017–2019) and minister of ecology (2019–2020). She was then minister of labour, employment and integration in the Castex government from 2020 to 2022. On 16 May 2022, President Macron appointed her as the next prime minister after Castex's resignation, as it is the tradition following the presidential elections in France. Borne is the second woman to hold the position after Édith Cresson, who served from 1991 to 1992.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: Borne was born in Paris on 18 April 1961. Her French mother, Marguerite Lecèsne, was a pharmacist. Her father, Joseph Bornstein, son of Zelig Bornstein from Łuków (formerly Congress Poland), was a stateless Jewish refugee who was born in Belgium, then fled to France at the outset of the Second World War; he was active in the French Resistance, and was deported, but survived the Auschwitz concentration camp and death march. He was naturalised as French in 1950 and changed the family name to "Borne". Her parents ran a pharmaceutical laboratory after the war. Her father's death when she was 11 years old resulted in Borne receiving "Ward of the Nation" education benefits, which the state granted to minors who had a parent injured or killed during a war, a terrorist attack or while rendering certain public services.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: Borne attended high school at Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris. Later, she entered the École Polytechnique (class of 1981). In 1986, she obtained her Diplôme d'Ingénieur in civil engineering from the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (National School of Road and Bridge Engineering) and one year later a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from the Collège des Ingénieurs.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: Borne joined the civil service as a government official at the French planning and works ministry "(ministère de l'Equipement)" in 1987. In the early 1990s, she was an advisor in the ministry of education under Lionel Jospin and Jack Lang (both members of the Socialist Party). From 1993 to 1996 she worked as a technical director for the public housing company Sonacotra. In 1997, prime minister Jospin appointed her as his advisor for urban planning, housing and transport.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: In 2002, Borne became a strategy director and member of the executive committee at the state-owned railway company SNCF, before joining the public works construction company Eiffage as concessions manager in 2007. She worked as director of urban planning for the City of Paris under mayor Bertrand Delanoë from 2008 until 2013.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: In 2013 Borne was appointed Prefect of the department Vienne and the region of Poitou-Charentes, the first woman to occupy that position. At that time, Socialist politician Ségolène Royal was president of the regional council of Poitou-Charentes. When Royal became Minister of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy in 2014, she appointed Borne as her chief of staff "(directrice de cabinet)". Borne subsequently was the President and CEO of RATP Group, a state-owned enterprise which operates public transport in Greater Paris, from 2015 to 2017.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: For a long time Borne was close to the Socialist Party (PS), but without formally joining the party. After Emmanuel Macron's victory in the 2017 French presidential election, she joined La République En Marche! (LREM).


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: Borne served as minister-delegate of transport in the first and second Philippe government from May 2017 to July 2019. During her time in office, she held out against weeks of strikes and demonstrations in 2017 to end a generous pension and benefits system for SNCF railway workers. After the resignation of ecology minister François de Rugy in 2019, Borne was promoted to head the ministry of the ecological and inclusive transition. In that capacity, she led efforts to pass a long-term energy planning bill aimed at increasing security of supply and a clean mobility bill committing the country to reaching carbon neutrality in the transport sector by 2050.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: Since 2020 Borne has additionally been a member of Territories of Progress, a centre-left party allied with LREM. In September 2022, both parties merged into the Renaissance party.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: In July 2020, Borne was appointed minister of labour, employment and economic inclusion in the government of prime minister Jean Castex, succeeding Muriel Pénicaud. In that capacity, she oversaw negotiations with unions that resulted in a cut to unemployment benefits for some job seekers. During her time in office, France's unemployment rate fell to its lowest level in 15 years and youth unemployment to its lowest level in 40 years.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: On 16 May 2022, Borne was appointed Prime Minister of France, succeeding Castex three weeks after the re-election of Macron for a second term as President of the French Republic. After Édith Cresson in 1991–1992, she is the second woman only to hold the position. She is also the second of Macron's prime ministers to be a member of his centrist party, after Castex.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: Borne was a candidate for Renaissance (formerly known as La République En Marche!) in the 2022 French legislative election in Calvados's 6th constituency in the Normandy region in northwestern France. While remaining a candidate, under the dual mandate ("cumuls des mandats") law she was not allowed to take up the position after she won the election, and was be replaced by her designated alternate. She called on voters to support Macron's coalition, Ensemble Citoyens, saying it is the only group "capable of getting [a parliamentary] majority". After the first round, in relation to contests between left-wing and far-right candidates, she said: "Our position is no voice for the RN." At the same time, she expressed support only for left-wing candidates who in her view respect republican values. She was elected to Parliament in the second round. Borne offered her resignation as prime minister after the results of the second round, but was rejected by Macron, who instead tasked her to form a new cabinet.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: Following a cabinet reshuffle prompted by the 2022 legislative elections, Borne comfortably survived a motion of no-confidence brought against her by MPs of the New Ecologic and Social People's Union (NUPES), a broad alliance of left-wing opponents.


title: Élisabeth Borne

text: Borne married Olivier Allix, a lecturer and also an engineer, on 30 June 1989 with whom she later had a son, Nathan. The couple has since divorced.


title: Willow Shields

text: Willow Shields (born June 1, 2000) is an American actress. She rose to widespread fame for her portrayal of Primrose Everdeen in the sci-fi dystopian adventure film series "The Hunger Games" (2012–2015), which is one of the highest-grossing film franchises of all time. She earned nominations for a Young Hollywood Award and an MTV Award for her performance in the franchise's and respectively.


title: Willow Shields

text: Shields made her acting debut with a guest appearance on the drama series "In Plain Sight" (2009), and subsequently starred in a supporting role in the television film "Beyond the Blackboard" (2011). Following "The Hunger Games" series, she has since achieved mainstream recognition for headlining the international-production fantasy film "Into the Rainbow" (2017), and playing Lorian in the drama film "Woodstuck or Bust" (2019) and Serena in the Netflix drama series "Spinning Out" (2020).


title: Willow Shields

text: Willow Shields was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the daughter of Carrie and Rob Shields, an art teacher. She has a twin sister, Autumn, and an older brother, River, both of whom are also actors.


title: Willow Shields

text: Shields' first job was in 2008, where she had a small narrating role in the short film "Las Vegas New Mexico 1875". She then made her screen debut for playing Lisa Rogan on the USA drama series "In Plain Sight", a minor character seen in the episode "In My Humboldt Opinion" which was released in 2009. In 2011, Shields appeared in the television film "Beyond the Blackboard" alongside actress Emily VanCamp. In the film, she portrays a homeless child named Grace.


title: Willow Shields

text: Shields was next cast in the science fiction adventure film "The Hunger Games" in April 2011, her first feature film role, where she was given the supporting role of Primrose Everdeen. Released the following year in March, "The Hunger Games" broke several box-office records and emerged as one of the highest-grossing films of its year. It was positively received by critics and audiences, and helped bring Shields widespread recognition. On portraying Primrose, she has said that "just growing up as the character is going to be really fun".


title: Willow Shields

text: Shields went on to reprise the role of Primrose in the rest of the franchise. The series' was the highest-grossing film of 2013, as well as the best received film of the franchise; she earned a nomination for a Young Hollywood Award for her performance in 2014. She was set to reprise the role for the series' final two films, "Mockingjay Part 1" and "Mockingjay Part 2", released in 2014 and 2015 respectively to critical and commercial success. The four films grossed a collective $2.97 billion at the box-office, which places it at 21st on the list of highest-grossing film franchises of all time. For "Mockingjay Part 2", she received a nomination for an MTV Award.


title: Willow Shields

text: In 2012, it was announced that Shields would star as Rachel in the fantasy film "The Wonder". Following a lengthy production, in which filming was done across China and New Zealand, it was released as "Into the Rainbow" in 2017, across various international film festivals. A theatrical release is planned, albeit it has been halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. She was also cast in 2012 in the upcoming film "A Fall From Grace", which is directed by Jennifer Lynch.


title: Willow Shields

text: In February 2015, Shields was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 20 of the reality series "Dancing with the Stars", where her professional partner was Mark Ballas. At age 14, she is the youngest competitor to ever appear on the show; the title previously belonged to Zendaya, who was 16 when she appeared on the series. The couple was controversially eliminated in the seventh week of competition, ultimately finishing in 7th place despite receiving consistently high scores from the judges throughout the season.


title: Willow Shields

text: In 2018, Shields headlined the coming-of-age independent film "Woodstock or Bust" as Lorian. Her performance gained praise from critics, and won her an award at the Artemis Women in Action Film Festival. In December of that year, it was announced that Shields was cast in the role of Serena Baker on the Netflix original series "Spinning Out". A series centered on figure skating, her stunts were performed by stunt actor Kim Deguise Léveillée. "Spinning Out" was released in 2020 to generally positive reviews, however it was cancelled after one season.


title: The Good Witch

text: The Good Witch is a television film that aired on the Hallmark Channel on January 19, 2008. It stars Catherine Bell as Cassandra "Cassie" Nightingale and Chris Potter as chief of police Jake Russell. The film has spawned six followup television films, and the television series "Good Witch" (2015–2021).


title: The Good Witch

text: The town of Middleton is shaken up the arrival of the mysterious, beautiful Cassandra "Cassie" Nightingale, who has moved into Grey House—an old, abandoned building supposedly haunted by its former owner and Cassie's ancestor Elizabeth Merriwick, known as "The Grey Lady." Martha Tinsdale, wife of Middleton's mayor, demands that Police Chief Jake Russell investigate reports of a woman occupying the house; together, they meet Cassie, who answers questions evasively but makes clear she is the home's owner and resident. Later, a dog, Attila, chases Jake's children Brandon and Lori on their way home from school. They end up at Grey House, where Lori falls and scrapes her knee. Cassie appears and Attila leaves in response to her verbal admonishment. Cassie invites the children inside and tends to Lori's knee with an herbal poultice. Attila's owner Rusty complains to Jake that his guard dog has become completely docile, so Jake meets with Cassie, quickly establishing that the entire incident occurred on Cassie's property, negating Rusty's complaint. He is surprised to learn that she has met his children. She invites him to visit her at Grey House or the shop she plans to open on Main Street. Meanwhile, Brandon's classmate Kyle threatens Brandon and Lori, demanding Brandon's lunch money. Jake's wife died three years earlier; Brandon has become surly and withdrawn, while Lori has nightmares. Lori asks Cassie about stopping the nightmares; Cassie gives her a dreamcatcher and uses reverse psychology to get her to dream about bunnies instead.


title: The Good Witch

text: Cassie opens her shop, "Bell, Book, & Candle," specializing in herbs and curiosities. She sells an aphrodisiac essential oil to a woman named Nancy; Nancy and her husband, who had experienced infertility, successfully conceive. Martha believes Cassie's wares are associated with witchcraft. After Martha falls over a display while recoiling from the merchandise, she accuses Cassie of assault. Jake goes to see Cassie and learns she has hired Walter Cobb, a homeless alcoholic, to assist in renovations while living onsite. Jake declines to file charges, concluding Martha's fall was accidental, displeasing Martha's husband, Mayor Tom Tinsdale, who demands Jake run a background check on Cassie. When Jake finds no record of a "Cassandra Nightingale," she admits that she ran away from foster care after her parents died in a car crash. He asks her to dinner and she accepts.


title: The Good Witch

text: Brandon and Lori are now convinced Cassie is a "good witch" who can perform magic. Brandon asks Cassie for help with Kyle, and she agrees to turn him into "something less threatening," but sets conditions that require Brandon to spend time with Kyle. Brandon learns Kyle steals money to placate his abusive father; Brandon confides the situation to Jake, who promises to help; Kyle goes to live with his grandmother, out of town, where Jake believes Kyle will be "all right." Jake's father-in-law, George, introduces himself to Cassie due to her increasing involvement with his family. She quickly befriends him and convinces him to fulfil his lifelong ambition of visiting his ancestral homeland of Ireland. Martha rouses a group of townspeople against Cassie, for her supposed practice of "dark arts" and her association with Walter Cobb. Martha gathers signatures to revoke Cassie's business license, and Cassie cancels the dinner to avoid any conflict of interest for Jake. But at George's urging, Jake goes to see her and finds she has already prepared an intimate dinner for them to enjoy at Grey House. She reveals her given name, "Sue Ellen Brock," and Jake acknowledges that her chosen name suits her better.


title: The Good Witch

text: Cassie hosts a Halloween party, but most of the townspeople stay away. Jake's family attend, as do Walter, Nancy and her husband, and Kyle. Cassie believes Martha will succeed in driving her out of town, but Jake urges her to change her mindset of "running away." Jake's deputy, Derrick, catches Martha's sons Michael and Dylan vandalizing Cassie's shop. Cassie refuses to press charges, and Tom demands Martha drop her destructive vendetta. Tom orders his sons to work off their debt to Cassie. Jake and Cassie tease each other over a broom that inexplicably appears in the shop.


title: The Good Witch

text: Although set in Middleton, USA, it was filmed in Hamilton, Cambridge and Niagara-on-the-Lake, in Ontario, Canada. In the sequel, "The Good Witch's Charm", the map on the wall in the police station shows Middleton located southwest of Chicago, in the vicinity of DuPage County. The names of the suburbs and interstates that are west of Chicago can be clearly seen.


title: The Good Witch

text: In S2E8 of the original series, Sam’s friend Doug refers to Middleton as “up this far North of Chicago.”


title: The Good Witch

text: On January 15, 2008, Hallmark Channel and Limbo, the mobile entertainment community, teamed up to create and launch the cable network's first-ever mobile interactive initiative. The campaign "enhanced viewers' experience of the premiere of the network's original movie ... through 'Limbo Unique' – a game played via cell phone or online". The grand prize was $2,000 and a portrait of the "Grey Lady" that was featured in the movie.


title: The Good Witch

text: The "Good Witch" (Region 1) DVD was released on January 5, 2010. "The Good Witch Collection" (Region 1) DVD was released October 14, 2014.


title: The Good Witch

text: The movie had great success on Hallmark Channel on the night of its premiere, making it the second-highest-rated original movie to that date. It premiered with a 3.8 HH (household) rating and was in nearly 3.2 million homes. It also was #1 in its time period, propelling the channel to the #4 spot in weekly ranking.


title: The Good Witch

text: In addition to the original television movie, the Hallmark Channel has aired six followup television films.


title: The Good Witch

text: In February 2014, the Hallmark Channel announced that "Good Witch" had been green-lighted for a ten-episode series, starring Catherine Bell, to premiere on February 28, 2015. Production for the first season began on October 29, 2014, in Toronto, with Sue Tenney as showrunner. Bailee Madison and James Denton also star. The series ran for seven seasons, concluding on July 25, 2021.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: Roland Kent LaVoie (born July 31, 1943), better known by his stage name Lobo (which is a Spanish word for wolf), is an American singer-songwriter who was successful in the 1970s, scoring several U.S. Top 10 hits including "Me and You and a Dog Named Boo", "I'd Love You to Want Me", and "Don't Expect Me to Be Your Friend". These three songs, along with "Where Were You When I Was Falling in Love", gave Lobo four chart toppers on the Easy Listening/Hot Adult Contemporary chart.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: Born in Tallahassee, Florida, LaVoie was raised by his mother in Winter Haven, Florida, with his six siblings. He began his musical career in 1961 as a member of a local band, The Rumours. The band included Gram Parsons and Jim Stafford, as well as drummer Jon Corneal, who later joined Parsons's International Submarine Band.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: In 1964, while attending the University of South Florida, LaVoie joined a band called the Sugar Beats and met producer Phil Gernhard. He recorded a regional hit for the band, a cover of Johnny Rivers's song, "What Am I Doing Here?"


title: Lobo (musician)

text: During the 1960s, LaVoie performed with many other bands, including US Male, The Uglies, and Me and the Other Guys. It was in the latter band that he met musician Billy Aerts, who became a member of Lobo's touring band in the early 1970s and produced Lobo's comeback album in 1989.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: Again working with Gernhard, his first solo record was released in 1969 on Laurie Records. It included the original tracks "Happy Days in New York City" backed with "My Friend Is Here".


title: Lobo (musician)

text: By 1971, LaVoie had started calling himself Lobo (Spanish for wolf). Gernhard was an executive for Big Tree Records, and the company released his first single, "Me and You and a Dog Named Boo", in March 1971. The first major hit for the label, it reached No. 5 in the US and No. 4 in the UK by May, launching a successful series of singles. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc in September 1971.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: His debut album, "Introducing Lobo", came in May 1971. In June his second single, "She Didn't Do Magic", was released. In September, "California Kid and Reemo" was released, followed by "The Albatross". When Big Tree Records merged with Bell Records, Lobo's second project album "Close Up" was never released.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: Under the Lobo alias, he then released "Of a Simple Man" in 1972, which included back-to-back U.S. Top 10 hits, including "I'd Love You to Want Me" (No. 2, November 18–25, 1972) and "Don't Expect Me to Be Your Friend" (No. 8, February 17–24, 1973). The former became Lobo's biggest hit, a million-seller gaining gold disc status in November 1972 and internationally reaching No. 1 in Germany in December 1973 and No. 5 in the United Kingdom in July 1974.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: With the release of "Calumet" in 1973, Lobo had three more Top 40 hits: "It Sure Took a Long, Long Time", "How Can I Tell Her", and "Standing at the End of the Line". He made an appearance on "American Bandstand" that year. There were two further minor hit singles from the album: "There Ain't No Way" and "Love Me for What I Am".


title: Lobo (musician)

text: In June 1974 Lobo's fourth album, "Just a Singer", was released. It was the first album by Lobo to contain tracks not written by him. The only single from the album was "Rings". "Don't Tell Me Goodnight" in 1975 became his last Top 30 single for Big Tree. Lobo also released the album, "A Cowboy Afraid of Horses", with "Would I Still Have You" released as a single. The label followed it up with a compilation album that year entitled "The Best of Lobo".


title: Lobo (musician)

text: In 1976 Lobo broke away from Big Tree, releasing the album "Come with Me" in Europe on the Philips label. "At First Sight" and "It's Everywhere" were the singles. Neither was released in the US.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: Lobo signed with Curb Records in 1977, releasing the single "Afterglow", co-produced by Lobo and Gernhard, and in 1978 "You Are All I'll Ever Need". No full-length album materialized from these sessions.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: In 1979 Lobo was signed to Curb/MCA Records, where he worked with producer Bob Montgomery, releasing the single "Where Were You When I Was Falling in Love", which reached No. 23. The song also reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. He also released his first US album in four years, "Lobo". Other singles for Curb were "Holding On for Dear Love", "With a Love Like Ours", and "Fight Fire with Fire".


title: Lobo (musician)

text: Reportedly dissatisfied with the production of his records, Lobo sought a release from his Curb contract. He moved to Nashville and, in 1981, started his own label, Lobo Records, releasing several singles including "I Don't Want to Want You" (written by his brother, Roger LaVoie), "Come Looking for Me", and "Living My Life Without You", all of which charted in the country charts. He also released "Bull Smith Can't Dance the Cotton Eye Joe" with the group Wolfpack, which included Narvel Felts and Kenny Earl.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: Lobo Records was renamed Evergreen Records in 1985. The label released two of his singles: "Am I Going Crazy" and "Paint the Town Blue", the latter a duet with Robin Lee.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: Although he is far less followed now in the United States, Lobo's popularity grew in Asia, fanned by the release of his greatest hits compilations in 1987 and 1988. This encouraged him to release in 1989 his first new album in 10 years, entitled "Am I Going Crazy". In 1986, Lobo visit Taiwan and wrote Love to You Taiwan . It was recorded in Taiwan on UFO/WEA Records and was produced by Billy Aerts. He signed a multi-album deal with PonyCanyon Records in Singapore, and in 1994 released "Asian Moon", repackaging some of the tracks from "Am I Going Crazy" along with newly recorded material. His follow-up album "Classic Hits" in 1995 were re-recordings of Lobo hits and some cover versions. In 1996 he released the album "Sometimes", containing all new original songs.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: On another Asian label, Springroll Entertainment, he released "You Must Remember This" in 1997, an album of pop standards that was released in two formats, one with vocals and the other with instrumental tracks.


title: Lobo (musician)

text: In 2000, Lobo signed with a German record company, Gmbh Entertainment, and recorded a few tracks for various hits CDs. He also co-wrote two Christmas songs with Billy Aerts, "A Big Kid's Christmas" and "Late Christmas Eve", which have been released on various Christmas compilations from 2000 to present. Singles recorded during this period include "Let It Be Me", "Who'll Stop the Rain", and "Different Drum".


title: Lobo (musician)

text: In 2006, based on his Asian popularity, he toured in Southeast Asia. In 2008, Lobo released "Out of Time" with old favorites and some new songs. A tribute album to the original era of the early Lobo recordings was made available from the website.


title: Miguel Cardona

text: Miguel Angel Cardona (born July 11, 1975) is an American educator and is currently serving as the 12th United States Secretary of Education under President Joe Biden since 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 64–33 on March 1, 2021. Cardona previously served as commissioner of the Connecticut State Department of Education from 2019 to 2021.


title: Miguel Cardona

text: A native of Meriden, Connecticut, Cardona began his career as a fourth-grade teacher at Israel Putnam Elementary School in Meriden. In 2003, at the age of 27, he was named principal of Meriden's Hanover School, making him the youngest principal in the state.


title: Miguel Cardona

text: Cardona was born on July 11, 1975, in Meriden, Connecticut, to Puerto Rican parents. Cardona grew up speaking Spanish as his first language and struggled to learn English when starting kindergarten. He was raised in a housing project in Meriden and graduated from the H.C. Wilcox Technical High School, where he was a part of the automotive studies program. Cardona earned a Bachelor of Science degree in education from Central Connecticut State University in 1997. He obtained a Master of Science in bilingual and bicultural education at University of Connecticut (UConn) in 2001. In 2004, he completed a professional sixth year certification at UConn where he earned a Doctor of Education in 2011. Cardona's dissertation, entitled "Sharpening the Focus of Political Will to Address Achievement Disparities", studied the gaps between English-language learners and their classmates. His doctoral major advisor was Barry G. Sheckley and his associate advisor was Casey D. Cobb.


title: Miguel Cardona

text: Cardona began his career as a fourth-grade teacher at Israel Putnam Elementary School in Meriden, Connecticut. In 2003, at Hanover Elementary School, he was promoted and made the youngest principal in the state's history for ten years. From 2015 to 2019, Cardona served as Assistant Superintendent for Teaching and Learning in his home town. Cardona was also an adjunct professor of education in the University of Connecticut's Department of Educational Leadership. During his career, he has focused on closing gaps between English-language learners and their peers.


title: Miguel Cardona

text: In August 2019, Governor Ned Lamont appointed Cardona as Commissioner of Education; Cardona was the first Latino to hold the position.


title: Miguel Cardona

text: In December 2020, Cardona emerged as a candidate for United States Secretary of Education in Joe Biden's cabinet. Biden began to lean toward Cardona over two other "high-profile" teachers' union leaders, Lily Eskelsen García and Randi Weingarten. By choosing Cardona over the two, Biden "appeared to have sidestepped any sibling rivalry between the NEA and AFT".


title: Miguel Cardona

text: Cardona was brought to the attention of Biden by Linda Darling-Hammond, the leader of the transition's Education Secretary search efforts, a role she also filled for Barack Obama in 2008. Darling-Hammond and Cardona had worked together on numerous projects. "Politico" noted that "Hispanic lawmakers are stressing in particular the need for a Latina to join the administration."


title: Miguel Cardona

text: Cardona appeared before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions on February 3, 2021. On February 25, his nomination was advanced by the Senate on a cloture vote of 66–32. Cardona was confirmed on March 1, 2021 by a 64–33 vote.


title: Miguel Cardona

text: Cardona took his oath of office on March 1, 2021 and was ceremonially sworn in by Vice President Kamala Harris on March 2, 2021.


title: Miguel Cardona

text: In 2021, Cardona solicited a letter from the National School Boards Association to the U.S. Department of Justice asking for federal assistance with what the letter called a "growing number of threats of violence and acts of intimidation." The letter cited examples in several states and listed federal statutes under which assistance could be provided, including "the PATRIOT Act in regards to domestic terrorism." Several Republican elected officials criticized the letter's reference to domestic terrorism and called for Cardona to resign.


title: Miguel Cardona

text: In 2002, Cardona married Marissa Pérez, a family-school liaison. Pérez was named Miss Connecticut in 2001 and Miss Connecticut Teen USA in 1996. Cardona and his wife have two children: a son, Miguel, Jr., and a daughter, Celine. Cardona is Catholic.


title: Verne Gagne

text: Laverne Clarence Gagne (February 26, 1926 – April 27, 2015) was an American amateur and professional wrestler, football player, wrestling trainer, and wrestling promoter. He was the owner and promoter of the Minneapolis-based American Wrestling Association (AWA), the predominant promotion throughout the Midwest and Manitoba for many years. He remained in this position until 1991, when the company folded.


title: Verne Gagne

text: As an amateur wrestler, Gagne won two NCAA titles and was an alternate for the U.S freestyle wrestling team at the 1948 Olympic Games before turning professional in 1949. Gagne was an 11-time world champion in major professional wrestling promotions, having held the AWA World Heavyweight Championship ten times and the IWA World Heavyweight Championship once as the IWA World Heavyweight Championship was considered a world championship in Japan. He has also won top professional wrestling promotions World Heavyweight Championships such as the World Heavyweight Championship (Omaha version) five times. He holds the record for the longest combined reign as a world champion in North America and is third (behind Bruno Sammartino and Lou Thesz) for the longest single world title reign. He is one of only seven men inducted into each of the WWE, WCW and Professional Wrestling halls of fame.


title: Verne Gagne

text: Gagne was born in Corcoran, Minnesota, and grew up on a farm in Robbinsdale, Minnesota. He left home at the age of 14 after his mother died. He went to Robbinsdale High School and excelled in football, baseball and wrestling, winning district, regional, and state championships in high school wrestling, as well as being named to the All-State Football Team. In 1943, he was recruited to play football at the University of Minnesota, where he was named to the All-Big Ten Team.


title: Verne Gagne

text: After one year of college, Gagne enlisted with the Navy Underwater Demolition Team. He chose to return to the University of Minnesota, where, as an amateur wrestler, he captured two NCAA titles. In 1948, he beat Charles Gottfried of Illinois in the 191-pound class to win his first NCAA championship in Pennsylvania.


title: Verne Gagne

text: The next year, he returned to the championships but had moved up a class, to heavyweight. In the final, he met future NWA World Heavyweight Champion Dick Hutton, the two-time defending national champion in the division. The showdown ended in a 1–1 tie, but Gagne was awarded the win because he controlled Hutton for longer periods of the match.


title: Verne Gagne

text: He was also an alternate for the U.S freestyle wrestling team at the 1948 Olympic Games; he later said that he might have wrestled in the Olympics, but his coaches had discovered that he had earned money winning a wrestling match at a carnival, thus putting his amateur standing in question.


title: Verne Gagne

text: Gagne joined the National Football League (NFL) soon after being drafted by the Chicago Bears in the 16th round (145th pick) of the 1947 NFL Draft.


title: Verne Gagne

text: Bears owner George Halas prevented Gagne from pursuing both football and wrestling (likely due to former Bears Football Hall of Fame great Bronko Nagurski having moonlighted as a professional wrestler during the height of his NFL career), and forced Gagne to make a choice.


title: Verne Gagne

text: In a 2006 interview for WWE, Gagne's son, Greg, mentioned that wrestling was a much better paying job at the time than playing football (as recently as the 1970s, it was not uncommon for NFL players to have a second job during the NFL offseason to help make ends meet), and as a result, Verne chose wrestling over football.


title: Verne Gagne

text: In 1949, Gagne decided to wrestle professionally, starting his career in Texas. In his debut, he defeated Abe Kashey, with former World Heavyweight boxing Champion Jack Dempsey as the referee. On November 13, 1950, Gagne captured the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) Junior Heavyweight title in a tournament for the vacant championship.


title: Verne Gagne

text: In September 1953 in Fred Kohler Enterprises, Gagne was awarded the newly created Chicago version of the NWA United States Championship. Gagne became one of the most well-known stars in wrestling during the golden age of television, thanks to his exposure on the Dumont Network, where he wowed audiences with his technical prowess. He was rumored to be one of the highest-paid wrestlers during the 1950s, reportedly earning a hundred thousand dollars a year.


title: Verne Gagne

text: On June 14, 1957, Edouard Carpentier defeated NWA Champion Lou Thesz in Chicago. The NWA later overruled the decision of the referee in Chicago and gave the title back to Thesz. However, certain wrestling territories of the NWA including Nebraska refused to go along with the decision and continued to recognize Carpentier. Carpentier lost his title to Gagne in Omaha on August 9, 1958, making him the recognized NWA World champion in the NWA territories that had recognized Carpentier, before dropping the belt three months later to Wilbur Snyder. By early 1960, the wealthy Gagne rarely wrestled and turned his focus towards building a wrestling promotion of his own.


title: Verne Gagne

text: In 1960, Gagne formed his own promotion, the American Wrestling Alliance (later it became Association). Before this, the Minneapolis territory was under the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) umbrella. Setting up to pull away from the NWA, the Minneapolis territory (as it was known), gave a "story-line only" edict to the NWA in May 1960 that unless their NWA World Champion Pat O'Connor defended his title against Verne Gagne with 90 days, Verne Gagne would become recognized World Champion by default. There was never any intention of such a match taking place. At the end of the 90 day period, the AWA was formed in August 1960 and it was announced that because NWA champion Pat O'Connor failed to meet Gagne, that the AWA recognized Gagne as the first AWA World Champion.


title: Verne Gagne

text: Some of Gagne's biggest feuds were against Gene Kiniski, Dr. Bill Miller (under a mask both as Dr. X and then Mr. M), Fritz Von Erich, Dr. X, The Crusher, Ray Stevens, Mad Dog Vachon, Larry Hennig and Nick Bockwinkel while champion and title changes. He always wrestled as a face and utilized the sleeper hold as his finisher. His longest reign as champion was for 7 years, from August 31, 1968, to November 8, 1975, dropping the title to Nick Bockwinkel. He would regain the title from Bockwinkel on July 18, 1980, and drop it back to Bockwinkel on May 19, 1981.


title: Verne Gagne

text: After his last title lost in 1981, Gagne would wrestle occasionally for AWA until 1986. His last match was a six man tag with his son Greg, and Jimmy Snuka defeating Boris Zhukov, John Nord and


title: Verne Gagne

text: As AWA head, Gagne was known for putting on an "old school" show. He sought out wrestlers with amateur backgrounds over the hulking brutes who dominated wrestling in the 1980s. This led to a problem with his biggest draw, Hulk Hogan, whom Gagne had acquired after Hogan had been let go by the World Wrestling Federation and who Gagne also felt was not championship material, due to the fact that Hogan was a power wrestler rather than a technical wrestler. Seeing Hogan as the company's top draw, Gagne did, however, let Hogan feud with Bockwinkel.


title: Verne Gagne

text: Eventually, as noted on the 2006 "Spectacular Legacy of AWA" DVD, Gagne agreed to make Hogan his champion after Hogan's feud with Bockwinkel ran its course in April 1983, but only on condition that Gagne would receive the bulk of Hogan's revenues from both merchandise sales and his matches in Japan, which Hogan refused. In late 1983, Hogan accepted an offer from Vincent K. McMahon to return to the WWF. The Iron Sheik, whom Gagne trained, has alleged that Gagne bribed him to inflict career-threatening damage on Hogan's knee after it became apparent that Hogan was leaving for the WWF. What followed was an exodus of major stars from various territories and promotions, including Gagne's AWA, to the WWF. McMahon wished to take his promotion "national" and do away with the traditional territorial system that dominated the North American pro wrestling landscape for decades.


title: Verne Gagne

text: Unlike most of his contemporaries, by the mid-1980s, Gagne began promoting the AWA beyond the geographical bounds of its traditional territory. In September 1985, ESPN began broadcasting "AWA Championship Wrestling", giving the promotion national exposure like the WWF. However, the AWA suffered numerous setbacks. ESPN did not treat "AWA Championship Wrestling" as a priority; the show was sometimes not aired in its regular time slot (occasionally ESPN would change the time slot without advertising the change beforehand), and sometimes it was preempted by live sporting events. This resulted in many fans being unable to tune in on a regular basis. Gagne's booking strategies for the wrestlers themselves continued to follow more traditional themes than those of the WWF, believing as he did that the top stars should be highly gifted technical wrestlers rather than those with just charismatic personalities. Throughout the mid to late 1980s, the AWA would lose the vast majority of its top stars to McMahon, while ratings and live attendance continued to decline. By 1991, the damage had been done, and the AWA shut down after 30 years. Gagne would eventually end up in bankruptcy court.


title: Verne Gagne

text: In April 2006, Gagne was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by his son, Greg Gagne. He is one of only six people to be inducted into the WWE, WCW and Professional Wrestling Halls of Fame.


title: Verne Gagne

text: On January 26, 2009, Gagne got into an altercation with Helmut Gutmann, a 97-year-old resident of the Bloomington, Minnesota nursing care facility where they both resided. According to Gutmann's widow, who was not present during the altercation, Gagne picked Gutmann up and hurled him to the floor, then broke his hip by pulling back on his body. "'The attack happened quickly while the men were at a table', Bloomington Police Chief Jeff Potts said. 'It was more like "a push and a shove" and it caused Gutmann to fall.'"


title: Verne Gagne

text: Neither man had any recollection of the incident. Gutmann was admitted to the hospital, and died on February 14 from complications of the injury. On February 25, 2009, the older man's death was officially ruled a homicide by the Hennepin County medical examiner's office.


title: Verne Gagne

text: On March 12, 2009, the Hennepin County Prosecutor's office officially announced that Gagne would not be criminally charged as a result of the death as, because of Gagne's dementia, he lacked the mental capacity necessary to be criminally culpable.


title: Verne Gagne

text: Gagne was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (or possibly chronic traumatic encephalopathy caused by a lifetime of head injuries) and had been living in the memory-loss section of a Bloomington, Minnesota health care facility. In January 2012 he was living in the home of his daughter Beth and her husband Will. He continued to make public appearances in his last years, aided by his son Greg.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: Argentina is subdivided into twenty-three federated states called provinces (, singular "provincia") and one called the autonomous city ("ciudad autónoma") of Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the republic () as decided by the Argentine Congress.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: During the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countrysides became provinces though the intervention of their "cabildos". The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinces. Jujuy seceded from Salta in 1834, and the thirteen provinces became fourteen.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: After seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires Province accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and its capital city was made a federal territory in 1880.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: A law from 1862 designated as national territories those under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of the governorates of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: The agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the National Territory of Los Andes; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca in 1943. La Pampa and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and Formosa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: Argentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. Provinces are divided for administration purposes into departments and municipalities, except for Buenos Aires Province, which is divided into partidos and "localidades". Buenos Aires City itself is divided into communes ("comuna") and non-official neighbourhoods ("barrios").


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: Provinces hold all the power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government; they must be representative commonwealths and must not contradict the Constitution. Beyond this, they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions, freely organize their local governments, and own and manage their natural and financial resources. Thus, each province has its own set of provincial laws and justice system, a supreme court, a governor, an autonomous police force, and a congress; in eight provinces, this legislature is bicameral, comprising an upper chamber (the Senate) and a lower chamber (the House of Deputies), while in the remaining fifteen provinces and in Buenos Aires City, it is unicameral.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: In case of sedition, insurrection, territorial invasion, or any other emergent against the laws of the Nation on any province or the federal capital, the Congress has the authority to declare a federal intervention on the compromised district, even in the absence of a formal request by the affected part. When Congress is in recess and thus unable to decide, the President is entitled to decree such intervention, but this executive order is subject to Congressional override upon the Houses' immediate reassembly.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: Once the intervention is declared the compromised district's government is immediately dissolved—in whole or in part depending on Congressional decision—and the President appoints a representative or intervenor, who will serve for a short time until the emergency is solved.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: Since 1983 four provinces were intervened, namely Catamarca, Corrientes (twice), Santiago del Estero (twice), and Tucumán.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: During the 20th century, some provinces have had governments that are traditionally controlled by a single family (i.e. the Saadi family in Catamarca, or the Sapag family in Neuquén); in one case, it is still the same situation from 2009: the Province of San Luis was ruled almost without a break by the Rodríguez Saá family since December 1983.


title: Provinces of Argentina

text: Article 61 of the Constitution of the city of Buenos Aires states that ""Suffrage is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and not accumulative. The foreign residents enjoy this right, with the correlative obligations, on equal terms with Argentine citizens registered in this district, in the terms established by the law"."


title: Pest (organism)

text: A pest is any animal or plant harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Some animals are disliked because they bite or sting; snakes, wasps, ants, bed bugs, fleas and ticks belong in this category. Others enter the home; these include houseflies, which land on and contaminate food, beetles, which tunnel into the woodwork, and other animals that scuttle about on the floor at night, like cockroaches, which are often associated with unsanitary conditions.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Agricultural and horticultural crops are attacked by a wide variety of pests, the most important being insects, mites, nematodes and gastropod molluscs. The damage they do results both from the direct injury they cause to the plants and from the indirect consequences of the fungal, bacterial or viral infections they transmit. Plants have their own defences against these attacks but these may be overwhelmed, especially in habitats where the plants are already stressed, or where the pests have been accidentally introduced and may have no natural enemies. The pests affecting trees are predominantly insects, and many of these have also been introduced inadvertently and lack natural enemies, and some have transmitted novel fungal diseases with devastating results.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Humans have traditionally performed pest control in agriculture and forestry by the use of pesticides; however, other methods exist such as mechanical control, and recently developed biological controls.


title: Pest (organism)

text: A pest is any living thing, whether animal, plant, or fungus, which humans consider troublesome to themselves, their possessions, or the environment. It is a loose concept, as an organism can be a pest in one setting but beneficial, domesticated, or acceptable in another. Microorganisms, whether bacteria, microscopic fungi, protists, or viruses that cause trouble, on the other hand, are generally thought of as causes of disease (pathogens) rather than as pests. An older usage of the word "pest" is of a deadly epidemic disease, specifically plague. In its broadest sense, a pest is a competitor to humanity.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Animals are considered pests or vermin when they injure people or damage crops, forestry, or buildings. Elephants are regarded as pests by the farmers whose crops they raid and trample. Mosquitoes and ticks are vectors that can transmit ailments but are also pests because of the distress caused by their bites. Grasshoppers are usually solitary herbivores of little economic importance until the conditions are met for them to enter a swarming phase, become locusts and cause enormous damage. Many people appreciate birds in the countryside and their gardens, but when these accumulate in large masses, they can be a nuisance. Flocks of starlings can consist of hundreds of thousands of individual birds, their roosts can be noisy and their droppings voluminous; the droppings are acidic and can cause corrosion of metals, stonework, and brickwork as well as being unsightly. Pigeons in urban settings may be a health hazard, and gulls near the coast can become a nuisance, especially if they become bold enough to snatch food from passers-by. All birds are a risk at airfields where they can be sucked into aircraft engines. Woodpeckers sometimes excavate holes in buildings, fencing and utility poles, causing structural damage; they also drum on various reverberatory structures on buildings such as gutters, down-spouts, chimneys, vents and aluminium sheeting. Jellyfish can form vast swarms which may be responsible for damage to fishing gear, and sometimes clog the cooling systems of power and desalination plants which draw their water from the sea.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Many of the animals that we regard as pests live in our homes. Before humans built dwellings, these creatures lived in the wider environment, but co-evolved with humans, adapting to the warm, sheltered conditions that a house provides, the wooden timbers, the furnishings, the food supplies and the rubbish dumps. Many no longer exist as free-living organisms in the outside world, and can therefore be considered to be domesticated. The St Kilda house mouse rapidly became extinct when the last islander left the island of St Kilda, Scotland in 1930, but the St Kilda field mouse survived.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Plants may be considered pests, for example, if they are invasive species or weeds. There is no universal definition of what makes a plant a pest. Some governments, such as that of Western Australia, permit their authorities to prescribe as a pest plant "any plant that, in the local government authority's opinion, is likely to adversely affect the environment of the district, the value of property in the district, or the health, comfort or convenience of the district’s inhabitants." An example of such a plant prescribed under this regulation is caltrop, "Tribulus terrestris", which can cause poisoning in sheep and goats, but is mainly a nuisance around buildings, roadsides and recreation areas because of its uncomfortably sharp spiny burrs.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Some definitions encompass any hazardous or problematic organism, and so often include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and viruses.


title: Pest (organism)

text: The term "plant pest", mainly applied to insect micropredators of plants, has a specific definition in terms of the International Plant Protection Convention and phytosanitary measures worldwide. A pest is any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal, or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Worldwide, agricultural pest impacts are increased by higher degrees of interconnectedness. This is due to the increased risk that any particular pest problem anywhere in the world (as a system) will propagate across the entire system.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Plants have developed strategies that they use in their own defence, be they thorns (modified stems) or spines (modified leaves), stings, a thick cuticle or waxy deposits, with the second line of defence being toxic or distasteful secondary metabolites. Mechanical injury to the plant tissues allows the entry of pathogens and stimulates the plant to mobilise its chemical defences. The plant soon seals off the wound to reduce further damage.


title: Pest (organism)

text: Plants sometimes take active steps to reduce herbivory. "Macaranga triloba" for example has adapted its thin-walled stems to create ideal housing for an ant "Crematogaster" spp., which, in turn, protects the plant from herbivores. In addition to providing housing, the plant also provides the ant with its exclusive food source in the form of food bodies located on the leaf stipules. Similarly, several "Acacia" tree species have developed stout spines that are swollen at the base, forming a hollow structure that provides housing for ants which protect the plant. These "Acacia" trees also produce nectar in nectaries on their leaves as food for the ants.