title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: At the time of the accident, Lauda Air operated three weekly flights between Bangkok and Vienna. At 23:02 ICT, on 26 May 1991, Flight 4 (originating from Hong Kong's Kai Tak Airport), the Boeing 767-3Z9ER took off from Don Mueang International Airport for its passenger service to Vienna International Airport with 213 passengers and ten crew, under the command of American Captain Thomas J. Welch (48) and Austrian First Officer Josef Thurner (41). Both pilots were regarded as very competent. At 23:08, Welch and Thurner received a visual warning indication on the EICAS display telling them that a possible system failure would cause the thrust reverser on the number one engine to deploy in flight. Having already consulted the aircraft's quick reference handbook, they determined that it was "coming on and off", and that it was "just an advisory thing" and took no action, possibly believing that the indication was false, and because the 767 could stop with only one operational reverser.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: At 23:17, the number one engine reverser deployed while the plane was over mountainous jungle terrain in the border area between Suphan Buri and Uthai Thani Provinces in Thailand. Thurner's last recorded words were, "Oh, reverser's deployed". Just after, the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) recorded a shuddering sound, followed closely by a snap. Because of the reverser design, the lift on the aircraft's left wing leading edge became disrupted due to the aerodynamic plume formed during the engine's rundown to idle thrust, and resulted in a 25 percent loss of lift, resulting in an aerodynamic stall.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: The aircraft immediately began a diving left turn. The CVR recorded a second snapping sound, followed by various alerts such as overspeed and master caution, and Welch's last recorded words, which were, "Jesus Christ," in response to the rapid rolling sensation, followed by "here, wait a minute", as he shut down the engine, and then, "damn it". Following this, the CVR recorded an increase in background noise, followed by several loud bangs. Maneuvering overloads produced by the pilots' attempts to regain pitch control, in combination with the velocity during the dive, already had exceeded the aircraft's structural limits, and destroyed the weakened rear fuselage, taking the rest of the damaged flight surfaces with it. The loss of the tail caused further negative loading of the wings as the airplane nosed over vertically, reaching a recorded speed of Mach 0.99 (The highest value onboard sensors were capable of recording), breaking the sound barrier.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: At that point, the wings failed and sheared off at the trailing edges, engulfing the remains of the falling aircraft in flames before impacting mountainous wooded terrain and exploding. Most of the wreckage was scattered over a remote forest area roughly one square kilometre in size, at an elevation of , in what is now Phu Toei National Park, Suphan Buri. The wreckage site is about north-northeast of Phu Toey, Huay Kamin (), Dan Chang district, Suphan Buri province, about northwest of Bangkok, close to the Burma-Thailand border. Rescuers found Welch's body still in the pilot's seat.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: Volunteer rescue teams and local villagers looted the wreckage, taking electronics and jewellery, so relatives were unable to recover personal possessions. The bodies were taken to a hospital in Bangkok. The storage was not refrigerated and the bodies decomposed. Dental and forensic experts worked to identify bodies, but twenty-seven were never identified.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: Speculation circulated that a bomb may have destroyed the aircraft, largely due to eyewitness reports of the large fireball surrounding the aircraft that had resulted from the disintegration of its right wing during the dive. "The Philadelphia Inquirer", citing wire services it did not identify, stated that "the search for a motive is difficult because politically neutral Austria has generally stayed out of most international conflicts — such as the Persian Gulf War — that have made other countries' airlines the targets of terrorist attacks."


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: The flight data recorder was completely destroyed, so only the cockpit voice recorder was of use. Pradit Hoprasatsuk, the head of the Air Safety Division of the Thailand Department of Aviation, stated, "the attempt to determine why the reverser came on was hampered by the loss of the flight data recorder, which was destroyed in the crash". Upon hearing of the crash, Niki Lauda traveled to Thailand. He examined the wreckage and estimated that the largest fragment was about by , which was about half the size of the largest piece in the Lockerbie crash. In Thailand, Lauda attended a funeral for 23 unidentified passengers, and then traveled to Seattle to meet with Boeing representatives.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: The official investigation, led by Thailand's Aircraft Accident investigation Committee, took about eight months, and was released with the "probable cause" stating: "The Accident Investigation Committee of the Government of Thailand determines the probable cause of this accident to be [an] uncommanded in-flight deployment of the left engine thrust reverser, which resulted in loss of flight path control. The specific cause of the thrust reverser deployment has not been positively identified." Different possibilities were investigated, including a short circuit in the system. Due in part to the destruction of much of the wiring, no definitive reason for the activation of the thrust reverser could be found.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: As evidence started to point towards the thrust reversers as the cause of the accident, Lauda made simulator flights at Gatwick Airport which appeared to show that deployment of a thrust reverser was a survivable incident. Lauda said that the thrust reverser could not be the sole cause of the crash. However the accident report states that the "flight crew training simulators yielded erroneous results" and stated that recovery from the loss of lift from the reverser deployment "was uncontrollable for an unexpecting flight crew".


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: The incident led Boeing to modify the thrust reverser system to prevent similar occurrences by adding sync-locks, which prevent the thrust reversers from deploying when the main landing gear truck tilt angle is not at the ground position. Aviation writer Macarthur Job has said that "had that Boeing 767 been of an earlier version of the type, fitted with engines that were controlled mechanically rather than electronically, then that accident could not have happened".


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: Lauda stated, "what really annoyed me was Boeing's reaction once the cause was clear. Boeing did not want to say anything." Lauda asked Boeing to fly the scenario in a simulator that used different data as compared to the one that Lauda had performed tests on at Gatwick Airport. Boeing initially refused, but Lauda insisted, so Boeing granted permission. Lauda attempted the flight in the simulator 15 times, and in every instance he was unable to recover. He asked Boeing to issue a statement, but the legal department said it could not be issued because it would take three months to adjust the wording. Lauda asked for a press conference the following day, and told Boeing that if it was possible to recover, he would be willing to fly on a 767 with two pilots and have the thrust reverser deploy in air. Boeing told Lauda that it was not possible, so he asked Boeing to issue a statement saying that it would not be survivable, and Boeing issued it. Lauda then added, "this was the first time in eight months that it had been made clear that the manufacturer [Boeing] was at fault and not the operator of the aeroplane [or Pratt and Whitney]."


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: When the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) asked Boeing to test activating the thrust reverser in flight, the FAA had allowed Boeing to devise the tests. Boeing had insisted that a deployment was not possible in flight. In 1982 Boeing conducted a test wherein the aircraft was flown at , then slowed to , and the test pilots then deployed the thrust reverser. The control of the aircraft was not jeopardized. The FAA accepted the results of the test.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: The Lauda aircraft was traveling at a high speed () and at almost when the left thrust reverser deployed, causing the pilots to lose control of the aircraft. James R. Chiles, author of "Inviting Disaster", said, "the point here is not that a thorough test would have told the pilots Thomas J. Welch and Josef Thumer what to do. A thrust reverser deploying in flight might not have been survivable, anyway. But a thorough test would have informed the FAA and Boeing that thrust reversers deploying in midair was such a dangerous occurrence that Boeing needed to install a positive lock that would prevent such an event." As a result of their findings during the investigation of Lauda Flight 004, additional safety features such as mechanical positive locks were mandated to prevent thrust reverser deployment in flight.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: The passengers and crew included 83 Austrians: 74 passengers and nine crew members. Other nationalities included 52 Hong Kong residents, 39 Thai, 10 Italians, seven Swiss, six Chinese, four Germans, three Portuguese, three Taiwanese, three Yugoslavs, two Hungarians, two Filipinos, two Britons, three Americans (two passengers and the captain), one Australian, one Brazilian, one Pole, and one Iranian Turk girl who boarded the aircraft with a Turkish passport.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: Josef Thurner, the copilot, once flew as a co-pilot with Niki Lauda on a Lauda Boeing 767 service to Bangkok, a flight that was the subject of a "Reader's Digest" article in January 1990 that depicted the airline positively. Macarthur Job stated that Thurner was the better known of the crew members. Thomas J. Welch, the captain, lived in Vienna, but originated from Seattle, Washington.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: About a quarter of the airline's carrying capacity was destroyed as a result of the crash. Following the crash of OE-LAV, the airline had no flights to Sydney, on 1, 6, and 7 June. Flights resumed with another 767 on 13 June. Niki Lauda said that the crash in 1991 and the period after was the worst time in his life, even worse than the recovery from his injuries after his crash in the 1976 German Grand Prix. After the crash, bookings from Hong Kong decreased by 20% but additional passengers from Vienna began booking flights, so there were no significant changes in overall bookings.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: In early August 1991, Boeing issued an alert to airlines stating that over 1,600 late model 737s, 747s, 757s, and 767s had thrust reverser systems similar to that of OE-LAV. Two months later, customers were asked to replace potentially faulty valves in the thrust reverser systems that could cause reversers to deploy in flight.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: At the crash site, which is accessible to national park visitors, a shrine was later erected to commemorate the victims. Another memorial and cemetery is located at Wat Sa Kaeo Srisanpetch, about away in Mueang Suphan Buri district.


title: Lauda Air Flight 004

text: The crash of Flight 004 was featured in the Canadian documentary television series Mayday, in season fourteen, episode two, titled "Testing the Limits".


title: 2020–21 Bundesliga

text: The 2020–21 Bundesliga was the 58th season of the Bundesliga, Germany's premier football competition. It began on 18 September 2020 and concluded on 22 May 2021. The season was originally scheduled to begin on 21 August 2020 and conclude on 15 May 2021, though this was delayed due to postponement of the previous season as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The fixtures were announced on 7 August 2020.


title: 2020–21 Bundesliga

text: Bayern Munich were the defending champions and successfully defended their title, winning their record-extending 9th consecutive title and 31st title overall (30th in the Bundesliga era) on 8 May with three games to spare. By winning their thirtieth Bundesliga title, Bayern Munich are honoured with a fifth gold star on their team badges and shirts.


title: 2020–21 Bundesliga

text: Bayern's Robert Lewandowski set a new record for goals scored in a season with 41, surpassing the previous record of 40 goals set by Gerd Müller in 1971–72.


title: 2020–21 Bundesliga

text: On 3 September 2020, the DFL General Assembly voted to extend the use of five substitutions in matches to the 2020–21 season, which was implemented at the end of the previous season to lessen the impact of fixture congestion caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of five substitutes, based on the decision of competition organisers, had been extended by IFAB until 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the season began with matches behind closed doors or at reduced capacity due to restrictions across German states. Leipzig allowed up to 8,500 spectators to begin the season, while regulations in Berlin allowed for up to 5,000 supporters.


title: 2020–21 Bundesliga

text: Bayern Munich began the season less than a month after defeating Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League final, as the match had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In their first game, they beat Schalke 04 8–0, and were the dominant side early on in the season. After a 3–2 away victory over title contenders Borussia Dortmund in November, many pundits praised Bayern as the best team in Europe. This praise continued all season long, with former Bayern manager Pep Guardiola proclaiming them the best club in Europe in March. Bayern mathematically confirmed their ninth consecutive Bundesliga title on 8 May 2021 with three matches to spare, following closest contender RB Leipzig's 2–3 loss to Dortmund. The title was Bayern's 30th Bundesliga and 31st German championship overall, which would see them add a fifth star to their badge in the following season.


title: 2020–21 Bundesliga

text: Meanwhile, Schalke 04 endured a disaster season, failing to win a game in nine consecutive months dating back to the previous season, before defeating a fourth-tier club in the German Cup. They failed to win thirty Bundesliga matches in a row, falling one short of the all-time record set by Tasmania Berlin in 1965–66, before a 4–0 win against 1899 Hoffenheim in January. Schalke had announced before the season that they had debts of over 200 million, which led them to slash spending. The poor results led to departures for executives and managers. Former Schalke star Klaas-Jan Huntelaar returned to Schalke from Ajax in January in an attempt to stave off relegation, but he was unable to prevent Schalke from being relegated for the first time in over thirty years.


title: 2020–21 Bundesliga

text: A hot start to the season for Robert Lewandowski led to early talk that he could break Gerd Müller's 49-year-old record of 40 goals scored in one Bundesliga season, with teammate Thomas Müller suggesting it could happen back in October. Lewandowski capped off a successful year in December by winning his first FIFA Men's Player of the Year award. As Lewandowski continued his strong performances, interest in him overtaking Müller's record grew from various media outlets. However, a knee injury suffered whilst on international duty on 31 March threatened Lewandowski's record-chase and kept him out of action for a month. Lewandowski returned to action in April, just five goals away from equalling the single-season goal record. On 15 May 2021, Lewandowski scored his 40th goal of the season against SC Freiburg with one match to spare, therefore equalling Gerd Müller's record tally from 1971–72. In the last match of the season the following week, Lewandowski scored his 41st league goal in the final minute of the match against FC Augsburg to break Müller's record.


title: Celebrity Big Brother (American TV series)

text: Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a reality television spin-off series of the American adaptation of "Big Brother" created by John de Mol. The series began on February 7, 2018 on CBS in the United States and is simulcast in Canada on Global. The series is filmed at CBS Studio Center in sound stage eighteen located in Studio City, Los Angeles. Julie Chen Moonves reprises her role as host from "Big Brother" with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan also returning as executive producers. The series is produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America.


text: The premise of the series remained largely unchanged from the main edition of "Big Brother", in which a group of contestants, known as "HouseGuests,"


text: who live in a purpose-built house, known as the Big Brother House, with no contact from the outside world. The contestants compete in competitions for safety and for power over the household before voting each other out in an attempt to be the last HouseGuest remaining and win a grand prize. The difference from the parent series is the inclusion of "Celebrity" HouseGuests (those with notoriety prior to participating in the series), the time frame (a month as opposed to 3 months) and a smaller grand prize ($250,000 as opposed to $500,000)


text: Each season is also transmitted in real-time which allows for greater viewer participation in the form of "America's Vote" where the public can give their favorite HouseGuest various prizes ranging from luxury items to advantage to help them survive inside the House. Prior to the live season finale, the viewers are able to vote for their "America's Favorite HouseGuest" with the winner getting an auxiliary prize of $25,000.


text: The first overall season of "Celebrity Big Brother" worldwide premiered in the United Kingdom in 2001 while an American version of the format has been speculated since 2002. The first season of the American adaptation was announced during a live double eviction episode of the nineteenth regular season on September 7, 2017 by Julie Chen. The first season was scheduled during the February 2018 sweeps period to counterprogram NBC's coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics. The series premiere was the number one program for CBS attracting 7.27 million viewers and the highest-rated season premiere since "Big Brother 13". The program was often covered in the media due to the inclusion of Omarosa Manigault and her political revelations in the first season.


text: In September 2021, CBS renewed "Celebrity Big Brother" for a third season, which premiered on February 2, 2022.


text: The series is a game show in which a group of celebrity contestants, referred to as HouseGuests, live in a custom-built set, known as the Big Brother House, constantly under video surveillance. While in the House, the HouseGuests are completely isolated from the outside world, meaning no phone, television, Internet, magazines, newspaper, or contact with those not in the House. This rule could be broken, however, in the event of a medical injury, a family emergency, or death. The format of the series is mainly seen as a social experiment, and requires HouseGuests to interact with others who may have differing ideals, beliefs, and prejudices. Though locked in the House, the HouseGuests are free to quit the game, though will not be allowed entry back into the game. Should a HouseGuest break the rules of the game, they could be expelled from the House, and unable to return. The HouseGuests compete for a grand prize of $250,000 and the runner-up is awarded $50,000. Prior to the live finale the viewers are able to award their favorite HouseGuest of the season the title "America's Favorite HouseGuest" with a cash prize of $25,000.


text: Periodically a HouseGuest will be eliminated from the competition, referred to as evicted from the House. At the start of each round, the HouseGuests compete for the title Head of Household. The Head of Household for each round is given luxuries such as their own personal bedroom, items from home and a letter of encouragement from a loved one. The winner of the Head of Household competition is immune from nominations and was instructed to nominate two fellow HouseGuests for eviction. After a HouseGuest became Head of Household he or she is ineligible to take part in the next Head of Household competition except during the final Head of Household competition where everyone is eligible to compete. The Head of Household, the two nominees and three other HouseGuests selected by random draw then compete for the Power of Veto. The winner of the Power of Veto competition wins the right to save one of the nominated HouseGuests from eviction. If the Veto winner exercises the power, the Head of Household then has to nominate another HouseGuest for eviction which at this point nominations become final.


text: On eviction night all HouseGuests except for the Head of Household and the two nominees votes to evict one of the two nominees. Before the voting began the nominees have the chance to say a final message to their fellow HouseGuests on why they should stay. This compulsory vote is conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room by the host Julie Chen Moonves. In the event of a tie, the Head of Household will break the tie and reveal their vote in front of the other HouseGuests. The nominee with the most votes from the other HouseGuests is evicted from the House and interviewed by Julie Chen Moonves. Unlike other versions of "Big Brother", the HouseGuests can discuss the nomination and eviction process open and freely.


text: The evicted HouseGuests of the season form the Jury that votes for the winner out of the final two HouseGuests remaining in the House on the season finale, they are known as the jury members. The production team may introduce a temporary change to the format at any time known as a twist. The HouseGuests are informed of a twist by the host or by a note given to the Head of Household to read aloud to the other HouseGuests from the production team. During the show the production team is referred to as Big Brother by the HouseGuests.


text: Some aspects of the format used for "Big Brother" was modified or changed for the celebrity edition. Due to the condensed nature of the program evictions happen at a quicker rate with multiple evictions occurring each week. The celebrity jury members are not sequestered after their eviction and are able to catch-up on the show before voting for a winner depending on when they were evicted. In contrast jury members from the main series are sequestered in a separate house and are not allowed to watch the show except for segments that included all of the HouseGuests. They are not shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that included strategy or details regarding nominations.


text: The live finale features the most changes when compared to the live finales from "Big Brother". Five HouseGuests remained inside the House by the season finale instead of the regular three HouseGuests. Live finales of "Big Brother" feature a three-part final Head of Household competition with the final eviction of the season in order to reduce the number of contestants inside the House down to two. The live finale for the celebrity season was re-tooled to feature the conclusion of the final 5 round (including a pre-recorded Power of Veto competition and live eviction) then the final Head of Household competition is played in one part where the Final Head of Household wins the power to evict two HouseGuests in order to reduce the number of contestants inside the House down to two.


text: After the first season of the British version of "Big Brother" proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4, the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of "Celebrity Big Brother" in aid of Comic Relief. The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season. Due to the success of the first celebrity edition, a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002. The celebrity version took a two-year break before returning for its third season in 2005, and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version. Starting with the third season, the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities. Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of "Celebrity Big Brother". American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win "Celebrity Big Brother" in the United Kingdom.


text: An American version of "Celebrity Big Brother" has been speculated since 2002, along with a celebrity version of "Survivor." In an interview, Julie Chen and then CEO of CBS Corporation Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of "Big Brother" as far back as "Big Brother 2." It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after "Big Brother 3" with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible Houseguest. Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part, but then backed out. Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin-off of "Big Brother" called "" in the United Kingdom in 2008, where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day, set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room. Julie Chen announced on September 7, 2017, during a live double eviction episode of "Big Brother 19" that "Celebrity Big Brother" would air sometime during the winter, before the twentieth season of "Big Brother" in the summer of 2018.


text: CBS confirmed that Chen would reprise her role as host for the celebrity edition with executive producers Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning. CBS also confirmed that the celebrity edition would be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. In an interview Chen revealed that her husband Les Moonves forced her to take a pay cut for "Celebrity Big Brother" due to it being a condensed version. Chen returned as the host for the second season now being credited as Julie Chen Moonves.


text: Don Wollman and Clayton Halsey also reprises their roles as a co-executive producer and editor respectively. Wollman also serves as the voice of Big Brother where he pre-records a series of statements that are played over the loud speakers inside the House. These range from asking HouseGuests to come to the Diary Room or reminding them they are not allowed to talk about production and their Diary Room sessions with other HouseGuests. Occasionally Wollman will make announcements to the HouseGuests that are not pre-recorded. Wollman's voice is primarily heard on the live Internet feeds while occasionally heard on the episodes. Halsey also serves as the narrator for the opening and closings of the broadcast episodes. In this role he recaps recent events that were aired in previous episodes during the opening while explaining what events will take place in future episodes during the closing.


text: Deena Katz serves as the casting director for the series she also is known for casting ABC's "Dancing with the Stars". Grodner revealed she spoke with the producers of the British adaptation about their experiences with celebrities. Due to the American adaptation featuring more competitions than other formats there is no special treatment for the celebrities in order for the competitions "to be as fair as possible". Tamar Braxton won the second season and became the first ever African-American HouseGuest to win in the history of the American adaptation of "Big Brother".


text: "Celebrity Big Brother" uses a similar title sequence and logo that was introduced with the sixteenth season of "Big Brother" that was designed by Charlie Co. The logo was slightly modified to remove the water effects which were replaced by faint lights while the word "Celebrity" before "Big" with "Brother" underneath. The water effect that was used as a transition and appears around the HouseGuests was removed. This was replaced with a star being used as the transition and items related to the celebrities notoriety appeared around them. The series also uses the same theme song as "Big Brother" during the opening title sequence which was composed by David Vanacore and Ken Berry.


text: Filming for the series takes place at CBS Studio Center, sound stage eighteen where the sitcom "Yes, Dear" was filmed. "Celebrity Big Brother" is filmed in the same location as "Big Brother" since its sixth season and is referred to as the "Big Brother House" often shortened to "House". The House has 94 high-definition cameras and over 113 microphones in order to monitor and record the HouseGuests. The first floor of the House consists of three bedrooms, storage room and the Diary Room which is accessible by the living room. The bathroom, a lounge room, backyard and a spiral staircase going to the second floor are accessed via the kitchen. The front door is located in a vestibule area that separates the living room and kitchen. The Head of Household bedroom and en suite bathroom is located on the second floor. The second floor also has a balcony with an additional lounge area where the HouseGuests can look down and see the first floor. The backyard is significantly smaller due to the majority of the backyard being used for constant competitions. During "Celebrity Big Brother" a roof is installed over the backyard. The pool table was brought inside from the backyard and moved to the upstairs lounge area. The spare room sometimes used for tasks on the civilian "Big Brother" series, such as the Den of Temptation in season nineteen, is turned into an indoor gym for the celebrity edition.


text: After the success of the first season CBS ordered a second season to air during the winter of the 2018–19 television season on May 12, 2018. The network reconfirmed the news four days later when the network revealed its 2018–19 fall prime-time schedule. After the departure of Les Moonves from CBS Corporation on September 9, 2018, because of multiple sexual misconduct allegations, the media speculated that Julie Chen Moonves might not continue hosting "Celebrity Big Brother" and "Big Brother". CBS later confirmed on November 27, 2018 that Chen Moonves would host the second season of the series.


text: "Celebrity Big Brother" was not mentioned when CBS announced their plans for the 2019–20 television season on May 15, 2019. Kelly Kahl, president of entertainment at CBS, revealed on May 21, 2019 that a third season of the celebrity spin-off is still uncertain. On September 5, 2019 the parent series "Big Brother" was renewed for a twenty-second season with Chen Moonves signing a new contract to return as host. However the new contract for Chen Moonves did not include a future season of "Celebrity Big Brother" with CBS not announcing anything official regarding the series. On November 11, 2019, CBS announced their 2020 winter schedule, which did not include "Celebrity Big Brother". On December 28, 2020, Chen Moonves revealed that shortly after the conclusion of the twenty-second season of the civilian version of "Big Brother" that she and numerous producers pushed CBS to order a third season of "Celebrity Big Brother" but that they declined to order one at the time leaving the option open to still order a third season at a later date.


text: A third season of "Celebrity Big Brother" was officially announced on September 9, 2021, for Winter 2022 with Julie Chen Moonves returning as host.


text: The main television coverage of "Celebrity Big Brother" is screened on CBS over thirteen episodes per season. Alongside these episode Pop shows live coverage from inside the House on "". CBS also makes available live Internet video feeds from the House available through Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access during the first two seasons). In order to preserve the drama for television broadcasts, CBS does not webcast certain moments that transpire in the house, including competitions and the nomination/eviction process. Slanderous statements and singing of copyrighted music are also blocked for legal reasons. "Celebrity Big Brother" introduced "Big Brother Bot" which is available through Facebook, Kik and Skype. The bot was renamed to "Big BroBot" when the first season launched, it allows viewers to participate in quizzes and polls, ask the bot "Big Brother" related questions, get highlights about what happens inside the House and cast votes that can affect the game. The show also maintains social media accounts on Facebook and Twitter. The series is also simulcast in Canada on Global. The first season was also screened in Australia on 9Go! for the first time in the history of American "Big Brother" under the title "Celebrity Big Brother U.S.". Episodes were broadcast on a delay but were uploaded to the streaming service 9Now shortly after the American airing of the show.


text: The first season of "Celebrity Big Brother" was often reported on by various media outlets for the inclusion of Omarosa Manigault and her discussions about her time in the Trump administration. Reed Gaudens of "Fansided" reviewed the series premiere positively noting the series "could either be so bad it’s good or just plain bad. Thankfully, it’s the former" while saying of the HouseGuests "weren’t exactly the famous faces we anticipated" for the season. Andy Dehnart of "Reality Blurred" was more critical of the show noting that most of the season one Houseguests were previously on other reality shows like "Dancing with the Stars" and "The Celebrity Apprentice". In a post season review he noted the first season had been a "delight" when compared to a season of "Big Brother".


text: <onlyinclude>"Celebrity Big Brother" had a strong series premiere with the highest ratings since the premiere of "Big Brother 13" on July 7, 2011. The series debuted to 7.27 million viewers with a 1.8/7 rating in the 18-49 demographic. The remainder of the first season was scheduled as counterprogramming to NBC's coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics. The first season finale aired on February 25, 2018 with 5.2 million viewers with a 1.4/5 rating in the 18-49 demographic coming in second behind the closing ceremony for the Olympics. The first season averaged 5.04 million viewers per episode.


text: The second season premiere was down compared to the first season with 5.36 million viewers with a 1.4/6 in the 18-49 demographic. The eighth episode of the second season pulled in the lowest ratings of the season with 3.28 million viewers. The finale for the second season was watched by 3.87 million viewers which was below season average levels for the program. The second season averaged a total of 4.40 million viewers.</onlyinclude>


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The Australian Aboriginal Flag represents Aboriginal Australians. It is one of the officially proclaimed flags of Australia, by which it has special legal and political status together with the national flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag, with which it is often flown.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The flag was designed in 1971 by Harold Thomas, an Aboriginal artist who is descended from the Luritja people of Central Australia. Thomas held the intellectual property rights to the flag's design until January 2022, when he transferred the copyright to the Commonwealth government. The flag was designed for the land rights movement and became a symbol of Aboriginal people of Australia.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The flag is horizontally and equally divided into a black region (above) and a red region (below); a yellow disc is superimposed over the centre of the flag. The overall proportions of the flag, as proclaimed, are 2:3; however, the flag is often reproduced in the proportions 1:2 as with the Australian National Flag.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The Government of Australia granted it "Flag of Australia" status, under the "Flags Act 1953", by proclamation on 14 July 1995. Due to an "administrative oversight", the 1995 proclamation was not lodged so that it would continue in force indefinitely; hence it automatically expired on 1 January 2008. It was therefore almost identically replaced, on 25 January 2008, with effect as from 1 January.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: In the 2008 proclamation, the flag "is recognised as the flag of the Aboriginal peoples of Australia and a flag of significance to the Australian nation generally" and appointed "to be the flag of the Aboriginal peoples of Australia and to be known as the Australian Aboriginal Flag". The design is reproduced in Schedule 1 and described in Schedule 2.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: In most cases, on-screen or digital reproductions of the flag should use the RGB colours as in the table above. When displaying in physical fabric formats, it is much preferred to use the Pantone specifications. When printing on paper, the CMYK colours are superior.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The flag was first flown on National Aborigines Day in Victoria Square in Adelaide on 9 July 1971. It was also used in Canberra at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy from late 1972. In the early months of the embassy—which was established in February that year—other designs were used, including a black, green and red flag made by supporters of the South Sydney Rabbitohs rugby league club, and a flag with a red-black field containing a spear and four crescents in yellow.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: Cathy Freeman caused controversy at the 1994 Commonwealth Games by carrying the Aboriginal flag as well as the Australian national flag during her victory lap of the arena, after winning the 200 metres sprint; only the national flag is meant to be displayed. Despite strong criticism from both Games officials and Australian team president Arthur Tunstall, Freeman carried both flags again after winning the 400 metres.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The decision in 1995 by Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating that the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags should be given the status of national flags was opposed by the Liberal Opposition at the time, Opposition Leader John Howard stating that "any attempt to give the flags official status under the Flags Act would rightly be seen by many in the community not as an act of reconciliation but as a divisive gesture". Nonetheless, since Howard became Prime Minister in 1996 and under subsequent Labor governments, these flags have remained national flags. However, this decision was differently criticised by the designer of the flag, Harold Thomas, who said that the Aboriginal flag "doesn't need any more recognition".


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The National Indigenous Advisory Committee campaigned for the Aboriginal flag to be flown at Stadium Australia during the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Olympics organisers announced that the Aboriginal flag would be flown at Olympic venues. The flag has been flown over the Sydney Harbour Bridge during the march for reconciliation of 2000 and many other events, including Australia Day. On 4 February 2022, the New South Wales government announced that the flag would be flown from the Harbour Bridge permanently.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: On the 30th anniversary of the flag in 2001, thousands of people were involved in a ceremony where the flag was carried from the Parliament of South Australia to Victoria Square.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: On 8 July 2002 the Adelaide City Council endorsed the permanent flying of the Aboriginal flag close to the location of its first raising at Victoria Square in 1971 (now dual-named Tarntanyangga), which now flies adjacent to the Australian flag. It has also been flown in front of Adelaide Town Hall since the same date.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: Various councils in Australian towns fly the Aboriginal flag from the town halls, such as Bendigo (adopted in 2005). The flag is also flown at many other public buildings such as a number of the state Parliament Houses including that of Victoria.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: In April 2021 Regional NSW Police Deputy Commissioner Gary Worboys said that he would like to see the flag flown at every New South Wales Police regional police station in the state, expanding from the 12 of the 89 then flying it.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The Australian Aboriginal flag has been hoisted alongside the Australian national flag as a permanent feature of the Australian Embassy in Dublin, Ireland, since 5 March 2021.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: Following the 2022 Australian federal election on 21 May 2022, the incoming Anthony Albanese led Labor government started displaying the Aboriginal flag and the Torres Strait Islander flag alongside the national flag at ministerial press conferences. Upon the opening of the new Parliament, both flags began to be displayed in the House of Representatives and Senate chambers.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: From 27 May 2022, at the start of National Reconciliation Week, both the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags were hoisted on the front lawn of Government House, Adelaide, to be permanently flown alongside the national flag and the South Australian flag.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The sale of condoms in the colours of the Aboriginal flag won a public health award in 2005 for the initiative's success in improving safe sex practices among young Indigenous people.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: Aboriginal-designed emojis titled Indigemojis and including the flag on several designs, were released in December 2019 via an app, with the permission of Harold Thomas.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The Aboriginal flag is sometimes substituted for the Union Flag in the canton of Australia's flag in proposed new Australian flag designs. Harold Thomas said of this idea: "I wouldn′t reject it out of hand, but I could make a decision to say no. Our flag is not a secondary thing. It stands on its own, not to be placed as an adjunct to any other thing. It shouldn't be treated that way".


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: In the science fiction film "Event Horizon", actor Sam Neill, himself a New Zealander, designed a flag for use on his sleeve as the way he thought the Australian flag should look in 2047, which incorporated the Aboriginal flag.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The Australian Aboriginal Flag is celebrated in the painting "The First Supper" (1988) by Susan Dorothea White where the central figure is an Aboriginal woman who displays the flag on her T-shirt.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The flag was to be part of the logo on Google Australia's home page on Australia Day 2010, but the company was forced to modify the design due to its creator Harold Thomas demanding payment if Google were to use it.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The anti-Islamic group Reclaim Australia used the flag at their protests in 2015, which was condemned by the flag's creator, Harold Thomas, who called it "idiotic".


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: Copyright in the flag has been subject to controversy, as to original and ongoing ownership of the copyright.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: In 1997, in the case of "Thomas v Brown and Tennant", the Federal Court of Australia declared that Harold Thomas was the owner of copyright in the design of the Australian Aboriginal flag, and thus the flag has protection under Australian copyright law. Thomas had sought legal recognition of his ownership and compensation following the Federal Government's 1995 proclamation of the design, and his claim was contested by two others, George Brown and James Tennant. After winning copyright, Thomas awarded rights solely to Carroll & Richardson – Flagworld Pty Ltd and Birubi Art Pty Ltd for the manufacture and marketing of the flag and of products featuring the flag's image.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: In November 2018, Thomas granted WAM Clothing (which is co-owned by Birubi Art owner Ben Wooster) a licence for the use of the flag on clothing. In June 2019, it was reported that WAM Clothing had demanded that Aboriginal-owned businesses stop selling clothing that featured the flag. They also sent notices to the NRL and AFL about their use of the flag on Indigenous round jerseys. In June 2020, after a prominent Aboriginal footballer began selling WAM-licensed teeshirts bearing the flag through his own website, Aboriginal former senator Nova Peris, a leader of a "free the flag" campaign, wrote to the Governor-General, requesting his support for divesting WAM of the copyright.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: After consultation with its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advisory Council, the AFL did not enter into a commercial agreement with WAM in 2020, in line with general Aboriginal sentiment on the issue. In August 2020, Ken Wyatt, Minister for Indigenous Australians, said that he would love to see the flag freely used across Australia, and former AFL player Michael Long said its absence would have a negative effect on the players in the Sir Doug Nicholls Indigenous Round. Wyatt encouraged spectators to bring flags to the games, beginning in Darwin on 22 August 2020.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: On 24 January 2022, the Commonwealth government announced, after more than three years of confidential negotiations, that Thomas had transferred the copyright in the flag to the Commonwealth. The federal government paid $20.05m to Thomas and licence holders (including WAM Clothing and Carroll and Richardson Flagworld) to extinguish existing licences and secure copyright. As part of the copyright transfer, Thomas retained moral rights over the flag (which include the right to be identified as its creator). Following the copyright transfer, Carroll and Richardson Flagworld continued to be the exclusive manufacturer, although individuals may make copies for personal use.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The Commonwealth agreed to fund a scholarship in Thomas's name for Indigenous students to further the development of Indigenous governance and leadership and an online education portal on the flag's history. An original painting by Thomas detailing the transfer of copyright would be "displayed in a prominent location" by the Commonwealth. All royalties from the copyright are to be transferred to the National Aborigines and Islanders Day Observance Committee, and $2m would be devoted to establishing a not-for-profit organisation that will make periodic payments for activities related to the flag.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: Many Aboriginal people celebrated the freeing of the flag; however, Bronwyn Carlson, Professor of Indigenous Studies and Director of the Centre for Global Indigenous Futures at Macquarie University, expressed a contrary opinion, suggesting that to "free" the flag for all and sundry may demean it as a symbol of Aboriginal identity and history. She wrote in "The Conversation": "the Aboriginal flag has always been our flag. We didn't need an act of parliament to recognise its significance." Some Indigenous people are not happy to see the federal government have control of the flag, rather than an Indigenous organisation, and law professor Isabella Alexander said that some legal questions remained, for as long as details of the agreement were still commercial-in-confidence. Upon the release by the Australian government of the Assignment Deed following an FOI application, David J. Brennan has identified a likelihood that the Australian copyright in the 1971 flag as an artistic work expired upon transfer to the Commonwealth.


title: Australian Aboriginal Flag

text: The flag's current legal status was debated in an Australian Senate estimates committee in mid‑February 2022, when it was also revealed that the Morrison government had paid $13.75m to Thomas to assume copyright, and also paid $6.3m to two non-Indigenous businesses which held licences to use the flag. These companies are WAM Clothing, which received $5.2m, and Wooster Holdings, which was paid $1.1m. Interests in both companies are held by Gold Coast businessman Ben Wooster, former director of Birubi Art (which was fined $23m in 2018 for selling fake Aboriginal art).


title: Imogene Coca

text: Imogene Coca (born Emogeane Coca; November 18, 1908 – June 2, 2001) was an American comic actress best known for her role opposite Sid Caesar on "Your Show of Shows". Starting out in vaudeville as a child acrobat, she studied ballet and wished to have a serious career in music and dance, graduating to decades of stage musical revues, cabaret and summer stock. In her 40s, she began a celebrated career as a comedian on television, starring in six series and guest starring on successful television programs from the 1940s to the 1990s.


title: Imogene Coca

text: She was nominated for five Emmy Awards for "Your Show of Shows", winning Best Actress in 1951 and singled out for a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting in 1953. Coca was also nominated for a Tony Award in 1978 for "On the Twentieth Century" and received a sixth Emmy nomination at the age of 80 for an episode of "Moonlighting".


title: Imogene Coca

text: She possessed a rubbery face capable of the broadest expressions — "Life" magazine compared her to Beatrice Lillie and Charlie Chaplin and described her characterizations as taking "people or situations suspended in their own precarious balance between dignity and absurdity, and push(ing) them over the cliff with one single, pointed gesture". The magazine noted a "particularly high-brow critic" as observing, "The trouble with most comedians who try to do satire is that they are essentially brash, noisy and indelicate people who have to use a sledge hammer to smash a butterfly. Miss Coca, on the other hand, is the timid woman who, when aroused, can beat a tiger to death with a feather." Aside from vaudeville, cabaret, film, theater and television, she voiced children's cartoons and was even featured in the 1984 MTV music video "Bag Lady" by the band EBN-OZN, ultimately working well into her 80s. In a 1999 interview, Robert Ozn said during the shoot she was required to sit on the sidewalk in snow for hours during a blizzard with 15 degree (F) temperatures. "While the rest of us 20-somethings were moaning about the weather, warming ourselves by a heater, this little 75-year-old lady never once complained - put us all to shame. She was the most professional artist I've ever worked with."


title: Imogene Coca

text: Born Emogeane Coca in Philadelphia, Coca was the daughter of José Fernandez de Coca, a violinist and vaudeville orchestra conductor and Sadie Brady, a dancer and magician's assistant. Coca's father was of Spanish descent (the family surname was originally Fernández y Coca), the son of Joseph F. Coca, Sr. and his wife, Laura.


title: Imogene Coca

text: Coca took lessons in piano, dance, and voice as a child and while still a teenager moved from Philadelphia to New York City to become a dancer. In 1925, at age 17, she got her first job in the chorus of the Broadway musical "When You Smile." She became a headliner in Manhattan nightclubs with music arranged by her husband, Bob Burton.


title: Imogene Coca

text: She gained prominence when she combined music with comedy; her first critical success was in "New Faces of 1934". A well-received part of her act was a comic striptease, during which Coca made sultry faces and gestures but would manage to remove only one glove. She committed this routine to film in the Educational Pictures comedy short "The Bashful Ballerina" (1937). She received excellent notices for her Educational short "Dime a Dance." In a review headlined "Swell Comic Scores," "Film Daily" wrote: "A real comedienne who will wow the cash customers with her zany antics, Imogene Coca is in a class all by herself, and her style of comedy does not suggest that of any other funster on the screen." Three other newcomers to films -- Danny Kaye, June Allyson, and Barry Sullivan -- were featured in the short, filmed at Educational's New York studio.


title: Imogene Coca

text: Imogene Coca was one of network television's first comics. She starred in an early ABC series, "Buzzy Wuzzy", which lasted four episodes in 1948. She played opposite Sid Caesar on "The Admiral Broadway Revue" (January to June 1949), and then in the sketch comedy program "Your Show of Shows" (1950 to 1954), which was immensely popular, winning the Emmy for Outstanding Variety Series in 1952 and 1953. The 90-minute show was aired live on NBC every Saturday night in prime time. She won the second-ever Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1951 and was nominated for four other Emmys for her work in the show. She won a 1953 Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. The Caesar-Coca partnership might have continued, but the network tried to generate more revenue by spinning off Coca into her own series. "The Imogene Coca Show" ran for one year (1954 to 1955).


title: Imogene Coca

text: In the 1963–64 TV season, Coca portrayed a comic temporary helper in the NBC sitcom "Grindl". It competed with the second half of "The Ed Sullivan Show" and lasted only one season. Coca later starred as a cavewoman with Joe E. Ross in the 1966–67 time-travel satire sitcom "It's About Time".


title: Imogene Coca

text: She continued to appear on comedy and variety series throughout the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s including several appearances each on "The Carol Burnett Show", "The George Gobel Show", "The Hollywood Palace" and Ed Sullivan's "Toast of the Town" and Bob Hope specials. She appeared on other shows and specials by Dean Martin, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Lewis, Dick Clark, Danny Kaye and Andy Williams. "The Sid Caesar, Imogene Coca, Carl Reiner, and Howard Morris Special" won a 1967 Emmy for Outstanding Variety Special.


title: Imogene Coca

text: She made memorable guest appearances on sitcoms including two appearances on "Bewitched", "The Brady Bunch" and "Mama's Family". She appeared with Milton Berle and "Your Show of Shows" co-star Howard Morris in "Curtain Call", a 1983 episode of "Fantasy Island".


title: Imogene Coca

text: Coca appeared in a number of literary adaptations for children. In 1960 she was Miss Clavel in Sol Saks' adaptation of Ludwig Bemelmans' "Madeline" for "Shirley Temple's Storybook". In 1972, she voiced the character of Princess Jane Klockenlocher in "The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye", a Rankin/Bass version of Hans Christian Andersen's "The Emperor's New Clothes". In 1978, she appeared in "A Special Sesame Street Christmas". In 1985, she played The Cook in "Alice in Wonderland", an all-star TV miniseries adaptation of the book by Lewis Carroll. Among her final roles was voicing characters in "Garfield and Friends".


title: Imogene Coca

text: In 1988, Coca appeared as the mother of Allyce Beasley's Agnes in the "Moonlighting" episode "Los Dos Dipestos", written by David Steinberg. She received her sixth Emmy nomination, as Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series, for the role. The same year she was the female recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award in Comedy at the second annual American Comedy Awards, alongside male recipient George Burns.


title: Imogene Coca

text: Coca appeared only sporadically in films such as "The Incredible Incident at Independence Square", filmed in her hometown of Philadelphia, as well as "Under the Yum Yum Tree" (1963), "Nothing Lasts Forever", "Papa Was a Preacher", "Buy & Cell" and "National Lampoon's Vacation" (1983), as "Aunt Edna".


title: Imogene Coca

text: After having appeared in several Broadway musical-comedy revues and plays between the 1930s and the 1950s, Coca returned to Broadway at the age of 70 with a Tony Award-nominated performance as religious zealot Letitia Primrose in "On the Twentieth Century", a 1978 stage musical adapted from the film "Twentieth Century" (1934). Her role, that of a religious fanatic who plasters decals onto every available surface, had been a male in both the film and the original stage production, and was rewritten specifically as a vehicle for Coca. She appeared in the Broadway run with Kevin Kline and Madeline Kahn, continued with the national tour starring Rock Hudson and Judy Kaye and returned for a later tour revival in the mid-1980s with Kaye and Frank Gorshin. She also co-starred with singer Maxine Sullivan in "My Old Friends" and touring productions including musicals such as "Once Upon a Mattress" and "Bells Are Ringing" and plays such as "The Prisoner of Second Avenue" and "Luv". She rejoined Sid Caesar in 1961–62, 1977 and 1990–91 for a traveling stage revue and made an appearance with Caesar and Howard Morris at "Comic Relief VI" in 1994.


title: Imogene Coca

text: One of Coca's early stock characters on the Caesar series blended comedy with socially conscious pathos as a bag lady and she was frequently asked to reprise the role, including by Carol Burnett for her 60s series and by Red Skelton as love interest to one of his own familiar characters in the 1981 TV special "Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner". New wave group Ēbn-Ōzn featured Coca as the title character in the music video to their song "Bag Lady (I Wonder)", which was a top-40 dance hit in 1984.


title: Imogene Coca

text: Coca had no children, but was married twice: for 20 years to Bob Burton, from 1935 until his death in 1955, and later for 27 years to King Donovan, from 1960 until his death in 1987. Burton's death came only one month after her mother had died. Coca was a practicing Roman Catholic.


title: Imogene Coca

text: Hours after Coca and Donovan completed their New Year's Eve 1972 performance of "Fourposter" at the Showboat Dinner Theater in St. Petersburg, Florida, they were involved in a serious auto accident. They had been driving in foggy weather to their home in Clearwater, Florida, when Donovan collided with another car driven by 19-year-old Cheryl Lynn Rice. Rice was unharmed, but Donovan sustained a slight leg injury, and the rear-view mirror entered Coca's right eye, smashing her cheekbone.


title: Imogene Coca

text: Transported to the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, Coca underwent plastic surgery and a cosmetic lens covered her now-blind eye for the rest of her career, which resumed with her long stint in Broadway's "On the Twentieth Century" beginning in 1978.


title: Imogene Coca

text: Performers citing Coca as an influence include Carol Burnett, Lily Tomlin, Whoopi Goldberg and Tracey Ullman. "Your Show of Shows" is considered a television classic and was the basis for a well-received 1982 film, "My Favorite Year". A 1992 musical version of the film made its way to Broadway, in which comedic actress Andrea Martin won a Tony Award for her portrayal of Alice Miller.


title: Imogene Coca

text: In 1995, Coca was honored with the second annual Women in Film Lucy Award, honoring women's achievement in television and named after Lucille Ball.


title: Imogene Coca

text: On June 2, 2001, Coca died at her home in Westport, Connecticut, aged 92, from natural causes incidental to Alzheimer's disease. She was cremated and her ashes scattered.


title: SexyBack

text: "SexyBack" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake for his second studio album, "FutureSex/LoveSounds" (2006). It was released on July 18, 2006, to US mainstream and rhythmic radio stations by Jive Records as the lead single from the album. The song was written and produced by Nate Hills, Tim Mosley, and Timberlake. Discussing "SexyBack", Timberlake revealed that he went "left", singing the song in a rock style, not an R&B style. He described the song as musicians David Bowie and David Byrne "covering" James Brown's 1970 song "Sex Machine". The track features Timbaland (who is credited on the album but not the single itself) while Timberlake's voice is distorted. The instrumentation used in the song includes a pounding bass beat, electronic chords, and drum machine sounds.


title: SexyBack

text: "SexyBack" became Timberlake's first number-one single on the "Billboard" Hot 100, staying seven weeks at the top spot. It also topped several of "Billboard" magazine's other charts, including the Mainstream Top 40, Hot Dance Airplay, and Hot Digital Songs, and entered the top ten on most singles charts. Internationally, it became Timberlake's first single to reach number one in the United Kingdom. In Australia, the track was Timberlake's second number-one single, spending two consecutive weeks at the top. "SexyBack" was certified three-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and three-times platinum by Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA).


title: SexyBack

text: The track won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 2007 ceremony. In addition, the song won Timberlake the People's Choice Award for Favorite R&B song and the Male Artist of the Year at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards. The music video was filmed in June 2006; Timberlake decided to work with director Michael Haussman based on the latter's work on Madonna's 1994 music video "Take a Bow".


title: SexyBack

text: Timberlake began working on his second studio album, "FutureSex/LoveSounds", in December 2005. Within three weeks, "SexyBack" was one of several songs that were recorded for the album, having been recorded in less than a day. Timberlake told The Weekend Mail in 2006 that it was the "second or third song" he did with Timbaland in a list of 10 songs they recorded for the album. The song was written and produced by Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, and Nate "Danja" Hills, and mixed by Jimmy Douglass, using Pro Tools.


title: SexyBack

text: Hills played the Akai MPC3000, as well as virtual synths on his Macintosh computer, while Timbaland performed instruments on the Ensoniq ASR-10 sampling keyboard. Bill Pettaway played the guitar, his part taking only two minutes to record, while Darryl Pearson was the bassist. Both the guitar and bass were digitally imported in Pro Tools during mixing, and only a section of the guitar recording was copied and pasted throughout the song.


title: SexyBack

text: Timberlake described "SexyBack" as "an experiment gone right from the sort of synthesizer influence to the distorted vocals", adding that it was "one of the songs that the more you listen to it its just hook after hook after hook. Its just one of those 'flow off the top of your head' tracks, in terms of melody. We wanted to keep it loose and not too rehearsed, it's one of those very experimental records though." Timberlake revealed that he went "left", regarding going more rock, not in how he developed the song, but in the way he sang the song. "I wanted to sing the song like a rock and roll singer, not an R&B singer. That's the approach." The day before recording, Timberlake and Timbaland had listened to David Bowie's "Rebel Rebel" and the Rapture's "House of Jealous Lovers". Timberlake wanted to achieve the songs' "raw energy". Timberlake said that he modeled himself on Bowie and Prince, and described the song as Bowie and David Byrne "covering" James Brown's 1970 song "Sex Machine". Timberlake said that the song "doesn't qualify as rock or straight funk" and that he was happy with the description "club funk". He was "keen for a new musical direction" following the release of his first album, "Justified". "I listened to the radio for a few months and thought, 'All this sounds like shit, what do I want to hear?'. That's really all I did. Everything's got so repetitive, everything sounds the same. I had to create something unique otherwise there's no point putting it out."


title: SexyBack

text: "SexyBack" is an "urgent, pulsing track, a cocktail of soaring, distorted vocals and heavy, electronic chords threaded together with rap", according to Camilla Long from "The Observer". The song is composed in the key of A major — and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 117 beats per minute. The song's musicscape includes two-note dirty electronic riffs, "leapfrogging keyboards", beat box sound, and incorporates the "same leaky faucet" sounds of musician Obie Trice's 2004 song "The Setup". In addition, the track features Timbaland on backing vocals.


title: SexyBack

text: Timberlake's voice in the song is processed, slowed down to where his voice is unrecognizable, with muffled vocals. The song also features Timberlake's "low register distorted vocals." Timberlake revealed that the vocals in the song were influenced by Prince.


title: SexyBack

text: Douglas explained the title of the song, and how it affected the concept: "Justin [Timberlake] goes in the chorus 'Go head be gone with it', I called the song 'Be Gone With It', just to label it. So they're developing this song and they're going nuts and loving it, and as they play it, and I'm like: 'I don't think this hook is strong enough.' But then, at the very last minute, Justin very, very cleverly decided to call it 'Sexion, he admitted that the song was not going to be titled "SexyBack", saying, "We weren't originally going to call it 'SexyBack'. I definitely didn't think it would become the most worn-out phrase of 2006. It just sounded like a nice opening to the song."


title: SexyBack

text: Adam Graham of "The Detroit News" noted that Timberlake sings about whips and chains, while Bill Lamb of About.com said the song has a "bit of s&m tease about shackles and whips". Furthermore, "The Georgia Straight"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Martin Turenne said that Timberlake is "shackled to the bedpost, invites the crack of his mistress's whip." Ben Williams of "New York" magazine wrote that Timberlake had been working on his pickup lines, with "You see these shackles baby I'm your slave / I'll let you whip me if I misbehave." Jason Bracelin of the "Las Vegas Review-Journal" reported that Timberlake sings about "threatening to steal your girl." Charlie Brooker for "The Guardian", in regard to the lyric, "them other fuckers don't know how to act", writing that Timberlake's translation is of him telling everyone in the world that they are a "clueless fornicator". Further in his report, Brooker opined that Timberlake "threatens us" by using "language so offensive" with the line, "You motherfuckers, watch how I attack". In addition, Brooker noted that the line, "If that's your girl you'd better watch your back", as Timberlake stating his intention to meddle in the private affairs of others. Barry Schwartz of "Stylus" noted that the song features "pillow talk", in reference of the song's "sex-crazed lyrics".


title: SexyBack

text: In the "Billboard" magazine review of the album, contributor Katy Kroll wrote that Timberlake "claims to be bringing 'sexy' back to pop music, and indeed he is. You can almost feel beads of sweat rolling off the title track and 'SexyBack' featuring Timbaland". Chris Willman of "Entertainment Weekly" was complimentary towards Timbaland, producer of the song, writing that Timbaland offers "tougher, trickier rhythms, minimal live playing, a plethora of hip-hop cameos, and a self-consciously hard, edgy club sensibility" to "SexyBack". Russell Baillie of "The New Zealand Herald" noted, "The producer's angular synthesizer crunch is all over it – at best on the single 'SexyBack' where they dispense with a chorus, leaving the song sustained by its vocal fireworks, electrofunk and Timberlake's repeated declaration that 'I'm bringing sexy back. PopMatters' contributor Quentin B. Huff wrote that "SexyBack" was the "fraternal twin" to Nelly Furtado's 2006 song "Promiscuous". Andrew Murfett of "The Age" wrote that the song was a "raunchy club banger that slyly suppresses" Timberlake's customary falsetto. He continues, "it's introduced a new phrase into the pop cultural lexicon". Glenn Gamboa of "Newsday" was complimentary towards the song, writing that it was "Timberlake at his best, mainstreaming a combination of the wild, edgy dance-pop style of Basement Jaxx with Missy Elliott's more experimental hip-hop to create a boldly inventive sound that still pleases the masses."


title: SexyBack

text: Kelefa Sanneh of "The New York Times" wrote: "...'SexyBack', a twitchy, emaciated track that shot to the top of the charts and also became an irritating catchphrase. (Suddenly everyone was bringing AdjectiveBack.)" Dagny Salas of "North by Northwestern" commented that Timberlake and Timbaland trade ridiculous lines, with "Get your sexy on/Go ahead, be gone with it" and "Dirty babe/You see these shackles/Baby I'm your slave/I’ll let you whip me if I misbehave." Salas continued in her review that it was not a song that should be good, "but does that really matter when it's good in the way that songs are during the summer [...] That kind of good makes songs like 'SexyBack' completely irresistible." Matt Burns of "The Post" wrote, "Take the polarizing summer single 'SexyBack', a repetitive song with little structure that doesn't know when to stop, all centered on a ridiculous declaration. Somehow, it works." "The Diamondback"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Michael Greenwald reported that "SexyBack" was "lyrically, musically and vocally the weakest song" on the album. A writer of "The State Journal-Register" was not impressed with the song and concluded, with SexyBack' is the most annoyingly dumb song to hit "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s No. 1 since 'Hollaback Girl'". Guy Blackman of "The Sunday Age" wrote: "The distorted vocals and stilted production of first single 'Sexyback' make Timberlake's claim to be 'bringing sexy back' ... seem almost laughable." "Entertainment Weekly" put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Justin Timberlake, we didn't even know that sexy was missing until 2006. We're just happy Justin brought it back safe and sound." Charlie Brooker, columnist for "The Guardian", jokingly criticised Timberlake, saying "How DARE this dot-eyed, crop-haired, fun-sized, guff-tongued, pirouetting waif-boy scamper on to the world's airwaves and loudly proclaim to be the sole global administrator of all things sexy? You'd think it takes massive balls to do something like that, but given the shrill, squeaking vocals cheeping through his ghastly little gobhole, it's safe to assume he's got testes the size of capers. He's practically a human dog whistle, the shrieking, high-pitched, mosquito-lunged ponce."


title: SexyBack

text: Upon the song's release, it received divided opinions, which pleased Timberlake. "This is such a departure from the first record," said Timberlake. "More people might like it, less people might like it, but you can't call me a chicken."


title: SexyBack

text: "SexyBack" was commercially successful in the United States. The single debuted at number 90 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in July 2006. After climbing to number 31, it propelled to number one the following week. "SexyBack" became Timberlake's first number-one hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 from his "Futuresex/Lovesounds" album. The single spent seven consecutive weeks at the number-one position on the Hot 100. In addition to the Hot 100, "SexyBack" also topped the following "Billboard" charts: Hot Dance Airplay, Hot Dance Club Play, Hot Dance Singles Sales, Pop 100 Airplay, Pop 100, and Top 40 Mainstream charts. "SexyBack" was certified three-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). This song made the then-seventh-biggest jump to number one in the "Billboard" Hot 100 history, climbing thirty spots from number 31 landing it at the summit of the chart on September 9, 2006. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the song had its biggest selling week in September 2006 and sold 250,000 as a digital download. "SexyBack" was on the Hot 100 for a significant thirty-six weeks. As of 2018, the song has accumulated 6.1 million units in the US, combining sales (4.9 million copies sold) and equivalent streams.


title: SexyBack

text: In the United Kingdom, "SexyBack" debuted at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart based solely on download sales one week prior to its physical release, and ascended to the top of the chart the following week, becoming Timberlake's first UK number-one single. On the Australian ARIA Charts, "SexyBack" debuted at number one and spent two consecutive weeks at the top becoming Timberlake's second number one single there (after "Rock Your Body" reached the summit in 2003), and has been certified two-times Platinum by ARIA Charts. Also, in Canada and Austria, the single has peaked at number three and number five respectively, becoming his most successful single tied with his third released single "What Goes Around.../...Comes Around" in both nations. It has also been certified three-times Platinum in Canada.


title: SexyBack

text: In Sweden, "SexyBack" peaked at number four, while in France it peaked at number eight becoming Timberlake's first top ten hit from the album, and would later score two more top ten singles with "My Love" and "What Goes Around.../...Comes Around". The song peaked at number one in Germany, Ireland, New Zealand and Norway, and at number two in Switzerland and Belgium.


title: SexyBack

text: The music video for "SexyBack" was directed by Michael Haussman and features Spanish actress Elena Anaya. The video was filmed in June 2006. In discussion of the video filmed in Barcelona, Timberlake said: "Obviously we went for the architecture, the exteriors, the interiors — the vibe in Spain is different than anywhere else in the world. It's so cool to shoot there, but the girls are also pretty hot, so that doesn't hurt either".


title: SexyBack

text: Timberlake decided to work with director Michael Haussman, following his work on Madonna's 1994 music video for "Take a Bow". "It's one of my favorite videos Madonna's ever done," Timberlake said. "Even today, I still remember the visuals, the images, how he captured her. A lot of times, Madonna seems like she's the person in control, and in that video, she seemed vulnerable. It was a cool thing to see." The video was first shown on MTV's "Making the Video" on July 25, 2006.


title: SexyBack

text: Timberlake and Anaya star as rival spies who become romantically entangled. The video starts off with a cable car looking over a large city (Barcelona, from the West looking East) while a German newscast featuring Alexander von Roon plays on TV and switches to a luxurious-looking hotel in Plaça de Catalunya with Elena Anaya taking off her sweater. It then cuts to Timberlake in a different room; then to a club scene and Timberlake in front of a white background. The video alternates between those four viewpoints, with Timberlake and Anaya seeming to be spies in the hotel room and strangers in the club. At a certain point, Timberlake goes over to Anaya's room by jumping over to her balcony. Then when Anaya goes to check it out, Timberlake traps and passionately has sex with her. In the club, it ends with Timberlake kissing Anaya in a bathroom stall. In the hotel room scene, Timberlake leaves by the same way he entered and moments later jumps to the next balcony before an explosion ensues. It ends with the figure of Anaya sitting in a chair beside a small television in which a kiss is frozen on the screen.


title: SexyBack

text: "SexyBack" helped introduce EDM sounds to top 40 radio, as it brought together variations of electronic dance music with Timberlake's R&B sounds. VH1 listed it third on their list of the "100 Greatest Songs of the ’00s," while the "Los Angeles Times" listed it as an honorable mention among "the most timeless tunes of the 2000s", with an editor stating it "sounded wholly unfamiliar and unique." "Entertainment Weekly" deemed it a "modern day classic." "Complex" staff acknowledged in 2013 that the song "arrived on the scene like a hurricane", adding that while it had been established that "the dude from 'N Sync" was "more than capable" when he first released solo material with "Justified" four years earlier, "SexyBack" put Timberlake in a position "where you were forced to take him seriously."


title: SexyBack

text: "SexyBack" won the People's Choice Award for Favorite R&B song at the 2007 awards ceremony. At the 49th Grammy Awards, "SexyBack" won a Grammy Award in the category of Best Dance Recording. At the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, Timberlake won Male Artist of the Year for "SexyBack", "Let Me Talk To You / My Love", and "What Goes Around... Comes Around". It won Best R&B/Urban Dance Track and Best Pop Dance Track at the 2007 Winter Music Conference's International Dance Music Awards. Additionally, it won an ASCAP Pop Music Award in 2007 in the category Most Performed Songs.


title: SexyBack

text: Timberlake performed "SexyBack" and "My Love" as a medley for the opening of the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards and again for the MTV Europe Music Awards 2006, which he also hosted. In addition, he performed the song at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. On August 25, 2013, Timberlake performed "SexyBack" in a medley with other of his songs at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: SexyBack

text: "SexyBack" was featured on FutureSex/LoveShow (2007), Legends of the Summer (2013),The 20/20 Experience World Tour (2013/15) and The Man of the Woods Tour (2018/19).


title: SexyBack

text: In addition it was featured on the setlist for three editions of Rock in Rio in 2013, 2014 and 2017 and two editions of the iHeartRadio Music Festival in 2013 and 2018.


title: SexyBack

text: The indie rock band Rock Plaza Central gained attention for their radically different cover of "SexyBack", with brass-and-banjo roots-rock stylings. American rock band Poison released a cover of the song as a promotional single and a bonus track on the Wal-Mart version of their 2007 cover album "Poison'd!" British soul singer Corinne Bailey Rae recorded a jazz/swing version whilst appearing on BBC Radio 1's "Live Lounge" in 2007. American pop rock band Maroon 5 covered the beginning of the song as part of a medley during their 2012 Overexposed Tour.


title: SexyBack

text: Cartoon stars Weebl and Bob covered the song with their version ""Pastry"" including the refrain "I'm bringing pastry back"


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: In mathematics, a multiplicative inverse or reciprocal for a number "x", denoted by 1/"x" or "x", is a number which when multiplied by "x" yields the multiplicative identity, 1. The multiplicative inverse of a fraction "a"/"b" is "b"/"a". For the multiplicative inverse of a real number, divide 1 by the number. For example, the reciprocal of 5 is one fifth (1/5 or 0.2), and the reciprocal of 0.25 is 1 divided by 0.25, or 4. The reciprocal function, the function "f"("x") that maps "x" to 1/"x", is one of the simplest examples of a function which is its own inverse (an involution).


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: Multiplying by a number is the same as dividing by its reciprocal and vice versa. For example, multiplication by 4/5 (or 0.8) will give the same result as division by 5/4 (or 1.25). Therefore, multiplication by a number followed by multiplication by its reciprocal yields the original number (since the product of the number and its reciprocal is 1).


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: The term "reciprocal" was in common use at least as far back as the third edition of "Encyclopædia Britannica" (1797) to describe two numbers whose product is 1; geometrical quantities in inverse proportion are described as in a 1570 translation of Euclid's "Elements".


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: In the phrase "multiplicative inverse", the qualifier "multiplicative" is often omitted and then tacitly understood (in contrast to the additive inverse). Multiplicative inverses can be defined over many mathematical domains as well as numbers. In these cases it can happen that ; then "inverse" typically implies that an element is both a left and right inverse.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: The notation "f" is sometimes also used for the inverse function of the function "f", which is for most functions not equal to the multiplicative inverse. For example, the multiplicative inverse is the cosecant of x, and not the inverse sine of "x" denoted by or . The terminology difference "reciprocal" versus "inverse" is not sufficient to make this distinction, since many authors prefer the opposite naming convention, probably for historical reasons (for example in French, the inverse function is preferably called the bijection réciproque).


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: In the real numbers, zero does not have a reciprocal because no real number multiplied by 0 produces 1 (the product of any number with zero is zero). With the exception of zero, reciprocals of every real number are real, reciprocals of every rational number are rational, and reciprocals of every complex number are complex. The property that every element other than zero has a multiplicative inverse is part of the definition of a field, of which these are all examples. On the other hand, no integer other than 1 and −1 has an integer reciprocal, and so the integers are not a field.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: In modular arithmetic, the modular multiplicative inverse of "a" is also defined: it is the number "x" such that . This multiplicative inverse exists if and only if "a" and "n" are coprime. For example, the inverse of 3 modulo 11 is 4 because . The extended Euclidean algorithm may be used to compute it.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: The sedenions are an algebra in which every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse, but which nonetheless has divisors of zero, that is, nonzero elements "x", "y" such that "xy" = 0.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: A square matrix has an inverse if and only if its determinant has an inverse in the coefficient ring. The linear map that has the matrix "A" with respect to some base is then the inverse function of the map having "A" as matrix in the same base. Thus, the two distinct notions of the inverse of a function are strongly related in this case, but they still do not coincide, since the multiplicative inverse of "Ax" would be ("Ax"), not "A"x.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: These two notions of an inverse function do sometimes coincide, for example for the function formula_1 where formula_2 is the principal branch of the complex logarithm and formula_3:


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: The trigonometric functions are related by the reciprocal identity: the cotangent is the reciprocal of the tangent; the secant is the reciprocal of the cosine; the cosecant is the reciprocal of the sine.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: A ring in which every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse is a division ring; likewise an algebra in which this holds is a division algebra.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: As mentioned above, the reciprocal of every nonzero complex number is complex. It can be found by multiplying both top and bottom of 1/"z" by its complex conjugate formula_5 and using the property that formula_6, the absolute value of "z" squared, which is the real number :


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: gives us the complex conjugate with a magnitude reduced to a value of formula_9, so dividing again by formula_10 ensures that the magnitude is now equal to the reciprocal of the original magnitude as well, hence:


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: In particular, if ||"z"||=1 ("z" has unit magnitude), then formula_12. Consequently, the imaginary units, , have additive inverse equal to multiplicative inverse, and are the only complex numbers with this property. For example, additive and multiplicative inverses of are and , respectively.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: For a complex number in polar form , the reciprocal simply takes the reciprocal of the magnitude and the negative of the angle:


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: The power rule for integrals (Cavalieri's quadrature formula) cannot be used to compute the integral of 1/"x", because doing so would result in division by 0:


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: where ln is the natural logarithm. To show this, note that formula_18, so if formula_19 and formula_20, we have:


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: Computing the reciprocal is important in many division algorithms, since the quotient "a"/"b" can be computed by first computing 1/"b" and then multiplying it by "a". Noting that formula_22 has a zero at "x" = 1/"b", Newton's method can find that zero, starting with a guess formula_23 and iterating using the rule:


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: This continues until the desired precision is reached. For example, suppose we wish to compute 1/17 ≈ 0.0588 with 3 digits of precision. Taking "x" = 0.1, the following sequence is produced:


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: A typical initial guess can be found by rounding "b" to a nearby power of 2, then using bit shifts to compute its reciprocal.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: In constructive mathematics, for a real number "x" to have a reciprocal, it is not sufficient that "x" ≠ 0. There must instead be given a "rational" number "r" such that 0 < "r" < |"x"|. In terms of the approximation algorithm described above, this is needed to prove that the change in "y" will eventually become arbitrarily small.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: Every real or complex number excluding zero has a reciprocal, and reciprocals of certain irrational numbers can have important special properties. Examples include the reciprocal of "e" (≈ 0.367879) and the golden ratio's reciprocal (≈ 0.618034). The first reciprocal is special because no other positive number can produce a lower number when put to the power of itself; formula_25 is the global minimum of formula_26. The second number is the only positive number that is equal to its reciprocal plus one:formula_27. Its additive inverse is the only negative number that is equal to its reciprocal minus one:formula_28.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: The function formula_29 gives an infinite number of irrational numbers that differ with their reciprocal by an integer. For example, formula_30 is the irrational formula_31. Its reciprocal formula_32 is formula_33, exactly formula_34 less. Such irrational numbers share an evident property: they have the same fractional part as their reciprocal, since these numbers differ by an integer.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: If the multiplication is associative, an element "x" with a multiplicative inverse cannot be a zero divisor ("x" is a zero divisor if some nonzero "y", ). To see this, it is sufficient to multiply the equation by the inverse of "x" (on the left), and then simplify using associativity. In the absence of associativity, the sedenions provide a counterexample.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: The converse does not hold: an element which is not a zero divisor is not guaranteed to have a multiplicative inverse.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: Within Z, all integers except −1, 0, 1 provide examples; they are not zero divisors nor do they have inverses in Z.


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: If the ring or algebra is finite, however, then all elements "a" which are not zero divisors do have a (left and right) inverse. For, first observe that the map must be injective: implies :


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: Distinct elements map to distinct elements, so the image consists of the same finite number of elements, and the map is necessarily surjective. Specifically, ƒ (namely multiplication by "a") must map some element "x" to 1, , so that "x" is an inverse for "a".


title: Multiplicative inverse

text: The expansion of the reciprocal 1/"q" in any base can also act as a source of pseudo-random numbers, if "q" is a "suitable" safe prime, a prime of the form 2"p" + 1 where "p" is also a prime. A sequence of pseudo-random numbers of length "q" − 1 will be produced by the expansion.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: Malaysian registration plates are displayed at the front and rear of all private and commercial motorised vehicles in Malaysia, as required by law. The issuing of the number plates is regulated and administered by the Malaysian Road Transport Department () or JPJ.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: The current standard for Malaysian number plates were originally derivatives of pre-1932 number plate formats in the United Kingdom, first issued after the introduction of motorised vehicles in the 1900s during British rule. Number plates are typically issued and are formatted similarly for any motorised vehicle that runs on rubber tyres, including most road-legal private, commercial and industrial vehicles, motorcycles, emergency vehicles, and selected heavy equipment (such as agricultural tractors, truck-mounted cranes and backhoe loaders). With the exception of those issued for taxis, vehicle dealers and diplomats, all vehicle number plates in Malaysia have white characters on black background for both front and rear plates, regardless of the vehicle type.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: Standards for number plate designs have been defined by the Road Transport Department but are only practiced to an extent. Character size, layouts, and colour use are more strictly enforced for accurate identification and optimum visibility. However, the dimensions of the plates displaying the license number are more loosely enforced. While many vehicles display plates in regulation dimensions or are housed in dealer plate frames with standardised dimensions, some license plates are outlined to precisely fit into vastly larger recessed spaces holding the rear license plates, or appear with reduced or custom dimensions where no proper alcoves exist, as commonly practiced on the front fenders and fairings of most motorcycles and the front of sports cars.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: A compact version of Arial Bold is currently the typeface preferred by the Road Transport Department, however the department's 'plate number specifications' page features a diagram that also lists "Calisto MT Italic" and "Franklin Gothic Bold". The most commonly used type is a factory manufactured type, but other easy-to-read typefaces are generally acceptable too. Common alternative choices include Charles Wright, which has been used on Singaporean, Hong Kongese, and British plates, and FE-Schrift, which is used on German plates and is thus popular among Malaysian owners of cars with European marques, especially German brands and models. More obscure custom typefaces have also been known to be used primarily on grey import vehicles and aftermarket licence plates.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: Early Malaysian number plates were made of pressed metal, but were largely superseded by plastic plates since the 1970s, with characters either printed on or molded in plastic pieces. The reasons for the popularity of plastics plates in Malaysia were related to cost and metal theft. That said, the disadvantages of using plastic plates include; its fragility; the ease of reproduction which advantages criminals like car cloning syndicates; the yellowing of the letters due to age and exposure to extreme environmental conditions; the letters dropping off due to the reduction in adhesiveness of the glue used to stick the white plastic letters onto the black plastic plate; and the reduction of letter spacing (kerning) in between the individual letters to evade speed cameras and easy identification. This results in an inability of enforcement agencies to identify the correct registration. To combat this, standardised number plates were discussed by the Road Transport Department in 2016, these were to include RFID chips and pressed metal plates. To this end, proposals for standardised typefaces, like JPJ 1, have also been made.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: With the exception of Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Langkawi plates, and taxis, vehicle dealers and diplomats, all Peninsular Malaysian number plates for private and commercial type motor vehicles with the exceptions of those used by taxis, vehicle dealers and diplomats follow a Sxx #### algorithm.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: The algorithm started with a state prefix and a number sequence which ranged from 1 to 9999. For example, "P 1" would be the first registration plate of Penang. Once "P 9999" was achieved, an alphabetical sequence was added to the right of the state prefix; "PA 1" was the result. When "PA 9999" was reached, the number sequence was reset and the alphabetical sequence progressed; "PB 1" being the outcome. After "PY 9999" was achieved, a second alphabetical sequence was added to the right of the first alphabetical sequence; "PAA 1" being the outcome. When "PAY 9999" was reached, the second alphabetical sequence was reset and the first alphabetical sequence progressed; resuming at "PBA 1".


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: As the most registered number plate series in the country, the W series' traditional 7-character format became the first in Peninsular Malaysia to be exhausted when "WYY 9999" was reached on 26 September 2013. To allow further W plates, the algorithm was altered to feature an alphabetical suffix behind the number sequence, resetting at "W 1 A". When "W 9999 Y" was achieved, the second alphabetical sequence emerged between the state prefix and number sequence, leading to "WA 1 A". When "WA 9999 Y" is met, the first alphabetical sequence will reset and the second alphabetical sequence will advance, giving "WB 1 A". When "WY 9999 Y" is reached, a third new alphabetical sequence will be spliced into the algorithm, between the second alphabetical sequence and number sequence, resulting in "WAA 1 A". The series will end when "WYY 9999 Y" is reached. The new format would theoretically allow a vastly larger number of registered plates, better addressing the risk of exhaustion of numbers.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: On 18 May 2016, less than three years into the implementation of the extended W series, the Transport Ministry, on the request of the Road Transport Department, announced the tentative retirement of the W series in place of a new V series that would revert to the regular Sxx #### format. The decision was made in response to massive declines in bidding for extended W series plates as the public was gauged to favour a Sxx #### format over Kuala Lumpur's Sxx #### x format. The V series has launched on 1 October 2016 after completion of "WD 9999 F" and the extended W series was decommissioned.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: Vehicles in Langkawi, a Kedahan resort archipelago, are issued "KV" series plates after the islands achieved duty-free status. The algorithm for Langkawi is "KV #### x", where "KV" is the territory prefix with "#" and "x" denoting the number and alphabetical sequences respectively. Prior to the "KV" series, Langkawi-registered vehicles were issued with "K" series plates as is with the rest of Kedah.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: Following the founding of Putrajaya in 1995, vehicle license numbers registered in the territory, in a fashion similar to commemorative vanity plates, originally had their territorial prefix incorporating the name of the territory stylised in oblique Calisto followed by a number sequence of up to four digits ("Putrajaya xxxx"). The "Putrajaya" format did not incorporate additional identifiers beyond the four-digit number, limiting the number of available plates for the original "Putrajaya" series to 9,999 vehicles.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: In response to the restrictive format the Road Transport Department began to issue F prefix plates (denoting "Federal") for new Putrajaya-registered plates effective 1 June 2016.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: Both FA and FB were already started issued on 22 July 2017 and 16 May 2018 respectively; and exhausted on 28 August 2017 and 25 June 2018 respectively. FC was started issued since 2 May 2019. Next is FD which was issued on 12 April 2021 and followed by FE issued in April 2022.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: The registration plate system in Malaysia traces back to the introduction of motor vehicles in the early-1900s in colonial British Malaya, with the introduction by respectable state governments of a basic "S ####" format, where "S" prefix is the state identifier. Because the "S ####" format were not expected to be exhausted for a considerable time, state identifiers were allowed to be represented by one or two letters.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: Number plates for the Straits Settlements began to be issued in the early-1900s. With the exception of several format changes in intermediate periods, most of the Straits Settlements state identifiers continue to be used by the territories they were originally assigned to.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: The Straits Settlement of Malacca was assigned with the "M" state identifier, which has continuously been issued on vehicles registered in the state since its introduction over a century ago. The Straits Settlement of Penang originally had two plate series, "P" and "W", which were assigned respectively to Penang island and the mainland territory of Province Wellesley. The Province Wellesley "W" series was discontinued in 1957 as "P" plates would be issued for both territories henceforth.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Malaysia

text: The "S" series was assigned to the Straits Settlement of Singapore, which continuously used the basic "S ####" format for several decades until the format was nearly exhausted and subsequently expanded to "Sx ####" after rationalisation in 1948. Following Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia in 1965, the "S" series is no longer administered by the Malaysian Road Transport Department, and fell under the responsibility of the State of Singapore Registry of Vehicles and its successor, the Land Transport Authority; vehicles with Singaporean "S" plates that were under Malaysian ownership were reissued with corresponding Malaysian number plates. In the years following expulsion, the Singaporean number plate system evolved independently with changing prefix systems since 1972, culminating to the reintroduction of the "S" series for private cars in 1984, the inclusion of a fourth checksum letter, and varied colour schemes for different classes of vehicles.