title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: The standard specifies a maximum length of 220 meters for 62.5 μm/160 MHz×km multi-mode fiber, 275 m for 62.5 μm/200 MHz×km, 500 m for 50 μm/400 MHz×km, and 550 m for 50 μm/500 MHz×km multi-mode fiber. In practice, with good quality fiber, optics, and terminations, 1000BASE-SX will usually work over significantly longer distances.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: This standard is highly popular for intra-building links in large office buildings, co-location facilities and carrier-neutral Internet exchanges.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Optical power specifications of SX interface: Minimum output power = −9.5 dBm. Minimum receive sensitivity = −17 dBm.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: term to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 1000BASE-SX but achieves longer distances up to 2 km over a pair of multi-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than a SX, running on 1310 nm wavelength lasers. It is easily confused with 1000BASE-SX or 1000BASE-LX because the use of -LX, -LX10 and -SX is ambiguous between vendors.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-LX is an optical fiber Gigabit Ethernet standard specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 38 which uses a long wavelength laser (1,270–1,355 nm), and a maximum RMS spectral width of 4 nm.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-LX can also run over all common types of multi-mode fiber with a maximum segment length of 550 m. For link distances greater than 300 m, the use of a special launch conditioning patch cord may be required. This launches the laser at a precise offset from the center of the fiber which causes it to spread across the diameter of the fiber core, reducing the effect known as differential mode delay which occurs when the laser couples onto only a small number of available modes in multi-mode fiber.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-LX10 was standardized six years after the initial gigabit fiber versions as part of the Ethernet in the First Mile task group. It is practically identical to 1000BASE-LX, but achieves longer distances up to 10 km over a pair of single-mode fiber due to higher quality optics. Before it was standardized, 1000BASE-LX10 was essentially already in widespread use by many vendors as a proprietary extension called either 1000BASE-LX/LH or 1000BASE-LH.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-EX is a non-standard but industry accepted term to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 1000BASE-LX10 but achieves longer distances up to 40 km over a pair of single-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than a LX10, running on 1310 nm wavelength lasers. It is sometimes referred to as LH (Long Haul), and is easily confused with 1000BASE-LX10 or 1000BASE-ZX because the use of -LX(10), -LH, -EX, and -ZX is ambiguous between vendors. 1000BASE-ZX is a very similar non-standard longer-reach variant that uses 1550 nm wavelength optics.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-BX10 is capable of up to 10 km over a single strand of single-mode fiber, with a different wavelength going in each direction. The terminals on each side of the fiber are not equal, as the one transmitting downstream (from the center of the network to the outside) uses the 1490 nm wavelength, and the one transmitting upstream uses the 1310 nm wavelength. This is accomplished using a passive splitter prism inside each transceiver.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Other, non-standard higher-powered single-strand optics commonly known as "BiDi" (bi-directional) utilize wavelength pairs in the 1490/1550 nm range, and are capable of reaching distances of 20, 40 and 80 km, or greater depending on module cost, fiber path loss, splices, connectors and patch panels. Very long reach BiDi optics may use 1510/1590 nm wavelength pairs.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-ZX is a non-standard but multi-vendor term to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission using 1,550 nm wavelength to achieve distances of at least over single-mode fiber. Some vendors specify distances up to over single-mode fiber, sometimes called 1000BASE-EZX. Ranges beyond 80 km are highly dependent upon the path loss of the fiber in use, specifically the attenuation figure in dB per km, the number and quality of connectors/patch panels and splices located between transceivers.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-CWDM is a non-standard but industry accepted term to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 1000BASE-LX10 but achieves longer distances up 40–120 km, and up to 18 parallel channels over a pair of single-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than LX10 and use of CWDM, running on 1270-1610 nm wavelength lasers.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: To use CWDM you need a Mux/Demux unit on both ends of the fiber link, a CWDM MUX/DEMUX with corresponding wavelengths, and SFP with corresponding wavelengths. is it also possible to DWDM in serie to increase number of channels.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Most uses Wavelengths: 1270 nm, 1290 nm, 1310 nm, 1330 nm, 1350 nm, 1370 nm, 1390 nm, 1410 nm, 1430 nm, 1450 nm, 1470 nm, 1490 nm, 1510 nm, 1530 nm, 1550 nm, 1570 nm, 1590 nm and 1610 nm


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: CWDM is cheaper to use than DWDM, about 1/5-1/3 of the cost. CWDM is about 5-10 times more expensive the if you have the fiber available, then traditional -LX/-LZ transceivers.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-DWDM is a non-standard but industry accepted term to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission. It is very similar to 1000BASE-LX10 but achieves longer distances up 40–120 km, and up to 64 to 160 parallel channels over a pair of single-mode fibers due to higher quality optics than LX10 and use of DWDM, running on 1528-1565 nm wavelength lasers.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: To use DWDM you need a Mux/Demux unit on both ends of the fiber link, a DWDM MUX/DEMUX with corresponding wavelengths, and SFP with corresponding wavelengths. is it also possible to use CWDM in series to increase the number of channels.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: IEEE 802.3bv-2017 defines standardizes Gigabit Ethernet over step-index plastic optical fiber (POF) using -R 64b/65b large block encoding with red light (600–700 nm). 1000BASE-RHA is intended for home and consumer use (just clamping the bare POF), 1000BASE-RHB for industrial, and 1000BASE-RHC for automotive applications.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: There may be optical interoperability with respective 1000BASE-X Ethernet interfaces on the same link. It is also possible with certain types of optics to have a mismatch in wavelength.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-X Ethernet is not backward compatible with 100BASE-X and is not forward compatible with 10GBASE-X.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Kamala Harris is the 49th vice president of the United States. Harris was formerly the junior United States senator from California, and prior to her election to the Senate, she served as the 32nd attorney general of California. Her family includes several members who are notable in politics and academia.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Harris's maternal ancestry comes from Tamil Nadu, India and her father is from Saint Ann, Jamaica. She is married to American lawyer Douglas Emhoff.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Douglas Emhoff is the husband of Kamala Harris. He was born to Jewish parents, Michael and Barbara Emhoff, in Brooklyn, New York. He lived in New Jersey from 1969 to 1981, moving with his family to California when he was 17. Emhoff graduated from the California State University, Northridge and USC Gould School of Law. Emhoff is an entertainment litigator and began his career at Pillsbury Winthrop's litigation group. He later moved to Belin Rawlings & Badal, a boutique firm, in the late 1990s. He opened his own firm with Ben Whitwell in 2000. The firm was acquired by Venable in 2006. Emhoff is now employed by DLA Piper, working at its Washington, D.C., and California offices. Emhoff was married for 16 years to film producer Kerstin Emhoff née Mackin. They have two children. He married Harris on August 22, 2014, in Santa Barbara, California, with Harris's sister Maya Harris officiating.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Cole MacKin Emhoff is the stepson of Kamala Harris through her marriage to Doug Emhoff. He was born September 15, 1994, to Kerstin Emhoff and is named after jazz musician John Coltrane. Emhoff graduated from Colorado College with a bachelor's degree in psychology. Emhoff was an assistant at William Morris Endeavor before becoming an executive assistant at Plan B Entertainment. Emhoff calls Harris "Momala".


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Ella Emhoff is the stepdaughter of Kamala Harris through her marriage to Doug Emhoff. She was born May 29, 1999, to Kerstin Emhoff and is named after jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald. In 2014, she was in the music video for Bo Burnham's song "Repeat Stuff". In 2018, Emhoff graduated from high school in Los Angeles where she was on the swim team. She is an artist majoring in apparel and textiles at Parsons School of Design. Emhoff calls Harris "Momala". She designed her inauguration day dress with designer Batsheva Hay.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Shyamala Gopalan was the mother of Kamala Harris. She was an Indian biologist and civil rights activist from Chennai, India. Shyamala was born on April 7, 1938, to P. V. Gopalan and his wife, Rajam. Gopalan's family belongs to the Brahmin caste. Gopalan was from Thulasenthirapuram and Rajam was from Painganaduagrarian villages located very close to each other, near Mannargudi, in the erstwhile Tanjore District. A gifted singer of South Indian classical music, she won a national competition in it as a teenager. She studied Home Science at Lady Irwin College in New Delhi, a leading college in India. In 1958, aged 19, Shyamala unexpectedly applied for a masters program at the University of California, Berkeley; her parents used some of their retirement savings to pay for her tuition and board during the first year. Her family in India, not having phone lines, communicated with her by writing aerogrammes; she eventually earned a PhD in nutrition and endocrinology at UC Berkeley in 1964.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: After the October 1964 birth of Kamala and January 1967 birth of Maya, Shyamala became a permanent resident of the United States in April 1968.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Shyamala's work in isolating and characterizing the progesterone receptor gene stimulated advances in breast biology and cancer. She conducted research in UC Berkeley's Department of Zoology and Cancer Research Lab. She worked as a breast cancer researcher at University of Illinois and University of Wisconsin. She worked for 16 years at Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill University Faculty of Medicine. She served as a peer reviewer for the National Institutes of Health and as a site visit team member for the Federal Advisory Committee. She also served on the President's Special Commission on Breast Cancer. She mentored dozens of students in her lab. Shyamala worked in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for her last decade of research.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Donald J. Harris is the father of Kamala Harris. He is a Jamaican-American economist and professor emeritus at Stanford University, originally from Saint Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Of Afro-Jamaican heritage, Harris was born on August 23, 1938, to Beryl Christie Harris ("née" Finegan) and Oscar Joseph Harris. He grew up in the Orange Hill area of Saint Ann Parish, near Brown's Town. Harris received a Bachelor of Arts from the University College of the West Indies in 1960. In 1963 he came to the United States to earn a PhD from University of California, Berkeley which he completed in 1966. He met his future wife, Shyamala Gopalan through the civil rights movement. Harris was an assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 1966 to 1967 and at Northwestern University from 1967 to 1968. He moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an associate professor in 1968. In 1972, he joined the faculty of Stanford University as a professor of economics. He directed the Consortium Graduate School of Social Sciences at the University of the West Indies in 1986–1987. He was a Fulbright Scholar in Brazil in 1990 and 1991 and in Mexico in 1992. In 1998, he retired from Stanford becoming a professor emeritus.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Maya Harris is the younger sister of Kamala Harris. She was born in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois and raised in the San Francisco Bay Area and Montreal. She had her only child Meena Harris at the age of 17. Harris completed a Bachelor of Arts at University of California, Berkeley and earned a J.D. degree from Stanford Law School. She works as a lawyer, public policy advocate, and a television commentator. Harris married lawyer Tony West in July 1998.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Meena Harris is the niece of Kamala Harris. She was born in Oakland, California in 1984. Harris completed a bachelor's degree from Stanford University and a J.D. at Harvard Law School. She is a lawyer and children's book author. She founded a campaign to raise awareness on social policy issues. Her 2020 children's book is based on the life story of her mother and aunt. Harris and her husband Nikolas Ajagu have two daughters.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: P. V. Gopalan (1911 – February 1998) was the maternal grandfather of Kamala Harris. Gopalan was a career civil servant, eventually serving as Joint Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Rehabilitation. He was later deputed to the Government of Zambia and lived in Lusaka as Director of Relief Measures and Refugees, to help Zambia manage an influx of refugees from Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Gopalan and his wife Rajam were from Tamil Nadu state and had wed in an arranged marriage. They had four children. Their eldest daughter Shyamala became a scientist in the United States and Canada. Their son Balachandran received a PhD in economics and computer science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and returned to an academic career in India. Their daughter Sarala is an obstetrician who practiced in the coastal city of Chennai, India. Their youngest daughter Mahalakshmi is an information scientist, who worked for the Government of Ontario.


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Sharada Balachandran Orihuela is the first cousin of Kamala Harris. She is an Indian Mexican born in Mexico to Rosamaria Orihuela and Gopalan Balachandran. She started formal education in New Delhi and moved frequently between India, Mexico, and the United States. After moving to Oakland, California for college in 2001, Balachandran Orihuela's aunt, Shyamala Gopalan, helped her cope with race relations in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and later influenced her intellectual trajectory. Balachandran Orihuela graduated from Mills College and University of California, Davis. She is an associate professor of English and comparative literature at University of Maryland, College Park. She authored the 2018 book, "Fugitives, Smugglers, and Thieves".


title: Family of Kamala Harris

text: Kamala Harris is of Black Jamaican descent on her paternal side and of Indian descent on her maternal side. According to the "Los Angeles Times", "Gopalan (Kamala's mother) was a Tamil Brahmin, part of a "privileged elite" in Hinduism's ancient caste hierarchy." Donald J. Harris wrote in an account of his family ancestry that the Harris name comes from his paternal grandfather Joseph Alexander Harris, a land owner and agricultural produce exporter, and that his paternal grandmother "Miss Chrishy" ("née" Christiana Brown) was a descendant of Hamilton Brown, a plantation and slave owner. However, Snopes rated this claim as unproven pending further research. Snopes noted that Harris made errors in some of the vital dates he provided for births and deaths of his grandparents.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Adrián San Miguel del Castillo (born 3 January 1987), known simply as Adrián, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Liverpool.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Adrián began his career playing with Spanish side Real Betis, initially with the club's youth sides, before making his debut with the first team in 2012; he also had spells on loan with Alcalá and Utrera during this period. In 2013, he moved to England, joining West Ham United. After his release from West Ham, he signed with Liverpool in 2019, winning a Premier League title in his first season.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Born in Seville, Andalusia, Adrián played as a striker and a winger for CD Altair until age ten, when the previous goalkeeper left and he changed position to that of goalkeeper. He later signed for Real Betis, where he finished his formation.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Adrián spent his first two seasons with the C-team and a further five with the reserves, with all five seasons with the reserves coming in the Segunda División B, successively backing up René and Brimah Razak. He was also loaned to Alcalá in 2008 and Utrera in 2009. He was promoted to the first team for 2011–12 as third-choice – still continuing to appear for the B's – but suffered a severe injury to his cruciate ligaments in November that kept him out of action for five-and-a-half months.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Adrián made his La Liga debut on 29 September 2012 in a 0–4 away loss against Málaga. After Casto was sent off in the early minutes, he replaced out-field player Salvador Agra and went on to be named man of the match. Still in the 2012–13 campaign, he became the starter, namely putting in a man of the match performance in a 1–0 home win against Real Madrid on 24 November. Following his debut, he went on to start the next 31 matches, keeping 11 clean sheets as the club finished in seventh place and qualified for the UEFA Europa League.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Having been watched playing for Betis by West Ham United manager Sam Allardyce and goalkeeping coach Martyn Margetson, Adrián was persuaded to join the club. On 5 June 2013, it was announced he would sign a three-year contract on 1 July, with the Premier League club having the option to extend this deal for a further two seasons.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Adrián made his "Hammers" debut on 27 August 2013 in a 2–1 home win against Cheltenham Town for the season's League Cup. During the match, he fouled Jermaine McGlashan to concede a penalty, which Matt Richards converted. His first league appearance came on 21 December, a 1–3 loss at Manchester United.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: On 11 January 2014, Adrián kept his first Premier League clean sheet, in the 2–0 away win over Cardiff City. On 6 May, he attended the club's awards and won "Save of the Season" for a fingertip save from Oscar against Chelsea in January. He also won "Best Individual Performance" for the same match, in which he kept a clean sheet in a goalless draw, as well as "Signing of the Season". He was also named runner-up "Hammer of the Year" to Mark Noble. By the end of the 2013–14 season, he had become West Ham's first-choice goalkeeper, replacing previous incumbent Jussi Jääskeläinen.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: In an FA Cup third-round replay penalty shoot-out against Everton on 13 January 2015, Adrián saved from Steven Naismith. The shootout went to sudden death, in which he scored the winner after his Everton counterpart, compatriot Joel Robles, struck the crossbar. Despite having never taken a competitive penalty before, he was so confident he would score and win the match that he removed his goalkeeping gloves before taking it – his team won it 9–8.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: On 11 February 2015, Adrián was given a straight red card in a goalless draw at Southampton for handling the ball outside the penalty area while pressured by Sadio Mané. His suspension for this dismissal was rescinded by the Football Association, although West Ham were charged with failing to control their players following the incident, being fined £30,000. He played all 38 league matches and all four FA Cup matches during the campaign.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Adrián received a straight red card in added time at the end of West Ham's 1–2 home loss to Leicester City on 15 August 2015 for a high challenge on Jamie Vardy, after going up for a corner kick. As the team had already made all of their substitutions, Carl Jenkinson became the goalkeeper for the remainder of the match. In October 2015, he signed a new two-year contract with the option of a further two years, keeping him at the club until 2017.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Adrián was released by West Ham at the end of the 2018–19 season. His last game came on 26 January 2019 in a 4–2 away defeat to AFC Wimbledon in the FA Cup. He had played 150 in all competitions for West Ham but only five in his final season, all cup games, as his place in their Premier League team was taken by Łukasz Fabiański. Adrián chose to leave the club despite a three-year contract offer because he "hadn't played a single game all season in the Premier League" and "didn't feel valued economically either".


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: On 5 August 2019, it was announced that Adrián had signed for Liverpool on a free transfer. He made his debut for the club on 9 August in a 4–1 win against Norwich City, coming on in the 39th minute, replacing the injured Alisson. On 14 August, Adrián started in the 2019 UEFA Super Cup; in extra-time, he conceded a penalty for a foul on Tammy Abraham, from which Jorginho was able to tie the match for Chelsea. Following a 2–2 draw, the match went to a penalty shoot-out, in which Adrián saved Abraham's final penalty, winning Liverpool their first trophy of the 2019–20 season with a 5–4 victory on penalties. It was also Adrián's first trophy of his career. Liverpool manager, Jürgen Klopp described his performance in the game as "incredible".


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: Adrián made his Champions League debut against Napoli at the Stadio San Paolo on 17 September. Although he made a remarkable save from Belgian international Dries Mertens when the game was scoreless, Adrian fell to his first defeat as a Liverpool player on a 2–0 scoreline. On 11 March 2020, Adrián stood in for Alisson as holders Liverpool were knocked out of the Champions League by Atlético Madrid. Already 1–0 down from the first leg in Spain, Liverpool lost 3–2 at Anfield with some of Adrián's goalkeeping decisions coming under scrutiny.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: As of October 2020, Adrián has made five errors directly leading to goals in his 21 appearances for Liverpool - as many as first-choice Alisson has in 92 games. Despite his errors, in October 2020 manager Klopp said of Adrián, "Adrian is a really good goalie. He played 11 games last year, we won all of them".


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: On 14 June 2021, Liverpool announced they have extended his contract, but without exposing any details regarding the duration of the extension. Due to the unavailability of first and second choice goalkeepers Alisson and Caoimhín Kelleher, Adrián played in the 2022 FA Community Shield in July 2022 against Manchester City which Liverpool won 3–1.


title: Adrián (footballer)

text: On 26 August 2016, Adrián received his first call-up to the senior Spain squad by new manager Julen Lopetegui for matches against Belgium and Liechtenstein.


title: Frank Welker filmography

text: Frank Welker is an American actor who specializes in voice acting and has contributed character voices and other vocal effects to American television and motion pictures.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: Abdelmadjid Tebboune (; born 17 November 1945) is an Algerian politician currently serving as the President of Algeria since December 2019 and as Minister of Defence.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: He took over the power from former President Abdelaziz Bouteflika and former Acting Head of State Abdelkader Bensalah. Previously, he was Prime Minister of Algeria from May 2017 to August 2017. In addition, he was also Minister of Housing from 2001 to 2002 for a year and again from 2012 to 2017 for 5 years.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: Abdelmadjid Tebboune was born on November 17, 1945, in Mécheria, in the current Naâma Province, in Algeria, back then . He comes from a family from the commune of Boussemghoun, currently in El Bayadh Province, located in the region of the High Plains of southwest Algeria. His father was a sheikh member of the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema (and Abdelmadjid studied in a school that was controlled by the Association of Ulema in Sidi Bel Abbes before the start of Algerian War between 1953 and 1954). and also a soldier. He is married to Fatima Zohra Bella, and has five children: Saloua, Maha, Salaheddine Ilyes, Mohamed and Khaled. He graduated from the on 29 July 1969.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: Tebboune was Minister-Delegate for Local Government from 1991 to 1992, during the last months of Chadli Benjedid's presidency. Later, under President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, he served in the government as Minister of Communication and Culture from 1999 to 2000 and then as Minister-Delegate for Local Government from 2000 to 2001. He was the Minister of Housing and Urban Planning from 2001 to 2002. Ten years later, in 2012, he returned to the post of Minister of Housing in the government of Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal. He was also found in the Panama Papers.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: Following the May 2017 parliamentary election, President Bouteflika appointed Tebboune to succeed Sellal as Prime Minister on 24 May 2017. The appointment of Tebboune was considered surprising by Algerian political elites, who had expected Sellal to be reappointed. The new government headed by Tebboune was appointed on 25 May.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: Tebboune served as Prime Minister for less than three months. Bouteflika dismissed him and appointed Ahmed Ouyahia to succeed him on 15 August 2017; Ouyahia took office the next day.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 12 December 2019, Tebboune was appointed president following the 2019 Algerian presidential election, after taking 58% from a turnout of less than 40% the voters, against candidates from both main parties (the National Liberation Front and the Democratic National Rally). On 19 December, he assumed office and received the National Order of Merit from the acting President Abdelkader Bensalah.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On the eve of the first anniversary of the Hirak Movement, President Abdelmadjid Tebboune announced in a statement to the Algerian national media that 22 February would be declared the Algerian "National Day of Fraternity and Cohesion Between The People and Its Army For Democracy." In the same statement, Tebboune spoke in favor of the Hirak Movement, saying that "the blessed Hirak has preserved the country from a total collapse" and that he had "made a personal commitment to carry out all of the [movement's] demands." On 21 and 22 February 2020, masses of demonstrators (with turnout comparable to well-established Algerian holidays like the Algerian Day of Independence) gathered to honor the anniversary of the Hirak Movement and the newly established national day.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: In an effort to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, Tebboune announced on 17 March 2020 that "marches and rallies, whatever their motives" would be prohibited. After protestors and journalists were arrested for participating in such marches, Tebboune faced accusations of attempting to "silence Algerians." Notably, the government's actions were condemned by Amnesty International, which said in a statement that "when all eyes [...] are on the management of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Algerian authorities are devoting time to speeding up the prosecution and trial of activists, journalists, and supporters of the Hirak movement." CNLD estimated that around 70 prisoners of conscience were imprisoned by 2 July 2020 and that several of the imprisoned were arrested for Facebook posts.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 28 December 2019, the then-recently inaugurated President Tebboune met with Ahmed Benbitour, the former Algerian Head of Government, with whom he discussed the "foundations of the new Republic."


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 8 January 2020, Tebboune established a "commission of experts" composed of 17 members (a majority of which were professors of constitutional law) responsible for examining the previous constitution and making any necessary revisions. Led by Ahmed Laraba, the commission was required to submit its proposals to Tebboune directly within the following two months. In a letter to Laraba on the same day, Tebboune outlined seven axes around which the commission should focus its discussion. These areas of focus included strengthening citizens' rights, combatting corruption, consolidating the balance of powers in the Algerian government, increasing the oversight powers of parliament, promoting the independence of the judiciary, furthering citizens' equality under the law, and constitutionalizing elections. Tebboune's letter also included a call for an "immutable and intangible" two-term limit to anyone serving as president — a major point of contention in the initial Hirak Movement protests, which were spurred by former president Abdelaziz Bouteflika's announced intention to run for a fifth term.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: In January 2020, Tebboune also instructed Prime Minister Djerad to prepare a bill against all forms of racism, regionalism and hate speech based on political convictions, religion, belief or race.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: The preliminary draft revision of the constitution was publicly published on 7 May 2020, but the Laraba Commission (as the "commission of experts" came to be known) was open to additional proposals from the public until 20 June. By 3 June, the commission had received an estimated 1,200 additional public proposals. After all revisions were considered by the Laraba Commission, the draft was introduced to the Cabinet of Algeria (Council of Ministers).


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 24 August 2020, the date for the referendum was set for 1 November, the anniversary of the start of Algeria's war of independence.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: The revised constitution was adopted in the Council of Ministers on 6 September, in the People's National Assembly on 10 September, and Council of the Nation on 12 September, but its implementation was contingent on the results of the 1 November referendum.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: In October 2020, Tebboune was tested positive for COVID-19 and flew to Germany for treatment. Meanwhile, prime minister Abdelaziz Djerad assumed his tasks. On 29 December 2020, Tebboune resumed his duties.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: The constitutional changes were approved on the 1 November 2020 referendum, with 66.68% of voters participating in favour of the changes.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 10 January 2021, Tebboune flew back to Germany for treatment of complications in his foot resulting from the COVID-19 infection. On 12 February 2021, he returned to Algeria.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 16 February 2021 mass protests and a wave of nationwide rallies and peaceful demonstrations against the government of Abdelmadjid Tebboune began. On 18 February 2021, Tebboune announced changes to the cabinet. He dismissed the Minister of Energy, the Minister of Industry, and the Minister of Water Resources among others. He also dissolved the lower house of the Algerian Parliament and called early legislative elections within six months.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 28 July 2021, Tebboune stated that Algeria offers Libya "total assistance," as he was hosting Mohammad Younes el-Menfi, the president of Libya's Presidency Council.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 8 December 2021, French minister of foreign affairs Jean-Yves Le Drian and Abdelmadjid Tebboune held a meeting. They discussed bilateral relations and peace in Libya and Mali.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 24 January 2022, Tebboune visited Egypt's President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in Cairo. They discussed bilateral relations, the situation in Libya after the indefinite postponement of elections, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, and the potential return of Syria to the Arab League. It was the first official visit of an Algerian president to Cairo since 2008.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 15 February 2022, Tebboune announced that the government will introduce unemployment benefits for young adults, with the unemployment rate in the country being over 15% . The president announced that payments to job hunters aged 19 to 40 will begin in March, with the goal of preserving "young people's dignity." He also stated that the increase in the disputes between his country and Morocco is due to Israeli intervention.


title: Abdelmadjid Tebboune

text: On 26 May 2022, during a state visit to Rome, Tebboune agreed to increase gas supply for Italy and Europe after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 18 July 2022, Tebboune signed an energy contract worth €4 billion for additional gas supply to Italy with Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi in Algiers, making Algeria Italy's biggest gas supplier. In September 2022, Tebboune announced a further diversification of Algeria’s economy to increase non-hydrocarbon exports. Tebboune stated that "the goal we set is to achieve exports from outside oil and gas at $7 billion for the current year". Algeria’s non-hydrocarbon exports reached US$5 billion in 2021.


title: Smiley Smile

text: Smiley Smile is the 12th studio album by American rock band the Beach Boys, released on September 18, 1967. It reached number 9 on UK record charts, but sold poorly in the US, peaking at number 41—the band's lowest chart placement to that point. Critics and fans generally received the album and its lead single, "Heroes and Villains", with confusion and disappointment. "Good Vibrations" and "Gettin' Hungry" were also released as singles, but the former was issued a year earlier, while the latter was not credited to the band.


title: Smiley Smile

text: Conceived as a simplified version of their then-forthcoming album "Smile", "Smiley Smile" contrasts significantly with its stripped-down approach and lo-fi production. Following principal songwriter Brian Wilson's declaration that most of the original "Smile" tapes would be abandoned, the majority of recording sessions lasted for only six weeks at his makeshift home studio using radio broadcasting equipment, a detuned piano, electronic bass, melodica, found objects for percussion, and a Baldwin theater organ. The unconventional recording process juxtaposed an experimental party-like atmosphere with short pieces of music edited together in a disjointed manner, combining the engineering methods of "Good Vibrations" with the loose feeling of "Beach Boys' Party!" (1965).


title: Smiley Smile

text: From late 1966 to mid-1967, "Smile" was repeatedly delayed while the Beach Boys were subject to a considerable level of media hype that proclaimed Wilson as a "genius". After settling payment disputes with Capitol Records, "Smiley Smile" was distributed in collaboration with Brother Records, the band's new self-owned record company. The album's production was unusually credited to "the Beach Boys", marking the point where Wilson began ceding his leadership of the group. "Smile" was left unfinished as the band immediately moved onto the recording of the albums "Lei'd in Hawaii" (unreleased) and "Wild Honey" (December 1967).


title: Smiley Smile

text: "Smiley Smile" has since become a critical and cult favorite in the Beach Boys' catalog, influencing the development of ambient music and bedroom pop. It is often cited for having positive effects on listeners experiencing an LSD comedown, and it was used by at least one drug clinic to help relieve users from bad trips. In 1974, it was ranked number 64 in "NME"s list of the greatest albums of all time. Some session highlights from the album are featured on the compilations "The Smile Sessions" (2011) and "1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow" (2017).


title: Smiley Smile

text: The Beach Boys' album "Pet Sounds", issued on May 16, 1966, was massively influential upon its release, containing lush and sophisticated orchestral arrangements that raised the band's prestige to the top level of rock innovators. Early reviews for the album in the US ranged from negative to tentatively positive, but the reception from music journalists in the UK was very favorable. The group had recently employed the Beatles' former press officer Derek Taylor as their publicist. Bothered by the popular view of the Beach Boys as outdated surfers, leader and songwriter Brian Wilson requested that Taylor establish a new image for the band as fashionable counterculture icons, and so a media campaign with the tagline "Brian Wilson is a genius" was initiated and promulgated by Taylor.


title: Smiley Smile

text: In October 1966, the group followed up "Pet Sounds" with "Good Vibrations", a laboriously produced single that achieved major international success. By then, an album titled "Smile" had been conceived as an extension of that song's recording approach, with Wilson composing music in collaboration with lyricist Van Dyke Parks. Wilson envisioned "Smile" as an outlet for all of his intellectual occupations, such as his fascination with spirituality and its relationship to humor and laughter. He told "Melody Maker": "Our new album will be better than "Pet Sounds". It will be as much an improvement over "Sounds" as that was over [our 1965 album] "Summer Days"." By the end of the year, "NME" conducted an annual reader's poll that placed the Beach Boys as the world's top vocal group, ahead of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones.


title: Smiley Smile

text: Business partner David Anderle attempted to form Brother Records, an independent label, with the intention of giving "entirely new concepts to the recording industry, and to give the Beach Boys total creative and promotional control over their product." A February 1967 lawsuit seeking $255,000 (equivalent to $ in ) was launched against Capitol Records over neglected royalty payments. Within the lawsuit, there was also an attempt to terminate the band's contract with Capitol before its November 1969 expiration. In April 1967, Wilson and his wife put their Beverly Hills home up for sale and took residence at a newly purchased mansion in Bel Air. Wilson also set to work on constructing a personal home studio.


title: Smiley Smile

text: Parks permanently withdrew from the project in April, with Anderle following suit weeks later. Between mid-April and early May, Wilson took a four-week break from studio recording. On April 26, Carl Wilson was arrested for refusing his draft into the US Army and later released on bail. On April 28, in an effort to promote the group's upcoming UK tour, EMI issued the single "Then I Kissed Her" to the chagrin of the band, who did not approve the release. On May 6, a week after stating that "Smile" was to be released "any moment", Taylor announced in "Disc & Music Echo" that the album had been "scrapped" by Wilson. However, Taylor's assertion of the album's cancellation at that point was likely to be spurious. The Beach Boys were still under pressure and a contractual obligation to deliver an album to Capitol. For most of May, the touring group embarked on a run of shows in Europe while Brian resumed scheduling recording sessions at professional studios, some of which were cancelled on short notice.


title: Smiley Smile

text: Throughout 1967, Wilson's public image was reduced to that of an "eccentric" figure as a multitude of revolutionary rock albums were released to an anxious and maturing youth market. For a time, the Beach Boys had been the Beatles' chief rivals, and Wilson was concerned that if "Smile" followed in the wake of another critically successful release by the Beatles, then his album would be received with unjust comparisons. His race was effectively lost when the Beatles released "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (May 1967). By June, Wilson declared to his bandmates that most of the material recorded for "Smile" would be abandoned. In an interview conducted in January 1968, he intimated that he had run out of ideas "in a conventional sense" and had been "about ready to die" before "Smiley Smile". He said: "I decided not to try any more, and not try and do such great things."


title: Smiley Smile

text: Since the recording of "Good Vibrations" in 1966, Wilson had established a new method of operation. Instead of working on whole songs with clear large-scale syntactical structures, Wilson limited himself to recording short interchangeable fragments (or "modules"). Through the method of tape splicing, each fragment could then be assembled into a linear sequence, allowing any number of larger structures and divergent moods to be produced at a later time. "Smiley Smile" continued this approach. The album also continued Brian's exploration of "party tracks"—a form of music which includes the sounds of people shouting and making noises, as if at a party. Brian had enacted this approach with "Beach Boys' Party!" in 1965, thereby mixing that record's style with the modular composition method he devised for "Good Vibrations".


title: Smiley Smile

text: Most of "Smiley Smile" was recorded at Brian's improvised home studio from June 3 to July 14, 1967. The core instrumentation consisted of organ, honky-tonk piano, and electronic bass played by the Beach Boys themselves, rather than the session musicians employed in much of their previous work. Brian became obsessed with a three-tiered Baldwin organ during the album's recording, resulting in a more minimalist approach to the new arrangements. The organ gave the album its central timbre. Most of the piano was played by Brian, and most of the bass was played by Carl.


title: Smiley Smile

text: It was the first album for which production was credited to the entire group, instead of Brian alone. Dennis Wilson explained: "He wanted it that way. He said 'It's produced by the Beach Boys. When asked if Brian was "still the producer of "Smiley Smile"", Carl answered, "Most definitely." He described "Smiley Smile" as an improvised, low-effort affair that was "more like a 'jam' album." Brian acknowledged: "We had done about six months work on another thing, but we jumped and ended up doing the entire thing here at the house with an entirely different mood and approach than what we originally started out with." When questioned on why the band took the approach they did, he stated, "We just had a particular atmosphere that we were working in that inspired the particular kind of things that were on the album." He said that he did not "have any paranoia feelings" recording the album: "[W]e had so much fun. The "Smiley Smile" era was so great, it was unbelievable. Personally, spiritually, everything, it was great."


title: Smiley Smile

text: In his book about psychedelic music, author Jim DeRogatis referred to "Smiley Smile" as a work of the "ultimate psychedelic rock library". Conversely, "Stylus Magazine"s Edwin Faust wrote in 2003 that the album "embraces the listener with a drugged out sincerity; a feat never accomplished by the more pretentious and heavy-handed psychedelia of that era. It is for this reason "Smiley Smile" flows so well with the more experimental pop of today". According to music theorist Daniel Harrison, "Smiley Smile" is not a work of rock music as the term was understood in 1967, and that portions of the album "can be thought of as a kind of protominimal rock music". He continues:


title: Smiley Smile

text: Academic Larry Starr said that the album's "unexpected juxtapositions of textures and formal elements" give the effect of an "inadequately edited home movie rather than that of well-articulated musical conceptions". Similarly, music journalist Richard Williams wrote, "It contains fragments – mostly vocal, with minimal instrumental accompaniment – which have all the epigrammatic, enigmatic power of Japanese "haiku". 'Wonderful' and 'Little Pad' contain passages written in the conditional tense (i.e. the songs move easily between reality and fantasy), a technique evolved by Godard in the cinema and which only Wilson, as far as I know, has picked up in pop [as of 1971]."


title: Smiley Smile

text: Music journalist Domenic Priore notes that when the Beach Boys were taken out of professional studios, "the discipline of the clock, rates and overtime disappeared". In 1976, Mike Love, recalling how "She's Goin' Bald" was a song about fellatio, commented: "We were stoned out of our heads. We were laughing our asses off when we recorded that stuff." Dennis remembered the album as "the most fun thing we ever did." Bruce Johnston did not participate in most of these sessions. He later called the work "very spacy" and "weird", but "so subtle and so damn innovative."


title: Smiley Smile

text: Carl Wilson famously compared "Smiley Smile" to "a bunt instead of a grand slam". From the vast sum of material Brian had recorded for "Smile", only portions of the backing track for "Heroes and Villains" (recorded October 1966) and the coda for "Vegetables" (recorded April 1967) were used for "Smiley Smile". Comparing Brian's original "Smile" mixes with the "Smiley Smile" version of "Heroes and Villains", Al Jardine called it "a pale facsimile ... Brian re-invented the song for this record ... He purposefully under-produced the song." "Good Vibrations", which was recorded sporadically from February to September 1966, appears with no differences from the original single. Brian reportedly objected to the placement of "Good Vibrations" on "Smiley Smile", but for the first time, he was outvoted by his bandmates, who insisted on its inclusion.


title: Smiley Smile

text: "Wind Chimes", "Wonderful", and most parts of "Vegetables" were completely rerecorded with scaled-down arrangements. "Vegetables" was reworked as a kind of campfire song, "Wonderful" traded its harpsichord and trumpet for a haphazardly-played organ, high-pitched backing vocals, and a doo-wop sing-along section. The marimbas in "Wind Chimes" were replaced by organ and dissonant noise. Other tracks only extracted minor elements, such as a melody line, from other "Smile" pieces. "She's Goin' Bald" borrows the verse melody from a "Smile" fragment known as "He Gives Speeches", "With Me Tonight" is a variation on "Vegetables", and "Fall Breaks and Back to Winter (W. Woodpecker Symphony)" lifts a recurring melodic hook from "".


title: Smiley Smile

text: David Anderle thought that "what Brian tried to do with "Smiley Smile" is he tried to salvage as much of "Smile" as he could and at the same time immediately go into his [long-discussed] humor album." According to a contemporary "Hullabaloo" article, "The title, suggested by [Wilson's cousin] Barry Turnbull, reflects the album's happy concept, it is taken from the Indian aphorism, 'The smile that you send out returns to you.'" The cover artwork featured a new illustration of Frank Holmes' Smile Shoppe, this time located in the middle of an overgrown jungle.


title: Smiley Smile

text: "Smiley Smile" was produced without any direct involvement from Van Dyke Parks. The only songs that appeared to have no connection to the original "Smile" album were "Little Pad" and "Gettin' Hungry". In addition, while the Beatles' Paul McCartney was present at an April 1967 session for "Vegetables", the recording where he allegedly provides celery biting sounds was not used on "Smiley Smile".


title: Smiley Smile

text: "Smiley Smile" was recorded with an eight-track tape machine, with all the different musical sections spread out across numerous reels of tape. In other words, intros, verses, choruses, and endings were each allocated their own reel. The Beach Boys recorded using what was predominantly radio broadcasting equipment, which lacked many of the technical elements and effects found in an established studio. The studio set up at Brian's house was, in its mid-1967 incarnation for "Smiley Smile", in its infancy. Due to the sporadic nature at which Brian decided to produce the record at his home, there was little time to fully outfit the Bel Air residence as a properly-equipped recording studio.


title: Smiley Smile

text: Tracks were typically constructed around a performance of Wilson playing piano that was usually mixed out of the final recording. This process was equivalent to the use of click tracks a decade before they were common. Some recording accidents were used to their advantage, such as in "With Me Tonight", which contains an informal link between the verse and chorus by way of a voice saying "good", as in "good take", spoken by the band's friend Arny Geller from the control room. Tape manipulation was another prominent feature, with varispeed being applied to a few vocals. On "She's Goin' Bald", a new device called the Eltro Information Rate Changer was used to raise the pitch of the group's vocals without affecting the tempo.


title: Smiley Smile

text: The home set-up was moved between different areas as the sessions progressed. This led to unconventional ways of achieving particular sounds at the home, such as a replacement for what would be achieved by an echo chamber. The album's engineer Jim Lockert recalled how "Brian's swimming pool had a leak in it and was empty, so we put a microphone in the bottom of this damn near Olympic-size pool and the guys laid down inside the pool and sang so the sound would go down the wall of the concrete pool into the microphone – and that was part of the vocals on one of those songs." Some vocals were also tracked in the shower. Lockert spoke about the album's final mixing session at Wally Heider's Studio 3 in Hollywood:


title: Smiley Smile

text: The Beach Boys were initially involved in the conception of the Monterey Pop Festival, which was held in June 1967. At the last minute, the band announced that they could not appear at the festival for reasons pertaining to Carl's military draft and their commitments to finish "Heroes and Villains" for Capitol. Derek Taylor, who had terminated his employment with the group to focus on the festival's organization, remembered that dropping out of the program "undoubtedly set the band in a very bad light. They were certainly heavily criticized at the time for it. It seemed rather like an admission of defeat." Biographer David Leaf explained: "Monterey was a gathering place for the 'far out' sounds of the 'new' rock ... and it is thought that this non-appearance was what really turned the 'underground' tide against them." Detractors referred to the band as the "Bleach Boys" and "the California Hypes" as the media focus shifted from Los Angeles to the happenings in San Francisco.


title: Smiley Smile

text: The Capitol lawsuit was eventually settled out of court, with the Beach Boys receiving the royalties owed in exchange for Brother Records to distribute through Capitol Records, along with a guarantee that the band produce at least one million dollars profit. An official announcement of the resolution was made on July 18. Capitol A&R director Karl Engemann began circulating a memo, dated July 25, in which "Smiley Smile" was referred to as a stopgap for "Smile". The memo also discussed conversations between him and Wilson pertaining to the release of a 10-track "Smile" album, which would not have included the songs "Heroes and Villains" or "Vegetables". In July, two singles were issued on the Brother imprint: "Heroes and Villains" and "Gettin' Hungry". The former peaked at number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The latter was not credited to the Beach Boys, but instead to Brian Wilson and Mike Love.


title: Smiley Smile

text: "Smile" was never delivered; instead, the group played two shows at an auditorium in Honolulu, which were filmed and recorded with the intention of releasing a live album, "Lei'd in Hawaii". On stage, the band performed "Heroes and Villains" and "Gettin' Hungry", and rearranged their past hits in the style of "Smiley Smile". Priore writes that the engagement was effectively the band's "attempt to make up" for cancelling their gig at Monterey. Bruce Johnston, who was absent for most of the "Smiley Smile" recording sessions, did not accompany the group, although Brian did. In early August, Johnston told the British press that he had heard "Smiley Smile", and when asked about "Smile", said that the album would be released "within the next two months."


title: Smiley Smile

text: On September 18, 1967, "Smiley Smile" was released in the US. The LP peaked at number 41 on the "Billboard" charts, making it their worst-selling album to that date. It spent most of its 21-week chart time bubbling under 100 and 197. When released in the UK in November, it performed better, reaching number 9 of the UK Albums Chart. During their annual Thanksgiving tour of the US, the band did not perform any of the tracks on "Smiley Smile" except "Good Vibrations". In a December interview, Mike Love acknowledged that "Smiley Smile" had "baffled and mystified" the public and that the band "had this feeling that we were going too far, losing touch I guess." He promised that their next album would bring the group "back more into reality".


title: Smiley Smile

text: In the description of journalist Nick Kent, "Smiley Smile" "appeared like the single most underwhelming musical statement of the sixties". It was a "major disappointment" for fans, many of whom had expected a work similar to "Pet Sounds" and the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper". According to writer Scott Schinder, the LP was released to "general incomprehension. While "Smile" may have divided the Beach Boys' fans had it been released, "Smiley Smile" merely baffled them." Anderle said that whatever new fans the group had brought with "Pet Sounds" were "immediately lost with the release of 'Heroes of Villains,' then with the album ["Smiley Smile"]." Biographer Keith Badman writes that the music press responded by "effectively blacklisting the band, refusing to review their latest records, or reviewing them long after they have been released."


title: Smiley Smile

text: "Undoubtedly the worst album ever released by The Beach Boys", "Melody Maker" wrote. "Prestige has been "seriously" damaged." A review in "Hit Parader" praised the album for "probably [having] more a cappella harmony than on any album since the fall of the singing-group era in the late 1950s", but that they "still like "Pet Sounds" better". "NME" wrote of the album: "By the standards which this group has set itself, it's more than a grade disappointing." "Hi Fidelity" said: "... they are making the psychedelic route ... perhaps in the unforgettable city of Fresno. Until they reach the San Francisco Bay Bridge or return to the shores of Malibu ... their work can only receive partial approval."


title: Smiley Smile

text: More favorably, "Record Mirror"s Wesley Laine predicted that "Smiley Smile" would "probably go to the top of the LP charts". He felt that it contained better songs "on the whole" than "Pet Sounds", as well as "extremely clever and insiduous ... production and arrangements [that] fall into the current psychedelic bag without being blatantly acidy." The "Milwaukee Sentinel" praised the LP as "probably the most valuable contribution to rock since the Beatles "Revolver"" and for being unlike anything the Beatles had done. "Cheetah" gave the album a rave review, observing that "the mood is rather childlike (not childish)—the kind of innocence that shows on the album cover, with its Rousseau-like animals and forest, and the smoke from the cabin chimney spelling out the title. ... The expression that emerges from this music is very strange: it's a very personal mood." "New York Times" journalist Richard Goldstein rued that "the album is a memorable, if disjointed experience, and a truly religious one as well. One must decide for oneself what the sermon is worth listening for."


title: Smiley Smile

text: Controversy involving whether the band was to be taken as a serious rock group followed them into the next year. On December 14, 1967, "Rolling Stone" editor and co-founder Jann Wenner printed an influential article that denounced Wilson's "genius" label, which he called a "promotional shuck", and the Beach Boys themselves, which he called "one prominent example of a group that has gotten hung up on trying to catch The Beatles". He wrote that "for some reason, ["Smiley Smile"] just doesn't make it ... [the songs] just don't move you. Other than displaying Brian Wilson's virtuosity for production, they are pointless." In February 1968, a "Rolling Stone" reviewer referred to the album as a "disaster" and an "abortive attempt to match the talents of Lennon and McCartney."


title: Smiley Smile

text: "Smiley Smile" became the first in a three-part series of lo-fi Beach Boys albums (preceding "Wild Honey" and "Friends") and the first in a seven-year string of under-performing Beach Boys albums (ending with the 1974 compilation "Endless Summer"). The "Smile" era is generally viewed as the ending of the Beach Boys' most artistically creative period, and the point after which Brian began relinquishing his hold as the group's creative leader. Much of the group's subsequent recordings from 1967 to 1970 followed similar experimental traditions as "Smiley Smile" – namely, through sparse instrumentation, a more relaxed ensemble, and a seeming inattention to production quality. Carl took Brian's place as the most musically dominant member, and Brian would not be credited as producer for another Beach Boys album until 1976's "15 Big Ones".


title: Smiley Smile

text: Commenting on the album in retrospect, Bruce Johnston said it was "a thousand times better than the [original "Smile"] ... It's just the most underrated album in the whole catalog for me." Dennis Wilson said, "It was not as ambitious as "Pet Sounds" was. But ... I listened to it in a jungle in Africa and it sounded great." Conversely, Al Jardine felt that "there are some pretty cool songs on that album but I didn't like rehashing some of the "Smile" songs. That didn't work for me." Mike Love wrote, "Some of the songs we recorded could barely be called songs. They were chants, spacey fragments, weird sound effects. Every group produces at least one bad album ... I don't think Brian wanted to be associated with it either."


title: Smiley Smile

text: "Smile" material continued to trickle out in later releases, often as filler songs to offset Brian's unwillingness to contribute. "Cool, Cool Water", an outtake from "Smiley Smile" and "Wild Honey" sessions, was partially rerecorded and issued as the closing track for "Sunflower" (1970). When "The Smile Sessions" box set was released in 2011, co-producer Mark Linett acknowledged that "there's things that some people think – should "Smiley Smile" sessions be there – [with tracks such as] 'Can't Wait Too Long', we get into a very fuzzy area". In 2017, additional session highlights from the album were released on the rarities compilation "1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow". The compilation was followed several months later with two more digital-exclusive releases: "1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow 2: The Studio Sessions" and "1967 – Live Sunshine".


title: Smiley Smile

text: "Smiley Smile" has since become a cult and critical favorite in the Beach Boys' catalog. In biographer Peter Ames Carlin's estimation, "the album's reputation improved with hindsight", particularly after the release of "stripped-down warts-and-all albums" by other artists, including Bob Dylan ("John Wesley Harding", 1967) and the Beatles (The White Album, 1968). Writing in 1971, "Melody Maker"s Richard Williams referred to "Smiley Smile" as "The Great Undiscovered Pop Album", one that had been "either ignored or dismissed by the reviewers." Its prevailing negative response mellowed after the record was reissued in 1974 – the same year that "NME" writers ranked it as the 62nd greatest album of all time. According to Matjas-Mecca, following the mid-1970s, the album "began to acquire a fan base that heard magic in Brian's lo-fi production [and] is now considered an important work in Brian's catalog. In a world that embraces lo-fi art, the album is considered a masterpiece."


title: Smiley Smile

text: Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger called it a "rather nifty, if rather slight, effort that's plenty weird". Spencer Owen of "Pitchfork" deemed it "a near-masterpiece. Without any awareness of "Smile"'s existence, this album could have been a contemporary classic ... and although the album isn't anywhere close to the sonic revolution that "Sgt. Pepper" had already brought, Wilson's innovative production and arrangements still bring out the best in every single track." "Blender"s Douglas Wolk called it "the Boys' psychedelic album — joltingly spare, druggy and funny, with the most gorgeous harmonies of their career." Harrison compared Wilson's work favorably to that of classical composers such as Schoenberg.


title: Smiley Smile

text: Less favorably, Kent maintained that the album "undersold the worth" of "Smile" with "dumb pot-head skits, so-called healing chants and even some weird 'loony tunes' items straight out of a cut-rate Walt Disney soundtrack". "The Guardian"s Geoffrey Cannon viewed Parks' lyrics as "pretentious", believing that Parks "messed Brian up" during "Smiley Smile". "Paste"s Bryan Rolli ranked it at number 2 in a list of the "10 Most Disappointing Follow-Up Albums", calling it a "disjointed collection of minimalist recordings and a capella bits that are not so much songs as fragments of a shattered psyche". In the 2004 edition of "The Rolling Stone Album Guide", the reviewer described "Smiley Smile" as "inconsistent" and said that, given the context of its release in September 1967, "the album was like a strange throwback – it highlighted how out of touch these suburban California surfers had become with the psychedelic times." In his 2007 book "The Act You've Known for All These Years: The Life, and Afterlife, of Sgt. Pepper", Clinton Heylin writes that the album "sounded like a [throwaway] contractual obligation" and, together with its commercial failure, confirmed "one of the most spectacular falls from grace of any sixties band".


title: Smiley Smile

text: In the 2000s, "Smiley Smile" began to be included in lists of "must-hear" albums compiled by various publications. In 2000, it was ranked number 415 in Colin Larkin's book of the "All Time Top 1000 Albums". In a 2007 issue of "Rolling Stone", Robert Christgau and David Fricke named it one of the 40 essential albums of 1967; Christgau declared: "Towering it's not; some kind of hit it is." In 2017, it was ranked number 118 on "Pitchfork"s list of greatest albums of the 1960s, where it was described as having "developed a small cult of its own, attracting those drawn to its stripped-down, highly spontaneous, and deeply stoned vibe."


title: Smiley Smile

text: In 2000, "Smiley Smile" was one of 100 albums featured in the book "The Ambient Century" as a chapter in the development of ambient music. "Pitchfork" contributor Mark Richardson wrote that the record "basically invented the kind of lo-fi bedroom pop that would later propel Sebadoh, Animal Collective, and other characters." Dedicated tribute albums include "Smiling Pets" (1998) and "Portland Sings The Beach Boys "Smiley Smile"" (2013).


title: Smiley Smile

text: Pete Townshend of the Who is a known admirer of the record, as is Robbie Robertson of the Band. XTC's Andy Partridge considered it one of "the most influential records for me" and it was a direct inspiration for his song "Season Cycle" ("Skylarking", 1986). In an interview with "Time", Steven Tyler of Aerosmith stated that his "island" music picks include "Smiley Smile", "Just for the melodic fuck all." Keiichi Suzuki and Hirokazu Tanaka, who composed music for the Japanese role-playing video game series "EarthBound", cited "Smiley Smile" among influences on the games' soundtracks. In 2017, the "New York Observer"s Ron Hart wrote that "Smiley Smile" sonically foreshadowed the work of Harry Nilsson, Elvis Costello, Stereolab, the High Llamas, the Olivia Tremor Control, and Father John Misty. Comedian Trevor Moore stated that the theme song for his troupe's television show, "The Whitest Kids U' Know", was based on "Little Pad", which itself had been used as the opening theme for their live shows.


title: Smiley Smile

text: In later years, "Smiley Smile" became celebrated as one of the finest chill-out albums, and one that is suited for listening during an LSD comedown. At least one drug treatment center played the LP for patients to help relieve their use of drugs. Carl Wilson told the NME in 1970: "In Fort Worth, Texas, there is a drug clinic which takes people off the streets and helps them get over bad LSD trips. They don't use any traditional medical treatment whatsoever. All they do is play the patient our "Smiley Smile" album and apparently this acts as a soothing remedy which relaxes them and helps them to recover completely from their trip."


title: Smiley Smile

text: Lead vocals per 1990 CD liner notes by David Leaf. On its original release, Van Dyke Parks was not credited for "Wonderful".


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The Berlin International Film Festival (), usually called the Berlinale (), is a major international film festival held annually in Berlin, Germany. Founded in 1951 and originally run in June, the festival has been held every February since 1978 and is one of the "Big Three" alongside the Venice Film Festival in Italy and the Cannes Film Festival in France. Tens of thousands of visitors attend each year.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: About 400 films are shown at multiple venues across Berlin, mostly in and around Potsdamer Platz. They are screened in nine sections across cinematic genres, with around twenty films competing for the festival's top awards in the Competition section. The major awards, called the Golden Bear and Silver Bears, are decided on by the international jury, chaired by an internationally recognisable cinema personality. This jury and other specialised Berlinale juries also give many other awards, and in addition there are other awards given by independent juries and organisations.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The European Film Market (EFM), a film trade fair held simultaneously to the Berlinale, is a major industry meeting for the international film circuit. The trade fair serves distributors, film buyers, producers, financiers and co-production agents. The Berlinale Talents, a week-long series of lectures and workshops, is a gathering of young filmmakers held in partnership with the festival.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: During the peak of the Cold War in 1950, Oscar Martay, a film officer of the Information Service Branch of the American High Commissioner for Germany stationed in Berlin, proposed the idea of a film festival in Berlin. The proposal was put through a committee, which included members of the Senate of Berlin and people from the German film industry, on 9 October 1950. Through his efforts and influence, the American military administration was persuaded to assist and to give loans for the first years of the Berlin International Film Festival, which commenced in June 1951. Film historian Dr. Alfred Bauer was the festival's first director, a position he would hold until 1976.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Alfred Hitchcock's "Rebecca" opened the first festival at the Titiana-Palast in Steglitz on 6 June 1951. The festival ran from 6 to 17 June, with Waldbühne being another festival venue.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The winners of the inaugural awards in 1951 were determined by a West German panel, and there were five winners of the Golden Bear, divided by categories and genres. "Cinderella", which won the Golden Bear for a Music Film, also won the audience award.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The FIAPF (Fédération Internationale des Associations de Producteurs de Films) banned the awarding of jury prizes at the festival, so between 1952 and 1955, the winners of the Golden Bear were determined by the audience members. In 1956, FIAPF formally accredited the festival and since then the Golden Bear has been awarded by an international jury.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: During the Cold War, a selection of the films were also screened in East Berlin. The Berlin Wall did not go up until 1961.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: In 1957, the Zoo Palast became the main venue for the festival, and remained so until the move to Potsdamer Platz in 2000 (see Venues below).


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The 20th edition of the festival in 1970 was cut short and awards not issued following controversy over the showing of Michael Verhoeven's anti-war film "o.k.". The jury, headed by American film director George Stevens, decided after a 7–2 vote to remove the film from the competition, justifying their decision by citing a FIAPF guideline that said: "All film festivals should contribute to better understanding between nations". Stevens claimed that the film, which includes a gang rape of a Vietnamese woman by American soldiers during the Vietnam War, was anti-American. One jury member, Dušan Makavejev, protested against this measure, stood up for the film and supported Verhoeven and producer Rob Houwer. Verhoeven defended his film by stating in these terms: "I have not made an anti-American film... The biggest part of the American people today is against the war in Vietnam". Other directors taking part in the festival withdrew their films in protest, and the jury was accused of censorship and eventually disbanded, so no prizes were awarded and the competition was suspended.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: This scandal had such a big effect that it was unclear if the festival would continue to take place the next year. The following year, the festival was re-formed and a new International Forum for New Cinema was created.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Bauer was succeeded by film journalist Wolf Donner in 1976, who gave German films higher priority. After his first Berlinale in June 1977, Donner successfully negotiated the shift of the festival from the June to February (22 February – 5 March 1978), a change which has remained ever since.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: That festival, the 28th edition, saw the jury award the Golden Bear to Spain for its contribution to the festival rather than a specific film. The three Spanish films which were screened at the festival and won it were short film "Ascensor" directed by Tomás Muñoz and feature films "La palabras de Max" by Emilio Martínez Lázaro and "Las truchas" by José Luis García Sánchez. The 1978 festival also saw the start of the European Film Market.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: After only three years in the role, Donner was followed by Moritz de Hadeln, who held the position from 1980 until director Dieter Kosslick took over in 2001.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Kosslick started making some changes to the festival, moving the emphasis from Hollywood in order to focus more on German and international cinema. He introduced various events to assist the development of emerging talent in German cinema.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: In 2010, for the 60th edition of the festival, Werner Herzog was appointed president of the jury. Also in that year, the city of Berlin unveiled its , with the first of 40 stars devoted to actors and filmmakers of the German-speaking film and TV industry. First to be honoured in the Boulevard was German-American actress Marlene Dietrich.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: In 2012 the 100th anniversary of the historic Studio Babelsberg was celebrated at the 62nd edition of the festival, with the screening of 10 classic films made at the studios.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: In June 2018, it was announced that Mariette Rissenbeek would serve as the new executive director alongside artistic director Carlo Chatrian. They assumed their posts after Kosslick's final edition in 2019. Rissenbeek became the first woman to lead the Berlinale.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The Berlinale is considered one of the three major film festivals in the world, alongside the Venice and Cannes, often ranked as second after Cannes, and is the largest based on attendance. As of 2020, around 325,000 tickets were sold, and nearly 16,000 film industry professionals from 130 countries attended the festival. It is held in Berlin. It attracts tens of thousands of visitors each year. For the 2022 event, still feeling the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, 156,472 tickets were sold.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: About 400 films are shown in several sections across cinematic genres, with around twenty films competing for the festival's top awards, the Golden Bear and Silver Bears.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: In 2022, festival was receiving €10.3 million from the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media. There was consideration given by the federal government to help compensate for revenue lost and additional expenditure owing to the pandemic, with funds drawn from the Neustart Kultur programme.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Since 2019, Mariette Rissenbeek has been the festival's executive director; Carlo Chatrian is its artistic director.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The festival is open to films of every length and genre, but there is priority given to international and European premieres, and the films need to have been completed within the year preceding the festival. Submissions open in September of the preceding year.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: A section called Culinary Cinema had also been introduced by Kosslick in 2007, as well as a series called NATIVe (for indigenous filmmakers) in 2013; however, these were dropped after his departure in 2019.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The Golden Bear () is the highest prize awarded for the best film at the Berlin International Film Festival. In its first year in 1951, it was awarded to the best film in each of five categories, by an all-German jury.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: From 1952 to 1955 the Golden and Silver Bears were awarded by audience voting, as the FIAPF had determined after the first festival that only Cannes and Venice Film Festivals were allowed to appoint official juries. A Silver Bear () and a Bronze Berlin Bear, determined by audience vote, were also awarded from 1952 to 1955. After the FIAPF ruled to allow it, an official international jury determined the prizes from 1956 onwards, and in the same year a second Golden Bear was added, for best short film, as well as a second category of award, the Silver Bear, for individual achievements in acting or directing. In 1965, a runner-up prize to the Golden Bear was added.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The statuettes awarded as trophies are based on the "Bär" first created by sculptor Renée Sintenis (1888–1965) in 1932. The bear, based on the coat of arms of Berlin and depicting a bear standing on its hind legs with its arms raised, became popular in the 1930s, bringing wealth to Sintenis. Since the 3rd edition of the festival in 1953, replicas of the bear have been produced by the Noack Foundry.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The main prizes in the festival are those awarded by the international jury since 1956, which today include the Golden Bear and various Silver Bears. In 1956, apart from the Golden Bear, there were also Silver Bears awarded by the new international feature film jury for best director, best actress, best actor, best outstanding single achievement, outstanding artistic contribution, and an Silver Bear International Prize.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The Honorary Golden Bear has been awarded for lifetime achievement since 1982, when it was awarded to James Stewart. It is presented to someone with an exceptional artistic career, and is given to the guest of honour of the Homage section which has been run since 1977 by the Berlinale and the Deutsche Kinemathek – Museum für Film und Fernsehen.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Awards for short films are awarded by a separate international short film jury consisting of three filmmakers and artists. the short film award are:


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The Shooting Stars Award for young European acting talent is independently awarded by European Film Promotion at Berlinale Palast.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: There are also many other prizes given by independent juries (not connected to the Berlinale) at the event. These include, among others:


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The Theater am Potsdamer Platz, a theatre for musicals which is known as the Berlinale Palast during the festival, is the venue for the premieres of Competition film and several Special Gala films, as well as the opening and awards ceremonies.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The CinemaxX Potsdamer Platz, which has 19 screens, has been the main Berlinale screening cinema since 2000, two years after its opening in 1998.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Other venues in use include the Akademie der Künste; the Marshall McLuhan Salon at the Canada House; ; at the Centre Francais; Deutsche Kinemathek; ; ; Hebbel am Ufer (HAU); ; ; ; ; ; Kino Union; and the Zeughauskino (in the Deutsches Historisches Museum).


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The European Film Market (EFM) is a large trade fair for marketing films, which grew from an event started in 1978.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Filmmesse was an event led by Aina Bellis from 1980 to 1987, being succeeded by Beki Probst in 1988. From 2014 to October 2020, Matthijs Wouter Knol took over the position. In November 2020, Dennis Ruh became the director of the EFM.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: It has grown into one of three largest movie markets in the world, and is the first film market of the year; the Marché du Film in Cannes follows in May, and the American Film Market in November.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: EFM provides exhibition space for companies presenting their current line-up, organising screenings of new films in venues around Potsdamer Platz. In 2007, the CinemaxX and CineStar were used to showcase new productions. In 2010, the Astor Film Lounge showed market screenings in three dimensions using digital RealD technology.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: It is a professional trade event, open to registered industry insiders, hosting up to 10,000 representatives of the international film and media industries (mostly producers, sales agents, distributors and financiers). In 2020, 971 screenings of 732 registered movies took place, with 525 films celebrating their premiere. Taking place over eight days, the event is spread across several locations, including the Gropius Bau, Marriott Hotel, modern or the historic Zoo Palast.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Commencing in 2003, the Berlinale has partnered with the Berlinale Talents (previously Berlinale Talent Campus), which is a winter school for "up-and-coming filmmakers" that takes place at the same time as the festival. The Talent Campus accepts about 250 applicants each year; the attendees come from around the world, and represent all of the filmmaking professions.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The event runs six days during the Berlinale and features lectures and panel discussions with well-known professionals addressing issues in filmmaking. Workshops, excursions, personal tutoring, coaching, and training of participants from different fields of work are part of the programme.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The proceedings include presentations by experts, who have included Park Chan-wook, Frances McDormand, Stephen Frears, Dennis Hopper, Jia Zhangke, Walter Murch, Shah Rukh Khan, Joshua Oppenheimer, Anthony Minghella, Charlotte Rampling, Walter Salles, Ridley Scott, Raoul Peck, Tom Tykwer, Mike Leigh, Tilda Swinton, and Wim Wenders. Many of these presentations and lectures are archived, both as video recordings and as transcripts, on the Talents website.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The Berlinale Co-Production Market is a five-day networking platform for producers and financiers, as well as broadcasting and funding representatives who are participating in international co-productions. It was introduced by Dieter Kosslick in the 2000s.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Since 1956, the jury of the Festival has been chaired by an internationally recognised personality of cinema, except in 2021, when the directors of six previous Golden-Bear-winning films determined the awards for the Competition of the 71st Berlinale.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The World Cinema Fund (WCF) is associated with the Berlinale, and was established to provide financial support to feature film projects in countries with a weak film industry infrastructure. It was established by Dieter Kosslick in 2004 to support films "that stand out with an unconventional aesthetic approach, that tell powerful stories and transmit an authentic image of their cultural roots". It awards several projects in various stages of production with funding each year.


title: Berlin International Film Festival

text: The WCF is a collaboration with the Federal Foundation for Culture, and awarded in cooperation with the Goethe Institute, the Foreign Ministry and German producers. It aims "to develop and support cinema in regions with a weak film infrastructure, while fostering cultural diversity in German cinemas", and supports films that could not be made without extra funding. It provides funding for production and distribution of feature films and feature-length documentaries, with a focus on countries in Latin America, Central America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Caucasus, as well as Bangladesh, Nepal, Mongolia, and Sri Lanka.


title: Oden

text: Oden was originally what is now commonly called "misodengaku" or simply "dengaku"; konjac ("konnyaku") or tofu was boiled and eaten with miso. Later, instead of using miso, ingredients were cooked in dashi, and oden became popular. Ingredients vary according to region and between each household. Karashi is often used as a condiment.


title: Oden

text: Oden is often sold from food carts, though some izakayas and several convenience store chains also serve it, and dedicated oden restaurants exist. Many different varieties are sold, with single-ingredient dishes sometimes as cheap as 100 yen. While it is usually considered a winter food, some carts and restaurants offer oden year-round. Many of these restaurants keep their broth as a master stock, replenishing it as it simmers to let the flavor deepen and develop over many months and years.


title: Oden

text: Miso oden is simmered in hatchomiso broth, which tastes lightly sweet. Konjac and tofu are common ingredients.


title: Oden

text: In the Kansai area, this dish is sometimes called and tends to be more strongly flavored than the lighter Kantō version.


title: Oden

text: Oden in Shizuoka uses a dark-colored broth flavored with beef stock and dark soy sauce, and all ingredients are skewered. Dried and ground fish (sardine, mackerel, or katsuobushi) and aonori powder are sprinkled on top before eating.


title: Oden

text: Udon restaurants in Kagawa Prefecture in Shikoku almost always offer oden as a side dish, to be eaten with sweet miso while waiting for udon.


title: Oden

text: In South Korea, the loanword "odeng" () borrowed from Japanese "oden" is a synonym of "eomuk" (fishcakes). The boiled dish consisting of fishcakes is called by the names such as "odeng-tang" () or "eomuk-jeongol" (), with the words such as "tang" (soup) or "jeongol" (hot pot) attached to the ingredient name. The street food version is sold from small carts and is usually served with a spicy soup. It is very common on the streets of South Korea and there are many restaurants that have it on the menu or specialize in it.


title: Oden

text: Oden was introduced to Taiwanese cuisine during Japanese rule and is referred to in Taiwanese Hokkien as "olen" (), which has been further loaned into Taiwanese Mandarin as "hēilún" (). "Tianbula" () is a common ingredient for oden and is a popular snack at night markets. Tianbula is actually Japanese satsuma-age and was introduced to Taiwan by people from Kyushu (where satsuma-age is commonly known as "tempura") when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. Besides the more traditional ingredients, the Taiwanese "olen" also uses many local ingredients, such as pork meatballs and blood puddings. More recently, oden is offered in convenience stores where it is sold as "guāndōngzhǔ" (), the Mandarin reading of the Japanese characters for "Kantō-ni".


title: Polish brothers

text: Mark Polish and Michael Polish (born October 30, 1970), known informally as the Polish brothers, are American twin screenwriters and film producers. Michael usually directs their films, and Mark often has an acting role.


title: Polish brothers

text: The Polish brothers were born in El Centro, California. Their father is from Montana, and is of part Austrian ancestry. He used to work at the DEA in Sacramento. Their paternal grandfather worked on the dams of Montana. Their mother's family is Mexican. The brothers were raised Catholic.


title: Polish brothers

text: The Polish brothers began their film career with the 1999 Sundance debut of their first feature, "Twin Falls Idaho". The identical twin siblings wrote and starred in the tale of conjoined twins. Michael directed. Sony Pictures Classics bought the rights for theatrical distribution of the film, which Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" said had "style, gravity and originality to spare."


title: Polish brothers

text: Michael Polish, in an interview with Robert K. Elder for the book "The Film That Changed My Life" said much of his own inspiration came from watching "Once Upon a Time in America" in his youth.


title: Polish brothers

text: In 2000, the Polish brothers followed up "Twin Falls" with "Jackpot", the story of a deluded karaoke singer (Jon Gries) on a tour of American dive-bars. It won the 2001 Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award and the 2001 Seattle International Film Festival New American Cinema Award. The film was distributed theatrically by Sony Pictures Classics.


title: Polish brothers

text: In 2002, the brothers were offered the opportunity to make a mainstream film. Instead, they began to put together the independent film "Northfork". When financing collapsed days before principal photography, the filmmakers signed their house to creditors, and paid for their movie with personal credit cards. Starring James Woods and Nick Nolte, "Northfork" was chosen as an early selection by the Sundance Film Festival, and when the movie premiered at Sundance in 2003, Roger Ebert called it "a masterpiece."


title: Polish brothers

text: In 2005, the Polish brothers, along with producing partner Jonathan Sheldon, wrote and released "The Declaration of Independent Filmmaking". The book, a how-to guide for first-time, do-it-yourself filmmakers, follows the filmmaking process and gives firsthand accounts of the Polish Brothers' travails in making their films. The Library Journal said the Polish Brothers "write in a way that illuminates the details more clearly than most technical scribes."


title: Polish brothers

text: In 2006, the brothers would team with Warner Independent for their fourth film, "The Astronaut Farmer" about a former NASA astronaut, Charles Farmer (Billy Bob Thornton), who has been obsessively building a rocket in his barn. Warner Bros. released it throughout North America in 2007.


title: Polish brothers

text: The brothers then shot two films back-to-back, just days apart while launching their new production company Prohibition Pictures with partners Ken Johnson, Janet DuBois, and Jonathan Sheldon. The Polish Brothers' fifth film, "Manure" (with Billy Bob Thornton and Téa Leoni) began shooting on May 27, 2008 and was released at the Sundance Festival the following year as "The Smell of Success"), and the Polish Brothers' sixth film, "Stay Cool" (with Winona Ryder, Mark Polish, Chevy Chase, Sean Astin, Hilary Duff, Jon Cryer, Josh Holloway) began filming in July 2008 (and was shown at Tribeca Festival in 2009).


title: Polish brothers

text: In May 2010, the Polish brothers began filming "For Lovers Only". Said to be inspired by the French New Wave and Claude Lelouch's 1966 double Oscar-winner "A Man and a Woman", the romance focuses on a journalist Stana Katic ("Castle") in Paris on assignment, who runs into a lover (Mark Polish) from her past. Presumably enraptured by reconciliation, the pair flee Paris and travel "by train, car, and motorcycle as their love affair takes them across France from Normandy to St. Tropez."


title: Polish brothers

text: In 2013, Michael directed American adventure drama, "Big Sur", an adaptation of the 1962 novel of the same name by Jack Kerouac. The story is based on the time Kerouac spent in Big Sur, California and his three brief sojourns to friend Lawrence Ferlinghetti's cabin in Bixby Canyon. The film debuted on January 23, 2013 at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, where it received generally positive reviews.


title: Polish brothers

text: In 2014, it was announced that Mark would write, direct, and star in "Headlock". The film also starred Dianna Agron and Andy Garcia.


title: Polish brothers

text: In July 2011, Michael began dating actress Kate Bosworth, and on August 31, 2013, the couple married in Philipsburg, Montana. They separated in August 2021.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: The eleventh series of "The Great British Bake Off" began on 22 September 2020. It was presented by returning host Noel Fielding and new host Matt Lucas, who replaced Sandi Toksvig, and was judged by returning judges Paul Hollywood and Prue Leith. The first three episodes were extended to 90 minutes instead of the usual 75 minutes. The bakers were announced on 15 September 2020.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: Filming of the eleventh series was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic; originally scheduled to take place in April 2020, it was pushed back to July 2020. Filming the series normally takes place over 12 or 13 weeks on the weekends, but due to the pandemic, the cast and crew had to live in a "self-contained biosphere" (Down Hall Hotel near Bishop's Stortford with a skeleton staff), and filming took place in a marquee tent in the garden of the hotel over a period of six weeks. The contestants and crew had to undergo a period of self-isolation after filming had ended.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: The series was won by Peter Sawkins, with Dave Friday and Laura Adlington finishing as the runners-up. Sawkins is the first Scottish winner of the programme, and also the youngest winner in the show's 10-year history, at the age of 20.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: Series 11 was released on Netflix in the U.S. as Collection 8. It premiered on 25 September 2020, with each episode available three days after the UK air date.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: For the signature challenge, the bakers created an intricate Battenberg cake in two hours. The technical challenge set by Paul gave the bakers 90 minutes (1 1/2 hours) to bake six miniature pineapple upside-down cakes. At the end of the challenge, Sura, who saw a fly and was trying to brush it away, accidentally hit Dave's tray of six miniature cakes as he was setting them down, knocking four to the floor. Prue and Paul judged the better looking of the remaining two, assuming the rest were the same. In the showstopper challenge, the bakers created a 3-D cake bust depicting their personal celebrity hero, in four hours.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: The broadcast of Episode 1 began at 8:15pm instead of 8:00pm, following Prime Minister Boris Johnson's address to the nation on the COVID-19 pandemic. The episode began with a parody of the Johnson address by new presenter Matt Lucas.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: For the signature challenge, the bakers were tasked with making 36 identical chocolate florentines, in two hours. The technical challenge, set by Prue, required the bakers to make 12 hand-shaped coconut macaroons, six piped with a mango curd and the other six drizzled and filled with chocolate, in an hour and 45 minutes. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers were given four hours to create a beautiful molded 3D biscuit table setting representing a memorable meal they had in the past.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: The signature challenge tasked the bakers with making two freeform soda bread loaves, one savoury and one sweet, and an accompanying butter in 1 hour 45 minutes. The technical challenge, set by Paul, tasked the bakers with making 6 rainbow-coloured bagels in honour of the NHS, in two hours 45 minutes. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers were asked to create a large decorative bread plaque in the style of a traditional harvest festival sheaf, portraying the one thing in life they are most grateful for, in three hours 30 minutes.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: The signature challenge was back to basics as the bakers were asked to make 18 chocolate brownies, in 90 minutes. For the technical, Paul tasked the bakers with making a traditional Jewish bake: chocolate Babka, in two hours 30 minutes. In the showstopper challenge, the bakers were required to produce a spectacular two-tiered white chocolate celebration cake in four hours.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: For the signature, the bakers were tasked with putting their own spin on Cornwall's national dish: the pasty, in two hours. The technical challenge, set by Prue, required the bakers to make six éclairs: three raspberry, and three salted caramel, in two hours 15 minutes. For the showstopper, the bakers were given the intricate task of making a sweet tart hidden under a latticed pastry cage, in three hours 45 minutes.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: Week 6 was a Bake Off first as the bakers tackled Japanese week. The signature challenge tasked the bakers with making eight steamed buns, complete with a savoury or sweet filling and decoration, in two hours 30 minutes. For the technical challenge, Prue asked the bakers to make a Matcha Crepe Cake consisting of 12 layers of crepes sandwiched with a white chocolate ganache buttercream and strawberries, decorated with fresh fruits and edible flowers on top, in two hours. The showstopper gave the bakers four hours to produce a cake inspired by the kawaii culture in Japan, incorporating Japanese flavours.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: For the signature challenge, the bakers were asked to perform their own twist on eight classical quiches with two different styles. For the technical challenge, Paul asked the bakers to make six deep-fried, identical custard & jam finger doughnuts. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers were required to make an ice cream cake, which was considerably more difficult since it was the hottest day of the year.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: The signature challenge tasked the bakers with making twelve mini baked cheesecakes, in two hours 30 minutes. For the technical challenge, Prue set a 17th-century bake: two Sussex pond puddings using suet pastry and served with creme anglaise, again in two hours 30 minutes. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers were given the enormous task of making a jelly art design cake, composed of an artistic jelly design, a mousse and a baked sponge element in four hours and 30 minutes.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: The signature challenge required the bakers to make 12 Pâte à Savarin in two hours 45 minutes. The penultimate technical challenge, set by Paul, gave the bakers the challenging task of making a Danish Cornucopia cake (kransekake), in two hours 15 minutes. For the showstopper challenge, the bakers were given four hours 30 minutes to make 25 cube-shaped cakes that required the precision expected in pâtisseries.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: For the final signature challenge, the finalists were tasked with making eight beautifully decorated custard slices, in two hours 30 minutes. For the final technical challenge, Prue asked the bakers to make eight identical walnut whirls — a cone of chocolate with marshmallow inside, a biscuit base, and topped with walnuts, in two hours. For the final showstopper challenge, the bakers were tasked with making a colossal, spectacular dessert tower with a large cake at the base and at least three sections to represent the different baking disciplines, in four hours 30 minutes.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: The judges said this was the closest final in the history of the show. Peter is the youngest ever winner of the Great British Bake Off.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: Two compilation episodes of "The Great British Bake Off: Best Bits", showing highlights from the previous ten series, were shown in the weeks after the final. These were followed by two further specials focusing on the previous 10 winners: "The Great British Bake Off: The Winners". The first episode covered the first five champions, the second the last five.


title: The Great British Bake Off (series 11)

text: The Great Christmas Bake Off features James Hillery from Series 8, Ruby Bhogal from Series 9, Jamie Finn and Rosie Brandreth-Poynter both from Series 10. An Extra Slice presenter Tom Allen took over Noel Fielding as co-host with Matt Lucas, as Fielding welcomed the birth of his second child prior to filming and was on paternity leave.