title: Gravitational lens

text: Most of the gravitational lenses in the past have been discovered accidentally. A search for gravitational lenses in the northern hemisphere (Cosmic Lens All Sky Survey, CLASS), done in radio frequencies using the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico, led to the discovery of 22 new lensing systems, a major milestone. This has opened a whole new avenue for research ranging from finding very distant objects to finding values for cosmological parameters so we can understand the universe better.


title: Gravitational lens

text: A similar search in the southern hemisphere would be a very good step towards complementing the northern hemisphere search as well as obtaining other objectives for study. If such a search is done using well-calibrated and well-parameterized instrument and data, a result similar to the northern survey can be expected. The use of the Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Survey data collected using the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) stands to be such a collection of data. As the data were collected using the same instrument maintaining a very stringent quality of data we should expect to obtain good results from the search. The AT20G survey is a blind survey at 20 GHz frequency in the radio domain of the electromagnetic spectrum. Due to the high frequency used, the chances of finding gravitational lenses increases as the relative number of compact core objects (e.g. quasars) are higher (Sadler et al. 2006). This is important as the lensing is easier to detect and identify in simple objects compared to objects with complexity in them. This search involves the use of interferometric methods to identify candidates and follow them up at higher resolution to identify them. Full detail of the project is currently under works for publication.


title: Gravitational lens

text: Microlensing techniques have been used to search for planets outside our solar system. A statistical analysis of specific cases of observed microlensing over the time period of 2002 to 2007 found that most stars in the Milky Way galaxy hosted at least one orbiting planet within 0.5 to 10 AUs.


title: Gravitational lens

text: In 2009, weak gravitational lensing was used to extend the mass-X-ray-luminosity relation to older and smaller structures than was previously possible to improve measurements of distant galaxies.


title: Gravitational lens

text: Research published Sep 30, 2013 in the online edition of "Physical Review Letters", led by McGill University in Montreal, Québec, Canada, has discovered the B-modes, that are formed due to gravitational lensing effect, using National Science Foundation's South Pole Telescope and with help from the Herschel space observatory. This discovery would open the possibilities of testing the theories of how our universe originated.


title: Gravitational lens

text: Albert Einstein predicted in 1936 that rays of light from the same direction that skirt the edges of the Sun would converge to a focal point approximately 542 AUs from the Sun. Thus, a probe positioned at this distance (or greater) from the Sun could use the Sun as a gravitational lens for magnifying distant objects on the opposite side of the Sun. A probe's location could shift around as needed to select different targets relative to the Sun.


title: Gravitational lens

text: This distance is far beyond the progress and equipment capabilities of space probes such as "Voyager 1", and beyond the known planets and dwarf planets, though over thousands of years 90377 Sedna will move farther away on its highly elliptical orbit. The high gain for potentially detecting signals through this lens, such as microwaves at the 21-cm hydrogen line, led to the suggestion by Frank Drake in the early days of SETI that a probe could be sent to this distance. A multipurpose probe SETISAIL and later FOCAL was proposed to the ESA in 1993, but is expected to be a difficult task. If a probe does pass 542 AU, magnification capabilities of the lens will continue to act at farther distances, as the rays that come to a focus at larger distances pass further away from the distortions of the Sun's corona. A critique of the concept was given by Landis, who discussed issues including interference of the solar corona, the high magnification of the target, which will make the design of the mission focal plane difficult, and an analysis of the inherent spherical aberration of the lens.


title: Gravitational lens

text: In 2020, NASA physicist Slava Turyshev presented his idea of Direct Multipixel Imaging and Spectroscopy of an Exoplanet with a Solar Gravitational Lens Mission. The lens could reconstruct the exoplanet image with ~25 km-scale surface resolution, enough to see surface features and signs of habitability.


title: Gravitational lens

text: Kaiser, Squires and Broadhurst (1995), Luppino & Kaiser (1997) and Hoekstra et al. (1998) prescribed a method to invert the effects of the point spread function (PSF) smearing and shearing, recovering a shear estimator uncontaminated by the systematic distortion of the PSF. This method (KSB+) is the most widely used method in weak lensing shear measurements.


title: Gravitational lens

text: Galaxies have random rotations and inclinations. As a result, the shear effects in weak lensing need to be determined by statistically preferred orientations. The primary source of error in lensing measurement is due to the convolution of the PSF with the lensed image. The KSB method measures the ellipticity of a galaxy image. The shear is proportional to the ellipticity. The objects in lensed images are parameterized according to their weighted quadrupole moments. For a perfect ellipse, the weighted quadrupole moments are related to the weighted ellipticity. KSB calculate how a weighted ellipticity measure is related to the shear and use the same formalism to remove the effects of the PSF.


title: Gravitational lens

text: KSB's primary advantages are its mathematical ease and relatively simple implementation. However, KSB is based on a key assumption that the PSF is circular with an anisotropic distortion. This is a reasonable assumption for cosmic shear surveys, but the next generation of surveys (e.g. LSST) may need much better accuracy than KSB can provide.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: "Jump" is a song by American rock band Van Halen. It was released in December 1983 as the lead single from their album "1984". It is Van Halen's most successful single, reaching number 1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The song differs from earlier Van Halen songs in that it is driven by a keyboard line, although the song does contain a guitar solo. David Lee Roth dedicated the song to martial artist Benny "The Jet" Urquidez, of whom he was a student. In 2021, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Jump" at number 177 on their updated list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: The synth line was written circa 1981 by Eddie Van Halen, but it was rejected by the other members of the band. In 1983, producer Ted Templeman asked Roth to listen to the unused song idea. Riding around in the back of his 1951 Mercury, with band roadie Larry Hostler driving, Roth listened repeatedly to the tune. To come up with a lyric for it, he remembered seeing a TV news report the night before about a suicidal jumper. Roth thought that one of the onlookers of such an event would inevitably yell "go ahead and jump". Roth bounced this suggestion off Hostler who agreed it was good; however instead of describing a potential suicide, the lyrics were written as an ontological invitation to action, life and love. Roth later told "Musician" magazine that Hostler was "probably the most responsible for how it came out." The song is set in the key of C major, with the guitar solo in the key of B♭ minor. "Jump" has a moderate common time tempo of 129 beats per minute.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: Ted Templeman recalls that "Jump" was recorded at Eddie Van Halen's newly constructed home studio. "Engineer Donn Landee and Ed put the track down alone in the middle of the night. We recut it once in one take for sonic reasons. Dave wrote the lyrics that afternoon in the backseat of his Mercury convertible. We finished all vocals that afternoon and mixed it that evening."


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: The keyboard part was performed on an Oberheim OB-Xa. Live performances began with Eddie's synthesizer solo "1984". During the reunion tour with Roth, the two songs were used for the band's encore.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: According to Daryl Hall of Hall & Oates, "[Eddie] Van Halen told me that he copied the synth part from 'Kiss on My List' and used it in 'Jump.' I don't have a problem with that at all."


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: Musically, the song was a departure from the band's original style, embracing more of a popular and radio-friendly sound. "Jump" has been described as a "synth-rocker", as a combination of hard rock and pop, as exemplifying pop rock of the 1980s, built on a classic rock foundation of repeated bass notes and having standard rock instrumentation, and as "a true rock masterpiece." The song has been also described as a glam metal anthem.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: The music video for "Jump" was directed by Pete Angelus and David Lee Roth. It is a straightforward performance clip. It was nominated for three MTV Video Music Awards, and won "Best Stage Performance" for the video. The audio mix of the song in video version has an extra "Ah oh oh!" yell from Roth before the last chorus.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: Since December 1986, before every home game at the Stade Vélodrome, Olympique de Marseille players enters to Van Halen's song.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: As part of the goal celebrations it is also played every time A.C. Milan scores a goal at their home ground, San Siro.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: The original Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League played "Jump" on the arena PA system as the team came onto the ice. They used the song until the team's departure for Phoenix after the 1995–96 season. On the team's return in 2011, public outcry for use of the song initially was ignored, as the team's management company True North Sports and Entertainment wished to create a break with the past, considering the previous Jets a different organization from the new Jets (the former Atlanta Thrashers). However, in 2016 True North resumed the use of "Jump", this time as the team's goal song whenever the Jets score a goal at Bell MTS Place.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: "Jump" was the theme song for the introduction of Chicago Cubs broadcasts on WGN-TV in 1984 and 1985, and was formerly what the team would run onto the field to before the top of the 1st inning.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: "Jump" was ranked number 15 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the 1980s. The song was listed by The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum as one of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll." Chuck Klosterman of Vulture.com ranked it the 16th-best Van Halen song, calling it "an articulation of unadulterated joy and the unprecedented power of six rudimentary keyboard chords arranged in the best possible sequence." Ahead of the 2012 Summer Olympics, the song was voted as the favourite sporting anthem, in a poll of members of PRS for Music.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: The song was used in soundtrack of the 2015 biopic film "Eddie the Eagle", being described by Blake Goble of Consequence of Sound as "the most on-the-nose use of Van Halen's 'Jump' ever committed to celluloid". "Jump" appears in the 2018 science fiction film "Ready Player One". The song was used in the opening credits of the film and in the trailer for the film, and considered an "inspired choice" by Joe Reid of Decider.com.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: In 2009, the song was covered on the musical television show "Glee"'s first-season episode "Mattress" sung by the Glee Cast.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: In 2016, a brief portion of it was used in the animated jukebox musical "Sing (movie)" for the audition scene performed by a trio of frogs.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: "Jump" was nominated at the 27th Annual Grammy Awards (1984) in the "Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal" category, losing to "Purple Rain" by Prince & The Revolution.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: Dutch DJ Armin van Buuren debuted his own private remix of "Jump" at the 2019 Miami Ultra Music Festival with David Lee Roth on stage. This remix was finally released through Big Beat Records on May 17, 2019.


title: Jump (Van Halen song)

text: "Jump (Live)" was released as a single in 1993. The performance was recorded at the Selland Arena in Fresno, California, in May 1992, during the For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge Tour. "Jump" and the B-side, "Love Walks In", are the same versions that appear on the album "". On the compact disc release of the single, "Mine All Mine" and "Eagles Fly" are previously unreleased live versions. All songs were produced by Van Halen and Andy Johns, except "Mine All Mine", which was produced by Van Halen and Donn Landee.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (abbreviated IIT Roorkee) is a technical university located in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. It is the oldest engineering institution in India, and was founded as the College of Civil Engineering in British India in 1847 by the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces, James Thomason, in order to train officers and surveyors employed in the construction of the Ganges Canal. In 1854, after the completion of the canal and Thomason's death, it was renamed the Thomason College of Civil Engineering by Proby Cautley, the designer and projector of the canal. It was renamed University of Roorkee in 1949, and again renamed IIT Roorkee in 2001. The institution has 22 academic departments covering Engineering, Applied Sciences, Humanities & Social Sciences and Management programs with an emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: The institution was founded in 1847 by James Thomason, the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces (in which Roorkee then lay) to aid engineers and surveyors at work in the construction of the Ganges Canal. It offered instruction catered to a variety of students; this included an engineering class for the domiciled British and some Indians; an upper subordinates class for British noncommissioned officers; and a lower subordinates class for Indian surveyors. By the mid-1880s, "the school has a hundred students, substantial buildings, and a reputation as an important center for the study of hydraulic engineering."


title: IIT Roorkee

text: An Electrical Engineering department was added in 1897. The architecture department instituted a master's degree course in Architecture (M. Arch.) in 196970.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: In 1978, the Institute of Paper Technology, Saharanpur was merged with the then University of Roorkee. The Institute of Paper Technology was established as School of Paper Technology by the Government of India in 1964, with an aid from the Royal Swedish Government. The school was renamed as the Institute of Paper Technology in July 1968 and subsequently Department of Paper Technology in July 1992.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: The first edition of Thomso, the institute's annual cultural festival was held in 1982. In 1997 the government of India released a stamp dedicated to 150th anniversary of university of Roorkee.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: On 21 September 2001, an ordinance issued by the Government of India declared it as the nation's seventh Indian Institute of Technology, renaming it to the current name, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. The ordinance was converted into an act by the Parliament to make IIT Roorkee an "Institution of National Importance". To mark 175 years of the establishment of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, the central government issued a Rs 175 coin.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: IIT Roorkee has a separate campus of in Saharanpur which offers courses in Polymer Science, Process Engineering, Paper Technology & Packaging Technology


title: IIT Roorkee

text: In addition to this, a new ten-acre campus has been established in Greater Noida, Knowledge Park II, which was inaugurated on 4 April 2011. The Noida extension centre has 16 lecture rooms, software laboratories, faculty offices, a library and a computer center.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Most students live in the hostels, where extracurricular activities complement the academic routine. The campus has 16 hostels, of which two (Sarojini, Kasturba ) are occupied by girls. The campus has a new co-ed hostel, Vigyan Kunj. Hostels may accommodate undergraduate and graduate students along with doctoral students. Students are assigned to hostels by the school administration after their freshmen year. There are nine hostels for married students, doctoral students and foreign students. Each bhawan has a mess. Mess administration consists of a staff advisor, a chief advisor, and a student mess secretary.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: All IITs follow the same organization structure which has President of India as visitor at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the IIT Council. Under the IIT Council is the board of governors of each IIT.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Under the board of governors is the director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. Under the director, in the organizational structure, comes the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director, come the deans, heads of departments, registrar.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: IIT Roorkee is one of the biggest technical institutions in the country having the largest number of academic units. It has 21 academic departments covering engineering, applied sciences, humanities & social sciences, and management programmes, 1 academic centre, 3 centres of excellence, 5 academic service centres and 3 supporting units.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: IIT Roorkee offers academic programmes in Engineering, Technology, Applied Sciences, and Management. It runs eleven undergraduate (UG), one integrated dual degree, sixty one postgraduate (PG) and several doctoral programmes.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: The institute admits students to B.Tech., B.Arch. and integrated M.Sc. integrated M.Tech courses through the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) conducted at centers all over India. Before being converted into an IIT, the university selected students through the Roorkee Entrance Exam (REE) conducted on an All-India level. The selectivity of REE was close to 0.25%. After IIT-JEE, it was considered to be the second toughest engineering entrance examination in India. Admission to PG programmes in engineering and architecture is on the basis of GATE score and/or a written test and interview. For PG programmes in fundamental sciences admission is based on the Joint Admission Test (JAM).


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Along with the engineering courses, the institute offers a two-year residential MBA program for which the admissions, starting from 2011, will be done on the basis of Common Admission Test, thus replacing Joint Management Entrance Test (JMET) previously conducted by the IITs. The institute also offered an interdisciplinary program in computer applications leading to a degree in Master of computer applications (MCA). The MCA program was a three-year course and admission for the course was through JAM. This programme has been discontinued.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: According to statistics published by institute in 200708 4137 students were enrolled in the institute across all programs. The student-to-academic-staff ratio was 2.6:1 and that of UG/PG students was 1.4:1.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Internationally, IIT Roorkee was ranked 387 in the QS World University Rankings of 2021. The same rankings ranked it 90 in Asia in 2020 and 47 among BRICS nations in 2019. It was ranked 501-600 in the world by the "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" of 2020, and 58 in Emerging Economies University Rankings in 2020.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: In India, it ranked sixth among engineering colleges by the "National Institutional Ranking Framework" in 2020 and ninth overall. It also ranked 5th among engineering colleges in India in 2019 by "The Week".


title: IIT Roorkee

text: The Department of Management Studies ranked 12th among management schools in India by the "National Institutional Ranking Framework" in 2020. The Department of Management Studies ranked 1st in the Research and Professional Practices in 2020 NIRF Ranking.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: An ISO 9001:2008 certified academic service centre in 2015, The Mahatma Gandhi Central Library finds a unique place in the academic spectrum of the institute. Started in 1848 with a few hundred donated books, its collection has grown to more than 3,50,000 documents in all media. The library contains rare manuscripts including a 1623 edition of William Shakespeare’s complete works. Providing information through e-resources is the main focus of the Library. It has around 90,000 sq ft of fully air-conditioned space. It can accommodate more than 500 readers at any point of time. The library building is WiFi enabled and contains a total 75 user terminals, dedicated for readers. It also contains an 80-seater open reading room.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Research activities at the institute are conducted at either the department level or under the central office of Sponsored Research and Industrial Consultancy (SRIC). Major research funding was awarded by several ministries and departments of the Government of India, including the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and others. Apart from these, a number of major research organizations who have awarded projects to IIT Roorkee include the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Space Research Organisation and others. The State Emergency Operation Centre(SEOC) in Dehradun


title: IIT Roorkee

text: is planning to soon link data centre of an earthquake early warning system developed by IIT Roorkee with the State Emergency Operation Centre (SEOC) in Dehradun which would come as a great recognition for the establishment.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: IIT Roorkee's contribution towards the international community in science and technology include the courses and training programs run for developing countries. Every year students from more than 50 countries join IIT Roorkee for full-time or short-term training courses. In 1955 the department of Water Resources Development and Management (WRDM) was established as an Asian African Centre to honour India's commitment at the Asian African Conference held in Bandung. WRDM and the Department of Hydrology run special postgraduate programmes for students of the Afro Asian region. The department has so far trained over 2469 in service engineers and agricultural scientists from 48 countries including India. The courses offered by the Department of Hydrology are presently sponsored by the Government of India and the UNESCO. In 2008 IIT Roorkee tied up with Google for academic collaboration and curriculum development on emerging technologies and digital landscape led by Siddhartha Paul Tiwari.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Research organizations in India which have a MOU with IIT Roorkee include Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun; Department of Atomic Engineering (DAE), Mumbai; Intel Technology India Pvt. Ltd.; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital among others.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Students conduct four fests every year: Cognizance (technical festival), Thomso (cultural festival), Sangram (sports festival) and National Social Summit (social festival).


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Student groups on the campus include STIFKI (Student Teacher Interaction Forum for Knowledge and Innovation), IMG (Information Management Group), SDSLabs (Software Development Section Labs), GIL (Group for Interactive Learning), EDC (Entrepreneurship Development Cell), HEC (Himalayan Explorers' Club), Literary Society (Active involvement in debating and quizzing), a local chapter of ShARE, Spic Macay in addition to student chapters of technical societies such as AAPG, SEG, SPG, ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, IIT Roorkee Student Section), SAE, IEEE, IIChE (Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers), etc. The Cultural Society (dramatics, music, choreography, cinematic, literary, IIT Heartbeat(Official inter-IIT magazine)), audio, lights, Programme management, Kshitij, Geek Gazette(technical magazine of IIT Roorkee) Watch Out (the Official News Magazine of IIT Roorkee) takes all initiative related to cultural activities in the institute. It organizes music concerts, dance shows, dramas and quiz competitions.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: IIT Roorkee has a hobbies club, one of its kind among IITs. It aims at facilitating activities like photography, philately, astronomy, fine arts, gardening, web design, etc. It is headed by a chief advisor, who is supported by two deputy chief advisors and a council secretary. It hosts SRISHTI, an annual techno-hobby exhibition.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Team Robocon, is the official undergraduate student competitive robotics team of IIT Roorkee. It was founded in 2009 by some robotic enthusiasts alumni. This team annually participates in ABU Robocon Competition. The team has won multiple awards in the past like the "Best Innovative Design Award" in 2018 and the "Judges Special Award" in 2019. The team has achieved AIR-5 in 2016, AIR-7 in 2018, and AIR-6 in 2019. Their aim is to win the national competition by making the best robot and represent India in the corresponding international event.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: IIT Roorkee Motorsports is the official Formula Student team of IIT Roorkee. It was founded in August 2010. The team designed and developed a formula style race car and represented India in the international competition Formula SAE Australasia in December 2011, held in Melbourne, Australia. This was the first Indian team to finish the endurance event of the competition and also finished first in fuel efficiency. The team also enjoys the rare feat of displaying their student-made race car at Auto Expo 2012. After a successful international debut, the team has plans to develop a series hybrid vehicle and participate in the Formula Student UK 2013.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: The institute hosted the inception of SPIC MACAY Winter Convention. A cultural and classical program in which students from school and colleges from all over the country collaborated which was held from 13 to 16 December 2015. Aman Jakar was the overall convener of the event.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: IIT Roorkee has produced many alumni who played important roles in the technological development of India and made significant impact on corporate world. According to IIT Roorkee's website, ten alumni have won Padma awards and 25 have been Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology awardees. The institute has produced seven chairmen of the Indian Railway Board, chairman of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, chief of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, more than a hundred secretary-level officers in the Government of India, two presidents of the Confederation of Indian Industry, six directors of IITs, and presidents of bodies related to engineers and scientists like the Indian Institution of Engineers, the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian National Academy of Engineering.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: The IIT Roorkee Alumni Association was established and registered in 1940 as a society under the Society Registration Act. The association has 31 local chapters in the country and three chapters abroad. The association encourages the alumni to take interest in the activities of the alma mater and promotes relations between alumni.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: Every year the association hosts Diamond, Golden and Silver jubilee functions, where alumni graduating 60, 50 and 25 years earlier are invited. Since 2005 the association has also been awarding a Distinguished Alumni Award to alumni who have made immense contributions in the fields of Academic/Research, Social Sciences, Engineering & Public Administration, Corporate Development/Entrepreneurship and Service to the Society.


title: IIT Roorkee

text: The Student Alumni Mentorship Programme has been initiated by the association to help young students in achieving their career aspirations. The alumni visit the institute to interact with the students and staff and share their suggestions.


title: All Grown Up!

text: All Grown Up! is an American animated television series created by Arlene Klasky, Gábor Csupó, and Paul Germain for Nickelodeon. It served as a continuation of the series "Rugrats", as explores the daily lives of protagonist Tommy Pickles and his childhood friends, now adolescents. The concept for the series was based on the "Rugrats" episode "All Growed Up", which served as the original series' 10th anniversary special and proved successful with audiences.


title: All Grown Up!

text: The series ran from April 12, 2003, to August 17, 2008, for a total of five seasons, and featured voice actors from the original series. Several episodes also feature flashbacks from the original series.


title: All Grown Up!

text: Tommy, Dil, Chuckie, the twins, Phil and Lil, Kimi, Angelica, and Susie are now tweens/teens. They have to deal with the various issues and the situations that occur during this age. As the show has aged, so have the characters as episodes often involve the cast dealing with common issues of preteens and teenagers.


title: All Grown Up!

text: The idea for "All Grown Up!" originated in "All Growed Up", a television special which aired in 2001 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of "Rugrats" and portrayed the original characters 10 years into the future. The special was nominated for "Outstanding Children's Program" in the 2002 Creative Arts Emmy Awards. The special was the highest rated "Rugrats" episode, the highest-rated Nickelodeon program, and cable's #1 show for the week ending July 22, 2001, with a 7.2 rating equivalent to 12 million viewers. Approximately 70% of all kids aged 2–11 tuned in to watch the special. Nickelodeon president, Herb Scannell, noted that a "Surprising numbers of kids held "Rugrats" parties on Saturday night and watched the show in groups". The following day, Nickelodeon said "'We've got to make this a show,' because of the size of the audience that came to it." Noting the immediate popularity of the show's concept, "All Growed Up" was deemed the network's equivalent of the Super Bowl. Nickelodeon made a two-season order of 35 episodes.


title: All Grown Up!

text: Nick's press releases for the "Rugrats"' 10th anniversary noted that the "All Growed Up" special was a "one time only" special. Nickelodeon was so impressed by the high ratings, they wanted to use the show as a pilot for either a regular spinoff series or a series of occasional one-hour specials. Finally, Nickelodeon decided to commission an entire series around the teenage main characters. Arlene Klasky explained "It got enormous ratings, so Nickelodeon blessed us with another series". Margie Cohn felt that "Rugrats" had endured prolonged success due to the "series' writing, and the appeal of the show's well developed characters to its deeply devoted audience", and argued the sequel resulted from fan support and speculation on how the characters would age.


title: All Grown Up!

text: While Nickelodeon executives were concerned that the new series would maintain the "Rugrats" appeal, they acknowledged a revision to the successful franchise was necessary as the original series was beaten in the ratings by shows such as "" and "SpongeBob SquarePants". On October 16, 2001, a PC game based on the "All Growed Up" special was released. After release in the US & Canada, "All Growed Up" debuted on Canadian television by YTV, Rugrats' English broadcaster in Canada, on September 3, 2001. The French Canadian version, "Les Razmoket, Dix Ans Après", was broadcast in two parts on VRAK.TV, on December 1, 2001, and December 8, 2001. In Britain and Australia, the video was released as "Older And Bolder", because a Rugrats video existed in those countries named "All Growed Up." An "All Growed Up" book was also released.


title: All Grown Up!

text: Nickelodeon ordered 13 episodes, to be created by "Rugrats" animation studio Klasky Csupo for production in September 2002. "All Grown Up" was intended as the first "Rugrats" spinoff as others were under consideration. The series premiered with its first episode, "Coup DeVille", on April 12, 2003, following the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. By November 2003, "Rugrats" was no longer in production. In 2004, "Rugrats" and "All Grown Up" were aired concurrently to highlight the characters in two stages of their lives. "All Grown Up" aired twice per week.


title: All Grown Up!

text: The new episodes shifted from the 11-minute "Rugrats" format of two stories per episode, to a single 22-minute story. This was to allow "more time to develop and tell a story and see where the characters go with it". Each of the episodes focused on the life of a main character and usually showed the characters facing a lot of firsts for tweens and teenagers. The show included gradual stylistic changes, with the first 13 episodes similar to the "All Growed Up" special and the original "Rugrats" world. The second set of 13 episodes and onward had a more contemporary look, with characters being given "hipper" clothing. Over the 3 seasons of 35 episodes, the developers hoped for a gradual evolution in style to where the audience will be comfortable with the changes. The main cast recorded their parts for each episode in about one hour. By November 24, 2003, 15 episodes began airing while 10 more episodes were in the scripting stage.


title: All Grown Up!

text: The existing cast modified their voices for their characters' new ages. Tommy's voice actress, E.G. Daily, noted "It was a little harder when we were doing the first batch of episodes, when they were just coming in and trying to define everybody and how they've grown". Susie's character changes included having "a little more sass, a little less innocence and a little more bottom end". "All Grown Up!" attracted 30 million viewers a month, including a large number of 12 to 14-year-olds. The producers did not delve into the "characters' loss of innocence" with topics such as sex and drugs in favor of issues relevant to 9 to 11-year-olds, the show's target demographic. While the producers did not take the teen approach with "All Grown Up!," they did with another show "As Told by Ginger".


title: All Grown Up!

text: Executive producer Arlene Klasky stated "It was always in the back of our minds that we would love to see what these characters were like as they grew". Susie's voice actor, Cree Summer, noted that while part of the appeal to this kind of TV show is not growing up, she noted a natural evolution of the show after 12 years on the air. Daily said that while her character was still the star of the show, he was older, wiser, and using more contemporary language. Cyma Zarghami, Nickelodeon's executive vice president and general manager, said "The tween special proved kids are ready to embrace these beloved characters in a whole new realm. The "Rugrats" property is 11 years old, so it feels just right to have the babies turn into tweens in their 12th year on the air". On the evolution of Angelica, Marjorie Cohn, executive vice president for development and original programming at Nickelodeon explained: <nowiki>"</nowiki>She's the center of the universe, and she keeps bumping up against forces that tell her she's not. The writers mellowed Angelica and her voice actress addressed "I welcome the new development in her character, the way she can be vulnerable. She's getting some real acting challenges from the material the writers are coming up with". She compared her role to Bart Simpson's voice actress who will likely play the 10 year old until retirement, noting that now she could play the same character with a "bit more sophistication". She's become more vulnerable and has to learn to navigate the social strata of junior high". The potential for more sophisticated storytelling was one of the factors in the creation of the series. The show's creators thought that "pushing the show to the next age bracket" would be an effective way of "holding on to viewers who have grown up with "Rugrats"". Daily stated: "I'm definitely going to miss doing [baby Tommy], but it's awesome watching people grow."


title: All Grown Up!

text: At the Television Critics Association tour in July 2001, Nickelodeon executives mentioned that "All Growed Up" was one of three spinoff concepts proposed by Nickelodeon to continue the successful Rugrats franchise. In 2002, Nickelodeon aired the episode "Pre-School Daze", the pilot for a series in which Angelica and Susie attend preschool. According to "Variety" in September 2002, the show was to be repurposed as a series of four standalone specials. The program aired in the UK in 2005. The North American debut took place in late 2008 after the cancellation of the series. Another proposed spinoff was a series featuring Susie and the Carmichael family, who would move from California to Atlanta, Georgia; it was first proposed for the 1999–2000 television season, but Nickelodeon and Klasky-Csupo decided instead to concentrate on all the original-aged "Rugrats". The Kwanzaa special, which aired in 2001, served as a pilot for this new series, but the series would have contradicted the established continuity.


title: All Grown Up!

text: In the thirteenth episode of "All Grown Up!", "Lucky 13", Angelica leaves the pre-teen world to become a teenager. When asked if the popularity of that episode would produce a spinoff as the characters enter teendom, Nickelodeon executives explained: "It has been talked about but said the network had no immediate plans to push the entire cast into puberty", though noted that those connected with the franchise were "eager to continue developing the characters". The show was preceded by a six-hour marathon of Angelica-centered episodes of "Rugrats" and "All Grown Up." Angelica's voice actor expressed a desire to take part in any spin-off the Rugrats, from "Angelica Goes to College" to "Rugrats in the Nursing Home". In 2003, Cohn proposed that "Rugrats" characters' play the leads in classic fairy tales for Nickelodeon.


title: All Grown Up!

text: A preview show premiered on April 12, 2003 before its regular run began on May 23, 2003. More than 5.2 million viewers watched the regular run, in 2nd place behind an NFL game on ESPN, and making it the highest-rated premiere at Nickelodeon's to date. The show aired in reruns on "Nick on CBS" for six months from March 13, 2004, to September 4, 2004. In addition, in its first season, "All Grown Up!" had its first of two celebrity guest stars: Lil Romeo as "Lil Q" (Cupid) in episode 11, "It's Cupid, Stupid". The German broadcast premiered on August 21, 2006 on Nick. In November 2006, "All Grown Up!" was removed from the schedule, until the remaining episodes aired from November 12, 2007 to August 17, 2008. Since the series' cancellation, Nickelodeon US aired reruns until January 27, 2013 while Nicktoons aired reruns until October 28, 2013.


title: All Grown Up!

text: Common Sense Media felt that the show's scenarios were not as good as in the original series, commenting that they were "thoughtfully crafted" but lacked the satiric take of babies misunderstanding the adult world. Rather, the show was choosing to tackle more standard pre-teen themes. The "Los Angeles Times" stated it was "a revolutionary idea" for a series with characters perpetually stuck in their status quo. Image felt "All Grown Up!" was the "natural progression of the show""." GamesRadar felt it was an "ill-advised venture". CBR commented "The sense of adventure and exploration of the original had been lost, those special personalities they had as babies vanished in a haze of pre-pubescent insecurities", though felt it was a "fun 'what-if'". NYU argued the show did not pursue the character's progression with a sense of accuracy. The Gamer thought it was a "terrible excuse for a sequel". Chicago Tribune wrote that in the new series, Angelica has "become an overbearing teen, still bossing around Tommy and his chums".


title: All Grown Up!

text: "Rugrats" co-creator and co-writer Paul Germain (who left the series in 1993) has stated that he disliked "All Grown Up!". Since the original series was about babies who do not understand the world, Germain felt that if the characters are older, then the story is finished. He additionally stated "What I would have said to people at the time if I had been asked, was I would have said, 'If you make them teenagers, there is no "Rugrats", you're wasting your time'".


title: All Grown Up!

text: A total of twelve "All Grown Up!" DVDs have been released. The following is a chart providing information about each DVD:


title: All Grown Up!

text: "All Grown Up!" led to a wide range of books being published. The following is a list of all the books published thus far:


title: All Grown Up!

text: "All Grown Up: Express Yourself" is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, developed by Altron and published by THQ. Released in 2004, the plot involves Angelica completing an assignment for the school newspaper. The game is a compilation of mini-games that are linked by a series of eight missions. There is a PDA mode with a To Do list that collects events and places for each day.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh (, ; born 14 June 1968), also referred to as Khürelsükh Ukhnaa, is the 6th and current president of Mongolia, beginning his term on June 25, 2021 after winning the 2021 Mongolian presidential election. He was prime minister from October 2017 to January 2021 and was elected to the Parliament of Mongolia four times – in 2000, 2004, 2012 and 2020.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Prior to his premiership, Khürelsükh served in the Mongolian government as Minister for Emergency Situations from 2004 to 2006, Minister for Professional Inspection from 2006 to 2008, and two stints as deputy prime minister between 2014 and 2017. He was the secretary-general of the Mongolian People's Party from 2008 to 2012 and its chairman from 2017 to 2021.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh was born to a drivers' family on 14 June 1968 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. His father, Ukhnaa, was born in Khentii province, prompting Khürelsükh to take up his father's birthplace as his constituency. On an interview he gave for TV25, Khürelsükh stated that his father met his mother in Govi-Altai province while he was making wells. The couple then moved to the capital Ulaanbaatar, where Khürelsükh was born. Prior to his birth, his father and older sister found a small bronze axe next to a hot spring well, thus prompting the family to name the newborn Khürelsükh, which literally means 'bronze axe'. Khürelsükh has one older brother, one older sister, and two younger brothers, most of whom are also drivers.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh graduated from the Secondary School No. 2 in 1985. He graduated from the University of Defense in 1989, with a major in political studies. He studied public administration at the Institute of State Administration and Management Development and Law at the National University of Mongolia, from which he graduated in 1994 and 2000 respectively.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: From 1989 to 1990, Khürelsükh served as a political deputy in the 1152nd Unit of the Mongolian People's Army. He was the first Mongolian military officer to resign from duty to maintain his party membership in 1990 when the government sought to separate party membership from various (public) offices. Khurelsukh has the rank of Colonel.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh then went onto work as a political officer at the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in the early 90s, making him one of the youngest officers in the Central Committee. Khürelsükh was appointed as adviser at the MPRP parliamentary group secretariat in 1994. Having worked there until 1996, he further rose through the ranks to become the general director of the Youth Development Center of the MPRP. This stint led him to found the Mongolian Democratic Socialist Youth Federation (MDSYF), now the Social Democracy Mongolian Youth Union, in 1997. He held the position until 2005, which led him to be called the leader to the party’s so-called “youth faction”.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh caught the public's attention in the 1990s by organizing demonstrations and hunger strikes in opposition to ongoing political situations at that time.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: In 2000, Khürelsükh ran for member of parliament, winning and serving two consecutive terms in the State Great Khural. While serving his second terms as Member of Parliament, Khürelsükh was appointed Minister of Emergency Situations in 2004-2006 and Minister of Professional Inspection in 2006-2008. In 2007 he founded the Left-wing Association of Mongolia, an NGO that supports the Mongolian People's Party. The majority of the founding members were activists in the MDSYF, who have 'aged-out' from the party youth wing.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh was also successful within his party, having been elected to the Governing Board of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, for eight years starting from 2000. In 2008 he was unanimously voted the Secretary-General of the Party. Khürelsükh served as the Secretary-General until 2012, when he resigned.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: In 2012, Khürelsükh was elected Member of Parliament for a third time. He was appointed the Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia in 2013, serving in this role for four years until his appointment as Prime Minister of Mongolia in 2017. He was awarded the United Nations Champion for Disaster Risk Reduction in 2017.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Mongolia's parliament confirmed the nomination of Khürelsükh as the 30th Prime Minister of Mongolia in October 2017. Khürelsükh succeeded Jargaltulgyn Erdenebat, who was voted out of office in September 2017 amid allegations of corruption and incompetence. During his confirmation hearing, the new prime minister stated “My cabinet... will declare justice again,” and, added, “don’t come to me with illegal acts as well as my cabinet members and don’t pressure us to act illegally.”


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: One of Khürelsükh's largest projects is the oil refinery plant in Dornogobi province of Mongolia. The oil refinery, established with support from India, will be capable of processing 1.5 million tonnes of crude oil per year, or 30,000 barrels per day, which will be enough to cover domestic needs.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: He has made significant contributions to Mongolia's foreign relations. In April 2018, during an official visit to China, Khürelsükh signed 11 bilateral agreements worth $450 million, including a pact for economic and technological cooperation worth 2 billion yuan ($315 million).


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: The Prime Minister's visit to the United States of America in September 2018 elevated the cooperation levels between the two countries to expanded comprehensive partnership. This paved the way for Mongolia and the US to become strategic partners a year later. During the historic visit Khürelsükh met the Secretary of State Michael Pompeo to ink the $350 million Millennium Challenge Corporation Mongolia Water Compact.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: He has also served as a mediator between Japan and North Korea. Khürelsükh made an official visit to Japan in December 2018 and met Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to reiterate close bilateral cooperation as part of a Japan-Mongolia Summit Meeting. Following the summit meeting the signing of the “Memorandum of Cooperation Between the Ministry of the Environment of Japan and the Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Mongolia on Environmental Cooperation” took place in the presence of the two leaders, and a Japan-Mongolia joint statement and fact sheet for the “Japan-Mongolia Mid-term Action Plan for a Strategic Partnership” were also issued. The two sides also discussed about the New Ulaanbaatar International Airport.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh has also contributed to bilateral relations with South Korea, choosing South Korea as one of his first official trips abroad. In January 2018, Khürelsükh spent three days in South Korea, accompanied by 7 cabinet ministers, and met with the President of South Korea Moon Jae-in and the Prime Minister of South Korea Lee Nak-yon.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh represented the Mongolian Government at the 73rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, addressing the General debate to raise issues such as inequality, human rights, and climate change.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: A little over a year after he was appointed, Khürelsükh survived a no confidence vote amid a corruption scandal implicating high-level politicians. In a council meeting the previous month, Khürelsükh demanded that several high-ranking officials step down for various reasons, including incompetence, resulting in the vote to oust him from office.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh led his Mongolian People's Party to a landslide victory in the parliamentary election on 24 June, 2020. In his election campaign, he noted that Mongolia would become an energy independent country from Russia. He and his party are credited for having successfully reduced air pollution in the country's capital, championing the Constitutional reform, and keeping the country relatively safe from the Covid-19 pandemic. However, he resigned from his post on 21 January 2021, citing street protests against public health service shortcomings. Khürelsükh continued to serve as member of parliament, representing Khentii province in the State Great Khural.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh started his political career as a political officer at the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) in 1991. Between 1994 and 1996, he worked as an adviser of the secretariat of the MPRP's fraction in the Parliament of Mongolia.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: He was one of the leading figures within the party to initiate and implement the institutional reforms of the youth organization of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. He established the Mongolian Democratic Socialist Youth Federation by MPRP and served as President two times – between 1997 and 1999 and in 2000–2005.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: In 2000, he was elected to the Governing Board of MPRP, which is the core decision-making body of MPRP.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: In 2010, under the leadership of Sükhbaataryn Batbold, Chairman of MPRP and in cooperation with similar-minded party colleagues, Khürelsükh championed the process of restoring the original name of the party – Mongolian People's Party, which was changed to "Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party" in 1924 by the recommendation of Comintern in order to demonstrate the solidarity with socialist parties at that time.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: On May 2, the Mongolian People's Party nominated Khürelsükh as its candidate for the presidential election on June 9. Khurelsukh was unanimously chosen during the MPP's conference virtually held in Ulaanbaatar on Sunday. On May 24, Khürelsükh started his official campaign from his home province of Khentii. Ahead of the election, Khurelsukh was polled as the most popular politician in the country.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: He was inaugurated on 25 June 2021 at 11:40 am in the Great Hall of the State Palace. Preceding the ceremony, Khurelsukh, accompanied by his spouse, paid respects to the Statue of Chinggis Khaan.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: On 4 July 2021, he attended the first flight during the opening ceremony of Chinggis Khaan International Airport.


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: On 25 June, Khurelsukh issued a decree on appointing Y. Sodbaatar as the Chief of Staff of the Office of the President and Jadambyn Enkhbayar as the Secretary of the National Security Council. Khurelsukh also issued an order on 28 June appointing the following advisor posts:


title: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh

text: Khürelsükh is married and has two daughters. His wife is a kindergarten teacher, while his eldest daughter is a human rights lecturer at a university. He enjoys playing guitar with his band called 'Pals', which was formed when he turned 50. The former Prime minister is also an avid motorbike fan, founding the Harley-Davidson fan club in Mongolia.


title: East Slavic languages

text: The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of the Slavic languages, distinct from the West and South Slavic languages. East Slavic languages are currently spoken natively throughout Eastern Europe, and eastwards to Siberia and the Russian Far East. In part due to the large historical influence of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, the language is also spoken as a lingua franca in many regions of Caucasus and Central Asia. Of the three Slavic branches, East Slavic is the most spoken, with the number of native speakers larger than the Eastern and Southern branches combined.


title: East Slavic languages

text: The common consensus is that Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian are the existent East Slavic languages; Rusyn is mostly considered as a separate language too, but some classify it as a dialect of Ukrainian.


title: East Slavic languages

text: The East Slavic languages descend from a common predecessor, the language spoken in the medieval Kievan Rus' (9th to 13th centuries), the Rus' language which later evolved into Ruthenian, the language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (13th to 18th centuries) in the Dnieper river valley, and into Russian, the language of the Grand Duchy of Moscow (13th to 16th centuries) in the Volga river valley accordingly. All these languages use the Cyrillic script, but with particular modifications. Belarusian and Ukrainian, which are descendants of Ruthenian, have a tradition of using Latin-based alphabets—the Belarusian Łacinka and Ukrainian Latin alphabets, respectively (also Rusyn uses Latin in some regions).


title: East Slavic languages

text: The East Slavic territory exhibits a linguistic continuum with many transitional dialects. Between Belarusian and Ukrainian there is the Polesian dialect, which shares features from both languages. East Polesian is a transitional variety between Belarusian and Ukrainian on one hand, and between South Russian and Ukrainian on the other hand. At the same time, Belarusian and Southern Russian form a continuous area, making it virtually impossible to draw a line between the two languages. Central or Middle Russian (with its Moscow sub-dialect), the transitional step between the North and the South, became a base for the Russian literary standard. Northern Russian with its predecessor, the Old Novgorod dialect, has many original and archaic features. Due to the influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over many centuries, Belarusian and Ukrainian have been influenced in several respects by Polish, a West Slavic language / Lechitic. Ruthenian, the mixed Belarusian-Ukrainian literary language with a Church Slavonic substratum and Polish adstratum, was, together with Middle Polish, an official language in Belarus and Ukraine until the end of the 18th century.


title: East Slavic languages

text: When the common Old East Slavic language became separated from the ancient Slavic tongue common to all Slavs is difficult to ascertain, though in the 12th century the common language of Rus' is still referred to in contemporary writing as Slavic.


title: East Slavic languages

text: Therefore, a crucial differentiation has to be made between the history of the East Slavic "dialects" and that of the "literary languages" employed by the Eastern Slavs. Although most ancient texts betray the dialect their author or scribe spoke, it is also clearly visible that they tried to write in a language different from their dialects and to avoid those mistakes that enable us nowadays to locate them.


title: East Slavic languages

text: In both cases one has to keep in mind that the history of the East Slavic languages is of course a history of written texts. We do not know how the writers of the preserved texts would have spoken in everyday life.


title: East Slavic languages

text: After the conversion of the East Slavic region to Christianity the people used service books borrowed from Bulgaria, which were written in Old Church Slavonic (a South Slavic language). The Church Slavonic language was strictly used only in text, while the colloquial language of the Bulgarians was communicated in its spoken form.


title: East Slavic languages

text: Throughout the Middle Ages (and in some way up to the present day) there existed a duality between the Church Slavonic language used as some kind of 'higher' register (not only) in religious texts and the popular tongue used as a 'lower' register for secular texts. It has been suggested to describe this situation as "diglossia", although there do exist mixed texts where it is sometimes very hard to determine why a given author used a popular or a Church Slavonic form in a given context. Church Slavonic was a major factor in the evolution of modern Russian, where there still exists a "high stratum" of words that were imported from this language.


title: Lucius (band)

text: Lucius is an American four-piece indie pop band. The group was founded by lead vocalists Jess Wolfe and Holly Laessig, joined by drummer Dan Molad, guitarist Peter Lalish, and, formerly, multi-instrumentalist Andrew Burri. Originating in Brooklyn, the band relocated to Los Angeles in 2015.


title: Lucius (band)

text: They have released three studio albums with Mom + Pop Music, including their most recent, "Second Nature", in April 2022. Their music has received critical acclaim from "The New York Times", "Rolling Stone", "NPR" and "The Village Voice". "Paste" named them as one of the best live acts in 2015. Wolfe and Laessig have also contributed vocals for artists such as Roger Waters, Jeff Tweedy, Jackson Browne, John Legend, Mavis Staples, John Prine, Sheryl Crow, Grace Potter, Goose, The War on Drugs, Brandi Carlile and Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real.


title: Lucius (band)

text: Jess Wolfe and Holly Laessig first met in 2005 as students at Berklee College of Music and began performing together. In 2007, they founded Lucius after moving to Ditmas Park, Brooklyn to pursue a musical career. The two lived in an old Victorian mansion which had a 60-year-old recording studio and vintage pianos inside.


title: Lucius (band)

text: In 2009, Wolfe and Laessig self-released "Songs from the Bromley House", a biographical ode to the house and the experiences that they had in their Brooklyn home. During this period, they were joined by producer Doug Wamble. The band made a one-time pressing CD of the album and has not released the album since.


title: Lucius (band)

text: Shortly after the release of "Songs from the Bromley House", Wolfe and Laessig connected with Dan Molad. By 2010, the three were collaborating on future Lucius music. During this period, Pete Lalish was introduced by Molad, and the two soon joined Lucius, making it a four-piece. About a year later, Molad met singer and guitarist Andy Burri who was invited to join the band. Following this, in 2011, most of the music the band had already made together was re-recorded and later released as their debut EP.


title: Lucius (band)

text: On July 9, 2020, "Lucius" announced it would be re-releasing "Songs from the Bromley House" digitally to raise funds for businesses affected by the COVID-19 virus. Wolfe told fans the news during an AMA portion of the streaming event. She said the album would be up for purchase on the band's website, along with several other signature items created especially for its livestream series, "Turning It Around: A Community Rebuilding Concert".


title: Lucius (band)

text: The quintet released a self-titled EP in February 2012. "Lucius" received several placements in TV shows including "Grey's Anatomy" and "". The band did a Tiny Desk Concerts performance in January 2013. The Silver Sound Music Video Film Festival + Band Battle awarded the "Go Home" video as Best Animation. Their song "Until We Get There" was featured in season 2, episode 24 of the TV show "New Girl".


title: Lucius (band)

text: The band toured with the EP throughout the first half of 2013 while finishing the recording of "Wildewoman", produced by band member Dan Molad. Mom + Pop Music released "Wildewoman" in North America on October 15, 2013. It received favorable reviews from "Rolling Stone" and "Consequence of Sound". The album was released worldwide on March 31, 2014, via Play It Again Sam. "The Guardian" described it as "60s girl group-inspired songs doused in a tonic of baroque pop and saccharine folk." The record was praised for its eclectic mix of musical styles that ranged from retro pop to reflective folk.


title: Lucius (band)

text: The song "Until We Get There" was featured in the film "If I Stay" and was included on the 2014 soundtrack.


title: Lucius (band)

text: During their world tour between the fall of 2013 and the end of 2014, they also played their own shows and music festivals. Lucius opened for artists including Tegan and Sara, The Head and the Heart, Sara Bareilles, Andrew Bird, City and Colour, and Jack White.


title: Lucius (band)

text: The deluxe version of "Wildewoman" was released in October 2014. It features live recordings and covers, with one version of their song "How Loud Your Heart Gets" produced by Spoon's Jim Eno for Spotify. The band ended their world tour with a sold-out show at Terminal 5 in New York on December 6, 2014.


title: Lucius (band)

text: The band's second album, "Good Grief", was released on March 11, 2016. It was co-produced and engineered by Grammy-winning engineer Shawn Everett, and was mixed by Tom Elmhirst. Songs were inspired by the band's two years on the road with "Wildewoman", and were written in late 2015 when the band relocated from Brooklyn to Los Angeles. Departing from their previous sound, the album focused on "moody Eighties-synth melodies and raw lyrics about the hardships of marriage."


title: Lucius (band)

text: The deluxe edition of "Good Grief" features the band's cover of The Kinks' song "Strangers" which gained attention from a crowd-sourced video of the band performing in Petaluma, California in August 2014.


title: Lucius (band)

text: The band has also performed tracks from the album on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", and "Late Night with Seth Meyers". "Born Again Teen" and "Dusty Trails" were featured on the fifth episode on Cameron Crowe's show "Roadies". In the final episode of the first season, Wolfe and Laessig performed the Lowell George song "Willin" with Jackson Browne. In September 2016, Andrew Burri departed from the band.


title: Lucius (band)

text: On November 25, 2016, the band released a two-song 10 inch vinyl record titled "Pulling Teeth" which contained two B-sides, "Pulling Teeth" and "The Punisher".


title: Lucius (band)

text: The band released their first compilation album, "Nudes", in March 2018. The collection features acoustic versions of songs from the band's back catalogue, new songs, and a duet with Roger Waters.


title: Lucius (band)

text: On January 11, 2022 the band announced their fourth studio album, titled "Second Nature", would be released on April 8, 2022 on the Mom + Pop Music label. The lead single "Next to Normal" was simultaneously released.


title: Lucius (band)

text: Lucius have composed music for multiple film and television projects. They scored the soundtrack for Jake and Amir's web series, "Lonely and Horny", released on Vimeo on April 8, 2016. In January 2017, the band scored Zoe Lister-Jones' directorial debut "Band Aid", which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. Lucius also wrote and performed an original song called "What's the Use in Crying?" in David Byrne's film "Contemporary Color" (2016).


title: Lucius (band)

text: Lucius have released music as part of tribute projects. The band covered "When The Night Comes Falling From The Sky" for the compilation album "" and "Uncle John's Band" for the Grateful Dead 2016 compilation album "Day of the Dead". In November 2018, Lucius contributed to a 7” vinyl series called the Fug Yep Soundation, launched in memory of the late Richard Swift. The series aims to raise awareness for addiction and “bring community to those suffering” by donating to musician-focused organizations MusiCares and Music Support UK.


title: Lucius (band)

text: In July 2015, Wolfe and Laessig performed with Roger Waters and My Morning Jacket at the Newport Folk Festival. In September and October 2016, the band performed with Waters and his band for three shows in Mexico City and the Desert Trip Festival in Indio, California. On Sunday May 21, 2017 Wolfe and Laessig performed on stage during Waters' final dress rehearsal held at Meadowlands Sports Complex, NJ. They sang backup vocals on Waters' Us + Them Tour throughout North America, which began in Kansas City on May 26, 2017, and ended in Vancouver on October 29, 2017.


title: Lucius (band)

text: In 2021, samples from the song "Madness" were featured in an installation with visual and sound artist Samuel Stubblefield, to be released in 2022.


title: Lucius (band)

text: Lucius has been lauded by "The New York Times" for their "luscious, luminous, lilting lullabies", praised by NPR for their "charisma and charm," and described by "Rolling Stone" as "the best band you may not have heard yet."


title: Lucius (band)

text: "The Guardian" featured Lucius as its "New Band Of The Day" on February 14, 2014, and described them as "the missing link between Arcade Fire and Haim... How can they fail? They won't." Economist and "New York Times" columnist Paul Krugman is a noted fan of the band and has featured their music in his blog.


title: Lucius (band)

text: The two frontwomen are also known for their synchronous style that exudes an "idiosyncratic visual persona" in their choice of dress, stage set up, and performance. The two even shared the same hairdresser, although they have switched to identical wigs.


title: Lucius (band)

text: In December 2018, Lucius' album "Nudes" was named by "Rolling Stone" as one of "11 Great Albums You Probably Didn’t Hear in 2018."


title: History of Linux

text: Linux began in 1991 as a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds: to create a new free operating system kernel. The resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4.15 version in 2018 with more than 23.3 million lines of source code, not counting comments, under the GNU General Public License v2.


title: History of Linux

text: After AT&T had dropped out of the Multics project, the Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (both of AT&T Bell Laboratories) in 1969 and first released in 1970. Later they rewrote it in a new programming language, C, to make it portable. The availability and portability of Unix caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses.


title: History of Linux

text: In 1977, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was developed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) from UC Berkeley, based on the 6th edition of Unix from AT&T. Since BSD contained Unix code that AT&T owned, AT&T filed a lawsuit ("USL v. BSDi") in the early 1990s against the University of California. This strongly limited the development and adoption of BSD.


title: History of Linux

text: Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Later, Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. While Sun workstations didn't utilize commodity PC hardware like Linux was later developed for, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system.


title: History of Linux

text: In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project with the goal of creating a free UNIX-like operating system. As part of this work, he wrote the GNU General Public License (GPL). By the early 1990s, there was almost enough available software to create a full operating system. However, the GNU kernel, called Hurd, failed to attract enough development effort, leaving GNU incomplete.


title: History of Linux

text: In 1985, Intel released the 80386, the first x86 microprocessor with a 32-bit instruction set and a memory management unit with paging.


title: History of Linux

text: In 1986, Maurice J. Bach, of AT&T Bell Labs, published "The Design of the UNIX Operating System". This definitive description principally covered the System V Release 2 kernel, with some new features from Release 3 and BSD.


title: History of Linux

text: In 1987, MINIX, a Unix-like system intended for academic use, was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum to exemplify the principles conveyed in his textbook, "". While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution were restricted. In addition, MINIX's 16-bit design was not well adapted to the 32-bit features of the increasingly cheap and popular Intel 386 architecture for personal computers. In the early nineties a commercial UNIX operating system for Intel 386 PCs was too expensive for private users.


title: History of Linux

text: These factors and the lack of a widely adopted, free kernel provided the impetus for Torvalds' starting his project. He has stated that if either the GNU Hurd or 386BSD kernels had been available at the time, he likely would not have written his own.


title: History of Linux

text: In 1991, while studying computer science at University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was done on MINIX using the GNU C Compiler.


title: History of Linux

text: As Torvalds wrote in his book "Just for Fun", he eventually ended up writing an operating system kernel. On 25 August 1991, he (at age ) announced this system in a Usenet posting to the newsgroup "comp.os.minix.":


title: History of Linux

text: According to Torvalds, Linux began to gain importance in 1992 after the X Window System was ported to Linux by Orest Zborowski, which allowed Linux to support a GUI for the first time.


title: History of Linux

text: Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention Freax, a portmanteau of "free", "freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, he stored the files under the name "Freax" for about half of a year. Torvalds had already considered the name "Linux", but initially dismissed it as too egotistical.


title: History of Linux

text: In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server (ftp.funet.fi) of FUNET in September 1991. Ari Lemmke at Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name. So, he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds. Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux".


title: History of Linux

text: To demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced (), Torvalds included an audio guide () with the kernel source code.


title: History of Linux

text: Torvalds first published the Linux kernel under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.


title: History of Linux

text: The software to use with the kernel was software developed as part of the GNU project licensed under the GNU General Public License, a free software license. The first release of the Linux kernel, Linux 0.01, included a binary of GNU's Bash shell.


title: History of Linux

text: In the "Notes for linux release 0.01", Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux:


title: History of Linux

text: In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0.99 using the GNU GPL. Linux and GNU developers worked to integrate GNU components with Linux to make a fully functional and free operating system. Torvalds has stated, "making Linux GPLed was definitely the best thing I ever did."


title: History of Linux

text: Around 2000, Torvalds clarified that the Linux kernel uses the GPLv2 license, without the common "or later clause".


title: History of Linux

text: After years of draft discussions, the GPLv3 was released in 2007; however, Torvalds and the majority of kernel developers decided against adopting the new license.


title: History of Linux

text: The designation "Linux" was initially used by Torvalds only for the Linux kernel. The kernel was, however, frequently used together with other software, especially that of the GNU project. This quickly became the most popular adoption of GNU software. In June 1994 in GNU's Bulletin, Linux was referred to as a "free UNIX clone", and the Debian project began calling its product "Debian GNU/Linux". In May 1996, Richard Stallman published the editor Emacs 19.31, in which the type of system was renamed from Linux to Lignux. This spelling was intended to refer specifically to the combination of GNU and Linux, but this was soon abandoned in favor of "GNU/Linux".


title: History of Linux

text: This name garnered varying reactions. The GNU and Debian projects use the name, although most people simply use the term "Linux" to refer to the combination.


title: History of Linux

text: Torvalds announced in 1996 that there would be a mascot for Linux, a penguin. This was because when they were about to select the mascot, Torvalds mentioned he was bitten by a little penguin ("Eudyptula minor") on a visit to the National Zoo & Aquarium in Canberra, Australia. Larry Ewing provided the original draft of today's well known mascot based on this description. The name Tux was suggested by James Hughes as derivative of "Torvalds' UniX", along with being short for "tuxedo", a type of suit with color similar to that of a penguin.


title: History of Linux

text: The largest part of the work on Linux is performed by the community: the thousands of programmers around the world that use Linux and send their suggested improvements to the maintainers. Various companies have also helped not only with the development of the kernels, but also with the writing of the body of auxiliary software, which is distributed with Linux. As of February 2015, over 80% of Linux kernel developers are paid.


title: History of Linux

text: It is released both by organized projects such as Debian, and by projects connected directly with companies such as Fedora and openSUSE. The members of the respective projects meet at various conferences and fairs, in order to exchange ideas. One of the largest of these fairs is the LinuxTag in Germany, where about 10,000 people assemble annually to discuss Linux and the projects associated with it.


title: History of Linux

text: The Open Source Development Lab (OSDL) was created in the year 2000, and is an independent nonprofit organization which pursues the goal of optimizing Linux for employment in data centers and in the carrier range. It served as sponsored working premises for Linus Torvalds and also for Andrew Morton (until the middle of 2006 when Morton transferred to Google). Torvalds worked full-time on behalf of OSDL, developing the Linux kernels.


title: History of Linux

text: On 22 January 2007, OSDL and the Free Standards Group merged to form The Linux Foundation, narrowing their respective focuses to that of promoting Linux in competition with Microsoft Windows. As of 2015, Torvalds remains with the Linux Foundation as a Fellow.


title: History of Linux

text: Despite being freely available, companies profit from Linux. These companies, many of which are also members of the Linux Foundation, invest substantial resources into the advancement and development of Linux, in order to make it suited for various application areas. This includes hardware donations for driver developers, cash donations for people who develop Linux software, and the employment of Linux programmers at the company. Some examples are Dell, IBM and Hewlett-Packard, which validate, use and sell Linux on their own servers, and Red Hat (now part of IBM) and SUSE, which maintain their own enterprise distributions. Likewise, Digia supports Linux by the development and LGPL licensing of Qt, which makes the development of KDE possible, and by employing some of the X and KDE developers.


title: History of Linux

text: KDE was the first advanced desktop environment (version 1.0 released in July 1998), but it was controversial due to the then-proprietary Qt toolkit used. GNOME was developed as an alternative due to licensing questions. The two use a different underlying toolkit and thus involve different programming, and are sponsored by two different groups, German nonprofit KDE e.V. and the United States nonprofit GNOME Foundation.


title: History of Linux

text: As of April 2007, one journalist estimated that KDE had 65% of market share versus 26% for GNOME. In January 2008, KDE 4 was released prematurely with bugs, driving some users to GNOME. GNOME 3, released in April 2011, was called an "unholy mess" by Linus Torvalds due to its controversial design changes.


title: History of Linux

text: Dissatisfaction with GNOME 3 led to a fork, Cinnamon, which is developed primarily by Linux Mint developer Clement LeFebvre. This restores the more traditional desktop environment with marginal improvements.


title: History of Linux

text: The relatively well-funded distribution, Ubuntu, designed (and released in June 2011) another user interface called Unity which is radically different from the conventional desktop environment and has been criticized as having various flaws and lacking configurability. The motivation was a single desktop environment for desktops and tablets, although as of November 2012 Unity has yet to be used widely in tablets. However, the smartphone and tablet version of Ubuntu and its Unity interface was unveiled by Canonical Ltd in January 2013. In April 2017, Canonical canceled the phone-based Ubuntu Touch project entirely in order to focus on IoT projects such as Ubuntu Core. In April 2017, Canonical dropped Unity and began to use GNOME for the Ubuntu releases from 17.10 onward.


title: History of Linux

text: In 1992, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, recognized computer scientist and author of the Minix microkernel system, wrote a Usenet article on the newsgroup comp.os.minix with the title "Linux is obsolete", which marked the beginning of a famous debate about the structure of the then-recent Linux kernel. Among the most significant criticisms were that:


title: History of Linux

text: Tanenbaum's prediction that Linux would become outdated within a few years and replaced by GNU Hurd (which he considered to be more modern) proved incorrect. Linux has been ported to all major platforms and its open development model has led to an exemplary pace of development. In contrast, GNU Hurd has not yet reached the level of stability that would allow it to be used on a production server. His dismissal of the Intel line of 386 processors as 'weird' has also proven short-sighted, as the x86 series of processors and the Intel Corporation would later become near ubiquitous in personal computers and servers.


title: History of Linux

text: In his unpublished book "Samizdat", Kenneth Brown claims that Torvalds illegally copied code from MINIX. In May 2004, these claims were refuted by Tanenbaum, the author of MINIX:


title: History of Linux

text: The book's claims, methodology and references were seriously questioned and in the end it was never released and was delisted from the distributor's site.


title: History of Linux

text: Although Torvalds has said that Microsoft's feeling threatened by Linux in the past was of no consequence to him, the Microsoft and Linux camps had a number of antagonistic interactions between 1997 and 2001. This became quite clear for the first time in 1998, when the first Halloween document was brought to light by Eric S. Raymond. This was a short essay by a Microsoft developer that sought to lay out the threats posed to Microsoft by free software and identified strategies to counter these perceived threats.


title: History of Linux

text: Competition entered a new phase in the beginning of 2004, when Microsoft published results from customer case studies evaluating the use of Windows vs. Linux under the name “Get the Facts” on its own web page. Based on inquiries, research analysts, and some Microsoft sponsored investigations, the case studies claimed that enterprise use of Linux on servers compared unfavorably to the use of Windows in terms of reliability, security, and total cost of ownership.


title: History of Linux

text: In response, commercial Linux distributors produced their own studies, surveys and testimonials to counter Microsoft's campaign. Novell's web-based campaign at the end of 2004 was entitled “Unbending the truth” and sought to outline the advantages as well as dispelling the widely publicized legal liabilities of Linux deployment (particularly in light of the "SCO v IBM" case). Novell particularly referenced the Microsoft studies in many points. IBM also published a series of studies under the title “The Linux at IBM competitive advantage” to again parry Microsoft's campaign. Red Hat had a campaign called “Truth Happens” aimed at letting the performance of the product speak for itself, rather than advertising the product by studies.


title: History of Linux

text: In the autumn of 2006, Novell and Microsoft announced an agreement to co-operate on software interoperability and patent protection. This included an agreement that customers of either Novell or Microsoft may not be sued by the other company for patent infringement. This patent protection was also expanded to non-commercial free software developers. The last part was criticized because it only included non-commercial free software developers.


title: History of Linux

text: In July 2009, Microsoft submitted 22,000 lines of source code to the Linux kernel under the GPLV2 license, which were subsequently accepted. Although this has been referred to as "a historic move" and as a possible bellwether of an improvement in Microsoft's corporate attitudes toward Linux and open-source software, the decision was not altogether altruistic, as it promised to lead to significant competitive advantages for Microsoft and avoided legal action against Microsoft. Microsoft was actually compelled to make the code contribution when Vyatta principal engineer and Linux contributor Stephen Hemminger discovered that Microsoft had incorporated a Hyper-V network driver, with GPL-licensed open source components, statically linked to closed-source binaries in contravention of the GPL licence. Microsoft contributed the drivers to rectify the licence violation, although the company attempted to portray it as a charitable act, rather than one to avoid legal action against it. In the past Microsoft had termed Linux a "cancer" and "communist".


title: History of Linux

text: By 2011, Microsoft had become the 17th largest contributor to the Linux kernel. As of February 2015, Microsoft was no longer among the top 30 contributing sponsor companies.


title: History of Linux

text: The Windows Azure project was announced in 2008 and renamed to Microsoft Azure. It incorporates Linux as part of its suite of server-based software applications. In August 2018, SUSE created a Linux kernel specifically tailored to the cloud computing applications under the Microsoft Azure project umbrella. Speaking about the kernel port, a Microsoft representative said "The new Azure-tuned kernel allows those customers to quickly take advantage of new Azure services such as Accelerated Networking with SR-IOV."


title: History of Linux

text: In recent years, Torvalds has expressed a neutral to friendly attitude towards Microsoft following the company's new embrace of open source software and collaboration with the Linux community. "The whole anti-Microsoft thing was sometimes funny as a joke, but not really." said Torvalds in an interview with ZDNet. "Today, they're actually much friendlier. I talk to Microsoft engineers at various conferences, and I feel like, yes, they have changed, and the engineers are happy. And they're like really happy working on Linux. So I completely dismissed all the anti-Microsoft stuff."


title: History of Linux

text: In March 2003, the SCO Group accused IBM of violating their copyright on UNIX by transferring code from UNIX to Linux. SCO claims ownership of the copyrights on UNIX and a lawsuit was filed against IBM. Red Hat has counter-sued and SCO has since filed other related lawsuits. At the same time as their lawsuit, SCO began selling Linux licenses to users who did not want to risk a possible complaint on the part of SCO. Since Novell also claimed the copyrights to UNIX, it filed suit against SCO.


title: History of Linux

text: In early 2007, SCO filed the specific details of a purported copyright infringement. Despite previous claims that SCO was the rightful copyright holder of 1 million lines of code, they specified only 326 lines of code, most of which were uncopyrightable. In August 2007, the court in the Novell case ruled that SCO did not actually hold the Unix copyrights, to begin with, though the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in August 2009 that the question of who held the copyright properly remained for a jury to answer. The jury case was decided on 30 March 2010 in Novell's favour.


title: History of Linux

text: In 1994 and 1995, several people from different countries attempted to register the name "Linux" as a trademark. Thereupon requests for royalty payments were issued to several Linux companies, a step with which many developers and users of Linux did not agree. Linus Torvalds clamped down on these companies with help from Linux International and was granted the trademark to the name, which he transferred to Linux International. Protection of the trademark was later administered by a dedicated foundation, the non-profit Linux Mark Institute. In 2000, Linus Torvalds specified the basic rules for the assignment of the licenses. This means that anyone who offers a product or a service with the name "Linux" must possess a license for it, which can be obtained through a unique purchase.


title: History of Linux

text: In June 2005, a new controversy developed over the use of royalties generated from the use of the Linux trademark. The Linux Mark Institute, which represents Linus Torvalds' rights, announced a price increase from 500 to 5,000 dollars for the use of the name. This step was justified as being needed to cover the rising costs of trademark protection.


title: History of Linux

text: In response to this increase, the community became displeased, which is why Linus Torvalds made an announcement on 21 August 2005, in order to dissolve the misunderstandings. In an e-mail he described the current situation as well as the background in detail and also dealt with the question of who had to pay license costs:


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: David Eden Lane (November 2, 1938 – May 28, 2007) was an American domestic terrorist, white separatist, neo-Nazi, and convicted felon. A member of the terror organization The Order, he was convicted and sentenced to 190 years in prison for racketeering, conspiracy, and violation of the civil rights of Alan Berg, a Jewish radio talk show host, who was murdered by another member of the group while Lane drove the getaway car on June 18, 1984. He died while incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana.


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane coined the "Fourteen Words", a well known white supremacist slogan in North America. He has been described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as "one of the most important ideologues of contemporary white supremacy".


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane was born as the third of four siblings in Woden, Iowa; he had a brother and two sisters. His father was an alcoholic migrant worker who was physically abusive toward his wife and children. Lane would later claim that his father forced his mother to engage in prostitution so he could obtain "booze money", and that his older brother was rendered with permanent deafness as a result of a "beating gone awry". When Lane was four years old, his father abandoned his family. In 1944, his older brother was arrested after searching for food in a neighbor's trash bins, and he and his sisters were placed in foster care. Lane was soon adopted by a traveling Lutheran minister, which resulted in Lane being separated from his two sisters. Lane described his adoptive father as a "doctrinaire fundamentalist from the old school".


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane rejected Christianity which he found boring. Inspired by Nazi religious beliefs, Lane later favored pagan beliefs as a more authentic ancestral "white" religion, as opposed to what he viewed as Jewish influenced Christianity. Travelling across the Midwestern United States with his adoptive family, Lane finally settled in Aurora, Colorado, where he attended Aurora Central High School. Originally aspiring to become a golf professional, Lane worked as a real estate broker until his license was revoked because he "wouldn't sell homes to coloreds in white neighborhoods".


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane claimed that he first became attracted to women of the "Caucasian race" after befriending a blonde-haired girl in first grade. Lane stated that while he reenacted battles with his foster brother as a child, he portrayed a Nazi stormtrooper while his brother portrayed an American soldier. Lane was briefly a member of the John Birch Society before joining the Ku Klux Klan, becoming the organizer of the Denver unit of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in 1979. In late 1981, Lane became Colorado State Organizer of the Aryan Nations.


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane met Robert Jay Mathews in July 1983 at the Aryan Nations world congress. On September 22, 1983, Lane was among the nine founding members to be sworn into The Order, a white supremacist group whose mission was to deliver "our people from the Jew and bring total victory to the Aryan race." The Order was accused of stealing over $4.1 million in armored car hijackings, killing three people (one of whom was Order member Walter E. West), detonating bombs, counterfeiting money, organizing militaristic training camps and carrying out numerous other crimes with the ultimate goal of overthrowing the "Zionist occupational government" they deemed in control of the United States and to "liberate the Pacific Northwest as a homeland for whites" in the process (see Northwest Territorial Imperative).


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: For his role in The Order's crimes, Lane was sentenced to consecutive sentences totaling 190 years, including 20 years for racketeering, 20 years for conspiracy, both under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), and 150 years for violating the civil rights of Alan Berg, a Jewish radio talk show host who was murdered on June 18, 1984. Berg was shot and killed in the driveway of his Denver home by three members of The Order. Lane was arrested on the evening of March 30, 1985, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. While he did not pull the trigger, prosecutors said Lane drove the getaway car and played a large role in the planning of Berg's assassination.


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane was also among 14 men prosecuted for seditious conspiracy in Fort Smith, Arkansas, but he was acquitted. Lane was considered extremely dangerous by the American justice system and was incarcerated at various times after his conviction in the United States Penitentiary, Marion, the United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility in Florence, Colorado, and the Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute.


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: While incarcerated, he had the Federal Bureau of Prisons ID # 12873–057. Lane wrote books and articles about gematria and the demographic and sociopolitical status of the white race for white nationalist periodicals and websites. With his wife and Ron McVan, he ran a publishing company called 14 Word Press in Idaho to disseminate his writings.


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: He was featured in "Nazi Pop Twins", a documentary aired on July 19, 2007, on Channel 4 in the UK. In it he was shown speaking by phone with Prussian Blue (the music act from the documentary) and termed them "fantasy sweethearts" and that he viewed them like daughters.


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane's earliest possible release date from prison would have been on March 29, 2035 (at age 96). He died on May 28, 2007, in FCC Terre Haute due to an epileptic seizure. On June 30, 2007, white supremacists held memorial demonstrations for Lane in cities across the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, and Ukraine.


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane stated that his beliefs can be best summarized by a slogan he called the "Fourteen Words": "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for White children." He also coined a second 14-word slogan: "because the beauty of the White Aryan woman must not perish from the earth."


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane authored the 88 Precepts, a collection of statements on natural law, which are abbreviated "14-88," "14/88," or 14 words" in white supremacist shorthand. In white nationalism, 88 is also a reference to "Heil Hitler".


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Lane was one of the founders of the Wotansvolk movement, a racist, neo-"völkisch" form of Odinism (or Heathenry) which he formed with his wife Katja in 1995 in order to promote his ideology which pursued a program of concerted outreach to prisoners. Wotansvolk combines an "Aryan call to arms" with an esoteric teaching, based in part on Jungian psychology, völkish philosophy, and National Socialism. Lane distanced himself from universalist Odinists (including "folkish Asatru") who did not embrace "survival of the Aryan race" as a core part of the movement. Lane argued with Stephen McNallen, then leader of the Asatru Folk Assembly when Lane was alive. By 2017, McNallen came out with support for Lane's 14 Words, quoting them verbatim.


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Aiming at a white revolution, Wotansvolk endorsed "leaderless resistance," a strategy which was popularized by Louis Beam, a Klan veteran and a longtime friend of the Lane family. However, 14 Word Press and Temple of Wotan are defunct organizations and as a result no longer have mailing addresses or websites, although Wotanism is still practiced by independent kindreds.


title: David Lane (white supremacist)

text: Identifying Sir Francis Bacon with Shakespeare as being "adept in ancient divine wisdom" and believing that the pyramids were built by "Aryan architects", Lane taught a belief called the "Pyramid Prophecy 666", which included the concept that a Bible code was inserted by "Aryan adepts" within the King James Version of the Christian Bible. Lane's alleged deciphered code described him as being the "man" who is described in the Book of Revelation, with America being the Beast, but that belief was censored by Ron McVan and other strategists who believed that Lane's Messianic / Anti-Christ claims would be counterproductive by "turning off potential converts". Lane also issued a declaration called "Moral Authority", which calls the United States a "Red, White, and Blue travelling mass murder machine" intent on committing genocide against white people. According to the declaration, "true moral authority belongs to those who resist" this purported genocide.


title: Kerbal Space Program 2

text: Kerbal Space Program 2 is an upcoming space flight simulation video game in development by and will be published by Private Division. It is the sequel to 2011's "Kerbal Space Program" and is scheduled for early access release on February 24, 2023, for Microsoft Windows, with releases for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S planned for after early access.


title: Kerbal Space Program 2

text: This sequel builds on the sandbox features of its predecessor "Kerbal Space Program", while at the same time introducing new propulsion methods (e.g. the Orion drive), habitation modules for building on-surface, orbital and planetary colonies, a multiplayer mode, as well as interstellar travel.