title: Missing Persons (band)

text: Beginning in 1997, Cuccurullo began work on his Missing Persons Archival Trilogy project. The first CD to be released was "Late Nights Early Days" in 1998, a live concert recorded in 1981 with the added 1980 studio track "Action/Reaction". This was followed up by a compilation of modern remixes of classic MP tracks, "Missing Persons Remixed Hits" (1999) which included the TV Mania remix of "Destination Unknown". In 2002 "Lost Tracks" was released, a collection of extremely rare Missing Persons studio, live and remixed tracks from five different eras of the band.


title: Missing Persons (band)

text: In January 2021, the band's first three albums "Spring Session M", "Rhyme & Reason", and "Color In Your Life" were remastered and reissued with bonus tracks on Rubellan Remasters.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: Flutter Entertainment plc (formerly Paddy Power Betfair plc) is an Irish gambling holding company created by the merger of Paddy Power and Betfair, and the later acquisition of The Stars Group. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: It operates under various brands including Adjarabet, BetEasy, Betfair, FanDuel, Fox Bet, Full Tilt Poker, Paddy Power, PokerStars, Sky Bet, Sportsbet.com.au, Timeform and TVG Network.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: Paddy Power and British rival Betfair agreed terms for a merger on 8 September 2015. The business is owned 52% by the former Paddy Power shareholders and 48% by the former Betfair shareholders. The merger was completed on 2 February 2016. On 5 April 2016, it was announced that 650 jobs in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland would be lost at the company.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: On 18 October 2016, the company paid out $1.1M to those who bet on Hillary Clinton in the presidential election in the United States, citing a certainty of Clinton's victory. Trump won. In May 2017, it acquired daily fantasy sports operator Draft. In August 2017, it was announced that Peter Jackson, CEO of Worldpay UK, would succeed Breon Corcoran as CEO of Paddy Power Betfair.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: In March 2018, the company announced that it would be implementing an electronic self exclusion process through its in-shop app. The new system will replace the current paper based process, and will be implemented across the United Kingdom.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: In May 2018, Paddy Power Betfair announced its intent to acquire FanDuel, one of the two leading daily fantasy sports operators in the United States. The deal was part of an effort to bolster the company's assets in the United States, following the overturning of a federal prohibition on sports betting. As part of the acquisition, the company paid $158 million and merged its existing operations in the United States into FanDuel to form FanDuel Group. It holds a 61% controlling stake, with the option to increase its stake to 80% after three years and 100% after five.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: In October 2018, Paddy Power Betfair was fined £2.2 million by the Gambling Commission for failing to protect customers showing signs of problem gambling, and for failing to carry out adequate anti money-laundering checks.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: In February 2019, the company announced the acquisition of a 51% controlling stake in adjarabet, a business operating in the Georgian gambling industry with an option to acquire the remaining 49% after three years.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: On 6 March 2019, Paddy Power Betfair announced that it would rebrand as Flutter Entertainment, pending shareholder approval at the company’s annual general meeting in May. Flutter was originally the name of a betting exchange acquired by Betfair in December 2001. The company argued that the changing in name was meant to reflect the growing number of consumer brands in its portfolio.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: On 2 October 2019, Flutter Entertainment announced its acquisition of Canadian gambling operator The Stars Group for US$6.95 billion, creating the world's largest online gambling company based on revenues. As part of the purchase, media company Fox Corporation (who held a minority stake in The Stars Group) took a 2.6% minority stake in Flutter Entertainment, and will have the option to acquire an 18.5% stake in FanDuel Group in July 2021. On 3 December 2020, Flutter announced that it would purchase an additional stake in FanDuel Group from Fastball Holdings for $4.1 billion in a cash-and-stock deal, increasing its stake to 95%.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: In April 2021, amid discussion of a FanDuel Group initial public offering, Fox sued Flutter over its option to acquire a stake in FanDuel, stating that Fox's purchase price should be at a $11.2 billion valuation, the same as Flutter's purchase price of FanDuel in December 2020, rather than based on Flutter's valuation of fair market value as of July 2021.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: In December 2021, Flutter Entertainment announced it would be acquiring Italy’s leading online games provider Sisal Gaming, for €1.913bn/£1.62bn. The transaction is expected to complete during the second quarter of 2022.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: In November 2022, an arbitrator ruled that Fox Corporation had an option to acquire an 18.6% stake in FanDuel for $3.7 billion, based on a valuation of $20 billion, with the price increasing by 5% for each year of the 10-year option.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: The new business maintains separate brands in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Italy. It operates across four divisions; Online, Retail, Australia and the United States. The online division comprises Paddy Power and Betfair in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Betfair also operates an online betting exchange.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: The retail division operates over six hundred betting shops in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In Australia, they own Sportsbet. The division in the United States includes FanDuel, Fox Bet (a partnership with Fox Corporation, which is branded with and cross-promoted by its Fox Sports division), and TVG, a pari-mutuel online betting network, which is active in thirty five states. In New Jersey, the company has an online casino and a horse racing betting exchange. In the U.S., FanDuel operates FanDuel TV, formerly known as TVG Network, which focuses on coverage of horse racing, and studio coverage of mainstream sports from the perspective of betting.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: Sky Betting and Gaming, Paddy Power and Betfair are regulated in the United Kingdom by the Gambling Commission.


title: Flutter Entertainment

text: The Board is chaired by Gary McGann, appointed in 2015. Other non-executive Board members include Andrew Higginson, Zillah Byng-Thorne, Atif Rafiq, Nancy Cruickshank, Richard Flint, Mary Turner, Alfred F. Hurley, David Lazzarato, Nancy Dubuc, and Holly Keller Koeppel.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Canine reproduction is the process of sexual reproduction in domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes and other canine species.


title: Canine reproduction

text: As with all mammals, a dog's penis is made up of three pieces of erectile tissue. These are the two "corpora cavernosa" and the singular "corpus spongiosum" which continues in the glans. A notable difference from the human penis is that the visible part during an erection consists entirely of the glans.


title: Canine reproduction

text: The Retractor muscle is attached at the shaft of the penis. It is a paired smooth muscle that is used to retract the penis back into the sheath.


title: Canine reproduction

text: A dog's glans consists of two sections: Behind the lower, long part ("pars longa glandis") lies the "knot" ("Bulbus glandis") which expands only after penetrating the vagina and causes the male dog to remain inside the bitch ("Tie") for some time after ejaculation (typically between 15 and 30 min). This increases the chance of fertilisation and prevents, albeit for a short time, other suites from mating with a particular female.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Behind the knot the penis is very flexible in the horizontal direction allowing the male to unmount while remaining tied.


title: Canine reproduction

text: The shaft of a dogs penis is not visible, even during an erection; however its pathway can be felt starting at the knot passing between the hind legs and carrying on up to the anus.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Inside the corpus spongiosum lies the baculum. This allows the male dog to enter into the vagina before the erectile tissue is swollen. The urethra is located inside of a downward facing groove on the baculum and ends at the tip of the penis ("urethral process").


title: Canine reproduction

text: During an erection a small dip just above the urethral process can be seen. This is because the skin at the tip of the penis is connected via cartilage to the baculum. When the erectile tissue swells, the size of the baculum and connective tissue remains constant, pulling back the skin at the tip.


title: Canine reproduction

text: The penile sheath entirely surrounds the glans while not erect. The back part is intergrown with the abdominal skin. The front part, almost reaching to the navel, is free. The inner sheath, just like the glans, is covered with a mucous membrane and the outer sheath is covered with normal, hairy epidermis.


title: Canine reproduction

text: In domestic dogs, sexual maturity (puberty) occurs between the ages of 6 to 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds. Pregnancy is possible as soon as the first estrus cycle, but breeding is not recommended prior to the second cycle. As with other domesticated species, domestication has selectively bred for higher libido, and earlier and more frequent breeding cycles in dogs than in their ancestors.


title: Canine reproduction

text: The average length of the reproductive cycle for females is 2–4 weeks. Females reach sexual maturity (puberty) between 8 and 18 months of age. There is a tremendous variability in the maturation age between breeds, and even within a breed of dog.


title: Canine reproduction

text: 1. Proestrus, in which eggs in the ovaries begin to mature and estrogen levels begin to rise, is the first stage of the reproductive cycle. During this stage females, though non-receptive, attract males. Initial changes include swelling of the vulva lips, which become pliable, small amounts of bloody vaginal discharge, frequent urination, and signs of restlessness. Proestrus generally lasts nine days.


title: Canine reproduction

text: 2. Estrus follows, in which estrogen levels are high, mature eggs are released from both ovaries, and females become receptive both physically and mentally to copulation. Only during estrus will copulation result in pregnancy.


title: Canine reproduction

text: During proestrus and estrus, females may have a clear, blood tinged, or bloody discharge. Dogs during these stages are often informally referred to as being in heat. The length of these cycles varies greatly among breeds and even between individuals of the same breed. Proestrus and estrus can last anywhere from 5 days to 21 days.


title: Canine reproduction

text: 3. Diestrus is the period following mating. Diestrus lasts approximately 56 to 60 days in a pregnant female, and 60 to 100 days in a non-pregnant female. During both of these periods, progesterone levels are high. Because the hormonal profile of a pregnant female and a female in diestrus are the same, sometimes a non-pregnant female will go through a period of pseudo-pregnancy. At that time she may gain weight, have mammary gland development, produce milk, and exhibit nesting behaviours.


title: Canine reproduction

text: 4. Anestrus is the remaining period, the time of reproductive quiescence. The female has no attraction to mating. Anestrus generally lasts four to five months.


title: Canine reproduction

text: As with most tetrapods, canine copulation involves the male mounting the female from behind, a position that is colloquially referred to as "doggy style" but does not have a specifically known origin. When a male canine is interested in mounting a female, he will sniff the female's vulva. If the female is unreceptive, she may sit, lie down, snap, retreat, or otherwise be uncooperative. If the female is receptive, she will stand still and hold her tail to the side, a stance referred to as "flagging". The male will often continue examining the female's rear, before mounting her from behind while attempting penetration with his penis.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Unlike human sexual intercourse, where the male penis commonly becomes erect before entering the female, canine copulation involves the male first penetrating the female, after which swelling of the penis to erection occurs, which usually happens rapidly. At the time of penetration, the canine penis is not erect, and only able to penetrate the female because it includes a narrow bone called the "baculum", a feature of most placental mammals. When the male achieves penetration, he will usually hold the female tighter and thrust deeply. It is during this time that the male's penis expands and it is important that the bulbus gland is sufficiently far inside for the female to be able to trap it.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Male canines are the only animals that have a locking bulbus glandis or "bulb", a spherical area of erectile tissue at the base of the penis. During copulation, and only after the male's penis is fully inside the female's vagina, the bulbus glandis becomes engorged with blood. When the female's vagina subsequently contracts, the penis becomes locked inside the female. This is known as "tying" or "knotting". While characteristic of mating in most canids, the copulatory tie has been reported to be absent or very brief (less than one minute) in the African wild dog, possibly due to the abundance of large predators in its environment.


title: Canine reproduction

text: When the penis is locked into the vagina by the bulbus glandis (when the stud is "tied"), thrusting behavior stops and the male will usually lift a leg and swing it over the female's back while turning around. The two stand with their hind ends touching and the penis locked inside the vagina while ejaculation occurs, decreasing leakage of semen from the vagina. After some time, typically between 5 and 20 minutes (but sometimes longer), the bulbus glandis disengorges, allowing the mates to separate. Virgin dogs can become quite distressed at finding themselves unable to separate during their first copulation, and may try to pull away or run. Dog breeders often suggest it is appropriate for handlers to attempt to calm the mating dogs if they show anxiety once this stage is reached. After mating, the male usually licks his penis and prepuce.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Gestation in a dog is 63 days in length, if measured from the day of ovulation. Since it is difficult to determine the exact date of ovulation, errors are often made in calculating gestation period. Canine sperm can live for 10 to 11 days in the uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) so if a female is bred 10 days before the oocytes (eggs) can be fertilized, she will appear to have a gestation length of 70 days. If she is bred on the day the oocytes can be fertilized, her gestation length will appear to be 60 days long.


title: Canine reproduction

text: A rule of thumb is that a mammal will produce half as many offspring as the number of teats on the mother. This rule is altered in domesticated animals since larger litters are often favoured for economic reasons and in dogs, particularly, the great range of sizes and shapes plays a role in how many healthy puppies a female can carry. A female dog usually has 10 teats, though this does not mean she can necessarily provide sufficient nutrition for 10 puppies in one litter.


title: Canine reproduction

text: An average litter consists of about five to six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. Size of the breed is correlated with litter size. Miniature and small breeds average three to four puppies in each litter, with a maximum litter size of about 5–8. Large and giant breeds average 7 puppies per litter but can have a maximum litter size of about 15. In one study, the Rhodesian Ridgeback had the highest average litter size with 8.9 pups per litter while the Pomeranian and Toy Poodle had the lowest with 2.4 pups per litter.


title: Canine reproduction

text: The number of puppies also varies with the mother's age. In smaller breeds, both young and old age are associated with smaller litter size. In larger breeds, only old age is associated with smaller litter size. Use of artificial insemination is also associated with smaller litter size, with frozen semen having a stronger effect than fresh semen.


title: Canine reproduction

text: The largest litter size to date was set by a Neapolitan Mastiff in Manea, England on November 29, 2004; the litter was 24 puppies.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Some breeds have been developed to emphasize certain physical traits beyond the point at which they can safely bear litters on their own.


title: Canine reproduction

text: A large scale study in Norway showed that across all breeds, about 4% of pups will be stillborn and a further 4% will die within the first week (early neonatal mortality). Between 8 days and 8 weeks, 1% will die. Litter size, breed size and age of the female is associated with increased risk. High risk breeds for stillborn includes the Dogue de Bordeaux (14.2%), St. Bernard (12.3%), Chow Chow (12.1%), Pembroke Welsh Corgis (11.7%) and Dalmatian (10.6%). The Basenji, Italian Greyhound, Australian Terrier, Irish Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier and the Bichon Havanais had few to no stillborns (0-0.6%). High risk breeds for early neonatal mortality includes the Rhodesian Ridgeback (11.6%), Dogue de Bordeaux (10.4% ), Dalmatians (8.8%) and Icelandic Sheepdog (8.7%) while the Basenji and Tibetan Terrier had no early neonatal mortality and the Border Terrier and Danish-Swedish Farmdog had <1% early neonatal mortality.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Common causes of early neonatal mortality are bacteria infection, fetal asphyxia and fading puppy syndrome. Other causes may include elective euthanasia because of congenital defects or failure to meet breed standards.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Other multi-breed studies have put stillborn rates at 6.5-7% and early neonatal mortality at 11.5-19.8%.


title: Canine reproduction

text: On the basis of an analysis of data on 42,855 dachshund litters, it was found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is a reduction in progeny fitness due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive mutations.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Because the African wild dog ("Lycaon pictus") largely exists in fragmented small populations, its existence is endangered. Inbreeding avoidance via mate selection is characteristic of the species and has important potential consequences for population persistence. Inbreeding is rare within natal packs. Computer-population simulations indicate that all populations continuing to avoid incestuous mating will become extinct within 100 years due to the unavailability of unrelated mates. Thus the impact of reduced numbers of suitable unrelated mates will likely have a severe demographic impact on the future viability of small wild dog populations.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Red wolves primarily live in packs composed of a socially monogamous breeding pair and offspring of different ages. Using long-term data on red wolf individuals of known pedigree, it was found that inbreeding among first-degree relatives was rare. A likely mechanism for avoidance of inbreeding is independent dispersal trajectories from the natal pack. Many of the young wolves spend time alone or in small non-breeding packs composed of unrelated individuals. The union of two unrelated individuals in a new home range is the predominant pattern of breeding pair formation.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Among Ethiopian wolves, most females disperse from their natal pack at about two years of age, and some become "floaters" that may successfully immigrate into existing packs. Breeding pairs are most often unrelated to each other, suggesting that female-biased dispersal reduces inbreeding.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Inbreeding is ordinarily avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Female dogs are at risk for endometritis and pyometra in the postpartum period and after estrus or vaginitis. Signs and symptoms include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, excessive thirst, restlessness, a foul smelling vaginal discharge which may or may not be bloody, infertility, or they may be asymptomatic.


title: Canine reproduction

text: An artificial vagina is prepared, which is a conical thin latex sleeve ending in a sterile collection tube. The inside of the latex sleeve is lightly lubricated. The male is allowed to sniff a female in estrus. Experienced studs cooperate readily in the process. New studs often require encouragement in the form of manual stimulation. Generally the male will mount the female, and the collector quickly directs the male's penis into the latex sleeve. The male ejaculates and the semen is collected in the tube. The semen is then drawn up into a long thin pipette.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Designer breed dogs are Mixed-breed dogs that are intentionally bred from parents of two established breeds. Studies have shown that cross-bred dogs have a number of desirable reproductive traits. Scott and Fuller found that cross-bred dogs were superior mothers compared to purebred mothers, producing more milk and giving better care. These advantages led to a decreased mortality in the offspring of cross-bred dogs; however, the qualities of cross bred dogs are not predictable. For example, Labrador x Poodle ("Labradoodle") can inherit the coat of either a Labrador, a poodle, or a remix.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Spaying (females) and neutering (males) refers to the sterilization of animals—usually by castration (removal of the male's testicles) or ovariohysterectomy (removal of the female's ovaries and uterus)—to eliminate the ability to procreate, and reduce sex drive. Castration has also been known to reduce aggression in male dogs (in some cases), but spaying has been shown to occasionally increase aggression in female dogs.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Animal control agencies in the United States and the ASPCA advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies. Spaying and castrating can decrease the risk of hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. However, certain medical problems are more likely after neutering, such as urinary incontinence in females and prostate cancer in males.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Dogs shown in the conformation ring are not allowed to be either neutered or spayed. It disqualifies them from being shown as they must be intact and unaltered.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammary tumors if they are not spayed before their first heat cycle.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Studies have shown that spaying or neutering may be associated with increasing some serious health and behavioural consequences while reducing others. The American Veterinary Association (AVMA) position provides no single recommendation to spay or neuter nor for one single age for spay or neuter that is more or less optimal than another. Rather, the AVMA position is that spay or neuter be determined on a case-by-case basis to assess risks for orthopedic disease, neoplasia, reproductive disease, longevity, and population control for each individual.


title: Canine reproduction

text: Increased aggression can be shown in altered females if they have previously displayed aggression prior to surgical alteration. In a study by O'Farrell and Peachy, female dogs less than 11 months of age that had previously shown signs of aggression are more likely to have an increase in aggression after being spayed. These increases in aggression may be due to the sudden change in hormone concentrations that are the result of alteration. While spaying female dogs does not "induce" aggression, it can increase aggression and facilitate indiscriminate appetite in young altered females and can include them rapidly eating meals or eating food-associated items such as trash.


title: Canine reproduction

text: In nearly 2/3 of the cases that involve inter-dog aggression, castration can help decrease aggression. Castration also decreases other male-typical behavioral traits such as mounting, roaming, and urine marking. But a few studies have shown that male behavioral issues of mounting, roaming and urine marking still exist in altered males. Some people have reported after altering their male dogs that behavior such as roaming, mounting and urine marking has not changed the behavior. Aggression may increase, as the decrease in testosterone may lead to emotional issues and become more likely to react aggressively when feeling under threat. Male puppies that are neutered between 7 and 10 weeks are three times less likely to display behavioral problems, compared to canines neutered at 6 months or older. Most dominantly aggressive dogs are male, which causes many people to neuter their male canine companions. Removing testosterone can decrease the intensity of a canine's reaction to stimulus. Testosterone does not cause a behavior to occur, but its absence may decrease the occurrence of a "bad" behavior.


title: Payot

text: Pe'ot, anglicized as payot (, "corners") or payes (), is the Hebrew term for sidelocks or sideburns. Payot are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on an interpretation of the Tanakh's injunction against shaving the "sides" of one's head. Literally, "pe'a" means "corner, side, edge". There are different styles of payot among Haredi or Hasidic, Yemenite, and Chardal Jews. Yemenite Jews call their sidelocks simanim (), literally, "signs", because their long-curled sidelocks served as a distinguishing feature in the Yemenite society (differentiating them from their non-Jewish neighbors).


title: Payot

text: The Torah says, "you shall not round off the "pe'a" of your head ()". The word "pe'a" was taken to mean the hair in front of the ears extending to beneath the cheekbone, on a level with the nose (Talmud – Makkot 20a). The Mishnah interpreted the regulation as applying only to men. Thus it became the custom in certain circles to allow the hair over the ears to grow, and hang down in curls or ringlets. There is considerable discussion in the halachic literature as to the precise location of the payot and of the ways in which their removal is prohibited.


title: Payot

text: As kabbalistic teachings spread into Slavonic lands, the custom of "pe'ot" became accepted there. In 1845, the practice was banned in the Russian Empire. Crimean Karaites did not wear "payot", and the Crimean Tatars consequently referred to them as "zulufsız çufutlar" ("Jews without payot"), to distinguish them from the Krymchaks, referred to as "zuluflı çufutlar" ("Jews with payot"). Many Hasidic and Teimani Jews let their sidelocks grow particularly long. Some Haredi men grow sidelocks, but trim them or tuck them behind the ears. Even in some communities where "peot" are not customary among the men, young boys may grow them until the age of bar mitzvah.


title: Payot

text: The Lithuanian Jews are less influenced by Kabbalistic practises, but still retain sidelocks to a degree, in a small number of variant styles:


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis (also known as simply Dobie Gillis or Max Shulman<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Dobie Gillis in later seasons and in syndication) is an American sitcom starring Dwayne Hickman that aired on CBS from September 29, 1959, to June 5, 1963. The series was adapted from the "Dobie Gillis" short stories written by Max Shulman since 1945, and first collected in 1951 under the same title as the subsequent TV series, which drew directly on the stories in some scripts. Shulman also wrote a feature-film adaptation of his "Dobie Gillis" stories for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1953, titled "The Affairs of Dobie Gillis", which featured Bobby Van in the title role.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Hickman in "Dobie Gillis" was among the first leads to play a teenager on an American television program. "Dobie Gillis" broke ground by depicting elements of the current counterculture, particularly the Beat Generation, primarily embodied in a stereotypical version of the "beatnik". Series star Dwayne Hickman later said that "Dobie" represented “the end of innocence of the 1950s before the oncoming 1960s revolution”.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: The series revolved around teenager Dobie Gillis (Dwayne Hickman), who aspired to have popularity, money, and the attention of beautiful and unattainable girls. He did not have any of these qualities in abundance, and the tiny crises surrounding Dobie's lack of success made the story in each weekly episode. Also constantly in question, by Dobie and others, was Dobie's future, as the boy proved to be a poor student and an aimless drifter.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: His sidekick and "de facto" best friend was American television's first beatnik, Maynard G. Krebs (Bob Denver), who became the series' breakout character. An enthusiastic fan of jazz music (with a strong distaste for the music of Lawrence Welk), Maynard plays the bongos, collects tinfoil and petrified frogs, and steers clear of romance, authority figures, and work (yelping "Work?!" every time he hears the word). Always speaking with the vernacular and slang of the beatniks and jazz musicians he admired, Maynard punctuates his sentences with the word "like" and has a tendency towards malapropisms. The main running gag on "Dobie Gillis" would have Dobie or one of the other characters rattling off a series of adjectives describing something undesirable or disgusting ("I'd be a ragged, useless, dirty wreck!"), at which point a previously unseen Maynard would appear (entering the scene in close-up), saying "You rang?"


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: "Dobie Gillis" is set in Central City, a fictitious city in the Midwestern United States (the original short stories are explicitly set in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area). One of the show's running gags is that Maynard is going downtown "to watch them knock down the old Endicott Building" (which is in Saint Paul, Minnesota). Another running gag is the reference, especially by Maynard, to a film called "The Monster that Devoured Cleveland" and its sequels, one of which always seems to be playing at the local cinema.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Dobie's often apoplectic father, Herbert T. Gillis (Frank Faylen), owned a grocery store and was only happy when Dobie was behind a broom. Dobie's mother, Winifred (Florida Friebus), was a usually calm and serene woman who protected Dobie to the best of her ability and tended to baby him. Herbert Gillis, a proud, hard-working child of the Great Depression and World War II veteran, was often (during the first season of the show) heard to declare, in relation to Dobie, "I gotta kill that boy, I just gotta!" The Gillis family also originally included an older son, Davey Gillis (portrayed by Dwayne Hickman's own older brother, Darryl Hickman), who made three appearances during the first season while home on break from college before being written out of the show.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Dobie's two main antagonists were rich kids Milton Armitage (played by Warren Beatty), who appeared in five episodes, and after Beatty's departure, Chatsworth Osborne Jr., Milton's cousin (played by Steve Franken). Both characters represented the wealth and popularity to which Dobie aspired, but also served as romantic and competitive rivals for Dobie. Beatty's Milton was taller, better looking, and more athletic than Chatsworth. Doris Packer played Clarissa Osborne, Chatsworth's overbearing and snobbish mother.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Dobie was hopelessly attracted to the beautiful but greedy blonde Thalia Menninger (Tuesday Weld). Thalia was written out of the series after the first season and was succeeded by a seemingly endless stream of women for whom Dobie hankered. Weld returned as a slightly wiser Thalia for two guest appearances in seasons three and four.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Zelda Gilroy (Sheila James) was a brilliant and eager young girl, hopelessly in love with Dobie, much to his annoyance. Zelda did not find Dobie particularly attractive, but fell in love with him because she found him helpless and needing of her care, and also because of the concept of "propinquity" (or nearness; as Gillis and Gilroy, they were typically seated together in class). Despite his protests, Dobie was clearly fond of Zelda, and Zelda claimed Dobie loved her, but just had not realized it yet. To prove this, she would wrinkle her nose at Dobie, who would reflexively do the same back to Zelda and then protest "now cut that out!" Dobie and Zelda later appeared as a middle-aged married couple in the two spin-off "Dobie Gillis" reunion projects of the 1970s/1980s.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Leander Pomfritt (Herbert Anderson in the pilot, William Schallert thereafter) was Dobie's English and science teacher at Central High School, and later, when Dobie went to S. Peter Pryor Junior College, Pomfritt (played by Schallert) was on the faculty there, as well. A stern educator fond of deadpan quips, Pomfritt referred to his pupils as "my young barbarians" and served as a father figure to both Dobie and Maynard.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Most of the action for the first season-and-a-half of "Dobie Gillis" centered on the Gillis grocery store, Central High School, and the Central City park. The park scenes are used as the show's framing device, with Dobie sitting on a park bench in front of a reproduction of Auguste Rodin's statue "The Thinker". Breaking the fourth wall, he would explain to the viewing audience his problem of the week, usually girls or money (in the earliest episodes, Dobie is seen emulating the trademark pose of "The Thinker" – head planted on fist in deep contemplation – before turning and acknowledging the camera).


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: The teen characters graduated from high school halfway through the second season, and Dobie and Maynard (along with Chatsworth) subsequently did a brief stint in the U.S. Army. Dobie continued to break the fourth wall and narrate the episodes, with the park set eschewed for an abstract set with the same reproduction of "The Thinker".


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: At the start of the third season, Dobie and Maynard received their Army discharges, after which they, Zelda, and Chatsworth enroll in S. Peter Pryor Junior College, where Mr. Pomfritt was now a professor after having resigned from his position at Central High. Dobie's science and history teacher at the college was Dr. Imogene Burkhart (Jean Byron, whose real name was used for that of the character). In season four, Dobie's teenaged cousin Duncan "Dunky" Gillis (Bobby Diamond) moves in with the Gillises, and becomes something of a tag-along for Dobie and Maynard. The fourth-season episodes tended more towards surreal plots and situations featuring Maynard as the central character rather than Dobie.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Max Shulman's first Dobie Gillis short stories were printed in 1945, and a short-story compilation, "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis", was published in 1951. These stories were originally published in such magazines as "Cosmopolitan" and "The Saturday Evening Post".


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: A follow-up collection, "I Was a Teen-age Dwarf", appeared in 1959. The titular character appeared at various ages in these stories, all of which are set in St. Paul, Minnesota, though the majority of the stories centered on his college years at the University of Minnesota. Aside from Dobie and his parents, Zelda Gilroy was the only other character from the books directly adapted to the series as a regular or recurring character.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer produced the first media adaptation of "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis" in 1953 as "The Affairs of Dobie Gillis", a black-and-white musical film starring Debbie Reynolds, Bob Fosse, and Bobby Van as Dobie Gillis. Following its release, Shulman set about attempting to bring "Dobie Gillis" to television. An initial pilot was produced by comedian and producer George Burns in 1957, with his son Ronnie Burns starring as Dobie.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: After this pilot did not sell, Shulman took "Dobie Gillis" to 20th Century Fox Television, run at the time by Martin Manulis. Manulis asked Shulman to reduce the Dobie character's age from 19 to 17, making him a high-school student instead of a college student and an age peer of Ricky Nelson from "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet" and Wally Cleaver (Tony Dow) from "Leave It to Beaver". Shulman agreed to the change after negotiating employment for himself on the series as show runner. The Fox pilot, "Caper at the Bijou", featured Dwayne Hickman as Dobie, Frank Faylen and Florida Friebus as his parents, newcomer Bob Denver as a new character, Dobie's beatnik best friend Maynard G. Krebs, and Tuesday Weld as Dobie's unattainable love interest Thalia Menninger.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: First pitched to and rejected by NBC, "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis" was greenlit for series by CBS. Phillip Morris' Marlboro was the program's primary sponsor, and it sold a week-to-week alternating co-sponsorship to Pillsbury Company for the first two seasons, with Dwayne Hickman appearing in one of the Pillsbury commercials. Colgate-Palmolive replaced Pillsbury as the alternate sponsor in season three.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: While the pilot for "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis" was shot at the main 20th Century Fox lot in Century City, California, principal photography and production for the series proper took place at the original Fox Film Corporation studio at the intersection of Sunset Boulevard and Western Avenue (next to the headquarters of DeLuxe) in Hollywood. "Dobie Gillis" was filmed with two cameras, a method that producer and director Rod Amateau had learned while working on "The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show". Fox turned out one episode of "Dobie Gillis" a week, working from May to December of each year. Dwayne Hickman's fourth wall-breaking monologues were saved for the end of the production of each episode; their length resulted in Hickman requesting and getting a teleprompter from which to read them for season two forward.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: The show was not filmed before a live studio audience; during the first season, a live audience viewed each episode and provided its laugh track. Subsequent seasons used a standard laugh track provided by technician Charles Douglass.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Creator Max Shulman served as the show runner for and an uncredited producer of "Dobie Gillis". He contributed scripts for episodes of the show during all four seasons, with several stories – including "Love is a Science" (season one, episode three), "Love is a Fallacy" (season one, episode 22), and "Parlez-Vous English" (season two, episode 11) – directly adapted by Shulman from his original Dobie Gillis short stories.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: During its fourth season, the show, by then known as "Max Shulman's Dobie Gillis", suffered both from competition with NBC's color Western "The Virginian" and from the growing inattention from Max Shulman. Shulman began spending increasing amounts of time at his home in Westport, Connecticut, while the show was in active production, ceding his role as show runner to associate producers Joel Kane and Guy Scarpitta. CBS decided not to renew "Dobie Gillis" after production had concluded on its fourth season.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: The theme song "Dobie" was written by 20th Century-Fox musical director Lionel Newman, with lyrics by Shulman. The theme was sung by Judd Conlon's Rhythmaires, with music conducted by Newman. Session singer Gloria Wood of the Rhythmaires provided the scat singing used as incidental score during the first two seasons.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Dwayne Hickman, at the time the breakout star on "The Bob Cummings Show" (also known as "Love That Bob") as nephew Chuck MacDonald, gained the part of Dobie Gillis over several other candidates, including Michael Landon. Despite being cast as a 17-year-old, Hickman was 24 when he starred in the pilot in the summer of 1958. Because Hickman had appeared for several years on "Bob Cummings" as Chuck, he was required by Shulman and CBS to bleach his dark brown hair blond for the role of Dobie to distance himself from that character in the public's (and the sponsors') minds. By the second season, however, Hickman was permitted to return to his natural hair color, after he had complained to the producers that the constant bleaching required to keep his low crew cut hairstyle blond was causing his scalp to break out.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Bob Denver, a 23-year-old grade-school teacher and postal worker with no previous professional acting experience, won the part of 18-year-old Maynard G. Krebs after his sister, a casting director's secretary, added his name to a list of candidates auditioning for the role. Denver and Hickman had both attended Loyola University together several years earlier and were casually acquainted before "Dobie Gillis". After filming the third episode of "Dobie Gillis", Denver announced that he had received his draft notice. The character of Maynard enlisted in the Army and was given an elaborate sendoff in the show's next episode, "Maynard's Farewell to the Troops". Stage actor Michael J. Pollard was brought out from New York to play Maynard's cousin, Jerome Krebs, who was introduced at the end of "Maynard's Farewell to the Troops" and was to assume Maynard's role in future scripts.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Before Pollard had completed his first episode, "The Sweet Singer of Central High", however, Denver returned and announced that he had been designated "4F" – unfit for service – during his physical because of a neck injury he had sustained some years earlier. After completing "The Sweet Singer of Central High", Pollard was bought out of his contract – he had signed a "play-or-pay" contract and was paid for all 30 episodes in which he was to have appeared, while Denver was rehired. Maynard's return was explained by stating that the Army had given Maynard a "hardship discharge" – the Army's hardship, not Maynard's.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Initially only a supporting character, Denver's Maynard had graduated to co-lead by season two, as the character's "beatnik" mannerisms and eccentricities made him a hit with the viewing audience. For a handful of episodes towards the end of season three, Maynard became the show's lead character while Dwayne Hickman was hospitalized with and later recovering from pneumonia.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Despite Maynard's increasing screen time, however, Denver – who had signed on as a Fox contract player without an agent – was unable to negotiate a raise in his $250 a week salary until season four. Denver was able to parlay his role on "Dobie Gillis" into lead roles on later television series, in particular the one for which he is best remembered, the 1964–67 CBS sitcom "Gilligan's Island".


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Established actors Frank Faylen, a longtime acquaintance of the Hickman family and a fellow parishioner at their church, and Florida Friebus were cast as Dobie's parents, Herbert T. Gillis and Winifred Gillis. Faylen's gruff, no-nonsense father character, which according to Hickman, was essentially the same as Faylen's real-life personality, was more of an antagonist to Dobie during the first season of the show, his demeanor underscored by his often-repeated catchphrase "I gotta kill that boy! I just gotta!" Both CBS and Marlboro strongly disapproved of the catchphrase and the Herbert T. Gillis character's hard edges. An early season-two episode, "You Ain't Nothin' But a Houn' Dog" (episode two), in which Dobie inadvertently wins a father-and-son essay contest, was produced to explain why Herbert ceased use of his catchphrase. Herbert was further softened as the series wore on, the character's anger tempered to frustration.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Experienced child actress Tuesday Weld was cast as Dobie's love interest in "Caper at the Bijou" and stayed on as a semiregular. Weld and Dwayne Hickman had previously appeared as a teenaged couple in the 1958 Fox feature film "Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!", based on a Max Shulman novel, though produced without his input. Neither Hickman nor Weld was fond of the other, with Hickman later stating he felt Weld was not as dedicated as necessary to rehearsal and referring to her as "a pain in the neck". Weld reportedly found Hickman pushy and out-of-touch. Aged 15 at the time of shooting the pilot, Weld had to legally spend much of her time on set in school with a tutor, and the production periodically ran into issues involving Weld's later publicly known difficult home life.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Her work in "Dobie Gillis" and the feature film "The Five Pennies" made Weld a star, leading to substantial publicity. She departed the series after the first year to star in features, although she was persuaded by Max Shulman to return for two guest appearances, "Birth of a Salesman" (season three, episode 21) and "What's a Little Murder Between Friends?" (season four, episode two).


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Herbert Anderson was cast as Mr. Pomfritt, Dobie and Maynard's English teacher at school. Anderson appeared in a lead role in the pilot for "Dennis the Menace"; when that show was picked up (also by CBS), he chose to stay with that cast, and actor William Schallert appeared in the recurring role of Mr. Pomfritt through the end of season three.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Warren Beatty was cast as Milton Armitage, a recurring rival of Dobie's at his high school, during the first half of season one. Hickman later recalled that Beatty "looked at me like I was a bug" while on set. Beatty did remain friends with his brief co-star Michael J. Pollard. The two co-starred in "Bonnie and Clyde" eight years later. He quit the series in September 1959, midway through production of the first season after filming his fifth and final "Dobie" episode, "The Smoke-Filled Room", to appear in "A Loss of Roses" on Broadway.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Former child actress Sheila James, who, playing daughter "Jackie" on "The Stu Erwin Show", had worked with Dwayne Hickman on that series and "The Bob Cummings Show", was cast without an audition as Zelda Gilroy, the tomboyish brainy girl who was in love with Dobie. Originally intended as a one-shot character for the episode "Love is a Science" (season one, episode three), Max Shulman liked both Zelda and Sheila James and had Zelda retained as a semiregular character. Signing a contract with "Dobie Gillis" necessitated James, then an 18-year-old college student, changing her major from theater to English, so Shulman could assist her with her studies on set.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: After the third season of "Dobie Gillis", Rod Amateau and Max Shulman produced a pilot for a "Zelda" spinoff starring Sheila James as Zelda Gilroy, with Joe Flynn and Jean Byron cast as her parents. However, CBS president James Aubrey lingered over moving forward with the "Zelda" series for a long time before firmly rejecting the series, with Amateau telling James in private that Aubrey had found "Zelda" (and by extension James, then a closeted lesbian) "too butch". James' contract for the pilot and the resulting waiting period caused her to be absent from much of the fourth and final season of "Dobie Gillis", though Amateau was able to hire her to return as Zelda for four episodes towards the end of the season. Acting roles became sparse for James by the late 1960s; she went into law and politics under her birth name of Sheila Kuehl, and later became the first openly gay person elected to the California State Legislature.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Steve Franken, a 28-year-old character actor, was cast immediately after Beatty's departure as Chatsworth Osbourne, Jr., a replacement character for Milton Armitage. While both Milton and Chatsworth were rich rivals of Dobie Gillis's (and both characters shared the same actress, Doris Packer, for a mother) and were, according to canon, cousins, where Beatty's Milton was a menacing and athletic physical threat, Franken's pompous, foppish Chatsworth tended to plot and scheme his way through competitions with Dobie, more often than not using his riches to get ahead. The Chatsworth character became popular enough that the producers had to consciously limit his appearances on the series to roughly one per month to prevent Franken from upstaging Hickman and Denver, but Franken stated both during and after "Dobie Gillis" that playing Chatsworth led him to be typecast and stifled his career.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Young actor Bobby Diamond was brought on at the beginning of season four as Dobie's teenaged cousin, Duncan "Dunky" Gillis. By 1962, the 28-year-old Dwayne Hickman had begun to look too mature to carry the teenager-based plot lines, and instead Diamond's "Dunky" was given this material, with the older yet immature Maynard as a running partner. The character was dropped midway through the fourth season, with attention shifting back to the characters of Dobie, Maynard, Chatsworth, and Zelda for the remaining episodes of the series.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Actresses who played Dobie's love interests included Cheryl Holdridge, Michele Lee, Susan Watson, Marlo Thomas, Sally Kellerman, Ellen Burstyn (then billed as Ellen McRae), Barbara Babcock, Sherry Jackson, and Danielle De Metz. Yvonne Craig appeared in the opening credits and the closing sequence of the pilot film used to sell the series to CBS, but did not appear in the actual episode, "Caper at The Bijou", when it was broadcast. She eventually played five different girlfriends on the show, more than any other actress.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Actress Sherry Alberoni, an original Mickey Mouse Club "Mouseketeer", played one of Zelda Gilroy's sisters in the 1960 episode "Dobie Spreads a Rumor".


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: After the first season of "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis" had aired, Capitol Records attempted to make a recording star out of Dwayne Hickman, ignoring the fact that Hickman, by his own admission, was not a singer. Recording engineers had to piece together numerous takes to get a usable vocal track from Hickman for each song. Hickman introduced several of the songs from the "Dobie!" album on the show during its second season, including "I'm a Lover, Not a Fighter" and "Don't Send a Rabbit". Earlier, while Hickman was appearing on "Love That Bob", he had recorded a single, "School Dance", for ABC-Paramount Records, but both the single and the later Capitol album sold very few copies.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: DC Comics published a "Many Loves of Dobie Gillis" comic book that ran for 26 issues from 1960 to 1964, featuring artwork by Bob Oksner. Stories from this comic-book series were later reprinted, with updates to the artwork and lettering to remove any references to "Dobie Gillis", by DC as a short-lived series titled "Windy and Willy" in 1969.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: The program spawned two 20th Century Fox-produced sequels, the pilot "Whatever Happened to Dobie Gillis?" (1977) and the TV movie "Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis" (1988). "Whatever Happened to Dobie Gillis?" was an unsuccessful pilot for a new weekly sitcom series, which was produced, directed, and developed by James Komack after creator Max Shulman was fired from the production. It was broadcast by CBS on May 10, 1977, as a one-shot special. In the pilot, Dobie had married Zelda and is helping his father Herbert run the Gillis Grocery when Maynard comes back to Central City from his world travels.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Depressed over turning 40 and not living the life he had dreamed of as a teenager, Dobie goes to his beloved "Thinker" statue and attempts to destroy it, landing in jail. The production starred Dwayne Hickman, Bob Denver, Sheila James, Frank Faylen, and Steven Paul as Dobie and Zelda's teenaged son Georgie, who was a lot like Dobie had been at his age.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: "Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis", first aired as the "CBS Sunday Movie" on February 22, 1988, was directed and co-written by Stanley Z. Cherry after Dwayne Hickman, who was the film's producer, was forced by the network to fire Max Shulman and Rod Amateau, with whom he had originally conceived the film. The plot features the married Dobie and Zelda running the Gillis Grocerynow also a pharmacyon their own, Dobie's parents having died. Meanwhile, Thalia (played by Connie Stevens after Weld declined to reprise the role) returns to Central Citywith Maynard, whom she has rescued from a deserted island (a homage to "Gilligan's Island")after 20 years. She offers a $50,000 bounty to anyone who will kill Dobie when he refuses to divorce Zelda and marry her. Hickman, Denver, and James returned for "Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis", which featured Steve Franken as Chatsworth, William Schallert as Mr. Pomfritt, and Scott Grimes as son Georgie Gillis. Connie Stevens' daughter, Tricia Leigh Fisher, played Chatsworth's daughter Chatsie, who chased Georgie Gillis with the same zeal Zelda had once used chasing Dobie.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: On July 2, 2013, Shout! Factory released "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis – The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1. The set included all 147 episodes of the series, plus the original prenetwork version of the pilot and appearances by Dwayne Hickman and Bob Denver on other television programs of the time. "Whatever Happened to Dobie Gillis?" and "Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis" were not included, the latter due to music clearances, and the former because the master copy could not be located. The first season of the show was also made available on Amazon Prime Video on this date.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Shout! subsequently released each season individually, season one on September 10, 2013, season two on January 14, 2014, season three on May 6, 2014 and the fourth and final season on December 16, 2014.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: In addition to the physical releases, all episodes of "Dobie Gillis" are also available on the streaming services Shout! Factory TV, Amazon Prime Video, Tubi, and Vudu.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis" was a major influence on the characters for another successful CBS program, the Hanna-Barbera Saturday morning cartoon "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!", which ran on the network from 1969 to 1970 followed by several spin-offs. As confirmed by series creators Joe Ruby and Ken Spears and writer Mark Evanier, the four teenaged lead characters of "Scooby-Doo" were based on four of the lead characters from "Dobie Gillis": Fred Jones on Dobie, Daphne Blake on Thalia, Velma Dinkley on Zelda, and Shaggy Rogers on Maynard.


title: The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis

text: Garry Marshall said that he drew inspiration from "Dobie Gillis" when he created the ABC sitcom "Happy Days".


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: Kakao Entertainment Corp. (), stylized as kakao ENTERTAINMENT, is a South Korean entertainment, mass media, and publishing company founded in 2021. A subsidiary of the internet company Kakao, it was established subsequent to the merger of the latter's two subsidiaries KakaoPage and Kakao M.


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: Podotree Co, Ltd. was founded on July 20, 2010, as a subsidiary of Kakao, and launched KakaoPage three years later. On August 1, 2018, the company changed its corporate name to KakaoPage Corp.


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: Seoul Records, Inc. was founded in October 1978 by , the owner of local educational company (formerly Sisa English). In 2005, the company was acquired by SK Telecom and relaunched as LOEN Entertainment, Inc. three years later, before being sold to Star Invest Holdings (a subsidiary of Affinity Equity Partners).


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: In October 2020, the company expanded in Asia by launching a Thailand-based subsidiary called Kakao M Asia (Private) Co., Ltd. (currently Kakao Entertainment Asia Co., Ltd.).


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: In December 2020, KakaoPage Corp. proposed a merger with Kakao M Corp. as a unified company. It was seen as an action by their parent company against US-based Google’s new policy for its app market place users, which would've affected Kakao M, which KakaoTV platform was starting to become popular in South Korea.


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: Both companies announced the plans and timeline for their merger, as well as the proposed name for the unified company Kakao Entertainment Corp on January 25, 2021. Under the plans, KakaoPage Corp. is the surviving entity.


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: On July 15, it was announced that Kakao Entertainment and Melon Company would be merging, with the merger expected to be complete in September 2021.


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: On September 17, Kakao Entertainment announced that Play M Entertainment and Cre.ker Entertainment would be merging in the future. On November 12, 2021, it was announced that the company's new corporate name would be IST Entertainment, which took effect on November 1.


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: Headed by co-CEO Joy Lee, the Kakao Entertainment "Page Company" is in charge of the company's web fiction publishing and web development business. It is situated in Pangyo, Seongnam in Gyeonggi Province.


title: Kakao Entertainment

text: Headed by co-CEO - one of South Korea's most renowned entertainment executives - the Kakao Entertainment "M Company" is in charge of the company's entertainment and mass media business. Its headquarters is in Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu in Seoul.


title: Kernel method

text: In machine learning, kernel machines are a class of algorithms for pattern analysis, whose best known member is the support-vector machine (SVM). The general task of pattern analysis is to find and study general types of relations (for example clusters, rankings, principal components, correlations, classifications) in datasets. For many algorithms that solve these tasks, the data in raw representation have to be explicitly transformed into feature vector representations via a user-specified "feature map": in contrast, kernel methods require only a user-specified "kernel", i.e., a similarity function over all pairs of data points computed using Inner products. The feature map in kernel machines is infinite dimensional but only requires a finite dimensional matrix from user-input according to the Representer theorem. Kernel machines are slow to compute for datasets larger than a couple of thousand examples without parallel processing.


title: Kernel method

text: Kernel methods owe their name to the use of kernel functions, which enable them to operate in a high-dimensional, "implicit" feature space without ever computing the coordinates of the data in that space, but rather by simply computing the inner products between the images of all pairs of data in the feature space. This operation is often computationally cheaper than the explicit computation of the coordinates. This approach is called the "kernel trick". Kernel functions have been introduced for sequence data, graphs, text, images, as well as vectors.


title: Kernel method

text: Algorithms capable of operating with kernels include the kernel perceptron, support-vector machines (SVM), Gaussian processes, principal components analysis (PCA), canonical correlation analysis, ridge regression, spectral clustering, linear adaptive filters and many others.


title: Kernel method

text: Most kernel algorithms are based on convex optimization or eigenproblems and are statistically well-founded. Typically, their statistical properties are analyzed using statistical learning theory (for example, using Rademacher complexity).


title: Kernel method

text: Kernel methods can be thought of as instance-based learners: rather than learning some fixed set of parameters corresponding to the features of their inputs, they instead "remember" the formula_1-th training example formula_2 and learn for it a corresponding weight formula_3. Prediction for unlabeled inputs, i.e., those not in the training set, is treated by the application of a similarity function formula_4, called a kernel, between the unlabeled input formula_5 and each of the training inputs formula_6. For instance, a kernelized binary classifier typically computes a weighted sum of similarities


title: Kernel method

text: Kernel classifiers were described as early as the 1960s, with the invention of the kernel perceptron. They rose to great prominence with the popularity of the support-vector machine (SVM) in the 1990s, when the SVM was found to be competitive with neural networks on tasks such as handwriting recognition.


title: Kernel method

text: The kernel trick avoids the explicit mapping that is needed to get linear learning algorithms to learn a nonlinear function or decision boundary. For all formula_18 and formula_5 in the input space formula_20, certain functions formula_21 can be expressed as an inner product in another space formula_22. The function formula_11 is often referred to as a "kernel" or a "kernel function". The word "kernel" is used in mathematics to denote a weighting function for a weighted sum or integral.


title: Kernel method

text: Certain problems in machine learning have more structure than an arbitrary weighting function formula_4. The computation is made much simpler if the kernel can be written in the form of a "feature map" formula_25 which satisfies


title: Kernel method

text: On the other hand, an explicit representation for formula_28 is not necessary, as long as formula_22 is an inner product space. The alternative follows from Mercer's theorem: an implicitly defined function formula_28 exists whenever the space formula_20 can be equipped with a suitable measure ensuring the function formula_4 satisfies Mercer's condition.


title: Kernel method

text: Mercer's theorem is similar to a generalization of the result from linear algebra that associates an inner product to any positive-definite matrix. In fact, Mercer's condition can be reduced to this simpler case. If we choose as our measure the counting measure formula_33 for all formula_34, which counts the number of points inside the set formula_35, then the integral in Mercer's theorem reduces to a summation


title: Kernel method

text: If this summation holds for all finite sequences of points formula_37 in formula_20 and all choices of formula_39 real-valued coefficients formula_40 (cf. positive definite kernel), then the function formula_4 satisfies Mercer's condition.


title: Kernel method

text: Some algorithms that depend on arbitrary relationships in the native space formula_20 would, in fact, have a linear interpretation in a different setting: the range space of formula_28. The linear interpretation gives us insight about the algorithm. Furthermore, there is often no need to compute formula_28 directly during computation, as is the case with support-vector machines. Some cite this running time shortcut as the primary benefit. Researchers also use it to justify the meanings and properties of existing algorithms.


title: Kernel method

text: Theoretically, a Gram matrix formula_45 with respect to formula_46 (sometimes also called a "kernel matrix"), where formula_47, must be positive semi-definite (PSD). Empirically, for machine learning heuristics, choices of a function formula_4 that do not satisfy Mercer's condition may still perform reasonably if formula_4 at least approximates the intuitive idea of similarity. Regardless of whether formula_4 is a Mercer kernel, formula_4 may still be referred to as a "kernel".


title: Kernel method

text: If the kernel function formula_4 is also a covariance function as used in Gaussian processes, then the Gram matrix formula_53 can also be called a covariance matrix.


title: Kernel method

text: Application areas of kernel methods are diverse and include geostatistics, kriging, inverse distance weighting, 3D reconstruction, bioinformatics, chemoinformatics, information extraction and handwriting recognition.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Dacia Logan is a family of automobiles produced and marketed jointly by the French manufacturer Renault and its Romanian subsidiary Dacia since mid-2004, and was the successor to the Dacia 1310 and Dacia Solenza. It has been produced as a sedan, station wagon, or pick-up. It has been manufactured at Dacia's automobile plant in Mioveni, Romania, and at Renault (or its partners') plants in Morocco, Brazil, Argentina, Turkey, Russia, Colombia, Iran and India. The pick-up has also been produced at Nissan's plant in Rosslyn, South Africa.


title: Dacia Logan

text: It has also been marketed as the Renault Logan, Nissan Aprio, Mahindra Verito, Renault L90, Lada Largus (the MCV), Nissan NP200 (the pick-up), Renault Symbol (Mk3) or the Renault Taliant depending on the existing presence or positioning of the Renault brand.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The first-generation Logan was designed at Renault's Technocentre near Paris, being the result of four years of development of the X90 project, announced by Renault in 1999, after the purchase of Dacia in the same year.


title: Dacia Logan

text: During a visit to Russia by French President Jacques Chirac, Louis Schweitzer noted that at Lada and Renault dealerships the €6,000 Ladas were selling very well while the €12,000 Renaults stayed in the showroom. "Seeing those antiquated cars, I found it unacceptable that technical progress should stop you making a good car for €6,000." (He later revised this target to €5,000). "I also drew up a list of specifications in three words – modern, reliable and affordable – and added that everything else was negotiable." The cheapest version of the car is €5,900, and the price can reach €11,200, depending on equipment and customs duty. (The base model for Western Europe, where it is badged as a Dacia but generally sold in Renault dealerships, is somewhat more expensive).


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan was designed from the outset as an affordable car, and has many simplified features to keep costs down. It replaces many older cars in production, including the Romanian Dacia 1310 series of Renault 12-based cars.


title: Dacia Logan

text: It was officially launched in June 2004, and began marketing in September 2004. Renault originally had no plans to sell the Logan in Western Europe, but in June 2005, began importing a more expensive version of the car, starting at around €7,500. It was an unexpected success with people wanting an inexpensive, no-frills car they could repair themselves.


title: Dacia Logan

text: On 1 July 2008, almost four years after the release of the first Logan, a facelifted version called the "Dacia New Logan" was announced. The new version features a more modern design and a more attractive and more comfortable interior. This facelift was adopted on the station wagon in October the same year.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan is based on the Dacia B0 platform, also used for other Renault and Nissan models. It has 50% fewer parts than a high-end Renault vehicle and has a limited number of electronic devices. This makes the car cheaper to produce and easier and cheaper to repair.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Some parts are also much simpler than those of its competitors. For example, rear-view mirrors are symmetrical and can be used on either side of the car, the windshield is flatter than usual, and the dashboard is a single injection-molded piece.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The developers have taken into account several differences between road and climate conditions in developed and developing countries. The Logan suspension is soft and strong, and the chassis sits visibly higher than most other compact cars to help it negotiate dirt roads and potholes on ill-maintained asphalt roads. The engine is specially prepared to handle lower quality fuel, whereas the air conditioning is powerful enough to lower the temperature several degrees (temperatures above 40 °C are common in the Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea).


title: Dacia Logan

text: In Romania, it was initially available in four trim levels: Ambiance, Preference, Laureate and Ambition. The basic trim level, Ambiance, featured a driver airbag, optional body-coloured bumpers, wheel trims and electric door locks. The second trim level, Preference, added a passenger airbag, power steering, electric front windows, a radio, two rear seat head restraints and remote locking. The third trim level, Laureate, added front fog lights, air conditioning, a trip computer, electric mirrors, three rear seat head restraints and a multi-adjustable driver seat. The top trim level, Ambition also had ABS, electric rear windows, a CD player and alloy wheels. The 1.6-litre petrol engine was only available starting with the Preference trim level. In September 2005, the 1.5-litre diesel engine was introduced, initially not being available on the Ambition trim level. In January 2006, a new intermediate trim level called Laureate Plus was added, which in addition to the Laureate trim level featured ABS, electric rear windows and a CD player. Also, the diesel engine became available for the Ambition trim level.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In September 2006, several improvements were introduced to the range, such as a new button for the trunk lid, a new knob for the gear lever, crystal rear lamps, as well as new designs for the wheel trims and the alloy wheels in addition to three new paint colours. Also, the new top of the range level Prestige was introduced, which featured larger door mirrors, body-coloured bumpers (entirely), side moldings and door handles, leather-trimmed gear lever and steering wheel, as well as other interior refinements. It was only available with a new 1.6-litre 16-valve petrol engine, which developed .


title: Dacia Logan

text: In July 2007, a more powerful version of the 1.5-litre diesel engine was added, developing . It was initially made available only for the station wagon, on the Preference and Laureate levels, and in September 2007, it also became available for the sedan version, on the Laureate, Ambition and Prestige levels.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In June 2009, the new 1.2-litre 16-valve petrol engine was added for both the Logan and the Sandero. The engine was capable of developing a maximum power of and of torque.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In June 2005, the car achieved a three-star rating at the Euro NCAP crash tests. This result confirms initial expectations stated previously by Renault.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Depending on the equipment level, standard on some variants and optional on others, the facelifted Logan comes with driver, passenger and side airbags. In terms of active safety, all versions feature the latest generation Bosch 8.1 ABS, which incorporates EBD (electronic brakeforce distribution) and EBA (emergency brake assist).


title: Dacia Logan

text: When the Logan appeared, all engines complied to the Euro 3 standard and since January 2007, all engines have complied with the Euro 4 standard, including the diesel engine, whose power has increased to 70 hp.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan, vital to increasing sales of the Renault group to the 4 million mark by 2010, is manufactured in nine production and operational assembly centres: Romania (Automobile Dacia), the pilot plant of the Logan Programme, Russia (Avtoframos), Morocco (Somaca), Colombia (Sofasa), Iran (two assembly plants, Renault-Pars), India (Mahindra), Brazil (Renault), and South Africa (Nissan South Africa). Located in Romania, near the Mioveni plant, the International Logistics Network, the official name of the CKD centre, is the biggest logistic centre of its kind not only in the Renault Group but in the entire world automotive industry.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In markets where Renault has a presence, such as European, African and Asian countries (i.e. Romania, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovenia, Morocco, Turkey and many others) it is sold as the Dacia Logan.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Exceptions are South Africa, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Colombia, Ecuador, Israel, Egypt, Brazil, Chile, Peru and Venezuela where it is marketed as the "Renault Logan", and furthermore Mexico, where the Logan was sold as the "Nissan Aprio", given the better reputation of the Japanese brand and stronger brand recognition of Nissan itself in the Mexican market. The Nissan Aprio has the 1.6-litre 16 valve inline-four engine with a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission, and was assembled in Brazil. It was later discontinued from that market in August 2010, due to decreasing sales, and the Versa replaced it for the 2012 model year.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In Brazil, it was manufactured by Renault at the São José dos Pinhais factory since 2007, with the facelifted model being introduced in 2010.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In South Africa, only the pick-up version was manufactured, at the Nissan factory in Rosslyn, starting from 2009.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In India, the Logan was marketed as the "Mahindra Renault Logan". In 2005, Renault partnered the Indian utility and commercial vehicles manufacturer Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M). The Logan was launched in India in April 2007, as a collaboration with Mahindra, who helped Renault cut costs by 15%. India was the first right-hand drive market for the Logan. Logan could not make the mark in the Indian market, selling just over 44,000 vehicles since then, and over 2,600 vehicles in Nepal and South Africa (M&M also held the licence to sell the Logan in India, Nepal and South Africa).. In April 2010, it was announced that the M&M had bought out Renault's 49% in the Mahindra-Renault joint venture. The new agreement gave M&M more flexibility in engineering the car to suit the needs of the Indian consumer. The Logan was marketed with the Mahindra-Renault logo until the end of March 2011.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Following the dissolution of the Indian joint venture between Renault India and M&M in 2010, Mahindra retained the rights to produce and sell the Logan under its own name of "Mahindra Verito", with minor alterations to the front, but retaining Renault diesel engines. On 26 July 2012, a facelifted version of the car was revealed by Mahindra in New Delhi, and on 5 June 2013, a notchback version was launched in Mumbai, called the Mahindra Verito Vibe. Production was shut down on 31 December 2019.


title: Dacia Logan

text: An electric version of the Verito sedan and its notchback version Verito Vibe was sold as the "Mahindra eVerito" from 2016. Production was shut down on 31 December 2019.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In the United States, an attempt at marketing electric versions of the wagon, the van and the pick-up as the "EMC E36" was launched by the EnVision Motor Company, based in Des Moines, Iowa. The automobiles were assembled by Dacia in Romania and powered by an asynchronous motor with a range of per charge, giving a top highway speed as high as . EMC planned to use regenerative braking and is coupled to an automatic shiftless button transmission. The battery can be charged through a J1772 plug or from wall outlets of either 120 or 240 volts. This venture has since collapsed into bankruptcy.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Lada e-Largus was announced on August 8, 2022, being a fully electric version based on the Largus Furgon model, and possibly AvtoVAZ's first EV.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In 2007, the Logan branded as "Renault Tondar 90" (also called Renault L90), began to be marketed in Iran by Renault-Pars, manufactured by Pars Khodro and Iran Khodro. In the first month of production more than 100,000 Tondar 90 had been ordered. Renault Pars is a joint venture, 51 percent of which belongs to Renault of France. Forty-nine percent of Renault Pars' shares is jointly held by Iran's Industrial Development and Renovation Organization, IKCO and Saipa Group. The company was established in 2003. In 2010, Pars Khodro started to produce CNG Tondar 90s which can run on both petrol and CNG. Pars Khodro stopped producing CNG models in 2012. In 2013, IKCO started to produce Tondar 90s with automatic gearbox and they also made it comply with the Euro IV standards. A facelifted version is sold as the Tondar 90+, along with the original one. There is also a pickup version called the Tondar Pick-Up.In 2014 Renault updated the transmission of Logan for Iranian market using JHQ gearbox instead of regular JH3 to make the car more reliable.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Logan production began with a 4-door sedan, followed by a wagon in September 2006. Four other models, a pick-up truck, a panel van, a related hatchback (the Sandero) and a facelifted sedan followed in 2007 and 2008. Dacia sales for 2006 were over €1.5 billion, 19.6% more than in 2005. Annual production has reached almost 250,000 cars, half for exports. As of March 2009, more than 1.3 million vehicles on the Logan platform have been sold worldwide. On 3 September 2009, it was announced that one million Dacia cars on the Logan platform X90 have been produced at the Mioveni plant: 576,887 Logans, 246,869 Logan MCVs, 144,931 Sanderos and Stepways, 19,897 Logan VANs and 11,416 Logan Pick-Ups.


title: Dacia Logan

text: One of the reasons for the increase in sales is the dependability of Dacia cars. In a recent survey conducted by a French magazine, Dacia cars were voted one of the safest cars in France. Another reason is their low maintenance and repair costs. According to the survey, Dacia cars were the cheapest to maintain and repair. In Germany, Dacia was placed on the second position in the 2010 Vehicle Ownership Satisfaction Study released by J. D. Power and Associates in June 2010.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan MCV ("Multi Convivial Vehicle"), launched at the 2006 Paris Motor Show, is the station wagon version of the Logan. It has 5 or 7-seat versions, with a luggage space between 200 and 2,350 litres depending on how many seats are folded, and numerous storage spaces for smaller objects. It has a wheelbase longer by than the saloon, and larger rear doors for easy access to the third row of seats. It uses the same engines as the saloon, and an important improvement was the availability of side airbags. It has been considered a competitor for compact MPVs, for its dimensions and the 7-seat capacity.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Sales on the Romanian market began in October 2006 with prices ranging between €8,200 and €12,550, while sales to other countries began in early 2007. A revised version, with the new lights and bumper from the New Logan saloon, was released in late 2008. As of June 2010, Dacia produced 300,000 Logan MCVs.


title: Dacia Logan

text: 2012-2022, it was also produced in Russia, by the AvtoVAZ company, under the Lada Largus brand name, after it was previously exhibited at the 2010 Moscow International Motor Show as the Lada Project R90. It is also offered with crossover-style body elements as the Largus Cross.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The panel van variant of the Logan was launched on 23 January 2007 in Bucharest. It is a small business oriented vehicle, with 2,500 litre loading space and 800 kg payload. The Logan VAN is more or less an MCV without the rear side windows and therefore has the same safety features and uses the same engines as the other models (except the 1.6 16v engine). Production of this model was stopped in August 2012. Since its launch, over 53,000 units were manufactured. The panel van version is continued to be produced at AvtoVAZ.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The coupé utility version of the Logan, also based on the MCV, was introduced on 10 September 2007 (4 October 2007 at the Bucharest International Motor Show), and replaced the Dacia Pick-Up. Sales began in Romania in 2008, with the price ranging between €7,300 and €9,450.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Starting October 2008, the Logan Pick-Up is sold in South Africa as the Nissan NP200. Visually similar to the original model at launch, it received a light facelift in early 2009. It is being built at the Nissan plant outside Pretoria, alongside the Renault Sandero, and is also exported to neighbouring countries such as Zimbabwe. As of 2021, Nissan South Africa continues to offer the pick-up.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Logan Pick-Up was discontinued by Dacia in July 2012, and it was not until October 2020 that the company introduced a new pickup model, Dacia Duster Pick-Up.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The second generation Logan was revealed by Dacia at the 2012 Paris Motor Show. Official photos with the new Logan were released on 17 September 2012. It shares the same front end design with the second generation Sandero, also revealed at the motor show, as well as other elements too.


title: Dacia Logan

text: According to Dacia, 60% of the design work was carried out in Romania, at Renault's engineering centre.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Among the new features introduced with the new model there was a new three-cylinder turbocharged 0.9-litre petrol engine and capable of developing and . The other two engine options are the 1.2-litre 16-valve petrol engine, initially available also as an LPG variant, and the 1.5-litre diesel engine, available with two power outputs. Their performance figures are predominantly similar to the ones of the second generation Sandero. Later, the 1.2-litre LPG variant was discontinued, in favor of the 0.9 TCe, as the first did not meet the new Euro 6 emission standards.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Another addition was the Media Nav system, already introduced earlier in the same year on the Lodgy, consisting of a 7-inch touchscreen display with multimedia functions and a navigation software included. Other new features are speed limiter, cruise control, rear parking sensors, and front and side airbags, as well as ABS and ESP, as standard. The interior has been significantly revised, with new chromed elements added, and the hood is now supported with a strut. A new Eco button, placed on the dashboard, limits the engine revs to 4,000 rpm.


title: Dacia Logan

text: At the end of 2014, Dacia started to produce Euro 6 engines, with reduced exhaust emissions. From August 2015, the 0.9 TCe engine is equipped with the Start & Stop system.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Starting from the end of 2016, the Dacia Logan range is offered with the "Dacia Easy-R" automated manual transmission (AMT).


title: Dacia Logan

text: In the European market, he new Logan is available in different trim levels: Access, Ambiance, Laureate, Stepway, Prestige. The Access level comes with black bumpers and power steering, and is available only with the 1.2-litre engine. Ambiance has body-coloured bumpers, wheel covers, Eco mode function, power lock doors, front power windows or CD player, and as options there are metallic paint, fog lights and air conditioning. Laureate adds body-coloured door handles, fog lights as standard and trip computer, and additionally can be ordered with metallic paint, Media Nav system, leather upholstery, parking sensors, cruise control or alloy wheels. This is the only equipment level available for the version of the 1.5-litre diesel engine.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In June 2014, a limited edition was made available in order to celebrate 10 years since the model's launch. There will be produced only 2,000 units of this version, which features new equipment such as automatic air conditioning, double optic fog lights, mirror-mounted repeaters, 16-inch wheels, along with several special design elements.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In October 2015, Dacia launched the new Prestige trim level, which has automatic air conditioning, mirror-mounted repeaters and 16-inch wheels.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The estate version of the car made its debut at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The car will keep the MCV name, although it now stands for "Maximum Capacity Vehicle", rather than the previous "Multi Convivial Vehicle". It has 5 seats and a luggage capacity between and , featuring the same standard equipment and engine range as the saloon. It began to be marketed from the second half of 2013.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Dacia presented the new Logan facelift at the 2016 Paris Motor Show. The Romanian car manufacturer models have a new design, a new steering wheel and a new 1.0-litre engine.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Dacia designers wanted to give a new look for the Dacia models and the front side comes with several new features. The front and back bumpers have been slightly redesigned and the headlights have a new design that includes LED day running lights (it is the first time that Dacia models offer LED lights). The aesthetic package is completed by a new front grille, similar to the one found on the Duster.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The interior changes include a four-spoke steering wheel that includes the horn, new buttons and new chrome lines to suggest a new look. There is also a new glossy plastic that covers the dashboard and fits better with the "MediaNav" multimedia system that has received an updated interface with a better resolution.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Since the release of the facelift version, the Logan is also available with the crossover-styled Stepway trim, which feature raised ride height and adds exterior accessories such as black plastic wheel arch trims, body cladding, skid plates and roof rails. In February 2017, the Dacia Logan MCV Stepway in Europe. Starting from 2018, the Stepway version also became available for the sedan version in Latin America, and from November 2019 in Europe. The Renault Logan Stepway was launched in Russia in December 2018, followed by Brazil in July 2019 along with the facelifted model without carrying the Stepway nameplate to avoid confusion with the Sandero-based Stepway. In several South American markets including Colombia, the crossover version of the Renault Logan was available as the Intens top trim.


title: Dacia Logan

text: For versions equipped with CVT, the lifted version of the Logan is essentially a workaround to mitigate the fact that the CVT gearbox does not fit due to the tight space of the platform layout, which led to the vehicle being raised by fitting a reworked suspension. Without raising the ground clearance, the CVT unit would be too close to the ground and causes a risk of damage.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Sales in Romania began in November 2012, with a starting price of €6,690. It is manufactured in Mioveni, Romania, and in Casablanca, Morocco, at the Somaca factory, for the North African market. There will be no seven-seat or panel van versions of the second generation Logan, as they have been replaced by the Lodgy and the Dokker respectively.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The saloon version was also launched in South America, as the second generation Renault Logan, in December 2013, after being revealed at the Buenos Aires Motor Show in June 2013. It is manufactured at the Renault Brazil factory in São José dos Pinhais (near Curitiba).


title: Dacia Logan

text: In March 2014, it was launched in Russia (where it is marketed as the Renault Logan). The model is produced at the AvtoVAZ facility in Togliatti, Samara.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Also in 2014, the model was launched in Egypt (as the Renault Logan), together with the second generation of the Sandero and Sandero Stepway.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In August 2015, the new Logan was presented in Colombia, with the pre-sale of a thousand units. It is manufactured in Envigado at the Renault SOFASA factory.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The third generation Renault Symbol is a rebadged version of the second generation Logan. It was revealed at the 2012 Istanbul Motor Show, and is manufactured in Bursa, Turkey. It went on sale on the Turkish market at the beginning of 2013, also being released in Algeria and Tunisia.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan in its most basic Latin American configuration with 2 airbags and no ESC received 1 star for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2018 (one level above 2010-2015).


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan in its most basic Latin American configuration with 4 airbags and no ESC received 1 star for adult occupants and 4 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2019.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The updated Logan in its most basic Latin American configuration with 4 airbags received 3 stars for adult occupants and 4 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2019.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The third-generation Logan was launched together with the new Dacia Sandero III, on 29 September 2020. It is longer by , supported by a longer wheelbase and a reduced rear overhang. It has a slimmer shape, featuring a more sloping windscreen and a roof lowered by .


title: Dacia Logan

text: It is built on a CMF-B LS modular platform used by the new Sandero, and is claimed to combine greater resistance and rigidity with less weight while complying with more stringent crash-test. The new powertrain reduces emissions, and as of 2021 is compliant with pollution control requirements.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In June 2022, the Logan received a slight update incorporating the brand's new logo alongside other Dacia models. To accommodate the new logo, the grille is redesigned.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Renault Taliant is a rebadged third-generation Logan. It was revealed in Turkey on 11 March 2021, and went on sale on 24 May 2021. The vehicle is overall largely similar on the Logan, sharing the same bodywork with changes on the front fascia, rear fascia, and side door shoulder lines. As with the Logan, the Taliant is based on the CMF-B LS platform.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan, along with the Sandero, was due to launch in Russia in 2022, but this was never completed due to the ongoing war. However, some camouflaged prototypes were photographed at the former Renault factory in Moscow, now Moskvitch.


title: Dacia Logan

text: A cross-sedan based on the Dacia Logan was supposed to launch in Russia, with camouflaged prototypes even photographed. However, due to the ongoing war, it has apparently been cancelled. A leaked image of the final car has been found in the Dacia Jogger's owner's manual, as revealed by French forum Worldscoop.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan was voted official best car of the year "Autobest 2005" by the members of the Autobest jury, coming from 15 countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Macedonia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine and Malta. The members of the jury score 13 criteria like fuel consumption, versatility, roominess or design.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan won the fifteenth Best Compact trophy awarded by "Abioto", the Brazilian trade press organisation, by a panel of 67 of the country’s most influential motoring journalists.


title: Dacia Logan

text: The Logan won the 'Melhor Carro do Ano 2013' trophy (Best car of the year 2013) awarded by "Motor Press magazine", ahead of the Citroën C4L sedan.


title: Dacia Logan

text: On 9 December 2013, less than one month after it was presented to Brazilian journalists, the Renault Logan won the "Top Car TV Award" in the Best National Car up to 30,999 reais category, ahead of the VW Golf and VW Fox, Toyota Etios and Ford Fiesta. The prize, awarded by a panel of communications and marketing professionals from various automakers and news organisations, also considered the launch campaign.


title: Dacia Logan

text: In 2006, a station wagon concept car, the Dacia Logan Steppe was presented at the Salon International de l'Auto in Geneva. The car was built by noted concept car builders DC Design in India as a forerunner of the Logan MCV.


title: Dacia Logan

text: Since 2007, there is a dedicated class in the Romanian Rally Championship, called Cupa Dacia, for Group N prepared Logans. It is a class competed especially by rookies, in the beginning of their careers. The cars used are 1.6 MPI versions.


title: American Born Chinese (TV series)

text: American Born Chinese is an upcoming action-comedy television series based on the graphic novel of the same name by Gene Luen Yang. Filming had begun in Los Angeles by February 2022. The series is set to premiere on Disney+.


title: American Born Chinese (TV series)

text: Jin Wang, struggling with his school life and home life, meets the new foreign exchange student at his school, leading him to become involved in a battle between Gods of Chinese mythology.


title: American Born Chinese (TV series)

text: On October 4, 2021, it was announced that Disney+ had greenlit an adaptation of the Gene Luen Yang graphic novel and ordered it straight to series, with Destin Daniel Cretton directing and Charles Yu and Kelvin Yu writing the series. On April 28, 2022, Asian-American fashion designers Prabal Gurung and Phillip Lim joined the series to work alongside costume designer Joy Cretton to create costumes. Lucy Liu confirmed she is a director on the series.


title: American Born Chinese (TV series)

text: In February 2022, it was reported that Michelle Yeoh, Ben Wang, Yeo Yann Yann, Chin Han, Daniel Wu, Jonathan Ke Quan, Jim Liu, and Sydney Taylor were cast in starring roles. Stephanie Hsu joined the cast of the series in May, playing Shiji Niangniang, with Poppy Liu added in June.


title: Oscillation

text: Oscillation is the repetitive or periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. Familiar examples of oscillation include a swinging pendulum and alternating current. Oscillations can be used in physics to approximate complex interactions, such as those between atoms.


title: Oscillation

text: Oscillations occur not only in mechanical systems but also in dynamic systems in virtually every area of science: for example the beating of the human heart (for circulation), business cycles in economics, predator–prey population cycles in ecology, geothermal geysers in geology, vibration of strings in guitar and other string instruments, periodic firing of nerve cells in the brain, and the periodic swelling of Cepheid variable stars in astronomy. The term "vibration" is precisely used to describe a mechanical oscillation.


title: Oscillation

text: Oscillation, especially rapid oscillation, may be an undesirable phenomenon in process control and control theory (e.g. in sliding mode control), where the aim is convergence to stable state. In these cases it is called chattering or flapping, as in valve chatter, and route flapping.


title: Oscillation

text: The simplest mechanical oscillating system is a weight attached to a linear spring subject to only weight and tension. Such a system may be approximated on an air table or ice surface. The system is in an equilibrium state when the spring is static. If the system is displaced from the equilibrium, there is a net "restoring force" on the mass, tending to bring it back to equilibrium. However, in moving the mass back to the equilibrium position, it has acquired momentum which keeps it moving beyond that position, establishing a new restoring force in the opposite sense. If a constant force such as gravity is added to the system, the point of equilibrium is shifted. The time taken for an oscillation to occur is often referred to as the oscillatory "period".


title: Oscillation

text: The systems where the restoring force on a body is directly proportional to its displacement, such as the dynamics of the spring-mass system, are described mathematically by the simple harmonic oscillator and the regular periodic motion is known as simple harmonic motion. In the spring-mass system, oscillations occur because, at the static equilibrium displacement, the mass has kinetic energy which is converted into potential energy stored in the spring at the extremes of its path. The spring-mass system illustrates some common features of oscillation, namely the existence of an equilibrium and the presence of a restoring force which grows stronger the further the system deviates from equilibrium.


title: Oscillation

text: where is the frequency of the oscillation, is the amplitude, and is the phase shift of the function. These are determined by the initial conditions of the system. Because cosine oscillates between 1 and −1 infinitely, our spring-mass system would oscillate between the positive and negative amplitude forever without friction.


title: Oscillation

text: In two or three dimensions, harmonic oscillators behave similarly to one dimension. The simplest example of this is an isotropic oscillator, where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium with the same restorative constant in all directions.