title: John O'Shea

text: Born in Waterford, O'Shea joined Manchester United when he was 17. He spent loan spells at AFC Bournemouth and Royal Antwerp before establishing himself in the Manchester United first team, going on to make 393 appearances and scoring 15 times in all competitions across 12 seasons. O'Shea won 14 trophies at United; five Premier League titles, one FA Cup, two Football League Cups, four FA Community Shields, the UEFA Champions League and the FIFA Club World Cup. He is one of the most decorated Irish footballers of all time, with only Denis Irwin, Roy Keane, Steve Heighway and Ronnie Whelan having accrued more honours. He joined Sunderland in July 2011. Having played 256 times for the Wearside club and scoring four goals, he signed for Championship side Reading in July 2018 until his retirement in May 2019. He joined the Reading coaching staff that summer, before leaving in the summer of 2021.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea made his Republic of Ireland debut in 2001 against Croatia and made 118 appearances for his country over the next 17 years, scoring three goals, his first in 2003 against Australia. He was part of the team that controversially lost to France in a play-off for the 2010 FIFA World Cup and went on to play in UEFA Euro 2012 and UEFA Euro 2016.


title: John O'Shea

text: Prior to joining the Manchester United academy, O'Shea played for Ferrybank AFC and Waterford Bohemians. He signed professional forms at the age of 17 and made his professional debut on 13 October 1999 against Aston Villa at Villa Park in a 3–0 Football League Cup defeat.


title: John O'Shea

text: Following loan spells at AFC Bournemouth and Belgian side Royal Antwerp, he returned to Manchester and began to feature in the United first team in the 2002–03 season, demonstrating versatility by playing at left-back, right-back, centre-back and central midfield during the successful 2002–03 Premier League campaign.


title: John O'Shea

text: In 2003–04, United were without Rio Ferdinand after he began a suspension for missing a drugs test in January, and O'Shea took over from Ferdinand in central defence, helping United reach the FA Cup Final where they triumphed 3–0 over Millwall.


title: John O'Shea

text: He displayed indifferent form in the 2004–05 season and was linked with a move away from Manchester, with Newcastle United and Liverpool being linked with the Irishman. One of the highlights of Manchester United's otherwise slightly disappointing season was the 4–2 away victory against Arsenal, in which O'Shea scored the fourth goal by chipping Arsenal goalkeeper Manuel Almunia from the edge of the 18-yard box.


title: John O'Shea

text: An injury to Gary Neville in the 2005–06 season also gave O'Shea more first-team opportunities. He was criticised for his lacklustre performances that season, and was reportedly one of the players lambasted by United veteran Roy Keane in a controversial interview on the club's MUTV channel.


title: John O'Shea

text: On 4 February 2007, during a league game against Tottenham Hotspur, O'Shea deputised for Edwin van der Sar in goal after Van der Sar was taken off the pitch for a broken nose, while Manchester United had already used all three substitutes. During this time, he denied his Republic of Ireland teammate Robbie Keane a goal with a save a few minutes before full-time. Following this incident, United fans chanted ""Ireland's number one"" in O'Shea's honour.


title: John O'Shea

text: A month later, he won over many United fans by scoring a stoppage-time winner against Liverpool at Anfield for United in the league, having come on as a substitute for Wayne Rooney. This goal was important in United going on to regain the Premier League trophy for the 2006–07 season. He also rescued his team against Everton in one of the final games of the season, when he bundled the ball into the net after Everton goalkeeper Iain Turner fumbled a Ryan Giggs corner. United went on to win 4–2. This was perhaps an even more decisive goal, as Bolton Wanderers were drawing with Chelsea at the same time and defeat would have let Chelsea back into the title race. He scored another goal from close range, in a 2–1 defeat away to Portsmouth that season, this goal came during an injury-hit part of the season, where O'Shea, as a versatile player, was required to play at full-back. O'Shea had a shooting accuracy of 100% and scored with 80% of his shots in the 2006–07 season.


title: John O'Shea

text: During the 2007–08 season, Manchester United used O'Shea as an emergency striker due to injury problems. His use as a striker gave him the distinction of having played in every position for Manchester United. In November 2007, O'Shea extended his contract at Manchester United, to keep him at the club until 2012. Throughout the 2007–08 season, O'Shea came off the bench several times and proved important as a utility player on the way to a European double. O'Shea captained his club for the first time, during a 2–0 home defeat to Coventry City in the League Cup Fourth Round.


title: John O'Shea

text: Throughout the 2008–09 season, O'Shea became a regular within the team, deputising at right-back because of injuries to Gary Neville and Wes Brown. On 20 January 2009, O'Shea scored his first goal of the season against Derby County in the second leg of the League Cup semi-final. O'Shea then started the 2009 Football League Cup Final, before being replaced by Nemanja Vidić on 76 minutes, United won the game 4–1 on penalties. On 29 April 2009, O'Shea scored the only goal of the game in the first leg of the Champions League semi-final against Arsenal, this set United up to go on and win in the second leg by 4–1 on aggregate. O'Shea started and played the full 90 minutes in the 2009 Champions League Final 2–0 loss to Barcelona, and by many accounts was one of United's better performers on the night. Sir Alex Ferguson had promised O'Shea, who was an unused substitute in the 2008 Champions League Final, a starting place in the 2009 final for his contribution to the team that season.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea captained United for the second time against Birmingham City in their first game of the 2009–10 Premier League season. He celebrated his 350th appearance fittingly by scoring his first league goal in over two years against Stoke City on 29 September 2009, firing in a header in a 2–0 win. He captained the team for the third time in the second leg of United's 2010–11 UEFA Champions League semi-final victory over Schalke 04. O'Shea made 393 total appearances for Manchester United.


title: John O'Shea

text: On 7 July 2011, O'Shea signed a four-year contract with Sunderland, managed by former Manchester United captain Steve Bruce, who paid Manchester United an undisclosed fee for O'Shea. In his first appearance for Sunderland, a friendly against Arminia Bielefeld, O'Shea picked up a hamstring injury, ruling him out for the rest of pre-season and the start of the 2011–12 campaign. O'Shea made his first competitive appearance for Sunderland on 27 August 2011 in a goalless draw against Swansea.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea scored his first Sunderland goal at the Stadium of Light in the 2012–13 season in a 2–1 loss to Tottenham Hotspur.


title: John O'Shea

text: At the end of the 2016–17 season, which ended in Sunderland's relegation, O'Shea's contract had initially expired. However, the Irishman agreed to sign a one-year contract lasting until July 2018.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea scored his first club goal for more than four years to help Sunderland clinch a 4–1 away win over Derby County to move off the bottom of the Championship table on 30 March 2018. At the end of the season, O'Shea suffered a second consecutive relegation with Sunderland as the team finished in last place.


title: John O'Shea

text: On 6 June 2018, O'Shea agreed terms on a one-year deal with Championship club Reading. He would link up with his compatriot David Meyler who had signed for the Berkshire club a day earlier.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea made his Reading debut on 14 August 2018, coming on as an 82nd-minute substitute for Yakou Méïté in a 2–0 home win against Birmingham City in the EFL Cup. He made his league debut for the club on 22 September in a 3–0 home victory over Hull City in a match which he received a straight red card for a foul on Chris Martin.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea announced his retirement from football on 30 April 2019, his 38th birthday, and made his final career appearance five days later in a goalless draw at home to Birmingham City where he received a guard of honour from both sets of players.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea earned his first senior cap for the Republic of Ireland on 15 August 2001, when manager Mick McCarthy sent him on as an 84th-minute substitute for Gary Kelly in a friendly against Croatia at Lansdowne Road. His debut ended in disappointment, when he gave away a penalty for handball in injury time, which was scored by Davor Šuker for a 2–2 draw. He was not included in the Irish squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.


title: John O'Shea

text: His versatility has earned him a place in the starting eleven. Although played in various positions during last few qualifying campaigns, he has made the defensive slot his own, mainly in central defence with Richard Dunne and at right-back on occasion or filling in for injured players. On 19 August 2003, O'Shea scored his first international goal as he headed in Ireland's first in a 2–1 home friendly victory over Australia.


title: John O'Shea

text: During the 2010 World Cup qualifying, O'Shea was ever present in the starting line-up for eight of the 10 games. On 1 April 2009, in the game against Italy, he was elbowed in the forehead by Giampaolo Pazzini, who earned the record for the fastest sending off in Italian football history. After receiving treatment for the bleeding, O'Shea continued playing all 90 minutes.


title: John O'Shea

text: Including the second leg of their play-off victory over Estonia, made nine appearances in UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying, as Ireland reached the continental tournament for the first time since 1988. He played every minute of their finals campaign, a group stage elimination after three defeats. On 15 August 2012, his 80th cap, O'Shea captained Ireland for the first time, in a goalless friendly draw against Serbia at the Red Star Stadium in Belgrade. On 15 October 2013, he opened a 3–1 World Cup qualifying victory over Kazakhstan at the Aviva Stadium, his second international goal and the first in over a decade.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea was scheduled to face Spain on 11 June 2013 at Yankee Stadium in New York, but was ruled out of the game over the sudden death of his uncle Jimmy O'Leary. On 14 October 2014, on his 100th cap, O'Shea scored the equalising goal with the last kick of the match, in a 1–1 draw against Germany at Gelsenkirchen, in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match. In the final qualifier, a 2–1 defeat away to Poland on 11 October 2015, he was sent off for a foul on Robert Lewandowski and thus missed the first leg of the Republic's play-off.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea was selected in manager Martin O'Neill's 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016 in France. In the absence of Robbie Keane, he captained the Irish in their first two group matches, a 1–1 draw with Sweden and a 3–0 loss to Belgium. He was one of several players who lost their starting place for the decisive final game against Italy, as he and defensive partner Ciaran Clark made way for Shane Duffy and Richard Keogh; the game ended with a 1–0 victory. In the last 16, as Ireland lost 2–1 to the hosts at Parc Olympique Lyonnais, O'Shea entered as a 68th-minute substitute for James McClean.


title: John O'Shea

text: Over a year after his penultimate game for Ireland, O'Shea played his final of 118 matches on 2 June 2018, a 2–1 friendly win over the United States at the Aviva Stadium. After 34 minutes, he was substituted to widespread applause as debutant Darragh Lenihan came onto the pitch. Before the game, he was congratulated by the President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, who called him "one of the most inspirational, committed and admired members of our national teams".


title: John O'Shea

text: After retirement as a player with the Championship club in July 2019, O'Shea joined the backroom team at Reading as a first-team coach. He left the club in July 2021.


title: John O'Shea

text: In April 2020, O'Shea was named as assistant manager of the Republic of Ireland U21 team under manager Jim Crawford.


title: John O'Shea

text: On 22 July 2022, O'Shea joined Stoke City as first-team coach. He was one of 20 coaches who successfully completed their UEFA Pro Licence course with the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) in December 2022.


title: John O'Shea

text: O'Shea married his long-term partner, Yvonne Manning, in the Lady Chapel in Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland on 8 June 2010. They have a son and a daughter.


title: Oven

text: An oven is a tool which is used to expose materials to a hot environment. Ovens contain a hollow chamber and provide a means of heating the chamber in a controlled way. In use since antiquity, they have been used to accomplish a wide variety of tasks requiring controlled heating. Because they are used for a variety of purposes, there are many different types of ovens. These types differ depending on their intended purpose and based upon how they generate heat.


title: Oven

text: Ovens are often used for cooking, where they can be used to heat food to a desired temperature. Ovens are also used in the manufacturing of ceramics and pottery; these ovens are sometimes referred to as kilns. Metallurgical furnaces are ovens used in the manufacturing of metals, while glass furnaces are ovens used to produce glass.


title: Oven

text: There are many methods by which different types of ovens produce heat. Some ovens heat materials using the combustion of a fuel, such as wood, coal, or natural gas, while many employ electricity. Microwave ovens heat materials by exposing them to microwave radiation while electric ovens and electric furnaces heat materials using resistive heating. Some ovens use forced convection, the movement of gases inside the heating chamber, to enhance the heating process, or, in some cases, to change the properties of the material being heated, such as in the Bessemer method of steel production.


title: Oven

text: The earliest ovens were found in Central Europe, and date back to 29,000 BC. They were roasting and boiling pits inside yurts used to cook mammoth. In Ukraine from 20,000 BC they used pits with hot coals covered in ashes. The food was wrapped in leaves and set on top, then covered with earth. In camps found in Mezhirich, each mammoth bone house had a hearth used for heating and cooking. Ovens were used by cultures who lived in the Indus Valley and in pre-dynastic Egypt. By 3200 BC, each mud-brick house had an oven in settlements across the Indus Valley. Ovens were used to cook food and to make bricks. Pre-dynastic civilizations in Egypt used kilns around 5000–4000 BC to make pottery.


title: Oven

text: Tandır ovens used to bake unleavened flatbread were common in Anatolia during the Seljuk and Ottoman eras, and have been found at archaeological sites distributed across the Middle East. The word tandır comes from the Akkadian tinuru, which becomes tanur in Hebrew and Arabic, and tandır in Turkish. Of the hundreds of bread varieties known from cuneiform sources, unleavened tinuru bread was made by adhering bread to the side walls of a heated cylindrical oven. This type of bread is still central to rural food culture in this part of the world, reflected by the local folklore, where a young man and woman sharing fresh tandır bread is a symbol of young love, however, the culture of traditional bread baking is changing with younger generations, especially with those who reside in towns showing a preference for modern conveniences.


title: Oven

text: During the Middle Ages, instead of earth and ceramic ovens, Europeans used fireplaces in conjunction with large cauldrons. These were similar to the Dutch oven. Following the Middle-Ages, ovens underwent many changes over time from wood, iron, coal, gas, and even electric. Each design had its own motivation and purpose. The wood-burning stoves saw improvement through the addition of fire chambers that allowed better containment and release of smoke. Another recognizable oven would be the cast-iron stove. These were first used around the early 1700s when they themselves underwent several variations including the Stewart Oberlin iron stove that was smaller and had its own chimney.


title: Oven

text: In the early part of the 19th century, the coal oven was developed. It was cylindrical in shape and made of heavy cast iron. The gas oven saw its first use as early as the beginning of the 19th century as well. Gas stoves became very common household ovens once gas lines were available to most houses and neighborhoods. James Sharp patented one of the first gas stoves in 1826. Other various improvements to the gas stove included the AGA cooker invented in 1922 by Gustaf Dalén. The first electric ovens were invented in the very late 19th century, however, like many electrical inventions destined for commercial use, mass ownership of electrical ovens could not be a reality until better and more efficient use of electricity was available.


title: Oven

text: More recently, ovens have become slightly more high-tech in terms of cooking strategy. The microwave as a cooking tool was discovered by Percy Spencer in 1946, and with the help from engineers, the microwave oven was patented. The microwave oven uses microwave radiation to excite the water molecules in food causing friction, thus producing heat.


title: Oven

text: Some ovens can perform in multiple ways, sometimes at once. Combination ovens may be able to microwave and conventional heating such as baking or grilling simultaneously.


title: Oven

text: Ovens are used as kitchen appliances for roasting and heating. Foods normally cooked in this manner include meat, casseroles and baked goods such as bread, cake and other desserts. In modern times, the oven is used to cook and heat food in many households around the globe.


title: Oven

text: Modern ovens are typically fueled by either natural gas or electricity, with bottle gas models available but not common. When an oven is contained in a complete stove, the fuel used for the oven may be the same as or different from the fuel used for the burners on top of the stove.


title: Oven

text: Ovens usually can use a variety of methods to cook. The most common may be to heat the oven from below. This is commonly used for baking and roasting. The oven may also be able to heat from the top to provide broiling (US) or grilling (UK/Commonwealth). A fan-assisted oven that uses a small fan to circulate the air in the cooking chamber, can be used. Both are also known as convection ovens. An oven may also provide an integrated rotisserie.


title: Oven

text: Ovens also vary in the way that they are controlled. The simplest ovens (for example, the AGA cooker) may not have any controls at all; the ovens simply run continuously at various temperatures. More conventional ovens have a simple thermostat which turns the oven on and off and selects the temperature at which it will operate. Set to the highest setting, this may also enable the broiler element. A timer may allow the oven to be turned on and off automatically at pre-set times. More sophisticated ovens may have complex, computer-based controls allowing a wide variety of operating modes and special features including the use of a temperature probe to automatically shut the oven off when the food is completely cooked to the desired degree.


title: Oven

text: "Toaster ovens" are essentially small-scale ovens and can be used to cook foods other than just toasting. A frontal door is opened, horizontally-oriented bread slices (or other food items) are placed on a rack that has heat elements above and below it, and the door is closed. The controls are set and actuated to toast the bread to the desired doneness, whereupon the heat elements are switched off. In most cases, the door must be opened manually, though there are also toaster ovens with doors that open automatically. Because the bread is horizontal, a toaster oven can be used to cook toast with toppings, like garlic bread, melt sandwiches, or toasted cheese. Toaster ovens are generally slower to make toast than pop-up toasters, taking 4–6 minutes as compared to 2–3 minutes. In addition to the automatic-toasting settings, toaster ovens typically have settings and temperature controls to allow use of the appliance as a small oven.


title: Sibling

text: A sibling is a relative that shares at least one parent with the subject. A male sibling is a brother and a female sibling is a sister. A person with no siblings is an only child.


title: Sibling

text: While some circumstances can cause siblings to be raised separately (such as foster care), most societies have siblings grow up together. This causes the development of strong emotional bonds, with siblinghood considered a unique type of relationship unto itself. The emotional bond between siblings is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment, birth order, personality, and personal experiences outside the family.


title: Sibling

text: Medically, a full sibling is a first-degree relative and a half sibling is a second-degree relative as they are related by 50% and 25% respectively.


title: Sibling

text: The word "sibling" was reintroduced in 1903 in an article in "Biometrika", as a translation for the German "Geschwister", having not been used since 1425.


title: Sibling

text: Siblings or full siblings (["full"] "sisters" or "brothers") share the same biological parents. Full siblings are also the most common type of siblings. Twins are siblings that are born at the same time. Often, twins with a close relationship will develop a twin language from infanthood, a language only shared and understood between the two. Studies suggest that identical twins appear to display more twin talk than fraternal twins. At about 3 years of age, twin talk usually ends. Twins generally share a greater bond due to growing up together and being the same age.


title: Sibling

text: Half-siblings (half-sisters or half-brothers) are people who share one parent. They may share the same mother but different fathers (in which case they are known as "uterine" siblings or "maternal half-siblings"), or they may have the same father but different mothers (in which case, they are known as "agnate" siblings or "paternal half-siblings". In law, the term "consanguine" is used in place of agnate). In law (and especially inheritance law), half-siblings have often been accorded treatment unequal to that of full siblings. Old English common law at one time incorporated inequalities into the laws of intestate succession, with half-siblings taking only half as much property of their intestate siblings' estates as siblings of full-blood. Unequal treatment of this type has been wholly abolished in England, but still exists in the U.S. state of Florida.


title: Sibling

text: Three-quarter siblings share one parent, while the unshared parents are first-degree relatives to each other, for example if a man has children with two women who are sisters, or a woman has children with a man and his son. In the first case, the children are half-siblings as well as first cousins; in the second, the children are half-siblings as well as an avuncular pair. They are genetically closer than half siblings but less genetically close than full siblings, a degree of genetic relationship that is rare in humans and little-studied.


title: Sibling

text: Diblings, a portmanteau of donor sibling, or donor-conceived sibling, or donor-sperm sibling, are biologically connected through donated eggs or sperm. Diblings are biologically siblings though not legally for the purposes of family rights and inheritance. The anonymity of donation is seen to add complication to the process of courtship.


title: Sibling

text: Consanguinity is the measure of how closely people are related. Genetic relatedness measures how many genes a person shares. As all humans share over 99% of the same genes, consanguinity only matters for the small fraction of genes which vary between different persons. Inheritance of genes has a random element to it, and these two concepts are different. Consanguinity decreases by half for every generation of reproductive separation through their most recent common ancestor. Siblings are 50% related by consanguinity as they are separated from each other by two generation (sibling to parent to sibling) and they share two parents as common ancestors (formula_1).


title: Sibling

text: A fraternal twin is a sibling and therefore is related by 50% consanguinity. Fraternal twins are no more genetically similar than regular siblings. As identical twins come from the same zygote, their most recent common ancestor is each other. They are genetically identical and 100% consanguineous as they are separated by zero generations (formula_2). Twin studies have been conducted by scientists to examine the roles that genetics and environment play in the development of various traits. Such studies examine how often identical twins possess the same behavioral trait and compare it to how often fraternal twins possess the same trait. In other studies twins are raised in separate families, and studies compare the passing on of a behavioral trait by the family environment and the possession of a common trait between identical twins. This kind of study has revealed that for personality traits which are known to be heritable, genetics play a substantial role throughout life and an even larger role during early years.


title: Sibling

text: Half siblings are 25% related by consanguinity as they share one parent and separated from each other by two generations (formula_3). There is a very small chance that two half-siblings might not share any genes, if they didn't inherit any of the same chromosomes from their shared parent. This is possible for full siblings as well, though even more unlikely. But because of how homologous chromosomes swap genes (due to chromosomal crossover during meiosis) during the development of an egg or sperm cell, however, the odds of this ever actually occurring are practically non-existent.


title: Sibling

text: A person may share more than the standard consanguinity with their sibling if their parents are related (the coefficient of inbreeding is greater than zero). Interestingly half siblings can be related by as "three quarters siblings" (related by 3/8) if their unshared parents have a consanguinity of 50%. This means the unshared parents are either siblings, making the half siblings cousins, or parent and child, making them half aunt-uncle and niece-nephew.


title: Sibling

text: Birth order is a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Typically, researchers classify siblings as "eldest", "middle child", and "youngest" or simply distinguish between "firstborn" and "later-born" children.


title: Sibling

text: Birth order is commonly believed in pop psychology and popular culture to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development and personality. For example, firstborns are seen as conservative and high achieving, middle children as natural mediators, and youngest children as charming and outgoing. Despite its lasting presence in the public domain, studies have failed to consistently produce clear, valid, and compelling findings. Therefore, it has earned the title of a pseudo-psychology amongst the scientific psychological community.


title: Sibling

text: The theorizing and study of birth order can be traced back to Francis Galton's (1822–1911) theory of birth order and eminence and Alfred Adler's (1870–1937) theory of birth order and personality characteristics.


title: Sibling

text: In his book "English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture" (1874), Galton noted that prominent composers and scientists are over-represented as first-borns. He theorized three main reasons as to why first-borns are generally more eminent:


title: Sibling

text: Today, the flaws and inconsistencies in birth order research eliminate its validity. It is very difficult to control solely for factors related to birth order, and therefore most studies produce ambiguous results. Embedded into theories of birth order is a debate of nature versus nurture. It has been disproved that there is something innate in the position one is born into, and therefore creating a preset role. Birth order has no genetic basis.


title: Sibling

text: The social interaction that occurs as a result of birth order however is the most notable. Older siblings often become role models of behaviour, and younger siblings become learners and supervisees. Older siblings are at a developmental advantage both cognitively and socially. The role of birth order also depends greatly and varies greatly on family context. Family size, sibling identification, age gap, modeling, parenting techniques, gender, class, race, and temperament are all confounding variables that can influence behaviour and therefore perceived behaviour of specific birth categories. The research on birth order does have stronger correlations, however, in areas such as intelligence and physical features, but are likely caused by other factors other than the actual position of birth. Some research has found that firstborn children have slightly higher IQs on average than later born children. However, other research finds no such effect. It has been found that first-borns score three points higher compared to second borns and that children born earlier in a family are on average, taller and weigh more than those born later. However, it is impossible to generalize birth order characteristics and apply them universally to all individuals in that subgroup.


title: Sibling

text: Robert Zajonc proposed that the intellectual environment within a family is ever-changing due to three factors, and therefore more permissive of first-born children's intellectual advancement:


title: Sibling

text: In 1996, interest in the science behind birth order was re-sparked when Frank Sulloway’s book "Born To Rebel" was published. In this book, Sulloway argues that firstborns are more conscientious, more socially dominant, less agreeable, and less open to new ideas compared to later-borns. While being seemingly empirical and academic, as many studies are cited throughout the book, it is still often criticized as a biased and incomplete account of the whole picture of siblings and birth order. Because it is a novel, the research and theories proposed throughout were not criticized and peer-reviewed by other academics before its release.


title: Sibling

text: Literature reviews that have examined many studies and attempted to control for confounding variables tend to find minimal effects for birth order on personality.


title: Sibling

text: In her review of the scientific literature, Judith Rich Harris suggests that birth order effects may exist within the context of the family of origin, but that they are not enduring aspects of personality.


title: Sibling

text: In practice, systematic birth order research is a challenge because it is difficult to control for all of the variables that are statistically related to birth order. For example, large families are generally lower in socioeconomic status than small families, so third-born children are more likely than first-born children to come from poorer families. Spacing of children, parenting style, and gender are additional variables to consider.


title: Sibling

text: The arrival of a new baby is especially stressful for firstborns and for siblings between 3 and 5 years old. Regressive behavior and aggressive behavior, such as handling the baby roughly, can also occur. All of these symptoms are considered to be typical and developmentally appropriate for children between the ages of 3–5. While some can be prevented, the remainder can be improved within a few months. Regressive behavior may include demand for a bottle, thumb sucking, requests to wear diapers (even if toilet-trained), or requests to carry a security blanket.


title: Sibling

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that instead of protesting or telling children to act their age, parents should simply grant their requests without becoming upset. The affected children will soon return to their normal routine when they realize that they now have just as important a place in the family as the new sibling. Most of the behaviors can be improved within a few months.


title: Sibling

text: The University of Michigan Health System advises that most occurrences of regressive behavior are mild and to be expected; however, it recommends parents to contact a pediatrician or child psychologist if the older child tries to hurt the baby, if regressive behavior does not improve within 2 or 3 months, or if the parents have other questions or concerns.


title: Sibling

text: "Sibling rivalry" is a type of competition or animosity among brothers and sisters. It appears to be particularly intense when children are very close in age or of the same gender. Sibling rivalry can involve aggression; however, it is not the same as sibling abuse where one child victimizes another.


title: Sibling

text: Sibling rivalry usually starts right after, or before, the arrival of the second child. While siblings will still love each other, it is not uncommon for them to bicker and be malicious to each other. Children are sensitive from the age of 1 year to differences in parental treatment and by 3 years they have a sophisticated grasp of family rules and can evaluate themselves in relation to their siblings. Sibling rivalry often continues throughout childhood and can be very frustrating and stressful to parents. One study found that the age group 10–15 reported the highest level of competition between siblings. Sibling rivalry can continue into adulthood and sibling relationships can change dramatically over the years. Approximately one-third of adults describe their relationship with siblings as rivalrous or distant. However, rivalry often lessens over time and at least 80% of siblings over age 60 enjoy close ties.


title: Sibling

text: Each child in a family competes to define who they are as persons and want to show that they are separate from their siblings. Sibling rivalry increases when children feel they are getting unequal amounts of their parents' attention, where there is stress in the parents' and children's lives, and where fighting is accepted by the family as a way to resolve conflicts. Sigmund Freud saw the sibling relationship as an extension of the Oedipus complex, where brothers were in competition for their mother's attention and sisters for their father's. Evolutionary psychologists explain sibling rivalry in terms of parental investment and kin selection: a parent is inclined to spread resources equally among all children in the family, but a child wants most of the resources for him or herself.


title: Sibling

text: Jealousy is not a single emotion. The basic emotions expressed in jealous interactions are fear, anger, relief, sadness, and anxiety. Jealousy occurs in a social triangle of relationships which do not require a third person. The social triangle involves the relationships between the jealous individual and the parent, the relationship between the parent and the rival, and the relationship between jealous individual and the rival.


title: Sibling

text: First-borns' attachment to their parents is directly related to their jealous behaviour. In a study by Volling, four classes of children were identified based on their different responses of jealousy to new infant siblings and parent interactions.


title: Sibling

text: Regulated Exploration Children: 60% of children fall into this category. These children closely watch their parents interact with their newborn sibling, approach them positively and sometimes join the interaction. They show fewer behaviour problems in the months following the new birth and do not display problematic behaviours during the parent-infant interaction. These children are considered secure as they act how a child would be expected to act in a familiar home setting with their parents present as secure bases to explore the environment.


title: Sibling

text: Approach-Avoidant Children: 30% of children fall into this category. These children observe parent-infant interaction closely and are less likely to approach the infant and the parent. They are anxious to explore the new environment as they tend to seek little comfort from their parents.


title: Sibling

text: Anxious-Clingy Children: 6% of children fell into this category. These children have an intense interest in parent-infant interaction and a strong desire to seek proximity and contact with the parent, and sometimes intrude on parent-child interaction.


title: Sibling

text: Disruptive Children: 2.7% of children fall into this category. These children are emotionally reactive and aggressive. They have difficulty regulating their negative emotions and may be likely to externalize it as negative behaviour around the newborn.


title: Sibling

text: Children are more jealous of the interactions between newborns and their mothers than they are with newborns and their fathers. This is logical as up until the birth of the infant, the first-born child had the mother as his or her primary care-giver all to his or herself. Some research has suggested that children display less jealous reactions over father-newborn interactions because fathers tend to punish negative emotion and are less tolerant than mothers of clinginess and visible distress, although this is hard to generalize.


title: Sibling

text: Children that have parents with a better marital relationship are better at regulating their jealous emotions. Children are more likely to express jealousy when their parents are directing their attention to the sibling as opposed to when the parents are solely interacting with them. Parents who are involved in good marital communication help their children cope adaptively with jealousy. They do this by modelling problem-solving and conflict resolution for their children. Children are also less likely to have jealous feelings when they live in a home in which everyone in the family shares and expresses love and happiness.


title: Sibling

text: Implicit theories about relationships are associated with the ways children think of strategies to deal with a new situation.


title: Sibling

text: Children can fall into two categories of implicit theorizing. They may be malleable theorists and believe that they can affect change on situations and people. Alternatively, they may be fixed theorists, believing situations and people are not changeable. These implicit beliefs determine both the intensity of their jealous feelings, and how long those jealous feelings last.


title: Sibling

text: Malleable Theorists display engaging behaviours, like interacting with the parent or sibling in an attempt to improve the situation. They tend to have more intense and longer-lasting feelings of jealousy because they spend more time ruminating on the situation and constructing ways to make it better.


title: Sibling

text: Fixed Theorists display non-engaging behaviours, for example retreating to their room because they believe none of their actions will affect or improve the situation. They tend to have less intense and shorter lasting feelings of jealousy than malleable theorists.


title: Sibling

text: Older children tend to be less jealous than their younger sibling. This is due to their ability to mentally process the social situation in a way that gives them more positive, empathetic feelings toward their younger sibling. Older children are better able to cope with their jealous feelings toward their younger sibling due to their understanding of the necessary relationship between the parent and younger sibling. Older children are also better at self-regulating their emotions and are less dependent on their caregivers for external regulation as opposed to their younger siblings.


title: Sibling

text: Younger siblings' feelings of jealousy are overpowered by feelings of anger. The quality of the relationship between the younger child and the older child is also a factor in jealousy, as the better the relationship the less jealous feelings occurred and vice versa.


title: Sibling

text: Sibling conflict is pervasive and often shrugged off as an accepted part of sibling dynamics. In spite of the broad variety of conflict that siblings are often involved in, sibling conflicts can be grouped into two broader categories. The first category is conflict about equality or fairness. It is not uncommon to see siblings who think that their sibling is favored by their teachers, peers, or especially their parents. In fact it is not uncommon to see siblings who both think that their parents favor the other sibling. Perceived inequalities in the division of resources such as who got a larger dessert also fall into this category of conflict. This form of conflict seems to be more prevalent in the younger sibling.


title: Sibling

text: The second category of conflict involves an invasion of a child's perceived personal domain by their sibling. An example of this type of conflict is when a child enters their sibling's room when they are not welcome, or when a child crosses over into their sibling's side of the car in a long road trip. These types of fights seem to be more important to older siblings due to their larger desire for independence.


title: Sibling

text: Sibling warmth is a term for the degree of affection and companionship shared by siblings. Sibling warmth seems to have an effect on siblings. Higher sibling warmth is related to better social skill and higher perceived social competence. Even in cases where there is a high level of sibling conflict if there is also a high level of sibling warmth then social skills and competence remain unaffected.


title: Sibling

text: The saying that people "fight like siblings" shows just how charged sibling conflict can be and how well recognized sibling squabbles are. In spite of how widely acknowledged these squabbles can be, sibling conflict can have several impacts on the sibling pair. It has been shown that increased levels of sibling conflict are related to higher levels of anxiety and depression in siblings, along with lower levels of self-worth and lower levels of academic competence. In addition, sibling warmth is not a protective factor for the negative effects of anxiety, depression, lack of self-worth and lower levels of academic competence. This means that sibling warmth does not counteract these negative effects. Sibling conflict is also linked to an increase in more risky behavior including: smoking cigarettes, skipping days of school, contact with the police, and other behaviors in Caucasian sibling pairs with the exception of firstborns with younger brothers. Except for the elder brother in this pair sibling conflict is positively correlated with risky behavior, thus sibling conflict may be a risk factor for behavioral problems.


title: Sibling

text: A study on what the topic of the fight was (invasion of personal domain or inequality) also shows that the topic of the fight may have a result on the effects of the conflict. This study showed that sibling conflict over personal domain were related to lower levels of self-esteem, and sibling conflict over perceived inequalities seem to be more related to depressive symptoms. However, the study also showed that greater depressive and anxious symptoms were also related to more frequent sibling conflict and more intense sibling conflict.


title: Sibling

text: Techniques used by parents to manage their children's conflicts include parental non-intervention, child-centered parental intervention strategies, and more rarely the encouragement of physical conflict between siblings. Parental non-intervention included techniques in which the parent ignores the siblings' conflict and lets them work it out between themselves without outside guidance. In some cases, this technique is chosen to avoid situations in which the parent decides which sibling is in the right and may favor one sibling over the other, however, by following this technique the parent may sacrifice the opportunity to instruct their children on how to deal with conflict. Child-centered parental interventions include techniques in which the parent mediates the argument between the two children and helps them come to an agreement. Using this technique, parents may help model how the children can deal with conflicts in the future; however, parents should avoid dictating the outcome to the children, and make sure that they are mediating the argument making suggestions, allowing the children to decide the outcome. This may be especially important when some of the children have autism. Techniques in which parents encourage physical aggression between siblings may be chosen by the parents to help children deal with aggression in the future, however, this technique does not appear to be effective as it is linked to greater conflict levels between children. Parental non-intervention is also linked to higher levels of sibling conflict, and lower levels of sibling warmth. It appears that child-centered parental interventions have the best effect on sibling's relationship with a link to greater levels of sibling warmth and lower levels of sibling conflict.


title: Sibling

text: Studies on social skill and personality differences between only children and children with siblings suggest that overall the presence of a sibling does not have any effect on the child as an adult.


title: Sibling

text: There have always been some differences between siblings, especially different sex siblings. Often, different sex sibling may consider things to be unfair because their brother or sister is allowed to do certain things because of their gender, while they get to do something less fun or just different. McHale and her colleague conducted a longitudinal study using middle-childhood aged children and observed the way in which the parents contributed to stereotypical attitudes in their kids. In their study the experimenters analysed two different types of families, one with the same sex siblings, and the other with different sex siblings, as well as the children's birth order. The experiment was conducted using phone interviews, in which the experimenters would ask the children about the activities they performed throughout their day outside of school. The experimenters found that in the homes where there were mixed gender kids, and the father held traditional values, the kids also held traditional values and therefore also played gender based roles in the home. In contrast, in homes where the father did not hold traditional values, the house chores were divided more equally among his kids. However, if fathers had two male children, the younger male tended to help more with household chores, but as he reached his teenage years the younger child stopped being as helpful around the house. However, education may be a confounder affecting both the father's attitude and the siblings' behavior, and the mother's attitudes did not have a noticeable impact.


title: Sibling

text: Anthropologist Edvard Westermarck found that children who are brought up together as siblings are desensitized to sexual attraction to one another later in life. This is known as the Westermarck Effect. It can be seen in biological and adoptive families, but also in other situations where children are brought up in close contact, such as the Israeli kibbutz system and the Chinese shim-pua marriage.


title: VSEPR theory

text: Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory ( , ), is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. It is also named the Gillespie-Nyholm theory after its two main developers, Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The premise of VSEPR is that the valence electron pairs surrounding an atom tend to repel each other and will, therefore, adopt an arrangement that minimizes this repulsion. This in turn decreases the molecule's energy and increases its stability, which determines the molecular geometry. Gillespie has emphasized that the electron-electron repulsion due to the Pauli exclusion principle is more important in determining molecular geometry than the electrostatic repulsion.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The insights of VSEPR theory are derived from topological analysis of the electron density of molecules. Such quantum chemical topology (QCT) methods include the electron localization function (ELF) and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (AIM or QTAIM). Hence, VSEPR is unrelated to wave function-based methods such as orbital hybridisation in valence bond theory.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The idea of a correlation between molecular geometry and number of valence electron pairs (both shared and unshared pairs) was originally proposed in 1939 by Ryutaro Tsuchida in Japan, and was independently presented in a Bakerian Lecture in 1940 by Nevil Sidgwick and Herbert Powell of the University of Oxford. In 1957, Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Sydney Nyholm of University College London refined this concept into a more detailed theory, capable of choosing between various alternative geometries.


title: VSEPR theory

text: VSEPR theory is used to predict the arrangement of electron pairs around central atoms in molecules, especially simple and symmetric molecules. A central atom is defined in this theory as an atom which is bonded to two or more other atoms, while a terminal atom is bonded to only one other atom. For example in the molecule methyl isocyanate (HC-N=C=O), the two carbons and one nitrogen are central atoms, and the three hydrogens and one oxygen are terminal atoms. The geometry of the central atoms and their non-bonding electron pairs in turn determine the geometry of the larger whole molecule.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The number of electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom is determined after drawing the Lewis structure of the molecule, and expanding it to show all bonding groups and lone pairs of electrons. In VSEPR theory, a double bond or triple bond is treated as a single bonding group. The sum of the number of atoms bonded to a central atom and the number of lone pairs formed by its nonbonding valence electrons is known as the central atom's steric number.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The electron pairs (or groups if multiple bonds are present) are assumed to lie on the surface of a sphere centered on the central atom and tend to occupy positions that minimize their mutual repulsions by maximizing the distance between them. The number of electron pairs (or groups), therefore, determines the overall geometry that they will adopt. For example, when there are two electron pairs surrounding the central atom, their mutual repulsion is minimal when they lie at opposite poles of the sphere. Therefore, the central atom is predicted to adopt a "linear" geometry. If there are 3 electron pairs surrounding the central atom, their repulsion is minimized by placing them at the vertices of an equilateral triangle centered on the atom. Therefore, the predicted geometry is "trigonal". Likewise, for 4 electron pairs, the optimal arrangement is "tetrahedral".


title: VSEPR theory

text: As a tool in predicting the geometry adopted with a given number of electron pairs, an often used physical demonstration of the principle of minimal electron pair repulsion utilizes inflated balloons. Through handling, balloons acquire a slight surface electrostatic charge that results in the adoption of roughly the same geometries when they are tied together at their stems as the corresponding number of electron pairs. For example, five balloons tied together adopt the "trigonal bipyramidal" geometry, just as do the five bonding pairs of a PCl molecule.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The steric number of a central atom in a molecule is the number of atoms bonded to that central atom, called its coordination number, plus the number of lone pairs of valence electrons on the central atom. In the molecule SF, for example, the central sulfur atom has four ligands; the coordination number of sulfur is four. In addition to the four ligands, sulfur also has one lone pair in this molecule. Thus, the steric number is 4 + 1 = 5.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The overall geometry is further refined by distinguishing between "bonding" and "nonbonding" electron pairs. The bonding electron pair shared in a sigma bond with an adjacent atom lies further from the central atom than a nonbonding (lone) pair of that atom, which is held close to its positively charged nucleus. VSEPR theory therefore views repulsion by the lone pair to be greater than the repulsion by a bonding pair. As such, when a molecule has 2 interactions with different degrees of repulsion, VSEPR theory predicts the structure where lone pairs occupy positions that allow them to experience less repulsion. Lone pair–lone pair (lp–lp) repulsions are considered stronger than lone pair–bonding pair (lp–bp) repulsions, which in turn are considered stronger than bonding pair–bonding pair (bp–bp) repulsions, distinctions that then guide decisions about overall geometry when 2 or more non-equivalent positions are possible. For instance, when 5 valence electron pairs surround a central atom, they adopt a "trigonal bipyramidal" molecular geometry with two collinear "axial" positions and three "equatorial" positions. An electron pair in an axial position has three close equatorial neighbors only 90° away and a fourth much farther at 180°, while an equatorial electron pair has only two adjacent pairs at 90° and two at 120°. The repulsion from the close neighbors at 90° is more important, so that the axial positions experience more repulsion than the equatorial positions; hence, when there are lone pairs, they tend to occupy equatorial positions as shown in the diagrams of the next section for steric number five.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The difference between lone pairs and bonding pairs may also be used to rationalize deviations from idealized geometries. For example, the HO molecule has four electron pairs in its valence shell: two lone pairs and two bond pairs. The four electron pairs are spread so as to point roughly towards the apices of a tetrahedron. However, the bond angle between the two O–H bonds is only 104.5°, rather than the 109.5° of a regular tetrahedron, because the two lone pairs (whose density or probability envelopes lie closer to the oxygen nucleus) exert a greater mutual repulsion than the two bond pairs.


title: VSEPR theory

text: A bond of higher bond order also exerts greater repulsion since the pi bond electrons contribute. For example in isobutylene, (HC)C=CH, the HC−C=C angle (124°) is larger than the HC−C−CH angle (111.5°). However, in the carbonate ion, , all three C−O bonds are equivalent with angles of 120° due to resonance.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The "AXE method" of electron counting is commonly used when applying the VSEPR theory. The electron pairs around a central atom are represented by a formula AXE, where "A" represents the central atom and always has an implied subscript one. Each "X" represents a ligand (an atom bonded to A). Each "E" represents a "lone pair" of electrons on the central atom. The total number of "X" and "E" is known as the steric number. For example in a molecule AXE, the atom A has a steric number of 5.


title: VSEPR theory

text: When the substituent (X) atoms are not all the same, the geometry is still approximately valid, but the bond angles may be slightly different from the ones where all the outside atoms are the same. For example, the double-bond carbons in alkenes like CH are AXE, but the bond angles are not all exactly 120°. Likewise, SOCl is AXE, but because the X substituents are not identical, the X–A–X angles are not all equal.


title: VSEPR theory

text: Based on the steric number and distribution of "X"s and "E"s, VSEPR theory makes the predictions in the following tables.


title: VSEPR theory

text: For main-group elements, there are stereochemically active lone pairs "E" whose number can vary between 0 to 3. Note that the geometries are named according to the atomic positions only and not the electron arrangement. For example, the description of AXE as a bent molecule means that the three atoms AX are not in one straight line, although the lone pair helps to determine the geometry.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The lone pairs on transition metal atoms are usually stereochemically inactive, meaning that their presence does not change the molecular geometry. For example, the hexaaquo complexes M(HO) are all octahedral for M = V, Mn, Co, Ni and Zn, despite the fact that the electronic configurations of the central metal ion are d, d, d, d and d respectively. The Kepert model ignores all lone pairs on transition metal atoms, so that the geometry around all such atoms corresponds to the VSEPR geometry for AX with 0 lone pairs E. This is often written ML, where M = metal and L = ligand. The Kepert model predicts the following geometries for coordination numbers of 2 through 9:


title: VSEPR theory

text: The methane molecule (CH) is tetrahedral because there are four pairs of electrons. The four hydrogen atoms are positioned at the vertices of a tetrahedron, and the bond angle is cos(−) ≈ 109° 28′. This is referred to as an AX type of molecule. As mentioned above, A represents the central atom and X represents an outer atom.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The ammonia molecule (NH) has three pairs of electrons involved in bonding, but there is a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. It is not bonded with another atom; however, it influences the overall shape through repulsions. As in methane above, there are four regions of electron density. Therefore, the overall orientation of the regions of electron density is tetrahedral. On the other hand, there are only three outer atoms. This is referred to as an AXE type molecule because the lone pair is represented by an E. By definition, the molecular shape or geometry describes the geometric arrangement of the atomic nuclei only, which is trigonal-pyramidal for NH.


title: VSEPR theory

text: Steric numbers of 7 or greater are possible, but are less common. The steric number of 7 occurs in iodine heptafluoride (IF); the base geometry for a steric number of 7 is pentagonal bipyramidal. The most common geometry for a steric number of 8 is a square antiprismatic geometry. Examples of this include the octacyanomolybdate () and octafluorozirconate () anions. The nonahydridorhenate ion () in potassium nonahydridorhenate is a rare example of a compound with a steric number of 9, which has a tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry.


title: VSEPR theory

text: Possible geometries for steric numbers of 10, 11, 12, or 14 are bicapped square antiprismatic (or bicapped dodecadeltahedral), octadecahedral, icosahedral, and bicapped hexagonal antiprismatic, respectively. No compounds with steric numbers this high involving monodentate ligands exist, and those involving multidentate ligands can often be analysed more simply as complexes with lower steric numbers when some multidentate ligands are treated as a unit.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The shapes of heavier Group 14 element alkyne analogues (RM≡MR, where M = Si, Ge, Sn or Pb) have been computed to be bent.


title: VSEPR theory

text: One example of the AXE geometry is molecular lithium oxide, LiO, a linear rather than bent structure, which is ascribed to its bonds being essentially ionic and the strong lithium-lithium repulsion that results. Another example is O(SiH) with an Si–O–Si angle of 144.1°, which compares to the angles in ClO (110.9°), (CH)O (111.7°), and N(CH) (110.9°). Gillespie and Robinson rationalize the Si–O–Si bond angle based on the observed ability of a ligand's lone pair to most greatly repel other electron pairs when the ligand electronegativity is greater than or equal to that of the central atom. In O(SiH), the central atom is more electronegative, and the lone pairs are less localized and more weakly repulsive. The larger Si–O–Si bond angle results from this and strong ligand-ligand repulsion by the relatively large -SiH ligand. Burford et al showed through X-ray diffraction studies that ClAl–O–PCl has a linear Al–O–P bond angle and is therefore a non-VSEPR molecule.


title: VSEPR theory

text: Some AXE molecules, e.g. xenon hexafluoride (XeF) and the Te(IV) and Bi(III) anions, , , , and , are octahedral, rather than pentagonal pyramids, and the lone pair does not affect the geometry to the degree predicted by VSEPR. Similarly, the octafluoroxenate ion () in nitrosonium octafluoroxenate(VI) is a square antiprism with minimal distortion, despite having a lone pair. One rationalization is that steric crowding of the ligands allows little or no room for the non-bonding lone pair; another rationalization is the inert pair effect.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The Kepert model predicts that ML transition metal molecules are tetrahedral in shape, and it cannot explain the formation of square planar complexes. The majority of such complexes exhibit a d configuration as for the tetrachloroplatinate () ion. The explanation of the shape of square planar complexes involves electronic effects and requires the use of crystal field theory.


title: VSEPR theory

text: Some transition metal complexes with low d electron count have unusual geometries, which can be ascribed to d subshell bonding interaction. Gillespie found that this interaction produces bonding pairs that also occupy the respective antipodal points (ligand opposed) of the sphere. This phenomenon is an electronic effect resulting from the bilobed shape of the underlying sd hybrid orbitals. The repulsion of these bonding pairs leads to a different set of shapes.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The gas phase structures of the triatomic halides of the heavier members of group 2, (i.e., calcium, strontium and barium halides, MX), are not linear as predicted but are bent, (approximate X–M–X angles: CaF, 145°; SrF, 120°; BaF, 108°; SrCl, 130°; BaCl, 115°; BaBr, 115°; BaI, 105°). It has been proposed by Gillespie that this is also caused by bonding interaction of the ligands with the d subshell of the metal atom, thus influencing the molecular geometry.


title: VSEPR theory

text: Relativistic effects on the electron orbitals of superheavy elements is predicted to influence the molecular geometry of some compounds. For instance, the 6d electrons in nihonium play an unexpectedly strong role in bonding, so NhF should assume a T-shaped geometry, instead of a trigonal planar geometry like its lighter congener BF. In contrast, the extra stability of the 7p electrons in tennessine are predicted to make TsF trigonal planar, unlike the T-shaped geometry observed for IF and predicted for AtF; similarly, OgF should have a tetrahedral geometry, while XeF has a square planar geometry and RnF is predicted to have the same.


title: VSEPR theory

text: The VSEPR theory can be extended to molecules with an odd number of electrons by treating the unpaired electron as a "half electron pair" — for example, Gillespie and Nyholm suggested that the decrease in the bond angle in the series (180°), NO (134°), (115°) indicates that a given set of bonding electron pairs exert a weaker repulsion on a single non-bonding electron than on a pair of non-bonding electrons. In effect, they considered nitrogen dioxide as an AXE molecule, with a geometry intermediate between and . Similarly, chlorine dioxide (ClO) is an AXE molecule, with a geometry intermediate between and .


title: VSEPR theory

text: Finally, the methyl radical (CH) is predicted to be trigonal pyramidal like the methyl anion (), but with a larger bond angle (as in the trigonal planar methyl cation ()). However, in this case, the VSEPR prediction is not quite true, as CH is actually planar, although its distortion to a pyramidal geometry requires very little energy.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: In continuum mechanics, the Cauchy stress tensor formula_1, true stress tensor, or simply called the stress tensor is a second order tensor named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy. The tensor consists of nine components formula_2 that completely define the state of stress at a point inside a material in the deformed state, placement, or configuration. The tensor relates a unit-length direction vector e to the traction vector T across an imaginary surface perpendicular to e:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The SI units of both stress tensor and traction vector are N/m, corresponding to the stress scalar. The unit vector is dimensionless.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The Cauchy stress tensor obeys the tensor transformation law under a change in the system of coordinates. A graphical representation of this transformation law is the Mohr's circle for stress.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The Cauchy stress tensor is used for stress analysis of material bodies experiencing small deformations: It is a central concept in the linear theory of elasticity. For large deformations, also called finite deformations, other measures of stress are required, such as the Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor, the Biot stress tensor, and the Kirchhoff stress tensor.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: According to the principle of conservation of linear momentum, if the continuum body is in static equilibrium it can be demonstrated that the components of the Cauchy stress tensor in every material point in the body satisfy the equilibrium equations (Cauchy's equations of motion for zero acceleration). At the same time, according to the principle of conservation of angular momentum, equilibrium requires that the summation of moments with respect to an arbitrary point is zero, which leads to the conclusion that the stress tensor is symmetric, thus having only six independent stress components, instead of the original nine. However, in the presence of couple-stresses, i.e. moments per unit volume, the stress tensor is non-symmetric. This also is the case when the Knudsen number is close to one, formula_5, or the continuum is a non-Newtonian fluid, which can lead to rotationally non-invariant fluids, such as polymers.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: There are certain invariants associated with the stress tensor, whose values do not depend upon the coordinate system chosen, or the area element upon which the stress tensor operates. These are the three eigenvalues of the stress tensor, which are called the principal stresses.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The Euler–Cauchy stress principle states that "upon any surface (real or imaginary) that divides the body, the action of one part of the body on the other is equivalent (equipollent) to the system of distributed forces and couples on the surface dividing the body", and it is represented by a field formula_6, called the traction vector, defined on the surface formula_7 and assumed to depend continuously on the surface's unit vector formula_8.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: To formulate the Euler–Cauchy stress principle, consider an imaginary surface formula_7 passing through an internal material point formula_10 dividing the continuous body into two segments, as seen in Figure 2.1a or 2.1b (one may use either the cutting plane diagram or the diagram with the arbitrary volume inside the continuum enclosed by the surface formula_7).


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Following the classical dynamics of Newton and Euler, the motion of a material body is produced by the action of externally applied forces which are assumed to be of two kinds: surface forces formula_12 and body forces formula_13. Thus, the total force formula_14 applied to a body or to a portion of the body can be expressed as:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Only surface forces will be discussed in this article as they are relevant to the Cauchy stress tensor.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: When the body is subjected to external surface forces or "contact forces" formula_12, following Euler's equations of motion, internal contact forces and moments are transmitted from point to point in the body, and from one segment to the other through the dividing surface formula_7, due to the mechanical contact of one portion of the continuum onto the other (Figure 2.1a and 2.1b). On an element of area formula_18 containing formula_10, with normal vector formula_8, the force distribution is equipollent to a contact force formula_21 exerted at point P and surface moment formula_22. In particular, the contact force is given by


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Cauchy's stress principle asserts that as formula_18 becomes very small and tends to zero the ratio formula_26 becomes formula_27 and the couple stress vector formula_22 vanishes. In specific fields of continuum mechanics the couple stress is assumed not to vanish; however, classical branches of continuum mechanics address non-polar materials which do not consider couple stresses and body moments.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The resultant vector formula_27 is defined as the "surface traction", also called "stress vector", "traction", or "traction vector". given by formula_30 at the point formula_10 associated with a plane with a normal vector formula_8:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: This equation means that the stress vector depends on its location in the body and the orientation of the plane on which it is acting.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: This implies that the balancing action of internal contact forces generates a "contact force density" or "Cauchy traction field" formula_34 that represents a distribution of internal contact forces throughout the volume of the body in a particular configuration of the body at a given time formula_35. It is not a vector field because it depends not only on the position formula_36 of a particular material point, but also on the local orientation of the surface element as defined by its normal vector formula_8.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Depending on the orientation of the plane under consideration, the stress vector may not necessarily be perpendicular to that plane, "i.e." parallel to formula_8, and can be resolved into two components (Figure 2.1c):


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: According to the "Cauchy Postulate", the stress vector formula_6 remains unchanged for all surfaces passing through the point formula_10 and having the same normal vector formula_8 at formula_10, i.e., having a common tangent at formula_10. This means that the stress vector is a function of the normal vector formula_8 only, and is not influenced by the curvature of the internal surfaces.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: A consequence of Cauchy's postulate is "Cauchy’s Fundamental Lemma", also called the "Cauchy reciprocal theorem", which states that the stress vectors acting on opposite sides of the same surface are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Cauchy's fundamental lemma is equivalent to Newton's third law of motion of action and reaction, and is expressed as


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: "The state of stress at a point" in the body is then defined by all the stress vectors T associated with all planes (infinite in number) that pass through that point. However, according to "Cauchy’s fundamental theorem", also called "Cauchy’s stress theorem", merely by knowing the stress vectors on three mutually perpendicular planes, the stress vector on any other plane passing through that point can be found through coordinate transformation equations.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Cauchy's stress theorem states that there exists a second-order tensor field σ(x, t), called the Cauchy stress tensor, independent of n, such that T is a linear function of n:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: This equation implies that the stress vector T at any point "P" in a continuum associated with a plane with normal unit vector n can be expressed as a function of the stress vectors on the planes perpendicular to the coordinate axes, "i.e." in terms of the components "σ" of the stress tensor σ.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: To prove this expression, consider a tetrahedron with three faces oriented in the coordinate planes, and with an infinitesimal area d"A" oriented in an arbitrary direction specified by a normal unit vector n (Figure 2.2). The tetrahedron is formed by slicing the infinitesimal element along an arbitrary plane with unit normal n. The stress vector on this plane is denoted by T. The stress vectors acting on the faces of the tetrahedron are denoted as T, T, and T, and are by definition the components "σ" of the stress tensor σ. This tetrahedron is sometimes called the "Cauchy tetrahedron". The equilibrium of forces, "i.e." Euler's first law of motion (Newton's second law of motion), gives:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: where the right-hand-side represents the product of the mass enclosed by the tetrahedron and its acceleration: "ρ" is the density, a is the acceleration, and "h" is the height of the tetrahedron, considering the plane n as the base. The area of the faces of the tetrahedron perpendicular to the axes can be found by projecting d"A" into each face (using the dot product):


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: To consider the limiting case as the tetrahedron shrinks to a point, "h" must go to 0 (intuitively, the plane n is translated along n toward "O"). As a result, the right-hand-side of the equation approaches 0, so


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Assuming a material element (Figure 2.3) with planes perpendicular to the coordinate axes of a Cartesian coordinate system, the stress vectors associated with each of the element planes, "i.e." T, T, and T can be decomposed into a normal component and two shear components, "i.e." components in the direction of the three coordinate axes. For the particular case of a surface with normal unit vector oriented in the direction of the "x"-axis, denote the normal stress by "σ", and the two shear stresses as "σ" and "σ":


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The nine components "σ" of the stress vectors are the components of a second-order Cartesian tensor called the "Cauchy stress tensor", which can be used to completely define the state of stress at a point and is given by


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: where "σ", "σ", and "σ" are normal stresses, and "σ", "σ", "σ", "σ", "σ", and "σ" are shear stresses. The first index "i" indicates that the stress acts on a plane normal to the "X" -axis, and the second index "j" denotes the direction in which the stress acts (For example, σ implies that the stress is acting on the plane that is normal to the 1 axis i.e.;"X" and acts along the 2 axis i.e.;"X"). A stress component is positive if it acts in the positive direction of the coordinate axes, and if the plane where it acts has an outward normal vector pointing in the positive coordinate direction.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The Voigt notation representation of the Cauchy stress tensor takes advantage of the symmetry of the stress tensor to express the stress as a six-dimensional vector of the form:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The Voigt notation is used extensively in representing stress–strain relations in solid mechanics and for computational efficiency in numerical structural mechanics software.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: It can be shown that the stress tensor is a contravariant second order tensor, which is a statement of how it transforms under a change of the coordinate system. From an "x"-system to an " x' "-system, the components "σ" in the initial system are transformed into the components "σ' " in the new system according to the tensor transformation rule (Figure 2.4):


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The magnitude of the normal stress component "σ" of any stress vector T acting on an arbitrary plane with normal unit vector n at a given point, in terms of the components "σ" of the stress tensor σ, is the dot product of the stress vector and the normal unit vector:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The magnitude of the shear stress component "τ", acting orthogonal to the vector n, can then be found using the Pythagorean theorem:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: According to the principle of conservation of linear momentum, if the continuum body is in static equilibrium it can be demonstrated that the components of the Cauchy stress tensor in every material point in the body satisfy the equilibrium equations.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: According to the principle of conservation of angular momentum, equilibrium requires that the summation of moments with respect to an arbitrary point is zero, which leads to the conclusion that the stress tensor is symmetric, thus having only six independent stress components, instead of the original nine:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: However, in the presence of couple-stresses, i.e. moments per unit volume, the stress tensor is non-symmetric. This also is the case when the Knudsen number is close to one, formula_5, or the continuum is a non-Newtonian fluid, which can lead to rotationally non-invariant fluids, such as polymers.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: At every point in a stressed body there are at least three planes, called "principal planes", with normal vectors formula_82, called "principal directions", where the corresponding stress vector is perpendicular to the plane, i.e., parallel or in the same direction as the normal vector formula_82, and where there are no normal shear stresses formula_84. The three stresses normal to these principal planes are called "principal stresses".


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The components formula_2 of the stress tensor depend on the orientation of the coordinate system at the point under consideration. However, the stress tensor itself is a physical quantity and as such, it is independent of the coordinate system chosen to represent it. There are certain invariants associated with every tensor which are also independent of the coordinate system. For example, a vector is a simple tensor of rank one. In three dimensions, it has three components. The value of these components will depend on the coordinate system chosen to represent the vector, but the magnitude of the vector is a physical quantity (a scalar) and is independent of the Cartesian coordinate system chosen to represent the vector (so long as it is normal). Similarly, every second rank tensor (such as the stress and the strain tensors) has three independent invariant quantities associated with it. One set of such invariants are the principal stresses of the stress tensor, which are just the eigenvalues of the stress tensor. Their direction vectors are the principal directions or eigenvectors.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: where formula_88 is a constant of proportionality, and in this particular case corresponds to the magnitudes formula_89 of the normal stress vectors or principal stresses.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: This is a homogeneous system, i.e. equal to zero, of three linear equations where formula_93 are the unknowns. To obtain a nontrivial (non-zero) solution for formula_93, the determinant matrix of the coefficients must be equal to zero, i.e. the system is singular. Thus,


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The characteristic equation has three real roots formula_98, i.e. not imaginary due to the symmetry of the stress tensor. The formula_99, formula_100 and formula_101, are the principal stresses, functions of the eigenvalues formula_98. The eigenvalues are the roots of the characteristic polynomial. The principal stresses are unique for a given stress tensor. Therefore, from the characteristic equation, the coefficients formula_103, formula_104 and formula_105, called the first, second, and third "stress invariants", respectively, always have the same value regardless of the coordinate system's orientation.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: For each eigenvalue, there is a non-trivial solution for formula_93 in the equation formula_107. These solutions are the principal directions or eigenvectors defining the plane where the principal stresses act. The principal stresses and principal directions characterize the stress at a point and are independent of the orientation.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: A coordinate system with axes oriented to the principal directions implies that the normal stresses are the principal stresses and the stress tensor is represented by a diagonal matrix:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The principal stresses can be combined to form the stress invariants, formula_103, formula_104, and formula_105. The first and third invariant are the trace and determinant respectively, of the stress tensor. Thus,


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Because of its simplicity, the principal coordinate system is often useful when considering the state of the elastic medium at a particular point. Principal stresses are often expressed in the following equation for evaluating stresses in the x and y directions or axial and bending stresses on a part. The principal normal stresses can then be used to calculate the von Mises stress and ultimately the safety factor and margin of safety.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Using just the part of the equation under the square root is equal to the maximum and minimum shear stress for plus and minus. This is shown as:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The maximum shear stress or maximum principal shear stress is equal to one-half the difference between the largest and smallest principal stresses, and acts on the plane that bisects the angle between the directions of the largest and smallest principal stresses, i.e. the plane of the maximum shear stress is oriented formula_115 from the principal stress planes. The maximum shear stress is expressed as


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: When the stress tensor is non zero the normal stress component acting on the plane for the maximum shear stress is non-zero and it is equal to


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Pressure (formula_78) is generally defined as negative one-third the trace of the stress tensor minus any stress the divergence of the velocity contributes with, i.e.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: where formula_88 is a proportionality constant, formula_129 is the divergence operator, formula_130 is the "k":th Cartesian coordinate, formula_131 is the velocity and formula_132 is the "k":th Cartesian component of formula_131.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: The deviatoric stress tensor can be obtained by subtracting the hydrostatic stress tensor from the Cauchy stress tensor:


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: As it is a second order tensor, the stress deviator tensor also has a set of invariants, which can be obtained using the same procedure used to calculate the invariants of the stress tensor. It can be shown that the principal directions of the stress deviator tensor formula_122 are the same as the principal directions of the stress tensor formula_2. Thus, the characteristic equation is


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: where formula_138, formula_139 and formula_140 are the first, second, and third "deviatoric stress invariants", respectively. Their values are the same (invariant) regardless of the orientation of the coordinate system chosen. These deviatoric stress invariants can be expressed as a function of the components of formula_122 or its principal values formula_142, formula_143, and formula_144, or alternatively, as a function of formula_2 or its principal values formula_146, formula_147, and formula_148. Thus,


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: A quantity called the equivalent stress or von Mises stress is commonly used in solid mechanics. The equivalent stress is defined as


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: Considering the principal directions as the coordinate axes, a plane whose normal vector makes equal angles with each of the principal axes (i.e. having direction cosines equal to formula_152) is called an "octahedral plane". There are a total of eight octahedral planes (Figure 6). The normal and shear components of the stress tensor on these planes are called "octahedral normal stress" formula_153 and "octahedral shear stress" formula_154, respectively. Octahedral plane passing through the origin is known as the "π-plane" ("π" not to be confused with "mean stress" denoted by "π" in above section) "." On the "π-plane", formula_155.


title: Cauchy stress tensor

text: which is the mean normal stress or hydrostatic stress. This value is the same in all eight octahedral planes.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: Valley Girl is a 2020 American jukebox musical romantic comedy teen film directed by Rachel Lee Goldenberg and written by Amy Talkington from a story by Wayne Crawford and Andrew Lane. It is a remake of the 1983 film of the same name and stars Jessica Rothe, Josh Whitehouse, Mae Whitman, and Judy Greer. The film follows Julie Richman, a Valley girl, who falls in love with Randy, a rebellious punk, during the early 1980s.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer first announced a musical remake in February 2012, but it was halted until November 2016 when Goldenberg joined the project as director and Rothe was cast in the lead role. Casting announcements continued until May 2017 and principal photography began that same month, taking place in Los Angeles. Following the completion of filming, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer scheduled the film for release on June 29, 2018. However, the film was delayed following , who portrayed Mickey.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: "Valley Girl" was released simultaneously through video on demand and in select drive-in theaters on May 8, 2020, by United Artists Releasing. It was initially set to receive a wide theatrical release on the same date, but these plans were cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for the soundtrack, acting, and tone, though many deemed it to be inferior to the original film.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: In present day, Ruby Richman arrives home, upset about breaking up with her boyfriend that night over her plans to participate in a study program in Japan. Her mother, Julie, sits her down and recounts to Ruby her own final semester of high school.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: In the early 1980s, as a teenager, Julie is a Valley girl who lives in Encino, Los Angeles, frequents shopping malls with her friends, Stacey, Karen and Loryn and dates Mickey, a popular but arrogant jock. However, she begins to feel disillusioned to her lifestyle and has second thoughts regarding her future with Mickey. She also aspires to attend the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York, rather than Cal State Northridge, as her parents and friends expect. At the beach, she comes across Randy, a Hollywood punk and lead singer of the band Safety Recall. The two flirt briefly before she abruptly leaves. That night, Julie and her friends attend a costume party at Mickey's house. Randy and his bandmates, Sticky and Jack, arrive at the venue, but are promptly thrown out. Later, Randy insists Julie leaves the party with him. Accompanied by a reluctant Stacey, Julie joins Randy and his friends to attend the band's performance at a punk nightclub. After Stacey leaves and Safety Recall perform, Julie spends the rest of the night with Randy, culminating with the two sharing a kiss.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: The next morning, Julie breaks up with Mickey, which frustrates her friends. She begins spending more time with Randy and changes her fashion style, while Karen begins dating Mickey. This causes further conflict between her and her friends, while the same rift occurs between Randy and his bandmates. One day, Julie invites Randy over for dinner on behest of her parents Diana and Steve. However, he overhears them talk about his lack of discipline and leaves. Later, at Stacey's birthday party, Mickey begins to antagonize Randy, resulting in the two getting into a physical fight that gets Randy thrown out. Stacey also gets upset at Julie for bringing him and forces her to leave too. Outside, Julie breaks up with Randy after the two argue over their clashing backgrounds and her friends' attitudes toward him.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: Later, Julie reluctantly agrees to be Mickey's date to the prom, who has broken up with Karen. She apologizes to Stacey, who forgives her and reveals she has been accepted to Dartmouth College. Meanwhile, Randy makes amends with his bandmates and decide to leave for New York before encouraging him to go after Julie. At the mall, Mickey reveals that Karen was not accepted to Northridge, unlike Loryn. On the night of the prom, Julie and Mickey are crowned prom king and queen. As the two dance, Julie breaks up with Mickey and begins to leave. Safety Recall arrive for a surprise performance, however, Mickey and his friends sabotage the equipment. Despite this, Julie and Randy share a duet and reunite. Later, Julie reconciles with Karen and Loryn is contacted to be a background dancer in an upcoming music video. As their friends dance, Julie and Randy leave the venue in Mickey's rented limousine.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: In present day, Julie reveals that Safety Recall signed a record deal in New York as she was finishing her degree at FIT and joined them on their first tour before eventually breaking up with Randy. She tells Ruby that while she did not end up with Randy, she enjoyed their time together and is happy with the life that she chose. In the end, text appears on screen, revealing everyone's future successes, except for Mickey who received a restraining order from the producers of "The Bachelor" for repeatedly sending them his audition tape.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: In February 2012, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Paramount Pictures announced a musical remake of 1983 film "Valley Girl" with Clay Weiner directing.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: In November 2016, Rachel Lee Goldenberg joined the project as director, with Clay Weiner and Paramount Pictures dropping out of the project which will be distributed through United Artists Releasing. The same month, Jessica Rothe was cast in the starring role of Julie Richman.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: Josh Whitehouse was announced as the punk rock musician love interest in January 2017. In April 2017, Chloe Bennet was cast as Karen, a queen bee Valley girl, Ashleigh Murray as Loryn, a boy-crazy popular girl, Jessie Ennis as Stacey, Julie's loyal best friend, and Logan Paul as Mickey, a popular tennis star. In May 2017, Mae Whitman joined the cast as Jack, Randy's lesbian best friend and bandmate, followed in June by Peyton List as Courtney, a cheerleader.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: The soundtrack album for the film was released by Interscope Records on May 8, 2020. The song "We Got the Beat" performed Jessica Rothe, Chloe Bennet, Jessie Ennis and Ashleigh Murray was released as a promotional single on April 24, 2020.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: The film was originally scheduled for release on June 29, 2018, but it was later pulled from the schedule following .


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: "Valley Girl" was released simultaneously through video on demand and in select drive-in theaters on May 8, 2020, by United Artists Releasing. The film was initially set to receive a wide theatrical release on the same date, but these plans were cancelled due to the movie theater closures since mid March because of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 6, 2020 by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment (under license to MGM).


title: Valley Girl (2020 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Valley Girl" won't, like, make you forget the original or anything, but as a breezy jukebox musicals go, it's still fairly rad." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Raajakumara

text: Raajakumara () is a 2017 Indian Kannada language action drama film written and directed by Santhosh Ananddram and produced by Vijay Kiragandur under the Hombale Films banner. It stars Puneeth Rajkumar and Priya Anand in lead roles. Apart from them, the film features an ensemble cast of Ananth Nag, Sarath Kumar, Prakash Raj, Chikkanna, Sadhu Kokila, Achyuth Kumar, Avinash in important roles. V. Harikrishna composed the film's score and soundtrack. The film was released on 24 March 2017 and received positive reviews from critics and audience where the film went to become sixth highest-grossing Kannada film at the time of its release until "" surpassed it. This film was dubbed into Hindi as "Daring Raajakumara".


title: Raajakumara

text: The film became the first Kannada movie to complete 6000 shows in multiplex within six weeks of its release. The film also completed 7577 shows in multiplex within 87 days. The film had a theatrical run of more than one hundred days in 45–50 centres across Karnataka. The gross collections of the movie was reported to be .


title: Raajakumara

text: Siddharth is the adopted son of Ashok, who is a kind-hearted corporate businessman and Sujatha. He leads a happy life in Melbourne, Australia taking care of his father's business and fighting for his native country's pride. He is also a helpful youngster, who helps anyone in need. Siddharth falls for Nandini, a salsa instructor and also Ashok's friend Jagadeesh's daughter. Siddharth's life takes a tragic turn as he loses his whole family in a flight crash and returns to India to his orphanage headed by Krishna, which is now an old-age home. Through Jagadeesh, He discovers that Ashok was framed for the deaths of infant children due to the polio scheme introduced by Ashok for the poor people, where he decide to prove Ashok's innocence. He also looks after the old people in an old age home, like their son and solves all their problems, while also taking care of the children, purchasing medicines to the children affected by the polio scheme.


title: Raajakumara

text: One day, Siddharth comes across Vishwa Joshi in the hospital, who also stays in the old-age home. Vishwa Joshi reveals that the Polio scheme was actually ruined due to the machinations created by his son Jagannath, who is the present-health minister of Karnataka. He wants to expose the illegal acts done by Jagannath and was hiding in the old-age home for the right time to expose him. Siddharth also supports Vishwa Joshi and makes Jagannath to hand over the case to CBI for further investigation in an interview. Jagannath tries to ruin their plans and tries to get the old age home and even gets his father attacked by his henchmen. However, Jagannath has a change of heart where he saves his father and surrenders himself to the police and all the old people reunite with their children, after learning of their mistakes from Siddharth, who gave a speech at an interview.


title: Raajakumara

text: In March 2016, it was reported that Director Santhosh Ananddram and Puneeth Rajkumar would work together for the first time together. V. Harikrishna was selected to compose the music for this film. The film was highly expected due to its marketing. "Rajakumara is a different subject which portrays two different stories & the two stories are bridged between Appu's character", said Santhosh. Pre-production work, location hunt and casting finalisation required almost a year.


title: Raajakumara

text: Priya Anand was roped to play lead actress role which marked her debut in Kannada cinema, collaboration with Puneeth Rajkumar. The film has an ensemble cast starring Ananth Nag, Prakash Raj, Sarath Kumar, Achyuth Rao, Chikkanna, Datthanna, Sadhu Kokila, Rangayana Raghu and others.


title: Raajakumara

text: The film went on the floors on 22 April 2016. The first schedule took place in Australia in various parts like Brisbane, Gold Coast, Sydney and Melbourne after which the crew did the rest of the shoot in Bengaluru, Chennai, Mysuru, Goa, Varanasi and later in Malaysia. The makers of his upcoming film, Raajakumara released the first look of the film on 17 March — to coincide with the actor's 41st birthday.


title: Raajakumara

text: V. Harikrishna composed the soundtrack album and background score for the film. The full album was released on 6 March 2017. The song "Bombe Helutaithe" samples the beat of the song "Aadisi Nodi Beelisi Nodu" from the film "Kasturi Nivasa".


title: Raajakumara

text: The film got positive reviews upon the theatrical release from both critics and the audience. Sunayana Suresh from Times Of India rated it 4/5 and stated that "The entire ensemble cast, right from comedians Rangayana Raghu and Achyuth Kumar to antagonist Prakash Raj and veterans like Ananth Nag, HG Dattatreya and Bhargavi Narayan have interesting characters sketched out that entertain you."


title: Raajakumara

text: "Indiaglitz" rated it 4/5 writing, "This is a good family watch; the youths think on their mistakes, the oldies get relief, fans of Puneeth Rajakumar thoroughly enjoy." Shashiprasad SM of "Deccan Chronicle" rated the film 3/5 stars and stated that "If family sentiment is your preferred mode of entertainment, then ‘Raajakumara’ will not disappoint you."


title: Raajakumara

text: The writer Archana Nathan of "The Hindu" described the film as generic, writing "There is very little that gives Raajakumara its identity or a clear storyline ... Achyuth Kumar and Ananth Nag perform well but their roles too are too simplistically written." Shyam Prasad of "Bangalore Mirror" rated the film 3/5 stars and stated that "The constant reference to Puneeth’s career and films goes overboard at times. The film becomes a tribute to the actor and a personality building exercise mostly. But he manages to pull off the role with the subtlety that proves his acting prowess again."


title: Raajakumara

text: The film released in over 350 screens across Karnataka, collected ₹75 crore and went on to become highest grossing Kannada film of all time until the release of "".