title: Ron Kovic

text: Kovic volunteered to serve in Vietnam, and was sent to South Vietnam in December 1965 as a member of H&S Company, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division. In June 1966, he was transferred to Bravo Company, Second Platoon, 1st Reconnaissance Battalion, 1st Marine Division where he participated in 22 long range reconnaissance patrols in enemy territory and was awarded the Navy Commendation Medal with Combat V for valor. After a 13-month tour of duty, he returned home on January 15, 1967. He was subsequently assigned to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing at Cherry Point, North Carolina. Several months later, he volunteered to return to Vietnam for a second tour of duty.


title: Ron Kovic

text: On January 20, 1968, while leading a reconnaissance force of battalion scouts from the 1st Amtrac Battalion just north of the Cửa Việt River in the vicinity of the village of Mỹ Lộc, in the Demilitarized Zone, Kovic's squad came into contact with the NVA 803rd Regiment and elements of a Viet Cong battalion that was besieging the village; he was shot by NVA soldiers while leading his rifle squad across an open area, attempting to aid the South Vietnamese Popular Force unit in the village. Deserted by most of his unit, he was shot first in the right foot, which tore out the back of his heel, then again through the right shoulder, suffering a collapsed lung and a spinal cord injury that left him paralyzed from the chest down. The first Marine that tried to save him was shot through the heart and killed, before a second Marine carried Kovic to safety through heavy enemy fire. Kovic then spent a week in an intensive care ward in Da Nang. As a result of his service and injuries in the conflict, Kovic was awarded the Bronze Star with Combat "V" for heroism in battle and the Purple Heart.


title: Ron Kovic

text: Before the end of the war in Vietnam was declared on April 30, 1975, Kovic became one of the best-known peace activists among the Vietnam veterans, and was arrested 12 times for political protesting. He attended his first peace demonstration soon after the Kent State shootings in May 1970, and gave his first speech against the war at Levittown Memorial High School in Levittown, Long Island, New York that same spring. Kovic's speech that day was interrupted by a bomb threat and the auditorium was cleared.


title: Ron Kovic

text: Undeterred, Kovic continued speaking to students from the school's football grandstands. His first arrest was during an anti-Vietnam War demonstration at an Orange County, California draft board in the spring of 1971. He refused to leave the office of the draft board, explaining to a representative that, by sending young men to Vietnam, they were inadvertently "condemning them to their death", or to be wounded and maimed like himself in a war that he had come to believe was "immoral and made no sense". He was told that, if he did not leave the draft board immediately, he would be arrested. Kovic refused to leave and was taken away by police.


title: Ron Kovic

text: In 1974, Kovic led a group of disabled Vietnam War veterans in wheelchairs on a 17-day hunger strike inside the Los Angeles office of Senator Alan Cranston. The veterans protested the "poor treatment in America's veterans' hospitals and demanded better treatment for returning veterans, a full investigation of all Veterans Administration (VA) facilities, and a face-to-face meeting with the head of the VA, Donald E. Johnson. The strike continued to escalate until Johnson finally agreed to fly out from Washington, D.C., and meet with the veterans. The hunger strike ended soon after that. Several months later, Johnson resigned. In late August 1974, Kovic traveled to Belfast, Northern Ireland, where he spent a week in the Catholic stronghold of "Turf Lodge," interviewing both political activists and residents. In the spring of 1975, Kovic, author Richard Boyle, and photo journalist Loretta Smith traveled to cover the Cambodian Civil War in Cambodia for Pacific News Service.


title: Ron Kovic

text: On the night of July 15th, 1976, at the Democratic National Convention at Madison Square Garden in New York City Kovic spoke from the podium seconding the nomination of draft resister Fritz Efaw for Vice President of the United States.


title: Ron Kovic

text: In 1990, Kovic considered running for a seat in the House of Representatives against California Republican Bob Dornan. Kovic ultimately decided not to run.


title: Ron Kovic

text: From 1990 to 1991, Kovic took part in several anti-war demonstrations against the first Gulf War, which occurred not long after the release of his biographical film in 1989. In early May 1999, following the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Kovic met with China's ambassador to the United States Li Zhaoxing at the Chinese embassy in Washington, D.C. to express his condolences and present the ambassador and his staff with two dozen red roses. He was an outspoken critic of the Iraq War.


title: Ron Kovic

text: In November 2003, Kovic joined protests in London against the visit of George W. Bush. He was the guest of honor at a reception held at London's city hall by Mayor Ken Livingstone. The following day, he led a march of several hundred thousand demonstrators on Trafalgar Square, where a huge rally was held to protest the visit of George W. Bush and the war in Iraq. Kovic attended the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. On Sunday, August 24, 2008, the day before the convention began, Kovic spoke, then led thousands in a march against the war which ended with him saying, "In the city of Denver, we got welcomed home."


title: Ron Kovic

text: In a new introduction to his book, "Born on the Fourth of July" (1976), written in March 2005, Kovic stated, "I wanted people to understand. I wanted to share with them as nakedly and openly and intimately as possible what I had gone through, what I had endured. I wanted them to know what it really meant to be in a war, to be shot and wounded, to be fighting for my life on the intensive care ward, not the myth we had grown up believing. I wanted people to know about the hospitals and the enema room, about why I had become opposed to the war, why I had grown more and more committed to peace and nonviolence. I had been beaten by the police and arrested twelve times for protesting the war and I had spent many nights in jail in my wheelchair. I had been called a Communist and a traitor, simply for trying to tell the truth about what had happened in that war, but I refused to be intimidated." In 1989, on the last day of filming "Born on the Fourth of July", Kovic presented actor Tom Cruise, who portrayed him in the movie, the original Bronze Star he had received, explaining to Cruise that he was giving him the medal as a gift "for his heroic performance".


title: Ron Kovic

text: Kovic lives in Redondo Beach, California, where he writes, paints, plays the piano, and gardens. He had a relationship with Connie Panzarino (author of "The Me in the Mirror").


title: Ron Kovic

text: Bruce Springsteen wrote the song "Shut Out the Light" after reading Kovic's memoir and then meeting him.


title: Ron Kovic

text: Military Awards: Bronze Star with Combat V, Purple Heart, Navy Commendation Medal with Combat V, Vietnam Service Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Campaign Medal, Good Conduct Medal.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: "Runaway" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West, released as the second single from his fifth studio album, "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" (2010). It features Pusha T, who is signed to West's label GOOD Music. The production was handled by West, alongside co-producers Emile, Jeff Bhasker, and Mike Dean. The composition features repetitive piano riffs, intricate samples and a production style with several similarities to West's album "808s & Heartbreak" (2008). Described as a deeply personal song in nature, it expresses West's thoughts on his failed relationships, and his acceptance of the media's perception of him. Lyrically, the song explores criticism aimed at West in the past and serves as a "toast to the douchebags."


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: Before the song's premiere at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, it generated substantial public interest due to what had happened the year prior at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. West's performance at its premiere received positive reviews, with the full song being released online on October 4, 2010. The song itself received universal acclaim from music critics and was listed amongst the best songs of the year by several publications, including MTV, "Pitchfork", "Rolling Stone", "Complex", "New York Post", amongst others. Critics praised the song for its sincere subject matter, the openness of the song, and the soulful, clean production. The song quickly became one of the best-reviewed singles and is considered a tour-de-force by West, who was then considered to be at the peak of his powers. Critics noted that the track solidified West's commercial comeback with the public. The song has since appeared on multiple decade-end and all-time lists as one of the greatest songs of all time, including at number 25 on "Rolling Stone's" list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2021.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: The song debuted and peaked on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at position 12 and is the centerpiece of "Runaway", a 35-minute short film featuring the majority of songs from "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy". The song's nearly ten-minute music video features ballet dancers performing elaborate choreography. The music video received mostly positive reviews from music critics, who praised the scope of the video, the degree of creativity and the production design.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: Some of the inspiration of the song was derived from various media controversies, including West's interruption of recording artist Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards during her acceptance speech. The controversy caused West to exile himself to Oahu, Hawaii and record his fifth studio album mostly in a reclusive nature, shying away from collaborating with artists he wasn't personally close to. Like the majority of "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "Runaway" was produced there. Amongst the various artists invited down to Hawaii to record songs for the album was Pusha T, a rapper known for the hip-hop duo Clipse.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: According to Pusha T, the song was recorded in either March or April 2010. Most of the recording crew on the project had forgotten and or forgiven West for the incident with Swift, including Pusha T, who described the event as "old news". By the time Pusha T was supposed to record his verse for the song, West had already recorded a majority of the song. Pusha T had to record his verse several times, because West didn't think Pusha T was being mean enough for the concept of the song the first few times. Pusha T commented that re-doing a verse was something he very rarely did. Generally, Pusha T would write his verses very quickly, and noted that he made the exception for West who he had described as a perfectionist. During the recording process, the two had collaborated on several songs together. Pusha T called the recording process of the song "interesting", and stated:


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: We recorded quite a few songs. He had the record already and was like, 'Yo, I want you on this record.' A lot of stuff from him comes from conversation. He'll talk to you and get a feel for your perspective and your outlook on shit. And later, he'll be like, 'Yo, I want you on this. I got a record that that perspective would fit on.' That's how he operates. [...] You will find yourself explaining yourself, and if you can't explain the reasoning behind the things you're saying in a verse or whatever the case may be, it might not fly. He won't let you get away with it.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: West was so impressed with Pusha-T's performance while recording "Runaway" that he signed him under his own personal label. About his portion of the song, West stated that he was interested in making a song that the average person could relate to, as he perceived himself as someone who identified with the average person. West mused that when writing the song he intended some parts of the song as a double entendre. According to West, some portions of the song sound like West is commenting about his relationship with a girl, when he is also talking about his relationship with the media and society. He mused, "I like leaving songs ambiguous a little bit, where it’s like, it could be about other people, It could be about yourself." The song was called an "anthem for both men and women" by him, who stated he wanted both genders to be able to relate to the song. He summarized the song as a "toast for the douchebags".


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: While some of the inspiration for the song was drawn from the incident with Swift, it was noted that the song was not an apology. On his Twitter account, West commented that he had written a "beautiful" song for her, noting "if she won't take it then I'll perform it for her." Lawrence Dong was another artist who West had called down to Hawaii. Some of the drumming pattern featured on the song were sampled from "Expo 83" performed by the Backyard Heavies and written by John Roger Branch; the same drums used on "The Basement" from Pete Rock's album "Mecca and the Soul Brother".


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: When speaking with "Complex", producer Emile Haynie recounted the recording session "It was late one night, and we were hanging out, and Kanye asked me if I had any beats, and I started playing him some beats. Pretty low, no big deal, we were just chilling playing some beats. I didn't know if I had anything that great, because his album's production was coming out so fucking next level. I had some beats, but I was already in the process of working on songs from scratch, but I was like, 'Yeah I got some stuff, I'll play you some ideas.'" Haynie continued "I had a beat, and I played it, and it was the foundation of 'Runaway'. It was pretty different from the production now, but something about it, the chord progression or the way I put together the chords must've rung out to him. It was pretty amazing to watch. He heard the beat once, then asked the guy to play it one more time, and then was just like, 'Okay, put it in Pro Tools.' And when he said that, the room was like, 'Oh shit.' Jeff Bhasker and Kanye West really went in on the production. I was upstairs doing Cudi's , and I just kept hearing the song just get better and better and better. Kanye is a super producer in the truest sense of the word. He turned it into the this epic song. He probably had listened to the beat for four minutes, and got in the booth, and almost verbatim to what's on the song today, just did it. I don't know if he wrote it in his head in those four minutes, but he just got in the booth and was like, 'Yeah I always find, yeah I always find somethin' wrong.' And almost the whole song just came out. Something about the chords and the way the music worked, I don't know, it just hit him and worked out perfectly. The lyrics and the concept were what they were, and that's when the Kanye West genius producer mode came in to play. He totally reproduced the record, and kept working on it and working on it, along with Jeff Bhasker, who played the piano line and played a lot of the keys on it. He's one of my favorite producers too. It's just a beautiful record. It’s a masterpiece. He always is like, 'Thank you for 'Runaway'. Thank you for sparking that.' He's very cool about that. He's very appreciative. I'm like, 'Dude, you're the one who made it this amazing record! Thank you for making my beat, that was pretty good, into this amazing song! [Laughs].'"


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: The original cover art for "Runaway" is a photograph by contemporary visual artist George Condo of a ballerina. Condo produced two different promotional artworks, and also produced the cover artwork for "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" and several of its singles. On October 1, 2010, West released a newer cover art for "Runaway" which is a painting also by Condo of a ballerina. On October 4, 2010, the song was released onto the iTunes Store as the album's second single. The website uses the original photograph cover art.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: According to Troy L. Smith of "Cleveland.com", "Runaway" can be described as a progressive rap production comprising layers of varied musical elements, including pop, dance, R&B, trip hop, and art rock. The song begins with a sparse, isolated sounding piano melody that initially repeats one note during the start of the song. After about a minute and a half, West provides his first verse. West sings "you’ve been putting up with my shit just way too long," before launching into the ironic chorus of "let's have a toast for the douchebags". A vocal sample of "Look at ya! Look at ya!" is also heard throughout the first half of the song, excerpted from a 1981 recording of Rick James performing in Long Beach, California. West begs his girlfriend to "run away" from his destructive behavior, warning her of further behavior, while also dwelling on his own intimacy issues. The piano chord that introduces the song continues on, but the production then introduces a forceful cello and a light string section. The second verse is delivered by Pusha T who is used as a juxtaposition against West; whereas West is heartfelt and sincere towards his girlfriend, Pusha T is rude towards his lover, a side of his personality which West wanted him to personify for the song.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: During a concluding reprise of the chorus and the opening melody, West ends the song with a three-minute outro of vocoded and overdriven wordless singing accompanied by string sections harmonizing with his vocals. It briefly begins with West speaking, usually transcribed as "I'ma be honest", before he begins singing, and the vocal effects drown out what is audible in his words. Allmusic editor Andy Kellman was favorable to the outro, saying that "West blows into a device and comes out sounding something like a muffled, bristly version of Robert Fripp's guitar." Slant Magazine's Matthew Cole interpreted the purpose of the outro as a "fantasy of escape through pure catharsis, with the vocoder literalizing Kanye's ability to transform his personal shortcomings into art." "Chicago Tribune" writer Greg Kot described the production of the song in detail, writing:


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: "Ostensibly sung by a groom to his new bride at a wedding, the song plays as an apology, a warning and a defiant manifesto. The music mirrors that complexity. A midtempo funky-drummer beat glides underneath the melancholy, reverberating piano notes, while a deep, mushrooming bass tone threatens to swallow everything. Brusque cello strokes contrast with elegiac violins, while a dirty guitar wends through the string section like a drunk, knocking over music stands and splattering mud on the white-tablecloth beauty. It’s a turbulent combination of sounds: brooding and chastened in the verses, oddly triumphant and darkly humorous during the choruses."


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: The outro has been interpreted as commentary on how West had, at the time, attempted to speak directly on his feelings and opinions, but was unable to do so under the pressure of media sensationalism. Another interpretation was proposed by "Chicago Sun-Times" writer Thomas Conner, who wrote "the last four minutes find him humming and singing, but his voice is Auto-Tuned and distorted beyond perceptibility. What's he saying or singing? Can't really make it out, can't really understand him. Which, no doubt, is how he feels his clumsy public statements are often received."


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: "Runaway" was lauded and received universal acclaim from music critics, and is considered by many to be West's best song. Slant Magazine's Matthew Cole described the song as West's greatest showcase as a writer. Cole stated that the song was deeply personal in nature, viewing it as an agonizing portrait of a man "trying to exit the black hole of his own implacable ego." "Entertainment Weekly"s Simon Vozick-Levinson stated that the song was a successful case of self-reflection lyrically, writing that it "casts the excesses around it in a new light. West may be obnoxious, but at least he’s interested in confronting those aspects of his identity through his music. Few stars of comparable wattage would dare do the same." Pitchfork Media's Ryan Dombal commented that it was one of West's best songs, describing it as funny, sad and relatable. Dombal mused that with the song, he "rousingly highlights his own douchebaggery, turning it into a rallying cry for all humanity" and described the vocal manipulation towards the end as sounding like a "dying cyborg". Another writer for Pitchfork, Tom Breihan, dubbed the track 'Best New Music' and was surprised with what he perceived to be West's growth as a writer, reporting "as the VMA moment fades into the rearview, 'Runaway' is able to stand as just that: a song, and a seriously goddam good one at that".


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: Thomas Conner of the "Chicago Sun-Times" cited the song as the thesis statement to the rest of the album, calling it "epic" and musing that West's "difficulty in communicating makes him a menace in the real world, but it's pretty compelling on record." Jonah Weiner of "Slate" viewed that the three minute conclusion of the song was the most arresting moments on "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy". Chris Martins of "Spin" called the song a piano driven epic, and noted that there was only one way to "interpret the early message sent by 'Runaway': he was calling himself an asshole". IGN's Chad Grischow, felt that the three minute conclusion was over-long, but commented that with the "icy chill of the piano and naked beat sound fantastic" while also calling the production soaring.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: Kitty Empire of "The Guardian" complimented the scope of the track, stating "taking things to the next level is one of hip-hop's great cliches, an achievement that West can comfortably claim. Being both a hero and something of a jackass all at the same time? That's another thing entirely." "Rolling Stone" writer Rob Sheffield praised the ending of the song, writing that it came up at a point of the song when the song has already "sealed itself in your brain", summarizing that "there’s no way it should work, but it keeps rolling for three more minutes without breaking the spell." David Browne of "Time" stated that the song, much like "Lost in the World", feature "shimmering soundscapes that pinpoint a common ground between the hardness of hip-hop and the sweetness of indie rock."


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: Sputnikmusic's Channing Freeman viewed that while the album featured a number of songs longer than five minutes in duration, "they all feel incredibly lean and devoid of bullshit". Freeman stated that the track primarily "slides right by because of its gorgeous beat and Kanye's excellent vocals ("808s"-style singing sans autotune plus laid-back rapping), and the instrumental second half of the song is beautiful." HipHopDX writer complimented the track, calling it an "anthem", writing that it contained some of West's simplest and most melodic production. AbsolutePunk's Drew Beringer reported that track embodied the "electronic melancholy of "808s & Heartbreak"" and cited the song as an example of the grandiose song composition featured on the album. Andrew Barber of "Complex" called the song a "centerpiece", describing it as "Kanye’s toast to all the douchebags, assholes and scumbags resonated with even the biggest Kanye haters, putting the Louis Vuitton Don back in the world’s good graces." Kyle Anderson of MTV News proposed that the song was the best single of West's career, writing "but there's something about 'Runaway' that makes it feel just a little bit more special, like it could really end up in the pantheon of great hip-hop moments".


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: "Runaway" was included in a number of end of 2010 lists. "Rolling Stone" named "Runaway" the best song of 2010, commenting that it was "Kanye's musical response to the Taylor Swift affair, but it's much more than that: a nine-minute meditation on romantic failure and public infamy. Kanye creates a huge, eerie beat out of thunderous drums and plinking piano." They ended the article with the comment, "in 2010, no other song was so crazily epic or jaw-droppingly gorgeous — not on the radio, not anywhere." Kyle Anderson, writing for MTV, named it the 2nd Best Song of 2010, stating that the track began with a "haunting single tap of a piano key, kicking off one of the most epic, jaw-dropping, honest and thrilling pieces of music to hit the popular airwaves all year". Pitchfork Media named it the second-best song of 2010 stating that "Runaway" puts "Kanye's contradictory impulses on full display like they're some immaculate museum exhibit. At nine minutes, it is "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"s longest song, but also its simplest and most emotionally direct [...] 'Runaway' marks the rare moment where Kanye sides with his detractors — if the whole world thinks he's a douchebag, well, this one time he's inclined to agree."


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: Insalul Ahmed of "Complex" placed the song at number two on their best of the year list, reporting that "most artists might have avoided making a song like this after something like Swiftgate. But that’s why we love [Kan]Ye: He doesn’t give a fuck." "New York Post" also named the song as the best of the year, musing "whether he’s self-deprecating or pulling the wool over our eyes, we can’t help running toward this talented bad boy when he tells us, 'Run away from me, baby'... Maybe it’s not his "Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", but ours. Rap Up listed the song as the fifth best of the year. In January 2011, "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked "Runaway" at number four to find the best music of 2010; West's other singles "Power" and "Monster" were ranked at numbers five and six, respectively, on the same poll (their parent album "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" was ranked as the best album on the poll as well). "Beats Per Minute" named "Runaway" the best song of 2010.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: Global critic aggregator Acclaimed Music ranks "Runaway" the 91st greatest song of all time and the 5th greatest song of the 2010s.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: While a significant critical success, "Runaway" performed less well commercially. During the week entering 12 October 2010, "Runaway" charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 12; named as the week's "Hot Shot Debut". While the song attained a high debut, the song only remained there for one week, which was also the song's peak. It remained on the chart for a total of 13 weeks. On 4 September 2010, the single also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at position 75. It became a top 30 single on both the US "Billboard" Hot Rap Songs and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. In 2015, the ARIA certified the single Platinum in Australia for sales surpassing 70,000.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: The song was debuted during a live performance at the 2010 MTV Music Video Awards. Substantial media interest was generated with the performance, due to the controversy created the year prior by West. Prior to West's stage appearance, Swift performed a song called "Innocent" that some people perceived as a song about West. The performance began with West entering the stage by himself, walking over to a platform containing a MPC2000XL, an electronic musical instrument that allows for the player to program various samples into it. West began playing the song on the instrument, before a group of ballerinas entered the stage. The performance was accompanied by Pusha T, who delivered his verse. MTV failed to censor West's use of the word "asshole." West's performance received positive reviews and was described as a "comeback" moment. "Time" writer Claire Saddath graded his performance with an 'A+', and wrote that "it's hard to take a song that includes the lyrics 'Let's have a toast for the douche bags' seriously, but with this clean, honest execution, Kanye pulls it off." In 2017, "Billboard" placed it at eighth, on its list of "The 100 Greatest Award Show Performances of All Time".


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: West performed "Runaway" and "Power" on "Saturday Night Live" on October 2, 2010. For the first time in the show's history, the signature black instrument filled stage gave place to an all-white, backlit canvas. Pusha T joined West during the performance which featured the ballerinas that often accompanied West. HitFix's Gregory Ellwood praised the performance, though noted that his performance of "Power" was superior. Ellwood viewed that SNL was "very lucky to have him on such a weak overall show." Kevin O'Donnell of "Spin" wrote that West delivered one of the show's "most unique performances of all-time." West performed the song in an entirely red outfit.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: During his set at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on April 17, 2011, West performed "Runaway" during the end of the performance. West's performance was described as "one of the most memorable performances in Coachella history." Todd Martens, critic for "Los Angeles Times", described that the performance consisted of a "group of wayward ballerinas, seemingly caught in some sort of magnetic push and pull from the artist." During the 'Coke Live Musical Festival' in Poland, West performed the song with a 20 minute long freestyle. West performed the song the way he normally did, ending the performance with a continuous freestyle lasting 20 minutes in duration. One lone ballerina performed an interpretive dance during the entire duration of the freestyle. The song was often performed at the Watch the Throne Tour.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: On December 9, 2021, West headlined a benefit concert at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum with fellow rapper Drake to raise clemency for Larry Hoover. During the solo portion of his set, West performed an emotional rendition of "Runaway", altering the outro's lyrics into a plea for his estranged wife, Kim Kardashian, to "run right back" to him.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: The song became the basis for the short film "Runaway." The film has four versions: the full-length film, a one minute-shorter clean version, the video version which is an excerpt of the film that matches the length of the song, and the extended video version which is nearly double the length of the video version. The video is a compilation of a total of nine songs featured on "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", with 10 of the 35 minutes of its running time devoted to a sequence featuring "Runaway". West drew inspiration from other long-form music videos and music related cinema, including "Purple Rain", "Pink Floyd The Wall" and "Michael Jackson's Thriller". West directed the video, drawing from director Stanley Kubrick as an inspiration. The film premiered on October 23, 2010. Model Selita Ebanks portrays the phoenix in the video. West's original intention was for Ebanks to be naked for the entirety of the video, but Ebanks refused.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: The music video revolves around a love story between West (known as "Griffin" in the narrative) and a phoenix he discovers while driving through the woods. Griffin teaches her how to socialize with other people at first, and invites her to a dinner party. The other guests at the dinner party all react to Griffin's girlfriend with negative comments, that offends Griffin. An upset Griffin responds with a performance of "Runaway", backed by an interpretive dance sequence with ballerinas in black tutus, followed by a slow-motion sequence where lead dancers perform solos to a vocally distorted continuation of the song. The video ends with the phoenix bursting into flames with West frantically running into the forest. Nitsuh Abebe of "New York" offered an interpretation of the video, commenting:


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: In "Runaway," the short film he released this fall, he uses a plinking piano to summon a ballet troupe, then sings about raising a toast to the douchebags and assholes of the world — in other words, he sticks a symbol of classical refinement next to a lyric about being toxic and acting ugly. (Ballet already does this, too: All that beauty is built on twisted toes, bloody shoes, deformed legs.) [...] He’s attracted to these symbols of classical refinement and aristocracy — ballet, golden goblets, 'Persian rugs with cherub imagery,' Greek mythology, next-level luxury brands — and then he sits among them reminding us that it doesn’t make him any different, or keep him from acting poisonous, or pissing the world off by grabbing people’s microphones.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: The music video was praised by "Entertainment Weekly"'s Ken Tucker, calling it "a carefully modulated art-film made by a man on a mission", noting the usage of dominant colors as well as the imagery in the film. Jozen Cummings of "The Wall Street Journal" described the video as "a cross between an epic music video and a charming indie-house flick", stating that the greatest achievement of the video was how it "brought West's music to life". Will Dean of "The Guardian" called the video as a creative promotional tool, praising the video's scope and creativity, noting that it was "ridiculous, ostentatious and egotistical", citing that it fit perfectly into West's aesthetic. "Rap-Up" named it the best music video of 2010.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: Nicole Jones of MTV Buzzworthy stated that the majority of the video was nonsensical and added up to little coherently, but wrote that regardless of its true meaning, the video was "really pretty to watch, the music is great, and it reminds us once again why there is only one Mr. West." Jorge Cullar offered a less favorable opinion of the video, stating that the video failed to be coherent, because West didn't have the "creative polymath capable of combining disparate elements like those exemplified by the cunning of a Picasso, the deconstruction of a Derrida, the creativity of a Warhol, or the glam avant-garde of David Bowie". Clair Saddath of "Time" listed the video amongst the best of all time. The video was nominated for Video of the Year at the BET Awards of 2011, and West was nominated for Director of the Year. As of January 2015, "Billboard" named the video as one of the 20 best of the 2010s (so far). NME listed it as the fourth best video of the decade in 2014.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: "Runaway" appeared on several best music videos of the decade list's in 2019; "Screen Rant" named it the third best video of the 2010s, "Billboard" listed it 33rd on their list of the 100 best music videos of the decade, while "Paste" named it the sixth best music video of the decade.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: "Runaway" was used in the trailer for "The Hangover Part III". The song was featured in a scene in "The Night Before". A modified piano rendition by Ramin Djawadi, was used in a trailer for season 2 of "Westworld", which premiered during Super Bowl LII.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: The track was used in a Calvin Klein advert titled "Meet Our Women" for the fragrance "Women", featuring actresses Lupita Nyong'o and Saoirse Ronan. The song served as the theme for the trailer of season 16 of Keeping up with the Kardashians. In 2012, the song was used in Bud Light Platinum commercial, titled ‘Factory,’ which aired during Super Bowl XLVI.


title: Runaway (Kanye West song)

text: The song’s drums would later be sampled in a song on West’s 11th studio album, with the song being titled True Love.


title: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

text: The IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper is a football award given annually since 1987 to the best goalkeeper of the year as voted by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS). The votes are cast by IFFHS's editorial staff as well as experts from different continents.


title: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

text: The winner is announced at the end of the year. The winning goalkeeper is awarded a gold trophy at the "World Football Gala". Italy's Gianluigi Buffon, Spain's Iker Casillas and Germany's Manuel Neuer have each won the award a record five times; Casillas won the award for five consecutive years between 2008 and 2012. Below is a list of the previous winners since the first award in 1987, which was won by Belgium's Jean-Marie Pfaff. Bayern Munich is the team with the most wins, with a total of nine. Emiliano Martínez The argentine who won world cup with Argentina in 2022 is the best goalkeeper in the world. And he also won the Golden Glove award at the Qatar world cup.


title: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

text: Gianluigi Buffon has made Top 3 an unprecedented 14 times (record). This includes: 5 wins (joint record with Neuer & Casillas), 6 Runner-up (record) & 3 3rd placed.


title: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

text: At the end of the 20th century, the IFFHS also voted on the World's Goalkeeper of the Century, won by the Soviet Union's Lev Yashin running ahead of Gordon Banks and Dino Zoff.


title: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

text: In 2011, the IFFHS also voted on The World's Best Goalkeeper of the 21st Century's first decade, taking into consideration goalkeepers' performances during the first decade of the 21st century, between 2001 and 2011; the award was won by the Italy's Gianluigi Buffon running ahead of Iker Casillas and Petr Čech.


title: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

text: In 2012, the IFFHS also voted on The World's Best Goalkeeper of the past 25 years, taking into consideration goalkeepers' performances between 1987 – the year of the award's inception – and 2012; the award was won by the Italy's Gianluigi Buffon running ahead of Iker Casillas and Edwin van der Sar.


title: IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper

text: In 2021, the IFFHS voted on The World's Best Goalkeeper of the Decade 2011–2020, taking into consideration goalkeepers' performances during 2011–2020; the award was won by Manuel Neuer running ahead of Giangluigi Buffon and Thibaut Courtois.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: Kevin Rowland (born 17 August 1953) is a British singer and musician best known as the frontman for the pop band Dexys Midnight Runners (currently called "Dexys"). The band had several hits in the early 1980s, the most notable being "Geno" and "Come On Eileen", both of which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: Rowland was born in Wednesfield, Wolverhampton, on 17 August 1953 to Irish parents from Crossmolina, County Mayo, Ireland, and he lived for three years in Ireland between the ages of one and four before returning to Wolverhampton. The family moved to Harrow when he was 11 years old and he left school at the age of 15.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: Rowland's first group, Lucy & the Lovers, were influenced by Roxy Music and turned out to be short-lived. His next project, the punk rock act the Killjoys, were slightly more successful, releasing the single "Johnny Won't Get To Heaven" in 1977.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: Alienated by the punk scene, Rowland, together with Killjoys guitarist Kevin Archer, formed a new soul-influenced group, Dexys Midnight Runners. Many of the group's songs were inspired by Rowland's Irish ancestry and were recognisable through Rowland's idiosyncratic vocal style. On forming the band Rowland thought it was "important to have a vocal style", he later recalled, "and I had the idea of putting that 'crying' voice on", partly inspired by General Johnson of Chairmen of the Board. The band had several hit singles, such as "Come On Eileen" (1982).


title: Kevin Rowland

text: At the end of the 1980s, Rowland wanted to explore different songwriting, and Dexys Midnight Runners began recording more "introspective, mournful" music. The new material was unsuccessful; Dexys Midnight Runners were dropped by their label and disbanded. Rowland said: "I’d been too confident, too arrogant. I thought everyone would hear our new music and go: 'Wow.'" He became reliant on drugs, lost his money, and entered rehab.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: When Dexys disbanded in 1987, Rowland recorded a solo album, "The Wanderer", which, together with its three singles, was a commercial failure. His next release was not until 1999 when he recorded a collection of interpretations of classic songs called "My Beauty", the album cover of which depicted a heavily made-up Rowland in a dress and lingerie.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: In 2003, Rowland reformed Dexys Midnight Runners—featuring only one other original member, bassist Pete Williams, who fulfilled the role as Rowland's co-vocalist—and embarked on a successful comeback tour backed up with a greatest hits compilation album including two newly recorded songs, "Manhood" and "My Life in England". Both of these new songs were radio tested by the record label, but neither received enough airplay to be considered for release.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: In 2012 Rowland re-launched Dexys Midnight Runners as "Dexys" with a new album "One Day I'm Going to Soar" accompanied by a UK tour. Rowland has always identified strongly with his Irish background and in 2016 Dexys released their fifth album, "", featuring interpretations of Irish folk songs such as "Women of Ireland" and "Carrickfergus", among others.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: Since around 2005, Rowland has hosted a popular DJ tour in clubs and venues throughout the UK. His eclectic set includes his personal favourites, vintage soul and pop numbers from such notables as T-Rex, Roxy Music, and Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: In summer of 2020 Rowland released a new video for the song "Rag Doll", a promo which features his grandson Roo. In September 2020, "My Beauty" was re-released by Cherry Red Records and finally became a UK chart hit in October, peaking at number 73 in the albums chart.


title: Kevin Rowland

text: According to Paul Moody in "Uncut" in 2007, "Rowland—as singer and songwriter with Dexys Midnight Runners—gave us some of the great pop moments. From the bolshy vision of "Searching for the Young Soul Rebels" through the celtic-gumbo of "Too-Rye-Ay" and '85's neglected masterpiece, "Don't Stand Me Down", his is a towering contribution to British music, both visually and musically."


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: Vibrio cholerae is a species of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe and comma-shaped bacteria. The bacteria naturally live in brackish or saltwater where they attach themselves easily to the chitin-containing shells of crabs, shrimps, and other shellfish. Some strains of "V. cholerae" are pathogenic to humans and cause a deadly disease cholera, which can be derived from the consumption of undercooked or raw marine life species.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" was first described by Félix-Archimède Pouchet in 1849 as some kind of protozoa. Filippo Pacini correctly identified it as a bacterium and from him, the scientific name is adopted. The bacterium as the cause of cholera was discovered by Robert Koch in 1884. Sambhu Nath De isolated the cholera toxin and demonstrated the toxin as the cause of cholera in 1959.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: The bacterium has a flagellum at one pole and several pili throughout its cell surface. It undergoes respiratory and fermentative metabolism. Two serogroups called O1 and O139 are responsible for cholera outbreaks. Infection is mainly through drinking contaminated water, therefore is linked to sanitation and hygiene. When ingested, it invades the intestinal mucosa can cause diarrhea and vomiting in a host within several hours to 2–3 days of ingestion. Oral rehydration solution and antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines are the common treatment methods.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" has two circular DNA. One DNA produces the cholera toxin (CT), a protein that causes profuse, watery diarrhea (known as "rice-water stool"). But the DNA does not directly code for the toxin as the genes for cholera toxin are carried by CTXphi (CTXφ), a temperate bacteriophage (virus). The virus only produces the toxin when inserted into the bacterial DNA.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: Quorum sensing in "V. cholerae" is well studied and it activates host immune signaling and prolongs host survival, by limiting the bacterial intake of nutrients, such as tryptophan, which further is converted to serotonin. As such, quorum sensing allows a commensal interaction between host and pathogenic bacteria.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: During the third global pandemic of cholera (1852–1859), there were several scientific research to understand the etiology of the disease. The miasma theory, which posited that infections spread through contaminated air, was no longer a satisfactory explanation. An English physician John Snow was the first to give convincing evidence in London in 1854 that cholera was spread from drinking water – a contagion, not miasma. Yet he could not identify the pathogens, which made most people still believe in the miasma origin.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" was first observed and recognized under microscope by a French zoologist Félix-Archimède Pouchet. In 1849, Pouchet examined the stool samples of four people having cholera. His presentation before the French Academy of Sciences on 23 April was recorded as: "[Pouchet] could verify that there existed in these [cholera patients] dejecta an immense quantity of microscopic infusoria." But he made a mistake in believing that the organisms were infusoria, a name then used for microscopic protists, thereby attributing them as "Vibrio rigula," a species of protozoan described by Danish naturalist Otto Friedrich Müller in 1786.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: An Italian physician, Filippo Pacini, while investigating cholera outbreak in Florence in the late 1854, identified the causative pathogen as a new type of bacterium. He performed autopsies of corpses and made meticulous microscopic examinations of the tissues and body fluids. From feces and intestinal mucosa, he identified many comma-shaped bacilli. Reporting his discovery before the Società Medico-Fisica Fiorentina (Medico-Physician Society of Florence) on 10 December, and published in the 12 December issue of the "Gazzetta Medica Italiana" ("Medical Gazette of Italy"), Pacini stated:Pacini thus introduced the name "vibrioni" (Latin "vībro" means "to move rapidly to and fro, to shake, to agitate"). A Catalan physician Joaquim Balcells i Pascual also reported such bacterium around the same time. The discovery of the new bacterium was not regarded as medically important as the bacterium was not directly attributed to cholera. Pacini also stated that there was no reason to say that the bacterium caused the disease since he failed to make pure culture and perform experiment, which was necessary 'to attribute the quality of contagion to cholera'. The miasma theory was still not ruled out.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: The medical importance and relationship of the bacterium and cholera was discovered by a German physician Robert Koch. In August 1883, Koch, with a team of German physicians, went to Alexandria, Egypt, to investigate cholera epidemic there. Koch found that the intestinal mucosa of people who died of cholera always had the bacterium, yet could not confirm if it was the causative agent. He moved to Calcutta (now Kolkata) India, where the epidemic was more severe. It was from here that he isolated the bacterium in pure culture on 7 January 1884. He subsequently confirmed that the bacterium was a new species, and described as "a little bent, like a comma." He reported his discovery to the German Secretary of State for the Interior on 2 February, and published in the "Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift" ("German Medical Weekly").


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: Although Koch was convinced that the bacterium was the cholera pathogen, he could not entirely establish a critical evidence the bacterium produced the symptoms in healthy subjects (an important element in what was later known Koch's postulates). His experiment on animals using his pure bacteria culture did not cause the disease, and correctly explained that animals are immune to human pathogen. The bacterium was by then known as "the comma bacillus." It was only in 1959 when an Indian physician Sambhu Nath De in Calcutta isolated the cholera toxin and showed that it caused cholera in healthy subjects that the bacterium-cholera relationship was fully proven.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: Pacini had used the name ""vibrio cholera"", without proper binomial rendering, for the name of the bacterium. Following Koch's description, a scientific name "Bacillus comma" was popularised. But an Italian bacteriologist Vittore Trevisan published in 1884 that Koch's bacterium was the same as that of Pacini's and introduced the name "Bacillus cholerae." A German physician Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer renamed it as "Vibrio cholerae" in 1896. The named was adopted by the Committee of the Society of American Bacteriologists on Characterization and Classification of Bacterial Types in 1920. In 1964, Rudolph Hugh of the George Washington University School of Medicine proposed to use the genus "Vibrio" with the type species "V. cholerae" (Pacini 1854) as a permanent name of the bacterium, regardless of the same name for protozoa. It was accepted by the Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Bacteriological Nomenclature in 1965, and the International Association of Microbiological Societies in 1966.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" is a highly motile, comma shaped, gram-negative rod. The active movement of "V. cholerae" inspired the genus name because "vibrio" in Latin means "to quiver". Except for v.cholerae and v.mimicus, all other vibrio species are halophilic. Initial isolates are slightly curved, whereas they can appear as straight rods upon laboratory culturing. The bacterium has a flagellum at one cell pole as well as pili. It tolerates alkaline media that kill most intestinal commensals, but they are sensitive to acid. It is a facultative anaerobe, and can undergo respiratory and fermentative metabolism. It measures 0.3 μm in diameter and 1.3 μm in length with average swimming velocity of around 75.4 μm/sec.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" pathogenicity genes code for proteins directly or indirectly involved in the virulence of the bacteria. To adapt the host intestinal environment and to avoid being attacked by bile acids and antimicrobial peptides, "V. cholera" uses its outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Upon entry, the bacteria sheds its OMVs, containing all the membrane modifications that make it vulnerable for the host attack.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: During infection, "V. cholerae" secretes cholera toxin (CT), a protein that causes profuse, watery diarrhea (known as "rice-water stool"). This cholera toxin contains 5 B subunits that plays a role in attaching to the intestinal epithelial cells and 1 A subunit that plays a role in toxin activity"." Colonization of the small intestine also requires the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), a thin, flexible, filamentous appendage on the surface of bacterial cells. Expression of both CT and TCP is mediated by two component systems (TCS), which typically consist of a membrane-bound histidine kinase and an intracellular response element. TCS enable bacteria to respond to changing environments. In "V. cholerae" several TCS have been identified to be important in colonization, biofilm production and virulence. Small RNAs (sRNA) have been identified as targets of "V. cholerae" TCS. Here, sRNA molecules bind to mRNA to block translation or induce degradation of inhibitors of expression of virulence or colonization genes. In "V. cholerae" the TCS EnvZ/OmpR alters gene expression via the sRNA "coaR" in response to changes in osmolarity and pH. An important target of "coaR" is "tcpI", which negatively regulates expression of the major subunit of the TCP encoding gene ("tcpA"). When "tcpI" is bound by "coaR" it is no longer able to repress expression "tcpA", leading to an increased colonization ability. Expression of "coaR" is upregulated by EnvZ/OmpR at a pH of 6,5, which is the normal pH of the intestinal lumen, but is low at higher pH values. "V. cholerae" in the intestinal lumen utilizes the TCP to attach to the intestinal mucosa, not invading the mucosa. After doing so it secretes cholerae toxin causing its symptoms. This then increases cyclic AMP or cAMP by binding (cholerae toxin) to adenylyl cyclase activating the GS pathway which leads to efflux of water and sodium into the intestinal lumen causing watery stools or rice watery stools.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" can cause syndromes ranging from asymptomatic to cholera gravis. In endemic areas, 75% of cases are asymptomatic, 20% are mild to moderate, and 2-5% are severe forms such as cholera gravis. Symptoms include abrupt onset of watery diarrhea (a grey and cloudy liquid), occasional vomiting, and abdominal cramps. Dehydration ensues, with symptoms and signs such as thirst, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, sunken eyes, hypotension, weak or absent radial pulse, tachycardia, tachypnea, hoarse voice, oliguria, cramps, kidney failure, seizures, somnolence, coma, and death. Death due to dehydration can occur in a few hours to days in untreated children. The disease is also particularly dangerous for pregnant women and their fetuses during late pregnancy, as it may cause premature labor and fetal death. A study done by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Haiti found that in pregnant women who contracted the disease, 16% of 900 women had fetal death. Risk factors for these deaths include: third trimester, younger maternal age, severe dehydration, and vomiting Dehydration poses the biggest health risk to pregnant women in countries that there are high rates of cholera. In cases of cholera gravis involving severe dehydration, up to 60% of patients can die; however, less than 1% of cases treated with rehydration therapy are fatal. The disease typically lasts 4–6 days. Worldwide, diarrhoeal disease, caused by cholera and many other pathogens, is the second-leading cause of death for children under the age of 5 and at least 120,000 deaths are estimated to be caused by cholera each year. In 2002, the WHO deemed that the case fatality ratio for cholera was about 3.95%.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" infects the intestine and causes diarrhea, the hallmark symptom of cholera. Infection can be spread by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. It also can spread through skin contact with contaminated human feces. Not all infection indicate symptoms, only about 1 in 10 people develop diarrhea. The major symptoms include: watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, loss of skin elasticity, low blood pressure, thirst, and muscle cramps. This illness can get serious as it can progress to kidney failure and possible coma. If diagnosed, it can be treated using medications.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" has an endemic or epidemic occurrence. In countries where the disease has been for the past three years and the cases confirmed are local (within the confines of the country) transmission is considered to be "endemic." Alternatively, an outbreak is declared when the occurrence of disease exceeds the normal occurrence for any given time or location. Epidemics can last several days or over a span of years. Additionally, countries that have an occurrence of an epidemic can also be endemic. The longest standing "V. chloerae" epidemic was recorded in Yemen. Yemen had two outbreaks, the first occurred between September 2016 and April 2017, and the second began later in April 2017 and recently was considered to be resolved in 2019. The epidemic in Yemen took over 2,500 lives and impacted over 1 million people of Yemen. More outbreaks have occurred in Africa, the Americas, and Haiti.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: When visiting areas with epidemic cholera, the following precautions should be observed: drink and use bottled water; frequently wash hands with soap and safe water; use chemical toilets or bury feces if no restroom is available; do not defecate in any body of water and cook food thoroughly. Supplying proper, safe water is important. A precaution to take is to properly sanitize. Hand hygiene is an essential in areas where soap and water is not available. When there is no sanitation available for hand washing, scrub hands with ash or sand and rinse with clean water. A single dose vaccine is available for those traveling to an area where cholera is common.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: There is a "V. cholerae" vaccine available to prevent disease spread. The vaccine is known as the, "oral cholera vaccine" (OCV). There are three types of OCV available for prevention: Dukoral®, Shanchol™, and Euvichol-Plus®. All three OCVs require two doses to be fully effective. Countries who are endemic or have an epidemic status are eligible to receive the vaccine based on several criteria: Risk of cholera, Severity of cholera, WASH conditions and capacity to improve, Healthcare conditions and capacity to improve, Capacity to implement OCV campaigns, Capacity to conduct M&E activities, Commitment at national and local level Since May the start of the OCV program to May 2018 over 25 million vaccines have been distributed to countries who meet the above criteria.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: The basic, overall treatment for Cholera is re-hydration, to replace the fluids that have been lost. Those with mild dehydration can be treated orally with an oral rehydration solution (ORS). When patients are severely dehydrated and unable to take in the proper amount of ORS, IV fluid treatment is generally pursued. Antibiotics are used in some cases, typically fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" has two circular chromosomes, together totalling 4 million base pairs of DNA sequence and 3,885 predicted genes. The genes for cholera toxin are carried by CTXphi (CTXφ), a temperate bacteriophage inserted into the "V. cholerae" genome. CTXφ can transmit cholera toxin genes from one "V. cholerae" strain to another, one form of horizontal gene transfer. The genes for toxin coregulated pilus are coded by the Vibrio pathogenicity island (VPI).


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: The entire genome of the virulent strain" V. cholerae" El Tor N16961 has been sequenced, and contains two circular chromosomes. Chromosome 1 has 2,961,149 base pairs with 2,770 open reading frames (ORF's) and chromosome 2 has 1,072,315 base pairs, 1,115 ORF's. The larger first chromosome contains the crucial genes for toxicity, regulation of toxicity, and important cellular functions, such as transcription and translation.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: The second chromosome is determined to be different from a plasmid or megaplasmid due to the inclusion of housekeeping and other essential genes in the genome, including essential genes for metabolism, heat-shock proteins, and 16S rRNA genes, which are ribosomal subunit genes used to track evolutionary relationships between bacteria. Also relevant in determining if the replicon is a chromosome is whether it represents a significant percentage of the genome, and chromosome 2 is 40% by size of the entire genome. And, unlike plasmids, chromosomes are not self-transmissible. However, the second chromosome may have once been a megaplasmid because it contains some genes usually found on plasmids.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" contains a genomic island of pathogenicity and is lysogenized with phage DNA. That means that the genes of a virus were integrated into the bacterial genome and made the bacteria pathogenic. The molecular pathway involved in expression of virulence is discussed in the pathology and current research sections below.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: CTXφ (also called CTXphi) is a filamentous phage that contains the genes for cholera toxin. Infectious CTXφ particles are produced when "V. cholerae" infects humans. Phage particles are secreted from bacterial cells without lysis. When CTXφ infects "V. cholerae" cells, it integrates into specific sites on either chromosome. These sites often contain tandem arrays of integrated CTXφ prophage. In addition to the "ctxA" and "ctxB" genes encoding cholera toxin, CTXφ contains eight genes involved in phage reproduction, packaging, secretion, integration, and regulation. The CTXφ genome is 6.9 kb long.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: The main reservoirs of "V. cholerae" are aquatic sources such as rivers, brackish waters, and estuaries, often in association with copepods or other zooplankton, shellfish, and aquatic plants.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: Cholera infections are most commonly acquired from drinking water in which "V. cholerae" is found naturally or into which it has been introduced from the feces of an infected person. Cholera is most likely to be found and spread in places with inadequate water treatment, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene. Other common vehicles include raw or undercooked fish and shellfish. Transmission from person to person is very unlikely, and casual contact with an infected person is not a risk for becoming ill."V. cholerae" thrives in an aquatic environment, particularly in surface water. The primary connection between humans and pathogenic strains is through water, particularly in economically reduced areas that do not have good water purification systems.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: Nonpathogenic strains are also present in water ecologies. The wide variety of pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains that co-exist in aquatic environments are thought to allow for so many genetic varieties. Gene transfer is fairly common amongst bacteria, and recombination of different "V. cholerae" genes can lead to new virulent strains.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: A symbiotic relationship between "V. cholerae" and "Ruminococcus obeum" has been determined. "R. obeum" autoinducer represses the expression of several "V. cholerae" virulence factors. This inhibitory mechanism is likely to be present in other gut microbiota species which opens the way to mine the gut microbiota of members in specific communities which may utilize autoinducers or other mechanisms in order to restrict colonization by "V. cholerae" or other enteropathogens.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: Outbreaks of Cholera cause an estimated 120,000 deaths annually worldwide. There has been roughly seven pandemics since 1817, the first. These pandemics first arose in the Indian subcontinent and spread.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: Two serogroups of "V. cholerae", O1 and O139, cause outbreaks of cholera. O1 causes the majority of outbreaks, while O139 – first identified in Bangladesh in 1992 – is confined to Southeast Asia. Many other serogroups of "V. cholerae", with or without the cholera toxin gene (including the nontoxigenic strains of the O1 and O139 serogroups), can cause a cholera-like illness. Only toxigenic strains of serogroups O1 and O139 have caused widespread epidemics.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" O1 has two biotypes, classical and El Tor, and each biotype has two distinct serotypes, Inaba and Ogawa. The symptoms of infection are indistinguishable, although more people infected with the El Tor biotype remain asymptomatic or have only a mild illness. In recent years, infections with the classical biotype of "V. cholerae" O1 have become rare and are limited to parts of Bangladesh and India. Recently, new variant strains have been detected in several parts of Asia and Africa. Observations suggest these strains cause more severe cholera with higher case fatality rates.


title: Vibrio cholerae

text: "V. cholerae" can be induced to become competent for natural genetic transformation when grown on chitin, a biopolymer that is abundant in aquatic habitats (e.g. from crustacean exoskeletons). Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterial cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination. Transformation competence in "V. cholerae" is stimulated by increasing cell density accompanied by nutrient limitation, a decline in growth rate, or stress. The "V. cholerae" uptake machinery involves a competence-induced pilus, and a conserved DNA binding protein that acts as a ratchet to reel DNA into the cytoplasm. There are two models of genetic transformation, sex hypothesis and competent bacteria.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Morris Jackson "Mo" Brooks Jr. (born April 29, 1954) is an American attorney and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2011. His district is based in Huntsville and stretches across the northern fifth of the state. A member of the Republican Party, Brooks is a founding member of the Freedom Caucus.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 2022, Brooks retired from the U.S. House of Representatives to run for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by Richard Shelby. Once a strong ally of former President Donald Trump, Brooks was initially supported by Trump, but Trump rescinded his endorsement of Brooks's candidacy in March 2022. In May, Brooks came in second in the Republican primary, behind Katie Britt; he lost to Britt in the runoff. Since then, Brooks has been an outspoken critic of Trump.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks was born in 1954 in Charleston, South Carolina, and moved to Huntsville, Alabama, in 1963. His mother, Betty J. (Noland) Brooks, taught economics and government for over 20 years at Lee High School, while he attended Grissom High School. His father, Morris Jackson "Jack" Brooks Sr., was raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and worked as an electrical engineer before retiring from Redstone Arsenal's Meteorology Center. They still live in Madison County, Alabama.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks graduated from Grissom High School in 1972. He graduated from Duke University in three years with a double major in political science and economics, with highest honors in economics. Brooks received his J.D. degree from the University of Alabama School of Law in 1978.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks started his legal career with the Tuscaloosa County district attorney's office. He left that office in 1980 to return to Huntsville as a law clerk for presiding circuit court Judge John David Snodgrass. During every year except when he was serving as a prosecutor or judicial clerk, Brooks was a practicing lawyer. In 1993, he became counsel to Leo and Associates, a business law firm with a national focus, founded by Karl W. Leo. He became a partner in the firm, which was reorganized as Leo & Brooks, LLC. He maintained a national practice that specialized in commercial litigation.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1982 and reelected in 1983, 1986, and 1990. While in the legislature, Brooks was elected Republican house caucus chairman three times.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 1991, Brooks was appointed Madison County district attorney, after the incumbent, Robert E. Cramer, was elected to Congress. In 1992, he ran for the office, but lost to Democrat Tim Morgan. A Republican had not been elected to the office since the Reconstruction era.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 1995–96, Brooks was appointed state special assistant attorney general for Alabama attorney general Jeff Sessions. From 1996 to 2002, he was special assistant attorney general for attorney general Bill Pryor.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 1996, Brooks ran for the Madison County commission and unseated an eight-year incumbent Republican. He was reelected to the commission in 2000, 2004, and 2008.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 2006, Brooks unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor of Alabama, coming in third behind eventual nominee Luther Strange and former state treasurer George Wallace, Jr.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks won the Republican primary, receiving 51% of the vote, defeating incumbent (and former Democrat) Parker Griffith (33%) and conservative activist Les Phillip (16%).


title: Mo Brooks

text: The Republican National Committee named Brooks a "Young Gun" in 2010. Larry Sabato, Charlie Cook, and Real Clear Politics rated the race "Likely Republican". CQPolitics, Stuart Rothenberg, and the "New York Times" rated the race "Safe Republican". Nate Silver in the FiveThirtyEight.com "New York Times" blog predicted that there was a 94.1% chance that Brooks would defeat Democratic nominee Steve Raby.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks won the general election, 58%–42%. He became the first freshman Republican to represent this district since Reconstruction.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In January 2012, Parker Griffith, having switched parties, filed for a rematch against Brooks in the Republican primary. He said of the incumbent, "We'll contrast my time in Congress with my opponent's time in Congress. The distinction is clear. He has wandered away from many of the issues people want us to address". Brooks had the support of Phyllis Schlafly's Eagle Forum political action committee. He defeated Griffith in the rematch, 71%–29%. Brooks won all five counties.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In the November 4, 2014, general election, Brooks faced independent candidate Mark Bray and won by a margin of 115,338 (74.4%) to 39,005 (25.2%).


title: Mo Brooks

text: In the November 8, 2016, general election, Brooks faced Democratic nominee Will Boyd Jr. and won by a margin of 205,647 (66.7%) to 102,234 (33.2%).


title: Mo Brooks

text: On May 15, 2017, Brooks announced his candidacy in the 2017 United States Senate special election. He ran against Luther Strange, a Republican appointed to the Senate by former Alabama Governor Robert Bentley after Senator Jeff Sessions was appointed U.S. attorney general.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks was endorsed by talk-radio host Mark Levin, radio host Laura Ingraham, radio and television host Sean Hannity, and Congressman Mike Rogers.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In an interview with "Yellowhammer News", Brooks touted his conservative record, saying that during the previous session of Congress, Heritage Action ranked him one of the Top Ten Best Congressmen on issues involving the "principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense". The American Conservative Union ranked his record in the top 20% of all Congressmen, with an overall A grade during the last session of Congress, on issues relating to "liberty, personal responsibility, traditional value, and a strong national defense". The National Taxpayers Union ranked his record at the top of the Alabama Congressional delegation, tied with Byrne and Gary Palmer, on issues relating to "tax relief and reform, lower and less wasteful spending, individual liberty, and free enterprise". The Club for Growth ranked his record in the top 20% of all Congressmen on "economic policies that strengthen our nation's economy and shrink the size of the federal government". He was the Tea Party movement's preferred candidate.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Bentley initially decided to align the special election with the 2018 general election, but Kay Ivey, his successor, moved the date up to December 12, 2017, scheduling the primary for August 15 and primary runoff for September 26. In the Republican primary, Brooks lost to Strange and former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Roy Moore, who advanced to the runoff. In his concession speech, he announced his reelection campaign for his congressional seat in 2018. He also "spoke more favorably of Moore and the race that he ran rather than Strange", but did not endorse a candidate.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks declared he intended to vote for Moore on November 11, days after "The Washington Post" published a story alleging sexual abuse by Moore. In a text message to al.com on November 13, Brooks said, "Socialist Democrat Doug Jones will vote wrong. Roy Moore will vote right. Hence, I will vote for Roy Moore". He continued by invoking the Duke University lacrosse rape case, a story that he claimed to "vividly remember" because he had graduated from the university. Brooks then said:


title: Mo Brooks

text: As an attorney, I know accusations are easy. Proving them to the satisfaction of a judge, a jury, or here, voters, is another thing. I do not know enough of the evidence to know with confidence what the true facts are ... I do believe this, there are millions of people in America who would lie in a heartbeat if it meant adding another Democrat to the Senate.


title: Mo Brooks

text: My view of "The Washington Post" is that they are part of the communications wing of the Democratic Party. They are hyper-partisan to the point that they are more than willing to lie to advance their left wing, amoral, socialist agenda. I've seen them do it firsthand of my own personal knowledge.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In the November 6, 2018, general election, Brooks faced Democratic nominee Peter Joffrion and won by a margin of 159,063 (61%) to 101,388 (38.9%).


title: Mo Brooks

text: In the November 3, 2020, general election, Brooks was reelected without major party opposition, as the ballot was uncontested.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In February 2018, Brooks delivered a House floor speech and later released a statement through his office announcing his opposition to the spending bill that would ward off another United States federal government shutdown, saying the bill would do more harm than good by granting more funds than the United States could afford.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In April 2018, after Trump ordered missile strikes against Syria, Brooks confirmed that he was in favor of the strikes but would prefer the president "consult with Congress and obtain an unambiguous Authorization for the Use of Military Force from Congress before engaging in acts of war against a foreign nation" and said there was evidence the Assad regime had used chemical agents.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In July 2018, Brooks announced his support for Trump's nomination of Brett Kavanaugh to the United States Supreme Court, saying Kavanaugh was an excellent choice who "has an established record of upholding the Constitution and federal law without inserting his personal political views into his decisions. As such, I look forward to his quick confirmation by the Senate". "In my view, America is burdened with too many liberal, activist federal justices and judges who fail to abide by their role as limited by the Constitution, and I am pleased President Trump nominated a judge who understands the importance of limiting his role to that intended by America's founding fathers".


title: Mo Brooks

text: In July 2018, Brooks announced his support for Ohio Republican Congressman Jim Jordan amid allegations of ignoring claims of sexual abuse of athletes by a team doctor while Jordan was serving as a wrestling coach at The Ohio State University (OSU). In his statement, Brooks recounted his seven years working alongside Jordan and said Jordan had proved to him during that time that were he aware of the claims, he "would have done everything in his power to stop the inappropriate conduct". OSU opened an investigation in April 2018 that looked into allegations of sexual misconduct by the former wrestling team's physician, Richard Strauss, who was the physician when Jordan was an assistant coach. At least eight former wrestlers said that Jordan had been aware of, but did not respond to, allegations of sexual misconduct by Strauss.


title: Mo Brooks

text: On October 23, 2019, Brooks, Bradley Byrne and Jordan joined about two dozen other House Republicans in aggressively intruding upon that day's confidential hearing in a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) where Republican and Democratic congressional members had been taking testimony from Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Laura Cooper. Brooks gave an incendiary speech before joining the non-committee Republicans forcing their way into the hearing in which he demanded, "By golly, if they are going to do it, do it in public. Don't hide it from the American people". One committee member said, "It was the closest thing I've seen around here to mass civil unrest as a member of Congress," as the conservatives had barged into the hearing room with prohibited electronic devices. Brooks said, "Show your face where we can all see the travesty that you are trying to foist on America and the degradation of our Republic that you're engaged in". Jordan said, "The members have just had it, and they want to be able to see and represent their constituents and find out what's going on". In the 116th Congress, the chair, Adam Schiff and 12 Democratic members of the House Intelligence Committee were appointed by the Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi, who is an ex officio committee member. The House Minority Leader, Kevin McCarthy, also an ex officio member, appointed the ranking member, Devin Nunes, and eight other Republicans to the committee. Each side gets equal time to question witnesses appearing before the committee. The disruption delayed Cooper's testimony by many hours.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks and Byrne were the only Republican members of the Alabama House delegation to vote in October 2019 against a resolution condemning Trump for removing U.S. military forces from Syria, arguing that it had greatly endangered the effective Kurdish resistance to the Islamic State in Syria (ISIS).


title: Mo Brooks

text: In July 2021, Brooks voted against the bipartisan ALLIES Act, which would increase by 8,000 the number of special immigrant visas for Afghan allies of the U.S. military during its invasion of Afghanistan, while also reducing some application requirements that caused long application backlogs; the bill passed in the House 407–16.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 2012, the "National Journal" ranked Brooks the 75th most conservative member of the U.S. House of Representatives.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks opposes stem cell research that uses human embryos. He co-sponsored the Title X Abortion Provider Prohibition Act, which would have ended federal funding for Planned Parenthood.


title: Mo Brooks

text: On August 4, 2014, Brooks was interviewed on "The Laura Ingraham Show" and responded to a clip of Ron Fournier warning that the Republican Party could not survive as the "party of white people". Brooks said, "Well, this is a part of the war on whites that's being launched by the Democratic Party ... And the way in which they're launching this war is by claiming that whites hate everybody else. It's part of the strategy that Barack Obama implemented in 2008, continued in 2012, where he divides us all on race, on sex, creed, envy, class warfare, all those kinds of things". His remark drew considerable comments and controversy. When asked about it later that day, Brooks repeated the claim of a "war on whites", saying, "In effect, what the Democrats are doing with their dividing America by race is they are waging a war on whites, and I find that repugnant". Two days after his original comment, Brooks added that the Republican Party was involved in a "war on whites".


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks has a "B" rating from NORML for his voting record on cannabis-related matters. He has said that legalization of marijuana is a state issue and voted for bills to allow Veterans Health Administration doctors to discuss medical marijuana with patients and block the DEA from taking enforcement actions against medical marijuana in states that have legalized it.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 2011, Brooks said, "Financial issues overshadow everything else going on in Washington. That one set of issues is sucking everything else out of the room".


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks supports changes to Social Security, including allowing individuals to invest some of their Social Security money in private retirement accounts. He has said that he does not support the full privatization of Social Security "because the stock market and many other investments are simply too volatile". Brooks also supports the plan Paul Ryan proposed to shift Medicare from a publicly run program to one managed by private insurers.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks signed Grover Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform's Taxpayer Protection Pledge. He supports the Fair Tax proposal. In 2010, Brooks signed a pledge sponsored by Americans for Prosperity not to vote for any climate change legislation that would raise taxes.


title: Mo Brooks

text: At a monthly breakfast meeting of the Madison County Republican Men's Club, Brooks referred to the jobs bill President Obama proposed as the "Obama 'kill jobs' bill". He told the crowd that it added to the debt, promoted "frivolous lawsuits," and created new government agencies. He challenged Obama's promotion of the bill, saying, "If Barack Obama is serious about jobs, how about repealing Obamacare, dealing with illegal immigration and urging the Democratic-controlled Senate to pass pro-jobs bills that have already cleared in the House". At the same meeting, Brooks compared the recession of 2008 (and its after effects) with the Great Depression, saying that the problems associated with the Great Depression are "a cakewalk compared to what can happen to our country if we don't start acting responsibly in Washington, D.C., to try to get this deficit under control".


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 2020, Brooks was one of 48 members of Congress the National Taxpayers Union named a "Taxpayer's Friend" for tax-related votes.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In May 2018, Brooks claimed that land erosion played a significant role in sea level rise. "Every time you have that soil or rock or whatever it is that is deposited into the seas, that forces the sea levels to rise, because now you have less space in those oceans, because the bottom is moving up". The vast majority of the scientific community rejects this claim. At the hearing, Brooks also argued that the Antarctic ice sheet was growing. In actuality, while in the past it has grown, in recent years it has shrunk, and earlier growth does not disprove that climate change is occurring.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks has said, "we cannot continue to be the world police". He has expressed disappointment that the U.S. military did not leave Afghanistan immediately after Osama bin Laden's death on May 1, 2011.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks disapproves of NATO military actions in Libya that the United States has been involved in. In 2011, he said, "I reject the president's position that the way to prevent Libyans from killing Libyans is by Americans killing Libyans". He voted against H.R. 2278 and after voting published the following statement: "We should be out of Libya altogether, and not voting piecemeal on parts of the operation. While this bill excludes some operations in Libya, it approves many others. The lesson from Vietnam is that the one sure way to lose a war is by fighting it half-way".


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks opposed the Electrify Africa Act of 2013, a bill that would direct the president to establish a multiyear strategy to help countries in sub-Saharan Africa develop a mix of power solutions to provide sufficient electricity access to people in rural and urban areas in order to alleviate poverty and drive economic growth. At a meeting of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, he said, "American taxpayers spend more than $40 billion per year on foreign aid ... Given America's out-of-control deficits and accumulated debt that threaten our economic future, I cannot justify American taxpayers building power plants and transmission lines in Africa with money we do not have, will have to borrow to get, and cannot afford to pay back".


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 2019, Brooks was one of 60 representatives to vote against condemning Trump's withdrawal from Syria.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In 2020, Brooks voted against the National Defense Authorization Act of 2021, which would prevent the president from withdrawing soldiers from Afghanistan without congressional approval.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In June 2021, Brooks was one of 49 House Republicans to vote to repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002.


title: Mo Brooks

text: On June 14, 2017, at 7:09am EDT, Brooks was practicing for the annual charity Congressional Baseball Game when James T. Hodgkinson opened fire on members of the Republican team, including House Majority Whip Steve Scalise. The practice was at the Eugene Simpson Baseball Fields in the Del Ray neighborhood of Alexandria, Virginia. Brooks used his belt as a tourniquet to help stop bleeding for a staffer who had been shot in the calf. After the shooting ended, Brooks and Representative Brad Wenstrup assisted Scalise by applying pressure to the wound until he could be evacuated. Brooks's name appeared on the shooter's assassination list.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Less than a week after the shooting, Brooks introduced the Congressional Self-Defense Act, allowing lawmakers to carry concealed weapons. In his press release, Brooks stated, "I believe all law-abiding citizens should be able to conceal carry". He has supported bills to allow national reciprocity. In July 2017, Brooks ran a campaign ad on YouTube featuring audio of the five shots from the attack. Steve Scalise's Chief of Staff strongly objected to the ad on Twitter.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks opposes the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare) and has said that the committee that passed it did not understand it. He signed the Club for Growth's "Repeal-It!" pledge that stated that upon his election to Congress he would "sponsor and support legislation to repeal any federal health care takeover passed in 2010, and replace it with real reforms that lower health care costs without growing government". He was also endorsed by the website Defundit.org for his stance on Obamacare. Brooks co-sponsored H.R. 127, which would have removed all funding from the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, and any amendments made by either act.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In March 2017, Brooks said that he would not vote for the American Health Care Act, the GOP's initial plan to replace the Affordable Care Act. He said, "I will vote against the American Health Care Act because it has more bad policy than any bill I have ever faced". But on May 4, 2017, Brooks voted for the American Health Care Act, which would repeal the Affordable Care Act.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In an interview with CNN's Jake Tapper, Brooks controversially argued that the AHCA "will allow insurance companies to require people who have higher health care costs to contribute more to the insurance pool. That helps offset all these costs, thereby reducing the cost to those people who lead good lives, they're healthy, they've done the things to keep their bodies healthy. And right now, those are the people—who've done things the right way—that are seeing their costs skyrocketing".


title: Mo Brooks

text: After Congress failed to repeal the Affordable Care Act, Brooks said, "we have Republicans who do not want to repeal Obamacare. They may have campaigned that way, they may have voted that way a couple of years ago when it didn't make any difference".


title: Mo Brooks

text: According to a survey by the Christian Coalition, Brooks also opposes government-run health care. He voted yes on repealing the Prevention and Public Health Fund in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks has been endorsed by Americans for Legal Immigration (ALI), a political action committee (PAC). The anti-immigration organization NumbersUSA gave him a 100% score. Brooks has sponsored or co-sponsored 112 immigration-related bills since taking office in January 2011. He has also said that he feels Congress will probably do nothing about illegal immigration in the coming years.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks opposes allowing illegal immigrants to remain in the United States. As part of his 2010 campaign, he advocated getting the federal government "out of the way so state and local governments can help solve the problem". He advocated making it "unprofitable" for employers to hire illegal immigrants over American citizens. In 2014, he called for the deportation of 8 million undocumented workers, as well as 500,000 DACA recipients.


title: Mo Brooks

text: On June 29, 2011, reporter Venton Blandin of WHNT-TV asked Brooks to repeat what he had previously stated at a town hall meeting about illegal immigrants. Brooks repeated his previous statement, saying, "As your congressman on the House floor, I will do anything short of shooting them. Anything that is lawful, it needs to be done because illegal aliens need to quit taking jobs from American citizens".


title: Mo Brooks

text: In May 2015, Brooks sponsored an amendment to strip a particular provision in the National Defense Authorization Act, thereby preventing the Department of Defense from allowing "Dreamers" (undocumented youth who received temporary legal status under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program) to enlist in the armed services. Brooks stated his opposition to illegal immigrants serving in the military, saying, "These individuals have to be absolutely 100 percent loyal and trustworthy, as best as we can make them, 'cause they're gonna have access to all sorts of military weaponry—even to the point of having access to weapons of mass destruction like our nuclear arsenal. And I'm gonna have much greater faith in the loyalty of an American citizen than a person who is a citizen of a foreign nation". He said Birmingham, a city where Alabama's strict immigration law has been criticized, needed to prepare to spend more money if it wants to be a sanctuary city. He told Blandin, "They need to start picking up the tab that American citizens are having to pick up. If Birmingham wants to be a sanctuary city, or wants to head in that direction, that is their decision. They are absolutely wrong".


title: Mo Brooks

text: On January 6, 2021, just hours after Trump supporters attacked the United States Capitol, Brooks claimed that over 1 million illegal immigrants voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election and objected to counting Arizona's electoral votes on that basis. According to Brooks, Biden promised to create a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants in order to get their votes.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks voted against the Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2019, which would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to eliminate the per-country numerical limitation for employment-based immigrants, to increase the per-country numerical limitation for family-sponsored immigrants, and for other purposes.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks voted against the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020 which authorizes DHS to nearly double the available H-2B visas for the remainder of FY 2020.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In June 2021, Brooks was one of 14 House Republicans to vote against legislation to establish June 19, or Juneteenth, as a federal holiday. His rationale for his vote was that the holiday's date was too exclusive and significant only to Texas, and that the freeing of slaves should be celebrated on another day.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks believes that National Security Advisor Michael Flynn was "set up" by "FBI partisan hacks" and that Flynn's trial "was a miscarriage of justice". He supports assigning a special prosecutor to investigate the federal case against Flynn, in which Flynn pleaded guilty to making false statements to the FBI.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Flynn initially endorsed Brooks in the 2022 United States Senate election in Alabama but subsequently switched his support to Michael Durant.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks supports the National Security Agency's power to collect telephone metadata on Americans, saying its potential to thwart terrorist attacks outweighs potential infringements on privacy. But in 2014, he voted for the USA Freedom Act, which, according to its sponsor, would "rein in the dragnet collection of data by the National Security Agency (NSA) and other government agencies, increase transparency of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), provide businesses the ability to release information regarding FISA requests, and create an independent constitutional advocate to argue cases before the FISC".


title: Mo Brooks

text: In December 2011, Brooks voted in support of H.R. 10, the "Regulations from the Executive In Need of Scrutiny Act," which would have required Congressional approval for any "major regulations" issued by the executive branch but, unlike the 1996 Congressional Review Act, would not require the president's signature or override of a probable presidential veto.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In April 2011, Brooks said in a congressional speech, "Folks, we are here today forcing this issue because America is at risk. We are at risk of insolvency and bankruptcy because the socialist members of this body choose to spend money that we do not have". After this remark, Democratic Congressman Keith Ellison asked that Brooks's comments be "taken down". Brooks said that he had the choice to either have the comment stricken from the record or defend the remark and wait until later in the day for a formal ruling over whether the comment was appropriate. Brooks chose to have the remark withdrawn before he continued with his speech. Ellison accepted the withdrawal. Afterward, Brooks said that he did not regret his initial remark and thought those who objected to his comment, particularly Democrats, were "thin-skinned". He said, "People could quite clearly infer that socialism is what the other guys are promoting". Brooks has called Pete Buttigieg, Amy Klobuchar, Kimberly Gardner, Nancy Pelosi, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Bernie Sanders, Bill de Blasio, and others socialists.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, saying the bill was a way "to put more money into the pockets of working Alabamians at all income levels" and that it would "spur much-needed economic growth that will both help with America's deficit and debt crisis".


title: Mo Brooks

text: In May 2018, during the Republican primary for Brooks's seat, he said he was a Trump supporter in response to accusations from his opponent that Brooks had previously criticized Trump. Trump endorsed Brooks's 2018 reelection, saying Brooks "fought by my side to secure our border, rebuild our military, cut our taxes, repeal ObamaCare, and build the wall!". Brooks also opposed Trump's first impeachment. On March 25, 2019, shortly after Attorney General William Barr's summary of the Mueller report was released, Brooks read a passage from Adolf Hitler's 1925 autobiography "Mein Kampf" on the House floor, comparing the Democratic Party and the media to the Nazi Party.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In April 2021, Trump announced his endorsement of Brooks's 2022 Senate campaign. In March 2022, Trump rescinded his endorsement.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Brooks later said Trump had asked him to remove Joe Biden, who had defeated Trump in the November 2020 presidential election, but Brooks said he refused because the January 6, 2021, certification by Congress was final.


title: Mo Brooks

text: Since his loss in the 2022 U.S. Senate race, Brooks has been critical of Trump. He has argued that the 2024 presidential election will have candidates who are "vastly superior" to Trump and more directly attacked him as "dishonest, disloyal, incompetent", and "crude". In December 2022, Brooks suggested that charges of fraud against The Trump Organization had merit.


title: Mo Brooks

text: In September 2021, Brooks was among 75 House Republicans to vote against the National Defense Authorization Act of 2022, which contains a provision that would require women to be drafted.


title: Mo Brooks

text: On November 9, 2015, Brooks endorsed Ted Cruz for President of the United States, and served as Chairman of the Cruz campaign's Alabama leadership team.


title: Mo Brooks

text: On September 9, 2016, Brooks said that Hillary Clinton "betrayed her country by exposing national security information to risk by our adversaries. That is a criminal offense. That makes it an impeachable offense. ... Hillary Clinton has, in my opinion, committed a high crime or misdemeanor or treason".


title: Mo Brooks

text: After Joe Biden was projected the winner of the 2020 presidential election, Brooks staunchly defended Trump and made claims of fraud. He argued that most mail-in voting was unconstitutional, and that "if only lawful votes by eligible American citizens were cast, Donald Trump won the Electoral College by a significant margin". His assertions that the election was stolen by extraordinary voter fraud and election theft measures were unsupported by evidence.


title: Mo Brooks

text: On December 10, 2020, Brooks was one of 126 Republican members of the U.S. House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of "Texas v. Pennsylvania", a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion. She also reprimanded Brooks and the other House members who supported the lawsuit: "The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House. Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution, they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions".


title: Mo Brooks

text: In March 2022, one year into Biden's term, Brooks acknowledged that "the law doesn’t permit" him, as a congressperson, to work to remove Biden and install Trump. Anyone telling Trump that there are such "mechanisms" for replacing a president, he said, is "misleading" Trump.