title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: A number of financial firms have left offices in Midtown or the Financial District for the development. Following speculation that private equity company KKR might move to Hudson Yards, other finance-focused companies became more interested in the possibility of relocating there. KKR's long-time occupancy at the Solow Building in Midtown produced a similar effect, as Apollo Global Management, Och-Ziff Capital Management, and Silver Lake Partners had also taken space in the Midtown building. KKR ultimately decided to move to 30 Hudson Yards; Silver Lake announced it would leave the Solow Building for 55 Hudson Yards in 2017 after speculation it would do so. BlackRock, another major financial company, signed on as an anchor tenant at 50 Hudson Yards, where it is to occupy . "Financial Times" wrote that Hudson Yards "is the boldest expression of a new fashion in corporate real estate that buildings and 'space' should be potent weapons in a fight to recruit and retain talented young workers."


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Equinox Fitness also operates the world's largest Equinox-branded gym at 35 Hudson Yards. The building also contains an Equinox-branded hotel. Related owns a majority stake in the fitness brand, purchased in 2005.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Kohn Pedersen Fox designed the site's master plan, as well as four individual buildings: 10, 30, and 55 Hudson Yards and the shopping center. Firms and individual architects working on distinct buildings did not meet to produce a uniform aesthetic or review the plans for individual buildings together. Two architects involved in the project, Thomas Woltz and Bill Pedersen, have respectively compared the relationship between the buildings to "mastodons, pineapples, sheds, swizzlesticks and bubble mats" and "elephants dancing".


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Justin Davidson, writing for "New York" in 2018, referred to 10 Hudson Yards (then known as the "Coach Tower") as "taller, fatter, and greener" than historical New York City skyscrapers, despite more staid interiors with typical open floor plans and corresponding curtain wall. Davidson later compared Hudson Yards unfavorably to Manhattan West, writing that the Brookfield development "[...] feels like a corner of New York conceived with actual human beings in mind" while Hudson Yards has "[...] has aged from a shiny new space station to a disconsolate one".


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: "New York Times" architecture critic Michael Kimmelman called Hudson Yards a "gated community" catering to the upper-class, writing: "A relic of dated 2000s thinking, nearly devoid of urban design, it declines to blend into the city grid." "The Guardian" architecture and design critic, Oliver Wainwright, said that "the real shock is that it's quite so bad", and that the new buildings represented "ungainly lumps", with the logic of design "presenting a mostly blank frontage of service hatches and lift lobbies to the city".


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: In a review of the restaurant offerings at Hudson Yards written in anticipation of the complex opening to the public, Ryan Sutton criticized Related and Oxford for including only two establishments run by women. Further, Sutton criticized Related and Oxford for failing to provide opportunities for small, local operators to open in Hudson Yards, instead leasing to restaurateurs and organizations which had already experienced "great success". Sutton also criticized the lack of "vibrancy" at Hudson Yards, caused by a lack of street-level restaurants. Sutton noted the presence of several chain establishments, such as Sweetgreen and Think Coffee, at street-level in and near the complex, but wrote that "Fast casual isn't known for fostering communal dinnertime bonhomie". In his review, Sutton did express positive anticipation of Mercado Little Spain, a restaurant and food court which had not yet opened in 10 Hudson Yards at the time the piece was published by "Eater".


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: When Mercado Little Spain ultimately opened in 2019, "Eater" published a mixed review of its offerings written by Robert Sietsema. In a separate review by Sutton of the opened complex, published in 2019, the critic referred to Hudson Yards as "the worst place to eat fancy food in New York". In the 2019 review, which served as an introduction to "Eater"s individual reviews of restaurants in Hudson Yards, Sutton panned TAK Room, a restaurant by Thomas Keller, but offered praise for Kawi and Milos Wine Bar. In his full review of TAK Room, Sutton criticized its prices and the discrepancy between the cost of eating at the restaurant and his perception of the quality of the food and service. Pete Wells, in his review of the restaurant, echoed Sutton's criticisms. TAK Room closed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The Equinox Hotel received a positive review from "Vanity Fair". Samantha Lewis praised the hotel for its emphasis on providing guests with "blissful slumber". The hotel's restaurant, Electric Lemon, has received an "underwhelming" review from Pete Wells.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The Hudson Yards development has had mixed public approval. The "New York Times" questioned if New York City needed another "gated community," which alludes to the premium nature of the development, shops and condominium offerings. Bridget Read wrote for "Curbed" in 2022 that "the broad public benefit from the largest real-estate development in American history has not yet materialized". A study by The New School found that Hudson Yards had cost city residents an additional $2.2 billion in taxes, even though the project was supposed to have been self-financed.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Comedian Conner O'Malley released a video titled "Hudson Yards Video Game" which was perceived as critical of the project.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Hudson Yards sits within Manhattan's 100-year floodplain, and the rail lines have previously been flooded despite preventative measures. Given that the bulk of the new structures would rise from an already elevated platform, the development is above the floodplain, and most mechanical systems are similarly raised. In addition, new elevator pits would be made waterproof.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: Klaus Jacob, a professor at Columbia University, has stated approval of the project stems from the "shortsightedness of decision-making" by its developers and the city in the face of impending climate change. In his 2017 novel "New York 2140", author Kim Stanley Robinson mentions the inundation of the neighborhood by rising waters.


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: The rail yard development was designed to be technologically advanced, in that the owners would collect all sorts of data within the buildings using sensors and other data-collecting instruments. The innovations included:


title: Hudson Yards (development)

text: New York University's Center for Urban Science and Progress designed the infrastructure with the developers of Hudson Yards. Fiber loops connected to satellite dishes on rooftops, to transponders, and to two-way radios would create a network covering the of open space as well as of commercial space. The technology was designed to be adaptable: updates to infrastructure would be performed as new technological advances are made.


title: Tanaji Malusare

text: Tanaji Malusare was a warrior and commander of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. A local poet Tulsidas, wrote a powada describing Tanaji's heroics and sacrifice of life in the Battle of Sinhagad, which has since made him a popular figure in Indian folklore.


title: Tanaji Malusare

text: Tanaji came from a Hindu Koli family.Tanaji's father's name was Kaloji Malusare. His family was from Godoli village, which is situated near Pachgani. He spent his childhood there. When Shivaji appointed him to curb robbers of Poladpur, Mahabaleshwar, he then migrated to Umrath village. Tanaji had a son, Rayba Malusare and a brother Suryaji Malusare. His uncle Shelar "Mama" () was also in the service of Shivaji. He postponed his son Rayba's wedding to win the Kondana fort from Mughals. Legends say that he took the responsibility to win that fort and said, ""Aadhi Lagan Kondhanyache aani mag majhya Raybache""(a) (').


title: Tanaji Malusare

text: Malusare was with Shivaji Bhosale around the time when he took his pledge at Rayareshwar's temple to establish a sovereign kingdom. He was part of Maratha troops in the battle of Paratpgad, where Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj killed Afzal Khan.


title: Tanaji Malusare

text: Shivaji attacked Shahista Khan in Pune. He plundered and looted wealthy port city, Surat of Mughal empire. In 1665 Aurangzeb send Jai Singh and Diler Khan to defeat Shivaji and Adilshahi in Deccan. Jai Singh sieged Purandar fort, attacked by cannons. Murarbaji was the "Kiledar" () of Purandar. Jai Singh had large army, they plundered number of villages of the Maratha Kingdom. Murar Baji Prabhu with his Mavales killed five hundred Pathan besides many Bahlia infantrymen, he tried to break siege but could not do that, he lost his life while defending fort. To avoid further loss of human life, Shivaji did talks for treaty with Jai Singh. Shivaji and Jai Singh did the treaty of Purandar, by this treaty Shivaji agreed to give his 23 forts including Kondhana to Mughals and joined them for attack on Adilshahi dynasty. As per one of the condition in the treaty, Shivaji gone to Agra. There Aurangzeb house arrested him but Shivaji managed to escape. He returned home and when Jai Singh died at Burhanpur and Aurangzeb got busy in North. He began recapture his forts from Mughals.


title: Tanaji Malusare

text: Kondhana, outside Pune, was one of the first forts that Shivaji wanted to re-capture from the Mughal Empire, after the truce between the two parties broke down in 1670. Tanaji was asked to lead the task. Legend says that Tanaji agreed to lead even though that meant postponing his son's wedding.


title: Tanaji Malusare

text: Tanaji Malusare with his picked 300 Mavle infantry scaled less abrupt side near Kalyan gate by rope ladders and slain the sentinels. The garrison fought desperately but "Mavales" (Soldiers from Maval region) carried havoc in their ranks. Amid the fighting Tanaji's shield broke, he tied cloth of his turban to his hand and defensed the strikes by it. The two chiefs challenged each other and both fell down. Tanaji was accompanied by his brother Suryaji Malusare, and maternal uncle Shelar "Mama" in the campaign. Marathas butchered enemies, slain more than one thousand Rajputs and many more perished in attempt run from the garrison and scaled down the Mountain. The campaign to recapture the fort ended with victory for the Marathas, but at the cost of Tanaji losing his life in the battle.


title: Engine knocking

text: In spark ignition internal combustion engines, knocking (also knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking) occurs when combustion of some of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder does not result from propagation of the flame front ignited by the spark plug, but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. The fuel-air charge is meant to be ignited by the spark plug only, and at a precise point in the piston's stroke. Knock occurs when the peak of the combustion process no longer occurs at the optimum moment for the four-stroke cycle. The shock wave creates the characteristic metallic "pinging" sound, and cylinder pressure increases dramatically. Effects of engine knocking range from inconsequential to completely destructive.


title: Engine knocking

text: Knocking should not be confused with pre-ignition—they are two separate events. However, pre-ignition can be followed by knocking.


title: Engine knocking

text: The phenomenon of detonation was described in November 1914 in a letter from Lodge Brothers (spark plug manufacturers, and sons of Sir Oliver Lodge) settling a discussion regarding the cause of "knocking" or "pinging" in motorcycles. In the letter they stated that an early ignition can give rise to the gas detonating instead of the usual expansion, and the sound that is produced by the detonation is the same as if the metal parts had been tapped with a hammer. It was further investigated and described by Harry Ricardo during experiments carried out between 1916 and 1919 to discover the reason for failures in aircraft engines.


title: Engine knocking

text: Under ideal conditions the common internal combustion engine burns the fuel/air mixture in the cylinder in an orderly and controlled fashion. The combustion is started by the spark plug some 10 to 40 crankshaft degrees prior to top dead center (TDC), depending on many factors including engine speed and load. This ignition advance allows time for the combustion process to develop peak pressure at the ideal time for maximum recovery of work from the expanding gases.


title: Engine knocking

text: The spark across the spark plug's electrodes forms a small kernel of flame approximately the size of the spark plug gap. As it grows in size, its heat output increases, which allows it to grow at an accelerating rate, expanding rapidly through the combustion chamber. This growth is due to the travel of the flame front through the combustible fuel-air mix itself, and due to Rayleigh-Taylor instability (resulting from the hot, low-density combustion gasses expanding into the relatively cold and dense unburnt fuel-air mix) which rapidly stretches the burning zone into a complex of fingers of burning gas that have a much greater surface area than a simple spherical ball of flame would have (this latter process is enhanced and accelerated by any pre-existing turbulence in the fuel-air mixture). In normal combustion, this flame front moves throughout the fuel/air mixture at a rate characteristic for the particular mixture. Pressure rises smoothly to a peak, as nearly all the available fuel is consumed, then pressure falls as the piston descends. Maximum cylinder pressure is achieved a few crankshaft degrees after the piston passes TDC, so that the force applied on the piston (from the increasing pressure applied to the top surface of the piston) can give its hardest push precisely when the piston's speed and mechanical advantage on the crank shaft gives the best recovery of force from the expanding gases, thus maximizing torque transferred to the crankshaft.


title: Engine knocking

text: When unburned fuel/air mixture beyond the boundary of the flame front is subjected to a combination of heat and pressure for a certain duration (beyond the delay period of the fuel used), detonation may occur. Detonation is characterized by an almost instantaneous, explosive ignition of at least one pocket of fuel/air mixture outside of the flame front. A local shockwave is created around each pocket, and the cylinder pressure will rise sharply – and possibly beyond its design limits – causing damage. (Detonation is actually more efficient than deflagration, but is usually avoided due to its damaging effects on engine components.)


title: Engine knocking

text: If detonation is allowed to persist under extreme conditions or over many engine cycles, engine parts can be damaged or destroyed. The simplest deleterious effects are typically particle wear caused by moderate knocking, which may further ensue through the engine's oil system and cause wear on other parts before being trapped by the oil filter. Such wear gives the appearance of erosion, abrasion, or a "sandblasted" look, similar to the damage caused by hydraulic cavitation. Severe knocking can lead to catastrophic failure in the form of physical holes melted and pushed through the piston or cylinder head (i.e., rupture of the combustion chamber), either of which depressurizes the affected cylinder and introduces large metal fragments, fuel, and combustion products into the oil system. Hypereutectic pistons are known to break easily from such shock waves.


title: Engine knocking

text: Because pressure and temperature are strongly linked, knock can also be attenuated by controlling peak combustion chamber temperatures by compression ratio reduction, exhaust gas recirculation, appropriate calibration of the engine's ignition timing schedule, and careful design of the engine's combustion chambers and cooling system as well as controlling the initial air intake temperature.


title: Engine knocking

text: The addition of certain materials such as lead and thallium will suppress detonation extremely well when certain fuels are used. The addition of tetraethyl lead (TEL), a soluble organolead compound added to gasoline, was common until it was discontinued for reasons of toxic pollution. Lead dust added to the intake charge will also reduce knock with various hydrocarbon fuels. Manganese compounds are also used to reduce knock with petrol fuel.


title: Engine knocking

text: Knock is less common in cold climates. As an aftermarket solution, a water injection system can be employed to reduce combustion chamber peak temperatures and thus suppress detonation. Steam (water vapor) will suppress knock even though no added cooling is supplied.


title: Engine knocking

text: Certain chemical changes must first occur for knock to happen, hence fuels with certain structures tend to knock more easily than others. Branched chain paraffins tend to resist knock while straight chain paraffins knock easily. It has been theorized that lead, steam, and the like interfere with some of the various oxidative changes that occur during combustion and hence reduce knock.


title: Engine knocking

text: Turbulence, as stated, has a very important effect on knock. Engines with good turbulence tend to knock less than engines with poor turbulence. Turbulence occurs not only while the engine is inhaling but also when the mixture is compressed and burned. Many pistons are designed to use "squish" turbulence to violently mix the air and fuel together as they are ignited and burned, which reduces knock greatly by speeding up burning and cooling the unburnt mixture. One example of this is all modern side valve or flathead engines. A considerable portion of the head space is made to come in close proximity to the piston crown, making for much turbulence near TDC. In the early days of side valve heads this was not done and a much lower compression ratio had to be used for any given fuel. Also such engines were sensitive to ignition advance and had less power.


title: Engine knocking

text: Knocking is more or less unavoidable in diesel engines, where fuel is injected into highly compressed air towards the end of the compression stroke. There is a short lag between the fuel being injected and combustion starting. By this time there is already a quantity of fuel in the combustion chamber which will ignite first in areas of greater oxygen density prior to the combustion of the complete charge. This sudden increase in pressure and temperature causes the distinctive diesel 'knock' or 'clatter', some of which must be allowed for in the engine design.


title: Engine knocking

text: Careful design of the injector pump, fuel injector, combustion chamber, piston crown and cylinder head can reduce knocking greatly, and modern engines using electronic common rail injection have very low levels of knock. Engines using indirect injection generally have lower levels of knock than direct injection engines, due to the greater dispersal of oxygen in the combustion chamber and lower injection pressures providing a more complete mixing of fuel and air. Diesels actually do not suffer exactly the same "knock" as gasoline engines since the cause is known to be only the very fast rate of pressure rise, not unstable combustion. Diesel fuels are actually very prone to knock in gasoline engines but in the diesel engine there is no time for knock to occur because the fuel is only oxidized during the expansion cycle. In the gasoline engine the fuel is slowly oxidizing all the time while it is being compressed before the spark. This allows for changes to occur in the structure/makeup of the molecules before the very critical period of high temperature/pressure.


title: Engine knocking

text: Due to the large variation in fuel quality, atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature as well as the possibility of a malfunction, every modern combustion engine contains mechanisms to detect and prevent knocking.


title: Engine knocking

text: A control loop is permanently monitoring the signal of one or more knock sensors (commonly piezoelectric sensor which are able to translate vibrations into an electric signal). If the characteristic pressure peak of a knocking combustion is detected the ignition timing is retarded by steps of a few degrees. If the signal normalizes indicating a controlled combustion the ignition timing is advanced again in the same fashion keeping the engine at its best possible operating point - the so-called ″knock limit″. Modern knock control-loop systems are able to adjust ignition timings for every cylinder individually. Depending on the specific engine the boost pressure is regulated simultaneously. This way performance is kept at its optimum while mostly eliminating the risk of engine damage caused by knock e.g. when running on low octane fuel. An early example of this is in turbocharged Saab H engines, where a system called Automatic Performance Control was used to reduce boost pressure if it caused the engine to knock.


title: Engine knocking

text: Since the avoidance of knocking combustion is so important to development engineers, a variety of simulation technologies have been developed which can identify engine design or operating conditions in which knock might be expected to occur. This then enables engineers to design ways to mitigate knocking combustion whilst maintaining a high thermal efficiency.


title: Engine knocking

text: Since the onset of knock is sensitive to the in-cylinder pressure, temperature and autoignition chemistry associated with the local mixture compositions within the combustion chamber, simulations which account for all of these aspects have thus proven most effective in determining knock operating limits and enabling engineers to determine the most appropriate operating strategy.


title: Engine knocking

text: The objective of knock control strategies is to attempt to optimize the trade-off between protecting the engine from damaging knock events and maximizing the engine's output torque. Knock events are an independent random process. It is impossible to design knock controllers in a deterministic platform. A single time history simulation or experiment of knock control methods are not able to provide a repeatable measurement of controller's performance because of the random nature of arriving knock events. Therefore, the desired trade-off must be done in a stochastic framework which could provide a suitable environment for designing and evaluating different knock control strategies performances with rigorous statistical properties.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: Lyricist Jerome Leiber (April 25, 1933 – August 22, 2011) and composer Michael Stoller (born March 13, 1933) were American songwriting and record producing partners. They found success as the writers of such crossover hit songs as "Hound Dog" (1952) and "Kansas City" (1952). Later in the 1950s, particularly through their work with The Coasters, they created a string of ground-breaking hits—including "Young Blood" (1957), "Searchin'" (1957), and "Yakety Yak" (1958)—that used the humorous vernacular of teenagers sung in a style that was openly theatrical rather than personal.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: Leiber and Stoller wrote hits for Elvis Presley, including "Love Me" (1956), "Jailhouse Rock" (1957), "Loving You", "Don't", and "King Creole". They also collaborated with other writers on such songs as "On Broadway", written with Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil; "Stand By Me", written with Ben E. King; "Young Blood", written with Doc Pomus; and "Spanish Harlem", co-written by Leiber and Phil Spector. They were sometimes credited under the pseudonym Elmo Glick. In 1964, they launched Red Bird Records with George Goldner and, focusing on the "girl group" sound, released some of the notable songs of the Brill Building period.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: In all, Leiber and Stoller wrote or co-wrote over 70 chart hits. They were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1985 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: Both born to Jewish families, Leiber came from Baltimore, Maryland, and Stoller from Long Island, New York, but they met in Los Angeles, California in 1950, where Stoller was a freshman at Los Angeles City College while Leiber was a senior at Fairfax High. Stoller had graduated from Belmont High School. After school, Stoller played piano and Leiber worked in Norty's, a record store on Fairfax Avenue, and when they met, they found they shared a love of blues and rhythm and blues. In 1950, Jimmy Witherspoon recorded and performed their first commercial song, "Real Ugly Woman". Stoller's name at birth was Michael Stoller, but he later changed it legally to "Mike".


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: Their first hit composition was "Hard Times", recorded by Charles Brown, which was a rhythm and blues hit in 1952. "Kansas City", first recorded in 1952 (as "K. C. Loving") by rhythm & blues singer Little Willie Littlefield, became a No. 1 pop hit in 1959 for Wilbert Harrison. In 1952, the partners wrote "Hound Dog" for blues singer Big Mama Thornton,


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: Leiber and Stoller's later songs often had lyrics more appropriate for pop music, and their combination of rhythm and blues with pop lyrics revolutionized pop, rock and roll, and punk rock.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: They formed Spark Records in 1954 with their mentor, Lester Sill. Their songs from this period include "Smokey Joe's Cafe" and "Riot in Cell Block #9", both recorded by The Robins.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: The label was later bought by Atlantic Records, which hired Leiber and Stoller in an innovative deal that allowed them to produce for other labels. This, in effect, made them the first independent record producers. At Atlantic, they revitalized the careers of The Drifters and wrote a number of hits for The Coasters, a spin-off of the Robins. Their songs from this period include "Charlie Brown", "Searchin'", "Yakety Yak", "Stand By Me" (written with Ben E. King), and "On Broadway" (written with Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil). For the Coasters alone, they wrote 24 songs that appeared in the US charts.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: In 1955, Leiber and Stoller produced a recording of their song "Black Denim Trousers and Motorcycle Boots" with a white vocal group, the Cheers. Soon after, the song was recorded by Édith Piaf in a French translation titled, "L'Homme à la Moto". The European royalties from another Cheers record, "Bazoom (I Need Your Lovin')", funded a 1956 trip to Europe for Stoller and his first wife, Meryl, on which they met Piaf. Their return to New York was aboard the ill-fated SS "Andrea Doria", which was rammed and sunk by the Swedish liner MS "Stockholm". The Stollers had to finish the journey to New York aboard another ship, the "Cape Ann". After their rescue, Leiber greeted Stoller at the dock with the news that "Hound Dog" had become a hit for Elvis Presley. Stoller's reply was, "Elvis who?" They would go on to write more hits for Presley, including the title songs for three of his movies—"Loving You", "Jailhouse Rock", and "King Creole"—as well as the rock and roll Christmas song, "Santa Claus Is Back in Town", for Presley's first Christmas album.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: On March 9, 1958, Leiber and Stoller appeared together on the TV panel quiz show "What's My Line?" as rock and roll composers of "Hounddog", "Jailhouse Rock" and "Don't". They were not household names and did not appear as celebrity mystery guests (a regular feature of the show) but as ordinary people with an unusual “line” of work. They even signed in under their own names, as the producers apparently were certain that the panel would not know who they were.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: In the beginning of the 1960s, they started Daisy Records and recorded Bob Moore and The Temps (with Roy Buchanan) on their label.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: In the early 1960s, Phil Spector served an apprenticeship of sorts with Leiber and Stoller in New York City, developing his record producer's craft while observing and playing guitar on their sessions, including the guitar solo on The Drifters' "On Broadway".


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: After leaving the employ of Atlantic Records—where they produced, and often wrote, many classic recordings by The Drifters with Ben E. King—Leiber and Stoller produced a series of records for United Artists Records, including hits by Jay and the Americans ("She Cried"), The Exciters ("Tell Him"), and The Clovers ("Love Potion #9", also written by Leiber and Stoller).


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: In the 1960s, Leiber and Stoller founded and briefly owned Red Bird Records, which issued The Shangri-Las' "Leader of the Pack" and The Dixie Cups' "Chapel of Love".


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: After selling Red Bird, they continued working as independent producers and songwriters. Their best known song from this period is "Is That All There Is?" recorded by Peggy Lee in 1969; it earned her a Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Grammy. Earlier in the decade, they had a hit with Lee with "I'm a Woman" (1962).


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: Their last major hit production was "Stuck in the Middle With You" by Stealers Wheel, taken from the band's 1972 eponymous debut album, which the duo produced. In 1975, they recorded "Mirrors", an album of art songs with Peggy Lee. A remixed and expanded version of the album was released in 2005 as "Peggy Lee Sings Leiber and Stoller". Also in 1975, they produced the Procol Harum album "Procol's Ninth", which included the UK Top 20 single "Pandora's Box" and a version of Leiber and Stoller's "I Keep Forgettin'".


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: In the late 1970s, A&M Records recruited Leiber and Stoller to write and produce an album for Elkie Brooks; "Two Days Away" (1977) proved a success in the UK and most of Europe. Their composition "Pearl's a Singer" (written with Ralph Dino & John Sembello) became a hit for Brooks, and remains her signature tune. In 1978, mezzo-soprano Joan Morris and her pianist-composer husband William Bolcom recorded an album, "Other Songs by Leiber and Stoller", featuring a number of the songwriters' more unusual (and satiric) works, including "Let's Bring Back World War I", written specifically for (and dedicated to) Bolcom and Morris; and "Humphrey Bogart", a tongue-in-cheek song about obsession with the actor. In 1979, Leiber and Stoller produced another album for Brooks: "Live and Learn".


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: In 1982, Steely Dan member Donald Fagen recorded their song "Ruby Baby" on his album "The Nightfly". That same year, former Doobie Brothers member Michael McDonald released "I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)", inspired by Leiber and Stoller's "I Keep Forgettin'" for which they were eventually given a 50% songwriting credit.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: In 2009, Simon & Schuster published "Hound Dog: The Leiber and Stoller Autobiography", written by Leiber and Stoller with David Ritz. As of 2007, their songs are managed by Sony/ATV Music Publishing.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: With collaborator Artie Butler, Stoller wrote the music to the musical "The People in the Picture", with book and lyrics by Iris Rainer Dart. Stoller and Butler's music received a 2011 Drama Desk Award nomination.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: On August 22, 2011, Leiber died in Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, aged 78, from cardio-pulmonary failure. He was survived by his sons Jed, Oliver, and Jake.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: Stoller wrote both music and lyrics to the song "Charlotte", recorded by Steve Tyrell and released in advance of the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: Leiber and Stoller won Grammy awards for "Is That All There Is?" in 1969, and for the cast album of "Smokey Joe's Cafe", a 1995 Broadway musical revue based on their work. "Smokey Joe's Cafe" was also nominated for seven Tony awards, and became the longest-running musical revue in Broadway history.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: In the 1950s the rhythm and blues of the black entertainment world, up to then restricted to black clubs, was increasing its audience-share in areas previously reserved for traditional pop music, and the phenomenon now known as "crossover" became apparent.


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: Leiber and Stoller affected the course of modern popular music in 1957, when they wrote and produced the crossover double-sided hit by The Coasters, "Young Blood"/"Searchin'". They released "Yakety Yak", which was a mainstream hit, as was the follow-up, "Charlie Brown". This was followed by "Along Came Jones", "Poison Ivy", "Shoppin' for Clothes", and "Little Egypt (Ying-Yang)".


title: Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

text: They produced and co-wrote "There Goes My Baby", a hit for The Drifters in 1959, which introduced the use of strings for saxophone-like riffs, tympani for the Brazilian "baion" rhythm they incorporated, and lavish production values into the established black R&B sound, laying the groundwork for the soul music that would follow.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: My Everything is the second studio album by American singer Ariana Grande, released on August 25, 2014, by Republic Records. In the album's production, Grande worked with a host of producers and co-writers, including Max Martin, Shellback, Benny Blanco, Ryan Tedder, Darkchild, Ilya Salmanzadeh, Zedd, and David Guetta, to name a few.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: Grande sought for "My Everything" to sound as "an evolution" from her debut album "Yours Truly" (2013); exploring more mature and diverse lyrical content and musical styles. Primarily a pop and R&B record, "My Everything" expands on the 1990s retro-R&B style of its predecessor, while also approaching new genres such as EDM, electropop and dance-pop.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: "My Everything" debuted atop the "Billboard" 200 albums chart in the United States, selling 169,000 copies in its first week, marking Grande's second consecutive chart-topper in the US. It was later certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, and was listed as one of the most popular albums of 2014, 2015 and the 2010s on the "Billboard" 200. The album debuted at number one in Australia and Canada as well, and peaked in the top ten of twenty countries worldwide. It received generally favorable reviews from music critics, appearing in year-end best-music lists of 2014. At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in 2015, "My Everything" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: "My Everything" was supported by five singles; all of which reached global success. The lead single, "Problem", broke numerous digital sales records upon release, and peaked at number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The second single, "Break Free", reached number four in the United States. The following single, "Bang Bang", peaked at number three in the US and topped charts internationally. The fourth and fifth singles, "Love Me Harder" and "One Last Time", peaked at numbers seven and thirteen, respectively, with the latter reaching number two in the United Kingdom. Aided by "My Everything"'s singles, Grande attained the most top ten hits for any artist in 2014 on the Hot 100. To further support the album, Grande embarked on the Honeymoon Tour in 2015.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: The singer's debut studio album "Yours Truly" was released on September 3, 2013, and was met with critical acclaim. Later that month, in an interview with "Rolling Stone", Grande stated that she had begun writing and working on her second studio album and had already completed two songs. Recording sessions began in October 2013 with Grande working with previous producers from her debut album Harmony Samuels and Tommy Brown. Grande was initially aiming at releasing the album around February 2014. In January 2014, Grande confirmed she had been working with new producers Ryan Tedder, Savan Kotecha, Benny Blanco, Key Wane and Max Martin. Grande stated in late February that she wanted to name her album after a song she had finished that weekend that is very honest and makes her cry.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: It was announced on March 3, 2014, that Grande would be featured on the fifth single from Chris Brown's album "X" titled "Don't Be Gone Too Long". The single was originally set for release on March 25, 2014. However, it was postponed due to Brown being sent to jail awaiting trial on assault charges. Grande had announced the song's delay on March 17, 2014, via Twitter stating "My loves… so obviously some things have changed recently... So we have to delay the dbgtl countdown, some things are out of our control". That same night she held a live stream to make up for the single's delay, where she previewed four new songs from her second album. Two days following the announcement, Grande revealed that due to the song's delay, she would be releasing the first single from her upcoming second studio album instead. She finished working on the album in late May 2014. On June 28, Grande confirmed the title of the album to be "My Everything" and the release date to be August 25, 2014. The photos for the packaging in the album were taken on May 27, 2014. Grande stated that she chose the cover artwork because she felt that "each song is so strongly themed that I just wanted to have a very simple overall cover. So that within each song we could create more visual themes."


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: "My Everything" is a pop-R&B album. It revisits the '90's retro-R&B style present in Grande's debut album "Yours Truly": Annie Zaleski from "The A.V. Club", described the album as a "slick throwback to melodramatic '80s and '90s pop." The album's tracks include EDM, hip hop tunes and piano-driven ballads. The album opens with "Intro", in which Grande addresses her fans: "I'll give you all I have and nothing less, I promise". The second track is the lead single "Problem", an uptempo dance-pop song influenced by R&B, jazz, hip hop and funk. "Rap-Up" described the track as an "infectious horn-heavy jam" that features a "carefree" Grande "declaring her independence". It includes "an empowering verse from Iggy Azalea and a whispering Big Sean on the hook." "One Last Time" is a dance-pop and EDM-light song. The album continues with "Why Try", co-written and co-produced by Ryan Tedder and Benny Blanco and features the lyrics "Now we're screaming just to see who's louder". Some critics expressed an opinion that the song has a similar composition with Beyoncé's "XO" (2013; also produced by Tedder).


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: The following track is the EDM song "Break Free". The song combines the EDM and electro genres. In an interview with "Billboard", Grande described the song as "fantastic and super-experimental for [her]" and stated: "I never thought I'd do an EDM song, but that was an eye-opening experience, and now all I want to do is dance." The album's first of three ballads, "Best Mistake", features Big Sean. "Billboard" described it as "A moody ballad that grows stickier upon each listen, "Best Mistake" carries a tidy collection of impressive production details, the momentary string stabs among them". Musically, it is a minimal hip-hop piano ballad lament that utilizes instrumentation from strings and a drum machine. It tells a story about a couple trying to "make up their minds about the future of their relationship, with deep affection buried underneath their problems." "Be My Baby" featuring Cashmere Cat is a "bouncy R&B jam". The song was compared with Mariah Carey's songs. The eighth track, "Break Your Heart Right Back", featuring Childish Gambino, is about her boyfriend cheating on her with a man and contains the lyrics "I know you're mad 'cause I found out / Want you to feel what I feel right now". The song interpolates Diana Ross's "I'm Coming Out."


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: "Love Me Harder", featuring The Weeknd, is a mid-tempo synthpop and R&B song, which starts small before its "'throbbing', electro-heavy chorus", with a guitar riff, while "big vacuum-esque synths zip" can be heard throughout the track. Rob Copsey wrote for The Official Charts Company that the song reminded him of Drake at his most emotional. Lyrically, the song has Grande demanding romantic satisfaction, using double entendres about BDSM. The track "Just a Little Bit of Your Heart" is the album's second ballad, co-written by Harry Styles. Official Charts compared the eleventh track, "Hands on Me", featuring ASAP Ferg, with Rihanna's "Cockiness (Love It)" (2012) and Azalea's "Fancy" (2014). Jason Lipshutz of "Billboard" described "Hands on Me" as "an out-of-left-field banger that removes Grande from her teenybopper phase and finds the 21-year-old discovering her inner Rihanna with lines." The title track "My Everything" concludes the standard edition of the album on a somber note, recalling "Intro", and concerns Grande's struggles to regain the solid footing she once had with her partner.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: The first bonus track on deluxe edition, "Bang Bang", featuring Jessie J and Nicki Minaj is an up-tempo, "soulful" song that features a "clap-heavy" production built over "big bouncy beats and horn blasts". The next track was described by "Billboard" as "short, snappy and sumptuous, 'Only 1' is a light confection that succeeds due to its busy, intricate percussion". The deluxe edition of "My Everything" concludes with the track "You Don't Know Me".


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: On June 28, 2014, Grande announced that her album would be available for pre-order through her website. Those who pre-ordered the album would get exclusive access to Grande's concert stream that will be held on August 24 where she will perform songs from her album live for the first time. Grande embarked on her first world tour titled The Honeymoon Tour in support of the album which began in February 2015.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: In the weeks preceding the release of "My Everything", several previews of songs from the album were released. On July 7, 2014, Grande posted a teaser of "Best Mistake" onto her Instagram page. The song features rapper Big Sean. On July 27, 2014, a preview of "Be My Baby" was filmed at a concert of featured artist, Cashmere Cat, and uploaded to YouTube, by a fan. Grande retweeted a link to the video on her Twitter profile. She then retweeted a second snippet on August 4. Twenty days before the album's release, Grande released a preview of "Love Me Harder", which features Canadian recording artist The Weeknd, onto her Instagram profile. On August 20, four songs from the album, "Why Try", "Be My Baby", "Love Me Harder", and "Just a Little Bit of Your Heart", were released courtesy of MTV.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: On August 24, Grande opened the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards with "Break Free" and then later appeared to perform "Bang Bang" with Jessie J and Nicki Minaj. Following her performance on the show, "My Everything" was released worldwide on August 25, 2014. During the week of its release, commercials aired on television to promote "My Everything" as well as the Beats Pill. On August 29, Grande performed "Problem", "Break Free", "Bang Bang", and "Break Your Heart Right Back" on "The Today Show". In addition to performing, Grande was also interviewed, forecasted to weather and brought her grandmother for an interview of her own. On September 5, Grande performed the title track from "My Everything" during the Stand Up to Cancer television program in dedication to her grandfather, who had died from cancer earlier that year.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: Grande premiered her first single "Problem", which features Australian rapper Iggy Azalea, at the 2014 Radio Disney Music Awards and released it for digital download later that night on April 28, 2014. The song debuted at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and sold 438,000 units in its first week making it the fifth largest debut by a woman in history. The single later peaked at number two on the Hot 100, holding that position for five non-consecutive weeks. The single has sold 3.7 million copies in the US and has been certified sextuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in March 2016.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: The second single, "Break Free", features electronic music producer Zedd and was released on July 2, 2014. The song debuted at number 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with 161,000 downloads sold in its first week. After the release of the song's music video, "Break Free" soared on the Hot 100 from number 18 to number four, while Grande's other singles, "Bang Bang" and "Problem" were also in the top ten that week, at numbers ten and seven respectively. With three songs in the top ten, Ariana Grande became the second female lead artist to have three singles in the top ten since Adele in 2012. It also reached number one on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart. "Break Free" has sold 1.9 million copies as of June 2020, and is certified triple platinum by the RIAA.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: "Bang Bang" by Jessie J, Ariana Grande, and Nicki Minaj, was first sent to hot adult contemporary radios on July 28, 2014, through Republic Records, the label that houses all three artists, being released as a digital download on July 29, 2014, through Lava and Republic, serving as a joint single. It serves as the lead single from Jessie J's album "Sweet Talker", and the third single from "My Everything". The song debuted at number six, and peaked at number three on the Hot 100, while debuting atop the UK Singles Chart. As of November 2017, "Bang Bang" was certified sextuple platinum by the RIAA, and has sold 3.5 million copies in the US since its release.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: The fourth single, "Love Me Harder", which features Canadian PBR&B artist The Weeknd, was released to rhythmic crossover radio on September 30, 2014. It debuted at number 79, and later peaked at number seven on the Hot 100, making Grande the artist with the most top-ten singles in 2014. It also became The Weeknd's first top ten entry in the United States. As of April 2018, the song had sold 1.3 million copies in the United States and has been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: "One Last Time" was released to rhythmic crossover and contemporary hit radio stations on February 10, 2015, as the fifth and final single. It debuted at number 80 on the Hot 100 and peaked at number 13, becoming the only single from the album to not reach the top ten. As of June 2020, "One Last Time" has sold 918,000 digital units in the US, and is certified Platinum by the RIAA.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: "Best Mistake" featuring Big Sean was released on August 12, 2014, as a promotional single to those who preorder the album. It sold 104,000 units in its first week landing at number six on the Digital Songs chart. It also peaked at number 49 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to ratings and reviews from mainstream critics, "My Everything" received an average of 64, based on 19 reviews, which the cite defines as "generally favorable reviews". Rob Sheffield, writing for "Rolling Stone", says, ""My Everything" proves, she's already a major force" on a release showing how Grande is growing up because "It's a confident, intelligent, brazen pop statement, mixing bubblegum diva vocals with EDM break-beats." Adam Markovitz says for "Entertainment Weekly" how "Grande has picked a set of songs so lyrically bland, sonically inoffensive, and artistically empty that they produce a zero-impact experience—musical vanilla fro-yo poured directly into your ears." Markovitz states, "It's by no means painful; there are even moments of fun, including the thigh-high-boot swagger of summer smashes 'Problem' and 'Bang Bang,' both of which borrow their strut from coheadliners Iggy Azalea and Jessie J with Nicki Minaj, respectively." Mikael Wood, writing on behalf of the "Los Angeles Times", finds Grande in impressive form because she is "deeply cheerful yet with guns blazing, an innocent newcomer no more."


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: Elysa Gardner, on behalf of "USA Today", writes that Grande "digs into ballads and more emotionally earnest fare" simultaneously, doing so with a "girlish playfulness... and a sense of growing confidence", and she is "Blending sugar and spice" together to create a pleasing concoction to satisfy the varying palates of her supporters." Stephen Thomas Erlewine says for AllMusic that "Grande doesn't embody the songs the way an old-fashioned diva would, but she functions as a likeable pop ringleader, stepping aside when the track calls for it and then unleashing a full-throated wail when it's her time to shine." Jason Lipshutz from "Billboard" writes that the album "turned Grande into a dance artist, pop artist, and soul artist" with a more uniformed and more mature sound. Gary Graff says on behalf of "The Oakland Press" that it is "a solid step forward for Grande, which makes 'there's more to see' an intriguing promise rather than a threat." In a 7.7 out of ten review for "Pitchfork", Meaghan Garvey explains how it "feels like Grande's arrival as a true pop fixture, not just a charming novelty... and while the best songs here may not be timeless, they certainly feel right for right now." The album was placed at number eleven on Digital Spys Best Albums of 2014 list. Jessica Goodman and Ryan Kistobak of "The Huffington Post" included the album on their list of 2014's best releases, commenting that the album makes sure "Grande's sheer talent did not go unnoticed".


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: In a more mixed review, Jim Farber from the "New York Daily News" writes that Grande's "sexed-up" vocals and range are shown off but the "constant jerking back and forth between styles interrupts any sense of flow." Caroline Sullivan from "The Guardian" praises Grande's vocals but feels that the songs are indistinct and have a "facelessness" to them. Annie Zaleski writes for "The A.V. Club" how it "is so well-constructed and designed to succeed, it rarely loosens up enough to let any depth of character (or real surprises) surface", yet it "further establishes Grande as a consummate performer and vocal interpreter." Kitty Empire from "The Observer" notes that Grande's vocal ability is showcased but that the songs lack personality. Evan Sawdey, writing for "PopMatters", commented that Grande mimicks other artists, leaving her distinguished voice with only the support of hollow lyricism. In agreement, Will Robinson rated the album a 2.5 out of five for Sputnikmusic, saying it "ends up ringing hollow". Writing for "Vibe" magazine, Adelle Platon was positive towards the album's sound and compared Grande's vocals to those of Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera. Andrew Chan, writing on behalf of "Slant Magazine", stated that Grande "emphasizes the sheer fun of singing over any sense of emotional urgency", yet "What her voice lacks in depth, texture, and variety will probably take time to acquire."


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: More than three years after the album's release, Grande's graceful, yet precarious, kneeling pose on a stool for the album's cover suddenly became a viral subject on Twitter, spawning a humorous conspiracy theory, memes, a "challenge" taken up by many to try to recreate the pose, and international press coverage.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: On August 27, "Billboard" reported that "My Everything" would sell over 160,000 copies in its first week. "My Everything" officially debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 and sold 169,000 copies in its first week. By doing so, Grande attained her second consecutive number-one album in the country, becoming the first female artist to have her first two albums debut at number one since Scottish singer Susan Boyle did it with "I Dreamed a Dream" (2009) and "The Gift" (2010). The album has sold 759,000 copies in the United States as of April 2018. In March 2016, the RIAA certified the album double platinum, for combined album sales, on-demand audio, video streams, track sales equivalent of two million album-equivalent units. In Japan, "My Everything" remained atop the iTunes Store chart for nine weeks, thus earning Grande the longest at number one in 2014, breaking the previous record held by "Frozen: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.


title: My Everything (Ariana Grande album)

text: In 2015, "My Everything" was ranked as the 17th most popular album of the year on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Merlin Santana

text: Merlin Santana (March 14, 1976 – November 9, 2002) was an American actor and rapper. Beginning his career in the early 1990s, Santana was best known for his roles as Rudy Huxtable's boyfriend Stanley on "The Cosby Show", Marcus Dixon on "Getting By", Marcus Henry in "Under One Roof" and Romeo Santana on The WB sitcom "The Steve Harvey Show" (19962002).


title: Merlin Santana

text: Born in Upper Manhattan, New York City to parents from the Dominican Republic, Santana's career in show business began with a push from his parents, who wanted to keep him off the tough streets of New York. He began his career at the age of three as an advertising model for a fast food chain. His first screen appearance was as an extra in the Woody Allen film, "The Purple Rose of Cairo".


title: Merlin Santana

text: In 1991, Santana landed a recurring role on "The Cosby Show" as Stanley, the boyfriend of Rudy Huxtable and the rival of Rudy's friend Kenny (Deon Richmond). He was then cast as Marcus Dixon in the short-lived sitcom, "Getting By", starring Cindy Williams and Telma Hopkins. Deon Richmond was cast as his brother Darren, due to their interaction on "The Cosby Show".


title: Merlin Santana

text: In November 1994, Santana appeared on "Sister, Sister" as Joey, who falls in love with Tia and Tamera (Tia and Tamera Mowry) at Rocket Burger.


title: Merlin Santana

text: In 1995, Santana was cast as Marcus Henry in the short-lived CBS family drama "Under One Roof", co-starring with James Earl Jones, Joe Morton and Vanessa Bell Calloway. Between 1996 and 1999, he played the role of Ohagi on "Moesha".


title: Merlin Santana

text: In 1996, he landed the role of Romeo Santana on "The Steve Harvey Show". In 2001, he played the role of Jermaine in the movie "Flossin". In 2002, he appeared in the VH1 TV movie, "Play'd: A Hip Hop Story" with Toni Braxton. That same year, Santana had a role in the Eddie Murphy comedy "Showtime". His last television acting role was on the UPN series, "Half & Half", while his last film role was in the 2003 comedy film, "The Blues" with Deon Richmond.


title: Merlin Santana

text: On November 9, 2002, Santana was murdered while sitting in a car in Los Angeles. Santana and his friend, actor Brandon Adams, just left an acquaintance's home in the Crenshaw District when the suspect Damien Andre Gates fired the shot that entered through the trunk of the vehicle in which Santana was a passenger. The bullet penetrated the right-front passenger headrest and entered Santana's head, killing him.


title: Merlin Santana

text: On November 18, 2002, Santana, age 26, was buried at Saint Raymond's Cemetery in The Bronx borough of New York City.


title: Merlin Santana

text: In 2003, Gates was convicted of the first-degree murder of Santana and the attempted murder of Adams and was sentenced to three consecutive life sentences plus 70 years in prison.


title: Merlin Santana

text: Brandon Douglas Bynes, the other suspect who was with Gates during the shooting, received a 23-year sentence after pleading guilty to voluntary manslaughter and assault with a deadly weapon.


title: Merlin Santana

text: An LAPD officer involved in the case testified that Monique King, reportedly shooter Gates's girlfriend, only aged 15 at the time, falsely claimed that Santana made sexual advances towards her which prompted the Gates' and Bynes' attack.


title: Merlin Santana

text: In January 2004, King was found guilty of second-degree murder and attempted murder, but was acquitted on two murder charges, receiving ten years in juvenile custody as a result of Santana's death.


title: Emirate of Diriyah

text: The Emirate of Diriyah (), also known as the First Saudi State, was established in February 1727 (1139 AH). In 1744, the emir of Najdi town called Diriyah Muhammad bin Saud and the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab formed an alliance to found a socio-religious reform movement to unify the many states of the Arabian Peninsula.


title: Emirate of Diriyah

text: The House of Saud and its allies quickly rose to become the dominant power in Arabia by first conquering Najd, and then expanding their influence over the eastern coast from Kuwait down to the northern borders of Oman. Furthermore, Saud's forces brought the highlands of 'Asir under their suzerainty, while Muhammad ibn Abd Al Wahhab wrote letters to people and scholars to enter the field of jihad. After many military campaigns, Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, leaving the leadership to his son, Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad. Saud's forces went so far as to gain command of the Shi'a holy city of Karbala in 1801. Here they destroyed the shrine of the saints and monuments and killed over 5000 civilians. In retribution, Abdulaziz was assassinated by a young Shia in 1803, having followed him back to Najd.


title: Emirate of Diriyah

text: Muhammad bin Abd Al Wahhab died in 1792. In 1803, eleven years after Wahhab's death, the son of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad, Saud bin Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud, sent out forces to bring the region of Hejaz under his rule. Ta'if was the first city to be captured, and later the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina. This was seen as a major challenge to the authority of the Ottoman Empire, which had exercised its rule over the holy cities since 1517.


title: Emirate of Diriyah

text: The task of weakening the grip of the House of Saud was given to the powerful viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, by the Ottomans. This initiated the Ottoman–Saudi War, in which Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz region by sea. His son, Ibrahim Pasha, then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Nejd, capturing town after town. Saud's successor, his son Abdullah bin Saud, was unable to prevent the recapture of the region. Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah and placed it under siege for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the clans of Al Saud to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, Istanbul. Abdullah bin Saud was later executed in the Ottoman capital Istanbul with his severed head later thrown into the waters of the Bosphorus, marking the end of what was known as the First Saudi State. However, both the Wahhabi sect and the remaining members of the Al Saud clan stayed committed. They founded a Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891, and later a third state, Saudi Arabia, which the Al Saud continue to rule up to the present day.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Wealth inequality in the United States is the unequal distribution of assets among residents of the United States. Wealth commonly includes the values of any homes, automobiles, personal valuables, businesses, savings, and investments, as well as any associated debts.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Although different from income inequality, the two are related. Wealth is usually not used for daily expenditures or factored into household budgets, but combined with income, it represents a family's total opportunity to secure stature and a meaningful standard of living, or to pass their class status down to their children. Moreover, wealth provides for both short- and long-term financial security, bestows social prestige, contributes to political power, and can be leveraged to obtain more wealth. Hence, wealth provides mobility and agency—the ability to act. The accumulation of wealth enables a variety of freedoms, and removes limits on life that one might otherwise face.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Federal Reserve data indicates that as of Q4 2021, the top 1% of households in the United States held 32.3% of the country's wealth, while the bottom 50% held 2.6%. In recent decades, wealth inequality has substantially increased in the United States. From 1989 to 2019, wealth became increasingly concentrated in the top 1% and top 10% due in large part to corporate stock ownership concentration in those segments of the population; the bottom 50% own little if any corporate stock. From an international perspective, the difference in US median and mean wealth per adult is over 600%. A 2011 study found that US citizens across the political spectrum dramatically underestimate the current level of wealth inequality in the US, and would prefer a far more egalitarian distribution of wealth.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: In 2007, the top 20% wealthiest Americans possessed 80% of all financial assets. In 2007 the richest 1% of the American population owned 35% of the country's total wealth, and the next 19% owned 51%. The top 20% of Americans owned 86% of the country's wealth and the bottom 80% of the population owned 14%. In 2011, financial inequality was greater than inequality in total wealth, with the top 1% of the population owning 43%, the next 19% of Americans owning 50%, and the bottom 80% owning 7%. However, after the Great Recession, which began in 2007, the share of total wealth owned by the top 1% of the population grew from 35% to 37%, and that owned by the top 20% of Americans grew from 86% to 88%. The Great Recession also caused a drop of 36% in median household wealth, but a drop of only 11% for the top 1%, further widening the gap between the top 1% and the bottom 99%.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: According to PolitiFact and other sources, in 2011, the 400 wealthiest Americans had more wealth than half of all Americans combined. Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a substantial head start. In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies, over 60 percent of the Forbes richest 400 Americans grew up in substantial privilege.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: In 2013, wealth inequality in the U.S. was greater than in most developed countries, other than Switzerland and Denmark. In the United States, the use of offshore holdings is exceptionally small compared to Europe, where much of the wealth of the top percentiles is kept in offshore holdings. According to a 2014 Credit Suisse study, the ratio of wealth to household income is the highest it has been since the Great Depression.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: According to a paper published by the Federal Reserve in 1997, "For most households, pensions and Social Security are the most important sources of income during retirement, and the promised benefit stream constitutes a sizable fraction of household wealth" and "including pensions and Social Security in net worth makes the distribution more even".


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: In "Inequality for All"—a 2013 documentary, narrated by Robert Reich, in which he argues that income inequality is the defining issue of the United States—Reich states that 95% of economic gains following the economic recovery which began in 2009 went to the top 1% of Americans (by net worth) (HNWI).


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: A September 2017 study by the Federal Reserve reported that the top 1% owned 38.5% of the country's wealth in 2016.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: According to a June 2017 report by the Boston Consulting Group, around 70% of the nation's wealth will be in the hands of millionaires and billionaires by 2021.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: A 2019 study by economists Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman found that the average effective tax rate paid by the richest 400 families (0.003%) in the US was 23 percent, more than a percentage point lower than the 24.2 percent paid by the bottom half of American households. The Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center found that the bottom 20 percent of earners pay an average 2.9 percent effective income tax rate federally, while the richest 1 percent paid an effective 29.6 percent tax rate and the top 0.01 percent paid an effective 30.6 percent tax rate. In 2019, the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy found that when state and federal taxes are taken into account, however, the poorest 20 percent pay an effective 20.2 percent rate while the top 1 percent pay an effective 33.7 percent rate.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Using Federal Reserve data, the "Washington Center for Equitable Growth" reported in August 2019 that: "Looking at the cumulative growth of wealth disaggregated by group, we see that the bottom 50 percent of wealth owners experienced no net wealth growth since 1989. At the other end of the spectrum, the top 1 percent have seen their wealth grow by almost 300 percent since 1989. Although cumulative wealth growth was relatively similar among all wealth groups through the 1990s, the top 1 percent and bottom 50 percent diverged around 2000."


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: According to an analysis of "Survey of Consumer Finances" data from 2019 by the People's Policy Project, 79% of the country's wealth is owned by millionaires and billionaires.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Also in 2019, PolitiFact reported that three people (less than the 400 reported in 2011) had more wealth than the bottom half of all Americans.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the wealth held by billionaires in the U.S. increased by 70%. According to the 2022 World Inequality Report, "2020 marked the steepest increase in global billionaires’ share of wealth on record."


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Simon Kuznets, using income tax records and his own research-based estimates, showed a reduction of about 10% in the movement of national income toward the top 10% of wealth-owners, a reduction from about 45–50% in 1913 to about 30–35% in 1948. This period spans both The Great Depression and World War II, events with significant economic consequences. This is called the Great Compression.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: The Federal Reserve publishes information on the distribution of household assets, debt and equity (net worth) by quarter going back to 1989. The tables below summarize the net worth data, in real terms (adjusted for inflation), for 1989 to 2020, and 2016 to 2020. Journalist Matthew Yglesias explained in June 2019 how the ownership of stock has driven wealth inequality, as the bottom 50% has minimal stock ownership: "...[T]he bottom half of the income distribution had a huge share of its wealth tied up in real estate while owning essentially no shares of corporate stock. The top 1 percent, by contrast, wasn't just rich — it was specifically rich in terms of owning companies, both stock in publicly traded ones ("corporate equities") and shares of closely held ones ("private businesses")...So the value of those specific assets — assets that people in the bottom half of the distribution never had a chance to own in the first place — soared."


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: NPR also reported in 2017 that the bottom 50% of U.S. households (by net worth) have little stock market exposure (neither directly nor indirectly through 401k plans), writing: "That means the stock market rally can only directly benefit around half of all Americans — and substantially fewer than it would have a decade ago, when nearly two-thirds of families owned stock."


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: There is an important distinction between income and wealth. Income refers to a flow of money over time, commonly in the form of a wage or salary; wealth is a collection of assets owned, minus liabilities. In essence, income is what people receive through work, retirement, or social welfare whereas wealth is what people own. While the two are related, income inequality alone is insufficient for understanding economic inequality for two reasons:


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: In 1998, Dennis Gilbert asserted that the standard of living of the working and middle classes is dependent primarily upon income and wages, while the rich tend to rely on wealth, distinguishing them from the vast majority of Americans.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: The United States Census Bureau formally defines income as money received on a regular basis (exclusive of certain money receipts such as capital gains) before payments on personal income taxes, social security, union dues, medicare deductions, etc. By this official measure, the wealthiest families may have low income, but the value of their assets may be enough money to support their lifestyle. Dividends from trusts or gains in the stock market do not fall under the aforementioned definition of income, but are commonly the primary source of capital for the ultra-wealthy. Retired people also have little income, but may have a high net worth, because of money saved over time.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Additionally, income does not capture the extent of wealth inequality. Wealth is most commonly obtained over time, through the steady investing of income, and the growth of assets. The income of one year does not typically encompass the accumulation over a lifetime. Income statistics cover too narrow a time span for it to be an adequate indicator of financial inequality. For example, the Gini coefficient for wealth inequality increased from 0.80 in 1983 to 0.84 in 1989. In the same year, 1989, the Gini coefficient for income was only 0.52. The Gini coefficient is an economic tool on a scale from 0 to 1 that measures the level of inequality. 1 signifies perfect inequality and 0 represents perfect equality. From this data, it is evident that in 1989 there was a discrepancy in the level of economic disparity; the extent of wealth inequality was significantly higher than income inequality. Recent research shows that many households, in particular, those headed by young parents (younger than 35), minorities, and individuals with low educational attainment, display very little accumulation. Many have no financial assets and their total net worth is also low.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: According to the Congressional Budget Office, between 1979 and 2007, incomes of the top 1% of Americans grew by an average of 275%. (Note: The IRS insists that comparisons of adjusted gross income pre-1987 and post-1987 are complicated by large changes in the definition of AGI, which led to households within the top income quintile reporting more of their income on their individual income tax form's AGI, rather than reporting their business income in separate corporate tax returns, or not reporting certain non-taxable income in their AGI at all, such as municipal bond income. In addition, IRS studies consistently show that a majority of households in the top income quintile have moved to a lower quintile within one decade. There are even more changes to households in the top 1%. Without including those data here, a reader is likely to assume households in the top 1% are almost the same from year to year.) In 2009, people in the top 1% of taxpayers made $343,927 or more. According to US economist Joseph Stiglitz the richest 1% of Americans gained 93% of the additional income created in 2010.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: A study by Emmanuel Saez and Piketty showed that the top 10 percent of earners took more than half of the country's total income in 2012, the highest level recorded since the government began collecting the relevant data a century ago. People in the top one percent were three times more likely to work more than 50 hours a week, were more likely to be self-employed, and earned a fifth of their income as capital income. The top one percent was composed of many professions and had an annual turnover rate of more than 25%. The five most common professions were managers, physicians, administrators, lawyers, and teachers.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: A 2022 study in PNAS found that earnings inequality in the United States did not increase over the preceding decade, marking the first reversal of rising earnings inequality since 1980. The reversal was due to a shrinking wage gap between low-wage workers and median wage earners, which was due to broadly rising pay in low-wage professions. At the same time, the gap between median wage workers and top earners widened.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: In March 2017, NPR summarized the distribution of U.S. stock market ownership (direct and indirect through mutual funds) in the U.S., which is highly concentrated among the wealthiest families:


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: NPR reported that when politicians reference the stock market as a measure of economic success, that success is not relevant to nearly half of Americans. Further, more than one-third of Americans who work full-time have no access to pensions or retirement accounts such as 401(k)s that derive their value from financial assets like stocks and bonds. The NYT reported that the percentage of workers covered by generous defined-benefit pension plans has declined from 62% in 1983 to 17% by 2016. While some economists consider an increase in the stock market to have a "wealth effect" that increases economic growth, economists like Former Dallas Federal Reserve Bank President Richard Fisher believe those effects are limited.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Essentially, the wealthy possess greater financial opportunities that allow their money to make more money. Earnings from the stock market or mutual funds are reinvested to produce a larger return. Over time, the sum that is invested becomes progressively more substantial. Those who are not wealthy, however, do not have the resources to enhance their opportunities and improve their economic position. Rather, "after debt payments, poor families are constrained to spend the remaining income on items that will not produce wealth and will depreciate over time." Scholar David B. Grusky notes that "62 percent of households headed by single parents are without savings or other financial assets." Net indebtedness generally prevents the poor from having any opportunity to accumulate wealth and thereby better their conditions.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Economic inequality is also a result of difference in income. Factors that contribute to this gap in wages are things such as level of education, labor market demand and supply, gender differences, growth in technology, and personal abilities. The quality and level of education that a person has often corresponds to their skill level, which is justified by their income. Wages are also determined by the "market price of a skill" at that current time. Although gender inequality is a separate social issue, it plays a role in economic inequality. According to the U.S. Census Report, in America the median full-time salary for women is 77 percent of that for men. Also contributing to the wealth inequality in the U.S., both unskilled and skilled workers are being replaced by machinery. The Seven Pillars Institute for Global Finance and Ethics argues that because of this "technological advance", the income gap between workers and owners has widened.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Income inequality contributes to wealth inequality. For example, economist Emmanuel Saez wrote in June 2016 that the top 1% of families captured 52% of the total real income (GDP) growth per family from 2009 to 2015. From 2009 to 2012, the top 1% captured 91% of the income gains.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Nepotism perpetuates and increases wealth inequality. Wealthy families pass down their assets allowing future generations to develop even more wealth. The poor, on the other hand, are less able to leave inheritances to their children leaving the latter with little or no wealth on which to build. Wealthy parents often use their economic or political power to advantage their own children, such as by providing extra funding for education, excluding poor families from the local community or schools (usually through exclusionary zoning), using social connections to provide opportunities for advancement like internships, and allowing children to take entrepreneurial risks without risking homelessness or destitution.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Corresponding to financial resources, the wealthy strategically organize their money so that it will produce profit. Affluent people are more likely to allocate their money to financial assets such as stocks, bonds, and other investments which hold the possibility of capital appreciation. Those who are not wealthy are more likely to have their money in savings accounts and home ownership. This difference comprises the largest reason for the continuation of wealth inequality in America: the rich are accumulating more assets while the middle and working classes are just getting by. As of 2007, the richest 1% held about 38% of all privately held wealth in the United States. while the bottom 90% held 73.2% of all debt. According to "The New York Times", the richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: However, other studies argue that higher average savings rate will contribute to the reduction of the share of wealth owned by the rich. The reason is that the rich in wealth are not necessarily the individuals with the highest income. Therefore, the relative wealth share of poorer quintiles of the population would increase if the savings rate of income is very large, although the absolute difference from the wealthiest will increase.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: The nature of tax policies in America has been suggested by economists and politicians such as Emmanuel Saez, Thomas Piketty, and Barack Obama to perpetuate economic inequality in America by steering large sums of wealth into the hands of the wealthiest Americans. The mechanism for this is that when the wealthy avoid paying taxes, wealth concentrates to their coffers and the poor go into debt.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: The economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that "Strong unions have helped to reduce inequality, whereas weaker unions have made it easier for CEOs, sometimes working with market forces that they have helped shape, to increase it." The long fall in unionization in the U.S. since WWII has seen a corresponding rise in the inequality of wealth and income.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Some tax policies subsidize wealthy people more than poor people; critics often argue the home mortgage interest deduction should be abolished because it provides more tax relief for people in higher tax brackets and with more expensive homes, and that poorer people are more often renters and therefore less likely to be able to use this deduction at all. Regressive taxes include payroll taxes, sales taxes, and fuel taxes.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: A 2022 study in the "American Economic Journal" found that greater economic inequality in the United States than in Europe was not because of the nature of tax and transfer systems in the United States. The study found that the U.S. redistributes a greater share of its wealth to the bottom half of the income distribution than any European country. The study found instead that Europe had less economic inequality because it had been more successful at ensuring that the bottom half of the income distribution are able to get relatively well-paying jobs.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: The wealth gap between white and black families nearly tripled from $85,000 in 1984 to $236,500 in 2009.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: A Brandeis University Institute on Assets and Social Policy paper cites the number of years of homeownership, household income, unemployment, education, and inheritance as leading causes for the growth of the gap, concluding homeownership to be the most important. Inheritance can directly link the disadvantaged economic position and prospects of today's blacks to the disadvantaged positions of their parents' and grandparents' generations, according to a report done by Robert B. Avery and Michael S. Rendall that pointed out "one in three white households will receive a substantial inheritance during their lifetime compared to only one in ten black households." In the journal "Sociological Perspectives", Lisa Keister reports that family size and structure during childhood "are related to racial differences in adult wealth accumulation trajectories, allowing whites to begin accumulating high-yield assets earlier in life."


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Relying on data from Credit Suisse and Brandeis University's Institute on Assets and Social Policy, the "Harvard Business Review" in the article "How America's Wealthiest Black Families Invest Money" stated:


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: According to Inequality.org, the median black family is only worth $1,700 when durables are deducted. In contrast, the median white family holds $116,800 of wealth using the same accounting methods. Today, using Wolff's analysis, the median African American family holds a mere 1.5 percent of median white American family wealth.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: A recent piece on Eurweb/Electronic Urban Report, "Black Wealth Hardly Exists, Even When You Include NBA, NFL and Rap Stars", stated this about the difference between black middle-class families and white middle-class families:


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Author Lilian Singh wrote on why the perceptions about black life created by media are misleading in the "American Prospect" article "Black Wealth On TV: Realities Don't Match Perceptions":


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: According to an article by the Pew Research Center, the median wealth of non-Hispanic black households fell nearly 38% from 2010 to 2013. During that time, the median wealth of those households fell from $16,600 to $13,700. The median wealth of Hispanic families fell 14.3% as well, from $16,000 to $14,000. Despite the median net worth of all households in the United States decreasing with time, as of 2013, white households had a median net worth of $141,900 while black house households had a median net worth of just $11,000. Hispanic households had a median net worth of just $13,700 over that time as well.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: A 2014 study by researchers at Princeton and Northwestern concludes that government policies reflect the desires of the wealthy, and that the vast majority of American citizens have "minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy ... when a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and/or with organized interests, they generally lose." When Fed chair Janet Yellen was questioned by Bernie Sanders about the study at a congressional hearing in May 2014, she responded "There's no question that we've had a trend toward growing inequality" and that this trend "can shape [and] determine the ability of different groups to participate equally in a democracy and have grave effects on social stability over time."


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: In "Capital in the Twenty-First Century," French economist Thomas Piketty argues that "extremely high levels" of wealth inequality are "incompatible with the meritocratic values and principles of social justice fundamental to modern democratic societies" and that "the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed."


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: The 2019 World Happiness Report shows the US slipping to 19th place due to increasing wealth inequality, along with rising healthcare costs, surging addiction rates, and an unhealthy work–life balance.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: There is a political debate over the estate tax in the United States, which reduces inequality by taxing the estate of large quantities of wealth. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 doubled the exemption of estates by increasing the exemption from $5.49 million in 2017 to $11.18 million in 2018. This increase in estate exemption was estimated to affect about 3,200 estates in 2018.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: A 2021 investigation using leaked IRS documents found more than half of the richest 100 Americans use grantor retained annuity trusts to avoid paying estate taxes when they die.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: As of 2022 individual estates under $12.06 million, and $24.12 million for married couples, are exempt from federal tax. Estates with values beyond $12.06 million are taxed on a sliding scale from 18% to 40%. The lowest bracket of 18% affects estates from $12.06 to $12.07 million and quickly increases to 40% affecting estates $13.06 million and above. The doubled exemption from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 is scheduled to expire in 2025, reducing the estate exemption to approximately $6.2 million. In addition, the maximum gift tax is scheduled to increase from 40% to 45% in 2026.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: In President Joe Biden's proposed budget for 2023 there are two proposed tax changes for households with wealth above $100 million. First, is a new "minimum tax" at death for unrealized capital gains above $1 million. Second is to realized capital gains as ordinary income; which is expected to effectively raise the percent of capital taxed from 23.8% to 43.4%. Combined it is estimated that these tax changes will place these households at an effective tax rate of 61.1%, which is nearly double the effective tax rate in 2022.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Currently there is no federal inheritance tax in the United States, which occurs after an estate is taxed and is passed on to surviving individual(s) and/or organization. Currently 17 states impose a state level inheritance tax ranging from 0.8% to 20%.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Inheritance tax has been in the United States for a very long time. Before inheritance tax came to the United States, it was developed in Egypt and Rome. In the book, "The Inheritance Tax", Max West states, "The origin of inheritance tax has usually been attributed to the Emperor Augustus, who is known to have established such a tax at Rome in the year 6 A.D." Max West summarizes the background of how inheritance tax was developed, and where it was developed at. This background information is very important to know because it shows that the United States was not the first area to have this taxing. There is a lot of history behind the making of inheritance taxation. In the Constitution of the Inheritance Tax it states, "By act of June 13, 1898, the Congress of the United States inheritance tax on legacies and inheritances of personal property."


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: The United States is one of many countries that has inheritance taxes. There are two different types of taxes, estate and inheritance taxes. Both of these two types of taxes have to do with death. According to Alan Cole, "Both of these taxes are generally paired with some kind of gift tax so that they can not be avoided by simply transferring the property prior to death." Cole made this comment about the article because he wants to inform the readers that most inheritance tax comes from death. According to Cole, "The United States has the fourth highest estate or inheritance tax rate in the OECD." Cole said that the United States has the fourth highest inheritance tax in the world. Cole also states that the United States has one of "the highest estate taxes in the world" and that many different places are trying to get rid of this taxing. Cole explains that many countries are actually trying to get rid of their inheritance tax, and that could open up many good things for the United States. According to Cole, "Repeal of the U.S. estate tax would gradually increase the U.S. capital shock by 2.2 percent, boost GDP, create 139,000 jobs, and eventually increase federal revenue." He explains that the United States could have many more benefits if they got rid of their inheritance taxes, and this would help the United States in many different ways.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Senator Bernie Sanders pitched the idea of a wealth tax in the US in 2014. Later, Senator Elizabeth Warren proposed an annual tax on wealth in January 2019, specifically a 2% tax for wealth over $50 million and another 1% surcharge on wealth over $1 billion. Wealth is defined as including all asset classes, including financial assets and real estate. Economists Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman estimated that about 75,000 households (less than 0.1%) would pay the tax. The tax would raise around $2.75 trillion over 10 years, roughly 1% GDP on average per year. This would raise the total tax burden for those subject to the wealth tax from 3.2% relative to their wealth under current law to about 4.3% on average, versus the 7.2% for the bottom 99% families. For scale, the federal budget deficit in 2018 was 3.9% GDP and is expected to rise towards 5% GDP over the next decade.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: The plan received both praise and criticism. Two billionaires, Michael Bloomberg and Howard Schultz, criticized the proposal as "unconstitutional" and "ridiculous," respectively. Economist Paul Krugman wrote in January 2019 that polls indicate the idea of taxing the rich more is very popular. In 2021, officials in the state of Washington considered proposals to tax wealthy residents within the state.


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: Senators Charles Schumer and Bernie Sanders advocated limiting stock buybacks to reduce income and wealth inequality in January 2019. "The purported policy goals of the Excise Tax are to raise revenue for other legislative initiatives, encourage reinvestment by public companies of funds that otherwise might be earmarked for a buyback, and to curb stock buybacks, which proponents of the tax argue inappropriately enrich corporate executives and wealthy shareholders and enable tax avoidance." This is a way for companies to make back more money on their own stocks, but with this, they added the !5 tax to it all. "The new 1% excise tax on corporate stock buybacks — a late addition to President Joe Biden’s sweeping tax, health and climate package — adds a new levy to the controversial practice."


title: Wealth inequality in the United States

text: There is a new idea coming in when going to buy stocks; this 1% tax is on covered corporations on the market value of their own stock. But there are many mixed opinions on how it will effecting the investing world. "When a profitable public company has excess cash, it can purchase shares of its own stock on the public market or make an offer to shareholders, known as a stock buyback or share repurchase." This means that if a company has a lot of leftover money, they can purchase their own stocks off the market from or make an offer to a shareholder to purchse the stock. This is a way of getting cash back to the shareholder, stock buybacks will boost earnings and make the company's financial service look a lot better than it is. Shareholders think that because it is a buyback, that they will have little to no taxes paid, this is why they prefer this over dividends. "Since buybacks cause stock prices to rise, investors ultimately must pay taxes on the capital gains they accumulate because of the buyback." With dividends, you must pay taxes on them when you get them. But with buybacks, they do not have to pay taxes on them until they sell their shares. Despite all of this, there are still mixed reviews on this idea. One concern is that the stock price could fall. "Spending cash on shares can reduce the amount of cash on hand for other investments or emergency situations." Companies are too focused on spending their money on buybacks that they will not have anymore money for the important things that they need. All in all, buybacks have a lot of negative effects that could possibly outweigh the positive.


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations is an American travel and food show that originally aired on the Travel Channel in the United States and on Discovery Travel & Living internationally. In it, host Anthony Bourdain visits various countries and cities, as well as places within the U.S., where he explores local culture and cuisine. The format and content of the show is similar to Bourdain's 2001–2002 Food Network series, "A Cook's Tour". The show premiered in 2005 and concluded its nine-season run with the series finale episode (Brooklyn) on November 5, 2012.


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: The special episode "Anthony Bourdain in Beirut" that aired between Seasons 2 and 3 was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Programming in 2007. In 2009 and 2011, the series won the Emmy for "Outstanding Cinematography For Nonfiction Programming".


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: Season 3 was aired in two parts: six episodes in the winter of 2007, and nine in the summer and autumn of 2007. Two special episodes were also aired in 2007, book-ending the regular episodes.


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: As with Season 3, Season 4 was aired in two parts: nine episodes in the winter of 2008, and ten in the summer of 2008. Various sources have referred to the summer episodes as Season 5, but in a post on his blog regarding the September 1, 2008 episode, Bourdain refers to it as the final episode of Season 4. One special episode followed the regular 2008 episodes.


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: Season 5 is another split season, with 10 episodes aired in the winter of 2009, and 10 episodes following in the summer.


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: After Bourdain announced in May 2012 that he would be leaving to do a new show for CNN entitled "", the Travel Channel suspended Season 8 and repackaged the remaining seven episodes left to air as "The Final Tour" to capitalize on the publicity surrounding his departure. In addition to the seven episodes from Season 8, three episodes — "Sex, Drugs And Rock & Roll", "Seven Deadly Sins" and "Off The Charts" — made out of old footage, were reedited to look like new and added to Season 9.


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: As of March 2013, Travel Channel has released seven collections of the series on DVD. Despite that the series has been shot mostly with high-definition video cameras, it is not available for purchase in high definition format like Blu-ray.


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: In March 2013, Netflix canceled instant streaming of the show without explanation, but restored a 25 episode "No Reservations Collection" in October 2014. Hulu offers 5 episodes from season 7 and 8


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: The DVD releases do not have subtitles enabled for the hearing impaired. (Broadcast episodes do have closed-captioning available.)


title: Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

text: In 2019, Ovation obtained broadcast and digital rights in the United States for seasons five through eight of the series, while season 9 has been released exclusively on the network's lifestyle and travel streaming service JOURNY and has yet to be aired on TV.


title: DJ Muggs

text: Lawrence Muggerud (born January 28, 1968), professionally known by his stage name DJ Muggs, is an American DJ, audio engineer and record producer. He is a member of Cypress Hill, a member of the trip hop band Cross My Heart Hope To Die and the leader of hip hop and art collective Soul Assassins.


title: DJ Muggs

text: During his career he produced tracks for House of Pain, Funkdoobiest, Daddy Freddy, Pavlos Fyssas, Die Antwoord, Westside Gunn, remixed songs for Janet Jackson, U2, Kaliphz, Simply Red, Depeche Mode, and collaborated with Tricky, GZA, Sick Jacken, Planet Asia, Ill Bill, Meyhem Lauren and Roc Marciano. As part of Cypress Hill, he received three Grammy nominations for "Insane in the Brain", "I Ain't Goin' Out Like That" and "Throw Your Set in the Air".


title: DJ Muggs

text: Of Italian descent, Muggs was born in Queens borough of New York City, and was adopted into a Norwegian family. He moved to Bell Gardens at age fourteen, and got his start DJing for hip hop group The 7A3, who put out one album in 1988 before disbanding.