title: Parthia

text: From their base in Parthia, the Arsacid dynasts eventually extended their dominion to include most of Greater Iran. They also quickly established several eponymous branches on the thrones of Armenia, Iberia, and Caucasian Albania. Even though the Arsacids only sporadically had their capital in Parthia, their power base was there, among the Parthian feudal families, upon whose military and financial support the Arsacids depended. In exchange for this support, these families received large tracts of land among the earliest conquered territories adjacent to Parthia, which the Parthian nobility then ruled as provincial rulers. The largest of these city-states were Kuchan, Semnan, Gorgan, Merv, Zabol and Yazd.


title: Parthia

text: From about 105 BC onwards, the power and influence of this handful of Parthian noble families was such that they frequently opposed the monarch, and would eventually be a "contributory factor in the downfall" of the dynasty.


title: Parthia

text: From about 130 BC onwards, Parthia suffered numerous incursions by various nomadic tribes, including the Sakas, the Yuezhi, and the Massagetae. Each time, the Arsacid dynasts responded personally, doing so even when there were more severe threats from Seleucids or Romans looming on the western borders of their empire (as was the case for Mithridates I). Defending the empire against the nomads cost Phraates II and Artabanus I their lives.


title: Parthia

text: The Roman Crassus attempted to conquer Parthia in 52 BC but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Carrhae. Caesar was planning another invasion when he was assassinated in 44 BC. A long series of Roman-Parthian wars followed.


title: Parthia

text: Around 32 BC, civil war broke out when a certain Tiridates rebelled against Phraates IV, probably with the support of the nobility that Phraates had previously persecuted. The revolt was initially successful, but failed by 25 BC. In 9/8, the Parthian nobility succeeded in putting their preferred king on the throne, but Vonones proved to have too tight a budgetary control, so he was usurped in favor of Artabanus II, who seems to have been a non-Arsacid Parthian nobleman. But when Artabanus attempted to consolidate his position (at which he was successful in most instances), he failed to do so in the regions where the Parthian provincial rulers held sway.


title: Parthia

text: By the 2nd century AD, the frequent wars with neighboring Rome and with the nomads, and the infighting among the Parthian nobility had weakened the Arsacids to a point where they could no longer defend their subjugated territories. The empire fractured as vassalaries increasingly claimed independence or were subjugated by others, and the Arsacids were themselves finally vanquished by the Persian Sassanids, a formerly minor vassal from southwestern Iran, in April 224.


title: Parthia

text: Parthia was likely the first region conquered by Ardashir I after his victory over Artabanus IV, showing the importance of the province to the founder of the Sasanian dynasty. Some of the Parthian nobility continued to resist Sasanian dominion for some time, but most switched their allegiance to the Sasanians very early. Several families that claimed descent from the Parthian noble families became a Sasanian institution known as the "Seven houses", five of which are "in all probability" not Parthian, but contrived genealogies "in order to emphasize the antiquity of their families."


title: Parthia

text: Parthia continued to hold importance throughout the 3rd century. In his Ka'be-ye Zardusht inscription Shapur I lists the province of Parthia in second place after Pars. The Abnun inscription describes the Roman invasion of 243/44 as an attack on Pars and Parthia. Considering the Romans never went further than Mesopotamia, "Pars and Parthia" may stand for the Sasanian Empire itself. Parthia was also the second province chosen for settlement by Roman prisoners of war after the Battle of Edessa in 260.


title: Parthia

text: The Parthians spoke Parthian, a north-western Iranian language. No Parthian literature survives from before the Sassanid period in its original form, and they seem to have written down only very little. The Parthians did, however, have a thriving oral minstrel-poet culture, to the extent that their word for minstrel – "gosan" – survives to this day in many Iranian languages as well as especially in Armenian ("gusan"), on which it practised heavy (especially lexical and vocabulary) influence. These professionals were evident in every facet of Parthian daily life, from cradle to grave, and they were entertainers of kings and commoners alike, proclaiming the worthiness of their patrons through association with mythical heroes and rulers. These Parthian heroic poems, "mainly known through Persian of the lost Middle Persian "Xwaday-namag", and notably through Firdausi's "Shahnameh", [were] doubtless not yet wholly lost in the Khurasan of [Firdausi's] day."


title: Parthia

text: In Parthia itself, attested use of written Parthian is limited to the nearly 3,000 ostraca found (in what seems to have been a wine storage) at Nisa, in present-day Turkmenistan. A handful of other evidence of written Parthian has also been found outside Parthia; the most important of these being the part of a land-sale document found at Avroman (in the Kermanshah province of Iran), and more ostraca, graffiti and the fragment of a business letter found at Dura-Europos in present-day Syria.


title: Parthia

text: The Parthian Arsacids do not seem to have used Parthian until relatively late, and the language first appears on Arsacid coinage during the reign of Vologases I (51–58 AD). Evidence that use of Parthian was nonetheless widespread comes from early Sassanid times; the declarations of the early Persian kings were – in addition to their native Middle Persian – also inscribed in Parthian.


title: Parthia

text: The old poems known as "fahlaviyat" mostly come from the areas which were considered part of Parthia in the Islamic period. These poems have the characteristics of oral literature and may have continued the oral traditions of Parthian minstrels.


title: Parthia

text: City-states of "some considerable size" existed in Parthia as early as the 1st millennium BC, "and not just from the time of the Achaemenids or Seleucids." However, for the most part, society was rural, and dominated by large landholders with large numbers of serfs, slaves, and other indentured labor at their disposal. Communities with free peasants also existed.


title: Parthia

text: By Arsacid times, Parthian society was divided into the four classes (limited to freemen). At the top were the kings and near family members of the king. These were followed by the lesser nobility and the general priesthood, followed by the mercantile class and lower-ranking civil servants, and with farmers and herdsmen at the bottom.


title: Parthia

text: Little is known of the Parthian economy, but agriculture must have played the most important role in it. Significant trade first occurs with the establishment of the Silk road in 114 BC, when Hecatompylos became an important junction.


title: Parthia

text: Nisa (Nissa, Nusay) or Mithradātkert, located on a main trade route, was one of the earliest capitals of the Parthian Empire (c. 250 BC). The city is located in the northern foothills of the Kopetdag mountains, 11 miles west of present-day city of Ashgabat (the capital of Turkmenistan). Nisa had a "soaring two-story hall in the Hellenistic Greek style" and temple complexes used by early Arsaces dynasty. During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia (c. 171 BC–138 BC) it was renamed "Mithradatkirt" ("fortress of Mithradates"). Merv (modern-day Mary) was another Parthian city.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: Andrea Albert Pierre Casiraghi (born 8 June 1984) is the elder son of Caroline, Princess of Hanover, and her second husband Stefano Casiraghi. He is the eldest grandchild of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and American actress Grace Kelly. Casiraghi is currently fourth in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne, following his twin cousins and his mother.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: Casiraghi was born on 8 June 1984 at the Princess Grace Hospital Centre in La Colle, Monaco, to Princess Caroline of Monaco and her husband, the Italian businessman and athlete Stefano Casiraghi.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: The eldest grandchild of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and his wife, former American actress Grace Kelly, Casiraghi was named after his father's childhood friend, his maternal uncle Prince Albert and his maternal great-grandfather Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois. Casiraghi's godparents are his maternal aunt Princess Stéphanie and his paternal uncle, Marco Casiraghi. His sister Charlotte was born on 3 August 1986, and his brother Pierre on 5 September 1987.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: On 3 October 1990, Casiraghi's father died in a speedboat accident in Monaco. He was buried several days later in Monaco's Chapel of Peace. Princess Caroline did not know how to tell her children that their father had died, so her father, Prince Rainier, did so. To protect her children from excessive media attention, Caroline moved to Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, and later to Paris.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: In 1999, his mother married Ernst August, Prince of Hanover, and gave birth to Princess Alexandra of Hanover. Besides a half-sister, Casiraghi gained two stepbrothers, Ernst August, Hereditary Prince of Hanover, and Prince Christian of Hanover, through his mother's remarriage.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: Growing up mostly in France, Casiraghi earned his international baccalaureate in December 2002 from the International School of Paris, where his mother gave the commencement speech in June the following year, confirming that she was an ISP parent. Following a period at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, he eventually graduated in 2006 with a B.A. degree in visual arts and international politics from the American University of Paris.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: He was an intern at the embassy from Qatar to Monaco, which, like most of Monaco's embassies, is based in Paris. In 2014, he started a Master of Business Administration at IE Business School (formerly known as Instituto de Empresa) in Madrid.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: Since 2004, Casiraghi has been involved, to varying degrees, with the World Association of Children's Friends (AMADE), a philanthropic organization founded in 1963 by his grandmother Grace; it is currently presided over by his mother Princess Caroline. He spent eight months teaching children in Senegal, Togo, and Niger. In August 2006, Casiraghi took his involvement deeper and paid a very serious visit to Manila on behalf of a joint venture of AMADE and the Virlanie Foundation. Since 2007, he has been the patron of the Motrice Foundation, which funds research into cerebral palsy. Casiraghi was a guest of honor at the 149th Hospices de Beaune charity auction that was held in November 2009.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: "In 2011, Andrea bought a pair of loafers from a Tod's boutique in Milan. This shopping trip was well publicized for a reason. The following summer, he donated them to the "Small Steps Project". The "Small Steps Project" gives celebrity-worn shoes to the poorest children in the world.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: In 2011, Casiraghi and his siblings Charlotte and Pierre hosted Monaco's annual Rose Ball, in the absence of Prince Albert, Princess Caroline and Princess Stéphanie who were mourning the sudden death of their aunt Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy, a few days earlier. Casiraghi gave the speech at the start of the event. The same year, he attended the wedding of his uncle Prince Albert and Charlene Wittstock, which took place on 1 and 2 July 2011.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: In July 2012, Princess Caroline released a statement announcing that her son Andrea Casiraghi and Tatiana Santo Domingo became engaged after a seven-year relationship.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: On 6 November 2012, his fiancée Tatiana Santo Domingo mentioned in an interview for "La Voz Libre" that she was expecting her first child. She gave birth to a boy, a son named Alexandre Andrea Stefano "Sasha" Casiraghi, on 21 March 2013, at Portland Hospital in London, England. As his parents were not married at the time of birth, he was not then included in the Monegasque line of succession. However, due to their subsequent marriage their son currently occupies the fifth position in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: Casiraghi and Santo Domingo were married in a civil ceremony in the Princely Palace of Monaco on 31 August 2013. A religious ceremony was later held in Gstaad, Switzerland, on 1 February 2014. Their second child, a daughter named India, was born in London on 12 April 2015. Their third child, a boy named Maximilian Rainier, was born in Monaco on 19 April 2018.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: Casiraghi is fluent in French, Italian, English and German. His hobbies and interests include reading, football, horse riding, water sports, skiing and collecting Swatch watches.


title: Andrea Casiraghi

text: In December 2011, Casiraghi had his driving licence taken away after he had been caught speeding at 200 km/h near Lyon, France. Casiraghi is regularly tracked by the tabloids and paparazzi. The media nicknamed him as "enfant terrible" and the "rebel angel". In 1999, he was included in the "People Magazine"'s "50 Most Beautiful People" list. In 2003, he was featured in a "Town & Country" article about young royals and was voted the most stylish male royal by "Hello Magazine"'s readers. In 2008, "Forbes" placed him the tenth on their "20 Hottest Young Royals" list.


title: Inori Minase

text: In March 2016, she won the Best Lead Actress Award in the 10th Seiyu Awards for her leading roles as Jun Naruse in the box office hit "The Anthem of the Heart" and as Yuki Takeya in the anime television series "School-Live!". Her other major roles include Kirarin/Ciel Kirahoshi/Cure Parfait in "Kirakira Pretty Cure a la Mode", Chino in "Is the Order a Rabbit?", Noel in "Celestial Method", Hestia in "Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?", in "", Chito in "Girls' Last Tour", Shoko Makinohara in "Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai" and "Rascal Does Not Dream of a Dreaming Girl", Tamaki "Kimari" Mari in "A Place Further than the Universe," Itsuki Nakano in "The Quintessential Quintuplets" and Jeanne in "The Case Study of Vanitas". Mabushina in "Mashin Sentai Kiramager" is her most well-known live-action role.


title: Inori Minase

text: Minase was born in Tokyo on December 2, 1995. She had begun watching anime when she was in kindergarten. She first became aware of voice acting when, after watching a stage play adaptation of an anime, she read the stage pamphlet and asked her parents about the name of a person mentioned in it. She wanted to become a voice actor from the age of six, and at elementary school she listed voiced acting as her desired career.


title: Inori Minase

text: Minase joined her middle school's tennis and theater clubs. She quit the theater club because she felt too embarrassed to appear on stage. Around that time, her mother found a magazine advertisement for a voice-acting audition, which she passed.


title: Inori Minase

text: Minase made her debut as a voice actor in 2010, voicing the character Akari Okamoto in the anime series "Occult Academy". She then voiced minor roles in anime in the 2013 series "Love Lab" and the 2014 anime series "Aldnoah.Zero". Her first main roles came later in 2014 as Mirai Nazukari in "Locodol" and Chino Kafū in "Is the Order a Rabbit?", as well as Jun Naruse in the animated film "The Anthem of the Heart". Minase and her co-stars from "Is the Order a Rabbit?" performed the songs "Daydream Café" and "Poppin Jump", which are used as the series' opening and closing themes, respectively.


title: Inori Minase

text: In 2015, Minase voiced Hestia in the anime series "Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?". She also played Yuki Takeya in "School-Live!", Carol Malus Dienheim in "Symphogear GX", and Nekone in "Utawarerumono: Itsuwari no Kamen" Later that year, she won the Best Lead Actress Award at the 10th Seiyu Awards for her roles as Jun Naruse and Yuki Takeya.


title: Inori Minase

text: In 2016, she voiced in "" and also performed the insert song "Wishing", which was used in the series' eighteenth episode. She also played Shamille Kitra Katvarnmaninik in "Alderamin on the Sky", Fuuka Reventon in "ViVid Strike!", Mana Asuha in "Luck & Logic", and Akane Segawa in "And you thought there is never a girl online?". In 2017, she voiced Meteora Österreich in "", Tapris Sugarbell Chisaki in "Gabriel DropOut", Chizuru Takano in "Tsuredure Children", and Yoshino Koiwai in "Masamune-kun's Revenge". In 2018, she voiced Mari Tamaki in "A Place Further than the Universe", and with her co-stars performed the series' closing theme "Koko Kara, Koko Kara".


title: Inori Minase

text: Minase made her solo music debut in 2015, affiliating with King Records. She released her first single on December 2, 2015; the single peaked at 11th place on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart and stayed on the chart for 10 weeks. She released her second single, "Harmony Ribbon" which was released on April 13, 2016; it peaked at tenth place on the Oricon Weekly Single Chart. On November 25, 2016, Sony Music Artists and King Records announced that they were cancelling several events for her after she received a death threat online. The threat came from Taiwan.


title: Inori Minase

text: She released her third single, "Starry Wish" on November 9, 2016; the single peaked at eighth place on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. "Starry Wish" was used as the ending theme song for the anime ViVid Strike!.


title: Inori Minase

text: She released her first full album, which is titled "Innocent Flower" and was released on April 5, 2017; it peaked at third on the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart and stayed on the chart for 10 weeks.


title: Inori Minase

text: Her fourth single, was released on August 9, 2017; the single peaked at 12th place on the Oricon Weekly Singles. The song in the single was used as the opening theme song for the anime, Tsuredure Children. Her fifth single, "Ready Steady Go!" was released on December 11, 2017; it peaked at 9th place on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart.


title: Inori Minase

text: On December 2, 2017, Inori Minase held her first live concert, which was titled "Inori Minase 1st LIVE Ready Ready Go!", in Tokyo International Forum Hall . Her official fanclub, , was launched on the same day. A blu-ray recording of the concert was released on April 4, 2018; it peaked on 6th place on the Oricon Weekly Blu-ray Chart.


title: Inori Minase

text: In 2018, she participated in the "KIRIN LEMON Tribute" project to celebrate the 90th anniversary of Kirin Beverage's long-selling carbonated drink brand Kirin Lemon as the third artist following the idol group "BiSH" and the rock band "Frederick".


title: Inori Minase

text: Her 2nd full album named "BLUE COMPASS" was released on May 23, 2018; it peaked at 7th place on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart. The lead track "Million Futures" from her 2nd full album was used as the theme song for the new chapter of Square Enix's smartphone app Kai-ri-Sei Million Arthur.


title: Inori Minase

text: She held her first solo live tour entitled, "Inori Minase LIVE TOUR 2018 BLUE COMPASS", at 4 major cities across Japan starting on 9 June. The tour is named after her second album, BLUE COMPASS, which was released in May. She also announced about her joining King Super Live 2018 at Tokyo Dome on 24 September and in Taiwan on 30 September. A blu-ray edition of the tour was released on October 17 of the same year the live tour was held; it peaked at 3rd place Oricon Weekly Blu-ray Chart. It also won the first place in the Oricon Weekly Music DVD · BD rankings.


title: Inori Minase

text: She held her second live tour, which was titled "Inori Minase LIVE TOUR 2018 BLUE COMPASS", at three major cities in Japan starting on June 16, 2018. The final live tour was held at Nippon Budokan. This was the first time she had a live show at Budokan alone.


title: Inori Minase

text: Her sixth single, "TRUST IN ETERNITY" was released on October 17, 2018; it peaked at tenth place on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. The titular song was used as the theme song for Square Enix and Aiming's co-produced smartphone game GESTALT ODIN.


title: Inori Minase

text: Her seventh single, "Wonder Caravan!" was released on January 23, 2019; it peaked at seventh place on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. The titular song from the single was used as the ending theme song for the anime Endro.


title: Inori Minase

text: Her third album named "Catch the Rainbow!" was released on April 10, 2019; it peaked at 6th place on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart. Minase participated in the selection of songs and also conveys requests for lyrics and composition, and in the production of albums, her opinion is also reflected on the theme and title. She wrote the album's title track.


title: Inori Minase

text: Her eighth single, "Kokoro Somali", was released on February 5, 2020; it peaked at 5th place on the Oricon Weekly Album Chart. The titular song from the single was used as the ending theme song for the anime "Somali and the Forest Spirit".


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: The thirteenth season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" premiered on September 22, 2016, in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and consisted of 24 episodes. The season was ordered on March 3, 2016, along with ABC's other shows. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being William Harper and Stacy McKee.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: The bulk of the season revolves around the residency program's teaching operation being analyzed and revamped, with the help of new residency program leader and education consultant Eliza Minnick, portrayed by Marika Dominczyk. The revamp causes tension and divides the staff who disapprove of these new methods. Other plots include the fallout of Alex Karev beating up Andrew DeLuca and his impending trial, Jo Wilson's true identity and past as well as Amelia's trauma over having children.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: This season was the first not to feature Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres since her introduction in the second season, following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. Each episode of this season is named after a song.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: "Grey's Anatomy" was renewed for a 13th season by ABC on March 3, 2016. "TVLine" announced that the 13th season will begin airing on September 22, 2016. Production began on May 25, 2016, when Rhimes announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing mapping the 13th season. Production began on July 21, 2016, with prepping for the season officially starting on July 28, 2016. The table read for the premiere was on July 22, 2016. Filming for the season began on August 1, 2016, with Shonda Rhimes tweeting that the crew were filming the 270th episode of the series, the season premiere. A promotional poster for the season was released on August 2, 2016, portraying Dr. Meredith Grey in Seattle, for which the series is located. The poster started speculation of its meaning towards the storyline for the 13th season. However Rhimes denied the speculation about the poster on Twitter as she said "For anyone trying to interpret the "meaning" of the new "Grey's Anatomy" poster design: it means ABC designs really cool posters."


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: The remaining fall schedule for ABC was announced on October 22, 2016, where it was announced that "Grey's Anatomy" would air nine episodes in the fall, rather than eight episode the previous two seasons has done, with the fall finale to air on November 17, 2016, just like the rest of ABC's primetime thursday-lineup "Notorious" and "How to Get Away with Murder", which was the same last year. The remaining 15 episodes will air after the winter break beginning airing on January 26, 2017.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: In an interview with "TV Guide", Kelly McCreary said that the 13th season would be focusing heavily on the characters that have been on the show since the first season; Dr. Meredith Grey, Dr. Alex Karev, Dr. Miranda Bailey and Dr. Richard Webber. McCreary went more into the storyline as she commented that "After such a long period of time and so many new people coming in and out, they remain the foundational characters of the show. We're gonna be spending some more time with them to check in with where they are." In another interview, McCreary talked about the love-triangle drama that will unfold between Meredith, Nathan and Maggie, to which she commented on how "Maggie's ego will probably be wounded."


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: Caterina Scorsone said that Amelia would be "the middle-person between her sisters should the Nathan-news come out." She confirmed that the season premiere will pick up right after where the finale ended and that Justin Chambers' character Alex and his storyline with girlfriend Jo would play a bigger part of the premiere, in addition that Amelia and Kevin McKidd's character Owen would not be much in the premiere. Jessica Capshaw will not be in the first 2 episodes, confirmed by Rhimes, because of wanting to be a little more with her kids. Rhimes reported that Capshaw's character Dr. Arizona Robbins will have a new love-interest.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: At the end of the twelfth season, the cast's contracts had expired after previously renewing them at the end of the tenth season of "Grey's Anatomy". Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey renewed their contracts for another 2 seasons (seasons 11 and 12) on January 23, 2014, but Dempsey later left the series at the end of the eleventh season. The rest of the 6 original cast mates, Justin Chambers, Chandra Wilson and James Pickens Jr., excluding Sandra Oh, renewed their contracts on May 26, 2014, as Drs. Alex Karev, Miranda Bailey, and Richard Webber, respectively, for the eleventh and twelfth season. Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another 2 seasons as Dr. Callie Torres.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: On June 28, 2015, before the twelfth season had begun airing, it was announced that Jessica Capshaw, whose contract expired after season 11, had renewed her contract for another 3 seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins. That meant that her character would be staying on the show through seasons 13 and 14. Kevin McKidd had previously said that he was in negotiations to renew his contract after the twelfth season on January 9, 2016. After the season finale, McKidd confirmed that he would be back for the 13th season. Justin Chambers announced on March 11, 2016 that he had renewed his contract and will be playing Dr. Alex Karev in the 13th season. "The Hollywood Reporter" reported on May 4, 2016, that the original cast were all negotiating new contracts. After the finale, Pompeo said that she would be returning in the next season, which was officially confirmed by "Deadline" on June 1, 2016. Series-veteran Sara Ramirez announced after the finale that they would not be returning for season 13 as Dr. Callie Torres, after the character left for New York to be with her girlfriend Dr. Penny Blake. Thus, this will be the first season since her introduction in season 2 in which Dr. Callie Torres, portrayed by Sara Ramirez, is not included in the main cast of characters. On June 10, 2016, it was officially announced that the rest of the cast members whose contracts expired after the twelfth season, Chandra Wilson, James Pickens Jr. and Kevin McKidd, will return for the next season.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 13)

text: On September 28, 2016, it was announced that the "Days of Our Lives" alum Jen Lilley would appear in the third episode, playing Kara. Bridget Regan announced on her Instagram account that she would be appearing in the eighth episode "The Room Where It Happens". It was reported that Tessa Ferrer would be reprising her role as Dr. Leah Murphy in a recurring role for the 13th season. On October 17, 2016, ABC confirmed that Marika Dominczyk had been cast in a guest stint as Eliza Minnick. On January 31, 2017, it was announced that Jerrika Hinton would be departing the series-regular cast this season.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Gareth John Lightbody (born 15 June 1976) is a Northern Irish singer, songwriter, and musician. He is best known as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. He has also founded the musical supergroups The Reindeer Section and Tired Pony.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Gareth John Lightbody was born in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, to Lynne (née Wray) and Jack Lightbody. Jack Lightbody has been an independent business owner and has roots in Rosemount, Derry. Gary Lightbody has one sister, Sarah, and attended Rathmore Primary School, Rockport School and Campbell College, where he was first introduced to the writings of Seamus Heaney which inspired him to write his own poetry and songs.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: In 1994, Lightbody left home for Scotland to study English literature at the University of Dundee, where he was a keen hockey player, often being dragged from his bed on a Saturday morning to play matches.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody formed a band with Mark McClelland and drummer Michael Morrison in 1994, called Shrug. Morrison left the band later, and the band were forced to change the name to Polarbear, as another band had claimed the name. In the band's first seven years of existence, they added drummer Jonny Quinn, released two albums ("Songs for Polarbears", and "When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up"), and toured with bands such as Levellers, Ash and Travis. The band stayed in Glasgow during the recording of the first two albums. Lightbody used to hold a job at the Nice n Sleazy's Bar in Sauchiehall Street. Today, Lightbody owns a small place in Glasgow and says he will never leave the country behind, though he resides in Belfast. He feels an attachment to the place, as it gave him his first taste of success.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: In the early days, Lightbody used to drink very heavily, and in his words, was "irrational, erratic, neurotic". He had become frustrated by Snow Patrol's lack of financial success and felt lost and aimless. He started cursing at the audience and demolishing the band's equipment. He found himself breaking guitars they could not afford. This phase ran for two years. He later gave up drinking and now does it "for fun" and credits his bandmates for the turnaround. The song "Disaster Button" ("A Hundred Million Suns") deals with this topic. Though a musician, he cannot read music and has said that he "guesses" his way through chords. He has a baritone vocal range.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: When at the University of Dundee, Lightbody met Nick DeCosemo, a fellow student, and the two became friends. DeCosemo also moved in Lightbody's Springfield apartment when he moved out of his parents' house. Nick had formed a club night called The Spaceship at the Tay Hotel. Along with Lightbody, friends Roy Kerr, Tom Simpson, and Anu Pillai also used to DJ there. They mixed up various styles of music as house, rock, and hip hop. They gained a loyal following and socialised together for about two years.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody later co-wrote "What Are You Waiting For" on the album "Strangest Things", with Anu Pillai for Freeform Five. "What Are You Waiting For" was written before Snow Patrol released "Final Straw", during a time when Lightbody was staying over at the band's place for a few days. Pillai had to literally drag a hungover Lightbody to the studio.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody has filled in for DJ Zane Lowe on his BBC radio show on one occasion during the 2007 takeovers. He was subsequently voted the best fill-in DJ amongst them by the listeners. He has compiled two DJ mix albums, one in "The Trip" series: "", and another with bandmate Tom Simpson, called "" on the "Late Night Tales" series.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: In addition to his work with Snow Patrol and DJing, Lightbody has contributed to other projects and works. He made a cameo appearance in the "Game of Thrones" episode, "Walk of Punishment", playing a Bolton soldier who begins singing, "The Bear and the Maiden Fair".


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody writes as essayist articles or columns in variously music magazines and newspapers like "Q" magazine and previously wrote for "The Irish Times" music section as guest-editor. As an impassioned music fan and DJ, he recommends in his blogs or essays albums and artists of different and wide-ranging genres of music.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: In May 2009, Lightbody commenced writing his music column, "Gary Lightbody's Band of the Week", in the magazine "Q The Music.com".


title: Gary Lightbody

text: As a songwriter/bandleader, Lightbody has written songs and lyrics for a wide variety of artists and genres. In 2000, he formed the Scottish supergroup The Reindeer Section, comprising 47 musicians from 20 different bands, including members of bands like Belle & Sebastian, Mogwai, Idlewild, Teenage Fanclub, Arab Strap and other musicians. The group released "Y'All Get Scared Now, Ya Hear!" in 2001 and "Son of Evil Reindeer" in 2002.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Growing up, Lightbody listened to artists like Super Furry Animals, Quincy Jones, Kool & the Gang, and Michael Jackson. He subsequently got into hard rock bands AC/DC and KISS as a teen, and then alternative acts like Sebadoh, Mudhoney, Pixies and Pavement.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: As a boy, he dreamed of becoming "the biggest rock star on the planet" like Bono, but he was never "cool".


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody started writing songs at the age of 15, in a little room under the kitchen of the family's house. He had few guitar lessons where he learnt the basics of the instrument but did not continue them, as he felt that one should not know any instrument "inside-out". He preferred to invent rather than use a formula. Today, he is not too fond of his earliest songs and thinks they "sucked". His songwriting style is mostly simple and basic, and he acknowledges that, saying he "[never] advanced past rudimentary". He feels the best way to write an honest song is to be simple, and that trying to complicate matters distorts the intended message. He believes the band has always tried to keep things as "simple and pure" as possible and has written from the heart. One of Lightbody's major inspirations to begin writing was notable Irish poet Seamus Heaney; which is alluded to on the B-side track on Snow Patrol's "The Planets Bend Between Us" single, named 'Reading Heaney To Me'. It also refers extensively to Heaney's poems throughout the lyrics.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody's lyrics typically deal with the topic of love. Although he considers himself a political person and has tried writing songs with such themes, he eventually abandoned his efforts as he found all of them awkward. Lightbody has said that all of the songs from the first two albums; "Songs for Polarbears" and "When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up" were written from personal experience. His lyrics often criticise himself or are self-deprecatory. He has cited "Chocolate" as an example, which he wrote after cheating on his girlfriend. He also considers writing a sort of "therapy" for himself.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody's songwriting has earned him much praise. In October 2009, he revealed that a certain "public figure", whom he wanted to remain nameless, told him that the band had written songs that were standards in today's world, and that Snow Patrol songs had become a part of the public consciousness. He compared their work to that of artists like Frank Sinatra and The Beatles. Lightbody realises this and cites performances of their songs on reality TV shows as an example.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody has held the view that Snow Patrol may have had an easier time succeeding in the music industry than a band forming at the present time and attempting to become successful, given the changed state of the music industry, specifically how music is obtained by consumers. He questions the public's motive to buy the songs which they have already listened to, and blames Myspace for it.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Of Snow Patrol, Lightbody has said that all albums they managed to sell in the early days were from touring, as there were no unauthorized copies of their music available then. He believes if the current state of the industry continues, it would become impossible for bands starting out to become full-time. Despite this, he observes that the band might not have survived if they had been successful early in their career, as they would have subsequently taken that success for granted.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody is a supporter of Manchester United and has been known to support both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland national football teams. This is supported by the song "Lifening", in which he sings the lyrics "Ireland in the World Cup, either North or South".


title: Gary Lightbody

text: He is a fan of the X-Men, particularly Wolverine, and owns a stack of comics. He bought several comics as a child and has some that he has never opened, hoping they would become rare collectibles someday; in a later interview, he light-heartedly mentioned that they could earn him a small pension. He considers himself a "comics freak".


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Despite having written several romantic songs, Lightbody has been reported as having had trouble talking to women. Lightbody has been in many doomed relationships, and he blames their failure on only himself, considering himself "rubbish with women". He attributes the failure partly to him "never being in the same place for very long", and admits that at times he has been hopelessly in love.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody has been involved in numerous causes, mostly related to music and football. He is on the board of directors of the Oh Yeah Music Centre in Northern Ireland, a project set up to give young artists a place where they can share ideas and kick-start their music careers, as often is the trend of talent leaving the country from lack of appraisal. He supported young bands from Northern Ireland and involved them as support bands to shows of Snow Patrol's UK & Ireland Arena Tour of February–March 2009.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody is one of the supporting voices for the growing music-scene in Belfast in Northern Ireland and once stated in an interview to have grown up as an "Indie rock kid" inspired to become a musician through influences of artists and acts such as Kurt Cobain, Super Furry Animals, and Sebadoh.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: In July 2019, Lightbody set up the Lightbody Foundation to support charities across Northern Ireland and the rest of the world. In May 2020, he donated £50,000 to support musicians in Northern Ireland struggling in the aftermath of the coronavirus. Two months later, the foundation donated around $90,000 to nine different charities in America.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody has worked with the aid organisation Save the Children in Uganda, an experience on which he has written in "New Statesman". He has also been involved in raising awareness of depression, a condition that he himself has struggled with.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: In July 2012, Lightbody received an Honorary Doctorate in Letters from the University of Ulster at a ceremony in the Millennium Forum, Derry. See also Snow Patrol Awards.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody was honoured in November 2018 at the Northern Ireland Music Prize with an award for outstanding contribution to music.


title: Gary Lightbody

text: Lightbody was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to music and to charity in Northern Ireland.


title: Khafre

text: Khafre (also read as Khafra and Khephren or Chephren) was an ancient Egyptian King (pharaoh) of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom. He was the son of Khufu and the successor of Djedefre. According to the ancient historian Manetho, Khafre was followed by king Bikheris, but according to archaeological evidence he was instead followed by king Menkaure. Khafre was the builder who made the second largest pyramid of Giza. The view held by modern Egyptology at large continues to be that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for Khafre. Not much is known about Khafre, except from the reports of Herodotus, writing 2,000 years after his life.


title: Khafre

text: Khafre was a son of king Khufu and the brother and successor of Djedefre. Khafre is thought by some to be the son of Queen Meritites I due to an inscription where he is said to honor her memory.


title: Khafre

text: Others argue that the inscription just suggests that this queen died during the reign of Khafre. Khafre may be a son of Queen Henutsen instead.


title: Khafre

text: Other children of Khafre are known, but no mothers have been identified. Further sons include Ankhmare, Akhre, Iunmin, and Iunre. Two more daughters named Rekhetre and Hemetre are known as well.


title: Khafre

text: There is no agreement on the date of his reign. Some authors say it was between 2558 BC and 2532 BC. While the Turin King List length for his reign is blank, and Manetho exaggerates his reign as 66 years, most scholars believe it was between 24 and 26 years, based upon the date of the Will of Prince Nekure which was carved on the walls of this Prince's mastaba tomb. The will is dated anonymously to the Year of the 12th Count and is assumed to belong to Khufu since Nekure was his son. Khafre's highest year date is the "Year of the 13th occurrence" which is a painted date on the back of a casing stone belonging to mastaba G 7650. This would imply a reign of 24–25 years for this king if the cattle count was biannual during the Fourth Dynasty.


title: Khafre

text: Khafre built the second-largest pyramid at Giza. The Egyptian name of the pyramid was "Wer(en)-Khafre" which means "Khafre is Great".


title: Khafre

text: The pyramid has a subsidiary pyramid, labeled GII a. It is not clear who was buried there. Sealings have been found of a King's eldest son of his body etc. and the Horus name of Khafre.


title: Khafre

text: The valley temple of Khafre was located closer to the Nile and would have stood right next to the Sphinx temple. Inscriptions from the entrance way have been found which mention Hathor and Bubastis. Blocks have been found showing the partial remains of an inscription with the Horus name of Khafre (Weser-ib). Mariette discovered statues of Khafre in 1860. Several were found in a well in the floor and were headless. But other complete statues were found as well.


title: Khafre

text: The mortuary temple was located very close to the pyramid. From the mortuary temple come fragments of maceheads inscribed with Khafre's name as well as some stone vessels.


title: Khafre

text: The sphinx is said to date to the time of Khafre. This is supported by the proximity of the sphinx to Khafre's pyramid temple complex, and a certain resemblance (despite damage) to the facial structure seen in his statues. The Great Sphinx of Giza may have been carved out as a guardian of Khafre's pyramid, and as a symbol of royal power. It became deified during the time of the New Kingdom.


title: Khafre

text: The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho called Khafre “"Sûphis II."” and credited him with a rulership of 66 years, but didn't make any further comments about him.


title: Khafre

text: Contrary to modern Egyptologists and archaeological findings, Greek historians Diodorus and Herodotus, writing more than 2,000 years after King Khafre, depicted him as a tyrant who had followed his father "Khêops" on the throne. Herodotus and Diodorus say that Khafre ruled for 56 years.


title: Khafre

text: They describe a king Menkaure (whom they call "Mykerînós") as the follower of Khafre and that this king was the counterpart of his two predecessors: Herodotus describes Menkaure as bringing peace and piety back to Egypt.


title: Khafre

text: Modern Egyptologists evaluate Herodotus's and Diodorus's stories as some sort of defamation, based on both authors' contemporary philosophy. Oversized tombs such as the Giza pyramids must have appalled the Greeks, and even the later priests of the New Kingdom because they surely remembered the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten and his building projects. This extremely negative picture was obviously projected onto Khafre and his daunting pyramid. This view was possibly promoted by the fact that during Khafre's lifetime the authority to give permission for the creation of oversized statues made of precious stone and for their display in open places in public was restricted to the king only. In their eras, the Greek authors and mortuary priests and temple priests couldn't explain the impressive monuments and statues of Khafre as anything other than the result of his character. These views and resulting stories were avidly snapped up by the Greek historians and so they made their also negative evaluations about Khafre, since scandalous stories were easier to sell to the public than positive (and therefore boring) tales.


title: Khafre

text: Of all the rulers of the Old Kingdom, Khafre is evidenced by the greatest number of statues. Almost all of them come from Giza, partly from the official necropolis there, but mainly from the area around the temple complexes of the Khafre pyramid. In a large hall of the valley temple, 23 depressions have been made in the ground, in which originally life-size statues stood. One of these depressions is wider than the others, there may have been two statues here. It has been suggested that these 24 statues are related to the hours of the day. All of these statues were removed from their location at some point after the reign of Khafre. Auguste Mariette found nine of them during excavations in 1860 (Inv.No. CG 9 to CG 17)[21] and fragments of a tenth (CG 378) [22] in a pit within the valley temple. These statues are now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: Alperen Şengün (born 25 July 2002) is a Turkish professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also represents the senior Turkish national team. He is widely considered to be one of the best Turkish-born prospects in the league, having won the Turkish League MVP award in 2021.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: Alperen Şengün was born in Giresun, northeastern Turkey, on 25 July 2002. His parents wanted him to be a swimmer, instead he preferred basketball, as he was inspired by seeing his older brother play the sport before. He started playing basketball at the age of eight. Early on, he competed in both sports simultaneously. However, due to practical issues, like a lack of necessary time that was needed to properly train for both sports, he had to choose between the two and finally decided to continue with basketball.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: In 2012, Şengün began playing youth system basketball with the youth teams of the sports club of Giresun University, where he played until 2014.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: After his discovery by head coach Ahmet Gürgen, during a youth sports festival, Şengün moved from Giresun to Bandırma, to join the youth teams of the Turkish club Bandırma, which was then known as Banvit. By August 2014, he had signed a youth contract with Banvit. In the 2018–19 season, while competing with Banvit's juniors, Şengün eventually won the Turkish Basketball Junior League championship (which was established in 2017). Şengün was also named the Turkish Junior League's MVP.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: Şengün began his professional club career in the 2018–19 TBL season with Bandırma Kırmızı, of the second division Turkish First League (TBL). In 29 games played in Turkey's 2nd division, he averaged 10.8 points, 6.8 rebounds, 1.2 assists, 0.8 steals, and 0.7 blocks per game in 21.9 minutes per game. He shot 47.6 percent from the field overall, 53.6 percent on 2-point field goal attempts, 25.9 percent on 3-point field goal attempts, and 60.0 percent from the free-throw line.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: Şengün joined the first division Turkish Super League (BSL) club Teksüt Bandırma, for the 2019–20 BSL season. In 22 games played in Turkey's 1st division, he averaged 5.0 points, 3.9 rebounds, 0.6 assists, 0.5 steals, and 0.4 blocks per game in 13.5 minutes per game. He shot 51.1 percent from the field overall, 57.5 percent on 2-point field goal attempts, 0–10 (0.00 percent) on 3-point field goal attempts, and 58.6 percent from the free-throw line.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: He also played in one of Europe's two secondary level competitions, the FIBA Champions League. During the 2019–20 BCL season, he averaged 6.6 points, 3.3 rebounds, 0.6 assists, 0.3 steals, and 0.7 blocks per game in 14.9 minutes per game across 15 games played. He shot 48.0 percent from the field overall, 53.6 percent on 2-point field goal attempts, 31.6 percent 3-point field goal attempts, and 63.6 percent from the free-throw line.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: In August 2020, Şengün signed a three-year contract with the Turkish club Beşiktaş. He had an excellent regular season with Beşiktaş, as he averaged 19.2 points, 9.4 rebounds, 2.5 assists, 1.3 steals, and 1.7 blocks in 28.3 minutes per game across 29 games played in the Basketball Super League. On 12 May 2021, he was named the MVP of the BSL's regular season. On the same day, he announced his decision to enter 2021 NBA draft.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: Overall, in Turkey's 2020–21 BSL season (regular season and playoffs), in 28.1 minutes per game, he averaged 18.6 points, 8.9 rebounds, 2.7 assists, 1.3 steals, and 1.5 blocks in 34 games played. He shot 62.6 percent from the field overall, 66.7 percent on 2-point field goal attempts, 21.2 percent on 3-point field goal attempts, and 81.2 percent from the free-throw line. He also played with Beşiktaş in the fourth-level European-wide competition, the FIBA Europe Cup. In the Europe Cup's 2020–21 season, in 29.7 minutes per game, he averaged 23.0 points, 7.3 rebounds, 2.7 assists, 1.7 steals, and two blocks in three games played. He shot 71.0 percent from the field overall, 75.9 percent on 2-point field goal attempts, 0–2 (0.00 percent) on 3-point field goal attempts, and 69.4 percent from the free-throw line.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: On the night of the 2021 NBA draft, Şengün was originally going be selected as a potential lottery draft pick but was instead drafted outside the lottery pick and was selected with the 16th overall pick by the Oklahoma City Thunder, but was later traded to the Houston Rockets for two future first-round picks. On 7 August 2021, he signed a contract with the Rockets. On 8 August, he made his summer league debut in an 84–76 win against the Cleveland Cavaliers where he posted 15 points, 15 rebounds, four blocks, three assists, and one steal in 27 minutes. He made his preseason debut off the bench on 5 October in a 125–119 win against the Washington Wizards with five points, eight rebounds, three assists, and one block and steal. On 20 October, Şengün made his NBA debut, putting up 11 points, six rebounds, two assists, and three steals in a 124–106 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves. On 9 March 2022, Şengün scored 21 points and gobbled 14 rebounds in a 130-139 overtime win against the Los Angeles Lakers. On 26 March, Şengün put up a career-high 27 points along with seven rebounds in a 115–98 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. After his season as a rookie was over, Şengün had played 72 games while missing the last 10 games from an injury and started 13 games in the lineup. He averaged 9.6 points, 5.5 rebounds, 2.6 assists, and 0.9 blocks per game on 47.4 percent shooting from the field and 24.8 percent from deep onwards in his rookie season.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: On 26 November 2022, Şengün scored 21 points and seven assists along with a career-high 19 rebounds in a 118–105 win against the Oklahoma City Thunder.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: Şengün competed with the Turkish junior under-16 national team at the 2018 FIBA Under-16 European Championship, which was held in Novi Sad, Serbia, where he finished the competition by winning the bronze medal. Şengün was also selected to the competition's All-Tournament Team. In seven games played during the tournament, he averaged 14.4 points, 9.4 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 1.6 steals, and 1.4 blocks per game in 24.9 minutes per game. He shot 56.9 percent from the field overall, 61.9 percent on 2-point field goal attempts, 22.2 percent on 3-point field goal attempts, and 48.6 percent from the free-throw line.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: He was also a part of the Turkish junior under-17 national team that competed at the 2018 FIBA Under-17 World Cup, which was held in Argentina. Turkey finished that tournament in fifth place. In seven games played at that tournament, he averaged 15.9 points, 12.3 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 0.7 steals, and 0.9 blocks per game, in 28.6 minutes per game. He shot 58.3 percent from the field overall, 64.1 percent on 2-point field goal attempts, 12.5 percent on 3-point field goal attempts, and 56.5 percent from the free-throw line.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: Şengün also played at the 2019 FIBA Under-18 European Championship, with the Turkish junior under-18 national team, which won the tournament's silver medal. He was also selected to that competition's All-Tournament Team, being the only Turkish player that was chosen for that honor. In seven games played at that tournament, he averaged 11.9 points, 9.0 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 1.6 steals, and 1.7 blocks per game, in 23.0 minutes per game. He shot 54.5 percent from the field overall, 59.2 percent on 2-point field goal attempts, 16.7 percent on 3-point field goal attempts, and 59.5 percent from the free-throw line.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: In November 2020, Şengün joined the senior Turkish national team, as he played with Turkey at the 2022 EuroBasket Qualifiers. In four games played at the qualifiers, he averaged 12.0 points, 7.3 rebounds, 1.0 assists, 1.3 steals, and 1.0 blocks, in 23.1 minutes per game. He shot 53.3 percent from the field overall, 51.9 percent on 2-point field goal attempts, 66.7 percent on 3-point field goal attempts, and 50.0 percent from the free-throw line.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: In September 2022, Şengün played at EuroBasket 2022. He was the best player on the team, leading the team in points (16.8 per game) and rebounds (8.2 per game). Şengün and Turkey were eliminated in the round of 16 after losing to France in overtime.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: Standing at 6 feet and 11 inches (2.11 meters) and 243 pounds (110 kilograms) with a 7 feet wingspan, Şengün plays at the power forward and center position. NBA commentators and scouts considered him one of the most "skilled" and "productive" big men entering the 2021 NBA draft following his "dominant" season in the Turkish League. With a solid frame and wide base, he is known for a versatile and highly-efficient low-post game that utilizes drop steps, spin moves, and fadeaways. Şengün is additionally equipped with an impressive and elite passing ability that is supplemented by what scouts view as an advanced feel for the court—i.e., his ability to space the court, set screens, cut to the rim, and make plays within the flow of the offense. As a defender, he is most effective on on-ball matchups in isolation against other big men, though his defense in general has been called into question.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: His skillset has been compared to other European big men such as Nikola Jokić, Domantas Sabonis, and Nikola Vučević, and other players such as Kevin Love, Bobby Portis, and Tom Gugliotta.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: His free-throw routine where he speaks to the basketball has also garnered attention by NBA commentators.


title: Alperen Şengün

text: Though Şengün possesses a wide array of skills at the rim, scouts noted his athleticism as a weak point, seldom playing above the rim. His heavy feet and slow movement could be a liability as his lack of length and vertical pop limit his ability to guard at the rim and to guard plays off the pick and roll.


title: Rowdy Boys

text: Rowdy Boys is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language coming of age romantic college drama film written and directed by Sree Harsha Konuganti and produced by Dil Raju and Shirish through Sri Venkateswara Creations. The film features debutant Ashish, son of Dil Raju's brother Sirish and Anupama Parameswaran in lead roles with music composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The film was released theatrically on 14 January 2022. The film received negative reviews from critics.


title: Rowdy Boys

text: Akshay is a first year engineer student who falls for a medical student Kavya. However the war between the medical college and engineering college is a threat to their love. Will their love survive?


title: Rowdy Boys

text: Anupama was cast in March 2020 to play the lead actress. Rahul Ramakrishna was approached to do a role in the film, but couldn't join the film as he was busy working with "RRR". Later, Racha Ravi was cast to do the role. In an interview with Deccan Chronicle, Komalee Prasad told about role in the film that "I am a qualified dental surgeon, so shooting for scenes involving doctors and the medical fraternity was a great experience. In fact, I got nostalgic while shooting for campus scenes".


title: Rowdy Boys

text: Filming began in January 2020 and was wrapped up on 13 October 2021 after shooting the song "Date Night", choreographed by Jani Master. Speaking about the idea of the film, director Konuganti revealed that the film is inspired by an incident in his own college days. He further told: "My personal experiences in my academic life inspired me to write Rowdy Boys. The story is a perfect blend of comedy, friendship, gang fights, misunderstandings, ego clashes and, of course, love. The film brings back fond memories of college life and for those still at college, it tells you that these are the most cherished days in your life. I think all of us have these memories because it's a phase of mixed emotions".


title: Rowdy Boys

text: During the release event of "Preme Aakasamaithe" song in October 2021, producer Dil Raju announced that the film will release on 19 November 2021, but was postponed. Finally, the film was released on 14 January 2022 coinciding with the festival of Bhogi and Sankranti, following the postponement of major Telugu productions like "RRR" and "Radhe Shyam".


title: Rowdy Boys

text: The film received negative reviews from critics, although praising the performances of lead cast but criticized the story, narration and second half. "Pinkvilla" gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote "DSP's catch-all music saves this generic, bland love story". "123 Telugu" gave the film a rating of 2.75/5 and wrote "Rowdy Boys is a college drama with not many twists and turns. Ashish Reddy makes a decent debut and the first half is good. But a dull second half and lack of a strong story is a drawback. Youngsters might connect to the movie as it offers relatable elements. Just go in with low expectations and enjoy this college romance".


title: Rowdy Boys

text: Sangeetha Devi K of "The Hindu" appreciated the music by Devi Sri Prasad and wrote: "The biggest issue with "Rowdy Boys" is that it can remind you of a bunch of older films, to the extent that it ends up like a patchwork of inspired sequences." A reviewer from "Eenadu" praised the storyline and chemistry between the leads while criticizing the screenplay.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: Manchester Orchestra is an American indie rock band from Atlanta formed in 2004. The group is composed of rhythm guitarist-singer-songwriter Andy Hull, lead guitarist Robert McDowell, bassist Andy Prince and drummer Tim Very. Former drummer Jeremiah Edmond parted ways with the band in January 2010 to focus on his family and on running the band's record label, Favorite Gentlemen. The band's original bassist, Jonathan Corley, parted ways with the band in 2013. Keyboardist/percussionist Chris Freeman announced his departure from the band in September 2016.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: Manchester Orchestra has released several extended plays and six studio albums: "I'm Like a Virgin Losing a Child" (2006), "Mean Everything to Nothing" (2009), "Simple Math" (2011), "Cope" (2014) (as well as its accompanying acoustic version, "Hope"), "A Black Mile to the Surface" (2017) and "The Million Masks of God" (2021). They are signed to independent record label Favorite Gentlemen Recordings, which is distributed through Sony Music Entertainment, and Loma Vista Recordings.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: The band has performed at major music festivals such as Lollapalooza, Bonnaroo, Coachella, Riot Fest, Shaky Knees Music Festival, Firefly Music Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals, Austin City Limits Music Festival and more.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: Manchester Orchestra originated in the Atlanta suburbs. They are named after the English city of Manchester, a city frequently viewed as being bohemian and also rich in musical history (The Smiths, The Fall, The Buzzcocks, The Stone Roses, Joy Division, Oasis, New Order, Happy Mondays, Magazine, Rick Astley). Feeling increasingly alienated at his "small-town-Georgia, Christian high school" named Providence Christian Academy, in suburban Atlanta, the band's lead singer Andy Hull became so frustrated that he spent his senior year studying at home. He also wrote and recorded his first full-length album in 2004 while studying during his last year of high school.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: Early in their career, the band recorded an album entitled "Nobody Sings Anymore". However, it was never released due to the shift in the band's musical direction and personnel changes undergone following its recording. The band stated that "the band that made the record was different to the band now." Some of the tracks written for the album were released instead on "You Brainstorm, I Brainstorm, but Brilliance Needs a Good Editor".


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: Following the "You Brainstorm, I Brainstorm, but Brilliance Needs a Good Editor" EP, Manchester Orchestra recorded and released their debut album "I'm Like a Virgin Losing a Child". This album gained the attention of the music industry, and eventually led to their signing with Canvasback. The album was released nationwide July 27, 2007. Guitarist Robert McDowell did not appear on this album. The song "Wolves at Night" was featured in the video game NHL 08. The band worked in the studio recording their third EP, "Let My Pride Be What's Left Behind", with producer Dan Hannon and engineer Brad Fisher. It was released October 7, 2008.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: On February 13, 2008, a Daytrotter Sessions set was published including three songs the band performed live.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: In early September 2008, the band announced on their Myspace blog that they had begun recording their second album entitled "Mean Everything to Nothing" with producer Joe Chicarrelli (The Shins, My Morning Jacket). On February 4, 2009, the band posted a link to a free download of the single "I've Got Friends" and performed an acoustic version at The Fly's in the Courtyard Sessions. The album was released April 21, 2009 and peaked at #37 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: Jeremiah Edmond left the band in January 2010 to focus on his family and running the band's record label.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: In March 2010, Hull mentioned in an interview with the Dallas Observer that the band had begun work on a follow up to 2009's "Mean Everything to Nothing", tentatively titled "Let Go of Your Sorrowful Groaning". (While ultimately discarded as an album title, this phrase later appeared on the song "Mighty".) He also said that the band had been demoing around 34 songs, and that in writing the album he was imagining a "spiritual miscarriage". In September 2010, in an interview with "Rip It Up" magazine, the band announced that they were in the middle of recording their third full-length album, and explained it to be completely different from anything they had released in the past. The album was recorded with Dan Hannon in both Blackbird Studios (Nashville, Tennessee) and their own Favorite Gentlemen Studios (Atlanta, Georgia). Drummer Tim Very is featured on the album and eventually became Edmond's replacement. On October 23, 2010, during an appearance at Radio 104.5 in Philadelphia, following a Bad Books show in support of their recently released self-titled debut album, Manchester Orchestra debuted an acoustic version of the new album's title track, "Simple Math". Frontman Andy Hull said the album would be released in March 2011. On January 27, 2011, the band announced that their third full-length studio album, "Simple Math", would be released on May 10, 2011. It was also revealed that "Simple Math" would be a concept album. The song "April Fool" was featured in the game NHL 12. In the summer of 2011, the band joined Blink-182 and My Chemical Romance for part of the 2011 Honda Civic Tour. In autumn 2011, the band headlined the PacTour and were supported by White Denim, The Dear Hunter and Little Hurricane.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: On February 10, 2013, Jonathan Corley left the band to pursue a career outside of playing music and was replaced by Andy Prince. On March 11, the band announced they had begun recording their fourth full-length album. For Record Store Day 2013, the band teamed up with Grouplove and Frightened Rabbit to release a 12-inch containing the tracks "Make It to Me" and "Architect". On October 28, 2013 the band released their first new music since 2011, "After the Scripture", a song featured on the soundtrack of the movie "Dallas Buyers Club".


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: On December 8, 2013, Andy Hull announced in a video interview with Matt Pinfield that their fourth studio album would be titled "Cope", and was slated for release on April 1, 2014. On January 21, 2014, an official statement from the band confirmed this information. The album's first single, "Top Notch", was released alongside the announcement. Pre-orders for CD and LP copies of the album were subsequently added to the band's online store. On February 25, 2014, the album's second single, "Every Stone", was released. On September 16, 2014, Manchester Orchestra surprise-released "Hope", a song-by-song re-imagining of "Cope" with stripped down and more emotionally driven versions of each song. On "Hope", Andy Hull stated that the band "aimed for nasty and guttural stuff on "Cope", and this was more like, 'How pretty can this be?' I've always liked both sensibilities. This was an opportunity to see if we could sit down and do it for a whole album." They also announced a 13-date tour in support of "Hope".


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: Andy Hull and Robert McDowell wrote and performed the soundtrack for "Swiss Army Man", a 2016 film starring Daniel Radcliffe and Paul Dano. The soundtrack is composed solely of vocals, with as many as 150 vocal tracks layered on top of one another. Radcliffe offered high praise for the soundtrack:


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: The soundtrack was nominated for "Best Original Score for a Comedy Film" and "Film Music Composition of the Year" in the 2016 International Film Music Critics Association Awards.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: The band released their 5th full-length album, "A Black Mile to the Surface", on July 21, 2017. The album debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard Top Albums Sales chart, No. 2 on Vinyl Albums, No. 6 on Alternative Albums, and No. 7 on Rock Albums. The album was produced by Catherine Marks, John Congleton, and Jonathan Wilson. The band put out 3 singles ahead of the album's release. "The Gold" was released June 9, with an accompanying music video by Mike Dempsey and Johnny Chew. Two weeks later, the band released "The Alien." It featured a music video, released on NPR and created by Mike Dempsey and the Daniels. On July 10, 2017, they released the third and final single from the album, entitled "The Moth". On July 31, the band released a music video for "The Sunshine", which was directed by the Daniels.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: On March 30, 2018 the band released a cover of "No Hard Feelings" by The Avett Brothers. On June 8, 2018 they released the single "I Know How to Speak" which was partially recorded during the "Black Mile" sessions.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: On February 17, 2021, the band announced their sixth album, titled "The Million Masks of God", by releasing the first single from the album, "Bed Head". The album was released on April 30 via Loma Vista.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: Manchester Orchestra has consistently released a series of video podcasts throughout the span of their career. Over one hundred Podcasts have been released since September 2006 on the band's YouTube page. They begin during the recording process of the band's first record "I'm Like a Virgin Losing a Child", and continue to highlight key moments of the band's progression. These short 5- to 10-minute videos were released as a way to connect with fans and to give them a glimpse of what it's actually like touring and making records. These videos were filmed and edited by filmmaker and founding band member Jonathan Corley. The numbering of these podcasts reflect different time periods, and reset for each additional record release.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: Several of the members of Manchester Orchestra are involved in other music projects. Andy Hull has a solo project called Right Away, Great Captain! as well as a band called Bad Books consisting of Hull and Kevin Devine. Robert McDowell's solo project is called Gobotron. In addition to Manchester Orchestra, Andy Prince plays bass for Kevin Devine and Nashville-based band The Gills.


title: Manchester Orchestra

text: The band hosts, curates, and performs at an annual festival in Atlanta, GA called "The Stuffing". The festival began in 2010 and takes place every year around Thanksgiving. In addition to Manchester Orchestra, past performers include Cage the Elephant, Kevin Devine, O'Brother, The Front Bottoms, All Get Out, Grouplove, Dustin Kensrue and more. 2016 was the 7th year of The Stuffing and featured Manchester Orchestra performing their album "I'm Like a Virgin Losing a Child" in its entirety to celebrate the album's 10-year anniversary.


title: Tris

text: Tris, or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, or known during medical use as tromethamine or THAM, is an organic compound with the formula (HOCH)CNH, one of the twenty Good's buffers. It is extensively used in biochemistry and molecular biology as a component of buffer solutions such as in TAE and TBE buffers, especially for solutions of nucleic acids. It contains a primary amine and thus undergoes the reactions associated with typical amines, e.g. condensations with aldehydes. Tris also complexes with metal ions in solution. In medicine, tromethamine is occasionally used as a drug, given in intensive care for its properties as a buffer for the treatment of severe metabolic acidosis in specific circumstances. Some medications are formulated as the "tromethamine salt" including Hemabate (carboprost as trometamol salt), and "ketorolac trometamol".


title: Tris

text: The conjugate acid of tris has a p"K" of 8.07 at 25 °C, which implies that the buffer has an effective pH range between 7.1 and 9.1 (p"K" ± 1) at room temperature.


title: Tris

text: Tris is prepared industrially by the exhaustive condensation of nitromethane with formaldehyde under basic conditions (i.e. repeated Henry reactions) to produce the intermediate (HOCH)CNO, which is subsequently hydrogenated to give the final product.


title: Tris

text: The useful buffer range for tris (pH 7–9) coincides with the physiological pH typical of most living organisms. This, and its low cost, make tris one of the most common buffers in the biology/biochemistry laboratory. Tris is also used as a primary standard to standardize acid solutions for chemical analysis.


title: Tris

text: Tris is used to increase permeability of cell membranes. It is a component of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine and the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for use in children 5 through 11 years of age.


title: Tris

text: Tris (usually known as THAM in this context) is used as alternative to sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of metabolic acidosis.


title: Judging Amy

text: Judging Amy is an American legal drama television series that was telecast from September 19, 1999, through May 3, 2005, on CBS. This TV series starred Amy Brenneman and Tyne Daly. Its main character (Brenneman) is a judge who serves in a family court for the Connecticut Superior Court's Hartford district; in addition to the family-related cases that she adjudicates, many episodes focus on her experiences as a divorced mother and on the experiences of her mother, a social worker in the field of child welfare. This series was based on the life experiences of Brenneman's mother.


title: Judging Amy

text: Amy Gray (Amy Brenneman), an attorney and Harvard graduate, moves back to her hometown of Hartford, Connecticut after separating from her husband Michael in New York City. She and her six-year-old daughter Lauren (Karle Warren) move in with her widowed mother, Maxine Gray (Tyne Daly) who is a caseworker for the Connecticut Department of Children and Families. The move back to Hartford also reunites Amy with her two brothers. Her older brother Peter (Marcus Giamatti) juggles the operations of their late father's insurance company along with the struggles he and his wife Gillian (Jessica Tuck) are facing towards starting a family due to fertility issues. At the same time, Amy's younger brother Vincent (Dan Futterman) an aspiring writer, struggles to jumpstart his career while working odd-end jobs. Later on, Amy's cousin Kyle McCarthy (Kevin Rahm), a former med student, returns to help cope with the rehabilitation of his drug addiction. In her line of work Amy takes on a wide variety of challenging cases, with the assistance of her Court Services Officer Bruce van Exel (Richard T. Jones) and Court Clerk Donna Kozlowski (Jillian Armenante) both of whom she ultimately becomes good friends with. In the "de facto" series finale (the series was canceled after the conclusion of the season) Amy quits the judiciary to run for the U.S. Senate.


title: Judging Amy

text: On October 21, 2005, 16-year-old Tara Correa (who played Graciela Reyes in the show) was shot to death outside an apartment complex in Inglewood, California. Suspected gang member Damien Watts, 20, was charged with her murder on March 1, 2006; he was convicted on January 23, 2009. When charged, Watts was in custody for a separate shooting. Watts was sentenced on February 27, 2009 to life imprisonment, with no chance of parole.


title: Judging Amy

text: "Judging Amy" takes place in Hartford, Connecticut. Although the show often shows the Hartford Judicial District Court as having the address of 1265 (street unknown), the actual address of the Hartford Judicial District is 95 Washington Street, family matters are heard on 90 Washington Street and the Superior Court Juvenile Matters of Hartford is in 920 Broad Street, Hartford, CT 06106.


title: Judging Amy

text: After six seasons, "Judging Amy" was canceled by CBS on May 18, 2005. In the United States, repeats aired on TNT until the fall of 2007. On July 17, 2011, UP (the former Gospel Music Channel) began airing the series daily, albeit with content and episode edits (including episode removals) to conform to the network's programming direction and ownership. Since February 2016 it has aired more intermittently on the network, mainly in the form of all-day marathons (episode removals have been relaxed under a more secular programming direction that included fellow Connecticut-set series "Gilmore Girls" being added to UP's schedule).


title: Judging Amy

text: "Judging Amy" is broadcast in Australia on channels ELEVEN and 111 Hits and in New Zealand on Prime. In Canada, the show aired on channel Séries+ and, beginning in September 2017, in French with described video on AMI-télé. Ireland's TV3 carried the show, as did UK stations Living TV, Hallmark, Channel 4, and CBS Drama, Israel's YES Base Channel also carries the show.


title: Judging Amy

text: Several reviewers have suggested the show took inspiration from the formula established by "Providence". Reviewers also cite the relationship between Brenneman and Daly's characters as the selling point of the show. Also likely is the physical similarities at the time between Brenneman and the lead actress in "Providence", Melina Kanakaredes.


title: Judging Amy

text: Amy Gray makes reference to "Providence" in episode 3.18, "The Justice League of America". In this episode, Amy is attending her Harvard Law School class' tenth reunion, and her old friends cannot seem to remember Amy has moved to Hartford. They think she resides in Providence. Finally, Amy is pushed to state, "It's Hartford, David. Providence is a whole other universe."


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The British Aerospace Sea Harrier is a naval short take-off and vertical landing/vertical take-off and landing jet fighter, reconnaissance and attack aircraft. It is the second member of the Harrier family developed. It first entered service with the Royal Navy in April 1980 as the Sea Harrier FRS1 and became informally known as the ""Shar"". Unusual in an era in which most naval and land-based air superiority fighters were large and supersonic, the principal role of the subsonic Sea Harrier was to provide air defence for Royal Navy task groups centred around the aircraft carriers.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Sea Harrier served in the Falklands War and the Balkans conflicts; on all occasions it mainly operated from aircraft carriers positioned within the conflict zone. Its usage in the Falklands War was its most high profile and important success, when it was the only fixed-wing fighter available to protect the British Task Force. The Sea Harriers shot down 20 enemy aircraft during the conflict; 2 Sea Harriers were lost to enemy ground fire. They were also used to launch ground attacks in the same manner as the Harriers operated by the Royal Air Force.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Sea Harrier was marketed for sales abroad, but India was the only other operator after attempts to sell the aircraft to Argentina and Australia were unsuccessful. A second, updated version for the Royal Navy was made in 1993 as the Sea Harrier FA2, improving its air-to-air abilities and weapons compatibilities, along with a more powerful engine; this version was manufactured until 1998. The aircraft was withdrawn from service early by the Royal Navy in 2006, but remained in service with the Indian Navy for a further decade until its retirement in 2016.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: In the post-World War II era, the Royal Navy began contracting in size. By 1960, the last battleship, , was retired from the Navy, having been in service for less than fifteen years. In 1966 the planned CVA-01 class of large aircraft carriers was cancelled. During this time, requirements within the Royal Navy began to form for a vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) carrier-based interceptor to replace the de Havilland Sea Vixen. The first V/STOL tests on a ship began with a Hawker Siddeley P.1127 landing on in 1963.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: A second concept for the future of naval aviation emerged in the early 1970s when the first of a new class of "through deck cruisers" was planned. These were very carefully and politically designated as cruisers, deliberately avoiding the term "aircraft carrier" to increase the chances of funding in a hostile political climate against expensive capital ships. The resulting carriers were considerably smaller than the CVA-01 design, but came to be widely recognised as aircraft carriers. Almost immediately upon their construction, a ski-jump was added to the end of the 170-metre deck, enabling the carriers to effectively operate a small number of V/STOL jets.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The naval staff were able to build an effective political argument for acquiring V/STOL aircraft, on the grounds that anti-submarine groups operating in the NATO Atlantic area, the intended main role of the through deck cruisers, would be vulnerable to attack by Soviet anti-ship missiles. These could be launched at a considerable distance by a submarine or surface ship, but needed to be guided in by a maritime patrol aircraft; fast jets carried onboard would be able to shoot these down. No mention was made of the other capabilities that these aircraft would have.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Royal Air Force's Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR1s had entered service in April 1969. A navalised variant of the Harrier was developed by Hawker Siddeley to serve on the upcoming ships; this became the Sea Harrier. In 1975, the Royal Navy ordered 24 Sea Harrier "FRS.1" (standing for 'Fighter, Reconnaissance, Strike') aircraft, the first of which entered service in 1978. During this time Hawker Siddeley became part of British Aerospace through nationalisation in 1977. By the time the prototype Sea Harrier was flown at Dunsfold on 20 August 1978, the order had been increased to 34. The Sea Harrier was declared operational in 1981 on board the first "Invincible"-class ship , and further aircraft joined the ageing aircraft carrier later that year.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: In 1984, approval was given to upgrade of the fleet to "FRS.2" standard (later known as "FA2") following the lessons learned during the aircraft's deployment in the 1982 Falklands War. The first flight of the prototype took place in September 1988 and a contract was signed for 29 upgraded aircraft in December that year. In 1990, the Navy ordered 18 new-build FA2s, at a unit cost of around £12 million, four further upgraded aircraft were ordered in 1994. The first aircraft was delivered on 2 April 1993.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Sea Harrier is a subsonic aircraft designed for strike, reconnaissance and fighter roles. It features a single Rolls-Royce Pegasus turbofan engine with two intakes and four vectorable nozzles. It has two landing gear on the fuselage and two outrigger landing gear on the wings. The Sea Harrier is equipped with four wing and three fuselage pylons for carrying weapons and external fuel tanks. Use of the ski jump allowed the aircraft to take off from a short flight deck with a heavier payload than would otherwise be possible, although it can also take off like a conventional loaded fighter without thrust vectoring from a normal airport runway.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Sea Harrier was largely based on the Harrier GR3, but was modified to have a raised cockpit with a "bubble" canopy for greater visibility, and an extended forward fuselage to accommodate the Ferranti Blue Fox radar. Parts were changed to use corrosion resistant alloys, or coatings were added, to protect against the marine environment. After the Falklands War, the Sea Harrier was fitted with the Sea Eagle anti-ship missile.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Blue Fox radar was seen by some critics as having comparatively low performance for what was available at the time of procurement. The Sea Harrier FA2 was fitted with the Blue Vixen radar, which was described as one of the most advanced pulse doppler radar systems in the world; The Blue Vixen formed the basis of the Eurofighter Typhoon's CAPTOR radar. The Sea Harrier FA2 carried the AIM-120 AMRAAM missile, the first UK aircraft with this capability. An upgraded model of the Pegasus engine, the Pegasus Mk 106, was used in the Sea Harrier FA2. In response to the threat of radar-based anti aircraft weapons electronic countermeasures were added. Other improvements included an increased air-to-air weapons load, look-down radar, increased range, and improved cockpit displays.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Sea Harrier's cockpit includes a conventional centre stick arrangement and left-hand throttle. In addition to normal flight controls, the Harrier has a lever for controlling the direction of the four vectorable nozzles. The nozzles point rearward with the lever in the forward position for horizontal flight. With the lever back, the nozzles point downward for vertical takeoff or landing. The utility of the vertical landing capability of the Sea Harrier was demonstrated in an incident on 6 June 1983, when Sub Lieutenant Ian Watson lost contact with the aircraft carrier and had to land Sea Harrier ZA176 on the foredeck of the Spanish cargo ship "Alraigo".


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: In 1998, the UK Defence Evaluation and Research Agency test-fitted an FA2 with AVPRO UK Ltd's Exint pods, small underwing compartments intended to be used for deployment of special forces.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: In 2005, a Sea Harrier was modified with an 'Autoland' system to allow the fighter to perform a safe vertical landing without any pilot interaction. Despite the pitching of a ship posing a natural problem, the system was designed to be aware of such data, and successfully performed a landing at sea in May 2005.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The first three Sea Harriers were a development batch and were used for clearance trials. The first production aircraft was delivered to RNAS Yeovilton in 1979 to form an Intensive Flying Trials Unit, 700A Naval Air Squadron. In March 1980 the Intensive Flying Trials Unit became 899 Naval Air Squadron and would act as the landborne headquarters unit for the type. The first operational squadron, 800 Naval Air Squadron, was also formed in March 1980 initially to operate from HMS "Invincible" before it transferred to HMS "Hermes". In January 1981, a second operation squadron 801 Naval Air Squadron was formed to operate from HMS "Invincible".


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: Sea Harriers took part in the Falklands War () of 1982, flying from HMS "Invincible" and HMS "Hermes". The Sea Harriers performed the primary air defence role with a secondary role of ground attack; the RAF Harrier GR3 provided the main ground attack force. A total of 28 Sea Harriers and 14 Harrier GR3s were deployed in the theatre. The Sea Harrier squadrons shot down 20 Argentine aircraft in air-to-air combat with no air-to-air losses, although two Sea Harriers were lost to ground fire and four to accidents. Out of the total Argentine air losses, 28% were shot down by Harriers. One Sea Harrier alone, flown by RAF Flight Lieutenant David Morgan, shot down two Skyhawks in a single encounter.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: A number of factors contributed to the failure of the Argentinian fighters to shoot down a Sea Harrier. Although the Mirage III and Dagger jets were faster, the Sea Harrier was considerably more manoeuvrable. Moreover, the Harrier employed the latest AIM-9L Sidewinder missiles and the Blue Fox radar. Contrary to contemporary reports that "viffing" proved decisive in dogfights, the maneuver was not used by RN pilots in the Falklands as it was only used in emergencies against enemies unfamiliar with the aircraft. The British pilots noticed Argentinian pilots occasionally releasing weapons outside of their operating parameters. This is now thought to have been Mirages (IAI Neshers) releasing external fuel tanks to improve their maneuverability for air combat.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: British aircraft received fighter control from warships in San Carlos Water, although its effectiveness was limited by their being stationed close to the islands, which severely limited the effectiveness of their radar. The differences in tactics and training between 800 Squadron and 801 Squadron have been a point of criticism, suggesting that the losses of several ships were preventable had Sea Harriers from "Hermes" been used more effectively.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: Both sides' aircraft were operating in adverse conditions. Argentine aircraft were forced to operate from the mainland because airfields on the Falklands were only suited for propeller-driven aircraft. The bombing of Port Stanley airport by a British Vulcan bomber was also a consideration in the Argentinians' decision to operate them from afar. As most Argentine aircraft lacked in-flight refuelling capability, they were forced to operate at the limit of their range. The Sea Harriers also had limited fuel reserves due to the tactical decision to station the British carriers out of Exocet missile range and the dispersal of the fleet. The result was that an Argentine aircraft only had five minutes over the islands to search for and attack an objective, while a Sea Harrier could stay near to 30 minutes waiting in the Argentine approach corridors and provide Combat Air Patrol coverage for up to an hour.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Sea Harriers were outnumbered by the available Argentinian aircraft, and were on occasion decoyed away by the activities of the "Escuadrón Fénix" or civilian jet aircraft used by the Argentine Air Force. They had to operate without a fleet airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) system that would have been available to a full NATO fleet in which the Royal Navy had expected to operate, which was a significant weakness in the operational environment. It is now known that British units based in Chile did provide early radar warning to the Task Force. Nonetheless, the lack of AEW&C cover resulted in air superiority as opposed to air supremacy; the Sea Harriers could not prevent Argentine attacks during day or night nor could they completely stop the daily C-130 Hercules transports' night flights to the islands.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Sea Harrier saw action in war again when it was deployed in the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. It launched raids on Serb forces and provided air-support for the international taskforce units conducting Operations Deny Flight and Deliberate Force against the Army of Republika Srpska. On 16 April 1994, a Sea Harrier of the 801 Naval Air Squadron, operating from the aircraft carrier HMS "Ark Royal", was brought down by an Igla-1 surface-to-air missile fired by the Army of Republika Srpska while attempting to bomb two Bosnian Serb tanks. The pilot, Lieutenant Nick Richardson, ejected and landed in territory controlled by friendly Bosnian Muslims.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: It was used again in the 1999 NATO campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in Operation Allied Force, where Sea Harriers operating from "Invincible" frequently patrolled the airspace to keep Yugoslavian MiGs on the ground. They were also deployed on board "Illustrious" in 2000 as part of Operation Palliser, the British intervention in Sierra Leone.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Sea Harrier was withdrawn from service in 2006 and the last remaining aircraft from 801 Naval Air Squadron were decommissioned on 29 March 2006. The MoD argued that significant expenditure would be required to upgrade the fleet for only six years of service to meet the F-35s then planned in-service date.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: Both versions of Harrier experienced reduced engine performance (Pegasus Mk 106 in FA2 – Mk 105 in GR7) in the higher ambient temperatures of the Middle East, which restricted the weight of payload that the Harrier could return to the carrier in 'vertical' recoveries. This was due to the safety factors associated with aircraft landing weights. The option to install higher-rated Pegasus engines would not have been as straightforward as on the Harrier GR7 upgrade and would have likely been an expensive and slow process. Furthermore, the Sea Harriers were subject to a generally more hostile environment than land-based Harriers, with corrosive salt spray a particular problem. A number of aircraft were retained by the School of Flight Deck Operations at RNAS "Culdrose".


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm would continue to share the other component of Joint Force Harrier. Harrier GR7 and the upgraded Harrier GR9 were transferred to Royal Navy squadrons in 2006, but were retired prematurely in 2010 due to budget cuts.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: Although withdrawn from active Royal Navy service, Sea Harriers are used to train naval aircraft handlers at the Royal Navy School of Flight Deck Operations.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: In 1977, the Indian government approved plans to acquire the Sea Harrier for the Indian Navy. In November 1979, India placed its first order for six Sea Harrier FRS Mk 51 fighters and two T Mk 60 Trainers; the first three Sea Harriers arrived at Dabolim Airport on 16 December 1983, and were inducted the same year. Ten more Sea Harriers were purchased in November 1985; eventually a total of 30 Harriers were procured, 25 for operational use and the remainder as dual-seat trainer aircraft. Until the 1990s, significant portions of pilot training was carried out in Britain due to limited aircraft availability.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The introduction of the Sea Harrier allowed for the retirement of India's previous carrier fighter aircraft, the Hawker Sea Hawk, as well as for the Navy's aircraft carrier, , to be extensively modernised between 1987 and 1989. India has operated Sea Harriers from both the aircraft carriers INS "Vikrant" and INS "Viraat". The Sea Harrier allowed several modern missiles to be introduced into naval operations, such as the Sea Eagle anti-ship missile, and the Matra Magic air-to-air missile. Other ordnance has included 68 mm rockets, runway-denial bombs, cluster bombs, and podded 30 mm cannons.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: There have been a significant number of accidents involving the Sea Harrier; this accident rate has caused approximately half the fleet to be lost with only 11 fighters remaining in service. Following a crash in August 2009, all Sea Harriers were temporarily grounded for inspection. Since the beginning of operational service in the Indian Navy, seven pilots have died in 17 crashes involving the Sea Harrier, usually during routine sorties.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: In 2006, the Indian Navy expressed interest in acquiring up to eight of the Royal Navy's recently retired Sea Harrier FA2s in order to maintain their operational Sea Harrier fleet. Neither the Sea Harrier FA2's Blue Vixen radar, the radar warning receiver or AMRAAM capability would have been included; certain US software would also be uninstalled prior to shipment. By October 2006, reports emerged that the deal had not materialised due to the cost of airframe refurbishment.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: In 2006, the Indian Navy started upgrading up to 15 Sea Harriers, installing the Elta EL/M-2032 radar and the Rafael 'Derby' medium-range air-to-air BVR missile. This enabled the Sea Harrier to remain in Indian service beyond 2012. By 2009, crashes had reduced India's fleet to 12 (from original 30).


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: India purchased the deactivated Russian aircraft carrier Admiral "Gorshkov" in 2004. After refurbishment and trials, the ship was formally inducted into the Indian Navy as INS "Vikramaditya" in June 2014. Sea Harriers operated from INS "Viraat" for the last time on 6 March 2016.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: On 11 May 2016, a ceremony was held at INS Hansa, Dabolim, Goa to commemorate the phasing out of Sea Harriers from INAS 300 "White Tigers" and their replacement by the MiG-29K/KUB fighters. Aircraft of both types performed an air display at the ceremony, marking the final flight of the Sea Harriers after 33 years of service in the Indian Navy. The Indian Navy operates MiG-29K/KUB STOBAR fighters from "Vikramaditya".


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: Several surviving Sea Harriers are held by museums and private owners, and some others are at the Royal Navy School of Flight Deck Operations at RNAS Culdrose and other military bases for training. The following is list of those not used by the military for training.


title: British Aerospace Sea Harrier

text: The Harrier's unique characteristics have led to it being featured a number of films and video games.


title: Graham Bonnet

text: Graham Bonnet (born 23 December 1947) is an English rock singer. He has recorded and performed as a solo artist and as a member of several hard rock and heavy metal bands including Rainbow, Michael Schenker Group, Alcatrazz, and Impellitteri. He is known for his powerful singing voice but is capable of also singing soft melodies. His singing has been noted as "very loud" by both his contemporaries and himself, and he claims to be a self-taught singer with "no discipline for lessons".


title: Graham Bonnet

text: Bonnet's visual style, considered uncharacteristic of hard rock musicians, has been described as being a cross between Don Johnson in "Miami Vice" and James Dean.


title: Graham Bonnet

text: Bonnet was born in Skegness, Lincolnshire, in 1947. He had his first hit single with duo the Marbles in 1968, with the single "Only One Woman", which reached Number 5 in the UK Singles Chart. This and its follow-up, "The Walls Fell Down", were both written by Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb and Maurice Gibb of the Bee Gees who had recorded in Australia with Bonnet's bandmate from the Marbles, Trevor Gordon.