title: Panathenaic Stadium

text: The Panathenaic Stadium was selected as the main motif for a high value euro collectors' coin; the €100 Greek The Panathenaic Stadium commemorative coin, minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Olympics. In the obverse of the coin, the stadium is depicted. It is shown on the obverse of all Olympic medals awarded in the 2004 Olympics, and it was also used for the succeeding Summer Olympics in Beijing in 2008, in London in 2012, in Rio de Janeiro in 2016, and in Tokyo in 2021.


title: De Havilland

text: The de Havilland Aircraft Company Limited () was a British aviation manufacturer established in late 1920 by Geoffrey de Havilland at Stag Lane Aerodrome Edgware on the outskirts of north London. Operations were later moved to Hatfield in Hertfordshire.


title: De Havilland

text: Known for its innovation, de Havilland was responsible for a number of important aircraft, including the Moth biplane which revolutionised aviation in the 1920s; the 1930s Fox Moth, a commercial light passenger aircraft; the wooden World War II Mosquito multirole aircraft; and the pioneering passenger jet airliner Comet.


title: De Havilland

text: The de Havilland company became a member of the Hawker Siddeley group in 1960, but lost its separate identity in 1963. Later, Hawker Siddeley merged into what is eventually known today as BAE Systems, the British aerospace and defence business. The de Havilland name lives on in De Havilland Canada, which owns the rights to the name and the aircraft produced by de Havilland's former Canadian subsidiary, including the Dash 8 regional airliner previously produced by Bombardier Aerospace.


title: De Havilland

text: In January 1920 Geoffrey de Havilland was working for Airco as technical director and chief designer. BSA bought Airco on 20 January 1920 from George Holt Thomas on the say-so of one BSA director, Percy Martin, having done inadequate due diligence. Within days BSA discovered Airco's true circumstances and shut it down in July 1920. The resulting losses were so great BSA was unable to pay a dividend for the next four years.


title: De Havilland

text: With Thomas's help, de Havilland took modest premises at the nearby Stag Lane Aerodrome and formed a limited liability company, de Havilland Aircraft Company Limited, incorporated 26 September 1920. The directors were de Havilland, Arthur Edwin Turner who had come from the War Office, and chief engineer Charles Clement Walker. Nominal capital was £50,000. Most of the capital came from Geoffrey de Havilland (£3,000) and George Holt Thomas (£10,000), with various others adding a further £1,000.


title: De Havilland

text: Banking on an order worth about £2,500 originally intended for Airco de Havilland brought his close-knit team in from Airco: friends Charles Clement Walker (aerodynamics and stressing), Wilfred E. Nixon (company secretary), Francis E. N. St. Barbe (business and sales) and from Airco's experimental department, Frank T Hearle (works manager). Hugh Burroughes went to the Gloster Aircraft Company. The fledgling enterprise was lucky to be approached the next year by a man wanting a new aeroplane built for him, Alan Samuel Butler. He invested heavily in the business. The first year's turnover was £32,782 and net profit £2,387 and in early 1922 they bought Stag Lane aerodrome for £20,000. They survived until 1925 when de Havilland's own design, the Moth (first flown 22 February 1925) proved to be just what the flying world was waiting for. In 1928, de Havilland Aircraft Company Limited went public.


title: De Havilland

text: Initially de Havilland concentrated on single and two-seat biplanes, continuing the DH line of aircraft built by Airco but adapting them for airline use, but then they introduced a series of smaller aircraft powered by de Havilland's own Gipsy engines. These included the Gipsy Moth and Tiger Moth. These aircraft set many aviation records, many piloted by de Havilland himself. Amy Johnson flew solo from England to Australia in a Gipsy Moth in 1930.


title: De Havilland

text: The Moth series of aeroplanes continued with the more refined Hornet Moth, with enclosed accommodation, and the Moth Minor, a low-wing monoplane constructed of wood. One of de Havilland's trademarks was that the name of the aircraft type was painted on using a particularly elegant Roman typeface, all in capital letters. When there was a strike at the plant, the artisans who painted the name on the planes used the same typeface to make the workers' protest signs.


title: De Havilland

text: The DH 84 Dragon was the first aeroplane purchased by Aer Lingus in 1936; they later operated the DH 86B Dragon Express and the DH 89 Dragon Rapide. De Havilland continued to produce high-performance aircraft including the twin piston-engined DH 88 Comet racer, one of which became famous as the winner of the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia in 1934.


title: De Havilland

text: The high-performance designs and wooden construction methods culminated in the Mosquito, constructed primarily of wood, which avoided use of strategic materials such as aluminium during the Second World War. The company followed this with the even higher-performing Hornet fighter, which was one of the pioneers of the use of metal-wood and metal-metal bonding techniques.


title: De Havilland

text: In 1937 de Havilland set up a factory at what is now known as De Havilland Way in Lostock to produce variable pitch propellers for the RAF. The site was of strategic importance and became a German Luftwaffe target. On 3 July 1942 two Ju 88 bombers attempted a low-altitude bombing raid, using the Rivington reservoir chain to navigate but the mission went off course.


title: De Havilland

text: After the Second World War de Havilland continued with advanced designs in both the military and civil fields, but several public disasters doomed the company as an independent entity. The experimental tailless jet-powered de Havilland DH 108 Swallow crashed in the Thames Estuary, killing Geoffrey de Havilland Jr., son of the company's founder. A large additional aircraft factory was acquired in 1948 at Hawarden Airport at Broughton near Chester, where production supplemented the Hatfield output. The de Havilland Comet was put into service in 1952 as the eagerly anticipated first commercial jet airliner, twice as fast as previous alternatives and a source of British national pride. Operated by British Overseas Airways Corporation, on 2 May 1952 the flight registered G-ALYS took off with fare-paying passengers and inaugurated scheduled service from London to Johannesburg. Powered by four de Havilland Ghost jet engines, the Comet could reach speeds of 500 miles per hour (halving journey times around the world), and fly at an altitude of 40,000 feet, a performance previously the preserve of military jet fighters. Twenty months after the launch, there were 17 Comets in service. The Comet suffered three high-profile crashes in two years. Two of these were found to be caused by structural failure resulting from metal fatigue in the airframe, a phenomenon not fully understood at the time; the other was due to overstressing of the airframe during flight through severe weather. Sir Arnold Hall led the RAE research team that made the discovery that the rivets punched into the metal caused a minute fatigue crack. The stress of repressurisation at high altitude would weaken an area of the fuselage around the Comet's square-shaped windows.


title: De Havilland

text: Because of the structural problems of the Comet, in 1954 all remaining examples were withdrawn from service, with de Havilland launching a major effort to build a new version that would be both larger and stronger. As a result, the Comet was extensively redesigned, with oval windows, structural reinforcements and other changes. Rival manufacturers meanwhile heeded the lessons learned from the Comet while developing their own aircraft. The Comet 4 enabled the de Havilland airliner to return to the skies in 1958. By then the United States had its Boeing 707 jet and the Douglas DC-8, both of which were faster and more economical to operate. Orders for the Comet dried up.


title: De Havilland

text: Hawker Siddeley bought de Havilland in 1960 but kept it as a separate company until 1963. In that year it became the de Havilland Division of Hawker Siddeley Aviation and all types in production or development changed their designations from "DH" to "HS". De Havilland's final designs became the Hawker Siddeley Trident (originally the DH.121) and the innovative Hawker Siddley HS.125, originally the DH.125.


title: De Havilland

text: The DH.121 design was modified to be smaller to fit the needs of one airline—British European Airways. Other airlines found it unattractive and turned to a rival tri-jet, the Boeing 727 which was much the same size as the initial DH.121 design. De Havilland, as Hawker Siddley, built only 117 Tridents, while Boeing went on to sell over 1,800 727s.


title: De Havilland

text: De Havilland also entered the field of long-range missiles, developing the liquid-fuelled Blue Streak. It did not enter military service, but became the first stage of Europa, a launch vehicle for use in space flight. In flight tests, the Blue Streak performed well but the upper stages, built in France and Germany, repeatedly failed. In 1973, the Europa programme was cancelled, with Blue Streak dying as well. The last of them wound up in the hands of a farmer who used its fuel tanks to house his chickens.


title: De Havilland

text: De Havilland Aircraft of Canada Ltd. was formed in 1928 to build Moth aircraft for the training of Canadian airmen and continued after the war to build its own designs suited to the harsh Canadian environment. The DHC-2 to DHC-7 aircraft were all STOL designs. DHC spent a stint as a Canadian Crown Corporation, then as a subsidiary of Boeing, then back as a Crown Corporation. De Havilland (Canada) was eventually incorporated into the Bombardier group of companies and the Dash Eight remains in production with a particular emphasis being placed on its quiet operation in comparison to other aircraft of a similar size. In May 2005, Bombardier sold the rights to the out-of-production aircraft (DHC-1 through DHC-7) to Viking Air Ltd. of Sidney, British Columbia.


title: De Havilland

text: In November 2018, Viking Air parent Longview Aviation Capital Corp. acquired the Dash 8 programme and the de Havilland brand from Bombardier. The deal, which closed on 3 June 2019 following regulatory approval, brought the entire de Havilland Canada product line under the same banner for the first time in decades, under a new holding company bearing the original name, De Havilland Aircraft of Canada Limited.


title: De Havilland

text: The first overseas subsidiary was set up in Australia in March 1927 as de Havilland Aircraft Pty. Ltd. The company moved from Melbourne to Sydney during 1930 where it acted as an agency for the parent company, with assembly, repair and spares facilities for the company's popular sporting and airliner types. Aircraft design and full manufacture by de Havilland Australia (DHA) did not take place until the Second World War, when the company began production of the DH 82 Tiger Moth primary trainer at Bankstown, NSW.


title: De Havilland

text: During the Second World War, DHA designed a small troop-carrying glider to be used if Australia was invaded by Japan. The DH-G1 emerged in mid-1942 and used the DH 84 Dragon forward fuselage, 87 of which were in production at the same factory as navigational trainers. The two built served as prototypes for the definitive DH-G2 produced the following year but the need had passed by this time and only six DH-G2s were built. The company also began to manufacture the Mosquito, with deliveries to the RAAF being first made in 1944. A total of 212 Mosquitos were built at Bankstown between 1943 and 1948. Some of these aircraft continued in RAAF service until 1953.


title: De Havilland

text: Licensed production of the de Havilland Vampire began in 1948, with the first of 190 built flying in 1949.


title: De Havilland

text: Another DHA design, the de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover, was manufactured between 1948 and 1953. Only 20 were produced, mostly for the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS), Trans Australia Airlines and Qantas. The DHA-3 Drover was a 3-engined light transport derived from the DH 104 Dove, capable of carrying six to eight passengers. It was designed as a replacement for the DH 84 Dragon, which was common in Australia due to its wartime production by DHA. The engine chosen for the new design was the de Havilland Gipsy Major Mk-10 4s. Several Drovers were later re-engined with more powerful Lycoming O-360 horizontally-opposed engines to improve performance.


title: De Havilland

text: In 1959 a boat building division known as de Havilland Marine was established at the Bankstown factory.


title: De Havilland

text: The de Havilland Australia concern was purchased by Boeing Australia and was renamed Hawker de Havilland Aerospace. On 6 February 2009, Boeing announced that Hawker de Havilland Aerospace had changed its name to Boeing Aerostructures Australia.


title: De Havilland

text: To meet the demand for Tiger Moth trainers for the Royal New Zealand Air Force and potentially for RAF training to be conducted in New Zealand, the de Havilland (New Zealand) Company Limited was established in March 1939, and work commenced on New Zealand's first aircraft factory at Rongotai. After World War II, the company undertook maintenance and refurbishment work until taken over by Hawker Siddeley International NZ Ltd in 1964. The site of the factory is now part of Wellington International Airport.


title: De Havilland

text: As well as a prolific aircraft builder, de Havilland was also a significant producer of aero engines. This went against usual practice: usually engines are designed and produced by a dedicated company though in the UK the Bristol Aeroplane Company had a substantial engine business and Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft was part of the same business as Armstrong Siddeley The successful "Gipsy" and the later developments such as the Gipsy Major were successful and popular power units, being used in nearly all of de Havilland's light designs and several aircraft from other manufacturers. Gipsy engines were relatively unusual by the 1930s/40s because they were in-line engines, at a time when radial or opposed-action engine layouts were more popular. The de Havilland company was also a competitor to Rolls-Royce and Metrovick in the early years of jet engine development. Employing the services of Frank Halford then buying out his company they produced the de Havilland Goblin and de Havilland Ghost engines for first their jet fighters then the Comet.


title: De Havilland

text: A company set up in 1935 for the manufacture of Hamilton Standard propellers under licence, and which later produced guided and other missiles such as the Firestreak and Blue Streak.


title: De Havilland

text: The de Havilland company donated a site to Hertfordshire County Council for educational use: the site was then developed as Hatfield Technical College, which is now the College Lane Campus of the University of Hertfordshire. De Havilland was purchased by Hawker Siddeley in 1960 and merged into British Aerospace in 1978. The BAE site then closed in 1993, and the University of Hertfordshire purchased part of the site for the de Havilland Campus. Hatfield's aerospace history is recorded today in the names of local streets, such as Comet Way and Dragon Road.


title: De Havilland

text: In September 2003 part of the former British aerospace site became the de Havilland campus of the University of Hertfordshire.


title: Environment variable

text: An environment variable is a dynamic-named value that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer. They are part of the environment in which a process runs. For example, a running process can query the value of the TEMP environment variable to discover a suitable location to store temporary files, or the HOME or USERPROFILE variable to find the directory structure owned by the user running the process.


title: Environment variable

text: They were introduced in their modern form in 1979 with Version 7 Unix, so are included in all Unix operating system flavors and variants from that point onward including Linux and macOS. From PC DOS 2.0 in 1982, all succeeding Microsoft operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, and OS/2 also have included them as a feature, although with somewhat different syntax, usage and standard variable names.


title: Environment variable

text: In all Unix and Unix-like systems, as well as on Windows, each process has its own separate set of environment variables. By default, when a process is created, it inherits a duplicate run-time environment of its parent process, except for explicit changes made by the parent when it creates the child. At the API level, these changes must be done between running codice_1 and codice_2. Alternatively, from command shells such as bash, a user can change environment variables for a particular command invocation by indirectly invoking it via codice_3 or using the codice_4 notation. A running program can access the values of environment variables for configuration purposes.


title: Environment variable

text: Shell scripts and batch files use environment variables to communicate data and preferences to child processes. They can also be used to store temporary values for reference later in a shell script. However, in Unix, non-exported variables are preferred for this as they don't leak outside the process.


title: Environment variable

text: In Unix, an environment variable that is changed in a script or compiled program will only affect that process and possibly child processes. The parent process and any unrelated processes will not be affected. Similarly, changing or removing a variable's value inside a DOS or Windows batch file will change the variable for the duration of codice_5or codice_6's existence, respectively.


title: Environment variable

text: In Unix, the environment variables are normally initialized during system startup by the system init startup scripts, and hence inherited by all other processes in the system. Users can, and often do, augment them in the profile script for the command shell they are using. In Microsoft Windows, each environment variable's default value is stored in the Windows Registry or set in the codice_7 file.


title: Environment variable

text: On Unix, a setuid program is given an environment chosen by its caller, but it runs with different authority from its caller. The dynamic linker will usually load code from locations specified by the environment variables codice_8 and codice_9 and run it with the process's authority. If a setuid program did this, it would be insecure, because its caller could get it to run arbitrary code and hence misuse its authority. For this reason, libc unsets these environment variables at startup in a setuid process. setuid programs usually unset unknown environment variables and check others or set them to reasonable values.


title: Environment variable

text: In general, the collection of environment variables function as an associative array where both the keys and values are strings. The interpretation of characters in either string differs among systems. When data structures such as lists need to be represented, it is common to use a colon (common on Unix and Unix-like) or semicolon-deliminated (common on Windows and DOS) list.


title: Environment variable

text: The variables can be used both in scripts and on the command line. They are usually referenced by putting special symbols in front of or around the variable name.


title: Environment variable

text: It is conventional for environment variable names to be chosen to be in all upper case. In programming code generally, this helps to distinguish environment variables from other kinds of names in the code. On Unix-like operating systems, environment variable names are case sensitive, but they are not on DOS, OS/2, and Windows.


title: Environment variable

text: In most Unix and Unix-like command-line shells, an environment variable's value is retrieved by placing a codice_10 sign before the variable's name. If necessary, the name can also be surrounded by braces.


title: Environment variable

text: The command codice_3 displays all environment variables and their values. The command codice_14 can also be used to print a single variable by giving that variable name as the sole argument to the command.


title: Environment variable

text: In DOS, OS/2 and Windows command-line interpreters such as codice_5 and codice_6, an environment variable is retrieved by placing a codice_17 sign before and after it.


title: Environment variable

text: In DOS, OS/2 and Windows command-line interpreters as well as their API, upper or lower case is not distinguished for environment variable names.


title: Environment variable

text: The environment variable named codice_18 contains the drive letter (plus its trailing codice_19 colon) of the user's home directory, whilst codice_20 contains the full path of the user's home directory within that drive.


title: Environment variable

text: The command codice_21 (with no arguments) displays all environment variables and their values. codice_22 can also be used to print all variables whose name begins with a given prefix by giving the prefix as the sole argument to the command.


title: Environment variable

text: The commands codice_3 and codice_22 can be used to set environment variables and are often incorporated directly into the shell.


title: Environment variable

text: Environment variables are local to the process in which they were set. If two shell processes are spawned and the value of an environment variable is changed in one, that change will not be seen by the other.


title: Environment variable

text: When a child process is created, it inherits all the environment variables and their values from the parent process. Usually, when a program calls another program, it first creates a child process by forking, then the child adjusts the environment as needed and lastly the child replaces itself with the program to be called. This procedure gives the calling program control over the environment of the called program.


title: Environment variable

text: In Unix shells, variables may be assigned without the codice_25 keyword. Variables defined in this way are displayed by the codice_22 command, but are not true environment variables, as they are stored only by the shell and are unknown to all other processes. The codice_14 command will not display them, and child processes do not inherit them.


title: Environment variable

text: The prefix syntax exports a "true" environment variable to a child process without affecting the current process:


title: Environment variable

text: codice_28 is a builtin command implemented by both the Bourne shell family (codice_29, codice_30, codice_31, etc.) and the C shell family (csh, tcsh, etc.) of Unix command line shells. It unsets a shell variable, removing it from memory and the shell's exported environment. It is implemented as a shell builtin, because it directly manipulates the internals of the shell. Read-only shell variables cannot be unset. If one tries to unset a read-only variable, the codice_28 command will print an error message and return a non-zero exit code.


title: Environment variable

text: In DOS, OS/2 and Windows command-line interpreters such as codice_5 and codice_6, the codice_21 command is used to assign environment variables and values using the following arguments:


title: Environment variable

text: The codice_21 command without any arguments displays all environment variables along with their values; codice_37 shows the internal ones too. In codice_6, it is possible to assign local variables that do not leak outside using the codice_39 command.


title: Environment variable

text: Under DOS, the "master environment" is provided by the primary command processor, which inherits the "pre-environment" defined in codice_82 when first loaded. Its size can be configured through the codice_83 parameter between 160 and 32767 bytes. "Local environment" segments inherited to child processes are typically reduced down to the size of the contents they hold. Some command-line processors (like 4DOS) allow to define a minimum amount of free environment space that will be available when launching secondary shells. While the content of environment variables remains unchanged upon storage, their names (without the "codice_17") are always converted to uppercase, with the exception of "pre-environment variables" defined via the codice_82 directive codice_21 under DR DOS 6.0 and higher (and only with codice_87 (for "allow lowercase names") under DR-DOS 7.02 and higher). In principle, MS-DOS 7.0 and higher also supports lowercase variable names (codice_88), but provides no means for the user to define them. Environment variable names containing lowercase letters are stored in the environment just like normal environment variables, but remain invisible to most DOS software, since they are written to expect uppercase variables only. Some command processors limit the maximum length of a variable name to 80 characters. While principally only limited by the size of the "environment segment", some DOS and 16-bit Windows programs do not expect the contents of environment variables to exceed 128 characters. DR-DOS codice_5 supports environment variables up to 255, 4DOS even up to 512 characters. Since codice_5 can be configured (via codice_91) to support command lines up to 1024 characters internally under MS-DOS 7.0 and higher, environment variables should be expected to contain at least 1024 characters as well. In some versions of DR-DOS, the environment passed to drivers, which often do not need their environment after installation, can be shrunken or relocated through codice_92 or codice_93/codice_94 options codice_95 (zero environment), codice_96 (substitute drive, e.g. codice_97) and codice_98 (relocate environment above program) in order to minimize the driver's effectively resulting resident memory footprint.


title: Environment variable

text: Datalight ROM-DOS supports a number of additional "standard environment variables" as well including:


title: Environment variable

text: "System path variables" refer to locations of critical operating system resources, and as such generally are not user-dependent.


title: Environment variable

text: "User management variables" store information related to resources and settings owned by various user profiles within the system. As a general rule, these variables do not refer to critical system resources or locations that are necessary for the OS to run.


title: Environment variable

text: "Optional System variables" are not explicitly specified by default but can be used to modify the default behavior of certain built-in console commands. These variables also do not need to be explicitly specified as command line arguments.


title: Environment variable

text: The following tables shows typical default values of certain environment variables under English versions of Windows as they can be retrieved under codice_452.


title: Environment variable

text: In this list, there is no environment variable that refers to the location of the user's "My Documents" directory, so there is no standard method for setting a program's home directory to be the "My Documents" directory.


title: Environment variable

text: The command processors in DOS and Windows also support pseudo-environment variables. These are values that are fetched like environment variables, but are not truly stored in the environment but computed when requested.


title: Environment variable

text: Besides true environment variables, which are statically stored in the environment until changed or deleted, a number of pseudo-environment variables exist for batch processing.


title: Environment variable

text: The so-called "replacement parameters" or "replaceable parameters" (Microsoft / IBM terminology) aka "replacement variables" (Digital Research / Novell / Caldera terminology) or "batch file parameters" (JP Software terminology) codice_457..codice_458 and codice_459 can be used to retrieve the calling parameters of a batchjob, see codice_460. In batchjobs, they can be retrieved just like environment variables, but are not actually stored in the environment.


title: Environment variable

text: Some command-line processors (like DR-DOS codice_5, Multiuser DOS codice_462/codice_463 (Terminal Message Process), JP Software 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, Take Command and Windows cmd.exe) support a type of pseudo-environment variables named "system information variables" (Novell / Caldera terminology) or "internal variables" (JP Software terminology), which can be used to retrieve various possibly dynamic, but read-only information about the running system in batch jobs. The returned values represent the status of the system in the moment these variables are queried; that is, reading them multiple times in a row may return different values even within the same command; querying them has no direct effect on the system. Since they are not stored in the environment, they are not listed by SET and do not exist for external programs to retrieve. If a true environment variable of the same name is defined, it takes precedence over the corresponding variable until the environment variable is deleted again. They are not case-sensitive.


title: Environment variable

text: While almost all such variables are prefixed with an underscore ("codice_464") by 4DOS etc. by convention (f.e. codice_465), they are not under DR-DOS codice_5 (f.e. codice_278).


title: Environment variable

text: In addition, 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, and Take Command also support so called "variable functions", including user-definable ones. They work just like "internal variables", but can take optional parameters (f.e. codice_468) and may even change the system status depending on their function.


title: Environment variable

text: "Dynamic environment variables" (also named "internal variables" or "system information variables" under DOS) are pseudo-environment variables supported by codice_6 when command-line extensions are enabled, and they expand to various discrete values whenever queried, that is, their values can change when queried multiple times even within the same command. While they can be used in batch jobs and at the prompt, they are not stored in the environment. Consequently, they are neither listed by codice_21 nor do they exist for external programs to read. They are not case-sensitive.


title: Environment variable

text: Indirectly, they are also supported under Windows' codice_5, which has been modified to internally call codice_6 to execute the commands.


title: Environment variable

text: Unix-like shells have similar dynamically generated variables, bash's codice_659 being a well-known example. However, since these shells have a concept of local variables, they are described as special local variables instead.


title: Saint Monica

text: Monica ( – 387) was an early North African Christian saint and the mother of Augustine of Hippo. She is remembered and honored in the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, albeit on different feast days, for her outstanding Christian virtues, particularly the suffering caused by her husband's adultery, and her prayerful life dedicated to the reformation of her son, who wrote extensively of her pious acts and life with her in his "Confessions". Popular Christian legends recall Monica weeping every night for her son Augustine.


title: Saint Monica

text: Monica is assumed to have been born in Thagaste (present-day Souk Ahras, Algeria). She is believed to have been a Berber on the basis of her name. She was married early in life to Patricius, a Roman pagan, who held an official position in Thagaste. Patricius had a violent temper and appears to have been of dissolute habits; apparently his mother was the same way. Monica's almsgiving, deeds and prayer habits annoyed Patricius, but it is said that he always held her in respect.


title: Saint Monica

text: Monica had three children who survived infancy: two sons, Augustine and Navigius, and a daughter, 'Perpetua' of Hippo. Unable to secure baptism for them, she grieved heavily when Augustine fell ill. In her distress she asked Patricius to allow Augustine to be baptized; he agreed, then withdrew this consent when the boy recovered.


title: Saint Monica

text: But Monica's relief at Augustine's recovery turned to anxiety as he misspent his renewed life being wayward and, as he himself says, lazy. He was finally sent to school at Madauros. He was 17 and studying rhetoric in Carthage when Patricius died.


title: Saint Monica

text: Augustine had become a Manichaean at Carthage. When, upon his return home, he shared his views regarding Manichaeism, Monica drove him away from her table. However, she is said to have experienced a vision that convinced her to reconcile with him.


title: Saint Monica

text: At this time she visited a certain (unnamed) bishop who consoled her with the words, "the child of those tears shall never perish." Monica followed her wayward son to Rome, where he had gone secretly; when she arrived he had already gone to Milan, but she followed him. Here she found Ambrose and through him she ultimately saw Augustine convert to Christianity after 17 years of resistance.


title: Saint Monica

text: In his book "Confessions", Augustine wrote of a peculiar practice of his mother in which she "brought to certain oratories, erected in the memory of the saints, offerings of porridge, bread, water and wine." When she moved to Milan, the bishop Ambrose forbade her to use the offering of wine, since "it might be an occasion of gluttony for those who were already given to drink". So, Augustine wrote of her:


title: Saint Monica

text: Monica and her son spent six peaceful months at "Rus Cassiciacum" (present-day Cassago Brianza) after which Augustine was baptized by Ambrose in the church of St. John the Baptist at Milan. Monica and Augustine left for Africa and they set out on their journey, stopping at Civitavecchia and at Ostia. Here Monica died, and Augustine's grief inspired his "Confessions".


title: Saint Monica

text: Monica was buried at Ostia and at first seems to have been almost forgotten, though her body was removed during the 6th century to a hidden crypt in the church of Santa Aurea in Ostia. Monica was buried near the tomb of Aurea of Ostia. Her tomb was later transferred to the Basilica of Sant'Agostino, Rome.


title: Saint Monica

text: Anicius Auchenius Bassus wrote Monica's funerary epitaph, which survived in ancient manuscripts. The actual stone on which it was written was rediscovered in the summer of 1945 in the church of Santa Aurea. The fragment was discovered after two boys were digging a hole to plant a football post in the courtyard beside Santa Aurea.


title: Saint Monica

text: During the 13th century, however, the cult of Saint Monica began to spread and a feast in her honour was kept on 4 May. In 1430, Pope Martin V ordered that the relics be brought to Rome. Many miracles are said to have occurred on the way, and the cultus of Saint Monica was definitely established. Later the archbishop of Rouen, Guillaume d'Estouteville, built a church at Rome in honour of Augustine, the Basilica di Sant'Agostino, and deposited the relics of Saint Monica in a chapel to the left of the high altar. The Office of St. Monica, however, does not seem to have found a place in the Roman Breviary before the 16th century.


title: Saint Monica

text: In 1934, in the Dutch city of Utrecht, the order of the 'Zusters Augustinessen van Sint-Monica' was founded, doing social work, offering a shelter for women with unwanted pregnancies or women who were the victims of domestic violence or abuse. The sisters also started a number of primary schools. In their heyday the order had six convents, in Amsterdam, Utrecht, Sittard, Maastricht, Hilversum and Arnouville on the outskirts of Paris. Since the Hilversum convent, City of God, was closed in 2014, only Utrecht remains as a rest home for the elderly among the sisters, and Casella, a woodland retreat near Hilversum, where young people are still welcome for a meditative sojourn.


title: Saint Monica

text: The city of Santa Monica, California, is named after Monica. A legend states that in the 18th century Father Juan Crespí named a local dripping spring "Las Lágrimas de Santa Mónica" ("Saint Monica’s Tears"; today known as the Serra Springs) that was reminiscent of the tears that Monica shed over her son's early impiety. As recorded in his diary, however, Crespí actually named the place "San Gregorio". What is known for certain is that by the 1820s, the name Santa Monica was in use and its first official mention occurred in 1827 in the form of a grazing permit. There is a statue of this saint in Santa Monica's Palisades Park by sculptor Eugene Morahan; it was completed in 1934.


title: Saint Monica

text: Patricia McGerr fictionalized her life in the 1964 novel "My Brothers, Remember Monica: A Novel of the Mother of Augustine".


title: Saint Monica

text: In the oratorio "La conversione di Sant'Agostino" (1750) composed by Johann Adolph Hasse (libretto by Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria), Monica's role in the conversion of her son Augustine is dramatized.


title: Saint Monica

text: In his poem "Confessional", Frank Bidart compares the relationship between Monica and her son Augustine to the relationship between the poem's speaker and his mother.


title: Saint Monica

text: In “The Angel of Warning,” the fifth episode of season 3 of the TV series "Evil", David explains that Monica was Black, although traditionally portrayed as white in religious art. In the tenth episode of season 3, he calls on St. Monica while jogging past a demonic apparition of sexual temptation in the guise of his colleague Kristen. He continues to pray for deliverance from temptation and is visited by St. Monica.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: This article is about the demographic features of the population of Norway, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: The total population of Norway on 1 January 2021 was 5,391,369. Statistics Norway estimated that the 5,000,000 milestone was reached on 19 March 2012.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: Statistics Norway does not attempt to quantify or track data on ethnicity. The national population registry records only country of birth.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: As of 2012, an official government study shows that 75.2% of the total population are ethnic Norwegians (born in Norway with two parents also born in Norway).


title: Demographics of Norway

text: Ethnically, the residents of Norway are predominantly Norwegians, a North Germanic ethnic group. In Northern Norway there is a population of Sámi people, who descend from people who probably settled the area a couple thousand years ago. The people who spoke the proto-Sámi language probably migrated from the Volga region in modern-day Russia in Eastern Europe through Finland, finally arriving in the northern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula where they would assimilate local Paleo-European hunter-gatherers who were already living in the region. The indigenous peoples and minorities of Norway include: Sámi, Scandinavian Romani, Roma, Jews, and Kvener, as well as a small Finnish community.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: In the last decades, Norway has become home to increasing numbers of immigrants, foreign workers, and asylum-seekers from various parts of the world. Norway had a steady influx of immigrants from South Asia (mostly Pakistanis and Sri Lankans), East Asia (mainly Chinese), Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia (e.g. Filipinos), Eastern Europe (e.g. Russians) and Central Europe (e.g. Poles), Southern Europe (Greeks, Albanians and people from former Yugoslavia, Bosniaks, Serbs etc.), and Middle East countries (especially Iraqis and Kurdish Iranians), as well as Somalis, Turks, Moroccans, and some Latin Americans. After ten Eastern European and Baltic countries joined the EU in 2004, there has also been a substantial influx of people from Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: At the start of 2022, there were 819,356 immigrants and 205,819 Norwegian-born to immigrant parents in Norway, together constituting 18.9% of the total population. The same year, immigrants (and Norwegian born to immigrant parents) originating in the European Economic Area constituted 7.1% of the total number of Norwegian residents, while 6.3% were from Asia including Turkey and 2.7% were from Africa.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: Among people of African descent in Oslo, almost 60% are younger than 30, compared to 20% of those of North American background.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: As of 2022, there are around 207,575 third generation immigrants in Norway. This means that all of their grandparents were born in a foreign country. The majority of these persons are of Western European and Northern European background with Sweden and Denmark accounting for 36,126 (17.4%) and 33,695 (16.2%) respectively. Other countries with significant third generation communities are the United States with 29,395 (14.1%), the United Kingdom with 17,882 (8.6%), Germany with 14,090 (6.8%), Finland with 6,213 (3%) and South Korea with 5,199 (2,5%).


title: Demographics of Norway

text: In 2012, of the total 660 000 with immigrant background, 407,262 had Norwegian citizenship (62.2 percent).


title: Demographics of Norway

text: The cities or municipalities with the highest share of immigrants in 2012 was Oslo (26 percent) and Drammen (18 percent). The share in Stavanger was 16%. According to Reuters, Oslo is the "fastest growing city in Europe because of increased immigration". In recent years, immigration has accounted for most of Norway's population growth.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: The Lutheran Church of Norway is the former state church and the vast majority remain at least nominal members. Other religions do, however, enjoy religious freedom and have prospered with immigration in recent years, particularly Islam and Roman Catholicism. Saint Olaf is the patron saint of Norway. He is regarded by some as the eternal king and has a reputation and place in history unchallenged by any other Norwegian King for the last 1000 years.


title: Demographics of Norway

text: Norwegian (the written standards Bokmål and Nynorsk). <br>Uralic languages – South Sámi, Lule Sámi, North Sámi and Kven – are additional official languages of some municipalities.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter is a pleasant physical reaction and emotion consisting usually of rhythmical, often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system. It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli. Laughter can rise from such activities as being tickled, or from humorous stories or thoughts. Most commonly, it is considered an auditory expression of a number of positive emotional states, such as joy, mirth, happiness, or relief. On some occasions, however, it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment, surprise, or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh. Age, gender, education, language, and culture are all indicators as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation. Some other species of primate (chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans) show laughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain, helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations. Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group—it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others. Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious, and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback.


title: Laughter

text: The study of humor and laughter, and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body, is called gelotology.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter might be thought of as an audible expression or appearance of excitement, an inward feeling of joy and happiness. It may ensue from jokes, tickling, and other stimuli completely unrelated to psychological state, such as nitrous oxide. One group of researchers speculated that noises from infants as early as 16 days old may be vocal laughing sounds or laughter. However, the weight of the evidence supports the appearance of such sounds at 15 weeks to four months of age.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter researcher said: "Laughter is a mechanism everyone has; laughter is part of universal human vocabulary. There are thousands of languages, hundreds of thousands of dialects, but everyone speaks laughter in pretty much the same way." Babies have the ability to laugh before they ever speak. Children who are born blind and deaf still retain the ability to laugh.


title: Laughter

text: Provine argues that "Laughter is primitive, an unconscious vocalization." Provine argues that it probably is genetic. In a study of the "Giggle Twins", two happy twins who were separated at birth and only reunited 43 years later, Provine reports that "until they met each other, neither of these exceptionally happy ladies had known anyone who laughed as much as they did." They reported this even though they had been brought together by their adoptive parents, who they indicated were "undemonstrative and dour". He indicates that the twins "inherited some aspects of their laugh sound and pattern, readiness to laugh, and maybe even taste in humor".


title: Laughter

text: Scientists have noted the similarity in forms of laughter induced by tickling among various primates, which suggests that laughter derives from a common origin among primate species.


title: Laughter

text: The spotted hyena, another species of animal, was also known as the laughing hyena because of the way it sounds like when it communicates.


title: Laughter

text: A very rare neurological condition has been observed whereby the sufferer is unable to laugh out loud, a condition known as aphonogelia.


title: Laughter

text: Neurophysiology indicates that laughter is linked with the activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, that produces endorphins. Scientists have shown that parts of the limbic system are involved in laughter. This system is involved in emotions and helps us with functions necessary for humans' survival. The structures in the limbic system that are involved in laughter are the hippocampus and the amygdala.


title: Laughter

text: The December 7, 1984, "Journal of the American Medical Association" describes the neurological causes of laughter as follows:


title: Laughter

text: Some drugs are well known for their laughter-facilitating properties (e. g. ethanol and cannabis), while the others, like salvinorin A (the active ingredient of "Salvia divinorum"), can even induce bursts of uncontrollable laughter.


title: Laughter

text: A research article was published December 1, 2000, on the psycho-evolution of laughter (Panksepp 2000).


title: Laughter

text: A link between laughter and healthy function of blood vessels was first reported in 2005 by researchers at the University of Maryland Medical Center with the fact that laughter causes the dilatation of the inner lining of blood vessels, the endothelium, and increases blood flow. Drs. Michael Miller (University of Maryland) and William Fry (Stanford) theorize that beta-endorphin-like compounds released by the hypothalamus activate receptors on the endothelial surface to release nitric oxide, thereby resulting in dilation of vessels. Other cardioprotective properties of nitric oxide include reduction of inflammation and decreased platelet aggregation.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter has various proven beneficial biochemical effects. It has been shown to lead to reductions in stress hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine. When laughing, the brain releases endorphins that can relieve some physical pain. Laughter also boosts the number of antibody-producing cells and enhances the effectiveness of T-cells, leading to a stronger immune system. A 2000 study found that people with heart disease were 40 percent less likely to laugh and be able to recognize humor in a variety of situations, compared to people of the same age without heart disease.


title: Laughter

text: Anecdotally, journalist and author Norman Cousins developed in 1964 a treatment program for his ankylosing spondylitis and collagen disease consisting of large doses of Vitamin C alongside laughter induced by comic films, including those of the Marx Brothers. "I made the joyous discovery that ten minutes of genuine belly laughter had an anesthetic effect and would give me at least two hours of pain-free sleep," he reported. "When the pain-killing effect of the laughter wore off, we would switch on the motion picture projector again and not infrequently, it would lead to another pain-free interval."


title: Laughter

text: A number of studies using methods of conversation analysis and discourse analysis have documented the systematic workings of laughter in a variety of interactions, from casual conversations to interviews, meetings, and therapy sessions. Working with recorded interactions, researchers have created detailed transcripts that indicate not only the presence of laughter but also features of its production and placement.


title: Laughter

text: These studies challenge several widely held assumptions about the nature of laughter. Contrary to notions that it is spontaneous and involuntary, research documents that laughter is sequentially organized and precisely placed relative to surrounding talk. Far more than merely a response to humor, laughter often works to manage delicate and serious moments. More than simply an external behavior "caused" by an inner state, laughter is highly communicative and helps accomplish actions and regulate relationships.


title: Laughter

text: Common causes for laughter are sensations of joy and humor; however, other situations may cause laughter as well.


title: Laughter

text: A general theory that explains laughter is called the relief theory. Sigmund Freud summarized it in his theory that laughter releases tension and "psychic energy". This theory is one of the justifications of the beliefs that laughter is beneficial for one's health. This theory explains why laughter can be used as a coping mechanism when one is upset, angry or sad.


title: Laughter

text: Philosopher John Morreall theorizes that human laughter may have its biological origins as a kind of shared expression of relief at the passing of danger. Friedrich Nietzsche, by contrast, suggested laughter to be a reaction to the sense of existential loneliness and mortality that only humans feel.


title: Laughter

text: For example: a joke creates an inconsistency and the audience automatically tries to understand what the inconsistency means; if they are successful in solving this 'cognitive riddle' and they realize that the surprise was not dangerous, they laugh with relief. Otherwise, if the inconsistency is not resolved, there is no laugh, as Mack Sennett pointed out: "when the audience is confused, it doesn't laugh." This is one of the basic laws of a comedian, referred to as "exactness". It is important to note that sometimes the inconsistency may be resolved and there may still be no laugh. Because laughter is a social mechanism, an audience may not feel as if they are in danger, and the laugh may not occur. In addition, the extent of the inconsistency (and aspects of its timing and rhythm) has to do with the amount of danger the audience feels, and how hard or long they laugh.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter can also be brought on by tickling. Although most people find it unpleasant, being tickled often causes heavy laughter, thought to be an (often uncontrollable) reflex of the body.


title: Laughter

text: A normal laugh has the structure of "ha-ha-ha" or "ho-ho-ho". It is unnatural, and one is physically unable, to have a laugh structure of "ha-ho-ha-ho". The usual variations of a laugh most often occur in the first or final note in a sequence- therefore, "ho-ha-ha" or "ha-ha-ho" laughs are possible. Normal note durations with unusually long or short "inter-note intervals" do not happen due to the result of the limitations of our vocal cords. This basic structure allows one to recognize a laugh despite individual variants.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter is not always a pleasant experience and is associated with several negative phenomena. Excessive laughter can lead to cataplexy, and unpleasant laughter spells, excessive elation, and fits of laughter can all be considered negative aspects of laughter. Unpleasant laughter spells, or "sham mirth," usually occur in people who have a neurological condition, including patients with pseudobulbar palsy, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. These patients appear to be laughing out of amusement but report that they are feeling undesirable sensations "at the time of the punch line".


title: Laughter

text: Excessive elation is a common symptom associated with bipolar disorder psychoses and mania/hypomania. Those with schizophrenic psychoses seem to experience the opposite—they do not understand humor or get any joy out of it. A fit describes an abnormal time when one cannot control the laughter or one's body, sometimes leading to seizures or a brief period of unconsciousness. Some believe that fits of laughter represent a form of epilepsy.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter has been used as a therapeutic tool for many years because it is a natural form of medicine. Laughter is available to everyone and it provides benefits to a person's physical, emotional, and social well being. Some of the benefits of using laughter therapy are that it can relieve stress and relax the whole body. It can also boost the immune system and release endorphins to relieve pain. Additionally, laughter can help prevent heart disease by increasing blood flow and improving the function of blood vessels. Some of the emotional benefits include diminishing anxiety or fear, improving overall mood, and adding joy to one's life. Laughter is also known to reduce allergic reactions in a preliminary study related to dust mite allergy sufferers.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter therapy also has some social benefits, such as strengthening relationships, improving teamwork and reducing conflicts, and making oneself more attractive to others. Therefore, whether a person is trying to cope with a terminal illness or just trying to manage their stress or anxiety levels, laughter therapy can be a significant enhancement to their life.


title: Laughter

text: Ramon Mora-Ripoll in his study on "The Therapeutic Value Of Laughter In Medicine," stated that laughter therapy is an inexpensive and simple tool that can be used in patient care. It is a tool that is only beneficial when experienced and shared. Care givers need to recognize the importance of laughter and possess the right attitude to pass it on. He went on to say that since this type of therapy is not widely practiced, health care providers will have to learn how to effectively use it. In another survey, researchers looked at how Occupational Therapists and other care givers viewed and used humor with patients as a means of therapy. Many agreed that while they believed it was beneficial to the patients, the proper training was lacking in order to effectively use It. Even though laughter and humor has been used therapeutically in medical conditions, according to Mora-Ripoll, there was not enough data to clearly establish that laughter could be used as an overall means of healing. It did suggest that additional research was still needed since "well-designed randomized controlled trials have not been conducted to date validating the therapeutic efficacy of laughter."


title: Laughter

text: In 2017, an institution in Japan conducted an open-label randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of laughter therapy on quality of life in patients with cancer. The study used laughter yoga, comedy, clown and jokes. The result showed that laughter therapy was helpful in improving quality of life and cancer symptoms in some areas for cancer survivors. Improvements were seen in the area of depression, anxiety and stress levels. There were limited harmful side effects. Laughter therapy should be used in conjunction with other cancer treatment.


title: Laughter

text: Laughter in literature, although considered understudied by some, is a subject that has received attention in the written word for millennia. The use of humor and laughter in literary works has been studied and analyzed by many thinkers and writers, from the Ancient Greek philosophers onward. Henri Bergson's "Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic" ("Le rire", 1901) is a notable 20th-century contribution.


title: Laughter

text: According to Donald Lateiner, Herodotus reports about laughter for valid literary and historiological reasons. "Herodotus believes either that both nature (better, the gods' direction of it) and human nature coincide sufficiently, "or" that the latter is but an aspect or analogue of the former, so that to the recipient the outcome is suggested." When reporting laughter, Herodotus does so in the conviction that it tells the reader something about the future and/or the character of the person laughing. It is also in this sense that it is not coincidental that in about 80% of the times when Herodotus speaks about laughter it is followed by a retribution. "Men whose laughter deserves report are marked, because laughter connotes scornful disdain, disdain feeling of superiority, and this feeling and the actions which stem from it attract the wrath of the gods."


title: Laughter

text: There is a wide range of experiences with laughter. A 1999 study by two humor researchers asked 80 people to keep a daily laughter record, and found they laughed an average of 18 times per day. However, their study also found a wide range, with some people laughing as many as 89 times per day, and others laughing as few as 0 times per day.


title: Laughter

text: Thomas Hobbes wrote, "The passion of laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from sudden conception of some eminency in ourselves, by comparison with the infirmity of others, or with our own formerly."


title: Laughter

text: Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer devotes the 13th chapter of the first part of his major work, "The World as Will and Representation", to laughter.


title: Laughter

text: Friedrich Nietzsche distinguishes two different purposes for the use of laughter. In a positive sense, "man uses the comical as a therapy against the restraining jacket of logic, morality and reason. He needs from time to time a harmless demotion from reason and hardship and in this sense laughter has a positive character for Nietzsche." Laughter can, however, also have a negative connotation when it is used for the expression of social conflict. This is expressed, for instance, in "The Gay Science" : "Laughter -- Laughter means to be schadenfroh, but with clear conscience."


title: Laughter

text: "Possibly Nietzsche's works would have had a totally different effect, if the playful, ironical and joking in his writings would have been factored in better"


title: Laughter

text: In "", French philosopher Henri Bergson, renowned for his philosophical studies on materiality, memory, life and consciousness, tries to determine the laws of the comic and to understand the fundamental causes of comic situations. His method consists in determining the causes of the comic instead of analyzing its effects. He also deals with laughter in relation to human life, collective imagination and art, to have a better knowledge of society. One of the theories of the essay is that laughter, as a collective activity, has a social and moral role, in forcing people to eliminate their vices. It is a factor of uniformity of behaviours, as it condemns ludicrous and eccentric behaviours.


title: Laughter

text: Anthony Ludovici developed the thoughts of Hobbes even further in "The Secret of Laughter". His conviction is that there's something sinister in laughter, and that the modern omnipresence of humour and the idolatry of it are signs of societal weakness, as instinctive resort to humour became a sort of escapism from responsibility and action. Ludovici considered laughter to be an evolutionary trait and he offered many examples of different triggers for laughter with their own distinct explanations.


title: Laughter

text: Carlo Bellieni examined laughterin an essay published in New Ideas in Psychology. He wrote we can strip back laughter to a three-step process. First, it needs a situation that seems odd and induces a sense of incongruity (bewilderment or panic). Second, the worry or stress the incongruous situation has provoked must be worked out and overcome (resolution). Third, the actual release of laughter acts as an all-clear siren to alert bystanders (relief) that they are safe.


title: The Masked Dancer (American TV series)

text: The Masked Dancer is an American reality competition television series that aired on Fox from December 27, 2020 to February 17, 2021. Craig Robinson hosted the show, with Ken Jeong, Paula Abdul, Brian Austin Green, and Ashley Tisdale serving as panelists. Like "The Masked Singer" format, celebrity contestants wear head-to-toe costumes and face masks that conceal their identities, but perform solo, with a partner, or with a crew in different dance styles. The show began as a recurring segment on Ellen DeGeneres' daytime talk show which spoofed "The Masked Singer". In pre-production since January 2020, filming was delayed until October due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.


title: The Masked Dancer (American TV series)

text: Actor and comedian Craig Robinson hosted the show. "The Masked Singer" panelist and comedian Ken Jeong, entertainer Paula Abdul, actor Brian Austin Green (who performed as "Giraffe" on "The Masked Singer"s fourth season), and actress and singer Ashley Tisdale served as panelists. Guest panelists included Cheryl Hines in the third episode, Rob Lowe in the fourth episode, Whitney Cummings in the fifth episode, Mayim Bialik in the sixth episode, and Will Arnett in the seventh episode.


title: The Masked Dancer (American TV series)

text: "The Masked Dancer" is a spin-off of "The Masked Singer" which debuted in January 2019 and became a surprise hit for Fox, averaging about 11.5 million viewers per episode in its first season. The show continued as the highest-rated non-sports program in the United States during its next two seasons.<ref name="S2/3AvgRatings"></ref> The series involves celebrities who are disguised in full costumes and face masks which conceal their identities. After performing a song, a panel attempts to guess their identities using clues given. After all have performed in an episode, the panelists and the audience vote for the favorite, and the least popular must take off their mask to reveal their identity. It is a derivative of the "Masked Singer" format which originated in South Korea.


title: The Masked Dancer (American TV series)

text: Within a week of "The Masked Singer"s premiere, Ellen DeGeneres introduced a spoof segment, "The Masked Dancer", on her eponymous talk show. Segments featured disguised celebrities Sean Hayes, Howie Mandel, Colton Underwood, and Derek Hough. "Masked Singer" panelists Ken Jeong and Nicole Scherzinger participated in later segments, as did the show's host, Nick Cannon. The day after the first segment aired, Rob Wade, head of alternative entertainment and specials at Fox, contacted "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" producers about a possible television series. Wade said the network could have proceeded without DeGeneres' involvement, but felt she was "passionate about it ... [and] has great access to celebrities". "The Masked Dancer" was announced in January 2020 as a "straight-to-series" addition at Fox's winter Television Critics Association press tour. It is a co-production of Fox Alternative Entertainment and Warner Brothers Unscripted & Alternative Television.


title: The Masked Dancer (American TV series)

text: Production filmed in Los Angeles at Red Studios where "The Masked Singer" has also filmed. As of January 2020, they had started casting the show. Some of the show challenges for the production is how the dancing is to be presented, as a solo, like "The Masked Singer", in duets, which is more traditional for dancing competitions, and in group numbers, or a combination. Additionally, they accepted that the contestants need to speak, but like "The Masked Singer", they would need to, in some way, disguise the voice. Like "The Masked Singer", the contestants utilize elaborate costumes, made easier to dance in, but with a "similar eccentricity" including headpieces and they compete by performing dances that "could be a group dance or dances with another person". Unlike that show, "The Masked Dancer" requires more rehearsals as the celebrity contestants have to learn the choreography.


title: The Masked Dancer (American TV series)

text: Originally expected to debut in the middle of 2020, production was delayed until October due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Masked Dancer (American TV series)

text: Fox aired the series in the United States. Though it was scheduled between two seasons of "The Masked Singer", the network was unconcerned about audience burnout as episodes were shorter and less frequent than other reality competition series. CTV, which broadcasts "The Masked Singer" in Canada, simulcasts the show in that country.


title: The Masked Dancer (American TV series)

text: The series features 10 contestants, who were announced on November 4, 12, and 25, 2020. The contestants in this series have sold more than 38 million albums worldwide, 20 Emmy Awards wins, 20 Grammy nominations, 10 World Dancing titles, five "New York Times" Best-Selling Author titles, four Olympic gold medals, and three appearances in Broadway shows.


title: The Masked Dancer (American TV series)

text: Group performance: "(I've Had) the Time of My Life" by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes (performed by Craig Robinson)


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: "Behind Blue Eyes" is a song by English rock band the Who. It is the second single from the band's fifth album, "Who's Next" (1971), and was originally written by Pete Townshend for his "Lifehouse" project. The song is one of the Who's best-known recordings and has been covered by many artists, including Limp Bizkit.


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: "Behind Blue Eyes" originated after a Who concert in Denver on 9 June 1970. Following the performance, Townshend became tempted by a female groupie, but he instead went back to his room alone, possibly as a result of the teachings of his spiritual leader, Meher Baba. Upon reaching his room, he began writing a prayer, the first words being "When my fist clenches, crack it open..." These words later appeared as lyrics in the "climactic rocking section" of "Behind Blue Eyes."


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: When "Behind Blue Eyes" was to be released as part of the aborted "Lifehouse" project, the song was sung from the point of view of the main villain, Jumbo. The lyrics are a first-person lament from Jumbo, who is always angry and full of angst because of all the pressure and temptation that surrounds him, and the song was intended to be his "theme song" had the project been successful. Pete Townshend said of the song's lyrics:


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: The version of "Behind Blue Eyes" released on "Who's Next" in 1971 was the second version the band recorded; the first was recorded at the Record Plant in New York on 18 March 1971 and features Al Kooper on Hammond organ. The original version was released as a bonus track on the 1995 CD reissue of "Who's Next".


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: "Behind Blue Eyes" was initially considered for a UK single release, but Townshend claimed that the song was "too much out of character" for the British singles market. However, the song did eventually see a single release in France, Belgium, the United States and the Netherlands. Backed with "My Wife" in the US and "Going Mobile" in Europe, the song reached #34 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and #24 on "Cashbox". "Cash Box" called it "another Townshend masterpiece in traditional Who fashion."


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: Pete Townshend has also recorded two solo versions of the song. The original demo of the song was featured on the "Scoop" album. The demo along with a newer recording of the song featuring an orchestral backing was featured in "The Lifehouse Chronicles".


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: The song starts with a solo voice singing over an arpeggiated acoustic guitar in the key of E minor, and a bass guitar and ethereal harmonies are added. Eventually, the song breaks out into a full-scale rock anthem, with a second theme being introduced near the end, before a brief reprise of the quieter first theme. Songs written in alternating sections were a feature of Townshend's writing of the period, going back at least to "Tommy", where the technique was used in "Christmas" and "Go to the Mirror!" The guitar riff at the end of the rock anthem section is also used after the bridge during the song "Won't Get Fooled Again", perhaps serving as a link between the two songs when both were intended to be parts of a single rock opera.


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: In the WB television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", the episode "Where the Wild Things Are" (2000) features the character Rupert Giles (Anthony Stewart Head) singing a cover of the song.


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: A cover was used in the FX television series, "Legion", in season 2, episode 11. The show's creator, Noah Hawley, sings the track with Jeff Russo on backing vocals as well as any instruments used in the song. However, in the context of the show, Dan Stevens and Navid Negahban sing the song in English and Persian.


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: "Behind Blue Eyes" was covered by American rap rock group Limp Bizkit. It was released in 2003 as a single from their album "Results May Vary". Limp Bizkit's arrangement is notable for featuring a Speak & Spell during the bridge. This, together with a new verse and an extra chorus, replaces the rock theme of the Who's version. The song is followed by a hidden track titled "All That Easy", after a few seconds of silence, making the total length 5:58. However, the hidden track is not featured in the single release.


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: Although the cover received mainly negative reviews and reached only number 71 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, it was more successful worldwide. It reached number one in the Czech Republic and Sweden and charted within the top three in Austria, Denmark, Germany, and Norway. Elsewhere in Europe, it became a top-twenty hit in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland while peaking at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. In Australasia, it reached number four in Australia and number five in New Zealand.


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: The cover was panned by "Rolling Stone" magazine readers, who named it the second-worst cover song of all time. Conversely, "Sun-Sentinel" praised the cover (and "Build a Bridge"), saying that "Durst can do more than just rap."


title: Behind Blue Eyes

text: The music video features Academy Award-winning actress Halle Berry. It contains scenes from the motion picture "Gothika", in which Berry stars. It depicts Berry and Limp Bizkit's vocalist Fred Durst in a relationship similar to the storyline of the film. The song also appeared during the credits of the film itself and its music video was also featured as a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film.


title: Jenny Mollen

text: Mollen) is an American actress and published writer and essayist. She played Nina Ash on the television series "Angel" (2003–04). She appeared on the series "Viva Laughlin" (2007), "Crash" (2008), and "Girls" (2014).


title: Jenny Mollen

text: Mollen has published two collections of essays, and has written articles for various publications, including "Cosmopolitan" and "Parents". She has appeared on the "New York Times" Best Seller list twice with her books "I Like You Just The Way I Am" (2014) and "Live Fast Die Hot" (2016).


title: Jenny Mollen

text: Mollen was born in Phoenix, Arizona. Mollen's father is Jewish and her mother is Christian, she was raised culturally Jewish. She has a sister and a half-brother. In the late 1990s, Mollen graduated from Chaparral High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. She studied theater and graduated from UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. Mollen briefly attended graduate school to study psychology.


title: Jenny Mollen

text: Mollen worked in local theater as a child. She worked at Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, California, the Idyllwild Arts Academy, and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon.


title: Jenny Mollen

text: In 2005, Mollen announced in an interview about her plans to perform in London in a play she wrote about her dog.


title: Jenny Mollen

text: In 2009, Mollen wrote the short film "Kidnapping Caitlynn", which stars Jason Biggs, Julie Benz and herself. The film is directed by Katherine Cunningham Eves.


title: Jenny Mollen

text: In 2016, Mollen co-starred with her husband Jason Biggs as fictional husband and wife characters in comedy film "Amateur Night".


title: Jenny Mollen

text: In 2012 and 2013, Mollen wrote a humor column for "The Smoking Jacket", a website affiliated with "Playboy", as well as an advice column for "Playboy".


title: Jenny Mollen

text: In January 2013, Mollen's signed with St. Martin's Press to write a book of comedic essays, "I Like You Just The Way I Am". The book reached #10 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list for Print & E-Book Nonfiction on its debut in June 2014. On August 4, 2016, it was announced that ABC Digital acquired a single-camera comedy written and starring Mollen based on her NYT Best Seller "I Like You Just The Way I Am".


title: Jenny Mollen

text: In June 2016, Mollen published a follow-up, "Live Fast Die Hot", which also subsequently became "New York Times Best Seller" at #8 in Humor. In August 2016, it was reported that the film rights had been acquired by Warner Bros. with Anne Hathaway attached to star and Mollen attached to write and executive produce.


title: Jenny Mollen

text: Mollen met actor Jason Biggs while filming "My Best Friend's Girl" and they were engaged by January 2008. On April 23, 2008, the couple eloped and got married in Los Angeles, California. In July 2008, they had a formal wedding ceremony in Napa Valley.


title: Jenny Mollen

text: Their son, Sid, was born on February 15, 2014. Their second son, Lazlo was born on October 2, 2017. After living in Los Angeles for some time, the Biggs family moved to New York City in 2018.


title: Rutaceae

text: The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.


title: Rutaceae

text: Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large trees.


title: Rutaceae

text: The most economically important genus in the family is "Citrus", which includes the orange ("C." × "sinensis"), lemon ("C." × "limon"), grapefruit ("C." × "paradisi"), and lime (various, mostly "C. aurantifolia", the key lime). "Boronia" is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial oil production. Other large genera include "Zanthoxylum", "Melicope", and "Agathosma". About 160 genera are in the family Rutaceae.


title: Rutaceae

text: Most species are trees or shrubs, a few are herbs (the type genus "Ruta", "Boenninghausenia" and "Dictamnus"), frequently aromatic with glands on the leaves, sometimes with thorns. The leaves are usually opposed and compound, and without stipules. Pellucid glands, a type of oil gland, are found in the leaves responsible for the aromatic smell of the family's members; traditionally they have been the primary synapomorphic characteristic to identify the Rutaceae.


title: Rutaceae

text: Flowers are bractless, solitary or in cyme, rarely in raceme, and mainly pollinated by insects. They are radially or (rarely) laterally symmetric, and generally hermaphroditic. They have four or five petals and sepals, sometimes three, mostly separate, eight to ten stamen (five in "Skimmia", many in "Citrus"), usually separate or in several groups. Usually a single stigma with 2 to 5 united carpels, sometimes ovaries separate but styles combined.


title: Rutaceae

text: The fruit of the Rutaceae are very variable: berries, drupes, hesperidia, samaras, capsules, and follicles all occur. Seed number also varies widely.


title: Rutaceae

text: The family is closely related to the Sapindaceae, Simaroubaceae, and Meliaceae, and all are usually placed into the same order, although older systems separate that order into Rutales and Sapindales. The families Flindersiaceae and Ptaeroxylaceae are sometimes kept separate, but nowadays generally are placed in the Rutaceae, as are the former Cneoraceae.


title: Rutaceae

text: In 1896, Engler published a division of the family Rutaceae into seven subfamilies. One, Rhabdodendroideae, is no longer considered to belong to the Rutaceae, being treated as the segregate family Rhabdodendraceae, containing only the genus "Rhabdodendron". Two monogeneric subfamilies, Dictyolomatoideae and Spathelioideae, are now included in the subfamily Cneoroideae, along with genera Engler placed in other families. The remaining four Engler subfamilies were Aurantioideae, Rutoideae, Flindersioideae and Toddalioideae. Engler's division into subfamilies largely relied on the characteristics of the fruit, as did others used until molecular phylogenetic methods were applied.


title: Rutaceae

text: Molecular methods have shown that only Aurantioideae can be clearly differentiated from other members of the family based on fruit. They have not supported the circumscriptions of Engler's three other main subfamilies. In 2012, Groppo et al. divided Rutaceae into only two subfamilies, retaining Cneoroideae but placing all the remaining genera in a greatly enlarged subfamily Rutoideae "s.l." A 2014 classification by Morton and Telmer also retained Engler's Aurantioideae, but split the remaining Rutoideae "s.l." into a smaller Rutoideae and a much larger Amyridoideae "s.l.", containing most of Engler's Rutoideae. Until 2021, molecular phylogenetic methods had only sampled between 20% and 40% of the genera of Rutaceae. A 2021 study by Appelhans et al. sampled almost 90% of the genera. The two main clades recognized by Groppo et al. in 2012 were upheld, but Morton and Telmer's Rutoideae was paraphyletic and their Amyridoideae was polyphyletic and did not include the type genus. Applehans et al. divided the family into six subfamilies, shown below in the cladogram produced in their study. The large subfamily Zanthoxyloideae was shown to contain distinct clades, but the authors considered that a revised classification at the tribal level was not yet feasible at the time their paper was published.


title: Rutaceae

text: The family is of great economic importance in warm temperate and subtropical climates for its numerous edible fruits of the genus "Citrus", such as the orange, lemon, calamansi, lime, kumquat, mandarin and grapefruit.


title: Rutaceae

text: Non-citrus fruits include the white sapote ("Casimiroa edulis"), orangeberry ("Glycosmis pentaphylla"), limeberry ("Triphasia trifolia"), and the bael ("Aegle marmelos").


title: Rutaceae

text: The curry tree, "Murraya koenigii", is of culinary importance in the Indian subcontinent and elsewhere, as its leaves are used as a spice to flavour dishes. Spices are also made from a number of species in the genus "Zanthoxylum", notably Sichuan pepper.


title: Rutaceae

text: Other plants are grown in horticulture: "Murraya" and "Skimmia" species, for example. "Ruta", "Zanthoxylum" and "Casimiroa" species are medicinals. Several plants are also used by the perfume industry, such as the Western Australian "Boronia megastigma".


title: Rutaceae

text: The genus "Pilocarpus" has species ("P. jaborandi", and "P. microphyllus" from Brazil, and "P. pennatifolius" from Paraguay) from which the medicine pilocarpine, used to treat glaucoma, is extracted.


title: Simurgh

text: Simurgh (; , also spelled "simorgh, simorg", "simurg", "simoorg, simorq" or "simourv") is a benevolent, mythical bird in Persian mythology and literature. It is sometimes equated with other mythological birds such as the phoenix ( "quqnūs") and the humā (). The figure can be found in all periods of Iranian art and literature and is also evident in the iconography of Georgia, medieval Armenia, the Eastern Roman Empire, and other regions that were within the realm of Persian cultural influence.


title: Simurgh

text: The Persian word "sīmurğ" () derives from Middle Persian "sēnmurw" (and earlier "sēnmuruγ"), also attested in Pazend texts as "sīna-mrū". The Middle Persian word comes from Avestan "the bird Saēna", originally a raptor, likely an eagle, falcon, or sparrowhawk, as can be deduced from the etymological cognate Sanskrit "śyenaḥ" (श्येनः) "raptor, eagle, bird of prey", which also appears as a divine figure. "Saēna" is also a personal name. The word was lent to Armenian as "siramarg" () 'peacock'.


title: Simurgh

text: On the other hand, the phrase "sī murğ" () means "thirty birds" in Persian; this has been used by Attar of Nishapur in his symbolic story of "The Conference of the Birds", the frame story of which employs a play on the name.


title: Simurgh

text: The simurgh is depicted in Iranian art as a winged creature in the shape of a bird, gigantic enough to carry off an elephant or a whale. It appears as a peacock with the head of a dog and the claws of a lion – sometimes, however, also with a human face. The simurgh is inherently benevolent and unambiguously female. Being part mammal, she suckles her young. The simurgh has teeth. It has an enmity towards snakes, and its natural habitat is a place with plenty of water. Its feathers are said to be the colour of copper, and though it was originally described as being a dog-bird, later it was shown with either the head of a man or a dog.


title: Simurgh

text: ""Si-"", the first element in the name, has been connected in folk etymology to Modern Persian "si" ("thirty"). Although this prefix is not historically related to the origin of the name "simurgh", "thirty" has nonetheless been the basis for legends incorporating that number – for instance, that the simurgh was as large as thirty birds or had thirty colours ("siræng"). Other suggested etymologies include Pahlavi "sin murgh" ("eagle bird") and Avestan "saeno merego" ("eagle").


title: Simurgh

text: Iranian legends consider the bird so old that it had seen the destruction of the world three times over. The simurgh learned so much by living so long that it is thought to possess the knowledge of all the ages. In one legend, the simurgh was said to live 1,700 years before plunging itself into flames (much like the phoenix).


title: Simurgh

text: The simurgh was considered to purify the land and waters and hence bestow fertility. The creature represented the union between the Earth and the sky, serving as mediator and messenger between the two. The simurgh roosted in Gaokerena, the Hōm (Avestan: Haoma) Tree of Life, which stands in the middle of the world sea (Vourukasha). The plant is potent medicine and is called all-healing, and the seeds of all plants are deposited on it. When the simurgh took flight, the leaves of the tree of life shook, making all the seeds of every plant fall out. These seeds floated around the world on the winds of Vayu-Vata and the rains of Tishtrya, in cosmology taking root to become every type of plant that ever lived and curing all the illnesses of mankind.


title: Simurgh

text: The relationship between the simurgh and Hōm is extremely close. Like the simurgh, Hōm is represented as a bird, a messenger, and the essence of purity that can heal any illness or wound. Hōm – appointed as the first priest – is the essence of divinity, a property it shares with the simurgh. The Hōm is in addition the vehicle of "farr(ah)" (MP: "khwarrah", Avestan: "khvarenah", "kavaēm kharēno") ("divine glory" or "fortune"). "Farrah" in turn represents the divine mandate that was the foundation of a king's authority.


title: Simurgh

text: It appears as a bird resting on the head or shoulder of would-be kings and clerics, indicating Ormuzd's acceptance of that individual as his divine representative on Earth. For the commoner, Bahram wraps fortune/glory "around the house of the worshipper, for wealth in cattle, like the great bird Saena, and as the watery clouds cover the great mountains" ("Yasht" 14.41, cf. the rains of Tishtrya above). Like the simurgh, "farrah" is also associated with the waters of "Vourukasha" ("Yasht" 19.51, 56–57). In Yašt 12.17 Simorgh's (Saēna's) tree stands in the middle of the sea Vourukaša, it has good and potent medicine and is called all-healing, and the seeds of all plants are deposited on it.


title: Simurgh

text: The simurgh made its most famous appearance in Ferdowsi's epic "Shahnameh" (Book of Kings), where its involvement with Prince Zal is described. According to the "Shahnameh", Zal, the son of Saam, was born albino. When Saam saw his albino son, he assumed that the child was the spawn of devils, and abandoned the infant on the mountain "Alborz".


title: Simurgh

text: The child's cries were heard by the tender-hearted simurgh, who lived atop this peak, and she retrieved the child and raised him as her own. Zal was taught much wisdom from the loving simurgh, who has all knowledge, but the time came when he grew into a man and yearned to rejoin the world of men. Though the simurgh was terribly saddened, she gave him three golden feathers which he was to burn if he ever needed her assistance.


title: Simurgh

text: Upon returning to his kingdom, Zal fell in love and married the beautiful Rudaba. When it came time for their son to be born, the labor was prolonged and terrible; Zal was certain that his wife would die in labour. Rudaba was near death when Zal decided to summon the simurgh. The simurgh appeared and instructed him upon how to perform a cesarean section thus saving Rudaba and the child, who became one of the greatest Persian heroes, Rostam.


title: Simurgh

text: Simurgh also shows up in the story of the Seven Trials of Esfandiyar in the latter's 5th labor. After killing the wicked enchantress, Esfandiyar fights a simurgh, and despite the simurgh's many powers, Esfandiyar strikes it in the neck, decapitating it. The simurgh's offspring then rise to fight Esfandiyar, but they, too, are slain.


title: Simurgh

text: In classical and modern Persian literature the simorḡ is frequently mentioned, particularly as a metaphor for God in Sufi mysticism. In the 12th century "Conference of the Birds", Iranian Sufi poet Farid ud-Din Attar wrote of a band of pilgrim birds in search of the simurgh. In the poem, the birds of the world gather to decide who is to be their king, as they have none. The hoopoe, the wisest of them all, suggests that they should find the legendary simorgh, a mythical Persian bird roughly equivalent to the western phoenix. The hoopoe leads the birds, each of whom represent a human fault which prevents man from attaining enlightenment. When the group of thirty birds finally reach the dwelling place of the simorgh, all they find is a lake in which they see their own reflection. This scene employs a pun on the Persian expression for "thirty birds" ("si morgh").


title: Simurgh

text: The phrase also appears three times in Rumi's Masnavi, e.g. in Book VI, Story IX: "The nest of the "sī murğ" is beyond Mount Qaf" (as translated by E.H. Whinfield).


title: Simurgh

text: Through cultural assimilation the simurgh was introduced to the Arabic-speaking world, where the concept was conflated with other Arabic mythical birds such as the ghoghnus, a bird having some mythical relation with the date palm, and further developed as the "rukh" (the origin of the English word "roc").


title: Simurgh

text: Simurgh is shortened to "sīmir" in the Kurdish language. The scholar C. V. Trever quotes two Kurdish folktales about the bird. These versions go back to the common stock of Iranian simorḡ stories. In one of the folk tales, a hero rescues simurgh's offspring by killing a snake that was crawling up the tree to feed upon them. As a reward, the simurgh gives him three of her feathers which the hero can use to call for her help by burning them. Later, the hero uses the feathers, and the simurgh carries him to a distant land. In the other tale, the simurgh carries the hero out of the netherworld; here the simurgh feeds its young with its teats, a trait which agrees with the description of the simurgh in the Middle Persian book of Zadspram. In another tale, simurgh feeds the hero on the journey while the hero feeds simurgh with pieces of sheep's fat.


title: Chhapaak

text: Chhapaak () is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language biographical drama film based on the life of acid attack survivor Laxmi Agarwal. Directed by Meghna Gulzar, the film stars Deepika Padukone in leading role of a character inspired by Agarwal alongside Vikrant Massey and Madhurjeet Sarghi. It marked Padukone's production debut, and acting comeback after 2 years since "Padmaavat" (2018). The film was jointly backed by Fox Star Studios, Ka Productions, Avernus Productions and Mriga Films.


title: Chhapaak

text: Shooting took place from March to June 2019 in locations near New Delhi and Mumbai. Released worldwide on 10 January 2020 in cinemas, the film was declared tax-free in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Although it didn't work commercially, Padukone was widely praised for her portrayal of an acid attack survivor.


title: Chhapaak

text: A reporter named Alka meets Amol Dwivedi, the creator of a foundation for acid attack survivors, and informs him about Malti Agarwal, one such survivor fighting for a ban on the sale of acid. Malti is looking for employment, and Amol employs her at his organization.


title: Chhapaak

text: In April 2005, Malti is attacked with acid in a busy market street in New Delhi. The police investigate – based on Malti's and her boyfriend Rajesh's testimony, they suspect Basheer "Babbu" Khan, a family friend of Malti's, and his brother's wife Parveen Shaikh. The police arrest Babbu after triangulating his phone signal in the same area as the attack, while Malti undergoes a series of surgeries to reconstruct her severely damaged face. Malti's parents work as domestic help in Shiraz's house; she helps financially with Malti's treatment and hires Archana Bajaj to be her lawyer.


title: Chhapaak

text: Archana notes that acid attacks and burning someone with hot water come under the same section of the Indian Penal Code, so the punishment will be the same. In the first hearings, it is clear that Babbu and Parveen are guilty, as Malti's story is corroborated by witnesses and Parveen has the tell-tale burnt fingers from throwing the acid. However, as the law doesn't treat acid attack as a serious crime, Babbu is able to make bail and continue on with his life. Malti recognizes the need for a change to the law and regulations on acid sale, and she and Archana prepare a petition. Meanwhile, Malti's brother Rohit is diagnosed with advanced intestinal tuberculosis.


title: Chhapaak

text: In August 2009, the court sentences Basheer Khan to 10 years and Parveen Shaikh to 7 years of imprisonment, but they appeal to the High Court. Malti collects funds for treatment and legal action for other acid attack survivors. She eventually succeeds in having the penal code amended. In 2013, another acid attack in Mumbai claims the life of Pinky Rathore, which leads to public outrage and regulations on acid sale. Malti becomes the face of acid attack survivors and develops feelings for Amol.


title: Chhapaak

text: It is revealed that Basheer planned the acid attack on Malti in jealousy, and carried it out with help from Parveen. In October 2013, the Delhi High Court rejects Basheer's appeal, keeping the attackers in jail. The film ends with another acid attack in December 2013, and laments that despite the new regulations and media exposure, the frequency of acid attacks has not decreased, while acid is still bought and sold freely in India.


title: Chhapaak

text: The film was released worldwide on 10 January 2020 and allowed by the government to be exhibited without payment of taxes in the states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.


title: Chhapaak

text: On 7 January 2020, Padukone joined a protest-gathering at Jawaharlal Nehru University against the 2020 JNU Attack against left wing students and passage of CAA 2019. The visit angered BJP leaders who expressed it in social media. Soon enough, the hashtags "BoycottChhapaak" and "BlockDeepika" began trending in Indian Twitter with members of the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party contributing in its proliferation. In response, "ISupportDeepika" was floated which gained greater traction and by the end of the day, her follower count had increased significantly. Actor Varun Dhawan talked about similar calls for boycott of his film Dilwale, and stated that the boycott may hurt the business, so it is used as a scare tactics meant to prevent people from expressing their opinion in public. He supported Deepika in condemning the attacks stating it is wrong to not do it.


title: Chhapaak

text: On 8 January, social media users pointed out that filmmaker Meghna Gulzar had changed the name and religion of the attackers and their family members in the film. Online news portal like "Swarajya" online news site like OpIndia reported that the name of the attacker who was a Muslim in real life, was changed into a Hindu name "Rajesh", in the film. BJP MP and Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Babul Supriyo called the change deliberate and "absolute hypocrisy". BJP MP from South Delhi, Ramesh Bidhuri made calls to public for a boycott of the movie. BJP MP Subramanian Swamy called it a defamation and informed legal action against the makers for this."Mumbai Mirror" reported that in past the filmmakers making films based on real life incidents had the liberty to change the names as well as the storyline in their films. The visit to JNU by Deepika was seen by "Mumbai Mirror" as the reason for an aggressive stand taken against the film. These claims were debunked by the co founder of "Newslaundry", Abhinandan Sekhri, who had watched a special screening of the film Chhapaak in Delhi. He stated that the claims of the attacker belonging to the Hindu religion were false, since the movie showed him as a Muslim. Journalist Radhika Sharma from PTI reported that Rajesh was the name of Malti's boyfriend. The acid attacker was called Bashir "Babboo" Khan in the film.


title: Chhapaak

text: Advocate Aparna Bhat, who represented Agarwal in the case fought at Patiala House Courts, pursued legal action against the makers for not mentioning her in the film, "to protect her identity and preserve her integrity".


title: Chhapaak

text: On the review aggregator website "Rotten Tomatoes", the film holds a rating of based on reviews, with an average score of . Teo Bugbee of "The New York Times" reviewed that "Chhapaak" "succeeds in balancing extremes. It is at once a pleasing and buoyant inspirational story, and a realistic depiction of the brutal aftermath of acid attacks." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" credited the film for portraying "drama without dreaded melodrama" and highlighted Padukone's "solid, realized performance"to be its prime asset. Anna M.M.Vetticad of "Firstpost" in a mixed review wrote, "The blend Massey achieves is what "Chhapaak" needed as a whole. Without that, what we are left with are good intentions, a heart in the right place, a major star taking a huge risk with an unorthodox role and a bunch of pluses that somehow do not come together to deliver an immersive experience." Writing for "The Hindu", Namrata Joshi summarised that "Padukone's performance and Meghna Gulzar's direction ensure that "Chhapaak" is like a splash that leaves you misty with emotions, if not entirely drenched". Ankur Pathak of "HuffPost" labelled it "a quietly-powerful social commentary, a film that never allows you to be comfortable" and considered Padukone's performance to be her career-best.


title: Chhapaak

text: Uday Bhatia of "Mint" wrote that it "earnestly highlights a depressingly common horror", adding that it "deals squarely with its subject without quite transcending it". In a mixed review, Anupama Chopra praised Padukone's performance, but added that the film "hovers dangerously close to becoming a public service announcement. The messaging becomes bigger than the movie, which reduces the impact". Conversely, Sukanya Verma of "Rediff.com" commended Gulzar for documenting ""Chhapaak"s grim reality barefacedly without losing sight of its character's quiet determination to fight the reasons that make such heinous crimes possible in the first place".


title: Chhapaak

text: "Chhapaak" earned 4.77 crore at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected 6.90 crores. On the third day, the film collected 7.35 crore, taking a total opening weekend collection to 19.02 crore.


title: Chhapaak

text: , with a net of 40.57 crore in India and 14.87 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide collection of 55.44 crore.


title: Chhapaak

text: The movie failed to attract enough audience. Film trade analyst Girish Johar said that this is because the movie was not an entertaining film but because it appeals to "a very limited audience".


title: Chhapaak

text: Followіng the fіlm's release, the state of Uttarakhand announced a new pensіon scheme for acіd attack survіvors.