title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Back at home, Jon falls off a tree and becomes unconscious. Clark and Lois decide to take him to the Fortress of Solitude. At the Fortress, the Kent family is met by the Eradicator, who informs Superman that he is one of a series of robots created by General Zod to seek out and arrest Kryptonian criminals; extract their life force and transfer them to a Phantom Zone projector, where they will await trial with their bodies placed in cryo-chambers. The Eradicator witnessed the destruction of Krypton. Part of his protocol is finding Kryptonian survivors, he eventually found Superman in the Earth solar system, including his son. The Eradicator tells Superman he can rebuild Krypton, but because his son is half human, his human genome will have to be eradicated for Krypton to stay true and pure. He attempts to ingest Jon, Superman fights the Eradicator. After some reassurance from his mother (that he has the best of both worlds and has the ability to do great things), Jon joins his father in the fight against the Eradicator. With the combined forces of Superman and son, the Eradicator's outer shell is shattered, releasing the Kryptonian souls he has captured and causing a massive explosion in the Fortress.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Superman and his family are teleported into a bar in Metropolis. The Kryptonian spirits decide to help Superman and allow themselves to be reabsorbed by the Eradicator, while Superman puts Lois and Jon inside a fully equipped submersible and escapes with his family to Batman's secret Batcave on the Moon. The Eradicator soon arrives in the Batcave and continues his battle with Superman. During the battle, the Eradicator absorbs Superman and begins to search for Jon in the cave. Lois finds and puts on Batman's Hellbat armor and battles the Eradicator with Jon joining the fight. Superman eventually escapes the Eradicator. The entire Kent family fight the Eradicator, who is finally destroyed. Later, after returning to the family farm, Clark gives Jon a pair of glasses and a hat as Jon's new civilian disguise. He takes Jon to the Watchtower and officially introduces him as Superboy to the Justice League.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Jon's origins are retconned in the four-part story "Superman Reborn". Jon is kidnapped by Mr. Mxyzptlk and taken to the Fifth Dimension. As Superman and Lois race to his rescue, Jon encounters the spirits of the deceased New 52 versions of Superman and Lois and begs them to help. Taking their power in his hands, Jon attacks Mxyzptlk and accidentally transforms his parents into their New 52 counterparts. Though they no longer remember him, Jon manages to get them to remember who they truly are and their love for each other. The two versions of Superman and Lois merge, forming a new, complete version of Superman and Lois and rewriting the DC Universe's history. In this new reality, Clark and Lois conceived Jon shortly after they got married after the death of Superman. Lois ran afoul of a ring of arms smugglers who blew up the Kents' apartment in an attempt on her life. Fearing for Lois's life, the couple left Metropolis, and Lois gave birth to Jon in the Fortress of Solitude. Clark and Lois then took sabbaticals and moved to California to raise Jon. They eventually moved to Hamilton County and went back to work at the "Daily Planet".


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: When Jon's grandfather Jor-El visited the Kent family, he offers to take Jon on a trip to better educate him about the known universe. Lois and Clark initially refuse, but Jon reveals his fears and insecurities to his parents, and this could be an opportunity to understand himself better. Lois agrees to go with them. While Lois soon returned to Earth, Jon and Jor-El traveled through space for some time until their ship suddenly fell into a black hole. Jon found himself on Earth-3, where he was quickly taken prisoner by Ultraman. After being imprisoned in a volcano for years, Jon was eventually rescued by Jor-El and sent back to Earth, finding that while years have passed for him, only a few weeks have passed on Earth since he left.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Jon and Damian Wayne, the son of Batman, are a dynamic duo in the "Super Sons" comic book series: "Super Sons", the 12-issue miniseries "Adventures of the Super Sons", and the digital-first series "Challenge of the Super Sons". The duo first met in the "Superman" two-part story "In the Name of the Father" and was described as a prologue to the "Super Sons" series.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: "In the Name of the Father", when Christmas break starts, Jon explores the Dead Man's Swamp. He encounters Maya Ducard and Goliath (sent by Damian to spy on Superboy) and is taken to Gotham City sedated and restricted by Damian, who distrusts him. Batman finds them and orders Damian to release Superboy before an enraged Superman arrives. After a brief confrontation, Batman takes them to the Batcave and runs a diagnosis on Jon's DNA for further analysis. Jon tries to befriend Damian but Damian taunts him for incinerating the family cat, instigating a fight between them that destroys the genetics lab. Batman and Superman send them to a mountain boot camp where Jon and Damian have to face several tests and challenges. After some initial conflict, the duo eventually learns to work together.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Following the battle against Rogol Zaar, the last survivors of Krypton, the Houses of El and General Zod gathered all the alien political factions in the galaxy to brings an end to their destructive wars; and discuss an idea that could ensure lasting peace and safety for the people in the galaxy. When Jon suggests forming a United Planets, which can maintain peace and stability, much like the United Nations on Earth, the Legion of Super-Heroes appears from a time portal. They have come to the present to ask the creator of the United Planets, Jon Kent, to join the Legion in the 31st century. Initially hesitant, after consulting with Damian, Jon accepts the invitation and goes to the future with Saturn Girl. After spending some time in the 31st century in the "Legion of Super-Heroes" comic book series, Jon eventually returns to the present day in the "Action Comics" story arc "The House of Kent".


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Jon is the protagonist in the comic book "Superman: Son of Kal-El", which began publication in July 2021 and ended in December 2022, with 18 issues and one annual. Written by Tom Taylor and art by John Timms, the series features Jon taking over his father's mantle as Superman and being entrusted with the protection of Earth while his father (whose stories take place in "Action Comics") is away from Earth. The series premise has been described as "Truth, Justice, and a Better World."


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: In the series, Jon gives up his secret identity in order to save a group of college students from a school shooter. One of the students, Jay Nakamura, reveals to Jon that he covertly runs a news site known as The Truth which exposes secrets that the mainstream media will not report, including the plight of the refugees of Gamorra, an island nation under the dictatorship of their president, Henry Bendix. Jon becomes an ally of The Truth and begins to develop a relationship with Jay.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Jon will star in the upcoming six-issue miniseries, "Adventures of Superman: Jon Kent", written by Tom Taylor and art by Clayton Henry. The first issue is scheduled for release on March 7, 2023.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: The first superpower Jon developed was super hearing. Other powers, invulnerability and superhuman strength began to manifest when Jon and his mother were in mortal danger. Due to Jon's young age, his powers and control often fluctuate with his emotions. It is revealed in "Superman" vol. 4 #3, because of Jon's unique human and Kryptonian genomes, his powers are still developing and adapting, resulting in a lack of consistency in his invulnerability. And sometimes, he is vulnerable to injury and can still get hurt even if all of his other powers are active. Jon's power instability is later revealed to be the manipulation of Manchester Black. Jon's powers are restored to normal after Black is defeated. According to Batman, Jon's mixed biology could have the potential of him becoming more powerful than his father, Superman.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: He is shown to have developed: heat vision in "Superman" vol. 4 #1, X-ray vision in "Trinity" vol. 2 #1, freezing breath in "Superman" vol. 4 #10, super speed and enhanced vision in "Action Comics" #966, super breath in "Super Sons" #4, flight in "Superman" vol. 4 #25 and super flare in "Super Sons" #11. Other powers include superhuman stamina, telescopic vision, microscopic vision, electro-magnetic spectrum vision and accelerated healing. Like his father, Jon is vulnerable to magic and kryptonite.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Born on Krypton's Argo City, Clark and Lois have a baby boy named Jonathan in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths". At the end of the world-shattering Crisis event, the couple now has two sons.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: In the television series "Superman & Lois", Clark and Lois have twin sons, Jonathan and Jordan Kent. Alex Garfin plays Jordan. Jonathan was played by Jordan Elsass for the first two seasons, with Michael Bishop playing the character from season three.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Jonathan is described as modest and kind-hearted, while Jordan is wildly intelligent with social anxiety. The twins were named after Clark's adoptive and biological fathers, Jonathan Kent and Jor-El. At the start of the series, Jonathan and Jordan are 14-year-old teenagers in high school. After Clark's adoptive mother Martha dies, Clark and Lois move the family from Metropolis to Smallville, where the brothers learn that their father is Superman.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Only Jordan seems to have inherited their father's superpowers he has so far developed: heat vision, freezing breath, accelerated healing, superhuman strength, hearing, speed and durability and the ability to fly. Jordan can also survive without oxygen in the harsh vacuum of space with freezing temperatures and cosmic radiation without the need for protection.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: In the Bizarro World, first featured in the episode "Bizarros in a Bizarro World", Superman's families are celebrities and a family of heroes. Jonathan has powers instead of Jordan and is known to the world as Jon-El, son of Kal-El, and saving the world with his father. His superhero outfit consists of a black leather jacket and boots, red pants and leather gloves, and a black t-shirt with the "S-shield", resembling the 90's Superboy. However, Jonathan eventually turns against his parents and allies with his uncle Tal-Rho and the cult leader Ally Allston in their effort to take over the world. Jonathan later travels to prime Earth to merge with his other self. After attacking Superman, his family and friends, Bizarro Jonathan is eventually beaten by Jordan. He later escapes prison with the help of Bizarro Lana but is sent back into government custody when Jordan and Natalie Irons defeat them.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: In the Bizarro World, located in an inverse dimension, Jonathan's powers and weaknesses are different from Jordan's. While they have some similar powers, other powers and weaknesses are the complete opposite. Jonathan gains strength and powers from a red sun and kryptonite, while a yellow sun and X-kryptonite weaken him, and having freeze vision and fire breath instead of heat vision and freezing breath.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Jon has appeared in the animated series "Young Justice" voiced by Grey Griffin. He first appears in the season 3 episode "Home Fires" when his mother Lois brings him to the home of Iris West for a playdate with the children of other superheroes. In the season 4 episode "I Know Why the Caged Cat Sings", Jon is at the Kent farm in Smallville for a family gathering while his parents explain the recent passing of Conner Kent. In the season 4 finale, Jon is delighted to learn that Conner is alive and serves as a ring-bearer at his wedding to Miss Martian. In the series, Jon's powers have begun awakening.


title: Jon Kent (DC Comics)

text: Jack Dylan Grazer voiced Jonathan Kent in the animated film "" (2022). An 11-year-old Jon, the son of Superman, discovers he has superpowers and is thrust into the world of superheroes and supervillains and joins forces with Damian Wayne (Jack Griffo), the son of Batman, to save the planet by becoming the Super Sons they were destined to be.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Arthur Lowe (22 September 1915 – 15 April 1982) was an English actor. His acting career spanned 36 years, including starring roles in numerous theatre and television productions. He played Captain Mainwaring in the British sitcom "Dad's Army" from 1968 until 1977, was nominated for seven BAFTAs and became one of the most recognised faces on UK television.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe began acting professionally in England in 1945, after army service in the Second World War. He worked in theatre, film and television throughout the 1950s but it was not until he landed the part of Leonard Swindley in the television soap "Coronation Street" in 1960 that he came to national attention. He played the character until 1966, while continuing theatre and other acting work. In 1968 he took on his role in "Dad's Army", written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft. The profile he gained from the role led to further character roles. Despite increasingly poor health in his final years, he maintained a busy professional schedule until his death from a stroke on 15 April 1982, aged 66.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe was born in Hayfield, Derbyshire, the only child of Arthur Lowe (1888–1971) and his wife, Nan ( Mary Annie Ford; 1885–1981). Lowe's father, a tall man known as "Big Arthur", worked for the Great Central Railway, later absorbed into the London and North Eastern Railway. In 1916, Big Arthur took up a job as clerk at London Road Station, Manchester, shortly before being called up for war service. The family rented a house in Hemmons Road, in the Manchester suburb of Levenshulme, where Little Arthur (as he was known) attended Chapel Street School. From about 1927 he went to Alma Park School, where one of his first stage performances was in a school production of "The Grand Cham's Diamond" in December 1929.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe's intention to join the Merchant Navy was thwarted by his poor eyesight. His first job after leaving school was as a barrow boy for the Manchester Branch of motor accessory company Brown Brothers. After progressing to the role of clerk within the firm he took up a job at the aircraft factory of Fairey Aviation in 1936. He described his job of progress chaser as "a sort of time and motion man chivvying the fellows along and seeing that they produced a certain amount of work each day". He also had to check that the parts for building the planes were where they needed to be on the production line.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In February 1939 Lowe joined the Territorial Army, which meant several months later he was among the first men called up to serve in the Second World War. He served with the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry. Initially training with horses, the regiment soon became a mechanised unit of the Royal Artillery. Lowe was medically regraded due to his poor eyesight and after training in wireless and as a radar technician transferred to the Royal Army Ordnance Corps. After working on searchlights in Lincolnshire he was sent out to Egypt in 1942, where he soon transferred to the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. He was a good horseman and learned to speak Arabic. After a period in the Suez Canal Zone he was stationed at the REME's 15th Radio Repair Workshops at Rafah.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe soon found outlets for developing his talents in entertainment. He was known among the troopers for his impressions of officers and crooners, and when radio equipment was stolen, he read the BBC News over his camp's Tannoy system. In January 1943 he called a meeting to form an amateur dramatics group, the REME No. 1 Welfare Club Dramatic Society. "It was sheer bloody boredom that did it", he said later, "and after that I was hooked". He took his first appearance on stage in "The Monkey's Paw" on 8 February 1943 and continued to both act in and organise plays, as well as a Christmas revue. His efforts led to a posting with the No. 2 Field Entertainment Unit, promoted to the rank of sergeant major. In this role he helped outlying units to produce their own shows. He assisted Martin Benson in establishing the Mercury Theatre in Alexandria, including in production and management, but not as an actor.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Following the end of the war, Lowe returned to Britain in November 1945, although he was not officially demobbed until March 1946.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In 1945, Lowe's father was organising special railway trips and excursions, including private trains for circuses and theatre companies. He arranged an audition for Lowe with Eric Norman for the Frank H. Fortescue Famous Players repertory company. Lowe was immediately offered a trial in the comedy play "Bedtime Story", in which he took the part of Dickson. In this role he made his professional acting debut at the Manchester Repertory Theatre on 17 December 1945. He was paid £5 per week for twice-nightly performances. In eight months with Fortescue's he appeared in 33 plays and gave 396 performances.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: During this time Lowe began a romantic relationship with Joan Cooper (1922–1989), a married actress in the company whose husband also began an affair at about the same time. Arthur and Joan were engaged in June 1946 and lived together from August. After Joan's divorce came through they married at a registry office in Robert Adam Street, The Strand, London, on 10 January 1948. Joan had a son, David Gatehouse, from her first marriage. Another son, Stephen Lowe, was born on 23 January 1953. The couple remained together until Lowe's death.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe worked with repertory companies around the country. After a year at the County Theatre, Hereford, 1946-1947, he moved to London in 1948 and for the next three years mostly worked in South London theatres. An early brief film role was as a reporter for "Tit-Bits" magazine, near the end of "Kind Hearts and Coronets" (1949). His first West End role came in 1950, as Wilson the butler in Guy Bolton's "Larger Than Life". Lowe became known for his character roles, which in 1952 included a breakthrough part as Senator Brockbank in the musical "Call Me Madam" at the London Coliseum. Other roles in musicals included a part in the 1954 London revival of "Pal Joey" and eighteen months as the salesman in the first West End production of "The Pajama Game", from 1955 to 1957. His name first appeared in lights in 1957, at the Piccadilly Theatre, with the part of Bert Vokes in the murder melodrama "A Dead Secret". This also brought his first West End reviews.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe made his first television appearance in 1951, in an episode of the BBC series "I Made News". He would work in television every year afterwards, until his death. 1950s roles included various minor parts in dramas, including the crime series "Murder Bag". He played the role of the gunsmith in "Leave It to Todhunter" (1958), appeared in the comedy series "Time Out for Peggy", and played a fussy, nervous character in an episode of "Dial 999". His first regular television part was as ship steward Sydney Barker in the ABC-TV series "All Aboard" (1958-1959).


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In 1960 Lowe took up a regular role as draper and lay preacher Leonard Swindley in the northern soap opera "Coronation Street", in which he appeared until 1965. He negotiated a contract through which he only had to work six months of the year, three months on and three months off. During the months he was not playing Swindley, he remained busy on stage or making one-off guest appearances in other TV series such as "Z-Cars" (1962) and "The Avengers" (1967). His most acclaimed stage roles during this period included pompous north-country alderman Michael Oglethorpe in Henry Livings's "Stop It, Whoever You Are" at the Arts Centre (1961), and Sir Davey Dunce in "The Soldier's Fortune" at the Royal Court Theatre (1964).


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe did not relish work on "Coronation Street" and was happy to give it up, but viewer responses to his character led to him reprising Swindley for starring roles in the spin-off series "Pardon the Expression" (1966) and its sequel "Turn Out the Lights" (1967).


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In 1968, Lowe was cast in his best remembered role, as Home Guard platoon leader Captain Mainwaring in the BBC sitcom "Dad's Army" (1968–1977). Some colleagues on the show later remarked that the role resembled him: pompous and bumbling. Frank Williams said he felt this perception was unfair: "He certainly didn't suffer fools gladly and always knew his own mind, but he also had an ability to laugh at himself. Personally, I found him to be a most kind and generous man". David Croft said Lowe had to be treated with kid gloves. He had firm ideas on what he was willing to do and never took his script home, which resulted in uncertainty over his lines. He could be pompous and over time his part was written so there was a blurring of the line between actor and character. An oddity of his contract was that he would never have to remove his trousers.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe held conservative political views and disapproved of the left-wing politics of his co-star Clive Dunn. Dunn, in turn, described some of Lowe's opinions as outrageous, but as an actor rated him "ten out of ten in his field". Despite some tensions, Jimmy Perry described the cast as a "marvellous bunch of pros" with "no sort of volatile animosity between anybody".


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe also played Mainwaring in a radio version of "Dad's Army", a stage play and a feature-length film released in 1971. He played Mainwaring's drunken brother Barry Mainwaring, in the series' 1975 Christmas episode "My Brother and I".


title: Arthur Lowe

text: While "Dad's Army" was not in production, Lowe's work continued to include stage roles. In 1968, he was invited by Lord Olivier to join the National Theatre at the Old Vic, to play divorce solicitor A.B. Raham in Somerset Maugham's "Home and Beauty". He returned to the company in 1974 to play Stephano in Peter Hall's production of "The Tempest", starring Sir John Gielgud. In the same year he appeared as Ben Jonson alongside Gielgud's Shakespeare in Edward Bond's "Bingo" at the Royal Court Theatre.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe also had prominent parts in several films directed by Lindsay Anderson, including "if..." (1968) and "O Lucky Man!" (1973), for which he won a BAFTA for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. His other film parts during this period included Spike Milligan's surreal "The Bed Sitting Room" (1969), in which he mutates into a parrot. He played a drunken butler in "The Ruling Class" (1972) with Peter O'Toole, and theatre critic Horace Sprout in the horror film "Theatre of Blood" (1973), in which the character is murdered by a deranged actor played by Vincent Price.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: On television, Lowe appeared twice as a guest performer on "The Morecambe and Wise Show" (1971 and 1977), alongside Richard Briers in a series of Ben Travers farces for the BBC, as the pompous Dr Maxwell in the ITV comedy "Doctor at Large" (1971) and as Redvers Bodkin, a snooty, old-fashioned butler, in the short-lived sitcom "The Last of the Baskets" (1971–72). Between 1971 and 1973 Lowe joined "Dad's Army" colleague Ian Lavender, on the BBC radio comedy "Parsley Sidings" and he played Mr Micawber in a BBC television serial of "David Copperfield" (1974). He employed a multitude of voices on the BBC animated television series "Mr. Men" (1974), in which he was the narrator.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In 1972, Lowe also recorded the novelty songs "How I Won The War" and "My Little Girl, My Little Boy".


title: Arthur Lowe

text: While touring at coastal theatres with his wife, Lowe used his 1885 former steam yacht "Amazon" as a floating base. He bought "Amazon" as a houseboat in 1968, but realised her potential and took her back to sea in 1971; this vessel is still operating in the Mediterranean. The ship had a bar with a semicircular notch cut halfway along, to enable both the portly figure of Lowe and his wife to serve behind the bar at the same time, acting as hosts during the parties they threw on board.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In an interview for a "Dad's Army" retrospective on BBC television in 2010, Clive Dunn described him sitting at the bar in the evenings when they were filming on location, consuming a drink which Lowe named 'Amazon' after his yacht. Dunn described the drink as comprising "gin and ginger ale, with a single slice of cucumber".


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe seldom made public political statements, but his face appeared on posters and other advertising in support of the "Voting Yes" campaign for the 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum. He also appeared at a Conservative Party fundraising bazaar in Edward Heath's constituency


title: Arthur Lowe

text: By the mid-1970s Lowe suffered from narcolepsy, which caused him to fall asleep during rehearsals, performances, and at other unintended times - sometimes in the middle of a sentence. Stephen Lowe said that although he was often mistaken for drunk, he very rarely was. While both biographies of Lowe acknowledge his high consumption of alcohol, neither claim it extended to alcoholism. Lowe was also unfit, a smoker, and increasingly overweight. In 1979, he suffered a minor stroke. Despite his generally declining health, including worsening narcolepsy, he maintained a busy professional life. Derek Benfield described him as a workaholic.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: When "Dad's Army" ended in 1977, Lowe remained in demand, taking starring roles in television comedies such as "Bless Me, Father" (1978–1981), as the mischievous Catholic priest Father Charles Clement Duddleswell and in "Potter" (1979–80) as the busybody Redvers Potter. In 1980 he toured Australia and New Zealand with a production of Derek Benfield's play "Beyond a Joke". Around this time Lowe was making many television commercials, with no fewer than nineteen in 1981 alone.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: His later stage career mainly involved touring the English provinces with his wife. He seldom took on a stage play unless it included a role for Joan and this saw some opportunities fall through. Lowe's agent Peter Campbell said the last ten years of his theatre career were "blown" by this condition, and Stephen Lowe thought his mother placed unreasonable pressure on his father to find her roles. Frank Williams said the couple shared a great love story, and if the arrangement held Lowe back it was only because he chose to be held back. Ian Lavender thought Lowe's narcolepsy led him to pull back from his range and choose safer roles.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In 1981 Lowe reprised his role as Captain Mainwaring for the pilot episode of "It Sticks Out Half a Mile", a radio sequel to "Dad's Army". At Christmas that year he and Joan appeared in the pantomime "Mother Goose" at Victoria Palace, London. In January 1982, Richard Burton had his private aeroplane fly Lowe to Venice to film a cameo role in the television miniseries "Wagner".


title: Arthur Lowe

text: On 14 April 1982, Lowe gave a live televised interview on "Pebble Mill at One". At just after 6 p.m. the same day, he collapsed from the onset of a stroke in his dressing room at the Alexandra Theatre, Birmingham. This was before a performance of "Home at Seven" in which he was due to appear with his wife, Joan. He was taken, unconscious, to Birmingham General Hospital, where he died at about 5 a.m, at the age of 66.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe was cremated and his ashes were scattered at Sutton Coldfield Crematorium, following a small funeral of which few people were notified and fewer than a dozen attended. Joan did not attend, as she refused to miss a performance of "Home at Seven" and was appearing in Belfast at the time. According to her friend Phyllis Bateman, the couple had a pact that neither would go to the other's funeral. Stephen said his parents were not sentimental or religious and Joan's coping mechanism was summed up in the adage, "the show must go on". A memorial service was held on 24 May 1982 at St Martin-in-the-Fields, attended by Lowe's wife and family, former colleagues and many friends.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Lowe's final film and television performances premiered after his death. His last feature film was Lindsay Anderson's "Britannia Hospital" (1982). In his final sitcom, (1982), he starred as a boys' preparatory school master. "Wagner" was Lowe's last screen role, released in December 1983.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Tom Cole wrote in the "Radio Times": "There are few actors who charmed viewers both young and old with such ease, and fewer still who could be trusted with the task of bringing classic literary characters like Charles Pooter and A.J. Wentworth to life." Graham Lord wrote, in his 2002 biography, that "almost every actor who worked with Arthur considered him to be outstanding". He gave as an exception Martin Benson, who said Lowe did not have a lot of vocal skill in his rep days, "and I don't think he had afterwards either...A lot of his success came from this oddball personality that he had and the fact that later in his career he had some very good writers."


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In 2002, Paul Scofield described Lowe as a rare talent and "seriously brilliant actor", and said it was his timing that set him apart. Jimmy Perry agreed about his timing: "It was faultless. He could get huge laughs with such simple lines as 'Just a moment,' 'how dare you,' and 'you stupid boy'" - all catchphrases from "Dad's Army". Perry also described Lowe as a kind man who went out of his way to help actors less fortunate than himself.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In the 1970s, Lowe said he had “simply wanted to be the best character actor going” and it was only television that brought him stardom. Of his preferred style of comic acting he said: “Anybody could get a laugh if they pissed into the pit. But it wouldn’t be the right laugh.” He claimed to treat every comic part as a straight part, saying: “The more seriously you play the part, the funnier it is. You see, people are only funny to other people, never to themselves.”


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Two biographies of Arthur Lowe have been published: "Arthur Lowe – Dad's Memory" by his son Stephen, in 1997; and "Arthur Lowe" by Graham Lord in 2002. In 2000, "The Unforgettable Arthur Lowe" was part of "The Unforgettable" series of TV biographies of comedy performers.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: In December 2007 plans were announced for a statue of Lowe to be erected in Thetford, Norfolk, where the outside scenes for "Dad's Army" were filmed. Series co-writer David Croft unveiled the statue on 19 June 2010. It depicts Lowe in the character of Captain Mainwaring, sitting upright on a simple bench in Home Guard uniform, with his swagger stick across his knees.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: The star has also had two blue plaques unveiled, one at Maida Vale and one at his birthplace in Hayfield, Derbyshire.


title: Arthur Lowe

text: Robert Daws portrayed Lowe in the BBC Radio 4 drama "Dear Arthur, Love John" by Roy Smiles, first broadcast in 2012. The play charts the relationship between Lowe and John Le Mesurier. John Sessions played him in the 2015 television movie "We're Doomed! The Dad's Army Story".


title: Inferior vena cava

text: The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries the deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart. It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins, usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: The inferior vena cava is the lower ("inferior") of the two venae cavae, the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart: the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body. Together, the venae cavae (in addition to the coronary sinus, which carries blood from the muscle of the heart itself) form the venous counterparts of the aorta.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column. It enters the right auricle at the lower right, back side of the heart. The name derives from .


title: Inferior vena cava

text: The IVC is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings collected blood into the right atrium of the heart. It also joins with the azygos vein (which runs on the right side of the vertebral column) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: The inferior vena cava begins as the left and right common iliac veins behind the abdomen unite, at about the level of L5. It passes through the thoracic diaphragm at the caval opening at the level of T8 - T9. It passes to the right of the descending aorta.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline, drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical. On the right, the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly. On the left, they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava. By contrast, all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: In the embryo, the inferior vena cava and right auricle are separated by the valve of the inferior vena cava, also known as the "Eustachian valve". In the adult, this valve typically has totally regressed or remains as a small fold of endocardium.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: Rarely, the inferior vena cava may vary in its size and position. In transposition of the great arteries the inferior vena cava may lie on the left.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: In between 0.2% to 0.3% of people, the inferior vena cava may be duplicated beneath the level of the renal veins.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: The inferior vena cava is a vein. It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava.


title: Inferior vena cava

text: Health problems attributed to the IVC are most often associated with it being compressed (ruptures are rare because it has a low intraluminal pressure). Typical sources of external pressure are an enlarged aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm), the gravid uterus (aortocaval compression syndrome) and abdominal malignancies, such as colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer. Since the inferior vena cava is primarily a right-sided structure, unconscious pregnant women should be turned on to their left side (the recovery position), to relieve pressure on it and facilitate venous return. In rare cases, straining associated with defecation can lead to restricted blood flow through the IVC and result in syncope (fainting).


title: Inferior vena cava

text: Blockage of the inferior vena cava is rare and is treated urgently as a life-threatening condition. It is associated with deep vein thrombosis, IVC filters, liver transplantation and surgical procedures such as the insertion of a catheter in the femoral vein in the groin.


title: The Hives

text: The Hives are a Swedish rock band that rose to prominence in the early 2000s during the garage rock revival. Their mainstream success came with the release of the album "Veni Vidi Vicious", containing the single "Hate to Say I Told You So". The band has been acclaimed by music critics as one of the best live rock bands.


title: The Hives

text: The Hives have released five studio albums: "Barely Legal" (1997), "Veni Vidi Vicious" (2000), "Tyrannosaurus Hives" (2004), "The Black and White Album" (2007) and "Lex Hives" (2012). They have one compilation album, "Your New Favourite Band" (2001) and they have issued a live DVD, "Tussles in Brussels" (2005).


title: The Hives

text: The band claims it was formed in 1993 (although formed in 1989 under a different name and sound) under the guidance of Randy Fitzsimmons. Fitzsimmons suggested that they form a garage rock band. He gave each band member a letter asking them to start the band. Fitzsimmons allegedly acts as a songwriter and manager for the band. The band recorded a demo titled "Sounds Like Sushi" in 1994. The following year they were signed to Burning Heart Records, a Swedish independent record label. The following year they released their debut EP "Oh Lord! When? How?" Almqvist decided to promote the band to Burning Heart.


title: The Hives

text: In 1997 they released an album called "Barely Legal" (an early stage name of guitarist Vigilante Carlstroem), and began touring. The following year they released their second EP "A.K.A. I-D-I-O-T".


title: The Hives

text: They released their second studio album "Veni Vidi Vicious" in April 2000 through Burning Heart Records. The band themselves described the album as being like "a velvet glove with brass knuckles, both brutal and sophisticated at the same time". The album yielded the singles "Hate to Say I Told You So", "Main Offender", "Die, All Right!", and "Supply and Demand."


title: The Hives

text: After seeing the video for "Hate to Say I Told You So" on German TV, Alan McGee (Oasis, Creation Records) decided to sign the band to his newly formed Poptones label. Poptones released the 'best of' compilation "Your New Favourite Band" in 2001, which proved to be their breakthrough record, reaching No. 7 in the UK album charts. Following the success of the album, the band re-released singles "Hate to Say I Told You So" and "Main Offender" which reach numbers No. 23 and No. 24 respectively in the UK Singles chart. The band also re-released "Veni Vidi Vicious" in the US. "The Hives — Introduce the Metric System in Time" was included on the punk rock sampler album "Punk-O-Rama Volume 5" from Epitaph Records.


title: The Hives

text: It was during the promotion of "Veni Vidi Vicious" and "Your New Favourite Band" that the Hives signed a record deal with Universal Music, reportedly worth $50 million. This led to a dispute between the Hives and Burning Heart, who claimed that the Hives were still contracted to them for one more album.


title: The Hives

text: The track "Main Offender" was featured in the video game "Rock Band" while "Die, All Right!" was released as downloadable content for the game's music store on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Nintendo Wii. "Hate To Say I Told You So" was featured in Forza Horizon on the Xbox 360 and on the radio in Grand Theft Auto V .


title: The Hives

text: After extensive touring, the band retreated to Fagersta to record their third album. The result was 2004's "Tyrannosaurus Hives", their first new material in four years. The album includes the hit singles "Walk Idiot Walk," which debuted at No. 13 on the UK singles charts, "Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones," another top 50 hit, and "A Little More for Little You." The tracks "B is for Brutus" and "Uptight" were featured in the game "Gran Turismo 4", and "No Pun Intended" was featured in the game "SSX on Tour". In 2006, their song "Diabolic Scheme" was used in the vampire film Frostbiten, marking the second time a Hives song was used in a major motion picture. ("Hate To Say I Told You So" featured in Spider-Man (2002).


title: The Hives

text: The band also won five prestigious Swedish Grammis for "Tyrannosaurus Hives" at the 23rd annual Swedish Grammis Awards, presented on 7 February 2005 for "Artist of the Year"; "Rock Group of the Year"; "Album of the Year"; "Producer of the Year" (with collaborator, Pelle Gunnerfeldt); and "Walk Idiot Walk" took home the MTV "Best Music Video" prize.


title: The Hives

text: The Hives' official website was overhauled in the second week of August 2007, with a grungier, "emergency broadcast" layout. The new site revealed the album's cover and the title of the first single, "Tick Tick Boom", with a release date of 14 August in the United States and 8 October in the United Kingdom. The release dates for the new record, "The Black and White Album", were 15 October in the UK on Polydor and 13 November in the US on A&M/Octone in 2007. It was mostly recorded in Oxford, Mississippi, Miami, and in their native Sweden.


title: The Hives

text: The Hives performed the song "Fall Is Just Something Grownups Invented" for Cartoon Network's 2007 Fall era.


title: The Hives

text: The Hives were featured in a Finish Line commercial performing "Tick Tick Boom", as well as a Nike commercial featuring the song "Return The Favour". "Tick Tick Boom" was also used in many different advertisements including: the 2007 season of the NFL Network, commercials for the CBS series "Jericho", and the USA series "Burn Notice", as well as the films "Jumper" (2008), "MacGruber", and "Get Smart", and was also the official theme song for WWE Survivor Series 2007. The Hives song "Try It Again" was featured in the trailer for the US film "Get Him to the Greek".


title: The Hives

text: In 2008, iTunes (Apple Music) and Nike+ issued an entry in the entitled "Black, White and Run", consisting of the band's material remixed to play continuously for the duration of a workout.


title: The Hives

text: The Hives performed at the 2008 NHL All-Star Game in Atlanta, Georgia, singing "Tick Tick Boom" during the players' presentation.


title: The Hives

text: On 2 July 2010, the band released an EP titled "Tarred and Feathered", which covered "Civilization's Dying" by Zero Boys, "Nasty Secretary" by Joy Rider & Avis Davis and "Early Morning Wake Up Call" by Flash and the Pan. "Nasty Secretary" is also a song on the US release of the "Gran Turismo 5" soundtrack. On 9 January 2011, Nicholaus Arson wrote another short diary entry on the band's website saying that they had recorded some new songs before Christmas, and were planning to continue recording throughout January.


title: The Hives

text: The album's first single, "Tick Tick Boom", was featured in the setlist for the music-simulation video game "Lego: Rock Band".


title: The Hives

text: On 12 March 2012, the band announced their fifth full-length album, "Lex Hives". The album was released on their own label, "Disque Hives" on 1 June in Sweden/GSA, 4 June in the UK, and 5 June in the US and Canada, comprising twelve self-produced tracks, with a deluxe version containing bonus tracks produced by Queens of the Stone Age frontman Josh Homme.


title: The Hives

text: The first single to be released from the album, "Go Right Ahead," was made available for public streaming alongside this announcement. Five teaser videos were posted on their official YouTube channel, each showing a member of the band playing their part of the song in the lead up to the announcement. The song was also played live at the Norwegian/Swedish talkshow "Skavlan", broadcast on 30 March 2012.


title: The Hives

text: After a run of Californian live shows and the two weekends at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (15 and 22 April), the band performed on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on 23 April 2012. The music video for "Go Right Ahead" was released on 9 May 2012.


title: The Hives

text: Since its release, "Come On!" has been used as the theme for Xbox One's Invitation commercials, as well as in an episode of "Workaholics" and in the documentary "The Crash Reel". The song "1000 Answers," meanwhile, was featured on the soundtrack of the video game by EA Sports, "FIFA 12".


title: The Hives

text: Due to health reasons, Dr. Matt Destruction left the band in late 2013 and was replaced by Randy bassist Johan Gustafsson, who then went by the stage name The Johan and Only.


title: The Hives

text: The single "I'm Alive" was released digitally on 17 May 2019, with a limited edition 7-inch vinyl available on 28 June. This was followed by another single later that year, "Good Samaritan." The band toured the US in 2019 alongside fellow Swedish band Refused, with the run of dates dubbed the Scream Team Tour. Chris Dangerous took a hiatus from the band to recover from surgery, and was replaced on the tour by former Queens of the Stone Age drummer Joey Castillo.


title: The Hives

text: The Hives completed recording vocals and guitar in late November 2006 for a song called "Throw It On Me", a collaboration with hip-hop producer Timbaland. The song was included on his album, "Timbaland Presents Shock Value", released on 3 April 2007. They also performed in a music video for the track. The Hives also have recently spoken of a collaboration with Jack White's the Raconteurs on a song for their new album, originally entitled "Footsteps", however it was later revealed that Howlin' Pelle had literally recorded footsteps. Howlin' Pelle also did a collaboration with Swedish rock artist Moneybrother, a cover of an Operation Ivy song "Freeze Up". They used Swedish lyrics and called it "", which translates as "I Won't Sign Anything".


title: The Hives

text: The band members contributed to "Time For Some Action" and "Windows" on N.E.R.D.'s "Seeing Sounds" album, with Pelle Almqvist providing guest vocals on "Time For Some Action". On "Seeing Sounds," they are credited with their real names instead of the pseudonyms they use within the band.


title: The Hives

text: In 2008 the band recorded a Christmas duet entitled "A Christmas Duel" with Cyndi Lauper, which was available as a free download from their website on 28 November 2008.


title: The Hives

text: In a November 2008 interview with leading Swedish newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", Swedish rapper Petter announced that the Hives were working on a new version of his track "Repa skivan" for his upcoming album.


title: The Hives

text: All songwriting except covers on the band's albums are credited to "Randy Fitzsimmons". The band claim Fitzsimmons is an honorary "sixth Hive," who along with writing their music, discovered and manages the band. The band has included hidden references to a sixth member of the band, including a hidden sixth pair of legs on the back cover of the Tyrannosaurus Hives album art. "Randy Fitzsimmons" is a registered pseudonym for Niklas Almqvist.


title: The Hives

text: The Hives live shows have been highly rated, with "Spin" magazine rating them 8th best in rock music. Pelle is known for his "colourful idiocy" on stage. When asked about their efforts to connect with the audience, Chris Dangerous replied that "there are so many bands out there that don’t say a word to the crowd. I don’t get it. They don’t even look at the audience and that’s ridiculous". The Hives always dressed in matching black-and-white tuxedos because "it makes [them] look like [they] belong together".


title: Margaret Truman

text: Mary Margaret Truman Daniel (February 17, 1924 – January 29, 2008) was an American classical soprano, actress, journalist, radio and television personality, writer, and New York socialite. She was the only child of President Harry S. Truman and First Lady Bess Truman. While her father was president during the years 1945 to 1953, Margaret regularly accompanied him on campaign trips, such as the 1948 countrywide whistle-stop campaign lasting several weeks. She also appeared at important White House and political events during those years, being a favorite with the media.


title: Margaret Truman

text: After graduating from George Washington University in 1946, she embarked on a career as a coloratura soprano, beginning with a concert appearance with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra in 1947. She appeared in concerts with orchestras throughout the United States and in recitals throughout the U.S. through 1956. She made recordings for RCA Victor, and made television appearances on programs like "What's My Line?" and "The Bell Telephone Hour".


title: Margaret Truman

text: In 1957, Truman abandoned her singing career to pursue a career as a journalist and radio personality, when she became the co-host of the program "Weekday" with Mike Wallace. She also wrote articles as an independent journalist, for a variety of publications in the 1960s and 1970s. She later became the successful author of a series of murder mysteries, and a number of works on U.S. First Ladies and First Families, including well-received biographies of her father, President Harry S. Truman and mother Bess Truman.


title: Margaret Truman

text: She was married to journalist Clifton Daniel, managing editor of "The New York Times". The couple had four children, and were prominent New York socialites who often hosted events for the New York elite.


title: Margaret Truman

text: Mary Margaret was born at Delaware Street in Independence, Missouri, on February 17, 1924, and was christened Mary Margaret Truman (for her aunt Mary Jane Truman and maternal grandmother Margaret Gates Wallace), but was called Margaret from early childhood. She attended school in Independence until her father's 1934 election to the United States Senate, after which her education was split between schools in Washington, D.C. and Independence.


title: Margaret Truman

text: In 1942, she matriculated at George Washington University, where she was a member of Pi Beta Phi, and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1946. In June 1944, she christened the battleship USS "Missouri" at Brooklyn Navy Yard, and spoke again in 1986 at the ship's recommissioning. She studied singing with Estelle Liebling, the voice teacher of Beverly Sills, in New York City.


title: Margaret Truman

text: After classical vocal training, Truman's singing career began with a debut radio recital in March 1947, followed shortly thereafter with her professional concert debut with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. She sang professionally for the next decade, appearing with major American orchestras and giving several national concert tours. Some of her credits include concert appearances with the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, the National Symphony Orchestra, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Saint Louis Symphony among others. While she never performed in staged operas, she did perform opera arias in concert. Her performances were mainly of both sacred and secular art songs, lieder, and works from the concert soprano repertoire. In 1951 and 1952, RCA Victor issued two albums by Truman, one of classical selections, the other of American art songs. She also made recordings of German lieder for NBC. A 1951 "Time Magazine" cover featured Truman with a single musical note floating by her head. She performed on stage, radio, and television through 1956.


title: Margaret Truman

text: At the beginning of her career, critical reviews of Truman's singing were positive, polite or diplomatic in tone, with some later reviewers speculating that negative opinions were held back out of deference for her father as a current sitting United States President. This practice was broken in 1950 when "Washington Post" music critic Paul Hume wrote that Truman was "extremely attractive on the stage... [but] cannot sing very well. She is flat a good deal of the time. And still cannot sing with anything approaching professional finish." The review angered President Truman (who was dealing that same day with the sudden death of his childhood friend and White House Press Secretary Charlie Ross), who wrote to Hume, "Some day I hope to meet you. When that happens you'll need a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below!" Hume wanted to publish the letter, but "Washington Post" publisher Philip Graham vetoed the idea. However, Hume showed the letter to a number of his colleagues, including Milton Berliner, music critic of the rival "Washington Times", which published a story. The "Post" was then forced to acknowledge the letter, which drew international headlines, becoming a minor scandal for the Truman administration. Reviewers after that felt more free to be honest in their reviews of her performances, with mixed criticism for her singing thereafter.


title: Margaret Truman

text: Truman's professional acting debut occurred April 26, 1951. She co-starred with James Stewart in the "Jackpot" episode of "Screen Directors Playhouse" on NBC radio. On March 17, 1952, Truman was guest soloist on "The Railroad Hour" in a presentation of the operetta "Sari".


title: Margaret Truman

text: Truman also performed on the NBC Radio program "The Big Show". There she met writer Goodman Ace, who gave her advice and pointers; Ace became a lifelong friend, advising Truman even after "The Big Show".


title: Margaret Truman

text: She became part of the team of NBC Radio's "Weekday" show that premiered in 1955, shortly after its "Monitor" program made its debut. Paired with Mike Wallace, she presented news and interviews aimed at a female listening audience.


title: Margaret Truman

text: She appeared several times as a panelist (and twice as a mystery guest) on the game show "What's My Line?" and guest-starred more than once on NBC's "The Martha Raye Show".


title: Margaret Truman

text: Truman's full-length biography of her father, published shortly before his 1972 death, was critically acclaimed. She also wrote a personal biography of her mother and histories of the White House and its inhabitants (including first ladies and pets). Truman published regularly into her eighties.


title: Margaret Truman

text: From 1980 to 2011, 25 books in the Capital Crimes series of murder mysteries, most set in and around Washington, D.C., were published under Margaret Truman's name.


title: Margaret Truman

text: Professional ghostwriter Donald Bain (1935-2017) acknowledged in the March 14, 2014 issue of "Publishers Weekly" that he had written "27 novels in the Margaret Truman Capital Crimes series (mostly bylined by Truman, my close collaboratormy name is on only the most recent entries, released after her death)."


title: Margaret Truman

text: In 2000, another ghostwriter, William Harrington, had claimed in a self-written obituary before his apparent suicide that Margaret Truman and others were his clients.


title: Margaret Truman

text: She served on the board of directors for the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and the Board of Governors of the Roosevelt Institute, and served as a Trustee for her alma mater.


title: Margaret Truman

text: On April 21, 1956, Truman married Clifton Daniel, a reporter for "The New York Times" and later its managing editor, at Trinity Episcopal Church in Independence; he died in 2000. They had four sons:


title: Margaret Truman

text: Italian dress designer Micol Fontana--the designer of Margaret Truman's wedding gown--was invited to appear as a mystery guest on the Apr 15, 1956 episode of TV show "What's My Line?" in New York City. The Truman/Daniel wedding occurred a few days later on April 21, 1956 in Independence, Missouri.


title: Margaret Truman

text: In later life, Truman lived in her Park Avenue home. She died on January 29, 2008, in Chicago (to which she was relocating to be closer to her son Clifton). She was said to have been suffering from "a simple infection" and had been breathing with the assistance of a respirator. Her ashes and those of her husband were interred in Independence in her parents' burial plot on the grounds of the Truman Library.


title: Margaret Truman

text: As of 2021, six further novels in the series had been published under Truman's name as "with Donald Bain" or "with John Land."


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani network is an Afghan Islamist group, built around the family of the same name, that has used asymmetric warfare in Afghanistan to fight against Soviet forces in the 1980s, and US-led NATO forces and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan government in the 21st century. It is considered to be a "semi-autonomous" offshoot of the Taliban. It has been most active in eastern Afghanistan and across the border in north-west Pakistan.


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani network was founded in 1970 by Jalaluddin Haqqani, a fundamentalist of the Zadran tribe, who fought for Yunus Khalis's mujahideen faction against the Soviets in the 1980s. Jalaluddin Haqqani died in 2018 and his son Sirajuddin Haqqani now leads the group.


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani network was one of the Reagan administration's most CIA-funded anti-Soviet groups in the 1980s. In the latter stages of the war, Haqqani formed close ties with foreign jihadists, including Osama bin Laden, becoming one of his closest mentors. The Haqqani network pledged allegiance to the Taliban in 1995, and has been an increasingly incorporated wing of the group ever since. Taliban and Haqqani leaders have denied the existence of the "network", saying it is no different from the Taliban. In 2012, the United States designated the Haqqani network as a terrorist organization. In 2015, Pakistan banned the Haqqani network as part of its National Action Plan.


title: Haqqani network

text: The elusive Haqqani network has been blamed for some of the deadliest attacks during the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021), having a reputation of frequently using suicide bombings and being able to carry out complex attacks. They had long been suspected by the United States of ties with the Pakistani military establishment, a claim denied by Pakistan. They have also been suspected of criminal activities such as smuggling and trafficking across the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. Alongside Al-Qaeda, the Haqqani network maintains close ties with the anti-India Jaish-e-Mohammed, and the Lashkar-e-Taiba. Following the Fall of Kabul (2021), the group was put in charge of domestic security by the Taliban. The "Wall Street Journal" called the group the Taliban's "most radical and violent branch."


title: Haqqani network

text: The word "Haqqani" comes from Darul Uloom Haqqania, a madrassa in Pakistan that Jalaluddin Haqqani attended.


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani network's root values are nationalistic and religious. They are ideologically aligned with the Taliban, who have worked to eradicate Western influence and transform Afghanistan into a strictly sharia-following state and based on "pashtunwali". This was exemplified in the government that formed after Soviet troops withdrew from Afghanistan. Both groups have the common goal of disrupting the Western military and political efforts in Afghanistan and driving them from the country permanently. Through the 2000s–2010s, the group was demanding that US and Coalition Forces, made up mostly of NATO nations, withdraw from Afghanistan and no longer interfere with the politics or educational systems of Islamic nations.


title: Haqqani network

text: While the network became widely active during the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, historical records show that Jalaluddin Haqqani had formed a movement in his local area Zerok District and assaulted the local pro-government Governor in an attack in June 1975.


title: Haqqani network

text: Jalaluddin Haqqani joined the Hezb-i Islami Khalis in 1978, becoming a Afghan mujahid. His personal Haqqani group was nurtured by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) during the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War.


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani family hails from southeastern Afghanistan and belongs to the Mezi clan of the Zadran Pashtun tribe. Jalalludin Haqqani rose to prominence as a senior military leader during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. Like Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Haqqani was more successful than other resistance leaders at forging relationships with outsiders prepared to sponsor resistance to the Soviets, including the CIA, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and wealthy Arab private donors from the Persian Gulf.


title: Haqqani network

text: Jalaluddin Haqqani commanded a mujahideen army from 1980 to 1992 and is credited with the recruitment of foreign fighters. Abdullah Azzam and Osama bin Laden both began their careers as volunteer fighters for the Haqqanis in the conflict against the Soviets. Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and the Haqqani network have been intertwined throughout their history. According to a declassified US government report, a training facility belonging to Haqqani was located at Miram Shah, in which fighters of Pakistani Punjab, Arab, Kashmir, Uzbek and Afghanistan, all connected with either al-Qaeda or the Taliban, were in residence. Similar al-Qaeda-associated training facilities connected to Haqqani by US authorities have been reported in Northern Waziristan.


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani network's relationship with al-Qaeda dates back to the founding of al-Qaeda. While al-Qaeda's stated goals are international in scope, the Haqqani network has limited its operations to regional matters concerning Afghanistan and Pashtun tribalism. The organizations share an ideological foundation; Jalaluddin Haqqani realized the importance of Azzam's "foundational Islamic legal decisions declaring the Afghan jihad a universally and individually binding duty borne by all Muslims worldwide." Though many Muslim leaders asked for aid from the oil wealthy Arab states in 1978 after Afghan communist and Soviet forces conquered Kabul, Jalaluddin Haqqani was the only Afghan Islamic resistance leader to also request foreign Muslim fighters, and his was the only group to welcome fighters from outside the region into its ranks, thus "linking it to the broader Jihad struggles and giving birth to the following decade to what would come to be known as global jihadism."


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani network's use of the Saudi Arabian financiers and other Arab investors clearly highlights the groups understanding of global jihad.


title: Haqqani network

text: Many sources believe Jalaluddin Haqqani and his forces assisted with the escape of al-Qaeda into safe havens in Pakistan. It is well documented that the Haqqani network assisted with the establishment of safe havens. Analyst Peter Bergen argues this point in his book "The Battle for Tora Bora". Judging by the possibilities and the amount of US military assets focused on such a small region, the theory that the Haqqani network aided in the escape seems reasonable. Regardless of exactly what occurred in those mountains, the Haqqanis played a role. And their actions of providing safe havens for al-Qaeda and Bin Laden show the strength of bond and some role in or knowledge of al-Qaeda and Bin Laden's escape.


title: Haqqani network

text: On 26 July 2020, a United Nations report stated that the al-Qaeda group is still active in twelve provinces in Afghanistan and its leader al-Zawahiri is still based in the country, and the UN Monitoring Team has estimated that the total number of al-Qaeda fighters in Afghanistan were "between 400 and 600 and that the leadership maintains close contact with the Haqqani Network" and in February 2020, "al-Zawahiri met with Yahya Haqqani, the primary Haqqani Network contact with Al Qaeda since mid-2009, to discuss ongoing cooperation".


title: Haqqani network

text: Foreign jihadists recognized the network as a distinct entity as early as 1994, but Haqqani was not affiliated with the Taliban until they captured Kabul and assumed de facto control of Afghanistan in 1996. After the Taliban came to power, Haqqani accepted a cabinet-level appointment as Minister of Tribal Affairs. Following the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and the subsequent overthrow of the Taliban government, the Haqqanis fled to the bordering Pakistani tribal regions and regrouped to fight against coalition forces across the border. The Haqqanis have been known to dissent from the Taliban line by permitting music and education for women. As Jalaluddin has grown older his son Sirajuddin has taken over the responsibility of military operations. Journalist Syed Saleem Shahzad reported that President Hamid Karzai invited c. 2002 the elder Haqqani to serve as Prime Minister in an attempt to bring "moderate" Taliban into the government. However, the offer was refused by Jalaluddin.


title: Haqqani network

text: Voice of America reported that the Taliban gave the Haqqani network control over security operations in Kabul on 19 August in the days following the fall of Kabul in the 2021 Taliban offensive. That same day Anas Haqqani met with former Afghan president Hamid Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah and Hezb-e-Islami fighter Gulbuddin Hekmatyar seeking a formal transfer of power to the Taliban leader Abdul Ghani Baradar. Rumors circulated that Anas was receiving instructions directly from Sirajuddin Haqqani, who was himself in Quetta, Pakistan.


title: Haqqani network

text: According to US military commanders, it is "the most resilient enemy network" and one of the biggest threats to the U.S.-led NATO forces and the Afghan government in the current war in Afghanistan. It is also the most lethal network in Afghanistan. From 2010 the United States is offering a reward for information leading to the capture of their leader, Sirajuddin Haqqani, in the amount of $5,000,000.


title: Haqqani network

text: In September 2012, the Obama administration labeled the network as a foreign terrorist organization. After this announcement, the Taliban issued a statement arguing that there is "no separate entity or network in Afghanistan by the name of Haqqani" and that Jalaluddin Haqqani is a member of Pakistan-based the Quetta Shura, the Taliban's top leadership council.


title: Haqqani network

text: Following WikiLeaks' July 2010 publication of 75,000 classified documents the public learned that Sirajuddin Haqqani was in the tier one of the International Security Assistance Force's Joint Prioritized Effects List – its "kill or capture" list.


title: Haqqani network

text: Anand Gopal of "The Christian Science Monitor", citing unnamed US and Afghan sources, reported in June 2009 that the leadership is based in Miranshah, North Waziristan in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan along the Afghan border. It operates from at least three compounds: a Miranshah bazaar camp containing a madrassa and computer facilities, a compound in the nearby suburb of Sarai Darpa Khel and another compound in Danday Darpa Khel, where some of Jalaluddin's family stay. The network is active in Afghanistan's southeastern areas of Paktia Province, Paktika Province, Khost Province, Wardak Province, Logar Province, and Ghazni Province. In September 2011, Sirajuddin Haqqani told Reuters that the group feels "more secure in Afghanistan besides the Afghan people."


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqanis have been described as notable writers, having published a number of books as well as editing and contributing to magazines, three of them, "Manba' al-Jihad" (one version in Pashto and another in Arabic) and "Nusrat al-Jihad" ("Support for Jihad", in Urdu), totaling more than 1000 pages between 1989 and 1993.


title: Haqqani network

text: Some of Sirajuddin's brothers travel to the Persian Gulf region to raise funds from wealthy donors. "The New York Times" reported in September 2011 that the Haqqanis have set up a "ministate" in Miranshah with courts, tax offices and madrassas, and that the network runs a series of front companies selling automobiles and real estate. They also receive funds from extortion, kidnappings and smuggling operations throughout eastern Afghanistan. In an interview a former Haqqani commander called the extortion "the most important source of funding for the Haqqanis." According to a tribal elder in Paktia, "Haqqani's people ask for money from contractors working on road construction. They are asking money or goods from shopkeepers... District elders and contractors are paying money to Afghan workers, but sometimes half of the money will go to Haqqani's people."


title: Haqqani network

text: Haqqani is reported to run his own training camps, to recruit his own foreign fighters, and to seek out financial and logistic support on his own, from his old contacts. Estimates of the Haqqanis's numbers vary. A 2009 "New York Times" article indicates that they are thought to have about 4,000 to 12,000 Taliban under their command while a 2011 report from the Combating Terrorism Center places its strength roughly at 10,000-15,000. During a September 2011 interview, Sirajuddin Haqqani said the figure of 10,000 fighters, as quoted in some media reports, "is actually less than the actual number." Throughout its history the network's operations have been conducted by small, semi-autonomous units organized according to tribal and sub-tribal affiliations often at the direction of and with the logistical support of Haqqani commanders.


title: Haqqani network

text: The network is comprised broadly of four groups: those who have been with Jalalludin since the Soviet-era jihad, those from Loya Paktiya who have joined since 2001, those from North Waziristan who have joined in more recent years, and foreign militants of primarily Arab, Chechen and Uzbek origins. Leadership roles are mostly filled with personnel from the first group while the relative neophytes from Loya Paktia and non-Pushtuns are not part of this inner circle.


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani network pioneered the use of suicide attacks in Afghanistan and tend to use mostly foreign bombers whereas the Taliban tend to rely on locals in attacks. The network, according to the "National Journal", supplies much of the potassium chlorate used in bombs employed by the Taliban in Afghanistan. Also, the network's bombs use more sophisticated remote triggering devices than the pressure-plated activators used elsewhere in Afghanistan. Sirajuddin Haqqani told MSNBC in April 2009 that his fighters had, "acquired the modern technology that we were lacking, and we have mastered new and innovative methods of making bombs and explosives."


title: Haqqani network

text: In late 2011, a 144-page book attributed to Sirajuddin Haqqani began circulating in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Described by "Newsweek" as a "manual for guerrillas and terrorists," the Pashto-language book details instructions on setting up a jihadi cell, receiving financing, recruiting and training. The manual advises recruits that parental permission is not necessary for jihad, that all debts should be paid before joining, and that suicide bombings and beheadings are allowed by Islam.


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani network operates in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Northern Pakistan, near the southeastern border of Afghanistan. The network has used the ambiguity of the FATA to cloak its activities and avoid interference. The strategy worked well until President Obama ramped up UAV strikes in the Northern Waziristan region. The organizational headquarters is supposedly in Miram Shah, where the group operates base camps to facilitate activities such as weapons acquisitions, logistical planning and military strategy formulation. Haqqani-controlled regions of northern Pakistan have also served as strategic safe havens for other Islamic militant organizations, such as al-Qaeda, the Pakistani Taliban (TTP), Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), and members of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU). The strategic location of the Haqqani network facilitates interaction between many of the insurgent groups.


title: Haqqani network

text: The Haqqani network's tribal connections in Northern Waziristan and the de facto regime that it has established with courts, law enforcement, medical care, and governance have often brought it great support from locals. Its familiarity of terrain, such as mountain passes, also grants them excellent access between Afghanistan and Pakistan.


title: Haqqani network

text: In September 2011, Sirajuddin Haqqani claimed during a telephone interview with Reuters that the Haqqani network no longer maintained sanctuaries in northwestern Pakistan and the robust presence that it once had there and instead now felt safer in Afghanistan: "Gone are the days when we were hiding in the mountains along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. Now we consider ourselves more secure in Afghanistan beside the Afghan people." According to Haqqani, there were "senior military and police officials" who are aligned with the group and there are even sympathetic and "sincere people in the Afghan government who are loyal to the Taliban" who support the group's aim of liberating Afghanistan "from the clutches of occupying forces." In response to questions from the BBC's Pashto service, Siraj denied any links to the ISI and stated that Mullah Omar is "our leader and we totally obey him."


title: Haqqani network

text: While some Afghan and American officials accuse Pakistan of harboring the Haqqani network, Pakistan has denied any links.


title: Haqqani network

text: Abdul Rashid Waziri, a specialist at Kabul's Center for Regional Studies of Afghanistan, explains that links between the Haqqani network and Pakistan can be traced back to the mid-1970s, before the 1978 Marxist revolution in Kabul. During the rule of President Daoud Khan in Afghanistan (1973–78), Jalaluddin Haqqani went into exile and based himself in and around Miranshah, Pakistan. From there he began to form a rebellion against the government of Daoud Khan in 1975. The network allegedly maintains ties with the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and Pakistan's army had been reportedly reluctant to move against them in the past.


title: Haqqani network

text: "The New York Times" reported in September 2008 that Pakistan regards the Haqqani network as an important force for protecting its interests in Afghanistan in the event of American withdrawal from there and therefore is unwilling to move against them. Pakistan presumably feels pressured that India, Russia, and Iran are gaining a foothold in Afghanistan. Since it lacks the financial clout of the other countries, Pakistan hopes that by being a sanctuary for the Haqqani network, it can assert some influence over its turbulent neighbor. In the words of a retired senior Pakistani official: "[We] have no money. All we have are the crazies. So the crazies it is." "The New York Times" and Al Jazeera later reported in June 2010 that Pakistan's Army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani and chief of the ISI General Ahmad Shuja Pasha were in talks with Afghan President Hamid Karzai to broker a power-sharing agreement between the Haqqani network and the Afghan government. Reacting to this report both President Barack Obama and CIA director Leon Panetta responded with skepticism that such an effort could succeed. The effort to mediate between the Haqqanis and the Afghan government was launched by Pakistan after intense pressure by the US to take military action against the group in North Waziristan. Karzai later denied meeting anyone from the Haqqani network. Subsequently, Kayani also denied that he took part in the talks.


title: Haqqani network

text: Anti-American groups of Gul Bahadur and Haqqani carry out their activities in Afghanistan and use North Waziristan as rear. The group's links to Pakistan have been a sour point in Pakistan–United States relations. In September 2011, the Obama administration warned Pakistan that it must do more to cut ties with the Haqqani network and help eliminate its leaders, adding that "the United States will act unilaterally if Pakistan does not comply." In testimony before a US Senate panel, Admiral Mike Mullen stated that the network "acts as a veritable arm of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Agency." Although some U.S. officials allege that the ISI supports and guides the Haqqanis, President Barack Obama declined to endorse that position and stated that "the intelligence is not as clear as we might like in terms of what exactly that relationship is" and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said "We have no evidence of" Pakistani involvement in attacks on the US embassy in Kabul.


title: Haqqani network

text: Pakistan in return rejected the notion that it maintained ties with the Haqqani network or used it in a policy of waging a proxy war in neighboring Afghanistan. Pakistani officials deny the allegations by asserting that Pakistan had no relations with the network. In response to the allegations, Interior Minister Rehman Malik claimed that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had "trained and produced" the Haqqani network and other mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. The Pakistani interior minister also warned that any incursion on Pakistani territory by U.S. forces will not be tolerated. A Pakistani intelligence official insisted that the American allegations are part of "pressure tactics" used by the United States as a strategy "to shift the war theatre." An unnamed Pakistani official was reported to have said after a meeting of the nation's top military officials that "We have already conveyed to the US that Pakistan cannot go beyond what it has already done". However, Pakistani claims were contradicted by the network's warnings against any U.S. military incursions into North Waziristan. However a month after the allegation, ties improved slightly and the US asked Pakistan to assist it in starting negotiation talks with the Taliban.


title: Haqqani network

text: There was a paradigm shift within the Pakistani military and in 2014 the Pakistani Armed Forces launched a major offensive Operation Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan, aimed at displacing all militants foreign and domestic from Pakistan, including the Haqqanni network. The operation was commanded by General Qamar Javed Bajwa.


title: Haqqani network

text: Antonio Giustozzi, an expert on the Taliban with the Royal United Services Institute in London, said that the Haqqani network has been "getting closer" to Iran as Pakistan and Saudi Arabia cut funding to it. In August 2020, US intelligence agencies assessed that Iran has been offering bounties to the Haqqani network to target US and coalition troops in Afghanistan. The US intelligence agencies identified payments linked to at least six attacks carried out by the militant group in 2019 including the Bagram Airfield attack.


title: Haqqani network

text: However, Iranian authorities denied making any payments to the militant group to target US troops in Afghanistan. Iran's Foreign Ministry spokesman, Saeed Khatibzadeh, categorised the US intelligence report as propaganda. He also said that the US is trying to hide its "miscalculations" in Afghanistan by resorting to such propaganda.


title: Haqqani network

text: In July 2008, Jalaluddin's son Omar Haqqani was killed in a firefight with coalition forces in Paktia. In September 2008, Daande Darpkhel airstrike drones fired six missiles at the home of the Haqqanis and a madrasah run by the network. However both Jalaluddin and Sirajuddin were not present though several family members were killed. Among 23 people killed was one of Jalaluddin's two wives, sister, sister-in-law and eight of his grandchildren. In March 2009, the US State Department announced a reward of $5 million for information leading to the location, arrest, or conviction of Sirajuddin under the Rewards for Justice Program. In May 2010, US senator and United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Chair Dianne Feinstein wrote to United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton urging her to add the Haqqani network to U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.


title: Haqqani network

text: ISAF and Afghan forces killed a network leader, Fazil Subhan, plus an unknown number of Haqqani militiamen, in a raid in Khost in the second week of June 2010. In a press release, ISAF reported that Subhan helped facilitate the movement of Al-Qaeda fighters into Afghanistan.


title: Haqqani network

text: In late July 2011, U.S. and Afghan special forces killed dozens of insurgents during an operation in eastern Paktika province to clear a training camp the Haqqani network used for foreign (Arab and Chechen) fighters; reports of the number killed varied, with one source saying "more than 50" to "nearly 80". Disenfranchised insurgents told security forces where the camp was located, the coalition said.


title: Haqqani network

text: On 1 October 2011, NATO announced the capture of Haji Mali Khan, "the senior Haqqani commander in Afghanistan," during an operation in Jani Khel district of Afghanistan's Paktia province. Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid denied that the capture occurred while Haqqani network members declined to respond to the announcement.


title: Haqqani network

text: According to an unnamed Pakistani official a US drone strike on a compound killed Jamil Haqqani, an "important Afghan commander of Haqqani network" responsible for logistics in North Waziristan, on 13 October 2011. Three other network fighters were also killed in the two missile blasts. The compound was located in Dandey Darpakhel village, about 7 km (4 miles) north of Miranshah.


title: Haqqani network

text: In mid-October 2011, Afghan and NATO forces launched "Operation Shamshir" and "Operation Knife Edge" against the Haqqani network in south-eastern Afghanistan, with the intent to counter possible security threats in the border regions. An ISAF spokesman said that Operation Shamshir "was aimed at securing key population centers and expanding the Kabul security zone," while Afghan Defense Minister, Abdul Rahim Wardak, explained that Operation Knife Edge would "help eliminate the insurgents before they struck in areas along the troubled frontier." The two operations ended on 23 October 2011 and at least 20 insurgents, of the some 200 killed or captured, had ties to the Haqqani network according to ISAF.


title: Haqqani network

text: On 2 November 2011, "The Express Tribune" reported that the Pakistani Army had agreed with the United States to restrict the network's movement along the Afghan border in exchange for America dropping its demands for a full-scale offensive. The report emerged soon after a visit by Hillary Clinton to Pakistan.


title: Haqqani network

text: Curtis M. Scaparrotti, commander of International Security Assistance Force Joint Command, has said that Haqqani can be defeated through a combination of a layered defense in Afghanistan and interdiction against the sanctuaries in Pakistan.


title: Haqqani network

text: In June 2014 a drone attack reportedly killed 10 members of the Haqqani network including a high-level commander, Haji Gul, in the country's tribal area of North Waziristan. The Pakistan government publicly condemned the attack, but according to a government official had privately approved it.


title: Haqqani network

text: In 2014, the Pakistani Armed Forces launched a major offensive Operation Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan aimed at displacing all militants foreign and domestic, including the Haqqani network from its soil. On 5 November 2014, Lt. Gen. Joseph Anderson, a senior commander for US and Nato forces in Afghanistan, said in a Pentagon-hosted video briefing from Afghanistan that the Haqqani network is now "fractured" like the Taliban. "They are fractured. They are fractured like the Taliban is. That's based pretty much on the Pakistan's operations in North Waziristan this entire summer-fall," he said, acknowledging the effectiveness of Pakistan's military offensive. "That has very much disrupted their efforts in Afghanistan and has caused them to be less effective in terms of their ability to pull off an attack in Kabul," Anderson added. The operation is currently ongoing.


title: Haqqani network

text: Until 1 November 2011, six Haqqani network commanders were designated as terrorists under Executive Order 13224 since 2008 and their assets were frozen while prohibiting others from engaging in financial transactions with them:


title: Haqqani network

text: In September 2011, the US Senate Appropriations Committee voted to make a $1 billion counter-insurgency aid package to the Pakistani military conditional upon Pakistani action against militant groups, including the Haqqani network. The decision would still need to receive approval from the US House of Representatives and the US Senate. According to the press release, "[t]he bill includes strengthened restrictions on assistance for Pakistan by conditioning all funds to the Government of Pakistan on cooperation against the Haqqani network, al Qaeda, and other terrorist organizations, with a waiver, and funding based on achieving benchmarks."


title: Haqqani network

text: On 7 September 2012, the Obama administration blacklisted the group as a foreign terrorist organization. The decision was mandated by Congress and was a source of debate within the administration.


title: Haqqani network

text: On 5 November 2012, the United Nations Security Council added the network to a blacklist of Taliban-related groups.


title: Haqqani network

text: US officials confirmed that they held preliminary talks during the summer of 2011 with representatives of the militant network at the request of the ISI. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that the US had reached out to the Haqqanis to gauge their willingness to engage in a peace process and that "Pakistani government officials helped to facilitate such a meeting." "The New York Times" reported that talks secretly began in late August 2011 in the United Arab Emirates between a midlevel American diplomat and Ibrahim Haqqani, Jalalludin's brother. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, head of the ISI, brokered the discussion, but little resulted from the meeting.


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: Adolf Bruno Heinrich Ernst Heusinger (4 August 1897 – 30 November 1982) was a German military officer whose career spanned the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany and West Germany. He joined the German Army as a volunteer in 1915 and later became a professional soldier. He served as the Operations Chief within the general staff of the High Command of the German Army in the Wehrmacht from 1938 to 1944. He was then appointed acting Chief of the General Staff for two weeks in 1944 following Kurt Zeitzler's resignation.


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: Heusinger was later appointed head of the military cartography office when the war ended. He later became a general for West Germany and served as head of the West German military from 1957 to 1961 as well as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 1961 to 1964.


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: Heusinger was born in Holzminden, in the Duchy of Brunswick, German Empire. He entered the Prussian Army in 1915 and became an officer in 1917. After the First World War, Heusinger was retained in the Reichswehr of the Weimar Republic. In 1931, Heusinger was assigned to the operations staff of the Troop Office ("Truppenamt") in the Ministry of the Reichswehr, the German Army's covert General Staff that circumvented the Treaty of Versailles, which forbade the institution. In August 1937, Heusinger was assigned to the Operations Staff of the re-established Army General Staff of Wehrmacht. He served there, was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 20 March 1939 and remained in that position until 15 October 1940, when he became its chief.


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: With the outbreak of the Second World War, the German Army High Command (the OKH) assumed its wartime organisation. Heusinger accompanied the field staff and assisted in the planning of operations for the invasions of Poland, Denmark, Norway, and France and the Low Countries. He was promoted to colonel on 1 August 1940 and became chief of the "Operationsabteilung" in October 1940, which made him number three in the army's planning hierarchy, after the Chief of the General Staff, General Franz Halder, and the Deputy Chief of the General Staff/Chief Quartermaster, General Friedrich Paulus.


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: After the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the OKH became responsible primarily for planning operations in that theatre, and the Armed Forces High Command ("Oberkommando der Wehrmacht", or OKW) was responsible for other theatres. Halder was replaced as Chief of the General Staff in September 1942 by General Kurt Zeitzler. Heusinger remained chief of the "Operationsabteilung" and was promoted to Generalleutnant on 1 January 1943. In June 1944, Zeitzler suffered a nervous breakdown and abandoned his post, and on 10 June, Heusinger temporarily assumed his office as Chief of the General Staff of the Army. In this capacity, he attended the meeting at Hitler's Wolf's Lair on 20 July 1944, and he was standing next to Hitler when the bomb exploded that had been planted by Claus von Stauffenberg.


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: Heusinger was hospitalised for his injuries in the explosion but was later arrested and interrogated by the Gestapo to determine his role, if any, in the 20 July plot. Although there was evidence that Heusinger had contacts with many of the conspirators, like for all other high-ranking Nazi military leaders, there was no evidence to connect him to the plot, and he was released in October 1944. According to Heusinger's own autobiography, he published an essay ("Denkschrift"), which Hitler received very positively. Heusinger made available all information that he had on the conspirators, who had plotted against the Führer. He reaffirmed that he has not participated in the assassination plot since he still felt an obligation to fulfil his duty as a soldier of the German Reich despite his personal view that the war had been lost. After his release, he was placed into the Führerreserve, a reserve army of high-ranking Nazi military leaders awaiting assignments, and was not assigned to another position until 25 March 1945, when he was made chief of armed forces mapping department ("Chef Wehrmacht-Kartenwesen"). He was later taken prisoner by the Western Allies in May 1945.


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: In 1950, he became an advisor on military matters to Konrad Adenauer, the first Chancellor of West Germany. He served in the Blank Office "Amt Blank", the office headed by Theodor Blank, which became the West German Ministry of Defense in 1955.


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: With the establishment of the West Germany Armed Forces "Bundeswehr" in 1955, Heusinger returned to military service. He was appointed a "Generalleutnant" (lieutenant general) on 12 November 1955, in the "Bundeswehr" and chairman of the Military Leadership Council ("Militärischer Führungsrat").


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: In March 1957, he succeeded Hans Speidel as chief of the all-armed forces department ("Chef der Abteilung Gesamtstreitkräfte").


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: Shortly thereafter, in June 1957, Heusinger was promoted to full general and named the first Inspector General of the Bundeswehr ("Generalinspekteur der Bundeswehr"), and he served in that capacity until March 1961. In April 1961, he was appointed Chairman of the NATO Military Committee in Washington, DC, where he served until 1964 when he retired. He was, according to news reports, wanted by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s for war crimes committed in the occupied Soviet territories.


title: Adolf Heusinger

text: According to documents released by the German Federal Intelligence Service in 2014, Heusinger may have been part of the Schnez-Truppe, a secret army that veterans of the "Wehrmacht" and "Waffen-SS" sought to establish in the early 1950s.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Nvidia NVENC (short for Nvidia Encoder) is a feature in Nvidia graphics cards that performs video encoding, offloading this compute-intensive task from the CPU to a dedicated part of the GPU. It was introduced with the Kepler-based GeForce 600 series in March 2012.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: The encoder is supported in many livestreaming and recording programs, such as vMix, Wirecast, Open Broadcaster Software (OBS) and Bandicam, as well as video editing apps, such as Adobe Premiere Pro or DaVinci Resolve. It also works with Share game capture, which is included in Nvidia's GeForce Experience software.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Consumer targeted GeForce graphics cards officially support no more than 3 simultaneously encoding video streams, regardless of the count of the cards installed, but this restriction can be circumvented on Linux and Windows systems by applying an unofficial patch to the drivers. Doing so also unlocks "NVIDIA Frame Buffer Capture (NVFBC)", a fast desktop capture API that uses the capabilities of the GPU and its driver to accelerate capture. Professional cards support between 3 and unrestricted simultaneous streams per card, depending on card model and compression quality.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Nvidia chips also feature an onboard decoder, NVDEC (short for Nvidia Decoder), to offload video "decoding" from the CPU to a dedicated part of the GPU.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: NVENC has undergone several hardware revisions since its introduction with the first Kepler GPU (GK104).


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: The first generation of NVENC, which is shared by all Kepler-based GPUs, supports H.264 high-profile (YUV420, I/P/B frames, CAVLC/CABAC), H.264 SVC Temporal Encode VCE, and Display Encode Mode (DEM).


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: NVidia's documentation states a peak encoder throughput of 8× realtime at a resolution of 1920×1080 (where the baseline "1×" equals 30Hz). Actual throughput varies on the selected preset, user-controlled parameters and settings, and the GPU/memory clock frequencies. The published 8× rating is achievable with the NVENC high-performance preset, which sacrifices compression efficiency and quality for encoder throughput. The high-quality preset is considerably slower but produces fewer compression artifacts


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Introduced with the first-generation Maxwell architecture, second generation NVENC adds support for the high-performance HP444 profile (YUV4:4:4, predictive lossless encoding), and increases encoder throughput up to 16× realtime, which corresponds to about 1080p @ 480Hz with the high-performance preset.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Introduced with the second-generation Maxwell architecture, third generation NVENC implements the video compression algorithm High Efficiency Video Coding (a.k.a. HEVC, H.265) and also increases the H.264 encoder's throughput to cover 4K-resolution at 60Hz (2160p60). However, it does not support B-frames for HEVC encoding (just I and P frames). The maximum NVENC HEVC coding tree unit (CU) size is 32 (the HEVC standard allows a maximum of 64), and its minimum CU size is 8.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: HEVC encoding also lacks Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO). Adaptive quantization, look-ahead rate control, adaptive B-frames (H.264 only) and adaptive GOP features were added with the release of Nvidia Video Codec SDK 7. These features rely on CUDA cores for hardware acceleration.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: SDK 7 supports two forms of adaptive quantization; Spatial AQ (H.264 and HEVC) and Temporal AQ (H.264 only).


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Nvidia's consumer-grade (GeForce) cards and some of its lower-end professional Quadro cards are restricted to three simultaneous encoding jobs. Its higher-end Quadro cards do not have this restriction.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Fourth generation NVENC implements HEVC Main10 10-bit hardware encoding. It also doubles the encoding performance of 4K H.264 & HEVC when compared to previous generation NVENC. It supports HEVC 8K, 4:4:4 chroma subsampling, lossless encoding, and sample adaptive offset (SAO).


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Nvidia Video Codec SDK 8 added Pascal exclusive Weighted Prediction feature (CUDA based). Weighted prediction is not supported if the encode session is configured with B frames (H.264).


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: In laptop graphics, NVIDIA MX Graphics do not include NVENC as they are based on a Maxwell-generation GM108 or a Pascal-generation GP108 chip. The GeForce MX350 is a GP107 chip whose NVENC encoder is disabled during manufacture.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: In mobile graphics, as with most other GeForce MX-series graphics, the GeForce MX450 does not support NVENC as it is a TU117 chip whose hardware encoder is permanently disabled in its manufacture. The GeForce MX550, however, does support NVENC as its hardware encoder remains enabled at manufacturing level.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Sixth generation NVENC implements HEVC 8K encoding at 30 FPS, HEVC B-frames and HEVC B-frames as reference (with support for each and middle modes) and Alpha HEVC support and provides up to 25% bitrate savings for HEVC and up to 15% bitrate savings for H.264. The initial launch of the Nvidia GeForce GTX 1650 was exempt from this generation however, as it used Volta NVENC instead of Turing. Nvidia updated the NVENC encoder of the GTX 1650 cards in 2020 to also use the Turing engine. The GTX 1650 Super uses the Turing NVENC engine as it is based on the TU116 rather than the TU117 used in the original GTX 1650.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Ampere has essentially the same NVENC generation engine as Turing. The only substantive difference is that NVDEC received support for AV1 decoding (with film grain).


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: In entry-level mobile graphics, the GA107-chip-based GeForce MX570 comes in two versions, one of which (the GeForce MX570 A) has the hardware decoder and encoder permanently disabled during manufacturing.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: Nvidia announced the next-gen NVENC with 8K 10-bit 60FPS AV1 fixed function hardware encoder in Ada Lovelace GPUs.


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: The Nvidia NVENC SIP core needs to be supported by the device driver. The driver provides one or more interfaces, (e.g. OpenMAX IL) to NVENC. The NVENC SIP core can only be accessed through the proprietary NVENC API (as opposed to the open-source VDPAU API).


title: Nvidia NVENC

text: NVENC is available for Windows and Linux operating systems. The free and open-source nouveau device driver does not support Nvidia NVENC.