title: Visual system

text: Scotoma is a type of blindness that produces a small blind spot in the visual field typically caused by injury in the primary visual cortex.


title: Visual system

text: Homonymous hemianopia is a type of blindness that destroys one entire side of the visual field typically caused by injury in the primary visual cortex.


title: Visual system

text: Quadrantanopia is a type of blindness that destroys only a part of the visual field typically caused by partial injury in the primary visual cortex. This is very similar to homonymous hemianopia, but to a lesser degree.


title: Visual system

text: Prosopagnosia, or face blindness, is a brain disorder that produces an inability to recognize faces. This disorder often arises after damage to the fusiform face area.


title: Visual system

text: Visual agnosia, or visual-form agnosia, is a brain disorder that produces an inability to recognize objects. This disorder often arises after damage to the ventral stream.


title: Visual system

text: Different species are able to see different parts of the light spectrum; for example, bees can see into the ultraviolet, while pit vipers can accurately target prey with their pit organs, which are sensitive to infrared radiation. The mantis shrimp possesses arguably the most complex visual system of any species. The eye of the mantis shrimp holds 16 color receptive cones, whereas humans only have three. The variety of cones enables them to perceive an enhanced array of colors as a mechanism for mate selection, avoidance of predators, and detection of prey. Swordfish also possess an impressive visual system. The eye of a swordfish can generate heat to better cope with detecting their prey at depths of 2000 feet. Certain one-celled microorganisms, the warnowiid dinoflagellates have eye-like ocelloids, with analogous structures for the lens and retina of the multi-cellular eye. The armored shell of the chiton "Acanthopleura granulata" is also covered with hundreds of aragonite crystalline eyes, named ocelli, which can form images.


title: Visual system

text: Many fan worms, such as "Acromegalomma interruptum" which live in tubes on the sea floor of the Great Barrier Reef, have evolved compound eyes on their tentacles, which they use to detect encroaching movement. If movement is detected, the fan worms will rapidly withdraw their tentacles. Bok, et al., have discovered opsins and G proteins in the fan worm's eyes, which were previously only seen in simple ciliary photoreceptors in the brains of some invertebrates, as opposed to the rhabdomeric receptors in the eyes of most invertebrates.


title: Visual system

text: Only higher primate Old World (African) monkeys and apes (macaques, apes, orangutans) have the same kind of three-cone photoreceptor color vision humans have, while lower primate New World (South American) monkeys (spider monkeys, squirrel monkeys, cebus monkeys) have a two-cone photoreceptor kind of color vision.


title: Visual system

text: In the second half of the 19th century, many motifs of the nervous system were identified such as the neuron doctrine and brain localization, which related to the neuron being the basic unit of the nervous system and functional localisation in the brain, respectively. These would become tenets of the fledgling neuroscience and would support further understanding of the visual system.


title: Visual system

text: The notion that the cerebral cortex is divided into functionally distinct cortices now known to be responsible for capacities such as touch (somatosensory cortex), movement (motor cortex), and vision (visual cortex), was first proposed by Franz Joseph Gall in 1810. Evidence for functionally distinct areas of the brain (and, specifically, of the cerebral cortex) mounted throughout the 19th century with discoveries by Paul Broca of the language center (1861), and Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig of the motor cortex (1871). Based on selective damage to parts of the brain and the functional effects of the resulting lesions, David Ferrier proposed that visual function was localized to the parietal lobe of the brain in 1876. In 1881, Hermann Munk more accurately located vision in the occipital lobe, where the primary visual cortex is now known to be.


title: Visual system

text: In 2014, a textbook "Understanding vision: theory, models, and data" illustrates how to link neurobiological data and visual behavior/psychological data through theoretical principles and computational models.


title: Lit (band)

text: Lit is an American rock band formed in 1988 in Orange County, California. They have released seven studio albums, but are best known for their 1999 album "A Place in the Sun", which featured the hit single "My Own Worst Enemy". "Zip-Lock" and "Miserable" were also successful, leading to a platinum certification for "A Place in the Sun".


title: Lit (band)

text: Guitarist Jeremy Popoff and bassist Kevin Baldes met in 1986, and soon after, began playing music together. In 1987, Popoff (guitar), Jerry Neel (bass), Dave Barber (drums) and Derek Johnson (vocals) formed the band Strate Lace and performed three live shows together: The Troubador in Hollywood, The Waters Club in San Pedro, and a back-to-school party in a friend's backyard. Neel quit the band early on to pursue a career in the mortgage industry and Johnson would go on to attend the Trebas Institute of Recording Arts in Hollywood, California, where he learned to produce and engineer. On February 20, 2003, Derek Johnson was among the 100 killed in the nightclub fire while attending a Great White concert at The Station in West Warwick, Rhode Island.


title: Lit (band)

text: Meanwhile, around 1988, high school friends Baldes (15 or 16 at the time) and Jeremy Popoff's brother, A. Jay, (14 at the time) formed the pop metal band Razzle. The lineup being Kevin Baldes (lead vocals, bass), A. Jay Popoff (drums), and Sean Holland (guitar). They performed their first show on June 26, 1988, at The Troubadour. In 1989, A. Jay switched from drums to lead vocals, and the band added guitarist Jeremy Popoff and drummer Allen Shellenberger. Things began to come together in 1990, when the group released a demo tape (engineered by Derek Johnson, the singer of Strate Lace) and an EP entitled "New Vibe Revolution" in 1993. Razzle dissolved in 1993 and became Stain in 1994, which had a much harder and heavier sound. They released a demo tape in 1995 and eventually signed with Malicious Vinyl in 1995. After finding out the name "Stain" was already owned, the band changed their name to Lit.


title: Lit (band)

text: On April 1, 1997, the group released "Tripping the Light Fantastic" on the Malicious Vinyl record label. Lit continued to grow their local and national fan base playing locally and touring with alternative bands such as Radish (Ben Kweller), Lifter and Reel Big Fish. Malicious Vinyl (owned by Hip Hop label Delicious Vinyl) lost its national distribution shortly after"Tripping the Light Fantastic" was released, which allowed the band to get out of their recording contract. They spent the next few months writing songs and showcasing for various major record labels. Lit signed with RCA Records in 1998.


title: Lit (band)

text: Lit gained world wide popularity with their second album "A Place in the Sun", released in February 1999. "A Place in the Sun" yielded the massive hit single "My Own Worst Enemy", topping the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart for a total of 11 weeks and receiving a "Billboard" Music Award for the biggest modern rock song of 1999. It was followed by "Zip-Lock" (which featured Blink-182 in the video) and "Miserable", the latter of which was among the top ten most played songs of 2000 and featured Pamela Anderson in the video, as a giantess who lets the band walk on different parts her body before eventually betraying and devouring them all. Shortly after, the album was certified platinum in the US and gold in Canada, becoming the band's best selling album. The band performed over 286 shows and toured worldwide in support of "A Place in the Sun". In addition to the Vans Warped Tour and a slot on Woodstock 1999, the band toured with The Offspring, Garbage, and No Doubt. The band's tracks also appeared in soundtracks of "Ready to Rumble" and "The Replacements," and appeared in the movie "Replicate" and the TV series "V.I.P." starring Pamela Anderson. The band became staples on late night television shows The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Late Show with Conan O'Brien, Later with Craig Kilborn and appeared regularly on MTV TRL, Spring Break and guitarist Jeremy Popoff appeared in an episode of MTV Cribs.


title: Lit (band)

text: Lit followed up "A Place in the Sun" with the 2001 release of "Atomic". The band's highest charting single was "Lipstick and Bruises" which reached top 10 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks. Lit toured to support "Atomic," which began with a headlining US tour that scheduled to begin on September 11, 2001 in New Jersey, the same day as the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks. The band continued to tour, appear on television and movies, and also released two albums from Handsome Devil and The Color Red who the band signed to their Dirty Martini label, distributed by RCA.


title: Lit (band)

text: Lit continued to tour the states, including several festivals, before the release of their self-titled "Lit" on the DRT Entertainment label on June 24, 2004. The single "Looks Like They Were Right" made it on the Top 40 charts. That year the group also put out its first long-form DVD, "All Access", on November 16, 2004.


title: Lit (band)

text: On May 5, 2008, Lit announced that drummer Allen Shellenberger was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer. Shellenberger immediately underwent clinical trials, chemotherapy and radiation at the Cedars-Sinai Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute. It was discovered that the tumor was malignant glioma and was incurable. His treatments were documented in a piece on "ABC World News Tonight" that aired in the same month. Lit canceled their scheduled tour dates with Kiss due to Shellenberger's diagnosis. On July 26, 2008, Lit held a benefit concert for him at the House of Blues in Anaheim, California. A number of bands performed including Sugar Ray and Handsome Devil. No Doubt drummer Adrian Young filled in for Shellenberger for a couple of songs. Both drummers also played at the same time for a few songs. Shellenberger's last show with the band was September 28, 2008 at Paramount Studios for Paramount Rocks. He died from the cancer on August 13, 2009, at the age of 39.


title: Lit (band)

text: On November 23, 2009, Lit played their first concert since Shellenberger's death. Drum tech Nathan Walker, who had filled in for Shellenberger earlier that year, was now his successor on drums. They later announced that they had begun to work on a new album.


title: Lit (band)

text: In April 2010 during an interview with OC Talk Radio, Lit hinted that they would return to a major label for their next release. They also revealed their work on a new management deal, as well as performing new material live. In September 2010, Kevin Baldes confirmed that Lit were in the studio, writing and recording their sixth studio album. The band worked with producer Marti Frederiksen (Aerosmith, Def Leppard, Mötley Crüe, Foreigner).


title: Lit (band)

text: The band reported that they were still in the studio recording in July 2011, and released a demo video titled "You Tonight". Lit announced in December 2011 that they were back in the studio with producer Butch Walker to finish their new album. It was also announced that the band had signed with Megaforce Records and would release their new album "The View from the Bottom" on June 19, 2012. The first single, "You Tonight", was released on iTunes on May 1, 2012, and a video for "The Broken" was released in August 2012. On January 7, 2013, frontman A. Jay Popoff told "Loudwire" that after Lit finished touring in support of "The View from the Bottom", they would begin writing their next album. A video for "Miss You Gone" was released on June 13, 2013.


title: Lit (band)

text: On December 9, 2013, the band announced via its Facebook page that it would perform a special 15th anniversary show for "A Place in the Sun". The band played the entire album from front to back on February 28, 2014, at the House of Blues in Anaheim, California.


title: Lit (band)

text: On October 1, 2015, the band announced that they had been working on new music at SoundStage in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Lit (band)

text: On October 26, 2016, Lit's music video for their new song "Fast" debuted on CMT, which went to number 1 on the viewer voted 12 Pack Countdown. The band announced a PledgeMusic campaign for their new album on December 6, 2016. They also released another new song "Back with You". These two songs showed a shift in sound for the band to a more country-influenced sound. The band released their sixth album, "These Are the Days", on December 15, 2017.


title: Lit (band)

text: Lit's song "My Own Worst Enemy" went double platinum on May 8, 2020. On June 12, 2020, the band released their first live album "Live in NY, 99", which was taken from their performance at Woodstock '99. On July 3, 2020, they released a video for a rare song called "Get Back", which was originally recorded in 2004.


title: Lit (band)

text: The band released a new single titled "Yeah Yeah Yeah" on October 25, 2021. Nine days later Lit premiered the official music video for the song on YouTube.


title: Lit (band)

text: Lit announced their seventh studio album "Tastes Like Gold" on April 8, 2022 and released the song "Kicked Off The Plane" that same day. The album was released through Round Hill Records on June 17 and featured a pure alternative rock sound. Lit joined Bowling for Soup in April for Europe's two week Crowd Surf the UK Tour which was originally to take place in 2021. and the following month the Spring Loaded tour took the band across most of the eastern United States.


title: Lit (band)

text: On the band's first album "Tripping the Light Fantastic", Lit incorporated elements of punk rock, grunge and heavy metal. The band moved away from the style featured on that album and moved to a pop punk and power pop style on their album "A Place in the Sun". Lit has been mainly described as alternative rock and pop punk. Lit also has been described as post-grunge. They moved to country sound with the band's 2017 album "These Are the Days". Lit's influences include Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Jimi Hendrix, The Cars, Van Halen, Def Leppard, Nirvana, Weezer, Metallica, Elvis Costello, George Lynch, Ozzy Osbourne, and Boston.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: You, Me and Dupree is a 2006 American comedy film directed by Anthony Russo and Joe Russo and written by Mike LeSieur. It stars Owen Wilson, Kate Hudson, Matt Dillon, Seth Rogen, Amanda Detmer, Todd Stashwick, and Michael Douglas.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: The film revolves around newlyweds Carl and Molly Peterson (Dillon and Hudson). After Carl's best man and best friend Randolph "Randy" Dupree (Wilson) loses his job and home, the couple allow him to move in but Dupree overstays his welcome. Protective father Bob Thompson (Douglas) begins to dislike son-in-law Carl and works against him.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: Molly Thompson and Carl Peterson are preparing for their wedding day in Hawaii, until Carl's friend Neil interrupts to say that Randolph Dupree got lost. They drive off together to pick up Dupree, who appeared to have hitched a ride with a light plane after landing on the wrong island. A day before the wedding, Molly's father, Bob Thompson, who is also CEO of the company that Carl works for, makes a toast with rude jokes about Carl, foreshadowing a conflict between the two. Later at a pre-celebration at a bar, Carl neglects Dupree to be with Molly. Carl and Dupree later make up on the beach, as Dupree apologizes for laughing at Bob's jokes. Carl and Molly get married. When Carl returns to work, he is surprised to find that Bob has promoted him to be in charge of a design he proposed, though it had been altered somewhat.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: Bob makes absurd requests which proceed to get worse, starting with his drastic reimagining of Carl's new architecture project and that Carl get a vasectomy to prevent any future children with Molly. Before returning home to celebrate his promotion with Molly, Carl stops by the bar, where he finds Neil and Dupree. After Neil leaves, Dupree reveals that he has financial problems, such as being evicted from his home and losing his job and car. Carl and Molly take Dupree into their home, though clearly they are frustrated as he is a disruptive, messy slob. Molly sets up Dupree with a woman at her work, a primary school, who is a Mormon librarian. Dupree agrees, though Molly is shocked to find them having sex when she comes home from dinner. Romantic candles that Dupree had set up burn down the front of the living room, and Dupree is kicked out.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: Meanwhile, Carl is being continually stressed out from work, though he and Molly find time to go out for dinner. On the way back they find Dupree sitting on a bench in heavy rain with his belongings. Dupree reveals that the librarian had just dumped him. Feeling pity, Molly insists to a reluctant Carl that they take him back in. Dupree apologizes for being disruptive and agrees to mend his ways. The next day, Dupree makes amends, refurbishing the living room, and doing Carl's thank-you letters, as well as making friends with kids from the block. Dupree cooks a large dinner for Molly and Carl, though Carl is late again, so Molly and Dupree start without him. When Carl finally shows up, he is a little jealous that they were having dinner together, and have a fight. Carl kicks Dupree out, suspecting an affair, which shocks Dupree. The following night, Bob comes over for dinner. Dupree attempts to sneak back into their home to get some of his belongings, but falls off the roof. He is found outside and is invited in for dinner, much to Carl's dismay.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: After Bob takes a liking to Dupree and asks him to go fishing with him, it enrages Carl because - even though he doesn't like fishing - it's Bob's way of approving someone. Carl's fury boils over as he then imagines Dupree hanging out with Bob and engaging in sex with Molly, causing Carl to jump across the table and attempting to strangle Dupree; Bob hits Carl over the head with a candlestick shortly after. After returning from the hospital with a neck brace, Dupree and Molly confront Bob about what he really thinks of Carl and his evasive answers reveal his dislike of him. The next morning, Dupree gets all the local kids to search for Carl. Dupree eventually finds Carl in the bar, and convinces him to chase after Molly. Dupree helps Carl break into Bob's office and confront him while Dupree himself distracts and evades a Samoan guard. Carl and Bob finally reach an understanding and Bob admits to his agenda of mistreatment. Dupree and Carl return to the house, where Carl and Molly reunite, Carl apologizing, and agree to work it all out. Glad that he did his job, Dupree celebrates by leaping into the air with joy, until he falls to ground.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: All turns out well: Carl and Molly spend more time with each other, Bob accepts Carl as family, and Dupree becoming a motivational speaker and publishing a motivation book entitled "7 Different Kinds of Smoke: Living, Loving, and Finding your Inner "-ness"". In a post-credits scene, famed cyclist Lance Armstrong is seen reading Dupree's book and repeating "Lanceness" in various pronunciations.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: The film's production budget totalled $54 million. Composer Rolfe Kent scored the film, and at the very last minute—a mere week before the press screenings—his score was replaced by one written by Theodore Shapiro. The scene that has Dupree arriving by plane on the wrong island was shot in the same valley as "Jurassic Park". In the special features of the film, there is a different version trailer of "You, Me and Dupree" where in the trailer Dupree and Molly are married and Carl moves in. The DVD release of the film also contains a re-cut trailer horror/thriller version of the film.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: "You, Me and Dupree" received negative reviews from critics. According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 20% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 166 reviews, with an average rating of 4.35/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "A rather generic entry into the arrested development subgenre, with themes borrowed from other more successful and funnier films. "Dupree" wears out its welcome." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100 based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: Jim Emerson gave the film 2 stars out of 4, and compared the film to many other predecessors, suggesting Dupree is a 'descendant' of Dignan also played by Wilson in "Bottle Rocket", and that the film is at times like a version of "Fatal Attraction", but criticizes the film for never properly deciding if Dupree is merely unlucky or actually manipulative. Ebert describes the film as having an "Idiot Plot" requiring characters to behave in unnatural ways for laughs or to force the plot forward, the comedy equivalent of "Don't go down to the cellar!" in horror movies.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: On release for 84 days, the film grossed $75,628,110 at the North American domestic box office, and in addition earned $54,803,258 in international markets, for a worldwide total of $130,431,368.


title: You, Me and Dupree

text: The film's title caused a minor stir as the uncommon name Dupree is the same as the title character in the Steely Dan song "Cousin Dupree" from their 2000 album "Two Against Nature", which also concerns a ne'er-do-well relative who becomes a problem houseguest. Steely Dan founders Donald Fagen and Walter Becker wrote a tongue-in-cheek letter to Luke Wilson complaining about his brother Owen Wilson's apparent appropriation of their character's name. The duo invited the elder Wilson to make up for the "theft" of their character's name by coming on stage with them at one of their concerts to apologize to the band's fans. Owen Wilson gave a tongue-in-cheek response to the letter, stating in a press conference, "I have never heard the song 'Cousin Dupree' and I don't even know who this gentleman, Mr. Steely Dan, is. I hope this helps to clear things up and I can get back to concentrating on my new movie, "HEY 19"."


title: Megalania

text: Megalania (Varanus priscus) is an extinct species of giant monitor lizard, part of the megafaunal assemblage that inhabited Australia during the Pleistocene. It is the largest terrestrial lizard known to have existed, reaching an estimated length of 3.5 to 7 metres (11.5 – 23 ft), and weighing between , but the fragmentary nature of known remains make estimates highly uncertain.


title: Megalania

text: Megalania is thought to have had a similar ecology to the living Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis"). The youngest fossil remains of giant monitor lizards in Australia date to around 50,000 years ago. The first indigenous settlers of Australia might have encountered megalania, and been a factor in megalania's extinction. While originally megalania was considered to be the only member of the titular genus ""Megalania"", today it is considered a member of the genus "Varanus", being closely related to other Australian monitor lizards.


title: Megalania

text: Sir Richard Owen described the first known remains of megalania in 1859, from three vertebrae amongst a collection of primarily marsupial bones purchased by the British Museum, collected from the bed of a tributary of the Condamine River, west of Moreton Bay in eastern Australia. The name ""Megalania prisca"" was coined in the paper by Owen to mean "ancient great roamer"; the name was chosen "in reference to the terrestrial nature of the great Saurian". Owen used a modification of the Greek word ἠλαίνω "ēlainō" ("I roam"). The close similarity to the Latin word: "lania" (feminine form of "butcher") has resulted in numerous taxonomic and popular descriptions of ""Megalania"" mistranslating the name as "ancient giant butcher." ""Megalania"" is no longer consider a valid genus, with many authors preferring to consider it a junior synonym of "Varanus", which encompasses all living monitor lizards. As the genera ""Megalania"" and "Varanus" are respectively feminine and masculine in gender, the specific names agree: "prisca" (feminine) and "priscus" (masculine).


title: Megalania

text: Megalania is included within "Varanus" because its morphology suggests that it is more closely related to some species of "Varanus" than others, so excluding "V. priscus" from "Varanus" renders the latter genus an unnatural grouping. Ralph Molnar noted in 2004 that, even if every species of the genus "Varanus" were divided into groups currently designated as subgenera, "V. priscus" would still be classified in the genus "Varanus", because this is the current subgenus name, as well as genus name, for all Australian monitors. Unless other Australian monitor species were each also classified their own exclusive genera, ""Megalania"" would not be a valid genus name. However, Molnar noted that "megalania" is suitable for use as a vernacular, rather than scientific name, for the species "Varanus priscus".


title: Megalania

text: Several studies have attempted to establish the phylogenetic position of megalania within the Varanidae. An affinity with the perentie ("Varanus giganteus"), Australia's largest living lizard, has been suggested based on skull-roof morphology. The most recent comprehensive study proposes a sister-taxon relationship with the large Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis") based on neurocranial similarities, with the lace monitor ("Varanus varius") as the closest living Australian relative. Conversely, the perentie is considered more closely related to Gould's monitor and the Argus monitor.


title: Megalania

text: The lack of complete or nearly complete fossil skeletons has made it difficult to determine the exact dimensions of megalania. Early estimates placed the length of the largest individuals at , with a maximum weight of approximately . In 2002, Stephen Wroe considerably downsized megalania, suggesting a maximum length of and a weight of with averages of and , decrying the earlier maximum length estimate of as exaggerations based on flawed methods. In 2009, however Wroe joined other researchers in raising the estimate to at least and .


title: Megalania

text: In a book published in 2004, Ralph Molnar determined a range of potential sizes for megalania, made by scaling up from dorsal vertebrae, after he determined a relationship between dorsal vertebrae width and total body length. If it had a long, thin tail like the lace monitor, then it would have reached a length of , while if its tail-to-body proportions were more similar to that of the Komodo dragon, then a length around is more likely. Taking the maximal length, he estimated a weight of , with a leaner being average.


title: Megalania

text: Megalania is the largest terrestrial lizard known to have existed. Judging from its size, it would have fed mostly upon medium- to large-sized animals, including any of the giant marsupials such as "Diprotodon", along with other reptiles and small mammals, as well as birds and their eggs and chicks. It had heavily built limbs and body, a large skull complete with a small crest between the eyes, and a jaw full of serrated, blade-like teeth.


title: Megalania

text: Some scientists regard with skepticism the contention that megalania was the only, or even principal, predator of the Australian Pleistocene megafauna. They note that the marsupial lion ("Thylacoleo carnifex") has been implicated with the butchery of very large Pleistocene mammals, while megalania has not. In addition, they note that megalania fossils are extremely uncommon, in contrast to "T. carnifex's" wide distribution across Australian Pleistocene deposits. "Quinkana", a genus of terrestrial crocodiles that grew up to 6 m and was present until around 40,000 years ago, has also been marked as another apex predator of Australian megafauna.


title: Megalania

text: If one were to reconstruct the ecosystems that existed before the arrival of the humans on Australia, reintroducing Komodo dragons (megalania's closest relative) has been suggested.


title: Megalania

text: A study published in 2009 using Wroe's earlier size estimates and an analysis of 18 closely related lizard species estimated a sprinting speed of . This speed is comparable to that of the extant freshwater crocodile ("Crocodylus johnstoni").


title: Megalania

text: The scales of megalania would possibly be similar to those of their extant relatives, possessing a honeycomb microstructure and both durable and resilient to water evaporation.


title: Megalania

text: Along with other varanid lizards, such as the Komodo dragon and the Nile monitor, megalania belongs to the proposed clade Toxicofera, which contains all known reptile clades possessing toxin-secreting oral glands, as well as their close venomous and nonvenomous relatives, including Iguania, Anguimorpha, and snakes. Closely related varanids use a potent venom found in glands inside the jaw. The venom in these lizards have been shown to be a haemotoxin. The venom would act as an anticoagulant and would greatly increase the bleeding the prey received from its wounds. This would rapidly decrease the prey's blood pressure and lead to systemic shock. Being a member of Anguimorpha, megalania may have been venomous and if so, would be the largest venomous vertebrate known.


title: Megalania

text: The youngest remains of the species date to the Late Pleistocene, with the youngest remains possibly referrable to the species being a large osteoderm dating to approximately 50,000 years ago from the Mount Etna Caves National Park in central-eastern Queensland. A study examined the morphology of nine closely related extant varanid lizards and then allometrically scaled and compared them to "V. priscus", found that the musculature of the limbs, posture, muscular mass, and possible muscular composition of the animal would most likely have been inefficient when attempting to outrun the early human settlers who colonised Australia during that time.


title: Megalania

text: Confrontations between megalania and early Aboriginal Australians may have inspired tales of fearsome creatures such as the whowie.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The Lotka–Volterra equations, also known as the predator–prey equations, are a pair of first-order nonlinear differential equations, frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one as a predator and the other as prey. The populations change through time according to the pair of equations:


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The Lotka–Volterra system of equations is an example of a Kolmogorov model, which is a more general framework that can model the dynamics of ecological systems with predator–prey interactions, competition, disease, and mutualism.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model was initially proposed by Alfred J. Lotka in the theory of autocatalytic chemical reactions in 1910. This was effectively the , originally derived by Pierre François Verhulst. In 1920 Lotka extended the model, via Andrey Kolmogorov, to "organic systems" using a plant species and a herbivorous animal species as an example and in 1925 he used the equations to analyse predator–prey interactions in his book on biomathematics. The same set of equations was published in 1926 by Vito Volterra, a mathematician and physicist, who had become interested in mathematical biology. Volterra's enquiry was inspired through his interactions with the marine biologist Umberto D'Ancona, who was courting his daughter at the time and later was to become his son-in-law. D'Ancona studied the fish catches in the Adriatic Sea and had noticed that the percentage of predatory fish caught had increased during the years of World War I (1914–18). This puzzled him, as the fishing effort had been very much reduced during the war years. Volterra developed his model independently from Lotka and used it to explain d'Ancona's observation.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The model was later extended to include density-dependent prey growth and a functional response of the form developed by C. S. Holling; a model that has become known as the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model. Both the Lotka–Volterra and Rosenzweig–MacArthur models have been used to explain the dynamics of natural populations of predators and prey, such as the lynx and snowshoe hare data of the Hudson's Bay Company and the moose and wolf populations in Isle Royale National Park.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: In the late 1980s, an alternative to the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model (and its common-prey-dependent generalizations) emerged, the ratio dependent or Arditi–Ginzburg model. The validity of prey- or ratio-dependent models has been much debated.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The Lotka–Volterra equations have a long history of use in economic theory; their initial application is commonly credited to Richard Goodwin in 1965 or 1967.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The Lotka–Volterra model makes a number of assumptions, not necessarily realizable in nature, about the environment and evolution of the predator and prey populations:


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: In this case the solution of the differential equations is deterministic and continuous. This, in turn, implies that the generations of both the predator and prey are continually overlapping.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The prey are assumed to have an unlimited food supply and to reproduce exponentially, unless subject to predation; this exponential growth is represented in the equation above by the term . The rate of predation upon the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet, this is represented above by . If either or is zero, then there can be no predation.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: With these two terms the equation above can be interpreted as follows: the rate of change of the prey's population is given by its own growth rate minus the rate at which it is preyed upon.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: In this equation, represents the growth of the predator population. (Note the similarity to the predation rate; however, a different constant is used, as the rate at which the predator population grows is not necessarily equal to the rate at which it consumes the prey). The term represents the loss rate of the predators due to either natural death or emigration, it leads to an exponential decay in the absence of prey.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: Hence the equation expresses that the rate of change of the predator's population depends upon the rate at which it consumes prey, minus its intrinsic death rate.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The equations have periodic solutions. These solutions do not have a simple expression in terms of the usual trigonometric functions, although they are quite tractable.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: If none of the non-negative parameters , , , vanishes, three can be absorbed into the normalization of variables to leave only one parameter: since the first equation is homogeneous in , and the second one in , the parameters "β"/"α" and "δ"/"γ" are absorbable in the normalizations of and respectively, and into the normalization of , so that only remains arbitrary. It is the only parameter affecting the nature of the solutions.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: A linearization of the equations yields a solution similar to simple harmonic motion with the population of predators trailing that of prey by 90° in the cycle.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: Suppose there are two species of animals, a baboon (prey) and a cheetah (predator). If the initial conditions are 10 baboons and 10 cheetahs, one can plot the progression of the two species over time; given the parameters that the growth and death rates of baboon are 1.1 and 0.4 while that of cheetahs are 0.1 and 0.4 respectively. The choice of time interval is arbitrary.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: One may also plot solutions parametrically as orbits in phase space, without representing time, but with one axis representing the number of prey and the other axis representing the number of predators for all times.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: This corresponds to eliminating time from the two differential equations above to produce a single differential equation


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: relating the variables "x" and "y". The solutions of this equation are closed curves. It is amenable to separation of variables: integrating


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: An aside: These graphs illustrate a serious potential problem with this "as a biological model": For this specific choice of parameters, in each cycle, the baboon population is reduced to extremely low numbers, yet recovers (while the cheetah population remains sizeable at the lowest baboon density). In real-life situations, however, chance fluctuations of the discrete numbers of individuals, as well as the family structure and life-cycle of baboons, might cause the baboons to actually go extinct, and, by consequence, the cheetahs as well. This modelling problem has been called the "atto-fox problem", an atto-<nowiki>fox</nowiki> being a notional 10 of a fox.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: Since the quantity formula_9 is conserved over time, it plays role of a Hamiltonian function of the system. To see this we can define Poisson bracket as follows


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The variables formula_12 and formula_13 are not canonical, since formula_14. However, using transformations formula_15 and formula_16 we came up to a canonical form of the Hamilton's equations featuring the Hamiltonian formula_17:


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: , , . Assume , quantify thousands each. Circles represent prey and predator initial conditions from = = 0.9 to 1.8, in steps of 0.1. The fixed point is at (1, 1/2).


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: In the model system, the predators thrive when there are plentiful prey but, ultimately, outstrip their food supply and decline. As the predator population is low, the prey population will increase again. These dynamics continue in a population cycle of growth and decline.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: Population equilibrium occurs in the model when neither of the population levels is changing, i.e. when both of the derivatives are equal to 0:


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The first solution effectively represents the extinction of both species. If both populations are at 0, then they will continue to be so indefinitely. The second solution represents a fixed point at which both populations sustain their current, non-zero numbers, and, in the simplified model, do so indefinitely. The levels of population at which this equilibrium is achieved depend on the chosen values of the parameters "α", "β", "γ", and "δ".


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The stability of the fixed point at the origin can be determined by performing a linearization using partial derivatives.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: In the model and are always greater than zero, and as such the sign of the eigenvalues above will always differ. Hence the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The instability of this fixed point is of significance. If it were stable, non-zero populations might be attracted towards it, and as such the dynamics of the system might lead towards the extinction of both species for many cases of initial population levels. However, as the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point, and hence unstable, it follows that the extinction of both species is difficult in the model. (In fact, this could only occur if the prey were artificially completely eradicated, causing the predators to die of starvation. If the predators were eradicated, the prey population would grow without bound in this simple model.) The populations of prey and predator can get infinitesimally close to zero and still recover.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: As the eigenvalues are both purely imaginary and conjugate to each other, this fixed point must either be a center for closed orbits in the local vicinity or an attractive or repulsive spiral. In conservative systems, there must be closed orbits in the local vicinity of fixed points that exist at the minima and maxima of the conserved quantity. The conserved quantity is derived above to be formula_28 on orbits. Thus orbits about the fixed point are closed and elliptic, so the solutions are periodic, oscillating on a small ellipse around the fixed point, with a frequency formula_29 and period formula_30.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: As illustrated in the circulating oscillations in the figure above, the level curves are closed orbits surrounding the fixed point: the levels of the predator and prey populations cycle and oscillate without damping around the fixed point with frequency formula_31.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: The value of the constant of motion , or, equivalently, , formula_32, can be found for the closed orbits near the fixed point.


title: Lotka–Volterra equations

text: Increasing moves a closed orbit closer to the fixed point. The largest value of the constant is obtained by solving the optimization problem


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link is an action role-playing video game with platforming elements developed and published by Nintendo. It is the second installment in the "Legend of Zelda" series, and was released in Japan for the Famicom Disk System on January 14, 1987—less than one year after the Japanese release, and seven months before the North American release, of the original "The Legend of Zelda". "Zelda II" was released in North America and the PAL region for the Nintendo Entertainment System in late 1988, almost two years after its initial release in Japan.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "The Adventure of Link" is a direct sequel to the original "The Legend of Zelda", again involving the protagonist Link, on a quest to save Princess Zelda, who has fallen under a sleeping spell. The game's emphasis on side-scrolling and role-playing elements is a significant departure from its predecessor. For much of the series' three-decade history, the game technically served as the only sequel to the original game, as all other entries in the series are either prequels or occur in an alternative reality, according to the official "Zelda" timeline. This changed with the 2017 release of "", which serves as the latest chapter in the overall continuity.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: The game was a critical and financial success, and introduced elements such as Link's "magic meter" and the Dark Link character that would become commonplace in future "Zelda" games, although the role-playing elements, such as experience points and limited lives have not been used since in canonical games. "The Adventure of Link" was followed by "" for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "Zelda II: The Adventure of Link" is an action role-playing game, bearing little resemblance to the first or later entries in the "Legend of Zelda" series. It features side-scrolling areas within a larger top-down world map, rather than the mostly top-down perspective of the previous game, which only uses side-scrolling in a few dungeon basement areas. The side-scrolling gameplay and experience system are similar to features of the "Castlevania" series, especially "". The game incorporates a strategic combat system, a proximity continue system based on lives, an experience points system, magic spells, and more interaction with non-player characters. Apart from the non-canonical CD-i "The Legend of Zelda" games, , no other game in the series includes a life feature. The side angle is occasionally seen in "" and the other Game Boy entries, which rely primarily on the top-down view.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: In this installment, Link gains experience points to upgrade his attack, magic, and life by defeating enemies. He can raise each of these attributes to a maximum of eight levels. Raising a life level will decrease the damage Link receives when hit, raising a magic level will decrease the magic points cost of spells, and raising an attack level will strengthen his sword's offensive power. In the Western version of the game, each attribute requires a different amount of experience to level up, with the life level requiring the fewest points to level and attack requiring the most. When enough points are acquired to raise an attribute, the player may choose to level up that attribute or to cancel and continue gaining experience points towards the next level in another attribute. In the original Japanese version, all attributes require the same number of experience points to level up, and the required number is lower, but if the player loses all of his lives, the levels of all attributes will be reset to the lowest of the three (while level upgrades in the Western version are permanent). Once Link has raised an attribute to the maximum level of eight, further advances in that attribute will earn Link an extra life, without advancing the attribute itself. Link begins the game with four Heart Containers and four Magic Containers and can acquire up to four more of each, permanently increasing his life points and magic points respectively. Other games in "The Legend of Zelda" series only allow Link to increase his strength through new weapons, items, and Heart Containers. Certain enemies drain Link's experience when they attack, but he will never lose a level once raised. When a game ends or is saved, the cartridge records Link's current ability levels and the number of experience points required for the next increase, but resets his accumulated points to zero.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "The Adventure of Link" has a dual-mode dynamic of top-down view and side-scrolling view. This duality of either traveling or entering combat is one of many aspects adapted from the role-playing genre. The overworld, the area where the majority of the action occurs in other "Zelda" games, has a top-down perspective, but it now serves as a navigational map to the other areas. While traversing Hyrule, figures randomly appear around the player: a small blob denoting easy enemies, a large biped denoting harder enemies, and a Fairy to refill Link's health. The game switches to side-scrolling mode when Link steps onto peculiar spots in the overworld map to enter towns, buildings, or caves, or to encounter wandering monsters. This mode has most of the action and danger.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "The Adventure of Link" has a more complex combat system than its predecessor. Armed with a sword and shield, Link must alternate between standing and crouching positions to attack enemies and defend himself; for example, the Iron Knuckle enemy changes the height of its attack and its shield depending on Link's current stance, forcing Link to change stances until he has a chance to attack safely. Link has the ability to jump, which can be used for attacking tall or airborne enemies and can be used for evasion. Eventually, he can learn techniques for midair downward and upward stabs.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: Though the "Zelda" series is based on Link collecting items in order to progress in the game, these special items grant abilities which either remain in permanent use for the rest of the game or can only be activated in the overworld. In place of actively used items, "The Adventure of Link" features eight magic spells for Link to use during action scenes. Each spell is learned from a different wise man in one of the eight towns within Hyrule. Link often must complete side-quests, such as retrieving lost items, before they will teach him their spells. Some spells and items are necessary for advancing in the game. The Life spell becomes the main means of recovering health during action scenes, because healing Fairies are rare.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: Like its predecessor, "The Adventure of Link" allows storing up to three game sessions in the cartridge's memory. Once the game has been completed, selecting the corresponding file in the main menu allows starting a new game. This preserves the acquired experience levels, techniques, and magic spellsbut no special items, Heart and Magic containers, or extra lives, which must be obtained again.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: Several years after the events of "The Legend of Zelda", the now-16-year-old Link notices a strange mark on the back of his left hand, exactly like the crest of Hyrule. He seeks out Impa, who takes him to the North Castle, where a door has been magically sealed for generations. Impa places the back of Link's left hand on the door, and it opens, revealing a sleeping maiden. Impa tells Link that the maiden is Zelda (not the Zelda from the first game), the princess of Hyrule from long ago, and the origin of the titular "Legend of Zelda". Zelda's brother tried to force her into telling their recently deceased father's secrets concerning the Triforce. Princess Zelda refused to reveal its location, and the prince's wizard friend, in anger, tried to strike her down with a spell. Zelda fell under a powerful sleeping spell, but the wizard was unable to control the wildly arcing magic and was killed by it. The prince, filled with remorse and unable to reverse the spell, had his sister placed in the castle tower, hoping she would one day be awakened. He decreed that princesses born to the royal family from that point on would be named Zelda, in remembrance of this tragedy.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: Impa says that the mark on Link's hand means that he is the hero chosen to awaken Zelda. She gives Link a chest containing six crystals and ancient writings that only a great future king of Hyrule can read. Link finds that he can read the document, even though he has never seen the language before; it indicates that the crystals must be set into statues within six palaces scattered across Hyrule. This will open the way to the Great Palace, which contains the Triforce of Courage. Only the power of the combined Triforces can awaken Zelda. Taking the crystals, Link sets out to restore them to their palaces. Meanwhile, Ganon's followers seek to kill Link, as sprinkling his blood on Ganon's ashes will bring Ganon back to life.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: Ultimately, Link restores the crystals to the six palaces and enters the Great Palace. After venturing deep inside, Link battles the last of the guardians, a flying creature known as Thunderbird. Afterwards, his true heart is tested by fighting his own shadow (aka doppelgänger Dark Link). Link then claims the Triforce of Courage and returns to Zelda. The three triangles unite into the Triforce, and Link's wish awakens Zelda.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: Shigeru Miyamoto, the co-creator of the original "The Legend of Zelda", intended to make "Zelda II: The Adventure of Link" fundamentally different from its predecessor. A new team was assembled to develop the sequel, except for Miyamoto (who is credited with the pseudonym "Miyahon") as the producer, and Takashi Tezuka to write the story and script. "Zelda II: The Adventure of Link" had two directors: Tadashi Sugiyama and Yasuhisa Yamamura. Sugiyama is credited with the pseudonym "Sugiyan" as his first major project at Nintendo, and Yamamura is credited with his nickname "Yamahen". Music composer Akito Nakatsuka is credited as "Tsukasan".


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "The Adventure of Link" was originally released on the Japan-only Family Computer Disk System (FDS) before its worldwide release. During 1988, a shortage of ROM chips prevented Nintendo from releasing games according to their original schedules. The delayed products included "The Adventure of Link", while the company was preparing to release "Super Mario Bros. 2" for the Western audience and decided to delay "Super Mario Bros. 3" to 1990 shortly after its release. Like the first "Zelda" game, the FDS version appears to be an earlier version of the game, with a few obvious differences. In the FDS version the dungeons are all gray or green, whereas in the English cartridge release, each dungeon has a unique color. The two dungeon bosses Carrok and Volvagia (the latter being named Barba in the NES release) have different graphical appearances. The game over screen in the English version features the silhouette of Ganon from the chest up, with the text "Game Over/Return of Ganon", whereas the FDS game over screen is a plain black screen with the text "Return of Ganon/The End". There are some slight additions and differences in the dungeons. Due to the Disk System's additional sound chip, the NES conversion lost some musical elements, especially from the title screen. On the main map, the icons denoting attacking monsters look different. The most significant change is the spending of experience points, as Link's three attributes cost the same, unlike the worldwide release. Leveling up is very different on the FDS version, as the saved game on the disk will only let the attributes levels go as high as whatever is set the lowestfor example, if Life is at 5, Strength is at 4, and Magic is at 1, then it will save all as level 1.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "The Adventure of Link" was re-released in 2003 on "The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition" disc for the GameCube, and again in 2004 as part of the "Classic NES Series" for Game Boy Advance, with minor changes. The intro text was changed to read "third Triforce" rather than "No.3 Triforce" and the copyright date was altered to read "1987–2004 Nintendo". The death animation removed flashing colors in an effort to prevent seizures, replacing it with a solid red color.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "Zelda II" was released as the 100th game on the Wii's Virtual Console in 2007: in Japan on January 23, in Europe and Australia on February 9, and in North America on June 4. The text changes are not present in this version, but it does feature the solid red color in the death animations from the GameCube and Game Boy Advance versions. It was re-released again on the Nintendo 3DS's Virtual Console in September 2011, alongside the first "Zelda" game, as part of the "3DS Ambassadors" program. It is one of ten NES games for owners who purchased 3DS consoles before the price drop. It was later made available for all 3DS owners in Japan on June 6, 2012, in Europe on September 13, and in North America on November 22. The game was also re-released on the Wii U's Virtual Console in September 2013. It is one of the 30 games in the NES Classic Edition, a miniature replica of the Nintendo Entertainment System, released on November 10, 2016, in Australia and Japan, and one day later in North America and Europe.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: Upon its release in North America, "Zelda II" was met with mostly positive reviews from critics and became one of the most popular NES games of 1988, with many retailers reporting that the game was selling out that year. The game ultimately sold 4.38 million copies worldwide.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: In 1987, "Famicom Tsūshin" (now "Famitsu") gave it a score of 36 out of 40, based on a panel of four reviewers giving it ratings of 8, 10, 9, and 9 out of 10. This made it their second highest-rated game of 1987, behind only "Dragon Quest II". These were also the only two games to have received a "Famitsu" score of 35/40 or above up until 1987. "Play" magazine praised the unique gameplay, describing it as combination of unique elements that creates an action-RPG experience unlike any other. "Nintendo Power" said that the game was "an entertaining and natural step in the franchise's evolution", and awarded it the Game of the Year Award for 1988. In 1990, "Nintendo Power"s special edition "Pak Source" gave it ratings of 4/5 for Graphic and Sound, 3.5/5 for Play Control, 4.5/5 for Challenge, and 4/5 for Theme Fun. In 1992 "Total!" magazine awarded an 82% rating, due in great part to mediocre sub-scores for music and graphics. A 1993 review in "Dragon" by Sandy Petersen, gave 3 out of 5 stars.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: In 1997, "Electronic Gaming Monthly" listed "Zelda II" as number 72 on its "100 Best Games of All Time", saying that while the other three extant games in the series were better ("The Legend of Zelda", "A Link to the Past", and "Link's Awakening" all placed within the top 30), it was still a masterpiece, featuring outstanding gameplay and a much larger quest than its predecessor. "Zelda II" was rated the 110th best game made on a Nintendo system in "Nintendo Power"s Top 200 Games list. In August 2008, "Nintendo Power" listed it as the 12th best Nintendo Entertainment System video game, describing it as a radical and refreshing departure from its predecessor.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "IGN" said that the game is a "recommended and playable adventure" but also noted that players should not expect the same gameplay from the classic Zelda titles. "1UP.com" praised the game's length, saying that the players can find plenty to keep them busy for some time. "Kotaku" enjoyed the darker spin on the original "Zelda", stating that the more detailed graphics and bigger sprites made the enemies to appear more menacing and hostile, also noting that evolved combat system makes enemies to defend themselves, withdraw, or strike strategically, using the environment to their advantage. The game also received some criticism. In a 2007 retrospective, "GameSpot" said that while the game is "decent enough to make it worth the $5 price [on the Wii's Virtual Console]", it features "questionable design decision[s]" and can get confusing if players don't have the help of walkthroughs. The GBA version of the game has an aggregated score of 73 on Metacritic, which is the lowest score of the "Zelda" series.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: The game introduced or expanded many enduring elements of the "Zelda" series. For example, a greater variety of non-player characters (NPCs) have more pivotal roles in Link's quests. "Zelda II" is one of the first games with NPCs traveling with their own agendas, giving the world a life of its own rather than being a simple stage for the story to unfold. The use of metered magic and spells has also carried over into other "Zelda" games. The Triforce of Courage is introduced in "The Adventure of Link" with an important role in later "Zelda" games, as it is strongly associated with Link. Dark Link is a version of Link's Shadow which appears in "", a similar Link clone called Shadow Link appears in "", and yet another appears in "", as well as in "A Link Between Worlds".


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "The Adventure of Link" is one of the first games to significantly combine role-playing video game and platforming elements. Over the next few years, a number of Japanese-made games appeared with a similar format; major games such as "Cadash" (1989) closely resemble "The Adventure of Link", with side-scrolling platform stages supplemented by RPG-like statistical systems, weapons, armor, and magic spells.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: Most of the sages in "" bear the same names as towns from "The Adventure of Link" (Rauru, Ruto, Saria, Nabooru, and Darunia; excluding Impa). The town of Mido shares the name of a character in Kokiri Forest. In the in-game chronology, the towns were named after the characters. "The Adventure of Link" is the only "Zelda" game of the main English releases not to use ""The Legend of Zelda"" in its title, the only "Zelda" game to feature cumulative lives, and therefore the only game in the series to include 1-up dolls. The subsequent "" for the Super Famicom in 1991 follows new Link and Zelda characters and returns to the top-down style of the original.


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: There are a small number of side-scrolling areas in "The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening", mainly tunnels and caves. The series left the top-down style again in 1998 with "" for Nintendo 64, with 3D graphics. A new version of the composition "Temple", arranged by Shogo Sakai, is featured in "Super Smash Bros. Melee", where it is played during the "Hyrule Temple" stage and the "Underground Maze" level. A variation of the track, as well as a new version of the "Great Palace" level song, also appears in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl". The track was later once again updated and appeared twice, as the "StreetPass Battle Theme" as well as a slower version for the "Battle Victory" music, in the Nintendo 3DS game "". The StreetPass battle mode is itself inspired by the final boss fight of "Zelda II"; StreetPass fights occur between one player as Link and the other player as Shadow/Dark Link. The Famicom Disk System version of the composition "Battle Theme" was reused as the "Miniboss Theme" in "".


title: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link

text: "Zelda II" was very influential to other NES games like "Faxanadu", "Moon Crystal", and "The Battle of Olympus". The game "Shovel Knight" pays homage to "Zelda II"s iconic jump. "" was intended to play like "Zelda II" and pays homage to it.


title: Pedro Neto

text: Pedro Lomba Neto (born 9 March 2000) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a winger for Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers and the Portugal national team.


title: Pedro Neto

text: He started his career at Braga, who loaned him to Italian club Lazio in the summer of 2017. In 2019, he signed with Wolverhampton Wanderers.


title: Pedro Neto

text: A former Portuguese international at youth level, Neto made his full debut in November 2020, scoring in his first match.


title: Pedro Neto

text: Born in Viana do Castelo, Neto joined Braga's youth system at the age of 13. On 7 May 2017, whilst still a junior, he made his professional debut with their reserves, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–3 home loss against Porto B in the Segunda Liga. The following weekend, in his first Primeira Liga appearance with the first team, he scored after only a few minutes on the pitch, helping the hosts defeat already relegated Nacional 4–0 and becoming the club's youngest ever goal scorer in the competition.


title: Pedro Neto

text: On 31 August 2017, both Neto and teammate Bruno Jordão were loaned to Lazio of Italy for two years, with an obligation to buy both players for a combined €26 million. He only played his first match in Serie A on 27 January 2019, replacing Bastos in the last-minute of the 1–2 home loss to Juventus.


title: Pedro Neto

text: On 2 August 2019, Neto signed with Wolverhampton Wanderers. He made his debut twelve days later in the second leg of the UEFA Europa League third qualifying round against Pyunik, scoring and providing an assist for Morgan Gibbs-White in a 4–0 home win (8–0 aggregate). His maiden appearance in the Premier League took place a few days later in the same month, when he came on for compatriot Diogo Jota late on in the 1–1 home draw with Manchester United.


title: Pedro Neto

text: Neto's first league start occurred on 28 September 2019, when he assisted Matt Doherty's opening goal in a 2–0 victory over Watford at Molineux. After having what would have been his first goal in the competition ruled out controversially by VAR at Liverpool on 29 December, he scored in the next game (a 2–1 away loss to Watford on 1 January 2020), becoming the first teenager to achieve the feat for the club in the Premier League in the process.


title: Pedro Neto

text: On 4 October 2020, Neto scored his first league goal for Wolves in the 2020–21 season in the 1–0 home defeat of Fulham. A month later, he extended his contract to 2025.


title: Pedro Neto

text: Neto was Sky Sports' player of the match in a league game with Arsenal on 29 November 2020, in which he scored once and set up Daniel Podence for his team's second goal in the game as they ran out 2–1 winners in their first away victory against that opposition since 1979. He suffered a serious knee injury in the first half of the 1–0 away defeat of Fulham on 9 April 2021, which ruled him out for the remainder of that season and the bulk of the following. He finally returned on 20 February 2022, as a second-half substitute in a 2–1 home win over Leicester City.


title: Pedro Neto

text: On 9 March 2022, Neto's 22nd birthday, he agreed to a new deal running until 2027. On 22 May, the last day of the campaign, he scored his first goal for the club since his injury, opening an eventual 3–1 loss at Liverpool in the third minute.


title: Pedro Neto

text: Neto made his 100th competitive appearance on 17 September 2022, in a 0–3 home defeat against Manchester City. The following month, he suffered an ankle injury that required surgery and sidelined him for several months.


title: Pedro Neto

text: On 5 September 2019, aged 19, Neto won his first cap for Portugal at under-21 level, playing the first half of a 4–0 win against Gibraltar in the 2021 UEFA European Championship qualification campaign, held in Alverca do Ribatejo. On 5 November 2020, he had his first call-up to the senior team, for matches against Andorra and France. He debuted on 11 November in a 7–0 home friendly win over the former, scored the first goal and became the first player born in the 2000s to represent the nation.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: FC Krasnodar is a Russian professional football club based in Krasnodar that plays in the Russian Premier League. The club was founded in 2008. In 2009, the club was promoted to the Russian First Division, the second highest division of the Russian football league system, despite finishing Zone South of Second Division in third. At the end of the 2010 season, they were promoted to the Russian Premier League for the 2011 season, despite finishing fifth in the first division.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: In 2013, FC Krasnodar began the construction of the 35,074-seat Krasnodar Stadium which was opened on 9 October 2016. Until the stadium was completed, FC Krasnodar continued playing their home matches in the Kuban Stadium.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Club Association suspended the team, along with all other Russian club and national teams, from European competition.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: The club owner and founder is Sergey Galitsky, a Russian businessman who has been rewarded by the Russian Football Union for his dedication to development of football in Russia.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: In February 2008, FC Krasnodar had been granted professional status which allowed them enter Second Division (the third tier of Russian professional football). Its first official match was a 0–0 draw against FC Nika Krasny Sulin. The team was at that time managed by Vladimir Volchek.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: FC Krasnodar finished third in the 2008 Second Division season. Although the third place does not grant promotion to the upper tier of Russian football league, FC Krasnodar had been invited by PFL to take part in the 2009 First Division tournament. This happened because SKA Rostov and Sportakademklub refused to take part in the tournament despite finishing high enough to avoid relegation.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: After being promoted, the club appointed Nurbiy Khakunov as manager. Krasnodar finished its debut First Division campaign tenth in the league table.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: In the next season, FC Krasnodar was managed by Sergei Tashuyev. In this year, the team faced another club from Krasnodar city, FC Kuban. The first match between the rival clubs took place on 12 June 2010, where FC Kuban won 3–0. The second match also granted no points to FC Krasnodar as they lost the game 0–1. However the team's overall performance in this season had been more successful compared to previous year. They ended up 5th.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: In December 2010, FC Krasnodar signed a contract with Serbian manager Slavoljub Muslin. Before the start of the next season, FC Krasnodar got another promotion despite finishing fifth in the league. This happened because Saturn Ramenskoye, Nizhny Novgorod and KAMAZ declined to play in the Russian Premier League due to financial problems. On 25 January 2011, the Premier League committee decided to replace FC Saturn with FC Krasnodar.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: After promotion to the Premier League, the team performed with mixed success. Both matches against perennial title contender CSKA Moscow ended in draws, which could be considered success considering the disparity between the two's squad strengths. However, in both matches against another top Premier League club in Spartak Moscow, the team conceded eight goals, losing away and home matches, 4–0 and 2–4, respectively. Other notable matches FC Krasnodar played were the ones against FC Kuban; matches between the two marked the first Premier League derby not involving Moscow-based clubs. In the first match, FC Krasnodar won 0–1, though FC Kuban won the second match, 0–2. During the season, club owner Sergey Galitsky stated that he was satisfied with his team's performance, also stating that he wants his team to play in a manner fascinating for spectators, and that he does not plan on buying expensive players; instead, the club should evolve steadily, "step by step." FC Krasnodar ultimately finished the 2011–12 season ninth in the league table.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: The team's second season in 2012–13 was less successful. The team lost all but one match against the eventual top-three teams in the league. FC Krasnodar ended the year in tenth, one of the likelier reasons that led the board to terminate manager Slavoljub Muslin's contract. Muslin himself, however, stated that he was sacked because the club stopped investing into the club to improve its on-field performance.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: On 11 August 2013, Belarusian coach Oleg Kononov was named manager of FC Krasnodar, with club management also bolstering the squad ahead of the 2013–14 season, with Ari, Artur Jędrzejczyk and Andreas Granqvist joining the club.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: These personnel changes awarded the club a top-five Premier League finish, making it eligible to compete in the UEFA Europa League for the first time in its history for 2014–15. FC Krasnodar also advanced to the Russian Cup Final where the club was narrowly defeated by Rostov in a penalty shoot-out. FC Krasnodar successfully completed three Europa League qualification phases after defeating Sillamäe Kalev, Diósgyőr and Real Sociedad on aggregate. The team then advanced to the Group Stage, where they were drawn into Group H alongside Lille, Wolfsburg and Everton, eventually finishing third.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: The following year Krasnodar got to the Europa League group stage for the second time in a row. Their group consisted of Borussia Dortmund, PAOK and Gabala. They won all their home games and pulled off a 1–0 win against Dortmund. They finished first with 4 wins (1–0 against Dortmund, 2–1 against PAOK, 2–1 and 3–0 against Gabala), 1 draw (0–0 against PAOK and 1 loss (1–2 against Dortmund). They continued to the round of 32 and were drawn against Sparta Prague. They lost 1–0 in their away game and lost a poor home game, 3–0.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: Their 2019–20 season was marred by injuries. Viktor Claesson and Rémy Cabella suffered ACL tears (Claesson missed whole season and Cabella played 12 games), Yury Gazinsky, Ari and Uroš Spajić all missed months of play. After eliminating Porto in the Champions League third qualifying round, they lost to Olympiacos 1–6 on aggregate in the play-off round. In the subsequent Europa League campaign, the club did not advance from group stage to the knock-out rounds. In the RPL, Krasnodar led the table early in the season, but finished the league in the 3rd spot, only qualifying for the Champions League qualifying rounds again; however, they managed to qualify to the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time in their history. They also became the only Russian team to advance from the group stage of UEFA competitions that season, before being eliminated in the Europa League Round of 32 by Dinamo Zagreb. On the domestic front, the 2020–21 Russian Premier League season was not very successful, as the club spent most of the season mid-table, they finished in 10th place and failed to qualify for European competition after 7 consecutive seasons of doing so. Late in the season, Murad Musayev resigned as manager and was replaced by Viktor Goncharenko on a contract until the summer of 2023. 8 Months later, in January 2022, Viktor Goncharenko was sacked as head coach of the club. On 13 January 2022, Krasnodar announced Daniel Farke as Viktor Goncharenko's replacement as head coach. Farke and his coaching staff left the club on 2 March 2022, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 3 March 2022, 8 foreign players' contracts were suspended, but not terminated. The players would train on their own, but remain under contract. However, on 5 March 2022, Viktor Claesson was the first foreign player to be released from the club.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Club Association suspended the team. German Manager and former Norwich City Football Club head coach Daniel Farke left his position in light of the Russian invasion, and his three assistant coaches left with him.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: On 17 July 2014, FC Krasnodar played its first-ever match in the UEFA Europa League, playing Estonian club Sillamäe Kalev. FC Krasnodar took a conclusive 4–0 victory. The second match between these teams was also won by Krasnodar; the score was 5–0. In the next round, FC Krasnodar faced Diósgyőr, winning both matches by 5–1 and 3–0 scorelines, respectively.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: In a draw for the playoff round, FC Krasnodar was unseeded, which brought them a much stronger opponent, Spanish club Real Sociedad. The first match against this club ended up in a 1–0 defeat, though FC Krasnodar won the second match 3–0, taking them to the competition's group stage.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: The following year, Krasnodar got to the Europa League group stage for the second time in a row. Their group consisted of Borussia Dortmund, PAOK and Gabala. They won all their home games, and even pulled off a surprising 1–0 win against Dortmund. They finished first with four wins (1–0 against Dortmund, 2–1 against PAOK, 2–1 and 3–0 against Gabala), one draw (0–0 against PAOK) and one loss (1–2 against Dortmund). They continued to the round of 32, and were drawn against Sparta Prague. They lost 1–0 in their away game, and lost their home game 3–0.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: The first stadium FC Krasnodar played its official matches at is Trud stadium. It is a 3,000-seat stadium situated in the southern part of Krasnodar city.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: The stadium was used in 2008 when FC Krasnodar was playing in the Second Division. But after promotion to the First Division the stadium's capacity ceased to be enough. Therefore, in 2009 FC Krasnodar had to move to Kuban Stadium (the stadium which is also used by FC Kuban).


title: FC Krasnodar

text: In 2013 FC Krasnodar began to construct its own stadium with a capacity of 35,074 seats. The stadium project was created by English and German companies. The estimated cost of this stadium is €200 million. The stadium will meet the requirements for hosting international matches.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: Café, club shop, museum, nightclub, several banquet rooms, fitness room, business clubs and children's room will be located inside the stadium.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: A professional farm club called FC Krasnodar-2 was founded in 2013 and participated in the Russian Professional Football League (third tier). It was promoted to the second-tier Russian Football National League for the 2018–19 season, and formerly amateur FC Krasnodar-3 was licensed for the PFL.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: FC Krasnodar owns a network of youth football schools spread over 20 cities in two Russian regions – Krasnodar Krai and Adygea. The main school is situated in the eastern part of Krasnodar. The Academy infrastructure includes 10 football fields, a 3000-seat stadium, a medical rehabilitation center, a swimming pool, a sauna, and a gym. There is also a dining room, an assembly hall, offices and hotel rooms for students' parents.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: The club owner Sergey Galitsky has stated that his goal is to compose the majority of the FC Krasnodar squad from locally trained players.


title: FC Krasnodar

text: Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Krasnodar.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Christianity is the largest religion in Australia, though its share of total population has declined significantly over the past several decades. Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia of 1901 states, "The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth."


title: Religion in Australia

text: Australia's Aboriginal peoples developed the spirituality of the Dreaming and some of the earliest evidence on earth for religious practices among humans has been found in the archaeological record of their ancestors. Torres Strait Islander religion bore similarities to broader Melanesian spirituality.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Since the start of European arrival and settlement with the British in 1788, and with subsequent immigration, Christianity has been the most widely professed faith. However, the religious landscape of Australia has been changing and diversifying in the last two decades. The 2016 Census found that Protestants outnumbered Catholics while the irreligious population was also substantial. In an optional question in the 2021 Australian National Census, 43.9% of respondents declared some variety of Christianity, with the Christian denominational distribution as follows: Catholicism 20.0%, Anglican 9.8%, Uniting Church 2.7%, Orthodox 2.1%, Presbyterian and Reformed 1.6%, Baptist 1.4%, Pentecostal 1.0%, Lutheran 0.6%, other Protestant 0.5%, and 'other Christian' 3.7%.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Other religions affiliations in 2021 were: Muslim 3.2%; Hindu 2.7%; Buddhist 2.4%; Sikh 0.8%; Jewish (0.4%); and other religions 1.7%. 38.9% declared 'No Religion', and unspecified or not declared represented a further 7.2%.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Christianity came to Australia with the first British settlers on the First Fleet. Of the convicts and settlers, most were members of the established Church of England and Ireland with lesser numbers of Nonconformist Protestants, Catholics and other faiths. The first religious census in 1828 divided the early colony into four groups: Protestants, Catholics, Jews and Pagans.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Other smaller groups also arrived and established their churches. Jews started arriving in the early 19th century. The Australian gold rushes brought in workers from China and the Pacific islands, as well as specialised workers from British India, such as the mainly Muslim "Afghan Cameleers".


title: Religion in Australia

text: Australia has generally had a tradition of secular government. The Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public holidays.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Indigenous Australians had their own religious traditions of the Dreaming when British colonisation started in 1788. As Mircea Eliade put it, "There is a general belief among the [indigenous] Australians that the world, man, and the various animals and plants were created by certain Supernatural beings who afterwards disappeared, either ascending to the sky or entering the earth." There were and still are ritual systems, with an emphasis on life transitions such as adulthood and death.


title: Religion in Australia

text: There is evidence of contact of Indigenous Australians with explorers, fishermen, and survivors of numerous shipwrecks from peoples of various non-Indigenous cultures and faiths prior to British settlement. Indigenous Australians of (Arnhem Land) (ib Northern Australia) retain stories, songs and paintings of trade and cultural interaction with boat-people from the north. These people are generally regarded as being from the east Indonesian archipelago. There is some evidence of Islamic terms and concepts entering northern Aboriginal cultures via these interactions. (See: Macassan contact with Australia.)


title: Religion in Australia

text: While the Church of England originally held a position of privilege in early colonial Australia, a legal framework guaranteeing religious equality evolved within a few decades. Large numbers of Irish Catholics were transported to Australia through the British criminal justice system. British Nonconformist Methodist, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Baptists set up their own churches in the 19th century, as did Lutherans from Germany.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Immigrants brought religious tensions, largely fuelled by historical grievances between Catholics and other Christians, that would continue into the 20th century.


title: Religion in Australia

text: The first chaplain, Richard Johnson, a Church of England cleric, was charged by Governor Arthur Phillip with improving "public morality" in the colony, and he was also heavily involved in health and education.


title: Religion in Australia

text: The gold rush of the 1850s led to significantly increased immigration and diversity of religious traditions, such as Irish Catholicism, Scottish Presbyterianism, and more English Anglicanism, among other religious traditions.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Australian Aboriginal peoples suffered a decline during this period as they were dispossessed of their lands; and diseases spread among their populations. Christian churches organised missions during this period, intended to "civilise" Aboriginal communities and spread Christianity. The overall consequences of this activity contributed to the decline of indigenous languages and beliefs, the extent to which are still being determined and recorded.


title: Religion in Australia

text: By 1901 apart from the indigenous population and the descendants of gold rush migrants, Australian society was predominantly Anglo-Celtic, with 40% of the population being Anglican, 23% Catholic, 34% other Christian and about 1% professing non-Christian religions. There was a Lutheran population of German descent in South Australia.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Freedom of Religion was enshrined in Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia of 1901 but the Church of England was not disestablished in the colony of New South Wales until the "Church Act of 1836". Drafted by the reformist attorney-general John Plunkett, the act established legal equality for Anglicans, Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists.


title: Religion in Australia

text: The Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced to penal transportation to Australia because friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the predominant role of trade unions.


title: Religion in Australia

text: As noted above, the Australian gold rushes brought in workers from China and the Pacific islands, as well as specialised workers from British India such as, from the 1860s onwards, the mainly Muslim "Afghan Cameleers". From the 1870s Malay divers were recruited (with most subsequently repatriated). Before 1901, some Muslim sailors and prisoners came to Australia on convict ships.


title: Religion in Australia

text: In 1901, the government passed an act limiting immigration to those of European descent in what came to be known as the White Australia Policy. By effectively limiting the immigration of practitioners of different faiths, this policy ensured that Christianity remained the religion of the overwhelming majority of Australians for the foreseeable future and, indeed, to the present day. The first census in 1911 showed 96% identified themselves as Christian. The tensions that came with the First Fleet continued into the 1960s: job vacancy advertisements sometimes included the stipulation of "Protestant preferred" or that "Catholics Need Not Apply". Nevertheless, Australia elected its first Catholic prime minister, James Scullin, in 1929 and Sir Isaac Isaacs, a Jew, was appointed governor-general in 1930.


title: Religion in Australia

text: The Australian constitution consists of several documents, including the Statute of Westminster and the Australia Act of 1986, but there is only one reference to religion in the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, signed into law in 1900. Notably, the constitution does not include a bill of rights and, as a result, Australia's fundamental law has been criticised for its lack of explicit protection for several rights and freedoms. However, Section 116 of the 1900 act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia (Australian Constitution) provides that:


title: Religion in Australia

text: The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Technically, this article does not affect the states' authority to legislate on religion. Nor would it block federal legislation on religion, aside from that establishing an official religion of Australia. In practice, though, federal governments have respected Section 116 and generally allowed the free practice of religion. Australia does not have explicit "separation of church and state" -the essence of a secular state- in the sense that countries like the USA do. In view of Section 116 of Australia's constitution ("The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance …”) it is commonly believed that Australia is already a "secular state". This is a misconception: in 1981, the High Court determined that there is in fact no constitutional separation of church and state in Australia. However, while there is nothing in the constitution that prevents the creation of a truly secular state, there is no general 'mood' to legislative establishment of religions.


title: Religion in Australia

text: In 1983, the High Court of Australia defined religion as "a complex of beliefs and practices which point to a set of values and an understanding of the meaning of existence". The "ABS 2001 Census Dictionary" defines "no religion" as a category of religion which has subcategories such as agnosticism, atheism, Humanism and rationalism.


title: Religion in Australia

text: The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) is able to inquire into allegations of discrimination on religious grounds.


title: Religion in Australia

text: In 1998 the HREOC addressed the right to freedom of religion and belief in Australia against article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, stating that "despite the legal protections that apply in different jurisdictions, many Australians suffer discrimination on the basis of religious belief or non-belief, including members of both mainstream and non-mainstream religions, and those of no religious persuasion." An example of an HREOC response to such views is the IsmaU project, which examines possible prejudice against Muslims in Australia since the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US and the Bali bombings.


title: Religion in Australia

text: A question on religion has been asked in every census taken in Australia, with the voluntary nature of this question having been specifically stated since 1933. In 1971, the instruction "if no religion, write none" was introduced. This saw a sevenfold increase from the previous census year in the percentage of Australians stating they had no religion. Since 1971, this percentage has progressively increased to 38.9% in 2021.


title: Religion in Australia

text: The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2006 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information:


title: Religion in Australia

text: Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons' care and other social services provided by religion-based organisations; the location of church buildings; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities; the allocation of time on public radio and other media; and sociological research.


title: Religion in Australia

text: The census question about religion is optional, and asks "What is the person's religion?", giving respondents a choice of nine religions, "Other" and "No religion". At the 2016 census 9.6% of people declined to answer, or they did not give a response adequate for interpretation. This figure dropped to 7.2% in 2021.The religious views of those people are not known, so it is not proper to group them together with people who state that they have no religion – instead, all the census figures about religion should be treated with corresponding confidence levels.


title: Religion in Australia

text: The 2021 Australian census data showed that 43.9% of Australians classify themselves Christian, 8.2% less in real terms than just five years prior, The second-largest classification was the 38.9% who identified as "No Religion".


title: Religion in Australia

text: As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than this; weekly attendance at church services is likely to be under 1 million, about 4% of the population.


title: Religion in Australia

text: As of 2016, Buddhists (1.68), Hindus (1.81) and Irreligion (1.84) had the lowest fertility rate. Christians (2.11) and Jews (2.17) had a moderate TFR, and Muslims had the highest fertility rate at 3.03.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Prior to British colonisation in Australia, the animist beliefs of Indigenous Australian peoples had been practised for millennia. In the case of mainland Aboriginal Australians, their spirituality is known as the Dreaming and it places a heavy emphasis on belonging to the land. The collection of stories which it contains shaped Aboriginal law and customs. Aboriginal art, story and dance continue to draw on these spiritual traditions. In the case of the Torres Strait Islanders who inhabit the islands between Australia and New Guinea, spirituality and customs reflected their Melanesian origins and dependence on the sea.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Indigenous Australians have a complex oral tradition and spiritual values based upon reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreaming. The Dreaming is at once the ancient time of creation and the present day reality of Dreaming. There were a great many different groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure, and language. These cultures overlapped to a greater or lesser extent, and evolved over time. The Rainbow Serpent is a major dream spirit for Aboriginal people across Australia. The Yowie and Bunyip are other well known dream spirits. At the time of the British settlement, traditional religions were animist and also tended to have elements of ancestor worship.


title: Religion in Australia

text: According to the 2001 census, 5,244 persons or less than 0.03 percent of respondents reported practising Aboriginal traditional religions. Aboriginal beliefs and spirituality, even among those Aboriginal peoples who identify themselves as members of a traditional organised religion, are intrinsically linked to the land generally and to certain sites of significance in particular. The 1996 census reported that almost 72 percent of Aboriginal peoples practised some form of Christianity and 16 percent listed no religion. The 2001 census contained no comparable updated data.


title: Religion in Australia

text: European culture and Christianity have had a significant impact on Indigenous Australians. As in many colonial situations the churches both facilitated the loss of Indigenous Australian culture and religion and also facilitated its maintenance. The involvement of Christians in Aboriginal affairs has evolved significantly since 1788. Around the year 2000, many churches and church organisations officially apologised for past failures to adequately respect indigenous cultures and address the injustices of the dispossession of indigenous people.


title: Religion in Australia

text: In the Torres Strait Islands, the Coming of the Light Festival marks the day the Christian missionaries first arrived on the islands on 1 July 1871 and introduced Christianity to the region. This is a significant festival for Torres Strait Islanders, who are predominantly Christian. Religious and cultural ceremonies are held across Torres Strait and mainland Australia.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Prominent Aboriginal activist Noel Pearson, himself raised at a Lutheran mission in Cape York, has written that missions throughout Australia's colonial history "provided a haven from the hell of life on the Australian frontier while at the same time facilitating colonisation". Prominent Aboriginal Christians have included Pastor David Unaipon, the first Aboriginal author; Pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls, athlete, activist and former Governor of South Australia; Mum (Shirl) Smith, a celebrated Redfern community worker who, assisted by the Sisters of Charity, work to assist Aboriginal peoples.; and former Senator Aden Ridgeway, the first Chairman of the Aboriginal Catholic Ministry. In recent times, Christians such as Fr Ted Kennedy of Redfern, Jesuit human rights lawyer Fr Frank Brennan and the Josephite Sisters have been prominent in working for Aboriginal rights and improvements to standards of living.


title: Religion in Australia

text: After the arrival of the first Christian settlers on the First Fleet of British ships in 1788, Christianity quickly became the major religion in Australia. Consequently, the Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are public holidays, the skylines of Australian cities and towns are marked by church and cathedral spires. Christian churches played a significant role in the development of early education, health and welfare services in Australia.


title: Religion in Australia

text: The churches with the largest number of members are the Catholic Church, the Anglican Church of Australia and the Uniting Church in Australia. The National Council of Churches in Australia has been the main Christian ecumenical body.


title: Religion in Australia

text: For much of Australian history, the Church of England in Australia, now known as the Anglican Church of Australia, was the largest religious affiliation. However its relative position has declined, with the Catholic Church, benefiting from post-war Australia multicultural immigration, among other factors, to become the largest single religious group. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia and other congregations associated with non-British cultures have also expanded.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Today, the is the second biggest sector after government schools, with more than 750,000 students in 2018 (and around 21 per cent of all secondary school enrolments). The around 105,000 students and the Uniting Church has around 48 schools. Smaller denominations, including the in Australia. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia also has 8 schools across the country. There are two Catholic universities in Australia: the Australian Catholic University which opened in 1991 following the amalgamation of four Catholic tertiary institutions in eastern Australia, and the University of Notre Dame Australia based in Perth.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Catholic Social Services Australia's 63 member organisations help more than a million Australians every year. Anglican organisations work in health, missionary work, social welfare and communications; and the Uniting Church does extensive community work, in aged care, hospitals, nursing, family support services, youth services and with the homeless, and especially throughout inland Australia. Christian charities such as the Saint Vincent de Paul Society, the Salvation Army, Anglicare, and Youth Off the Streets receive considerable national support. Religious orders founded many of Australia's hospitals, such as St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, which was opened as a free hospital in 1857 by the Sisters of Charity and is now Australia's largest not-for-profit health provider and has trained prominent Australian surgeons such as Victor Chang.


title: Religion in Australia

text: Notable Australian Christians have included: Mary MacKillop – educator, founder of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart and the first Australian to be recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church; David Unaipon – an Aboriginal writer, inventor and Christian preacher currently featured on the Australian $50 note; Archbishop Daniel Mannix of Melbourne – a controversial voice against Conscription during World War I and against British policy in Ireland; the Reverend John Flynn – founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service, currently featured on the Australian $20 note; Sir Douglas Nicholls – Aboriginal rights activist, athlete, pastor and former Governor of South Australia; Archbishop Stylianos Harkianakis – Archbishop and primate of the Greek Orthodox church in Australia from 1975 to 2019