title: Portuguese name

text: It is a popular belief that the Jews living in Portugal up to 1497, when they were forced to choose between conversion or expulsion, substituted their surnames with the names of trees that do not bear edible fruits, such as "Carvalho" (oak tree) and "Junqueira" (reed, bulrush, junk). Others say that they usually chose animal "Leão" (Lion); plant/vegetable "Pimentel" (pepper); fruit such as "Figo" (fig) and "Moreira" (berry); and tree names such as "Pereira" (pear tree) or "Oliveira" (olive tree), in this case trees that bear edible fruits. However, even these names were already used by Christians during the Middle Ages; these surnames were mostly used by the converted Jews ("conversos", new Christians) during the time the Inquisition existed.


title: Portuguese name

text: Another family name usually pointed out as denoting Jewish ancestry is "Espírito Santo" (Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost) and Verdugo/Berdugo (Branch of a Tree / Executioner). The rationale is that Jews would adopt as a family name an (apparently) Christian concept as a deception. In fact, they were choosing the most incorporeal Trinity person, that is, the one that offended least their (secret) Jewish faith. This theory is not totally unfounded, as there is evidence that the cult around the Holy Spirit flourished after 1496, especially among New Christians. This does not rule out that "Espírito Santo" was also adopted by faithful Christians, following the rationale of other religious surnames.


title: Portuguese name

text: The Portuguese Jews living in Portugal up to 1497 bore given names that could distinguish them from the Christian population. Most of these names are Portuguese versions of older Semitic (Arabian, Hebrew, Aramaic) names like "Abenazo, Aboab, Abravanel, Albarrux, Azenha, Benafull, Benafaçom, Benazo, Caçez, Cachado, Çaçom/Saçom, Carraf, Carilho, Cide/Cid, Çoleima, Faquim, Faracho, Faravom, Fayham/Fayam, Focem, Çacam/Sacam, Famiz, Gadim, Gedelha, Labymda, Latam/Latão, Loquem, Lozora, Maalom, Maçon, Maconde, Mocatel, Mollaão, Montam, Motaal, Rondim, Rosall, Samaia/Çamaya, Sanamel, Saraya, Tarraz, Tavy/Tovy, Toby, Varmar, Verdugo/Berdugo, Zaaboca, Zabocas, Zaquim, Zaquem". Some were locative names, not necessarily specific to Jewish populations, like "Catelaão/Catalão "(Catalan)", Castelão/Castelhão "(Castilian)", Crescente "(crescent, from Turkey)", Medina "(Medinah)", Romano "(Roman)", Romão, Romeiro, Tolledam/Toledano "(from Toledo)", Vallency" (Valencia)" and Vascos "(Basque)"; some were patronymics from Biblical names like Abraão "(Abraham)", Lázaro "(Lazar)", Barnabé, Benjamim, Gabril "(Gabriel)", Muça "(Moses)" and Natam "(Nathan); some are profession names such as " Caldeirão "(cauldron)", Martelo "(hammer)", Pexeiro "(fishmonger)", Chaveirol "(locksmith)" and Prateiro "(silversmith); some are nicknames such as Calvo" (bald), Dourado" (golden, like the German Goldfarb), "Ruivo" (red-headed), "Crespo" (curly)," Querido" (beloved) and" Parente" (family relative). A few names are not distinct from old Portuguese surnames like "Camarinha, Castro, Crespim".


title: Portuguese name

text: Some scholars proved that the converted Portuguese Jews usually chose a patronymic as their new surname and, when the conversion was not forced, they would choose to bear the surname of their godfather.


title: Portuguese name

text: The Jewish-Portuguese community that flourished in the Netherlands and Hamburg, Germany, after their expulsion from Portugal used surnames such as Camargo, Costa, Fonseca, Pimentel, Dias, Pinto, and Silveira.


title: Portuguese name

text: Some of the most famous descendants of Portuguese Jews who lived outside Portugal are the philosopher Baruch Spinoza (in Portugal "Bento de Espinosa"), the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli and the classical economist David Ricardo. Other famous members of the Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam bore names such as Uriel da Costa (or "Uriel Acosta"), Abraham Pimentel - Rabbi of the Portuguese synagogue of Amsterdam, Isaac Aboab da Fonseca, Isaac de Pinto and Menasseh ben Israel (whose original surname was Soeiro).


title: Portuguese name

text: The Belmonte Jews (crypto-Jews from the Belmonte region in Portugal) also bear surnames that cannot be used to distinguish them from the older Catholic Portuguese families. Using tree names as surnames was not a common practice among converted or non-converted Portuguese Jews, before or after their expulsion in 1497.


title: Portuguese name

text: According to a large scale study of names extracted from various social networking websites, the most common surnames in Brazil are:


title: Portuguese name

text: According to the newspaper Público, the most common given names in Portugal, for 105,000 children born in 2008 were:


title: Portuguese name

text: According to the Certidão de Nascimento Website, the top 10 most common given names in Brazil in 2014 were:


title: Portuguese name

text: Until abolition of slavery, slaves did not have surnames, only given names. They were even forbidden to use their distinct African or Native Brazilian names and were christened with a Portuguese given name. While slavery persisted, slaves needed to have distinct names only within the plantation ("fazenda" or "engenho") to which they belonged.


title: Portuguese name

text: It was a common practice to name free slaves after their former owners, so all their descendants have the Portuguese surnames of their former owner.


title: Portuguese name

text: Religious names are also more common among people with African or native Brazilian ancestors than among people with only European ancestors. A slave who had just a given name like "Francisco de Assis" (from Saint Francis of Assisi) could use the partial name "de Assis" as a surname, since the connective – "de" – gives the appearance of surname.


title: Portuguese name

text: The practice of naming Afro-Brazilians with religious surnames was proved even by some indirect approaches. Medical researchers demonstrated that there is a statistical correlation between a religious name and genetic diseases related to African ancestry such as the sickle-cell disease. Due to miscegenation, the correlation exists even among white people that have religious surnames.


title: Portuguese name

text: It was also common to name indigenous people and freed slaves with surnames which were already very common such as "Silva" or "Costa". That is why "Silva" is the most common surname in Brazil.


title: Portuguese name

text: In the years following Brazil's independence, some old Brazilians families changed their surnames to surnames derived from Tupian languages as a patriotic way to emphasize the new Fatherland. Some of these names are still spelled with Portuguese old orthography, but some are spelled according to the new rules. These names, following the old orthography, include:


title: Portuguese name

text: Some Brazilian surnames, like some old Portuguese surnames, are locative surnames that denote the original place where the ancestor who first used it was born or lived. Like surnames that originated from words, this practice started during the patriotic years that followed Brazil's Independence.


title: Portuguese name

text: These are surnames like "Brasil" (Brazil), "Brasiliense" (Brazilian), "Brasileiro" (also Brazilian), "América", "Americano" (American), "Bahiense" (from Bahia city, today called Salvador), "Cearense" (from Ceará State) and "Maranhão" (from Maranhão State)


title: Portuguese name

text: Some locative surnames derived indirectly as the result of its incorporation by the family after the Imperial nobility title of an ancestor. During the times of Emperor Pedro II, non-hereditary nobilities titles would be granted to notable persons, generally statesmen. The title (but no lordship) would be granted and named after a location, as in Europe, generally owned by the notable. At their death, the family in order to maintain the reference to the title would adopt them, to the point that many Brazilians still believe these are hereditary.


title: Portuguese name

text: Rio Branco (from Barão de Rio Branco, i.e., José Maria da Silva Paranhos), Jaguaribe (from Barão de Jaguaribe), Ouro Preto (from Visconde de Ouro Preto), Paranaguá (from the various Marqueses de Paranaguá as the title would be granted to more than one notable), Araripe (Barão de Araripe), Suassuna (Barão de Suassuna), etc...


title: Portuguese name

text: Despite the lesser variation in Portuguese surnames, immigration from other countries (mainly from Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Netherlands, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, the United Kingdom, Syria, Lebanon, Japan, United States and more recently China, Korea, Africa, Hispanic America and Haiti) increased the diversity of surnames in Brazil.


title: Portuguese name

text: Some foreign surnames were misspelled after many generations and today cannot be recognized in their original country (the French-Swiss family name "Magnan" changed to "Manhães" after some decades). Some misspelled foreign surnames are hardly recognized by speakers of the original language such as "Collor" (from German "Köhler"), "Chamareli" (from Italian "Sciammarelli") and "Branquini" (from Italian "Bianchini"). Sometimes, different rules of romanization were applied to Japanese and Arabic names (like "Nacamura" and "Nakamura", "Yamaguchi" and "Iamaguti", "Sabag" and "Sappak", "Bukhalil" and "Bucalil").


title: Portuguese name

text: Thus there are extensively adapted or misspelled foreign surnames used by Brazilian descendants of non-Portuguese immigrants. Due to emigration, nowadays one can find these misspelled surnames even in their original country.


title: Portuguese name

text: Although not so widely used as in the United States, immigrants used to change their surname to show assimilation or to avoid social discrimination in Brazil.


title: Portuguese name

text: This practice was most used during World War II by Italian immigrants because Italy was an enemy country for a few years. As Italians are Catholics and were easily assimilated in the larger Brazilian society, the practice was not perceived and almost forgotten after a single generation.


title: Portuguese name

text: The new Portuguese surname was generally chosen based on the original meaning of the foreign surname ("Olivetto", "Olivetti" or "Oliva" sometimes changed to "Oliveira"). Sometimes the new surname had only a phonetic resemblance with the foreign one (the Italian surnames "Livieiro" and "Salviani" sometimes were changed to "Oliveira" and " Silva".


title: Portuguese name

text: In Brazil, until the first half of the 20th century, very important people could be called in a very respectful – but not formal – way using a social or military title and a childish hypocoristics of their given name, such as ""Coronel Tonico"" (Colonel Tony), ""Comendador Paulinho"" (Commander Little Paul), ""Dona Chica"" (Lady Little Frances"), "Sinhá Mariquinha" (Mrs. Little Mary, "sinhá" is a popular pronunciation of senhora, i.e. Mrs.). Although an American president could be called "Bill" (Clinton) or "Jimmy" (Carter) by the press, this practice was used in Brazil as a much more respectful treatment and never in a formal way.


title: Portuguese name

text: Some sociologists have suggested that members of the Brazilian upper classes were often raised by slave women who called them using a hypocoristics, and that childish name continued to be used, but in a respectful way, when they grew up.


title: Portuguese name

text: Today, this practice is not so widespread, but one can find people informally, but respectfully, called ""Seu Zé"" (Mr Joe, "Seu" is a short Mister) or ""Dona Ritinha"" (Lady Little Rita).


title: Portuguese name

text: In Brazil, descendants of famous people sometimes use a surname composed of both the given name and the surname of their ancestor, like "Ruy Barbosa", "", "" and "" families. Such practice allows them to be easily recognised by other people as descendants of their famous ancestor. Such a pattern is rare.


title: Portuguese name

text: In Portugal, newborn children can only be named from a list of given names permitted by Civil Law. Names are required to be spelt according to the rules of Portuguese orthography and to be a part of Portuguese-language onomastic (traditionally names in Portugal were based on the calendar of saints). Thus in Portugal the given names show little variation, as traditional names are favoured over modern ones. Examples of popular Portuguese names are "António, João, José, Francisco, Pedro or Manuel" (for men) and "Maria, Ana, Isabel, Teresa or Joana" (for women). In recent decades there has been a popularity rise for ancient historical names such as "Gonçalo, Bernardo, Vasco, Afonso, Leonor, Catarina or Beatriz". If one of the parents is not Portuguese or has double citizenship, foreign names are allowed, as long as the parents present a document proving the requested name is allowed in their country of origin. In the past, immigrant children who were born abroad were required to adopt a Portuguese name in order to become Portuguese citizens – an example is tennis player Michelle de Brito, whose legal name is "Micaela". This practice no longer applies.


title: Portuguese name

text: In Brazil, there is no legal restriction on naming a newborn child, unless the given name has a meaning that can humiliate or embarrass those who bear it.


title: Portuguese name

text: Brazilians living far from the big cities or lower-class people are prone to create new given names, joining together the given names of the parents or classical given names, changing the spelling of foreign names or even using foreign suffixes that – they may believe – give a sophisticated or modern sound to the new name (e.g. Maurren – from Maureen -, Deivid – from David, Robisson).


title: Portuguese name

text: Foreign surnames are also widely used as given names such as "Wagner, Mozart, Donizetti, Lamartine, Danton, Anderson, Emerson, Edison, Franklin, Nelson, Wilson, Washington, Jefferson, Jensen, Kennedy, Lenin, Newton, Nobel", "Rosenberg", "Alextricia" (combination of "Alexander" and "Patricia") and "Ocirema" ("Americo" in reverse). Originally these names showed the political, artistic or scientific admiration of the parents who first used them to name their sons. (See also Spelling section of this article).


title: Portuguese name

text: During the reign of the second Emperor, Dom Pedro II, the Native Brazilian was used as the symbol of the Empire. At this time, Brazilian people started to use Native Brazilian names as given names. Some are among the most popular until nowadays.


title: Portuguese name

text: These are names like "Araci, Caubi, Guaraci, Iara, Iberê, Ioná, Jaci, Janaína, Jandira, Juçara, Juraci, Jurema, Maiara, Moacir, Moema, Ubiratã, Ceci, Iracema, Peri" and "Ubirajara" (the last four taken from José de Alencar's works).


title: Portuguese name

text: Recently, Brazilians have started to use other given names of Native Brazilian origin like "Rudá" (love, after Rudá, god of love in Tupi-Guarani mythology), "Cauã" and "Cauê" (hawk), although their use connotes the hippie culture.


title: Portuguese name

text: According to the Chicago Manual of Style, Portuguese and Lusophone names are indexed by the final element of the name, and that this practice differs from the indexing of Spanish and Hispanophone names. Yet the male lineage (paternal grandfather’s) surname is still the one indexed for both Spanish and Portuguese names.


title: Dolunay (TV series)

text: Dolunay (International title: Full Moon) is a Turkish drama series broadcast on Star TV. It premiered on the network from July 4 to December 31, 2017.


title: Dolunay (TV series)

text: Dolunay explores the theme of what makes a family a family. Is it blood and genetics, shared experiences, or simply love? Ferit Aslan is a smart and successful businessman and born leader who is disciplined in all areas of his life from work, to fitness, to health. He is particularly strict in regards to his home and those who work in it. Nazli Pinar is a young culinary student who is hired as Ferit’s private chef and must deal with his specific requirements and rules for preparing his meals. Outspoken, independent, and free-spirited, Nazli initially clashes with Ferit, but the two gradually form a friendship and flirtation. Nazli grows very close to Bulut, Ferit's young nephew. When tragedy strikes and Ferit must take responsibility for Bulut, but a custody battle ensues with Demet and Hakan. Asuman's actions cause Ferit to lose the custody and Nazli is unable to confess this to Ferit. They grow closer, but he's furious on learning the truth. However, he and Nazli agree to engage in a fabricated marital relationship to help his chances of gaining custody of Bulut. Things are complicated when Ferit's musician brother-in-law, Deniz, falls in love with Nazli and Demet tries to use this to turn Deniz against Ferit. The core set of supporting characters are a mix of family and friends who are considered family who mostly help but sometimes hinder Ferit and Nazli’s relationship as it evolves from business to friendship and eventually, love.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 1 to 2 September 1870. Resulting in the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and over a hundred thousand troops, it effectively decided the war in favour of Prussia and its allies, though fighting continued under a new French government.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: The 130,000 strong French "Army of Châlons", commanded by Marshal Patrice de MacMahon and accompanied by Napoleon III, was attempting to lift the siege of Metz, only to be caught by the Prussian Fourth Army and defeated at the Battle of Beaumont on 30 August. Commanded by "Generalfeldmarschall" Helmuth von Moltke and accompanied by Prussian King Wilhelm I and Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the Fourth Army and the Prussian Third Army encircled MacMahon's army at Sedan in a battle of annihilation. Marshal MacMahon was wounded during the attacks and command passed to General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, until assumed by General Emmanuel Félix de Wimpffen.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: Bombarded from all sides by German artillery and with all breakout attempts defeated, the French Army of Châlons capitulated on 2 September, with 104,000 men passing into German captivity along with 558 guns. Napoleon III was taken prisoner, while the French government in Paris continued the war and proclaimed a Government of National Defense on 4 September. The German armies besieged Paris on 19 September.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: After its pyrrhic victory at the Battle of Gravelotte on 18 August, Marshal François Achille Bazaine's 154,481-man "Army of the Rhine" retreated to Metz where it was surrounded by 168,435 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies in the siege of Metz beginning on 19 August. Emperor Napoleon III, along with Marshal Patrice de MacMahon, formed the new French "Army of Châlons" on 17 August to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. With Napoleon III personally leading the army, and with Marshal MacMahon in attendance, they led the "Army of Châlons" after 23 August in a left-flanking march northeast towards the Belgian border in an attempt to avoid the Prussians before striking south to link up with Bazaine.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: The Prussians had repeatedly outmaneuvered the French in the string of victories through August, and the march depleted the French forces and left both flanks exposed. The Prussians, under the command of von Moltke, took advantage of this maneuver to catch the French in a pincer grip. Leaving the Prussian First and Second Armies besieging Metz, Moltke took the Prussian Third and Fourth Armies northward where they caught up with the French at the Battle of Beaumont on 30 August.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: After a major defeat in which he lost 7,500 men and 40 cannons, MacMahon aborted the planned link-up with Bazaine and ordered the Army of Châlons to withdraw north-west towards the obsolete 17th-century fortress of Sedan. His intention was to rest the army, which had been involved in a long series of marches, resupply it with ammunition and, in his words, "maneuver in front of the enemy". MacMahon underestimated the German strength and believed the hills surrounding Sedan would offer a major defensive advantage. The French rear was protected by the fortress of Sedan, and offered a defensive position at the Calvaire d'Illy, which had both hills and woods to provide cover for any defense. MacMahon denied a request from General Félix Douay, commander of 7th Corps, to dig trenches, claiming the army would not remain at Sedan for long.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: Upon arrival in the vicinity of Sedan on 31 August, MacMahon deployed Douay's 7th Corps to the north-west on the crest between the Calvaire and Floing. Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot's 1st Corps faced east, while Lebrun's 12th Corps garrisoned Bazeilles. The recently arrived General Emmanuel Félix de Wimpffen assumed command of 5th Corps from Pierre Louis Charles de Failly, the unit having been routed at Beaumont. 5th Corps was placed in reserve in the centre.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: Moltke divided his forces into three groups: one to detain the French where they were, another to race forward and catch them if they retreated, and a third (the smallest force) to hold the river bank. The Saxon XII Corps crossed the Meuse to the Chiers, with the Prussian Guards on their right. The I Royal Bavarian Corps under General Baron von der Tann moved to Bazeilles and the Bavarian engineers deployed two pontoon bridges across the Meuse to secure their way across. The Prussian V and XI Corps completed the encirclement of the French army to the north-west by 0900 on 1 September.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: The battle opened with the "Army of Châlons", with 202 infantry battalions, 80 cavalry squadrons and 564 guns, attacking the surrounding Prussian Third and Fourth Armies, which totaled 222 infantry battalions, 186 cavalry squadrons, and 774 guns.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: Napoleon had ordered MacMahon to break out of the encirclement, and the only point where that seemed possible was La Moncelle, whose flank was protected by a fortified town. The Prussians also picked La Moncelle as one point where they would mount a breakthrough. Prince George of Saxony and the Prussian XI Corps was assigned to the task, and General Baron von der Tann were ordered to attack Bazeilles on the right flank.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: This was the opening engagement, as the French 1st Corps had barricaded the streets, and enlisted the aid of the populace. Von der Tann sent a brigade across pontoon bridges at 04:00 in the early morning mist, the Bavarians rushing the village and capturing it through surprise. The French Marines of the 1st Corps fought back from stone houses and the Bavarian artillery shelled the buildings into rubble. The combat drew new forces, as French brigades from the 1st, 5th, and 12th Corps arrived. At 08:00 the Prussian 8th Infantry Division arrived, and von der Tann decided it was time for a decisive attack. He had not been able to bring artillery to bear from long range, so he committed his last brigade to storm the town, supported by artillery from the other side of the Meuse. His artillery reached Bazeilles at 09:00.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: The fighting continued to spread to the south of the town, and the 8th Infantry Division was sent to reinforce the Bavarians fighting at La Moncelle, where they had tried to break through the French defense. Fighting began in earnest at 06:00, and the wounded MacMahon had appointed General Ducrot to command, who received the news at 07:00. Ducrot ordered the retreat that Moltke had expected, but was overruled almost immediately by General Wimpffen, who had been given a commission by the government to succeed MacMahon were he to become disabled. Wimpffen then threw his forces against the Saxons at La Moncelle. This led to a brief rally for the French, who drove back the artillery around La Moncelle and pressed the Bavarians and the Saxons. With the taking of Bazeilles at 08:00, and the arrival of fresh waves of Prussian troops, the counter-attack began to collapse.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: By 11:00, Prussian artillery had taken a toll on the French, while more Prussian troops arrived on the battlefield. The Prussian V and XI Corps reached their designated positions to the west and north-west of the French army by 07:30 and 09:00, respectively. A French cavalry unit advancing west was slaughtered by Prussian infantry and artillery fire. The Prussian artillery batteries took up positions along slopes overlooking the French army.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: Nonstop German artillery fire on the helpless French infantry and artillery and Prussian attacks from the northwest and east and Bavarian attacks from the southwest drove the "Army of Châlons" north into the Bois de la Garenne, where it was surrounded. Wimpffen at 13:00 gave orders for a breakout to the south. The attacks failed completely or did not get going at all and Douay's 7th Corps front line was broken under the weight of German firepower. Douay's left flank had been dug in in two lines of trenches above Floing, their fire keeping the Germans pinned down in the village. By 13:00, the German artillery had destroyed Douay's forces and the German 22nd Division turned Douay's left flank, defeating all counterattacks by French infantry and lancers. Douay directed General Jean Auguste Margueritte's cavalry squadrons to open an escape route by launching three desperate attacks on the nearby village of Floing where the Prussian XI Corps was concentrated. Margueritte was mortally wounded leading the very first charge, and the two additional charges were mowed down by German infantry fire at 15:00, the number of French killed and wounded amounting to 791.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: By 14:00, the German infantry had seized the Calvaire and opened fire on the huddled French masses in the Bois de la Garenne. The Germans then closed in for the kill from all sides. The French 7th Corps under Douay dissolved into a panic-stricken horde, seeking refuge in Sedan while pounded by German artillery. Ducrot's 1st Corps was routed by the artillery of the Saxon XII Corps and the Prussian Guards Corps. The Bois de la Garenne was subject to constant German artillery fire from multiple sides and when the Prussian Guards infantry captured the forest at 14:30, the French survivors inside it surrendered "en masse".


title: Battle of Sedan

text: By the end of the day, with no hope of breaking out, Napoleon III terminated the attacks. He hoisted the white flag on the fortress walls of Sedan and sent General André Charles Victor Reille to deliver a letter of surrender to the Prussian Royal Headquarters on the hillside above Frénois. Wilhelm and Bismarck read the letter and Bismarck accepted it. Wimpffen attempted a last-ditch negotiation maneuver, seeking an "honorable capitulation" over prisoner-of-war status for the Army of Châlons, but Moltke rebuffed him, pointing to the French lack of ammunition and food, the 250,000 troops on the German side against the mere 80,000 fighting for the French and the concentric German position. Wimpffen only received the truce being prolonged until 09:00 on 2 September.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: By the next day, at 11:30 on 2 September, Wimpffen signed the surrender of himself and the entire "Army of Châlons" to Moltke and the Prussian King. The French soldiers marched under heavy rain to an improvised German POW camp, where they starved for the next week. On 3 September, Napoleon III left for a comfortable captivity in Schloss Wilhelmshöhe near Kassel. The French prisoners of war viewed his departure with indifference.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: The capture of the French emperor left the Prussians without an opposing government willing to make a quick peace. Commenting on the difficult situation, two days after news hit Paris of Emperor Napoleon's III capture, his wife said "why didn't he kill himself?" The same day, a group of protesters stormed the Imperial palace and the French Second Empire collapsed in a bloodless revolution, leading to the creation of a Government of National Defense which would carry on the war for five more months before becoming the French Third Republic.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: The defeat at Sedan and the capture of Napoleon III and France's second line army, and with the first line French Army shut up in Metz, sealed the doom of France, thus decided the outcome of the war in Prussia's favor. By 19 September, the Prussian Third and Fourth Armies went on to besiege Paris.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: In recognition of the role this battle played in German Unification, many Germans celebrated Sedantag (Day of Sedan) on each 2 September until 1919. The Kaiser himself refused to declare 2 September an official holiday; instead, it became an unofficial day of celebration.


title: Battle of Sedan

text: The Germans lost 9,942 men, with 1,310 killed, 6,443 wounded and 2,107 missing. The French Army of Châlons suffered 3,220 killed, 14,811 wounded, and 104,000 captured, along with 558 guns. The French army also lost 1,000 wagons and 6,000 horses to the Germans.


title: The Last Kingdom

text: The Last Kingdom is the first historical novel in The Saxon Stories by Bernard Cornwell, published in 2004. This story introduces Uhtred of Bebbanburg, a Saxon noble who is kidnapped by Danish Vikings as a young child and is assimilated into their culture, religion and language before a series of events lead him into the service of King Alfred of Wessex and his participation in multiple battles, including the notable Battle of Cynwit before the book's conclusion.


title: The Last Kingdom

text: Osbert is the second son of Ealdorman (Earl) Uhtred, Lord of Bebbanburg in Northumbria. Danes arrive on Bebbanburg's shores, and Ealdorman Uhtred's first son, also called Uhtred, is killed while scouting. Ealdorman Uhtred renames Osbert as Uhtred son of Uhtred. Ealdorman Uhtred is killed during a disastrous attack on Danish-seized Eoferwic (York) and his son is captured by Danish Jarl Ragnar the Fearless. Ragnar, amused by the boy's bravery during the battle, keeps him as a thrall. Uhtred's uncle, Ælfric, takes Bebbanburg and usurps the title of ealdorman from Uhtred, the rightful heir.


title: The Last Kingdom

text: Uhtred befriends Ragnar's youngest son, Rorik, and has many clashes with one boy in particular, Sven, son of Kjartan, one of Ragnar's shipmasters. One day, Sven kidnaps Ragnar's daughter, Thyra, and removes part of her clothing in an effort to sexually assault her. Uhtred charges Sven, taking Sven's sword and attacking him with it. Uhtred, Rorik, and Thyra escape back to Ragnar's hall. Ragnar dismisses Kjartan from his service when Kjartan makes light of his son's behaviour. He also crushes one of Sven's eyes with the hilt of his sword - adding darkly that he would have crushed both, had Sven stripped Thyra completely naked.


title: The Last Kingdom

text: Uhtred, along with Ragnar and the Danes, then goes raiding across East Anglia, and participates in the conquests of Mercia and East Anglia, and the invasion of Wessex. He is kidnapped by a priest, Beocca, an old family friend. He then escapes from Wessex and rejoins Ragnar. Uhtred enjoys life with the Danes, even after Rorik dies due to a long sickness, but flees after Kjartan and his men set fire to Ragnar's hall and kill everyone who tries to flee. Ragnar remains inside, preferring to die on his terms rather than at Kjartan's hands. Kjartan abducts Thyra.


title: The Last Kingdom

text: Uhtred hopes to escape Kjartan's assassins by spreading the rumour that he too died in the hall-burning. Uhtred then joins King Alfred in Wessex. There he learns to read and write, and sails with Alfred's fleet of 12 ships against the Danes. After a battle with the Danes, he meets Ragnar the Younger, Earl Ragnar's eldest son, and tells him how his father died and that Thyra was kidnapped. They part friends, swearing that one day they will band together to take revenge on Kjartan and rescue Thyra. Seeking to take command of the fleet, Uhtred gains it on the condition that he marry the orphaned Wessex girl Mildrith. He is not told that, by marrying her, he will also assume her family's very large debt to the Church. Afterwards, he takes part in a siege against Guthrum, and is among a group of hostages exchanged when the Danes and West Saxons make peace. Staying with the Danes in the city over the winter, he again meets Ragnar, who saves him from death when Guthrum breaks the peace and murders the other Saxon hostages. Uhtred then escapes to find his wife. She was taken by Odda the Younger, another Wessex ealdorman, to the north. There he fights in the Battle of Cynwit, where Uhtred kills the renowned Danish leader Ubba Ragnarsson in single combat.


title: The Last Kingdom

text: Uhtred then rides with his men to Exanceaster to find his wife and newborn son, instead of going directly to inform Alfred of his victory.


title: The Last Kingdom

text: In July 2014, the BBC announced that production would begin in autumn 2014 on a television adaptation, to be titled "The Last Kingdom". Stephen Butchard is the writer. A series of eight 60-minute episodes was produced, and the series began airing on 10 October 2015. BBC Two, Carnival Films and BBC America were involved in the production. The series lasted for a total of five seasons, a total of 46 episodes, with the final season airing on 9 March 2022.


title: Dustin Hoffman filmography

text: American actor Dustin Hoffman began his career by appearing in an episode of "Naked City" in 1961. His first theatrical performance was 1961's "Shmem needs a shink" as Ridzinski. Following several guest appearances on television, he starred in the 1966 play "Eh?"; his performance garnered him both a Theatre World Award and Drama Desk Award. Hoffman made his film debut in 1967 when he appeared in the comedy "The Tiger Makes Out". In the same year, his breakthrough role as Benjamin "Ben" Braddock, the title character in Mike Nichols' comedy-drama "The Graduate", led to Hoffman achieving star status and his first Academy Award nomination. He then acted in the play "Jimmy Shine" as the eponymous character and the comedy film "Madigan's Millions" (both 1968). In 1969, he starred alongside Jon Voight in the Academy Award for Best Picture winner "Midnight Cowboy", for which Hoffman was nominated a second time for the Academy Award for Best Actor.


title: Dustin Hoffman filmography

text: The 1970s saw Hoffman star in several critically acclaimed and commercially successful films, including the Western "Little Big Man" (1970), psychological thriller "Straw Dogs" (1971), prison film "Papillon" (1973) alongside Steve McQueen, "Lenny" (1974) about the controversial comedian Lenny Bruce, and the political thriller "All the President's Men" (1976) as journalist Carl Bernstein investigating the Watergate scandal alongside Bob Woodward (played by Robert Redford). After starring in the suspense-thriller "Marathon Man" (1976) and the crime drama "Straight Time" (1978), Hoffman starred in the 1979 drama "Kramer vs. Kramer", which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor for the first time for his performance as Ted Kramer.


title: Dustin Hoffman filmography

text: After a three-year acting hiatus, he starred in the comedy "Tootsie" in 1982 as a struggling actor who pretends to be a woman in order to get an acting role. He returned to stage acting with a 1984 performance as Willy Loman in "Death of a Salesman" – Hoffman reprised the role a year later in a television film. 1987 saw the release of originally ill-received comedy "Ishtar", in which he starred with Warren Beatty; its critical support has since grown. He won his second Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of the autistic savant Ray Babbitt in the 1988 film "Rain Man", co-starring Tom Cruise. In 1989, he was nominated for a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for playing Shylock in a stage performance of "The Merchant of Venice". In the 1990s, he made appearances in such film as Warren Beatty's action comedy adaptation "Dick Tracy" (1990), Steven Spielberg's "Hook" (1991) as Captain Hook, guest starred in the 1991 "Lisa's Substitute" episode of "The Simpsons", medical disaster "Outbreak" (1995), legal crime drama "Sleepers" (1996), thriller "Mad City" (1997), and the satirical black comedy "Wag the Dog" (1997) alongside Robert De Niro.


title: Dustin Hoffman filmography

text: In the 2000s, he played theatrical producer Charles Frohman in "Finding Neverland", co-starred in the comedy "Meet the Fockers" (both 2004) as Bernie Focker, the fantasy thriller "" (2006), and played the title character in the family comedy "Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium" (2007). Hoffman has acted in the "Kung Fu Panda" franchise since 2008 and reprised his role as Focker in "Little Fockers" (2010). He starred in the HBO drama series "Luck", which was cancelled after one season due to animal safety concerns, and made his directorial debut in 2012 with "Quartet".


title: Distributed ledger

text: A distributed ledger (also called a shared ledger or distributed ledger technology or DLT) is the consensus of replicated, shared, and synchronized digital data that is geographically spread (distributed) across many sites, countries, or institutions. In contrast to a centralized database, a distributed ledger does not require a central administrator, and consequently does not have a single (central) point-of-failure.


title: Distributed ledger

text: In general, a distributed ledger requires a peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network and consensus algorithms so that the ledger is reliably replicated across distributed computer nodes (servers, clients, etc.). The most common form of distributed ledger technology is the blockchain (commonly associated with the Bitcoin cryptocurrency), which can either be on a public or private network. Infrastructure for data management is a common barrier to implementing DLT.


title: Distributed ledger

text: In some cases, where the distributed digital information functions as an accounting journal rather than an accounting ledger, another term is used: RJT for replicated journal technology.


title: Distributed ledger

text: Distributed ledger data is typically spread across multiple nodes (computational devices) on a P2P network, where each replicates and saves an identical copy of the ledger data and updates itself independently of other nodes. The primary advantage of this distributed processing pattern is the lack of a central authority, which would constitute a single point of failure. When a ledger update transaction is broadcast to the P2P network, each distributed node processes a new update transaction independently, and then collectively all working nodes use a consensus algorithm to determine the correct copy of the updated ledger. Once a consensus has been determined, all the other nodes update themselves with the latest, correct copy of the updated ledger. Security is enforced through cryptographic keys and signatures.


title: Distributed ledger

text: In 2016, some banks tested distributed ledger systems for payments to determine their usefulness. In 2020, Axoni launched Veris, a distributed ledger platform that manages equity swap transactions. The platform, which matches and reconciles post-trade data on stock swaps, is used by BlackRock Inc., Goldman Sachs Group Inc., and Citigroup, Inc.


title: Distributed ledger

text: Distributed ledger technologies can be categorized in terms of their data structures, consensus algorithms, permissions, and whether they are mined. DLT data structure types include linear data structures (blockchains) to more complex directed acyclic graph (DAG) and hybrid data structures. DLT consensus algorithm types include proof-of-work (PoW) and proof-of-stake (PoS) algorithms and DAG consensus-building and voting algorithms. DLTs are generally either permissioned (private) or permissionless (public). PoW cryptocurrencies are generally either 'mined' or 'non-mined', where the latter typically indicates 'pre-mined' cryptocurrencies, such as XRP or IOTA. PoS cryptocurrencies do not use miners, instead usually relying on validation among owners of the cryptocurrency, such as Cardano or Solana.


title: Distributed ledger

text: Blockchains are the most common DLT type, with a 256-bit secure hash algorithm (SHA). DLTs based on DAG data structures or hybrid blockchain-DAG decrease transaction data size and transaction costs, while increasing transaction speeds compared with Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency. Examples of DAG DLT cryptocurrencies include MIOTA (IOTA Tangle DLT) and HBAR (Hedera Hashgraph, a patented DLT).


title: The Flowers of War

text: The Flowers of War () is a 2011 Chinese-Hong Kong historical drama war film directed by Zhang Yimou, starring Christian Bale, Ni Ni, Zhang Xinyi, Tong Dawei, Atsuro Watabe, Shigeo Kobayashi and Cao Kefan. The film is based on a novella by Geling Yan, "13 Flowers of Nanjing", inspired by the diary of Minnie Vautrin. The story is set in Nanking, China, during the 1937 Nanking Massacre in the Second Sino-Japanese War. A group of escapees, finding sanctuary in a church compound, try to survive the Japanese atrocities.


title: The Flowers of War

text: It was selected as the Chinese entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards, but did not make the final shortlist. It also received a nomination for the 69th Golden Globe Awards. The 6th Asian Film Awards presented "The Flowers of War" with several individual nominations, including Best Film. The film's North American distribution rights were acquired by Wrekin Hill Entertainment, in association with Row 1 Productions, leading to an Oscar-qualifying limited release in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco in late December 2011, with general release in January 2012.


title: The Flowers of War

text: "The Flowers of War" received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing only $98 million against a $94 million budget.


title: The Flowers of War

text: In 1937, Japan invades China, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Imperial Japanese Army overruns China's capital city, Nanking, in December and carries out the Nanking massacre. As the Japanese overrun the Chinese army, desperate schoolgirls flee to the sanctuary of their convent at a Western-run Roman Catholic cathedral. John Miller, an American mortician on a job to bury the head priest, joins the group of innocent schoolgirls. He finds George, an orphan boy who was raised by the dead priest and taught English. Soon a group of flamboyant prostitutes arrive at the cathedral, seeking refuge by hiding in the cellar. Pretending to be a priest, Miller tries to keep everyone safe while repairing the convent's truck to escape.


title: The Flowers of War

text: After an incident when rogue Japanese forces assault the cathedral (who are then killed by the dying effort of a lone Chinese Major), Japanese Colonel Hasegawa promises to protect the convent by placing guards outside the gate and requests that the schoolgirls sing a chorale for him. Several days later, he hands Miller an official invitation for the schoolgirls to sing at the Japanese Army's victory celebration. Fearing for the safety of the virginal schoolgirls, Miller declines. Hasegawa informs him that it is an order and that the girls are going to be picked up the next day. Before they leave, the Japanese soldiers count the schoolgirls and erroneously include one of the prostitutes (who has strayed from the cellar), totalling 13.


title: The Flowers of War

text: When the de facto leader of the schoolgirls, Shu Juan, convinces them that they are better off committing suicide by jumping off the cathedral tower, they are saved at the last moment when the de facto leader of the prostitutes, Yu Mo, convinces her group to protect the schoolgirls by taking their place at the Japanese party. As there are only 12 prostitutes, George, the dead priest's adoptive son, volunteers as well. Miller initially opposes their self-sacrificial decision but relents and assists in disguising them, using his skills as a mortician to adjust their makeup and cut their hair to appear like schoolgirls. The prostitutes also create knives out of broken windows and hide them in their cloaks.


title: The Flowers of War

text: The next day, the "13 Flowers of Nanking" are led away by the unsuspecting Japanese soldiers. After they depart, Miller hides the schoolgirls on the truck he repaired and using a single-person permit provided by the father of a schoolgirl, drives out of Nanking. In the last scene, the truck is seen driving on a deserted highway heading west, away from the Japanese army. The fate of the 13 Flowers remains unknown, apparently martyring themselves for the schoolgirls' freedom.


title: The Flowers of War

text: In December 2010, it was announced that the film would be made, and pre-production started the same month. They began shooting on location in Nanjing, China, on January 10, 2011. The dialogue of the film was shot about 40% in English and the rest in Mandarin Chinese (particularly in the Nanjing dialect, distinct from Standard Chinese) and Japanese, with an estimated production budget of $94 million, which makes it the most expensive film in Chinese history.


title: The Flowers of War

text: To distinguish the film from previous depictions of the same subject, Zhang said that he tried to portray the Japanese invaders with multiple layers. Regarding Colonel Hasegawa's sympathetic features, he explained that "in 1937, the militaristic notion among Japanese armies was very prevalent, and officers were not allowed to sing a homesick folk song, but we still wanted to endow this character with something special." The director articulated that his biggest, though challenging, accomplishment in the film was the creation of John Miller, saying that "this kind of character, a foreigner, a drifter, a thug almost, becomes a hero and saves the lives of Chinese people. That has never ever happened in Chinese filmmaking, and I think it will never happen again in the future." Filming completed within 6 months. One challenging aspect was what Zhang called the "very slow pace" of negotiation with the Chinese censorship authorities during the editing process.


title: The Flowers of War

text: On September 9, 2011, the film was retitled "The Flowers of War", after a 20-minute screening for prominent U.S. film distributors and the media at the Toronto International Film Festival. Zhang stated that the story in "The Flowers of War" differs from many other Chinese films on this subject as it is told from the perspectives of women. In October 2011, the first trailer was released, making way for an American trailer to be revealed.


title: The Flowers of War

text: On November 22, 2011, New Pictures Film requested an inflation in the minimum ticket price within China. When in negotiations with the eight cinema circuits in question, it resulted in a threat to boycott the movie over the distributors' share. Wu Hehu, the general manager of Shanghai United Cinema Circuit, made a statement, saying “this is a simple business situation. Without the agreement, we cannot screen the film." Zhang Weiping, producer of "The Flowers of War" and head of New Pictures Film, also refused to make any concessions. A letter was sent to the Film Bureau of SARFT, hoping it would mediate the dispute. At the order of SARFT, both sides were to reach a compromise, which was achieved after four hours of negotiation.


title: The Flowers of War

text: The film grossed US$98,227,017 worldwide, including in China, US$1,331,369 in Hong Kong, and $311,434 in the United States and Canada.


title: The Flowers of War

text: "The Flowers of War" was released in China just days after the 74th anniversary of the Nanking Massacre. In its first four days of release, it took in $24 million at the box office. It was the top-grossing Chinese film of 2011, having earned $70 million after two weeks. After 17 days, the movie had grossed nearly $83 million, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film in China, following American exports such as "" ($145.5 million) and "Avatar" ($204 million). After five weeks of release the movie earned $93 million. The film reportedly earned $95 million in China.


title: The Flowers of War

text: The movie received mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reported a 41% critical approval rating based on 58 reviews, with an average of 5.53/10. The site's consensus reads, "Zhang Yimou's stylistic flair is in full bloom during "The Flowers of War", but his colorful treatment of a historical genocide ultimately does a disservice to the horrifying events' inherent drama." Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film an average score of 46 (out of 100) based on 22 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews.


title: The Flowers of War

text: Twitch Film called it "arguably the most eagerly-anticipated Chinese movie of the year", saying that ""The Flowers of War" is a big movie in every sense of the word, from its kinetic battle scenes to the beautiful photography and impressive performances from a mostly young and inexperienced cast." Pete Hammond from "Boxoffice Magazine" gave it 4 stars of 5, and said ""The Flowers of War" is ultimately an inspiring, stirring and unforgettable human drama in the face of a horrifying war. It is highly recommended." "Variety" gave a generally positive review, describing the film as "a uniquely harrowing account of the rape of Nanjing," and defined it as "a work of often garish dramatic flourishes yet undeniable emotional power, finding humor and heartbreak in a tale of unlikely heroism in close quarters." Andrew Pulver describes it as "a new dawn in China-Hollywood co-operation", arguing that "this ambitious war film from Zhang Yimou is an attempt to turn the revolting aftermath of the 1937 Japanese assault on Nanjing into a globally friendly, putatively inspiring epic that also aims to underscore the US and China's geopolitical mutual respect."


title: The Flowers of War

text: Most negative feedback from critics were similar to that from "Toronto Star", which gave the film 2.5/4, and said that "the drama is often weakened by the penchant for creating spectacles." Roger Ebert, who gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, took issue with making the story about a white American, "Can you think of any reason the character John Miller is needed to tell his story? Was any consideration given to the possibility of a Chinese priest? Would that be asking for too much?"


title: The Flowers of War

text: "The Flowers of War" was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on June 10, 2012. In the United States, the DVD and Blu-ray releases grossed $2,418,217 in physical sales. In the United Kingdom, it was 2012's seventh best-selling foreign-language film on physical home video formats, and the year's second best-selling Asian-language film (below "The Raid").


title: Colin Egglesfield

text: Colin Egglesfield (born February 9, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Josh Madden in the long-running soap opera "All My Children", Auggie Kirkpatrick on The CW's short-lived drama series "Melrose Place", and Evan Parks on "The Client List".


title: Colin Egglesfield

text: Egglesfield was born in Farmington Hills, Michigan, the second child of Kathleen (née Dineen) and William Egglesfield, a physician. His mother is Irish. He has two siblings: an older sister, Kerry, and a younger brother, Sean. He was brought up in a Catholic household.


title: Colin Egglesfield

text: Shy in his adolescent years, he credits his prep football coach, Dave Mattio, with helping gain a positive self-esteem. After Egglesfield graduated from Marian Catholic High School in Chicago Heights, he attended Illinois Wesleyan University and played for the football team. He transferred to the University of Iowa, where he was in the pre-med program. After he received his BS from Iowa he backpacked throughout Europe.


title: Colin Egglesfield

text: To earn money for medical school, Egglesfield turned to modeling. He won a contest after entering at the urging of a friend, and left medicine behind for a modeling career. He is signed with Beatrice Model agency in Milan, Italy, and DNA Model Management in New York City. He modeled for Versace, Calvin Klein, and Armani, among others before he started acting. In the late 1990s, he was featured on the covers of Vogue Italia (shot by Steven Meisel) and L'Uomo Vogue (twice, photographed by Bruce Weber and Ellen Von Unwerth respectively).


title: Colin Egglesfield

text: After taking drama classes, Egglesfield found himself guest starring on television series such as "", "The $treet", "Gilmore Girls", "Charmed", and "Nip/Tuck". He also had a small role in the 2005 film "Must Love Dogs", in addition to many other minor film projects. On September 26, 2005, he made his debut on "All My Children", taking over the role of Josh Madden from his short-lived predecessor Scott Kinworthy. In 2005, Egglesfield was named one of "People" magazine's "Sexiest Men Alive". In 2006, he attended the "Cackalacky Film Festival" in Charlotte, N.C., where his film "Beautiful Dreamer" was awarded Best American Full Feature Film.


title: Colin Egglesfield

text: Beginning in the fall of 2009, Egglesfield portrayed chef/surfer guy Auggie Kirkpatrick in The CW's 2009 series "Melrose Place". However, due to a change in the direction of the show, Egglesfield and his co-star Ashlee Simpson-Wentz were fired and his character was written out of the show during the thirteenth episode. In 2011, he starred in the film adaptation of "Something Borrowed" opposite Kate Hudson. As of August 2011, Egglesfield plays the recurring role of Tommy Rizzoli on TNT's "Rizzoli & Isles". From 2012 to 2013, he starred as Evan Parks on the Lifetime drama series "The Client List".


title: Colin Egglesfield

text: He owns and runs his own New York City-based clothing company Shout Out Clothing!, which he principally uses as a vehicle to promote and support educational initiatives such as "Project Grad", and also "Stay in school" programs.


title: Michael Rapino

text: Michael Rapino is a Canadian-American business executive and the Chief Executive Officer and President of Live Nation Entertainment, Inc, which was formed in 2010 following the merger of Live Nation and Ticketmaster.


title: Michael Rapino

text: In the late 1990s, Rapino co-founded Core Audience Entertainment, a concert promoting company, and later held several roles at Clear Channel Entertainment. He was named CEO of Live Nation in 2005.


title: Michael Rapino

text: Michael Rapino was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, and earned a bachelor of administration degree from Lakehead University in 1989. While attending Lakehead, Rapino promoted bands at local bars and signed his first artist, Jeff Healey.


title: Michael Rapino

text: After graduating from Lakehead, Rapino moved to Toronto and began his career as a sales representative for Labatt Breweries. He remained at the company for 10 years in different marketing and entertainment roles. In the late 1990s Rapino founded Core Audience Entertainment, a concert promotion company that operated in Canada. Core Audience Entertainment was acquired by SFX Entertainment in 1999, which was in turn acquired by Clear Channel Communications in 2000. Rapino held several roles at Clear Channel Entertainment. He was later named CEO of Live Nation when it was spun off from Clear Channel in 2005.


title: Michael Rapino

text: As the CEO of Live Nation, Rapino initially focused on expanding the business outside of tour management, including artists’ recording and marketing. Between 2007 and 2010, Rapino announced deals with artists such as Madonna, U2, and Jay-Z. In 2016, Rapino announced a deal between Lady Gaga and Live Nation's management division.


title: Michael Rapino

text: In 2010, Live Nation merged with Ticketmaster, a live entertainment ticket seller. Rapino was named CEO of the new parent company, Live Nation Entertainment. Prior to the merger's approval by the U.S. Justice Department, Rapino and then-Ticketmaster CEO Irving Azoff testified in front of a Senate antitrust panel. They argued that the merger was necessary to reduce inefficiencies and help the music industry, which was struggling financially at the time.


title: Michael Rapino

text: Rapino has led the company in acquiring several festivals and companies, including House of Blues Entertainment in 2006, Bonnaroo Festival in 2015, and Blue Note Entertainment in 2017. Rapino earned $70.6 million in 2017 and was reported to have one of the highest discrepancies in salary between CEO and his employees who earned an average of $24,000. Also in 2017, he extended his contract with Live Nation through 2022. Rapino was appointed to the SiriusXM Radio board of directors in January 2018. Also in 2018, he was listed as #1 on the Billboard Power 100 list of influential people in the music industry.


title: Michael Rapino

text: Rapino began producing films in 2015. In 2018, he served as an executive producer on the HBO documentary “Believer,” and “A Star is Born”.


title: Michael Rapino

text: Rapino met his wife, American model and actress Jolene Blalock, when he cast her in a commercial he was shooting. Rapino and Blalock married in Negril, Jamaica, on April 22, 2003 and have three sons. Rapino and Blalock founded the Rapino Foundation, an organization that assists populations in the developing world.


title: Michael Rapino

text: He also received the Clara Lionel Foundation Diamond Honors Award for his commitment to philanthropy.


title: Evan Fournier

text: Evan Mehdi Fournier (; born 29 October 1992) is a French professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played junior basketball at the French INSEP academy from 2007 to 2009.


title: Evan Fournier

text: Fournier was born on 29 October 1992 in Saint-Maurice, a small suburb outside of Paris. He is of Algerian descent by his mother while his father is French. He became interested in basketball in 2002, thanks to the 2001–02 Sacramento Kings team. Fournier wore the number 10 on his jersey in honor of then-Sacramento King, Mike Bibby.


title: Evan Fournier

text: In September 2009, Fournier signed a one-year deal with JSF Nanterre of the LNB Pro B. In June 2010, he signed a two-year deal Poitiers Basket 86 of the LNB Pro A.


title: Evan Fournier

text: On 28 June 2012, Fournier was selected with the 20th overall pick by the Denver Nuggets in the 2012 NBA draft. On 11 July 2012, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Nuggets. He then joined the Nuggets for the 2012 NBA Summer League. Over the Nuggets' first 73 games of the 2012–13 season, Fournier had appeared in just 29 of them and while registering 10 points or more just once. He appeared in nine straight games to finish the regular season, including starting the final three. During this late-season stretch, he averaged 12.3 points and scored 17 points or more four games, including a season-best 24 points on 14 April 2013.


title: Evan Fournier

text: In July 2013, Fournier re-joined the Nuggets for the 2013 NBA Summer League. On 30 October 2013, the Nuggets exercised their third-year team option on Fournier's rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2014–15 season. On 23 February 2014, Fournier scored a then career-high 27 points against the Sacramento Kings.


title: Evan Fournier

text: On 26 June 2014, Fournier was traded, along with the draft rights to Devyn Marble, to the Orlando Magic in exchange for Arron Afflalo. On 26 October 2013, the Magic exercised their fourth-year team option on Fournier's rookie scale contract, extending the contract through the 2015–16 season. On 12 November 2014, Fournier scored a then career-high 28 points on 8-of-14 shooting in a 97–95 win over the New York Knicks.


title: Evan Fournier

text: On 3 November 2015, Fournier set a new career high with 30 points in a 103–94 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. On 15 March 2016, Fournier matched his career high with a 30-point effort against the Denver Nuggets. In 2015–16, Fournier had a career year in which he averaged personal highs in scoring (15.4 ppg), rebounding (2.8 rpg), assists (2.7 apg), steals (1.2 spg) and minutes (32.5 mpg). He led the team in scoring 19 times, had 24 20-point games and two 30-point games.


title: Evan Fournier

text: On 7 July 2016, Fournier re-signed with the Magic on a five-year, $85 million contract. On 3 November 2016, he scored a season-high 29 points against the Sacramento Kings.


title: Evan Fournier

text: On 16 January 2018, Fournier scored a career-high 28 points plus 4 in a 108–102 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. On 7 March 2018, against the Los Angeles Lakers, Fournier sprained his left medial collateral ligament. He was subsequently ruled out for "a significant stretch of time".


title: Evan Fournier

text: On 1 December 2019, Fournier tied his career-high of 32 points in a game in a 100-96 win over Golden State.


title: Evan Fournier

text: On 25 March 2021, Fournier was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Jeff Teague and two future second round draft picks. Fournier had played and started in 26 games and was averaging 19.7 points, 2.9 rebounds, 3.7 assists and 1.0 steals, while shooting 38.8 percent from three-point range with the Magic for the season. On 29 March, Fournier debuted for the Celtics against the New Orleans Pelicans but went scoreless in 33 minutes of action. On 2 April, Fournier scored 23 points and logged a career-high seven 3-pointers in a 118–102 win over the Houston Rockets. Fournier put up 20 points of his 23 point-performance in the fourth quarter, becoming the second Celtics player to score 20 points on 100 percent shooting in a quarter since Paul Pierce. He missed several games due to the NBA's COVID-19 health and safety protocols.


title: Evan Fournier

text: On 17 August 2021, the New York Knicks acquired Fournier in a sign-and-trade deal with the Celtics. On October 20, Fournier made his Knicks debut, tying a career-high 32 points in a 138–134 double overtime win over his former team, the Boston Celtics. On 6 January 2022, Fournier surpassed that career-high, scoring 41 points behind ten three-pointers, along with eight rebounds, in a 108–105 victory over the Celtics. On 23 March, in a 121–106 win over the Charlotte Hornets, he broke the Knicks' record of most 3-pointers made in a season, surpassing John Starks' record set in 1995 (217).


title: Evan Fournier

text: Fournier and wife Laura have a son. In 2020, the couple bought a $2.9 million estate in Winter Park, Florida.


title: Leo McKern

text: Reginald "Leo" McKern, AO (16 March 1920 – 23 July 2002) was an Australian actor who appeared in numerous British, Australian and American television programmes and films, and in more than 200 stage roles. His notable roles include Clang in "Help!" (1965), Thomas Cromwell in "A Man for All Seasons" (1966), Tom Ryan in "Ryan's Daughter" (1970), Paddy Button in "The Blue Lagoon" (1980), Dr. Grogan in "The French Lieutenant's Woman" (1981), Father Imperius in "Ladyhawke" (1985), and the role that made him a household name as an actor, Horace Rumpole, whom he played in the British television series "Rumpole of the Bailey". He also portrayed Carl Bugenhagen in the first and of "The Omen" series and Number Two in the TV series "The Prisoner".


title: Leo McKern

text: Reginald McKern was born in Sydney, New South Wales, the son of Vera (née Martin) and Norman Walton McKern. Known as "Leo" from a young age, he attended Sydney Technical High School. On leaving school, he initially worked in a factory, where at the age of 15, he suffered an accident which resulted in the removal of his left eye. He first worked as an engineering apprentice, then as an artist, followed by service as a sapper with the Australian Army's Royal Australian Engineers during World War II. In 1944, in Sydney, he performed in his first stage role.


title: Leo McKern

text: McKern fell in love with Australian actress Jane Holland, moved to the United Kingdom to be with her, and married her in 1946. He soon became a regular performer at London's Old Vic theatre and the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre (now the Royal Shakespeare Theatre) in Stratford-upon-Avon, despite the difficulties posed by his glass eye and Australian accent.


title: Leo McKern

text: McKern's most notable Shakespearean role was as Iago in "Othello", in 1952. In 1955 he appeared in "The Burnt Flower Bed" by Ugo Betti directed by Peter Hall at the Arts Theatre Club in London. He played Big Daddy in Peter Hall's production of "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" at the Comedy Theatre in 1958 and went on to play the German ambassador in another Peter Hall production, "Brouhaha" starring Peter Sellers at the Aldwych Theatre. He originated the role of Common Man in Robert Bolt's "A Man for All Seasons" in the West End in 1960, but for the show's Broadway production appeared as Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, a role he would reprise for the 1966 film version. He also portrayed Subtle in Ben Jonson's "The Alchemist" in 1962. In 1965, he played the lead in Bolt's "The Thwarting of Baron Bolligrew", and Disson in Harold Pinter's "Tea Party".


title: Leo McKern

text: He appeared at the Royal Exchange, Manchester in "Uncle Vanya" in 1977 and in "Crime and Punishment" in 1978.


title: Leo McKern

text: In 1989, he played James Boswell in the one-man show, "Boswell for the Defence" in theatres in Melbourne, Hong Kong and London.


title: Leo McKern

text: McKern's film debut was in "Murder in the Cathedral" (1952). His more notable film appearances included the science-fiction classics "X the Unknown" (1956), "The Day the Earth Caught Fire" (1961), the World War I drama "King and Country" (1964), "Help!" (1965), the Academy Award-winning adaptation of "A Man for All Seasons" (1966), "The Shoes of the Fisherman" (1968), "Ryan's Daughter" (1970), "Massacre in Rome" (1973), "The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother" (1975), "The Omen" (1976), "The Blue Lagoon" (1980), "The French Lieutenant's Woman" (1981) and "Ladyhawke" (1985). He was presented with the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for "Travelling North" (1987). In "Monsignor Quixote" (1985), he co-starred as Sancho Zancas opposite Alec Guinness as Father Quixote.


title: Leo McKern

text: One of McKern's earliest television roles was in the 1950s black-and-white series "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (as Sir Roger DeLisle, usurper of the Locksley manor and lands, and Herbert of Doncaster, a corrupt moneylender). During the 1960s, he was one of several Number Twos in the TV series "The Prisoner". Along with Colin Gordon, McKern was one of only two actors to play Number Two more than once. He first played the character in the episodes "The Chimes of Big Ben" and "Once Upon a Time", and reprised the role in the final episode, "Fall Out". The filming of "Once Upon a Time" was a particularly intense experience for McKern; according to one biographer, the stress caused him to suffer either a nervous breakdown or a heart attack (accounts differ), forcing production to stop for a time. In 1976, McKern narrated and presented "The Battle of the Somme", a British Broadcasting Corporation documentary marking the 60th anniversary of the World War I battle. He played the Earl of Gloucester in Granada Television's production of "King Lear" (1983). Also in 1983, he starred in episodes of the mini-series "Reilly, Ace of Spies" as 'Zaharov', director of Vickers.


title: Leo McKern

text: In 1975, McKern made his first appearance in the role that would make him a household name as an actor, Horace Rumpole, whom he played in "Rumpole of the Bailey", originally an episode of the BBC's "Play for Today". A series of the same name, comprising 44 episodes, was produced for ITV between 1978 and 1992. According to Rumpole's creator, author John Mortimer, McKern "not only played the character Rumpole—he added to it, brightened it and brought it fully to life."


title: Leo McKern

text: Although he enjoyed the role, McKern expressed doubts about its popularity and the extent to which his life was becoming intertwined with Rumpole's. "McKern was often unhappy, decrying his television fame as an "insatiable monster". He stressed that his "Peer Gynt" was a greater performance and lamented: "If I get an obit in any paper, they will say, '.. of course, known to millions as Rumpole.'" In the later series, his daughter Abigail McKern joined the cast as Liz Probert.


title: Leo McKern

text: Starting in 1985, McKern appeared in a series of advertisements for Lloyds Bank, playing the upholder of quality standards. In 1987, investment firm Smith Barney selected McKern to succeed John Houseman as its spokesman. The move was part of a broader shift in their TV commercials, including hiring Dinah Sheridan to play McKern's wife. In 1989, Smith Barney again changed spokesmen, dropping McKern for American actor George C. Scott.


title: Leo McKern

text: McKern wrote one radio play, "London Story", which became the film "Chain of Events" (1958). He also provided the voice of Captain Haddock in the 1992 and 1993 BBC Radio adaptation of "Hergé's The Adventures of Tintin".


title: Leo McKern

text: In 1983, McKern was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for his services to the performing arts.


title: Leo McKern

text: He frequently travelled between England and Australia, both to visit family and friends and to appear in various films and plays. As he was frightened of flying, he booked tickets to travel on cargo ships. This gave him time and peace to read scripts and contracts, with the added benefit of feeling he was on holiday.


title: Leo McKern

text: Worried that his stout frame would not appeal to audiences, McKern suffered from stage fright, which became harder to control with age.


title: Leo McKern

text: McKern and his wife, fellow Australian actor Jane Holland ("A Son is Born", 1946), had two daughters, Abigail and Harriet.


title: Leo McKern

text: Suffering in his final years from ill health, McKern moved into a nursing home near Bath in Somerset in 2002, where he died a few weeks later, on July 23, at the age of 82; his body was cremated at Haycombe Cemetery in Bath.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Sir Cecil Walter Hardy Beaton, (14 January 1904 – 18 January 1980) was a British fashion, portrait and war photographer, diarist, painter, and interior designer, as well as an Oscar–winning stage and costume designer for films and the theatre.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton was born on 14 January 1904 in Hampstead, north London, the son of Ernest Walter Hardy Beaton (1867–1936), a prosperous timber merchant, and his wife, Esther "Etty" Sisson (1872–1962). His grandfather, Walter Hardy Beaton (1841–1904), had founded the family business of "Beaton Brothers Timber Merchants and Agents", and his father followed into the business. Ernest Beaton was an amateur actor and met his wife, Cecil's mother Esther ("Etty"), when playing the lead in a play. She was the daughter of a Cumbrian blacksmith named Joseph Sisson and had come to London to visit her married sister.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Ernest and Etty Beaton had four children – Cecil; two daughters, Nancy Elizabeth Louise Hardy Beaton (1909–99, who married Sir Hugh Smiley) and Barbara Jessica Hardy Beaton (1912–73, known as Baba, who married Alec Hambro); and son Reginald Ernest Hardy Beaton (1905–33).


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Cecil Beaton was educated at Heath Mount School (where he was bullied by Evelyn Waugh) and St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, where his artistic talent was quickly recognised. Both Cyril Connolly and Henry Longhurst report in their autobiographies being overwhelmed by the beauty of Beaton's singing at the St Cyprian's school concerts.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: When Beaton was growing up his nanny had a Kodak 3A Camera, a popular model which was renowned for being an ideal piece of equipment to learn on. Beaton's nanny began teaching him the basics of photography and developing film. He would often get his sisters and mother to sit for him. When he was sufficiently proficient, he would send the photos off to London society magazines, often writing under a pen name and "recommending" the work of Beaton.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton attended Harrow School, and then, despite having little or no interest in academia, moved on to St John's College, Cambridge, and studied history, art and architecture. Beaton continued his photography, and through his university contacts managed to get a portrait depicting the Duchess of Malfi published in "Vogue". It was actually George "Dadie" Rylands – "a slightly out-of-focus snapshot of him as Webster's Duchess of Malfi standing in the sub-aqueous light outside the men's lavatory of the ADC Theatre at Cambridge." Beaton left Cambridge without a degree in 1925.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: After a short time in the family timber business, he worked with a cement merchant in Holborn. This resulted in "an orgy of photography at weekends" so he decided to strike out on his own. Under the patronage of Osbert Sitwell he put on his first exhibition in the Cooling Gallery, London. It caused quite a stir.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Believing that he would meet with greater success on the other side of the Atlantic, he left for New York and slowly built up a reputation there. By the time he left, he had "a contract with Condé Nast Publications to take photographs exclusively for them for several thousand pounds a year for several years to come."


title: Cecil Beaton

text: From 1930 to 1945, Beaton leased Ashcombe House in Wiltshire, where he entertained many notable figures.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: In 1947, he bought Reddish House, set in 2.5 acres of gardens, approximately to the east in Broad Chalke. Here he transformed the interior, adding rooms on the eastern side, extending the parlour southwards, and introducing many new fittings. Greta Garbo was a visitor. He remained at the house until his death in 1980 and is buried in the churchyard.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton designed book jackets (see Catherine Ives), and costumes for charity matinees, learning the craft of photography at the studio of Paul Tanqueray, until "Vogue" took him on regularly in 1927. He set up his own studio, and one of his earliest clients and, later, best friends was Stephen Tennant. Beaton's photographs of Tennant and his circle are considered some of the best representations of the Bright Young People of the twenties and thirties.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton's first camera was a Kodak 3A folding camera. Over the course of his career, he employed both large format cameras, and smaller Rolleiflex cameras. Beaton was never known as a highly skilled technical photographer, and instead focused on staging a compelling model or scene and looking for the perfect shutter-release moment.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: He was a photographer for the British edition of "Vogue" in 1931 when George Hoyningen-Huene, photographer for the French "Vogue" travelled to England with his new friend Horst. Horst himself would begin to work for French "Vogue" in November of that year. The exchange and cross pollination of ideas between this collegial circle of artists across the Channel and the Atlantic gave rise to the look of style and sophistication for which the 1930s are known.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton is known for his fashion photographs and society portraits. He worked as a staff photographer for "Vanity Fair" and "Vogue" in addition to photographing celebrities in Hollywood. In 1938, he inserted some tiny-but-still-legible anti-Semitic phrases (including the word "kike") into American "Vogue" at the side of an illustration about New York society. The issue was recalled and reprinted, and Beaton was fired.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton returned to England, where the Queen recommended him to the Ministry of Information (MoI). He became a leading war photographer, best known for his images of the damage done by the German Blitz. His style sharpened and his range broadened, Beaton's career was restored by the war.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton often photographed the Royal Family for official publication. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother was his favourite royal sitter, and he once pocketed her scented hankie as a keepsake from a highly successful shoot. Beaton took the famous wedding pictures of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor (wearing an haute couture ensemble by the noted American fashion designer Mainbocher). He photographed Princess Margaret in a cream Dior dress for her 21st birthday in 1951, which became one of the most iconic royal portraits of the 20th century.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: During the Second World War, Beaton was first posted to the Ministry of Information and given the task of recording images from the home front. During this assignment he captured one of the most enduring images of British suffering during the war, that of 3-year-old Blitz victim Eileen Dunne recovering in hospital, clutching her beloved teddy bear. When the image was published, America had not yet officially joined the war, but images such as Beaton's helped push the Americans to put pressure on their government to help Britain in its hour of need.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton had a major influence on and relationship with Angus McBean and David Bailey. McBean was a well-known portrait photographer of his era. Later in his career, his work is influenced by Beaton. Bailey was influenced by Beaton when they met while working for British "Vogue" in the early 1960s. Bailey's use of square format (6x6) images is similar to Beaton's own working patterns.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: After the war, Beaton tackled the Broadway stage, designing sets, costumes, and lighting for a 1946 revival of "Lady Windermere's Fan", in which he also acted.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: His costumes for Lerner and Loewe's "My Fair Lady" (1956) were highly praised. This led to two Lerner and Loewe film musicals, "Gigi" (1958) and "My Fair Lady" (1964), each of which earned Beaton the Academy Award for Best Costume Design. He also designed the period costumes for the 1970 film "On a Clear Day You Can See Forever".


title: Cecil Beaton

text: His additional Broadway credits include "The Grass Harp" (1952), "The Chalk Garden" (1955), "Saratoga" (1959), "Tenderloin" (1960), and "Coco" (1969). He was the recipient of four Tony Awards.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: He designed the sets and costumes for a production of Puccini's last opera" Turandot", first used at the Metropolitan Opera in New York and then at Covent Garden.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Cecil Beaton was a published and well-known diarist. In his lifetime, six volumes of diaries were published, spanning the years 1922–1974. Recently some unexpurgated material has been published. "In the published diaries, opinions are softened, celebrated figures are hailed as wonders and triumphs, whereas in the originals, Cecil can be as venomous as anyone I have ever read or heard in the most shocking of conversation" wrote their editor, Hugo Vickers.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: The last public interview given by Sir Cecil Beaton was in January 1980 for an edition of the BBC's radio programme "Desert Island Discs". The interviewer was Roy Plomley. The recording was broadcast on Friday 1 February 1980 following the Beaton family's permission. Owing to Beaton's frailty, the interview was recorded at Beaton's 17th-century home of Reddish House in Broad Chalke in Wiltshire (near Salisbury).


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton, though frail, recalled events in his life, particularly from the 1930s and 1940s (the Blitz). Among the recollections were his associations with stars of Hollywood and British Royalty notably The Duke and Duchess of Windsor (whose official wedding photographs Beaton took on 3 June 1937 at relatively short notice); and official portraits of Queen Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) and Her Majesty The Queen on her Coronation day on 2 June 1953. The interview also alluded to a lifelong passion for performing arts and in particular ballet and operetta.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: The Beaton programme is considered to be almost the final words on an era of "Bright Young Things" whose sunset had taken place by the time of the abdication of Edward VIII. Beaton commented specifically on Wallis Simpson (later titled The Duchess of Windsor after her marriage to the former King Edward VIII). The Duchess of Windsor was still alive at the time of the original Beaton interview and broadcast.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton said that the one record that he would retain on the desert island should the others get washed away would be Beethoven's Symphony No 1, and his chosen book was a compendium of photographs he had taken down the years of "...people known and unknown; people known but now forgotten".


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Beaton had relationships with various men: his last lover was former Olympic fencer and teacher Kinmont Hoitsma. He also had relationships with women, including the actresses Greta Garbo and Coral Browne, the dancer Adele Astaire, the Greek socialite Madame Jean Ralli (Lilia), and the British socialite Doris Castlerosse (1900–42).


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Two years later, he suffered a stroke that left him permanently paralysed on the right side of his body. Although he learnt to write and draw with his left hand, and had cameras adapted, Beaton became frustrated by the limitations the stroke had put upon his work. As a result of his stroke, Beaton became anxious about financial security for his old age and, in 1976, entered into negotiations with Philippe Garner, expert-in-charge of photographs at Sotheby's.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: On behalf of the auction house, Garner acquired Beaton's archive – excluding all portraits of the Royal Family, and the five decades of prints held by "Vogue" in London, Paris and New York. Garner, who had almost single-handedly invented the photographic auction, oversaw the archive's preservation and partial dispersal, so that Beaton's only tangible assets, and what he considered his life's work, would ensure him an annual income. The first of five auctions was held in 1977, the last in 1980.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: By the end of the 1970s, Beaton's health had faded. He died on 18 January 1980 at Reddish House, his home in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, four days after his 76th birthday.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: The first international exhibition in thirty years, and first exhibition of his works to be held in Australia was held in Bendigo, Victoria from 10 December 2005 to 26 March 2006.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: In October 2011, the BBC's "Antiques Roadshow" featured an oil portrait by Beaton of rock star Mick Jagger, whom Beaton met in the 1960s. The painting, originally sold at the Le Fevre Gallery in 1966, was valued for insurance purposes at £30,000.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: The Museum of the City of New York dedicated an exhibition to Cecil Beaton from October 2011 to April 2012.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: An exhibition celebrating The Queen's Diamond Jubilee and showing portraits of Her Majesty by Cecil Beaton, opened in October 2011 at the Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Cecil Beaton: Theatre of War at the Imperial War Museum, London: major retrospective of Beaton's war photography, held from 6 September 2012 – 1 January 2013.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: Cecil Beaton at Home: Ashcombe & Reddish at The Salisbury Museum, Wiltshire, from 23 May- 19 September 2014, a biographical retrospective focussing on Beaton's two Wiltshire houses, brought together for the first time many art works and possessions from both eras of Beaton's life. The exhibition included a full-size reproduction of the murals and four-poster bed from the Circus Bedroom at Ashcombe, as well as a section of the drawing room at Reddish House.


title: Cecil Beaton

text: In the 1989 Australian film "Darlings of the Gods", Beaton was portrayed by Shane Briant. In Netflix's 2016 series "The Crown", Beaton was portrayed by Mark Tandy.


title: Aldol condensation

text: An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), and this is then followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone. The overall reaction is as follows (where the Rs can be H):


title: Aldol condensation

text: Aldol condensations are important in organic synthesis and biochemistry as ways to form carbon–carbon bonds.


title: Aldol condensation

text: In its usual form, it involves the nucleophilic addition of a ketone enolate to an aldehyde to form a β-hydroxy ketone, or "aldol" (aldehyde + alcohol), a structural unit found in many naturally occurring molecules and pharmaceuticals.


title: Aldol condensation

text: The term "aldol condensation" is also commonly used, especially in biochemistry, to refer to just the first (addition) stage of the process—the aldol reaction itself—as catalyzed by aldolases. However, this is formally an addition reaction rather than a condensation reaction because it does not involve the loss of a small molecule.


title: Aldol condensation

text: The first part of this reaction is an aldol reaction, the second part a dehydration—an elimination reaction (Involves removal of a water molecule or an alcohol molecule). Dehydration may be accompanied by decarboxylation when an activated carboxyl group is present. The aldol addition product can be dehydrated via two mechanisms; a strong base like potassium "t"-butoxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydride deprotonates the product to an enolate, which eliminates via the E1cB mechanism, while dehydration in acid proceeds via an E1 reaction mechanism. Depending on the nature of the desired product, the aldol condensation may be carried out under two broad types of conditions: kinetic control or thermodynamic control.


title: Aldol condensation

text: A crossed aldol condensation is a result of two dissimilar carbonyl compounds containing α-hydrogen(s) undergoing aldol condensation. Ordinarily, this leads to four possible products as either carbonyl compound can act as the nucleophile and self-condensation is possible, which makes a synthetically useless mixture. However, this problem can be avoided if one of the compounds does not contain an α-hydrogen, rendering it non-enolizable. In an aldol condensation between an aldehyde and a ketone, the ketone acts as the nucleophile, as its carbonyl carbon does not possess high electrophilic character due to the +I effect and steric hindrance. Usually, the crossed product is the major one. Any traces of the self-aldol product from the aldehyde may be disallowed by first preparing a mixture of a suitable base and the ketone and then adding the aldehyde slowly to the said reaction mixture. Using too concentrated base could lead to a competing Cannizzaro reaction.


title: Aldol condensation

text: It is important to distinguish the aldol condensation from other addition reactions of carbonyl compounds.


title: Aldol condensation

text: In the Aldox process developed by Royal Dutch Shell and Exxon, converts propene and syngas to 2-ethylhexanol via hydroformylation to butyraldehyde, aldol condensation to 2-ethylhexenal and finally hydrogenation.


title: Aldol condensation

text: Pentaerythritol is produced on a large scale beginning with crossed aldol condensation of acetaldehyde and three equivalents of formaldehyde to give pentaerythrose, which is further reduced in a Cannizzaro reaction.


title: Aldol condensation

text: Ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate and campholenic aldehyde react in an Aldol condensation. The synthetic procedure is typical for this type of reaction. In the process, in addition to water, an equivalent of ethanol and carbon dioxide are lost in decarboxylation.


title: Aldol condensation

text: Ethyl glyoxylate 2 and glutaconate (diethyl-2-methylpent-2-enedioate) 1 react to "isoprenetricarboxylic acid" 3 (isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) skeleton) with sodium ethoxide. This reaction product is very unstable with initial loss of carbon dioxide and followed by many secondary reactions. This is believed to be due to steric strain resulting from the methyl group and the carboxylic group in the "cis"-dienoid structure.


title: Aldol condensation

text: Occasionally, an aldol condensation is buried in a multistep reaction or in catalytic cycle as in the following example:


title: Aldol condensation

text: In this reaction an "alkynal" 1 is converted into a cycloalkene 7 with a ruthenium catalyst and the actual condensation takes place with intermediate 3 through 5. Support for the reaction mechanism is based on isotope labeling.


title: Aldol condensation

text: The reaction between menthone ((2"S",5"R")-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone) and anisaldehyde (4-methoxybenzaldehyde) is complicated due to steric shielding of the ketone group. This obstacle is overcome by using a strong base such as potassium hydroxide and a very polar solvent such as DMSO in the reaction below:


title: Aldol condensation

text: The product can epimerize by way of a common intermediate—enolate A—to convert between the original ("S","R") and the ("R","R") epimers. The ("R","R") product is insoluble in the reaction solvent whereas the ("S","R") is soluble. The precipitation of the ("R","R") product drives the epimerization equilibrium reaction to form this as the major product.


title: Evening

text: Evening is the period of a day that starts at the end of the afternoon and overlaps with the beginning of night. The exact times when evening begins and ends depend on location, time of year, and culture, but it is generally regarded as beginning when the Sun is low in the sky and lasting until the end of twilight. Depending on the speaker, it may start as early as 5 p.m. and to last until night. It may be used colloquially to include the last waning afternoon shortly before sunset.


title: Evening

text: The word is derived from the Old English "ǣfnung", meaning 'the coming of evening, sunset, time around sunset', which originated from "æfnian", meaning "become evening, grow toward evening". The Old English "æfnian" originated from "æfen" (eve), which meant "the time between sunset and darkness", and was synonymous with even (Old English "æfen"), which meant the end of the day. The use of "evening" dates from the mid 15th century.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: In computer networking, Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is the term applied to transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second. The most popular variant, 1000BASE-T, is defined by the IEEE 802.3ab standard. It came into use in 1999, and has replaced Fast Ethernet in wired local networks due to its considerable speed improvement over Fast Ethernet, as well as its use of cables and equipment that are widely available, economical, and similar to previous standards.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Ethernet was the result of research conducted at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s, and later evolved into a widely implemented physical and link layer protocol. Fast Ethernet increased the speed from 10 to 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s). Gigabit Ethernet was the next iteration, increasing the speed to 1000 Mbit/s.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Initially, Gigabit Ethernet was deployed in high-capacity backbone network links (for instance, on a high-capacity campus network). In 2000, Apple's Power Mac G4 and PowerBook G4 were the first mass-produced personal computers to feature the 1000BASE-T connection. It quickly became a built-in feature in many other computers.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Half-duplex gigabit links connected through repeater hubs were part of the IEEE specification, but the specification is not updated anymore and full-duplex operation with switches is used exclusively.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: There are five physical layer standards for Gigabit Ethernet using optical fiber (1000BASE-X), twisted pair cable (1000BASE-T), or shielded balanced copper cable (1000BASE-CX).


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: The IEEE 802.3z standard includes 1000BASE-SX for transmission over multi-mode fiber, 1000BASE-LX for transmission over single-mode fiber, and the nearly obsolete 1000BASE-CX for transmission over shielded balanced copper cabling. These standards use 8b/10b encoding, which inflates the line rate by 25%, from 1000 Mbit/s to 1250 Mbit/s, to ensure a DC balanced signal, and allow for clock recovery. The symbols are then sent using NRZ.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Optical fiber transceivers are most often implemented as user-swappable modules in SFP form or GBIC on older devices.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: IEEE 802.3ab, which defines the widely used 1000BASE-T interface type, uses a different encoding scheme in order to keep the symbol rate as low as possible, allowing transmission over twisted pair.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Each 1000BASE-T network segment is recommended to be a maximum length of , and must use Category 5 cable or better (including Cat 5e and Cat 6).


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Autonegotiation is a requirement for using 1000BASE-T according to "Section 28D.5 Extensions required for Clause40 (1000BASE-T)". At least the clock source has to be negotiated, as one endpoint must be master and the other endpoint must be slave.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: In a departure from both 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T uses four lanes over all four cable pairs for simultaneous transmission in both directions through the use of echo cancellation with adaptive equalization called hybrid circuits (this is like telephone hybrid) and five-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-5). The symbol rate is identical to that of 100BASE-TX (125 megabaud) and the noise immunity of the five-level signaling is also identical to that of the three-level signaling in 100BASE-TX, since 1000BASE-T uses four-dimensional trellis coded modulation (TCM) to achieve a 6 dB coding gain across the four pairs.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: Since negotiation takes place on only two pairs, if two gigabit interfaces are connected through a cable with only two pairs, the interfaces will successfully choose 'gigabit' as the highest common denominator (HCD), but the link will never come up. Most gigabit physical devices have a specific register to diagnose this behavior. Some drivers offer an "Ethernet@Wirespeed" option where this situation leads to a slower yet functional connection.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: The data is transmitted over four copper pairs, eight bits at a time. First, eight bits of data are expanded into four three-bit symbols through a non-trivial scrambling procedure based on a linear-feedback shift register; this is similar to what is done in 100BASE-T2, but uses different parameters. The three-bit symbols are then mapped to voltage levels which vary continuously during transmission. An example mapping is as follows:


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: "Automatic MDI/MDI-X Configuration" is specified as an optional feature in the 1000BASE-T standard, meaning that straight-through cables will often work between gigabit-capable interfaces. This feature eliminates the need for crossover cables, making obsolete the uplink/normal ports and manual selector switches found on many older hubs and switches and greatly reduces installation errors.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: In order to extend and maximize the use of existing Cat-5e and Cat-6 cabling, additional next-generation standards 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T will operate at 2.5 and 5.0 Gbit/s, respectively, on existing copper infrastructure designed for use with 1000BASE-T. It is based on 10GBASE-T but uses lower signaling frequencies.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: IEEE 802.3 standardized 1000BASE-T1 in IEEE Std 802.3bp-2016. It defines Gigabit Ethernet over a single twisted pair for automotive and industrial applications. It includes cable specifications for 15 meters (type A) or 40 meters (type B) reach. The transmission is done using PAM-3 at 750 MBd.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) created and promoted a standard similar to 1000BASE-T that was simpler to implement, calling it 1000BASE-TX (TIA/EIA-854). The simplified design would have, in theory, reduced the cost of the required electronics by only using four unidirectional pairs (two pairs TX and two pairs RX) instead of four bidirectional pairs. However, this solution has been a commercial failure, likely due to the required Category 6 cabling and the rapidly falling cost of 1000BASE-T products.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 802.3z-1998 CL39 standardized 1000BASE-CX is an initial standard for Gigabit Ethernet connections with maximum distances of 25 meters using balanced shielded twisted pair and either DE-9 or 8P8C connector (with a pinout different from 1000BASE-T). The short segment length is due to a very high signal transmission rate. Although it is still used for specific applications where cabling is done by IT professionals, for instance, the IBM BladeCenter uses 1000BASE-CX for the Ethernet connections between the blade servers and the switch modules, 1000BASE-T has succeeded it for general copper wiring use.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 802.3ap-2007 CL70 standardized 1000BASE-KX is part of the IEEE 802.3ap standard for Ethernet Operation over Electrical Backplanes. This standard defines one to four lanes of backplane links, one RX and one TX differential pair per lane, at link bandwidth ranging from 100Mbit to 10Gbit per second (from 100BASE-KX to 10GBASE-KX4). The 1000BASE-KX variant uses 1.25 GBd electrical (not optical) signalling speed.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-X is used in industry to refer to Gigabit Ethernet transmission over fiber, where options include 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX, 1000BASE-LX10, 1000BASE-BX10 or the non-standard -EX and -ZX implementations. Included are copper variants using the same 8b/10b line code. 1000BASE-X is based on the physical-layer standards developed for Fibre Channel.


title: Gigabit Ethernet

text: 1000BASE-SX is an optical fiber Gigabit Ethernet standard for operation over multi-mode fiber using a 770 to 860 nanometer, near infrared (NIR) light wavelength.