title: 2000s in fashion

text: The ethics of fast fashion has been the topic of numerous debates and questioning of business practices. Producing fashion at such fast rates involves less than secure worker conditions, and non-livable wages for the laborers. It also involves a lot of waste. Americans throw out 14 million tons of clothing a year, with the help of fast fashion. Retailers like Forever 21 and H&M have come under fire, not only for their wasteful fast fashion practices that have grown steadily since the beginning of 2000, but for the involvement of cheap labor. The appeal of fast fashion lies in the copying of higher end brands; however, after something is no longer trendy it is on to the next, leaving clothes to go to waste, and workers to continue to live on unlivable wages.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: At the same time that fast fashion became able to supply vast quantities of imitation luxury goods, Western income inequalities had risen steadily. To create an image of belonging to a higher income consumer group, people sought real or copied branded items of "high fashion" items. In haute couture, designers were becoming increasingly inspired by pop culture and street style. These designs could succeed in high fashion because some top percentile earners wanted to present as being less wealthy: to communicate "street cred" or equality ideals. In addition, designer street style enabled the few social climbers that did exist (in entertainment industry, for example), to show that they valued their roots. The tensions of income inequalities and fast fashion therefore led to the blending of street style and haute couture, so that the designer logo was seen boldly printed on all types of clothing, particularly items that needed to be replaced less often, such as a purse or pair of sunglasses. A logo purse was a visual unifier, worn by celebrities, models and "middle class" shoppers (who, because of growing income inequalities, earned increasingly less than habitual haute couture customers). Thanks to outlet stores and plentiful supplies of fast fashion "knock-offs", a logo purse became available to everyone. For the majority of shoppers, a branded purse was a form of escapism; a unifying factor that let people forget how much money they made, and present themselves as being like the rest.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: As the decade went on, it became increasingly popular to mix designer and fast fashion clothing. In response, a counter-culture of vintage and thrift clothing - not a new phenomenon, but not yet part of the mainstream either- began to re-establish itself in some areas, growing in popularity after the hit of the 2008/9 recession.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: The American television series "Sex and the City" impacted how women cared about fashion and how they shopped. The show depicted women as empowered consumers, each with their own independent styles that shopped based on what they wanted, not what they were told to wear. The main characters became fashion icons, inspiring window displays, fashion lines, magazines, and women globally. Carrie Bradshaw, the main character, is credited for making Manolo Blahnik a household name from her obsession with the Spanish designer's high-heeled shoes. Trends inspired by the show include stilettos, designer handbags (with two episodes centered around the latest "It bag"), large fabric flowers, and berets.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: Youth fashion was strongly influenced by many music-based subcultures such as emo, indie kids, scene kids, psychobilly, preppy, skater, goth, nu metal (known as moshers in the UK), ravers and hip hop, including the British chav, US gangsta rapper and Mexican Cholo styles of the early 2000s.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: In the early 2000s, women's hair was often long and straight. The early 2000s featured "zig-zag partings", in which the hairline is parted in a zig-zag fashion. Hair lengths varied from below the earlobes at the shortest to just below the shoulders at the longest. From 1995 until 2008 highlights and lowlights made of blonde, red, and light brown went mainstream. In 2000, highlights were soft and subtle for a sun-kissed look. In 2002 bold and unblended highlights called "chunky highlights" burst onto the scene. This trend was kickstarted by Kelly Clarkson during her time on American Idol, lasting until 2006. The early 2000s also continued the Farrah Fawcett hairstyle revival of the late 1990s. Crimped hair was popular in the early and mid 2000s.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: For black women, cornrows, dreadlocks and curly weaves were popular until the late 2000s, when toned-down versions of the Afro, Jheri curl and short pixie cuts were popularized by artists like Janet Jackson and Rihanna. Another popular hairstyle throughout the decade was the braid, rejuvenated by the likes of Alicia Keys and Lauren Conrad. Throughout the early and middle years braids and plaits would often be meticulously put in intricate patterns and would purposely be styled as a way to blend in better with women's clothing styles.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: In the mid-2000s, many women favored the bob haircut, as well as its longer version, the long bob or "the lob". By the late 00's, it became unfashionable to center-part one's hair, and the side-swept Bangs of the 1980s made a comeback.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: In the late 2000s, dark haired women (and even light-haired ones) favored the jet black hair, as worn by Katy Perry or Amy Winehouse with her trademark beehive hairstyle. Textured hair with volume, natural wavy hair, and the bob cut became popular from 2007 onwards in both Britain and the USA. In 2009, many women sought to imitate the hairstyle Kate Gosselin had that year, briefly bringing back blended highlights into the mainstream. This look ended up only being a fad. Other popular late 2000s trends included Headbands, headwraps and Scrunchies, side ponytails, and braiding on one side of the head.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: For European men aged 25–40, shorter hair styles that usually took the form of a quiff were fashionable in the early 2000s, as well as spiked hair and fauxhawks for men aged 18–30. Dark-haired young British men often had dyed-blonde weaves and streaks until the late 2000s when a natural hair color became the norm again. A common haircut among American men and boys was the frosted spiky hair popularized by boybands and pop punk bands from 1997 through 2004. Meanwhile, the crew cut and buzzcut remained popular among American and Middle Eastern men from the mid-1990s until the 2010s.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: Long, shaggy Mod or surfer hair became popular among many young men between 2003 and 2006 in the UK as many bands moved away from punk rock and rap metal in favor of a 1960s inspired indie or garage rock sound pioneered by groups like The Strokes, Jet, The Killers, The Hives, The Vines, Coldplay, and The White Stripes. These hairstyles gradually replaced the shaggy, grown out curtained hair popular since the late 1990s among American celebrities like Tom Cruise, Jim Adkins of Jimmy Eat World, Alex Band, Jason Wade, Mehmet Okur and Hanno Möttölä.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: By the late 2000s, many young British men opted for a clean-cut 1950s inspired hairstyle, kept in place with pomade. Shaved and bald hairstyles along with beards, moustaches, stubble, sideburns, and the goatee became popular in Europe and North America in reaction to the effeminate early and mid 2000s metrosexual look, with charitable events like Movember further increasing their acceptability.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: For boys, short haircuts such as the quiff, the buzzcut, curtains, crew cut, and Caesar cut were popular in the early 2000s. Girls favored straight hair extensions and chunky highlights. It also became fashionable to sport curly hair with a "zig-zag" side parting and blended highlights around 2002/03. Back in the late 90s and early 2000s, butterfly hair clips and crimped hair became extremely popular for preteens and teenage girls.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: In the mid-2000s, longer hair on teenage boys became popular in the UK and America, including the wings haircut, influenced by the 1960s Mod subculture, and British indie pop stars. Hairstyles among teenage girls experienced little change, being largely the same as they were in the early 2000s. Curly hair became less popular in Britain, while straight hair grew more dominant. Highlights remained popular, as well as extensions. Hair was often tied into a ponytail and incorporated long bangs or a fringe.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: In 2009, the androgynous Harajuku inspired scene hairstyles (often dyed bright colors) and eyeliner were popular among girls and boys alike: first in Japan, and later in the US and Europe. As an alternative to the scene hairstyles, many teenage girls in the US and Australasia opted for a preppy hairstyle that involved long, straight hair, side-swept and regular bangs and a side part, while boys wore basic skater hair. Many girls wore headbands, headwraps and 80s inspired scrunchies with either a side ponytail or french braid falling over one shoulder.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: In between 2006 and 2008, Middle Eastern teenage boys in Australia, namely those of Lebanese descent, acquired the high and tight haircut. Some had the cut with a mullet.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: The year 2000, was based on the glittery Y2K inspired makeup of the late 1990s. With the turn of the millennium, the idea was for women to capture a futuristic, space-age style, with makeup including bronze specks for a metallic shine with ecstatic colors. An alternative for those who did not like metallics was a purple and brown color scheme. Lip gloss was more popular than lipstick among both women and girls. By the spring/summer season of 2001, this look took a backseat in favor of a more low-maintenance, natural style that showed off ones features. However, the glittery looks continued to be popular. In 2002, mineral makeup broke into the mainstream with Bare Minerals, a product of Bare Escentuals. This fueled the trend for natural looking makeup, and became the standard of the 2000s. By 2004, the glittery looks had disappeared.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: By around 2005/06, retro-styled makeup from the 1940s had made a comeback, such as bright red lips and cat eyes. In the mid and late 2000s, lip gloss remained popular, and the "Smoky Eye" emerged, with more emphasis on eyeliner, mascara, and eyeshadow. Another emerging trend was a more natural "less is more" approach to makeup around the same time. Also around the second half of the decade, there was an increasing amount of emphasis on the perfection of complexions, with illuminators and shimmer products becoming must-have items. In the late 2000s, there was a craze for fake eyelashes, started by Lady Gaga. This resulted in lash tinting, lash extensions, and fake lashes. Makeup styles generally became simpler and more individualistic with the rise of How-to YouTube videos.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: The year 2000 featured natural-colored skin as the most desirable, and did not feature many body care trends other than the rise of hair removal, teeth whitening, and anti-aging creams. In the summer of 2001, the sunless tanning trend broke into the mainstream for all genders, prompted by Jennifer Lopez and Christina Aguilera. This included both self-tanners and spray tans. Cosmetic contacts also became more widespread among all genders this year. In 2002, botox was approved for public use and became hugely popular with women and men. By 2009, fake tanning had gone out of style in favor a pale complexion, inspired by the Twilight film.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: The 2000s, continued the unisex trend of bikini waxing which had started in the 1990s. Although waxing in general had been popular among women for several years, it was in the 1990s that complete male body hair removal went mainstream. Being considered suggestive and indecent in the 90s, male waxing became ubiquitous as a result of the metrosexual trend in the early and mid 2000s. Also during this time, it was popular to have a completely clean-shaven face, as if to make one look underage. Male hair removal declined in the late 2000s.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: The 2000s continued the trend of tattoos and piercings among all genders which had begun during the 1990s. Commonplace tattoos in Europe, Australasia, Hong Kong, and North America included tramp stamps and tribal arm tattoos from the early to mid 2000s, and Hindu Sanskrit or Chinese Kanji words from 2007 to 2010. Old school tattoos depicting hearts, skulls, flowers or female figures were considered unfashionable and unsophisticated for much of the decade, especially among women. However, these made a comeback in 2008 at the same time Ed Hardy accessories and the pin-up girl look were becoming popular. Getting a mustache tattoo on a finger, as a "fingerstache", was an ironic tattoo trend starting in around 2003.


title: 2000s in fashion

text: In the early 2000s, navel piercings reached their peak, as did tongue rings. Other popular piercings throughout the decade include labret piercings, nostril piercings, nipple piercings, and eyebrow piercings. Piercings and tattoos reached the height of their popularity during the mid-2000s but remained a common sight among young people well into the 2010s.


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: Rajkumar Santoshi is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter of Hindi films. Having received several accolades including three National Film Awards and six Filmfare Awards, he made his directorial debut with the crime film "Ghayal" (1990), starring Sunny Deol, Meenakshi Sheshadri and Amrish Puri. Which was a huge critical and commercial success, it made Santoshi a household name in Hindi cinema. The film won him the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment as well as the Filmfare Award for Best Director.


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: He also directed the thriller "Damini" (1993) with Deol, Sheshadri and Puri. Besides being critically acclaimed, the film became commercial success. It garnered him a second Filmfare Best Director Award and Filmfare Best Screenplay Award. During this period, Santoshi also received praise for directing the comedy "Andaz Apna Apna" (1994) starring Aamir Khan and Salman Khan together, which though a box office flop has attained cult status. His next action drama "" (1996) was also a huge commercial success and he earned a Filmfare Best Director Award nomination. The major success "Barsaat" (1995), that marked the film debut of Bobby Deol and Twinkle Khanna. In 2000, he wrote dialogues of the film "Pukar" which earned him the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. He followed it by directing two moderate commercial successes—the biopic "The Legend of Bhagat Singh" (2002) and the action thriller "Khakee" (2004)—both of which earned him Best Director nominations at Filmfare. His highest-grossing film came in 2009 with over -earning romantic comedy "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani" starring Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif.


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: He is the son of producer-director P. L. Santoshi, born from his second wife. Rajkumar was born in Chennai (then Madras) and currently lives with his wife Manila and children; Ram and Tanisha.


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: Santoshi started his career as an assistant director and worked with Govind Nihalani during the filming of "Ardh Satya" (1982)


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: Santoshi made his directorial debut in 1990, with the action flick "Ghayal", starring Sunny Deol and Meenakshi Sheshadri. The film tells the story of a person in search of his missing brother and the events that follow. It was critically and commercially very successful, and earned him the Filmfare Award for Best Director, Best film, and Best screenplay. "Ghayal" also won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. Santoshi's followup was the universally acclaimed film "Damini" (1993), which dealt with issues like the status of women in our society and the perspective of people towards women. He won his second Filmfare best director award for it.


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: After making two back-to-back serious films like "Ghayal" and "Damini", Santoshi wanted to make a light film. He then wrote and directed the ensemble comedy "Andaz Apna Apna" (1994). The film did not do too well commercially at the time of its release, but is now considered a cult classic. Santoshi received the Filmfare Award for Best Director nomination for it.


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: Santoshi then went on to make "Barsaat" (1995), a successful romantic action drama film, which marked the debut of actors Bobby Deol and Twinkle Khanna. The following year he made "" (1996), an action film, marking his third collaboration with Sunny Deol and Meenakshi Sheshadri. It also turned out to be a commercially successful and highly acclaimed film.


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: "China Gate" (1998), an action film inspired from Akira Kurosawa's "Seven Samurai" (1954), was his next release. It follows the story of a village that hire a group of veterans to combat bandits who terrorise them. In 2000, Santoshi wrote and directed "Pukar", a film focusing on the Indian Army and court martial. It won the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. It was followed by "Lajja" (2001), a film about four Indian women belonging to different strata of society. The film dealt with issues like gender inequality and the status of women in our society. "Lajja" was a box office failure in India, but was an overseas success. "The Legend of Bhagat Singh" (2002), his next directorial venture, was a biopic on the freedom fighter Bhagat Singh. The film won a National Film Awards. In 2004, Santoshi wrote and directed "Khakee", a multi-starrer action thriller about a group of cops who get embroiled in a mystery surrounding a terrorist attack. The film was a commercial success and reiterated Santoshi as one of Bollywood's most sought-after directors. Derek Elley of "Variety" wrote: "Powerhouse casting, and equally powerhouse direction by Rajkumar Santoshi, makes this an above-average example of mainstream Bollywood thrillers."


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: "Family" (2006), an action crime flick, was his next release. Raja Sen called it "utter tripe". It bombed at the box office. Santoshi's next directorial venture was "Halla Bol" (2008), a social film starring Ajay Devgan, Vidya Balan and Pankaj Kapur. The film was based on the life of activist Safdar Hashmi, who was killed by political rivals while performing in a street play (by the name of "Halla Bol") in 1989. It was shot in 75 days in over 65 locations. "Halla Bol" was panned by critics, with Khalid Mohamed calling it "downright awful" [..] "packed with mind-benders galore." During this period, his films were poorly received.


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: In 2009, he wrote and directed "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani", which emerged as the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2009. The film starring Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif and was a romantic comedy. Nikhat Kazmi in her review wrote that the film "has just a few moments of tedium", but "[It] takes you on a roller-coaster ride as Raj Kumar Santoshi tries to retrack his way to his "Andaz Apna Apna" days".


title: Rajkumar Santoshi

text: Santoshi came back after a three-year hiatus with the action comedy "Phata Poster Nikla Hero", (2013) starring Shahid Kapoor and Ileana D'Cruz. The film was a critical and commercial failure.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: The x86 instruction set refers to the set of instructions that x86-compatible microprocessors support. The instructions are usually part of an executable program, often stored as a computer file and executed on the processor.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: The x86 instruction set has been extended several times, introducing wider registers and datatypes as well as new functionality.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: Below is the full 8086/8088 instruction set of Intel (81 instructions total). Most if not all of these instructions are available in 32-bit mode; they just operate on 32-bit registers (eax, ebx, etc.) and values instead of their 16-bit (ax, bx, etc.) counterparts. The updated instruction set is also grouped according to architecture (i386, i486, i686) and more generally is referred to as (32-bit) x86 and (64-bit) x86-64 (also known as AMD64).


title: X86 instruction listings

text: Compared to earlier sets, the 80386 instruction set also adds opcodes with different parameter combinations for the following instructions: and prefix opcodes for and segment overrides.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: Also MMX registers and MMX support instructions were added. They are usable for both integer and floating point operations, see below.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: These instructions were added with AMD-K6, and are present in all later AMD x86 CPUs. They were also made an integral part of x86-64, and are therefore supported in the 64-bit "Long Mode" operation mode of all 64-bit x86 processors, including processors from Intel and VIA.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: Except for codice_1, these instructions can only be encoded in 64 bit mode. They fall in four groups:


title: X86 instruction listings

text: Most instructions with a 64 bit operand size encode this using a codice_7 prefix; in the absence of the codice_7 prefix,


title: X86 instruction listings

text: the corresponding instruction with 32 bit operand size is encoded. This mechanism also applies to most other instructions with 32 bit operand


title: X86 instruction listings

text: size. These are not listed here as they do not gain a new mnemonic in Intel syntax when used with a 64 bit operand size.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: CET adds two distinct features to help protect against security exploits such as return-oriented programming: a shadow stack (CET_SS), and indirect branch tracking (CET_IBT).


title: X86 instruction listings

text: The x87 coprocessor, if present, provides support for floating-point arithmetic. The coprocessor provides eight data registers, each holding one 80-bit floating-point value (1 sign bit, 15 exponent bits, 64 mantissa bits) - these registers are organized as a stack, with the top-of-stack register referred to as "st" or "st(0)", and the other registers referred to as st(1),st(2)...st(7). It additionally provides a number of control and status registers, including "PC" (precision control, to control whether floating-point operations should be rounded to 24, 53 or 64 mantissa bits) and "RC" (rounding control, to pick rounding-mode: round-to-zero, round-to-positive-infinity, round-to-negative-infinity, round-to-nearest-even) and a 4-bit condition code register "CC", whose four bits are individually referred to as C0,C1,C2 and C3). Not all of the arithmetic instructions provided by x87 obey PC and RC.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: MMX instructions operate on the mm registers, which are 64 bits wide. They are shared with the FPU registers.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: The following MMX instruction were added with SSE. They are also available on the Athlon under the name MMX+.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: SSE2 allows execution of MMX instructions on SSE registers, processing twice the amount of data at once.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: The following instructions can be used only on SSE registers, since by their nature they do not work on MMX registers


title: X86 instruction listings

text: Supported in AMD processors starting with the Piledriver architecture and Intel starting with Haswell processors and Broadwell processors since 2014.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: AVX-512, introduced in 2014, adds 512-bit wide vector registers (extending the 256-bit registers, which become the new registers' lower halves) and doubles their count to 32; the new registers are thus named zmm0 through zmm31. It adds eight mask registers, named k0 through k7, which may be used to restrict operations to specific parts of a vector register. Unlike previous instruction set extensions, AVX-512 is implemented in several groups; only the foundation ("AVX-512F") extension is mandatory. Most of the added instructions may also be used with the 256- and 128-bit registers.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: These instructions, available in Tiger Lake and later Intel processors, are designed to enable encryption/decryption with an AES key without having access to any unencrypted copies of the key during the actual encryption/decryption process.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: x86 also includes discontinued instruction sets which are no longer supported by Intel and AMD, and undocumented instructions which execute but are not officially documented.


title: X86 instruction listings

text: The x86 CPUs contain undocumented instructions which are implemented on the chips but not listed in some official documents. They can be found in various sources across the Internet, such as Ralf Brown's Interrupt List and at sandpile.org


title: X86 instruction listings

text: Some of these instructions are widely available across many/most x86 CPUs, while others are specific to a narrow range of CPUs.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: The Lumière brothers (, ; ), Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière (19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954) and Louis Jean Lumière (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1948), were French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their "Cinématographe" motion picture system and the short films they produced between 1895 and 1905, which places them among the earliest filmmakers.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Their screening of a single film on 22 March 1895 for around 200 members of the "Society for the Development of the National Industry" in Paris was probably the first presentation of projected film. Their first commercial public screening on 28 December 1895 for around 40 paying visitors and invited relations has traditionally been regarded as the birth of cinema. Either the techniques or the business models of earlier filmmakers proved to be less viable than the breakthrough presentations of the Lumières.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: The Lumière brothers were born in Besançon, France, to Charles-Antoine Lumière (1840–1911) and Jeanne Joséphine Costille Lumière, who were married in 1861 and moved to Besançon, setting up a small photographic portrait studio where Auguste and Louis were born. They moved to Lyon in 1870, where son Edouard and three daughters were born. Auguste and Louis both attended La Martiniere, the largest technical school in Lyon. Their father Charles-Antoine set up a small factory producing photographic plates, but even with Louis and a young sister working from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. it teetered on the verge of bankruptcy, and by 1882 it looked as if they would fail. When Auguste returned from military service, the boys designed the machines necessary to automate their father's plate production and devised a very successful new photo plate, 'etiquettes bleue', and by 1884 the factory employed a dozen workers.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: They patented several significant processes leading up to their film camera, most notably film perforations (originally implemented by Emile Reynaud) as a means of advancing the film through the camera and projector. The original cinématographe had been patented by Léon Guillaume Bouly on 12 February 1892. The cinématographe — a three-in-one device that could record, develop, and project motion pictures — was further developed by the Lumières. The brothers patented their own version on 13 February 1895.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: The date of the recording of their first film is in dispute. In an interview with Georges Sadoul given in 1948, Louis Lumière claimed that he shot the film in August 1894 - before the arrival of the kinetoscope in France. This is questioned by historians, who consider that a functional Lumière camera did not exist before the beginning of 1895.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: The Lumière brothers saw film as a novelty and had withdrawn from the film business by 1905. They went on to develop the first practical photographic colour process, the Lumière Autochrome.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Louis died on 6 June 1948 and Auguste on 10 April 1954. They are buried in a family tomb in the New Guillotière Cemetery in Lyon.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: On 22 March 1895 in Paris, at the "Society for the Development of the National Industry", in front of a small audience, one of whom was said to be Léon Gaumont, then director of the company the Comptoir Géneral de la Photographie, the Lumières privately screened a single film, "La Sortie de l'usine Lumière à Lyon". The main focus of the conference by Louis Lumière concerned the recent developments in the photographic industry, mainly the research on polychromy (colour photography). It was much to Lumière's surprise that the moving black-and-white images retained more attention than the coloured stills.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: The Lumières gave their first paid public screening on 28 December 1895, at Salon Indien du Grand Café in Paris. This presentation consisted of the following 10 short films, lasting 50 seconds each, (in order of presentation):


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Each film is 17 meters long, which, when hand cranked through a projector, runs approximately 50 seconds.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: The Lumières went on tour with the cinématographe in 1896, visiting cities including Brussels, Bombay, London, Montreal, New York City, and Buenos Aires.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: In 1896, only a few months after the initial screenings in Europe, films by the Lumiere Brothers were shown in Egypt, first in the Tousson stock exchange in Alexandria on 5 November 1896 and then in the Hamam Schneider (Schneider Bath) in Cairo.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Their actuality films, or "actualités", are often cited as the first, primitive documentaries, but they had been preceded in this by the work of Birt Acres and Robert Paul in Britain. They made the first steps towards slapstick films with "L'Arroseur Arrosé", and the early versions of "Le Saut à la couverture" and "La Voltige".


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: The brothers stated that "the cinema is an invention without any future" and declined to sell their camera to other filmmakers such as Georges Méliès. This made many film makers upset. Consequently, their role in the history of film was exceedingly brief. In parallel with their cinema work they experimented with colour photography. They worked on colour photographic processes in the 1890s including the Lippmann process (interference heliochromy) and their own 'bichromated glue' process, a subtractive colour process, examples of which were exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1900. This last process was commercialised by the Lumieres but commercial success had to wait for their next colour process. In 1903 they patented a colour photographic process, the "Autochrome Lumière", which was launched on the market in 1907. Throughout much of the 20th century, the Lumière company was a major producer of photographic products in Europe, but the brand name, Lumière, disappeared from the marketplace following merger with Ilford.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Earlier moving images in for instance phantasmagoria shows, the phénakisticope, the zoetrope and Émile Reynaud's Théâtre Optique consisted of hand-drawn images. A system that could record reality in motion, in a fashion much like it is seen by the eyes, had a greater impact on people.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Eadweard Muybridge's Zoopraxiscope projected moving painted silhouettes based on his chronophotography photography. The only Zoopraxiscope disc with actual photographs was made with an early form of stop motion. Less-known predecessors, such as Jules Duboscq's Bioscope were not projected.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Louis Le Prince's "Roundhay Garden Scene" (1888) is now widely regarded as the first example of filmed moving pictures, but Le Prince disappeared without a trace in 1890 before he managed to present his work or publish about it.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: William Friese-Greene patented a "machine camera" in 1889, which embodied many aspects of later film cameras. He displayed the results at photographic societies in 1890 and developed further cameras but did not publicly project the results.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Thomas Edison believed projection of films wasn't as viable a business model as offering the films in the "peepshow" kinetoscope device. Watching the images on the screen turned out to be much preferred by audiences. Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope (developed by William Kennedy Dickson), premiered publicly in 1894.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Lauste and Latham's Eidoloscope was demonstrated for members of the press on 21 April 1895, and opened to the paying public on Broadway on 20 May. They shot films up to twenty minutes long at speeds over thirty frames per second and showed them in many US cities. The Eidoloscope Company was dissolved in 1896 after various internal disputes.


title: Auguste and Louis Lumière

text: Max and Emil Skladanowsky, inventors of the Bioscop, had offered projected moving images to a paying public in Berlin from 1 November 1895 until the end of the month. Their machinery was relatively cumbersome and their films much shorter. Their booking in Paris was cancelled after the news of the Lumière screening. Nonetheless, they toured their films to other countries.


title: Get a Grip

text: Get a Grip is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released in April 1993 by Geffen Records. "Get a Grip" was the band's last studio album to be released by Geffen before they returned to Columbia Records.


title: Get a Grip

text: "Get a Grip" featured guests including Don Henley, who sang backup on "Amazing", and Lenny Kravitz, who offered backup vocals and collaboration to "Line Up". As on "Permanent Vacation" and "Pump", this album featured numerous song collaborators from outside the band including: Desmond Child, Jim Vallance, Mark Hudson, Richie Supa, Taylor Rhodes, Jack Blades, and Tommy Shaw.


title: Get a Grip

text: "Get a Grip" became Aerosmith's best-selling studio album worldwide, achieving sales of over 20 million copies. The album became the band's first album to reach number one in the United States and tied with "Pump" for their second best-selling album in the U.S., selling over 7 million copies as of 1995 ("Toys in the Attic" leads with nine million). This also made it their third consecutive album with U.S. sales of at least five million. Two songs from the album won Grammy Awards for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, in 1993 and 1994. The album was voted Album of the Year by Metal Edge readers in the magazine's 1993 Readers' Choice Awards, while "Livin' on the Edge" was voted Best Video.


title: Get a Grip

text: The album originally had 12 songs and was scheduled to be released in the third quarter of 1992, but Geffen A&R executive John Kalodner listened to what had been recorded and thought it lacked variety and a radio-friendly song. So the band went back to write more songs with collaborators such as Child.


title: Get a Grip

text: Regarding songs that reflect on the band's history with drug abuse such as "Get a Grip" and "Amazing", Steven Tyler declared: "We were saying you can point it back to some of those old beliefs about the crossroads and signing up with the devil, that you can look at the drugs as that: It can be fun in the beginning but then it comes time to pay your debt, and if you're not sharp enough to see that it's taking you down, then it really will get you."


title: Get a Grip

text: Many songs were written and recorded for the album that were either used as B-sides or never released. "Don't Stop" and "Head First" were released as B-sides, as well as "Can't Stop Messin'", which also appears on several special editions of the album as an addition in the track list. Other songs were listed on the official Aerosmith website in the late 1990s. "Black Cherry", "Devil's Got A New Disguise", "Dime Store Lover", "Legendary Child", "Lizard Love", "Meltdown", "Rocket 88", "Wham Bam", and "Yo Momma" were listed on the lyrics page of the website.


title: Get a Grip

text: In 2005, Kalodner confirmed the existence of several of the songs above, as well as "Trouble", "Strange", "13", and "Keep On Movin'". "Deuces Are Wild" was possibly recorded again during these sessions. Several songs are also listed on copyright repertoires, including "Ain't Gonna Break My Heart", "Good Thang", and "Jake". These songs can be traced to the year 1991. Reworked versions of "Devil's Got A New Disguise", "Deuces Are Wild", "Lizard Love", and "Legendary Child" have since been released on various albums and soundtracks.


title: Get a Grip

text: "Get a Grip's" cover art, depicting an image of a cow with a captive bead nipple ring through its udder and a brand of the Aerosmith logo, was designed by noted album-cover artist Hugh Syme. Music critic Steven Hyden has referred to the album's cover art as "the worst album cover ever", expressing surprise that Syme was responsible for it given his other work. An animal-rights group objected to the cover art, but the band confirmed the image had been digitally altered and did not depict an actual act of animal cruelty.


title: Get a Grip

text: On June 27, 1994, Aerosmith became the first major artist to release a song as an exclusive digital download, making the unreleased track "Head First" available as a 4-megabyte WAV file to CompuServe subscribers. Around 10,000 users downloaded the song in the first few days, even though at the time, most users accessed the service with a modem, meaning the download would have taken several hours.


title: Get a Grip

text: Reviewing for "Rolling Stone" in 1993, Mark Coleman said he enjoyed the title song and compared the introductory track to the band's 1986 rendition of "Walk This Way" with Run–D.M.C. However, he found much of the rest unadventurous and too "somber", negatively comparing "Livin' on the Edge" to a Bon Jovi song, and lamenting the outside contributions from songwriters and collaborators. Ultimately, Coleman determined that, "for a spirited half-hour or so, Aerosmith pretty much gets over on sheer awe-inspiring technique". Robert Christgau was more positive in a contemporaneous review for "Playboy", saying that while it "occasionally exploits their rap connection", remains faithful to Aerosmith's template of "fast ones and slow ones; lyrically it's fuck me and fuck you", but with such superpro crunch and commitment that no good-timing headbanger will give a shit." Christgau highlighted "Cryin'" as "the classic" on the album, while saying that "the closest thing to a duff cut [is] the 'meaningful' Livin' on the Edge, which could be a hit anyway." He later ranked it 64th on his "Dean's List" accompanying "The Village Voice"s annual Pazz & Jop critics poll of the year's best albums, and assigned it an A-minus in his 2000 book "".


title: Get a Grip

text: Immediately after "Amazing," a snippet of "Who Threw the Whiskey in the Well," by Lucky Millinder, is heard as if being tuned in on an old radio. Tyler says, "So from all of us at Aerosmith to all of you out there, wherever you are, remember: the light at the end of the tunnel may be you. Good night." The music then fades out.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Despite Boruto's physical designs being similar to Naruto when he was young, their personalities are developed differently. Boruto's relationship with his father reflects Kishimoto's relationship with his children. On the other hand, the manga primarily focuses on his misrealationship with his adoptive brother Kawaki as artist Mikio Ikemoto wants the audience to look forward to their development. In the Japanese version, Boruto is voiced by Kokoro Kikuchi in "" and by Yūko Sanpei in all subsequent appearances. Sanpei enjoyed doing the work of Boruto's acting, finding him endearing. In the English version, he is voiced by Amanda C. Miller.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Boruto's character has received mixed critical responses. His relationship with his father has been criticized due to reviewers finding the concept overused in the "Naruto" manga. In "Boruto: Naruto the Movie", his development was praised due to his action scenes and how he understood his father's actions. The two voices provided for him in Japanese and English also received good response.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Masashi Kishimoto created Boruto in 2013 when the manga "Naruto" was at its climax. The motivation for the creation was him wanting Naruto Uzumaki to become a father when the manga ends. In the finale of "Naruto", Boruto makes a prank in the mountain of Konoha that shows all its leaders, the Hokages. Kishimoto wanted Boruto to act like his father, but at the same time, have differences between each other. Despite not wishing to reveal much about Boruto due to developments of "", he added that Boruto is not as direct as Naruto. Boruto's first name is a reference to his first cousin once removed Neji Hyuga as an homage to his death in "Naruto" while protecting both of Boruto's parents. In "", Kishimoto developed Boruto and Naruto's relationship from his relationship with his sons. He wanted the film to depict the father and son relationship between Boruto and Naruto. The film's theme song, by Kana-Boon, serves as a reference to Boruto. One of the singers of the band stated that it reflects how the character constantly changes from the beginning to the end of the story.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Boruto's mentorship by Naruto's rival and best friend Sasuke Uchiha was influenced due to the latter having few appearances in the "Naruto" movies. Kishimoto decided that he wanted Sasuke to have a major role in "Boruto: Naruto the Movie", which he wrote. In the film, Sasuke becomes the teacher of Naruto's first son, Boruto, inspired by Piccolo from the "Dragon Ball" manga series by Akira Toriyama. A former enemy of "Dragon Ball" protagonist Goku, Piccolo becomes the teacher of Goku's first son, Gohan. "Boruto" anime and film director Hiroyuki Yamashita said that when first seeing the character in Sarada Uchiha's , he liked his character. In the making of the "Boruto" film, Yamashita said some scenes regarding to Boruto were removed due to time constraints such as one of the character's interactions with his father as well as another interaction between Boruto and Sarada. A difficult scene for the staff was the use of Boruto's technique which had to disappear shortly after being used and then appearing again in an attack. The scene in which Naruto passes his son all of his chakra to increase his Rasengan was carefully storyboarded in the film.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Although Boruto is the protagonist of "Next Generations" series, Ikemoto stated in early 2019 that the relationship between Boruto and Kawaki will be the most important point in the story as the manga is aimed to reach the flashforward scene from the first chapter where both characters start fighting against each other. In December 2020, Ikemoto stated that the anime would make further progress in regards to Kawaki's and Boruto's meeting. However, he still refrained from explaining the flashforward where the manga started. Ikemoto stated that in future chapters, there will be revealed more hints about the flashforward such as their growth, why they become hostile.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: In designing the character, Kishimoto intended Boruto to be similar to his father but at the same time avoided facial similarities in the eyes and cheeks due to the fact Naruto had the Nine-Tailed Demon Fox, Kurama, sealed inside him unlike his son. Additionally, he gave him a simpler costume than Naruto's original one that would yet remain the symbol of the Uzumaki clan. The author purposefully let Boruto wear his clothes casually by making him wear his jacket unzipped since he found it suitable for the character's personality. For the finale of the manga, Kishimoto originally intended to give Boruto the Byakugan, an eye technique which he would inherit from his mother Hinata Hyuga. However, the author forgot about it and instead gave him an unknown eye technique.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: In the first few pages of the first chapter "Boruto: Naruto Next Generations", an encounter between an older teenage Boruto against another one named Kawaki was briefly shown as a flashforward. The purpose was to attract more fans so they could look forward to the battle as it has a chaotic state to it. The battle against Kawaki was shown instead in the first chapter rather than Sasuke's one against Kinshiki Otsutsuki from the "Boruto" film to generate a different impact within the fans despite sharing the same storyline. Boruto's teenage design was first illustrated in little time. As a result, Mikio Ikemoto stated that once "Boruto" reached this moment, the older protagonist's design might change. As the story in the manga progresses, Boruto's facial expressions change when interacting with other character; with the friendly Tento, Boruto's eyes are shown bigger due to the portrayal of Boruto's childish personality. However, upon meeting Kawaki, Boruto's eyes are illustrated smaller due to the author's intent to show a more rebellious take on Boruto.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Due to the staff of the "Naruto" anime referring to Naruto and Sasuke as "legendary characters", anime developers Pierrot aim to carefully portray Boruto and his friends, the "new generation", as the new protagonists. They also seek to have them developed as the previous generation. However, Kishimoto is concerned about how Boruto and his friends could reach Naruto and Sasuke's strength as he finds it repetitive. Ikemoto stated that Boruto's look is predetermined by the storyline so the author instead could not draw the character on his own completely. However, the scene from the 9th chapter where Boruto creates a Rasengan with his father left a big impression on him, believing it was important for the storyline.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: In the Japanese version, he was voiced by Kokoro Kikuchi in "The Last" as a toddler; for the "Boruto" film and anime, he is voiced by Yūko Sanpei. Sanpei has been a fan of the "Naruto" manga series ever since she was young. While identifying herself with Naruto Uzumaki's character, the actress noted the bond between her and Naruto became stronger when learning she would voice her son. As a result, once learning she got the role for Boruto's character, Sanpei bought the entire "Naruto" manga series despite already having it to prepare for the "Boruto" film. Sanpei was thankful for being offered this position and joked about how Junko Takeuchi became a "father" as her voice role was Naruto. Initially, Sanpei recalls having difficulties voicing Boruto; when she received her script for the film, she began to understand Boruto's concept as the boy who loves his father dearly, which helped her voice the character better. Please with the film "Boruto", Sanpei asked Kishimoto to make another one which resulted in Kishimoto asking her to let him rest for another one.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: In the English version, he was voiced by Maile Flanagan in "" film as a toddler and Amanda C. Miller in the "Boruto" film as a teenager. Boruto is the first main character Miller has ever voiced. While enjoying the work she does as Boruto's English voice, she stated she felt stress about it due to how important her character is considering his role in the story. Miller and the other "Boruto" English voice actors felt honored to play the characters based on how large the franchise is. Flanagan and Miller found the two family members similar in nature despite having different backgrounds.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: First appearing in "Naruto"s finale, Boruto is a child who attends Konoha's ninja academy and often takes care of his sister, Himawari Uzumaki. Like Naruto, Boruto commits mischief to get attention, but for different reasons. Due to his father becoming the Hokage (the leader of Konoha), he does not spend any time with him as he used to. He makes a brief appearance in "", where he gives a meal to his comrade Sarada Uchiha to pass on to his father; she becomes motivated to become the Hokage after the day she had.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: In the 2015 film "", and its retellings, Boruto joins the Chunin examinations while gradually becoming frustrated by Naruto putting the village ahead of their family. Boruto ends up meeting his father's best friend and rival, Sarada's father Sasuke Uchiha, and managed to become his apprentice after learning to use the Rasengan while accidentally creating new variation of it. But when the exams commence, Boruto cheats causing his disqualification. As this happens, Naruto is captured by Momoshiki Otsutsuki while protecting their village from the alien's attack. Boruto realizes the error of his ways and joins Sasuke and the Kage to save Naruto. With the help of Naruto and Sasuke, Boruto defeats the enemy Momoshiki with his Rasengan. Although he resented the Hokage position, Boruto becomes resolute to become strong to protect his village's leader in the same way as Sasuke and entrusts Sarada to be a future Hokage instead of himself. Boruto also reprises his role in the novel adaptation of the movie, as well as part of an omake from the manga "Sasuke Uchiha's Sharingan Legend" where he trains with the title character.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: While the movie and manga open to Boruto after his graduation from the Ninja Academy, the anime adaptation shows him when still attending the school. Boruto manifests an Eye Technique called "Jōgan" or that allows him to see people's contaminated chakra. This enables him to solve the mystery of a "Ghost" corrupting fellow villagers alongside his friends, by finding the culprit. Boruto and his friends take a trip to the village of Kirigakure, befriending the young ninja Kagura Karatachi while stopping a coup by loyalists of their village's horrific Blood Mist traditions. Boruto later graduates and forms the new "Team 7" alongside Sarada and Mitsuki under the leadership of Konohamaru Sarutobi, and they start taking ninja missions. He is also present in two original video animations: one where he indirectly causes his father to be knocked out after accidentally breaking Himawari's doll, and another where Team Konohamaru is sent to stop an apparent thief.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: In both versions of "", Boruto is branded by a dying Momoshiki with a "seal" in his right hand known as . After the Momoshiki fight, Boruto becomes a bodyguard to the Fire Feudal Lord's son Tentō Madoka, befriending the boy while teaching him ninjutsu. Boruto later learns of the existence of a group known as "Kara", and he and his team meet a former Kara member named Kawaki, who is revealed in the series opening scene to become his enemy when the two are older. As Boruto befriends Kawaki, the two learn of Kara's plans, and the consequences of possessing the Karma. During a fight against a Kara member, Boro, Boruto's Karma causes him to be possessed by Momoshiki who seeks to take over his body through the Karma.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: When Isshiki Otsutsuki invades the village, Boruto uses the Karma to send him to another dimension where he, Kawaki, Naruto and Sasuke manage to defeat him. Shortly afterward, Momoshiki possesses Boruto again and tries to kill Sasuke, managing to destroy his Rinnegan. The wounded Sasuke and Kawaki manage to fight Momoshiki until the young ninja recovers his own self. Still conflicted with the Otsutsuki taking part of their bodies with the Karma, Boruto and Kawaki decide to investigate the Kara agent Code to eliminate their curse. Kawaki unleashes his own Karma to kill Boruto while being controlled by Momoshiki. However, Momoshiki merges with Boruto so that he will not be erased permanently.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Outside manga and anime, Boruto also appears in the fighting game "", first only in the ending and playable in the expansion pack "Road to Boruto". Following Momoshiki's defeat, Boruto can fight against Naruto. Although Boruto loses, his father states he is proud of how much he developed his skills, pleasing Boruto. In 2019, CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama received multiple requests by fans to develop another "Storm" game but claimed that this was meant to be the final game in the series. Nevertheless, he claims Bandai Visual is up to decide if the developers should develop a new series of games focused on Boruto. He appears in the video game "Naruto to Boruto: Shinobi Striker" as a playable character, as well as "Naruto x Boruto: Ninja Voltage". He is also featured in the "Boruto" light novels.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Critical reception to Boruto's character has been generally mixed. Upon first seeing him Ramsey Isler from IGN found him too similar to his father. While comparing Boruto's traits to main characters often seen in other manga series, McNulty felt that Boruto's growth across the anime series helped to make him more likable. On the other hand, Andy Hanley from UK Anime Network said despite his similar design and actions to his father Naruto, Boruto is not like him and has a different personality. Amy McNulty from Anime News Network and Hanley enjoyed Boruto's relationship with his father Naruto due to the differences in their childhoods and how that becomes the focus of the film "Boruto: Naruto the Movie". McNulty also liked how Boruto develops as he became afraid of his father's fate during an attack from the antagonist. Richard Eisenbeis from Kotaku was critical to Boruto's development, as he felt that his bond with his father at the end of the "Boruto" film was unthinkable and weak. In a review from the manga, Nick Smith from ICv2 found Boruto as the weak part of the series due to his personality that contrasted the Naruto in the original "Naruto" series. Alexandria Hill from "Otaku USA" enjoyed Boruto's fight against the film's villain, Momoshiki, and his team-up with Naruto and Sasuke. Chris Zimmerman from DVD Talk noted how the writers fairly conceived Boruto's poor relationship with his father and how it improves during the climax of the film. Leroy Douresseaux liked how Boruto's character has already started development by the second volume of the series. For the anime, Beveridge remarked Boruto's characterization which he felt was superior to the one from the manga.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Critics still enjoyed Boruto's growth, comparing his initial childish act to a more mature teenager with notable idealism. McNulty expressed joy in how the viewer of the "Boruto" anime gets to see Boruto's days in the ninja academy which "Naruto" briefly showed and how Boruto does not have the same behavior as his father when being a child. Anime Now felt Boruto's first enemies were more lighthearted than his predecessors. Thais Valdivia from "Hobby Consolas" stated that while viewers of the film may initially dislike Boruto's personality, his character arc helps to make him more appealing adding his fight alongside Naruto and Sasuke as one of the highlights.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Critics also focused on Boruto's bond with other characters, most notably his father. Chris Beveridge from the Fandom Post disliked the large focus between Naruto and Boruto's relationship on the first chapter of the "Boruto" manga. Viz Media senior director Kevin Hamric noted that while he initially displays a lazy demeanor, Boruto seeks fight and surpass his father. Sam Stewart from IGN felt Boruto's personality was "far less enthused" as the reviewer commented he found the character's dislike toward his father misguided and finding types of stories too common in fiction. Melina Dargis liked how Boruto realizes his father's goals and joins Sasuke and the Kages in order to save Naruto. Additionally, Dargis noted Boruto's early strained relationship with his father as well as his use of technology to fight might reflect on modern audiences who might understand his character more as a result. Rebecca Silverman from Anime News Network praised how the writers manage to develop Boruto's angst without coming across as "teen whining" and how Sasuke Uchiha decides to train him upon seeing his similarities with his father. The misrelationship Boruto forms with his adoptive brother Kawaki was seen as a striking rivalry similar to the one his father had with Sasuke in the first series. Beveridge enjoyed the foreshadow of an older Boruto on a fight against Kawaki in the series' pilot chapter, looking forward to their development.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Journalists also focused on Boruto's voice actresses. "Toon Zone" enjoyed Miller's performance as Boruto for making him a come across as a believable male character despite the actress being female. On the other hand, Yuko Sanpei's performance was criticized for giving a pitch equal to that of Junko Takeuchi's Naruto despite the latter being an adult. "The New York Times" claimed that it was common that young male characters were voiced by women citing other characters with English actresses including Goku from "Dragon Ball" and Monkey D. Luffy from "One Piece". Miller also noted that while her character was initially polarizing to viewers due to Boruto not being aware of his father's past, he still acted as realistic child and often showed signs of affection ever since his introduction in the 2015 movie where he cries in joy when being motivated by him. "Anime News Network" also praised Amanda C. Miller's role as Boruto's English actor, but feeling the voice often sounded more feminine than his Japanese counterpart.


title: Boruto Uzumaki

text: Theatergoers for the "Boruto" film were given two different types of fans with one of them using Boruto and Naruto's images. Boruto's entire clothing is also being sold as merchandising. Although Hiroshi Matsuyama received a number of requests in 2019 from fans to develop another "Storm" game, he said that it was the final game of the series. He said that Bandai Visual would decide if a new series of games, focused on Boruto, should be developed. In a popularity poll of the 2015 movie, Boruto was voted as the third best character behind Mitsuki and Sarada. In poll from 2021, Boruto took the top place. Denki Kaminarimon's voice actress, Chihiro Ikki, said she liked how Boruto protects Denki from bullies in the series' beginning having once being bullied when she was younger and saw Boruto as an ideal hero.


title: Postal codes in Bangladesh

text: Postal codes in Bangladesh are assigned to one of seven divisions: Nanarayaganj, Mymensingh, Sylhet, Chattogram, Rangpur, Rajshahi, or Barishal.comilla


title: Euan Morton

text: Euan Douglas George Morton (born Iain Middleton on 13 August 1977) is a Scottish actor and singer. He is best known for his role as Boy George in the musical "Taboo", receiving nominations for the Laurence Olivier Award and Tony Award for his performance. He is currently playing the role of King George in the musical "Hamilton" on Broadway and has been doing so since July 2017.


title: Euan Morton

text: Morton was born in Bo'ness, Scotland. He began acting in his local children's theatre. After graduating from Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts in London, Morton worked for Profit Share Theatre and for film and television in the UK.


title: Euan Morton

text: Morton appeared in "The Silent Treatment" at the Finborough Theatre, London, in 2001. Immediately following, he played the role of Boy George in the West End musical "Taboo" in 2002, and also played the role on Broadway in 2003.


title: Euan Morton

text: He received a Whatsonstage and a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for the role of Boy George in the UK and earned Tony Award, Drama Desk Award, Outer Critics Circle and Drama League Award nominations, as well as the Theatre World Award (for Outstanding Broadway Debut) in the US. He played the role of Ligniere in the play "Cyrano de Bergerac" from 12 October 2007 to 6 January 2008 on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre. Morton performed in the musical revue "Sondheim on Sondheim", conceived and directed by James Lapine in 2010, which premiered on Broadway at Studio 54 and was presented by the Roundabout Theatre.


title: Euan Morton

text: Off-Broadway, he appeared in the title role of Tony Kushner's adaptation of "Brundibar" at The New Victory Theater in 2006. He won the 2006 Obie Award for his appearance in "Measure For Pleasure" at The Public Theater. He played the title role in the musical "Caligula: An Ancient Glam Epic" at the inaugural New York Musical Theatre Festival in September 2004. He appeared, along with Alfred Molina, in the Roundabout Theatre Company's new production of "Howard Katz" by Patrick Marber, which ran Off-Broadway at the Laura Pels Theater from 1 March 2007 to 6 May 2007. He appeared in the musical "Atomic" which ran at the Acorn Theatre from 13 July 2014 to 16 August 2014, in the role of J. Robert Oppenheimer.


title: Euan Morton

text: In regional theatre, he played the title role in "The Who's Tommy" at the Bay Street Theatre in Sag Harbor, New York in the year 2006. In 2010, he played Anatoly Sergievsky in the Signature Theatre (Arlington, Virginia) production of "Chess". In 2011, he played the role of Launce in "Two Gentlemen of Verona" at Shakespeare Theatre Company. He appeared in the play "Heart of Robin Hood", written by David Farr, which played in Winnipeg and Toronto in December 2014 through March 2015, in the role of Prince John.


title: Euan Morton

text: Morton won a Helen Hayes Award for his performance as Leo Frank in the musical "Parade" at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. from September to October 2011.


title: Euan Morton

text: Morton assayed the role of Sherlock Holmes in Ken Ludwig's "" at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, California in 2015.


title: Euan Morton

text: Morton is also credited with performing as Renfield in the 2011 Studio Recording of Frank Wildhorn's "Dracula, the Musical", singing "Master's Song" and "Master's Song (Reprise)".


title: Euan Morton

text: As of 29 November 2016, he assumed the role of Hedwig in "Hedwig and The Angry Inch" US tour. On 2 July 2017, Morton finished his last show of the "Hedwig" tour.


title: Euan Morton

text: On 12 July 2017, Euan's son Iain Armitage announced via Facebook video on his Facebook page that his father would be taking over the role of King George in "Hamilton" on Broadway. He has been playing the role since 28 July 2017.


title: Euan Morton

text: Morton has performed numerous audio books, including among others, "Fool" (2009), "Sacré Bleu" (2012), and "The Serpent of Venice" (2014), all written by Christopher Moore, in addition to the "Kilo Five" trilogy by Karen Traviss and "Carry On" by Rainbow Rowell (2015). He also did voice work in the 2009 animated movie "My Dog Tulip", and voices the male Sith Inquisitor in the MMORPG "", created by BioWare and LucasArts.


title: Euan Morton

text: In March 2006, he released his debut solo CD, "NewClear", for which he toured in the US in May 2011, he released his second solo studio album Caledonia – The Homecoming.


title: Euan Morton

text: Morton has been married to producer Lee Armitage, daughter of political figure Richard L. Armitage, since 2004. Their son Iain made his debut as an internet theatre critic, where he reviews Broadway shows and has conducted Red Carpet interviews for SiriusXM radio before the 2015 Tony Awards. Iain is currently playing the title character in the television show "Young Sheldon". Morton and his family maintain homes in Manhattan and Arlington, Virginia.


title: Euan Morton

text: Morton doesn't identify with any particular label on his sexuality, saying "I wouldn't label myself any sexuality and I would prefer if you didn't. If I call myself straight then it turns into me being straight, or gay makes me gay, or transgender then transgender."


Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid is a 2004 American adventure horror film directed by Dwight Little. It is a stand-alone sequel to the film "Anaconda" (1997) and the second installment of the "Anaconda" film series. The film follows a team of researchers set for an expedition into the Southeast Asian tropical island of Borneo, to search for a sacred flower for which they believe will bring humans to a longer and healthier life, but soon become stalked and hunted by the deadly giant anacondas inhabiting the island.


title: Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid

text: It was released on August 27, 2004, and the last film in the series to be released theatrically. Like its predecessor, the film received negative reviews, but was a financial success. The film was followed by a sequel, "" in 2008.


text: A team of researchers funded by New York pharmaceutical firm Wexel Hall, including Dr. Jack Byron, Gordon Mitchell, Sam Rogers, Gail Stern, Cole Burris, and Dr. Ben Douglas, leave for a jungle in Borneo to search for a flower called "Perrinnia immortalis"--""the Blood Orchid""—that they believe contains a fountain of youth. Jack convinces guide Captain Bill Johnson and his partner Tran Wu to take an unsafe path despite their misgivings. At one point, Gail falls into the water, loses her phone, and is attacked by a crocodile before Bill rescues her. Their boat goes over a waterfall and breaks apart. A giant anaconda emerges from the water and swallows Ben whole. The rest of the team reach shore. Bill assures them that it was the largest snake he has ever seen and that it should take weeks for it to grow hungry again. However, most of the team demand that the expedition be called off. They call for Bill's friend, John Livingston, who lives on the river, to join them, only to find Livingston attacked and his boat wrecked.


text: They find a small native village and a disembowelled anaconda, a pair of human legs hanging out of the snake's abdomen, and an orchid remain. Evidently, the orchids are a part of the food chain, and these snakes grow over unusually long lives. Jack realizes the orchids must be nearby, while Gail contends that the orchids may not work on humans. Jack still wants to find the flowers, but the others rebel and start building an escape raft to leave the jungle.


text: Gordon discovers that Jack has hid Livingston's radio and gun. The now-psychopathic Jack fails to convince him to continue with the expedition, so he paralyzes Gordon using a previously collected spider to stop him from informing the others. Jack joins the others at the raft, but a suspicious Sam discovers Gordon and the spider bite. An anaconda swallows Gordon alive as she informs the others, who arrive as it finishes. Bill sets the building on fire, but notices the snake has escaped. Jack, left alone, steals the raft.


text: Unable to make another raft, they hack through the jungle to beat Jack to the orchids and retrieve their raft. On the way, they fall into a cave trying to escape from an anaconda. Cole gets lost and finds human skeletons. He is found by Tran, who then gets pulled under and eaten. Bill, looking for the two, finds Tran's lost flashlight floating in bloody water. A terrified Cole escapes from the cave, seconds ahead of the snake, which gets stuck in the hole. Sam beheads it with a machete, but another snake captures the hysterical Cole. The team follows to find him being constricted. Bill throws his knife and impales the snake through the head, freeing Cole.


text: The group finds Jack and his raft. Jack shoots Bill in the arm to keep him from attacking and forces the party to accompany him to the orchids, which grow above a pit in which a ball of male anacondas are mating with the female. Sam is forced to cross the pit via a thin log to fill a backpack with orchids. As she returns, the log cracks. Jack orders her to throw him the backpack. Sam threatens to drop the flowers into the pit, but Jack threatens to shoot the others in response. The log breaks. As the others try to reach Sam, Jack reaches for the backpack. The spider he used earlier escapes from its jar and bites him. He falls into the pit and is devoured. The vine holding Sam also gives way, but she climbs out of the pit as one of the anacondas tries to get her. Gail tricks the snake into biting their fuel container. Bill shoots it, but the gun is empty. Cole shoots a flare, setting the anaconda on fire and exploding the container, killing the other snakes. An ensuing landslide buries the blood orchids. The survivors—Bill, Sam, Cole and Gail—make it back to the raft and head to Kota Bharu.


text: "Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid" debuted at second place in the box office, earned $32,238,923 in the United States and the international gross of $38,753,975, bringing a worldwide total of $70,992,898.


text: Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film received a 26% based on 121 reviews, with an average rating of 4.20 out of 10. The site's critics consensus reads: "A cheesy monster B-movie".


text: Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 40 out of 100 based on 28 reviews. Roger Ebert awarded the film two out of four stars, a rating less than that he gave the original film. Ebert, however, praised Matthew Marsden's performance as being "suitably treacherous". Keith Philipps of "The A.V. Club" criticized the movie for its CGI snakes, while "The Oregonian"'s Karen Karbo said it never "takes itself too seriously". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Margaret Hoover

text: Margaret Claire Hoover (born December 11, 1977) is an American conservative political commentator, political strategist, media personality, author, and great-granddaughter of Herbert Hoover, the 31st U.S. president. She is author of the book "American Individualism: How A New Generation of Conservatives Can Save the Republican Party", published by Crown Forum in 2011. Hoover hosts PBS's reboot of the conservative interview show "Firing Line".


title: Margaret Hoover

text: Hoover was born in Colorado, the daughter of Jean (Williams), a flight attendant, and Andrew Hoover, a mining engineer. She received primary education at Graland Country Day School, an independent co-educational day school in Denver. She earned a B.A. in Spanish literature with a minor in political science from Bryn Mawr College in 2001. She also attended Davidson College for two years, but did not earn a degree there. Along the way, Hoover studied Spanish-language literature and Mandarin Chinese. She also studied abroad in Bolivia, Mexico and China.


title: Margaret Hoover

text: After graduating from college, Hoover moved to Taipei where she got her first job as a research assistant and editor in a Taiwanese law firm; she arrived on the day of the September 11 attacks. Quickly realizing she wanted to be back in the U.S., she returned home in 2002.


title: Margaret Hoover

text: Hoover worked for the George W. Bush administration as associate director of Intergovernmental Affairs. She worked on Bush's 2004 reelection campaign and was Deputy Finance Director for Rudy Giuliani's presidential bid in 2006–07. She also worked as a staffer on Capitol Hill for Congressman Mario Díaz-Balart, and as Advisor to the Deputy Secretary at the Department of Homeland Security. Hoover is on the board of overseers at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, and on the boards of the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library Association and the Belgian American Educational Foundation. She served on the advisory council of The American Foundation for Equal Rights and GOProud.


title: Margaret Hoover

text: Hoover is a conservative, with libertarian beliefs on issues of personal morality. Hoover is an advocate for gay rights, including gay marriage, arguing that individual freedom and marriage are conservative values. She has been profiled in "The Advocate" as "exactly the brand of straight ally we need right now". In 2013, Hoover was a signatory to an "amicus curiae" brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage in "Hollingsworth v. Perry".


title: Margaret Hoover

text: Hoover is opposed to Donald Trump. Before the 2020 election, she said, "I can't bring myself to vote for Donald Trump", adding that she would "quite likely" vote for Joe Biden instead, as she found the vote a "binary choice".


title: Margaret Hoover

text: From 2008 to 2012, Hoover was a Fox News contributor, appearing on Bill O'Reilly's "The O'Reilly Factor". In the branded segment "Culture Warrior", she jousted with O'Reilly on a range of topics from entertainment news to popular culture to Hollywood and politics. Since 2012, she has been a political contributor at CNN. In 2014, she hosted the Toyota Solutions Studio at the Women In The World conference held at Lincoln Center, where she interviewed several participants. In April 2018, it was announced she would host "Firing Line".


title: Margaret Hoover

text: Hoover hosts "Firing Line with Margaret Hoover", a relaunch of "National Review" founder William F. Buckley Jr.'s public-affairs television show, "Firing Line". The original show aired on PBS for 33 years, the longest-running public affairs show in television history with a single host. Hoover's show premiered on June 2, 2018, on WNET, which serves the New York metropolitan area, and is the largest PBS market in the country. "The New York Times" wrote, "Under Ms. Hoover's direction, the discourse is civil and substantive". According to the "National Review", "the reincarnation of Firing Line comes at an interesting time, and a needful one". In the runup to the show's premiere "Politico" said, "It seems like a great idea, so let's test drive it and see what happens". In May 2019, "The Algemeiner" named Hoover its Journalist of the Year for her work on "Firing Line".


title: Margaret Hoover

text: Hoover is married to fellow CNN contributor John Avlon, a former Rudy Giuliani speechwriter, senior columnist for "Newsweek," and former Editor-in-Chief of "The Daily Beast". They have a son, Jack, born in 2013, and a daughter, Toula Lou, born in 2015.


title: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior

text: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior is an American police procedural drama starring Forest Whitaker and Janeane Garofalo that aired on CBS. The show debuted on February 16, 2011, as a spin-off of another series, "Criminal Minds", aired on the same network, and is the second show in the "Criminal Minds" franchise. This edition's profiling team also worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) in Quantico, Virginia. In an April 2010 episode of "Criminal Minds" ("The Fight"), during the show's fifth season, the original team met the new team and worked with them to find a San Francisco serial killer, with the episode serving as the new series' backdoor pilot.


title: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior

text: Like the parent series, CBS owned the underlying American rights, while ABC owned the international rights. The series premiered on February 16, 2011, and filled the Wednesday 10:00pm time slot, airing after "Criminal Minds."


title: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior

text: Due to low ratings, CBS canceled the series on May 17, 2011, and aired its final episode on May 25, 2011. On September 6, 2011, CBS released the complete series as a four-disc set, packaged as "The DVD Edition". There are numerous special features and two episode commentaries with the cast and crew. The set includes the backdoor pilot from season five of the original show. The series is also carried in rerun form on Ion Television as part of their existing agreement to carry "Criminal Minds".


title: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior

text: In early 2009, Michael Ausiello from "Entertainment Weekly" said that he and studios were discussing the possibility of a spin-off of the procedural crime drama "Criminal Minds". Studio producer Ed Bernero confirmed it by disclosing that "it's safe to say there will be something soon." The show had a completely new cast, with the exception of Kirsten Vangsness, who reprised her role as Penelope Garcia. By late 2010, the director had been chosen, and the casting completed. It was announced that Forest Whitaker would star. Whitaker's character, Samuel "Sam" "Coop" Cooper, and his team were introduced in "Criminal Minds" Season 5. Richard Schiff had a recurring role as FBI Director Jack Fickler.


title: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior

text: Samuel Cooper and his team set the stage for the spin-off in the 18th episode of the fifth season of "Criminal Minds", "The Fight" (April 7, 2010). This "back-door pilot" approach was also used for other CBS shows that were introduced in original series, such as "" (2002-2012), "" (2004-2013), "" (2015-2016), "" (2009–present) and "" (2014-2021). "Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior" was the first cancellation of CBS spinoffs and "CSI: NY" was picked up for an eighth season in its place.


title: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior

text: This episode was introduced during the fifth-season episodes of "Criminal Minds". The "Criminal Minds" episode "The Fight", served as backdoor pilot episode for the show.


title: Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an aggregate score of 42% based on 11 positive and 15 negative critic reviews. The website’s consensus reads: "With plotlines that are both ludicrous and predictable, "Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior" falls victim to audience overfamiliarity."


title: Defund the police

text: "Defund the police" is a slogan that supports removing funds from police departments and reallocating them to non-policing forms of public safety and community support, such as social services, youth services, housing, education, healthcare and other community resources. Activists who use the phrase may do so with varying intentions; some seek modest reductions, while others argue for full divestment as a step toward the abolition of contemporary police services. Activists who support the defunding of police departments often argue that investing in community programs could provide a better crime deterrent for communities; funds would go toward addressing social issues, like poverty, homelessness, and mental disorders. Police abolitionists call for replacing existing police forces with other systems of public safety, like housing, employment, community health, education, and other programs.


title: Defund the police

text: The "defund the police" slogan became common during the George Floyd protests starting in May 2020. According to Jenna Wortham and Matthew Yglesias, the slogan was popularized by the Black Visions Collective shortly after the murder of George Floyd.


title: Defund the police

text: Black Lives Matter, the Movement for Black Lives, and other activists have used the phrase to call for police budget reductions and to delegate certain police responsibilities to other organizations. In "Black Reconstruction in America", first published in 1935, W. E. B. Du Bois wrote about "abolition-democracy", which advocated for the removal of institutions that were rooted in racist and repressive practices, including prisons, convict leasing, and white police forces. In the 1960s, activists such as Angela Davis advocated for the defunding or abolition of police departments. The 2017 book "The End of Policing" by Alex S. Vitale has been called "a manual of sorts for the defund movement".


title: Defund the police

text: Many sociologists, criminologists, and journalists have criticized aspects of the police defunding movement. In the United States, politicians from both the Democratic and Republican parties have spoken against defunding, although Republicans have sought to link Democrats to the movement in congressional races, and in 2021, the Biden administration rebutted by arguing Republicans were trying to defund the police. Among the general public in the United States, the concept of defunding is unpopular.


title: Defund the police

text: Since the 1960s, municipal governments have increasingly spent larger portions of their budgets on law enforcement. This is partially rooted in the "war on crime", launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson, which prioritized crime control via law enforcement and prisons. Meanwhile, police unions have wielded significant power in local politics, due to direct endorsements of political candidates and funding of campaigns. Police department budgets have been considered "untouchable" for decades.


title: Defund the police

text: By 2020, U.S. cities collectively spent approximately $115 billion per year on policing. In particular, in Los Angeles in 2020, the LAPD budget constituted about 18% of the city's budget ($1.86 billion out of $10.5 billion) and about 54% of the city's general funds (i.e., tax revenues that are not designated for special purposes). In Chicago in 2020, the CPD constituted about 18% of the city's budget and 40% of the city's general funds ($1.6 billion). In New York City in 2020, the NYPD budget constituted about 6% of the city's budget ($5.9 billion out of $97.8 billion), the third largest budget after the Department of Education and the Department of Social Services. In Minneapolis, the budget for the police and corrections departments grew 41% between 2009 and 2019.


title: Defund the police

text: As of 2017, state and local government spending on policing has remained just under 4% of general expenditures for the past 40 years. In 2017, over 95% went towards operational costs, such as salaries and benefits. While the officers per capita in major cities have not significantly changed, they have been equipped with more technology, gear, and training in the last few decades. On average, large cities spend about 8% of their general expenditures on policing, 5% on housing, and 3% on parks. Most cities' police budgets are larger than other public safety departments, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, where other budgets lessened but policing budgets were largely untouched.


title: Defund the police

text: Police defunding and abolition activists argue that the police have a poor track record of resolving cases related to murder, rape, and domestic abuse. Some further argue that police social work intervention leads to mass incarceration, risk of physical and mental harm, exposure to violence, and in some instances, death.


title: Defund the police

text: According to a 2020 study from "The Washington Post", there is no correlation, positive or negative, between annual per capita police funding and per capita violent and overall crime rates.


title: Defund the police

text: Critics argue that the history of policing is rooted in racist practices, citing slave patrols, enforcement of Jim Crow laws, and repression of the civil rights movement, such as the Selma to Montgomery marches and the government's violent campaign against Black Panther Party leaders such as Fred Hampton.


title: Defund the police

text: Critics argue that police officers and police departments provide too many services. According to this argument, the United States has an over-reliance on law enforcement, which is expected to handle an unrealistically wide range of social issues, such as homelessness, mental health, and substance abuse. For these reasons, some activists have called for an unbundling of services. Under this model, many services that were previously provided by law enforcement would be provided by specialized response teams. These teams could include social workers, emergency medical technicians, conflict resolution specialists, restorative justice teams, and other community-based professionals.


title: Defund the police

text: Police officers may be particularly badly suited for some community issues, such as mental health crises. One in four people who are killed by the police have severe mental illness. Some activists argue that, if someone is experiencing a mental health crisis, and if there is no emergent threat to themselves or other people, mental health professionals may be more adept and capable responders. Some activists also believe that if more funds were diverted to help treat and support those with mental health issues, there could be better outcomes.


title: Defund the police

text: A 2020 paper by researchers at the RAND Corporation argues that the police are often given too many roles in society and asked to solve issues that they are not properly trained for and that would be better suited for professionals such as mental health, homelessness, drug abuse, and school related violence. A September 2020 paper by Taleed El-Sabawi of Elon University School of Law and Jennifer J. Carroll of North Carolina State University outlines the considerations in setting up such programs and includes model legislation.


title: Defund the police

text: The 2021 American Rescue Plan included about a billion dollars available for reimbursing 85% of the costs for governments that implement these kinds of programs, and as of April 2021 at least 14 cities were reportedly interested.


title: Defund the police

text: While the movement has roots primarily in the work of left-wing police abolition scholars and activists, it also has the support from many libertarians, though they rarely use the slogan "defund the police". Libertarians support the movement out of a concern for constitutional rights and a stance against what they consider far-reaching and ever-expanding powers given to state actors (for example, qualified immunity).


title: Defund the police

text: The extent to which defunding police leads to a rise in crime has been challenged by scholars and policy experts. Criminologist Richard Rosenfeld argues that the increased rate of crime which followed the George Floyd protests was more linked to the COVID-19 pandemic than calls for police defunding, noting that while violent crime rates had increased, property crime rates had decreased, which he said showed evidence that crime was more connected to COVID-19 lockdowns. Patrick Sharkey, another criminologist, attributed the increase in crime to the Ferguson effect, arguing that "when you depend on the police to dominate public spaces and they suddenly step back from that role, violence can increase." In Austin, Texas, after U.S. Representative Michael McCaul said defunding the police had led to an increased rate of homicides, fact checkers said it was "hard to draw the conclusion the homicide rate is up strictly because of reallocating police funding."


title: Defund the police

text: According to Princeton sociologist Patrick Sharkey, the best evidence available shows that while police are effective in reducing violence, there is also a growing body of evidence that demonstrates community organizations can play a central role in reducing violence:


title: Defund the police

text: In an interview with "The Atlantic", Sharkey stated, "Police presence can reduce violence, but there are lots of other things that reduce violence, too. Business improvement districts reduce violence. University security organizations reduce violence. It's possible that relying on police isn't as necessary as we once thought, and that we might even have safer communities without many of them." In an interview with "Vox", Sharkey acknowledged the effectiveness of aggressive policing and mass incarceration in reducing violence, but said these methods have "had staggering costs". He went on to say "The next model should be one driven primarily by residents and local organizations as the central actors. Police still certainly have a role to play, but responding to violent crime takes up only a tiny fraction of police officers' time. So the idea here is that we can rely on residents and local organizations to take over most of the duties that [officers] currently handle and make sure neighborhoods are safe."


title: Defund the police

text: Criminologists Justin Nix and Scott Wolfe state in "The Washington Post", "We have enough research evidence to be concerned about the immediate impact of drastic budget cuts or wholesale disbanding of police agencies: Crime and victimization will increase. ... These collateral consequences will disproportionately harm minority communities that need help, not further marginalization." They go on to state that, "Cities that have more police officers per capita tend to have lower crime rates. This does not necessarily mean we need to hire more police. Rather, having more officers per capita provides greater ability to dedicate resources to community- and problem-oriented policing approaches that have been shown to reduce crime and improve community satisfaction." They further argue that police departments need to be held more accountable for their use of funds, suggesting more emphasis on evidence-based practices, and say that making the police responsible for so many social ills should be reconsidered, although stating the infrastructure to handle those should be in place before reallocating funds.


title: Defund the police

text: Kevin Robinson, a retired police chief and lecturer of criminology and criminal justice at Arizona State University, suggests that the slogan "defund the police" is misguided. He states that a more appropriate terminology would be "re-allocation" of specific portions of police department budgets. He states that most such budgets are tight, but says that a thorough review of spending is always warranted, and that program effectiveness should determine whether or not a program is continued. He says that criminals usually weigh the possibility of getting caught when committing a crime, and that "if there is a low likelihood of apprehension there will be more crimes committed—more people victimized." He further states that "Studies have shown ... that effective social programs can reduce criminality in adults and juveniles", and encourages police departments to incorporate social programs with police work.


title: Defund the police

text: Sociologist Rashawn Ray, writing for the Brookings Institution, states that much of what police do is misaligned with their skillset and training, and suggests that a reduction in their workload would increase their ability to solve violent crimes. He further states: One consistent finding in the social science literature is that if we really want to reduce crime, education equity and the establishment of a work infrastructure is the best approach. A study using 60 years of data found that an increase in funding for police did not significantly relate to a decrease in crime. Throwing more police on the street to solve a structural problem is one of the reasons why people are protesting in the streets. Defunding police—reallocating funding away from police departments to other sectors of government—may be more beneficial for reducing crime and police violence.


title: Defund the police

text: Matthew Yglesias, writing in "Vox", criticized police defunding and abolition activists for lacking a plan for how to deal with violent crime, and for ignoring the substantial literature finding that having more police leads to less violent crime. He stated that their dismissal of police reform ignores that even modest reforms have been shown to reduce police misconduct. He writes that across government as a whole, only a very small portion of spending goes to the police, and that while more social spending would probably reduce crime, that does not need to come out of police budgets, noting that the United States actually has 35% fewer police officers per capita than the rest of the world. He also states that abolishing public police services would lead to a surge in the use of private security services by those who can afford them, and that such services would lack accountability.


title: Defund the police

text: The slogan's relation to the police abolition movement has been described as a motte-and-bailey fallacy by John Murawski at "RealClearInvestigations". According to him, when "defund the police" is criticized as tantamount to police abolition by opponents, proponents provide a moderate interpretation in terms of police demilitarization until the criticisms are addressed, only to return to more radical interpretations later.


title: Defund the police

text: Christy E. Lopez, in a column for "The Washington Post", supported the idea of defunding the police, stating that reform is not enough. She says that goals vary within the movement, and that "[d]efunding the police means shrinking the scope of police responsibilities and shifting most of what government does to keep us safe to entities that are better equipped to meet that need. It means investing more in mental-health care and housing, and expanding the use of community mediation and violence interruption programs."


title: Defund the police

text: A YouGov opinion poll with fieldwork on May 29–30, 2020, found that less than 20% of American adults supported funding cuts for policing, with similar levels of support among Republicans and Democrats.


title: Defund the police

text: In a poll conducted by ABC News/Ipsos of 686 participants, on June 10–11, 34% of US adults supported "the movement to 'defund the police and 64% opposed it. Support was higher among black Americans (57%) than among whites (26%) and Hispanics (42%), and higher among Democrats (55%) than among Republicans or Independents.


title: Defund the police

text: A June 23 – July 6 survey by Gallup found that 81% of African Americans wanted police to spend the same amount of time or more time in their neighborhoods, as did 86% of the sample as a whole.


title: Defund the police

text: Joe Biden, the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee who would go on to win the 2020 election, opposed defunding police forces, arguing instead that policing needed substantial reform. In his State of the Union Address of 2022, Biden drew bipartisan approval when he said: "We should all agree: The answer is not to defund the police. It's to fund the police". U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders also opposed defunding, arguing for more accountability for police, along with better education and training, and making their job better defined. U.S. Senator Cory Booker said he understood the sentiment behind the slogan but would not use it. U.S. Representative and Congressional Black Caucus chair Karen Bass said, "I do think that, in cities, in states, we need to look at how we are spending the resources and invest more in our communities. Maybe this is an opportunity to re-envision public safety."


title: Defund the police

text: On November 9, 2020, House Majority Whip Jim Clyburn stated that Defund the police' is killing our party, and we've got to stop it." Clyburn argued that the phrase was reminiscent of the similarly radical phrase "burn, baby, burn" used in the racial protests of the 1960s, which undermined broad support for dismantling racial injustice.


title: Defund the police

text: A small minority of the progressive lawmakers within the Democratic Party including Ilhan Omar, Rashida Tlaib, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez support defunding the police, believing that "Policing in our country is inherently & intentionally racist" and thus have called for police departments to be dismantled.


title: Defund the police

text: In a December 2020 interview with journalist Peter Hamby, former U.S. President Barack Obama said that using "defund the police" may cause politicians to lose support and make their statements less effective.


title: Defund the police

text: U.S. President Donald Trump on June 4, 2020, tweeted "The Radical Left Democrats new theme is 'Defund the Police'. Remember that when you don't want Crime, especially against you and your family. This is where Sleepy Joe is being dragged by the socialists. I am the complete opposite, more money for Law Enforcement! #LAWANDORDER".


title: Defund the police

text: In the 2020 elections, Republicans running in competitive districts successfully flipped many Democratic-held seats by associating the Democratic candidate with the slogan. In competitive House of Representatives and Senate races, Republicans attacked their Democratic opponents by claiming, often falsely, that the Democratic candidate supports defunding the police. Both Democrats and Republicans have cited association with the defunding movement as a contributing factor in the Democrats' loss of seats in the 2020 House elections and the poorer than expected results in other Democratic campaigns.


title: Defund the police

text: In New York City, activists and lawmakers asked Mayor Bill de Blasio in April 2020 to use cuts to the police budget to make up for shortfalls caused by the Coronavirus pandemic. In June, during the Floyd protests, a group of 48 candidates for city office, along with Brooklyn College's Policing and Social Justice Project, asked the city council to reduce the NYPD budget by $1 billion over four years. City comptroller Scott Stringer said the city could save $1.1 billion over four years by cutting the numbers of police and reducing overtime and could divert the funds to "social workers, counselors, community-based violence interrupters, and other trained professionals". On June 15, 2020, Police Commissioner Dermot Shea announced that the NYPD would eliminate its plainclothes police units in the precinct-level and Housing Bureau anti-crime teams, and the officers would be reassigned to community policing and detective work. As of August 2020, New York City had cut $1 billion from the police budget, but this mostly involved shifting some responsibilities to other city agencies, with the size of the force barely changing. Some black and Latino members of the city council opposed major cuts to policing, with the majority leader saying it was "colonization" pushed by white progressives, while others supported more cuts. In the 2021 New York City mayoral election primary, candidates who campaigned to reduce police spending finished behind others who had not, and the winner, Eric Adams, had promised to increase the city's police force.