title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: J. M. Cohen, in the preface to his translation, says Urquhart's part is "more like a brilliant recasting and expansion than a translation"; but criticised Motteux's as "no better than competent hackwork... [W]here Urquhart often enriches, he invariably impoverishes". Likewise, M. A. Screech says that the "translation of Urquhart and Motteux [...] is at times a recasting [...] rather than a translation"; and says it "remains a joy to read for its own self". Donald M. Frame, with his own translation, says he finds "Sir Thomas Urquhart [...] savory and picturesque but too much Urquhart and at times too little R".


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: The translation has been used for many editions, including that of Britannica's "Great Books of the Western World".


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: From "The Third Book", Chapter Seven: Copsbody, this is not the Carpet whereon my Treasurer shall be allowed to play false in his Accompts with me, by setting down an X for an V, or an L for an S; for in that case, should I make a hail of Fisti-cuffs to fly into his face.


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: William Francis Smith (1842–1919) made a translation in 1893, trying to match Rabelais' sentence forms exactly, which renders the English obscure in places. For example, the convent prior exclaims against Friar John when the latter bursts into the chapel,


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: What will this drunken Fellow do here? Let one take me him to prison. Thus to disturb divine Service!


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: Donald M. Frame, with his own translation, says that Smith "was an excellent scholar; but he shuns R's obscenities and lacks his raciness".


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: Also well annotated is an abridged but vivid translation of 1946 by Samuel Putnam, which appears in a Viking Portable edition that was still in print as late as 1968. Putnam omitted sections he believed of lesser interest to modern readers, including the entirety of the fifth book. The annotations occur every few pages, explain obscure references, and fill the reader in as to original content excised by him.


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: Donald M. Frame, with his own translation, calls Putnam's edition "arguably the best we have"; but notes that "English versions of Rabelais [...] all have serious weaknesses".


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: John Michael Cohen's modern translation, first published in 1955 by Penguin, "admirably preserves the frankness and vitality of the original", according to its back cover, although it provides limited explanation of Rabelais' word-plays and allusions.


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: Donald M. Frame, with his own translation, says that Cohen's, "although in the main sound, is marred by his ignorance of sixteenth-century French".


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: An annotated translation of Rabelais' complete works by Donald M. Frame was published posthumously in 1991. In a translator's note, he says: "My aim in this version, as always, is fidelity (which is not always literalness): to put into standard American English what I think R would (or at least might) have written if he were using that English today."


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: Frame's edition, according to Terence Cave, "is to be recommended not only because it contains the complete works but also because the translator was an internationally renowned specialist in French Renaissance studies".


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: However, M. A. Screech, with his own translation, says: "I read Donald Frame's translation [...] but have not regularly done so since", noting that "[h]ad he lived he would have eliminated [...] the gaps, errors and misreadings of his manuscript". Barbara C. Bowen has similar misgivings, saying that Frame's translation "gives us the content, probably better than most others, but cannot give us the flavor of Rabelais's text"; and, elsewhere, says it is "better than nothing".


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: From "The Third Book", Chapter Seven: 'Odsbody! On this bureau of mine my paymaster had better not play around with stretching the "esses", or my fists would go trotting all over him!


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: Penguin published a translation by M. A. Screech in 2006 which incorporates textual variants; and brief notes on sources, puns, and allusions. In a translator's note, he says: "My aim here for Rabelais (as for my Penguin Montaigne) is to turn him loyally into readable and enjoyable English."


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: From "The Third Book", Chapter Seven: Crikey. My accountant had better not play about on my bureau, stretching esses into efs - "sous" into "francs"! Otherwise blows from my fist would trot all over his dial!


title: Gargantua and Pantagruel

text: The most famous and reproduced illustrations for "Gargantua and Pantagruel" were done by French artist Gustave Doré and published in 1854. Several appear in this article. Over 400 additional drawings were done by Doré for the 1873 second edition of the book. An edition published in 1904 was illustrated by W. Heath Robinson. Another set of illustrations was created by French artist Joseph Hémard and published in 1922.


title: Invoice

text: An invoice, bill or tab is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer relating to a sale transaction and indicating the products, quantities, and agreed-upon prices for products or services the seller had provided the buyer.


title: Invoice

text: Payment terms are usually stated on the invoice. These may specify that the buyer has a maximum number of days to pay and is sometimes offered a discount if paid before the due date. The buyer could have already paid for the products or services listed on the invoice. To avoid confusion and consequent unnecessary communications from buyer to seller, some sellers clearly state in large and capital letters on an invoice whether it has already been paid.


title: Invoice

text: From a seller's point of view, an invoice is a "sales invoice". From a buyer's point of view, an invoice is a "purchase invoice". The document indicates the buyer and seller, but the term "invoice" indicates money is owed "or" owing.


title: Invoice

text: Within the European Union, an invoice is primarily legally defined by the EU VAT directive as an accounting voucher (to verify tax and VAT reporting) and secondly as a Civil law (common law) document.


title: Invoice

text: Invoices appear as one of the very earliest manifestations of written records in ancient Mesopotamia.


title: Invoice

text: In countries where wire transfer is the preferred method of settling debts, the printed bill will contain the bank account number of the creditor and usually a reference code to be passed along with the transaction identifying the payer.


title: Invoice

text: The European Union requires a VAT (value-added tax) identification number for official VAT invoices, which all VAT-registered businesses are required to issue to their customers. In the UK, this number may be omitted on invoices if the words "this is not a VAT invoice" are present on the invoice. Such an invoice is called a pro-forma invoice, and is not an adequate substitute for a full VAT invoice for VAT-registered customers.


title: Invoice

text: In Canada, the registration number for GST purposes must be furnished for all supplies over $30 made by a registered supplier in order to claim input tax credits.


title: Invoice

text: Recommendations about invoices used in international trade are also provided by the UNECE Committee on Trade, which involves a more detailed description of the logistics aspect of merchandise and, therefore may be convenient for international logistics and customs procedures.


title: Invoice

text: Within the European Union Value Added Tax directive, Article 226 gives a concise definition of invoices within the European Union's member-states.


title: Invoice

text: Without prejudice to the particular provisions laid down in this Directive, only the following details are required for VAT purposes on invoices issued pursuant to Articles 220 and 221:


title: Invoice

text: Article 226b of the EU VAT Directive is a concise definition of receipts within the EU member-states.


title: Invoice

text: As regards simplified invoices issued pursuant to Article 220a and Article 221(1) and (2), Member States shall require at least the following details:


title: Invoice

text: Details about the Australian Tax Office (ATO) requirements for a tax invoice can be found on their website.


title: Invoice

text: For all GST purposes, a seller must issue a tax invoice to the buyer regardless of whether the sale involves cash or credit. Hence a tax invoice in Australia serves as an invoice as well as a receipt in the conventional sense. The words "paid" or "payable" differentiate meaning. The tax invoice must contain seven facts as per the GST Tax Law.


title: Invoice

text: Some invoices are no longer paper-based, but rather transmitted electronically over the Internet. It is still common for electronic remittance or invoicing to be printed in order to maintain paper records. Standards for electronic invoicing vary widely from country to country. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards such as the United Nation's EDIFACT standard include message encoding guidelines for electronic invoices. The EDIFACT is followed up in the UN/CEFACT ebXML syntax cross industry invoice.


title: Invoice

text: The United Nations standard for electronic invoices ("INVOIC") includes standard codes for transmitting header information (common to the entire invoice) and codes for transmitting details for each of the line items (products or services). The "INVOIC" standard can also be used to transmit credit and debit memos.


title: Invoice

text: In the European Union legislation was passed in 2010 in the form of directive 2010/45/EU to facilitate the growth of Electronic Invoicing across all its member states. This legislation caters for varying VAT and inter-country invoicing requirements within the EU, in addition to legislating for the authenticity and integrity of invoices being sent electronically. It is estimated that in 2011 alone roughly 5 million EU businesses will have sent Electronic Invoices.


title: Invoice

text: The XML message format for electronic invoices has been used since the inception of XML in 1998. Open Application Group Integration Specification (OAGIS) has included an invoice since 2001. The Open Applications Group (OAGi) has a working relationship with UN/CEFACT where OAGi and its members participate in defining many of the Technology and Methodology specifications. OAGi also includes support for these Technology and Methodology specifications within OAGIS.


title: Invoice

text: There are two XML-based standards currently being developed. One is the cross industry invoice under development by the United Nations standards body UN/CEFACT and the other is Universal Business Language (UBL) which is issued by Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS). Implementations of invoices based on UBL are common, most importantly in the public sector in Denmark as it was the first country where the use of UBL was mandated by law for all invoices in the public sector. Further implementations are underway in the Scandinavian countries as result of the North European Subset project. Implementations are also underway in Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands (UBL 2.0) and with the European Commission itself.


title: Invoice

text: The NES work has been transferred to European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the standards body of the European Union), workshop CEN/BII, for public procurement in Europe. The result of that work is PEPPOL. There UBL procurement documents are implemented between various European countries.


title: Invoice

text: An agreement was made between UBL and UN/CEFACT for convergence of the two XML messages standards with the objective of merging the two standards into one before end of 2009, including the provision of an upgrade path for implementations started in either standard.


title: Invoice

text: ISDOC is a standard that was developed in the Czech Republic as a universal format for electronic invoices. On 16 October 2008, 14 companies and the Czech government signed a declaration to use this format within one year in their products.


title: Invoice

text: After implantation of GST in India, concept of e-invoicing has been introduced for reporting of Business to Business (B2B) invoices for notified category of taxpayer. As of now, B2C invoices are exempt from e-invoicing.


title: Invoice

text: Organizations purchasing goods and services usually have a process in place for approving payment of invoices based on an employee's confirmation that the goods or services have been received.


title: Invoice

text: Typically, when paying an invoice, a remittance advice will be sent to the supplier to inform them their invoice has been paid.


title: Invoice

text: As a receipt where the customer has paid the complete bill could be called a zero balance invoice as there is $0.00 to pay.


title: Invoice

text: If the customer then pays the invoice a new record in the same book is made for the payment. It will be entered as


title: Invoice

text: Bringing the temporary customer account to zero. This record is the same as a receipt for payment. On a trade account one doesn’t always send the customer a receipt (after subsequent payment) this record is often done in the background in a computerised record system. (As the customer all ready has the invoice for their records.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: Night School is a 2018 American buddy comedy film directed by Malcolm D. Lee, produced with Will Packer and Kevin Hart, written by Hart, Harry Ratchford, Joey Wells, Matt Kellard, Nicholas Stoller and John Hamburg, and starring Hart, Tiffany Haddish, Rob Riggle, and Romany Malco with supporting roles done by Taran Killam, Megalyn Echikunwoke, Al Madrigal, Mary Lynn Rajskub, Keith David, Anne Winters, Fat Joe, Ben Schwartz, Yvonne Orji, and Bresha Webb. The story follows a group of adults who set out to earn their GEDs. The film was released in the United States by Universal Pictures on September 28, 2018, grossed over $103 million worldwide and received negative reviews from critics.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: 17 years later in 2018, Teddy sells barbecue grills while dating a wealthy woman named Lisa; a careful financial strategy makes him appear wealthier than he actually is. However, his life falls apart just as he learns that he is going to inherit control of the store when the current manager retires. Proposing to Lisa in the shop, Teddy accidentally triggers an explosion when a champagne cork pops open a gas tank. The manager takes the insurance from the explosion and promptly moves to Florida.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: Now jobless, Teddy learns from his best friend Marvin that he could theoretically get a job at his financial investment firm, but only if he has a GED. Teddy goes to his old high school, intending to charm the new principal into giving him the relevant qualification only to discover the principal is Stewart, whom Teddy bullied when he was at school. Fortunately, Teddy can enroll in night school that semester, taught by the unorthodox Carrie, but finds himself still frustrated by his old concentration issues. At the same time, he tells Lisa he already has the job working for Marvin, while secretly working at a local fast food restaurant to give himself some income.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: As the class struggles to cope, Teddy convinces them to help steal the test answers. When Carrie realizes what happened, he is expelled after taking the blame. He returns to make a genuine appeal to Carrie that he wants to do better. He is allowed back if he gets tested for learning disabilities. They do determine that he suffers from dyslexia, dyscalculia, and various processing issues. She is able to devise new systems to help him cope and he soon settles into night school while genuinely befriending his classmates.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: As the last class is on prom night, Teddy suggests they attend too. He is confronted by Lisa who Stewart brought to the school that night under the pretense of corporate sponsorship to improve the school. Hurt that Teddy was lying to her, Lisa breaks up with him, prompting Teddy to give up on night school and the GED.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: Following the incident, Teddy is visited by Carrie and Stewart with the latter apologizing to Teddy, realizing he crossed a line. Carrie convinces him to return for the GED. Although he does not pass with his classmates, he continues to persevere and completes it after another four attempts.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: At graduation, Teddy makes a speech for the night school students about how they all prove that second chances are possible, witnessed by Lisa. Afterwards, Teddy apologizes to her for lying, re-introducing himself. He asks her out, and she agrees to support him financially while he seeks work.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: Before the credits, a party is held after graduation. Stewart interrupts the party, proclaiming that it is "his house" before pulling off some epic dance moves to prove it.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: "Night School" grossed $77.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $25.8 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $103.1 million, against a production budget of $29 million.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "Night School" was released alongside "Smallfoot", "Little Women" and "Hell Fest", and was projected to gross $25–31 million from 3,010 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $9.5 million on its first day, including $1.35 million from Thursday night previews, on par with Hart's "Ride Along 2" ($1.26 million in 2016). It went on to debut to $28 million, finishing first domestically (although "Smallfoot" earned more worldwide) and marking the best opening weekend for a comedy in 2018. It made $12.5 million in its second weekend and $7.8 million in its third, finishing fourth and sixth, respectively.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Night School"s funny stars and seemingly promising setup add up to a disappointingly scattershot comedy whose laughs are largely held in detention." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, and PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: "Variety"s Owen Gleiberman wrote the film "wants to be a nasty sitcom but spends too much time playing it safe" and wrote, ""Night School" has a handful of laughs, but it's a bloated trifle that, at 111 minutes, overstays its welcome." For "IndieWire", David Elrich gave the film a "D" grade, stating "Kevin Hart can be funnier than he is in this joyless and interminable comedy, but he no longer seems interested in trying."


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: "Night School" was released digitally on December 11, 2018, and on 4K UHD Blu-Ray, Blu-Ray and DVD on January 1, 2019.


title: Night School (2018 film)

text: On January 10, 2020, it was reported that NBC was developing a TV series based on the movie. The pilot was written by Christopher Moynihan and produced by Universal Television, Hartbeat Productions and Will Packer Productions. On February 27, 2020, it was announced that Shanola Hampton was cast as Carrie Dawes, originally played by Haddish in the movie. Ian Gomez, Collette Wolfe, James Earl and Joe Massingill were additions announced on March 2, 2020. Josh Segarra was announced as Teddy Walker, the role originally played by Hart in the movie. On December 11, 2020, NBC announced that the pilot would not be moving forward.


title: Princess Daisy

text: Since her appearance in "Mario Tennis", Daisy has been a staple playable character in the "Mario" spin-off games, often paired with her best friend Peach. She was created by Shigeru Miyamoto's mentor Gunpei Yokoi, the producer of "Super Mario Land". Yokoi wanted to recreate the feeling of 1985's "Super Mario Bros.", only set in another world separate from the Mushroom Kingdom.


title: Princess Daisy

text: Since the release of "" in 2003, the character has been primarily voiced by American voice actress Deanna Mustard.


title: Princess Daisy

text: Daisy first appeared in "Super Mario Land", released in 1989 for the Game Boy. Daisy is the princess of Sarasaland, a world outside of the series' usual setting of the Mushroom Kingdom, and is kidnapped by the tyrannical alien, Tatanga, who intends to marry her to gain control of her realm. Mario must traverse the four kingdoms of Sarasaland to track down Tatanga and rescue Daisy. She next made a small appearance in "NES Open Tournament Golf" in 1991 as Luigi's caddie. In 2000, Daisy appeared as a playable character in "Mario Tennis", developed by Camelot Software Planning for the Nintendo 64, to introduce more human characters into the game. This appearance turned out to be her first big breakthrough, as it paved the way towards her appearing in future Mario spin-offs. Her outfit in "Mario Tennis" drew similarity to her appearance in "NES Open Tournament Golf", but to match the sports criteria, her footwear was replaced by orange sneakers and white high socks. She also had an alternate palette in lavender and indigo for a Player 2 selection in Short Game mode of "Mario Tennis". In 2001, she became a playable character in "Mario Party 3", where her appearance seemingly matched her artwork in "Super Mario Land". Later in the same year, she appeared as a trophy in "Super Smash Bros. Melee". She was originally slated to be a playable character in "Melee", but the development team lacked the thinking in what moves to provide her, therefore leaving her out and instead using her colors as one of Peach's alternate palettes. In 2002, she received her current design in the video game "Mario Party 4".


title: Princess Daisy

text: Daisy is regularly a playable character in "Mario" sports games. She usually does not wear her iconic dress in the sports games and wears clothing better suited for athletics, with a yellow shirt and orange shorts. She appears in all of the "Mario Party" series since "Mario Party 3" except "Mario Party Advance", and all of the "Mario Kart" games since "" except for the first two installments of the "Arcade GP" series, and all six games in "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games". She also appears in the Square Enix game "Fortune Street".


title: Princess Daisy

text: In 2015, as part of "Super Mario Maker"s promotion, Nintendo officially inducted Daisy's introductory title, "Super Mario Land", into the mainline series of "Super Mario" games. On September 29, 2017, Daisy was added as a playable character in "Super Mario Run." This significantly marked her first playable appearance in a mainline "Mario" title, as "Super Mario Run" was included in the franchise's list of mainline video games during the 35th Anniversary of the series.


title: Princess Daisy

text: On January 16, 2016, a Daisy costume and Sarasaland-inspired level were added to "Super Mario Maker". In 2016, she also cameos in the Battle Card mode in "", as her first appearance in a "Mario" RPG. Daisy was included as a skin in the "Minecraft: Wii U Edition" "Super Mario" Mash-Up Pack, released on May 16, 2016. In every "Super Smash Bros." game released since "Super Smash Bros. Melee", Daisy has appeared as a collectable trophy, and as one of Peach's palette swaps, representing Daisy's color scheme. As revealed during the Nintendo Direct: E3 2018 presentation, Daisy appears in "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" as a playable character, where she is an "Echo Fighter" (moveset-clone) of Princess Peach, playing identically to her with only aesthetic differences. Daisy's Amiibo figurine for the "Super Mario" franchise was released on November 4, 2016, to coincide with the release of "". Meanwhile, her Amiibo figurine related to the "Super Smash Bros." franchise was released on February 13, 2019. Daisy, alongside Wario and Waluigi, were added to "Dr. Mario World" as a post-launch update in 2019. In 2022, She was also added as a post-launch downloadable character to "".


title: Princess Daisy

text: Daisy is one of the main characters of 1993's "Super Mario Bros." film, loosely based on the games, portrayed by Samantha Mathis. She is a student of archaeology at New York University whom Luigi falls in love with. While digging for dinosaur bones under the Brooklyn Bridge, Daisy is kidnapped by two henchmen of President Koopa, the dictator of Dinohattan, of which Daisy is the rightful princess. Daisy has also appeared several times throughout Kodansha's Super Mario manga series, and in some episodes of the "Nintendo Comics System". Universal Studios Japan's immersive Super Nintendo World area includes Daisy, with her appearing in the attraction, as well as the area's interactive phone app, and the interactive "Power-Up Bands" including a design based on her.


title: Princess Daisy

text: Initially, Daisy drew little criticism or praise. In her early appearances, she was so similar to Princess Peach that some journalists assumed "Princess Daisy" was simply a new localization of "Princess Peach" rather than a new character.


title: Princess Daisy

text: "Polygon" lists Daisy at number six of the top ten "Mario Tennis Aces" characters ranked by the online audience, stating: "She's had a healthy share of posts and fan art dedicated to her". GameDaily listed Daisy at number eight in a top-ten list of "Mario" characters who deserve their own game. GamerVision's "Coop" wrote the article "Top Ten Reasons Daisy is Better Than Peach", citing her "less-annoying voice" and "better attitude", and being a better ruler because Sarasaland has only been invaded once, while Peach's Mushroom Kingdom is always being invaded. Destructoid's "Gamer's Red Carpet" called "her choice of a brave yellow and orange combo dress... as flattering as it is retro", and that her dress and accessories "work much better than Peach's", grading her a B+ overall. She is number two on Susanna Sheath of ScrewAttack's top ten "Mario" characters. The character has a loyal fanbase that has expressed their love for her via social media, such as when "Mario Strikers: Battle League"'s base-roster was revealed.


title: Princess Daisy

text: Daisy's relationship with Luigi has occasionally been a point of discussion within the gaming community. GamesRadar's Henry Gilbert wrote that it became increasingly evident that Luigi also needs "his own princess" and Princess Daisy is the character to whom he is closest. The pairing of Daisy and Luigi was included in Screw Attack's "Best EVER: Love Stories" video. DenOfGeek.com points out that with no rescue narrative between Daisy and Luigi as the basis for romance, she chooses him based on his merits instead of gratitude. In 2010, Audrey Drake at IGN listed Daisy as a potential valentine for Mario, commenting that being his "brother's gal" made her a sort of "forbidden fruit", and that he had saved her during the events of "Super Mario Land".


title: Princess Daisy

text: IGN reviewed Daisy negatively at four out of ten, whereas Princess Peach got an eight, Rosalina a seven, and Pauline an eight, but said that the "spark between Daisy and Luigi still burns bright". Lisa Foiles of "The Escapist" ranked Daisy number one of the top five annoying princesses in video games, but stated she didn't really have a good reason. John Teti of The A.V. Club reviewed Daisy negatively, calling her dress "unflattering" and describing her as a "Princess Peach with brown hair" whose tomboy moniker is undeserved as "euphemistic nonsense". Jeremy Parish of "Polygon" ranked seventy-three fighters from "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" "from garbage to glorious", listing Rosalina at number fifty-one, Princess Daisy at thirty-one, and Princess Peach at number four. Daisy's infant counterpart, Baby Daisy, was listed by 1UP.com as one of the worst "Mario Kart Wii" characters.


title: Crip Walk

text: The Crip Walk, also known as the C-Walk, is a dance move that was created in the 1970s by first generation Crip member Robert "Sugar Bear" Jackson, and has since spread worldwide.


title: Crip Walk

text: The rivalry between the Crips and the Bloods spilled over into the world of entertainment, with the adoption of the gang dance by various rappers on the West Coast of the United States, who gave it its name, the "Crip Walk". This dance involves the movement of one's feet, classically to the spelling of C-R-I-P (refer C Walk). It was used by Crips at parties to display affiliation, particularly vis-a-vis rival gang the Bloods. It was also used after killing someone to give the kill a Crip signature. MTV declined to broadcast any music videos that contained the Crip Walk.


title: Crip Walk

text: There are many variations of the standard Crip Walk, including the Modern Crip Walk, Clown Walk Killwaukee Walk and Crown Walk. The chief differences are in the way moves are executed, from elements such as speed, energy, flow, variations, arm control, and bounce.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: The beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses are based on the Bible teachings of Charles Taze Russell—founder of the Bible Student movement—and successive presidents of the Watch Tower Society, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, and Nathan Homer Knorr. Since 1976, all doctrinal decisions have been made by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders at the denomination's headquarters. These teachings are disseminated through "The Watchtower" magazine and other publications of Jehovah's Witnesses, and at conventions and congregation meetings.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the present world order, which they perceive as being under the control of Satan, will be ended by a direct intervention of Jehovah (God), who will use Jesus Christ to fully establish his heavenly government over earth, destroying existing human governments and non-Witnesses, and creating a cleansed society of true worshippers who will live forever. They see their mission as primarily evangelical (disseminating "the good news"), to warn as many people as possible in the remaining time before Armageddon. All members of the denomination are expected to take an active part in preaching. Witnesses refer to all their beliefs collectively as "the Truth".


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by their Governing Body, which Witnesses are taught Jesus uses as a channel for God's progressive revelations and to direct Christians on biblical matters. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (a limited number of "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses). The Governing Body seeks neither advice nor approval from any "anointed" Witnesses other than high-ranking members at the Brooklyn headquarters. At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses are directed to welcome doctrinal changes, regarding such "adjustments" as "new light" or "new understanding" from God. The view is based on their interpretation of Proverbs 4:18, which they believe refers to a continuous progressive advancement in doctrinal knowledge and scriptural understanding for "righteous ones", with the holy spirit helping "responsible representatives of 'the faithful and discreet slave' at world headquarters to discern deep truths that were not previously understood". Watch Tower literature has suggested such enlightenment results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels, however, the Governing Body also disclaims infallibility and divine inspiration. Robert Crompton, author of a book on Watch Tower eschatology, has noted that it is difficult to trace the development of doctrines because explicit changes are often not identified in Jehovah's Witness literature, leaving readers to assume which details have been superseded.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: The leadership makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings and all Witnesses are expected to abide by the doctrines and organizational requirements as determined by the Governing Body. Watch Tower Society publications strongly discourage Witnesses from formulating doctrines and "private ideas" reached through independent Bible research. Members who promote privately developed teachings contrary to those of the Governing Body may be expelled and shunned.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God uses an organization both in heaven and on earth, and that Jehovah's Witnesses, under the direction of their Governing Body, are the only visible channel by which God communicates with humanity. The organization is said to be theocratic, "ruled from the divine Top down, and not from the rank and file up". Witnesses teach that people must choose between God's organization and Satan's. Watch Tower publications teach that the Bible is an "organizational book" that does not belong to individuals and that the Bible cannot be properly understood without guidance by "Jehovah's visible organization".


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Witnesses undergoing baptism are required to publicly confirm that they are associating themselves "with God's spirit-directed organization", thereby submitting themselves to its direction and judicial system. Watch Tower Society publications urge Witnesses to demonstrate loyalty to the organization without dissent, even at the cost of family ties. Loyalty to the organization is said to require full involvement in public preaching and regular meeting attendance.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Disagreement with the Watch Tower Society's concept of God's organization figured prominently in events that led to a 1980 purge of high-level members at the group's Brooklyn headquarters. A summary by a Governing Body committee of "wrong teachings" being promoted as "new understandings" included the suggestion that God did not have an organization on earth. Former Governing Body member Raymond Franz, who was expelled as part of the purge, subsequently criticized the Watch Tower concept of organization, claiming the concept—which posits that God does not deal with individuals apart from an organization—has no scriptural support and serves only to reinforce the group's authority structure, with its strong emphasis on human authority. He also claimed that "The Watchtower" has repeatedly blurred discussions of both Jesus Christ's loyalty to God and the apostles' loyalty to Christ to promote the view that Witnesses should be loyal to the Watch Tower Society. Sociologist Andrew Holden has observed that Witnesses see no distinction between loyalty to Jehovah and to the movement itself, and other researchers have claimed that challenging the views of those higher up the hierarchical ladder is regarded as tantamount to challenging God himself.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Witnesses believe that after the death of the apostles, the Church embarked on a "Great Apostasy", diverging from the original teachings of Jesus on several major points. Influenced by Restorationism in the 19th century, Charles Taze Russell and his associates formed a Bible study group in the 1870s in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, developing teachings that they considered to be a revival of "the great truths taught by Jesus and the Apostles". Watch Tower publications claim both the Great Apostasy and Russell's subsequent "restoration" of original Christianity were a fulfilment of Jesus' parable of the wheat and the weeds at Matthew 13:24-30,36-43. Although many of their eschatological teachings have changed over the years, Jehovah's Witnesses have consistently claimed to be the only true religion. Based on their interpretation of Revelation 18:2-24, Jehovah's Witnesses believe all other religions are part of "Babylon the Great", a "world empire of false religion" under the control of Satan; consequently, they refuse all ecumenical relations with other religious denominations.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: The entire Protestant canon of scripture is seen as the inspired, inerrant word of God. Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable and interpret much of it literally, while also accepting it contains much symbolism. Jehovah's Witnesses base all of their beliefs on the Bible, as interpreted by the Governing Body.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: They use the terms "Hebrew" and "Christian Greek Scriptures" rather than "Old" and "New Testament" to avoid implication that the Old Testament is outdated or inferior. They believe that the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) contain prophecy that was fulfilled in Jesus Christ, and that the books of the Christian Greek Scriptures (New Testament) are primarily directed to the 144,000 chosen by God for life in heaven. The Watch Tower Society's "New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures"—the main translation used by Jehovah's Witnesses—renders the name of God as "Jehovah", rather than ' or ' as found in English translations such as the King James Version.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses believe God is the Creator and Supreme Being. Witnesses reject the Trinity doctrine, which they consider unscriptural. They view God as the Father, an invisible spirit "person" separate from the Son, Jesus Christ. The Holy Spirit is described as God's "active force", rather than the third part of the Trinity. They believe God is "infinite, but approachable"; he is not omnipresent, but has a location in heaven; it is possible to have a personal relationship with him as a friend; he is kind and merciful, and would not eternally "torture" wicked people. Being respectful of the principle of free will, he does not force his sovereignty on people, choosing to save only those who want to serve him, even though the course of mankind in general may lead them to harm.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Witnesses teach that God must be distinguished by his personal name—"Jehovah". The name is a common modern Latinized form of the Hebrew Tetragrammaton, or four-letter name, transliterated as "YHWH". The use of his personal name is regarded as vital for true worship, and Witnesses usually preface the term "God" with the name "Jehovah". The title, "" (Greek: "Kyrios"), is rarely used by Witnesses when speaking about God. Because no other religion uses the name "Jehovah" with the same prevalence, they believe that only Jehovah's Witnesses are making God's name known.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's "only-begotten Son", and that his life began in heaven. He is described as God's first creation and the "exact representation of God", but is believed to be a separate entity and not part of a Trinity. Jesus is said to have been used by God in the creation of all other things. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Archangel Michael, "the Word" of , and wisdom personified in Proverbs 8 refer to Jesus in his pre-human existence and that he resumed these identities after his ascension to heaven following his death and resurrection. They also identify him with the "rider of the white horse" at Revelation 6 and 19. His birth on earth was accomplished when he willingly allowed himself to be transferred, by God, from heaven to the womb of the virgin, Mary. While on earth, Jesus was executed as a sacrifice to atone for mankind's sins, becoming the "eternal father" to the human family.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: They believe that after his death, Jesus appeared to his disciples, convinced them of his resurrection, and then ascended into heaven to sit at Jehovah's right hand until he would become the promised king of God's heavenly kingdom. Jesus acts as the mediator of a "new covenant" referred to in , Luke 22:20, and Hebrews 9:15; 12:24, mediating between the parties of that covenant (God and the "144,000"). Those with an earthly hope are said to be beneficiaries of that covenant. Even as king of God's kingdom, Jesus remains subordinate to God. Witnesses reject the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary, who they believe bore more children after Jesus.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society used the Cross and Crown symbol on tombstones, and on its publications until 1931. Since 1936, Jehovah's Witnesses have rejected the idea that Jesus died on a cross, and instead teach that he died on a single wooden stake ("crux simplex"), asserting that the Koine Greek word "σταυρός" ("stauros") refers to a single upright post. They consider the cross to be of pagan origins and an object of idol worship. According to the Watch Tower society, some Jehovah's Witnesses have been persecuted or killed for not venerating a cross.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan was originally a perfect angel who developed feelings of self-importance and craved worship that belonged to God. Satan persuaded Adam and Eve to obey him rather than God, raising the issue—often referred to as a "controversy"—of whether people, having been granted free will, would obey God under both temptation and persecution. The issue is said to be whether God can rightfully claim to be sovereign of the universe. Instead of destroying Satan, God decided to test the loyalty of the rest of humankind and to prove to the rest of creation that Satan was a liar. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Satan is God's chief adversary and the invisible ruler of the world. They believe that demons were originally angels who rebelled against God and took Satan's side in the controversy.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe that Satan lives in Hell or that he has been given responsibility to punish the wicked. Satan and his demons are said to have been cast down from heaven to the earth in 1914, marking the beginning of the "last days". Witnesses believe that Satan and his demons influence individuals, organizations and nations, and that they are the cause of human suffering. At Armageddon, Satan is to be bound for 1,000 years, and then given a brief opportunity to mislead perfect humanity before being destroyed.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Writers including James Beckford and former members James Penton and Barbara Grizzuti Harrison have stated that Jehovah's Witnesses' have a fear of demons, which Penton says is "sometimes so extreme that it becomes quite superstitious". However, Penton also notes that avoidance of "demonistic practices" has released many people in Africa and Latin America from fear of spirits. Watch Tower Society publications state that Witnesses need not harbor dread or superstitious fear of demons, because their power over humans is limited.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: The Watch Tower Society teaches a combination of gap creationism and day-age creationism, with an extended period between the initial creation of the universe and the subsequent 'creative days' in relation to the earth, which are said to have taken "thousands of years". It dismisses Young Earth creationism as "unscriptural and unbelievable", and states that Jehovah's Witnesses "are not creationists" on the basis that they do not believe the earth was created in six literal days. Watch Tower Society publications attempt to refute the theory of evolution, in favor of divine creation. The Society teaches that the first human, Adam, was created in 4026 BCE.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Publications of Jehovah's Witnesses teach that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, established in 1914, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 humans raised to heaven. The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, bringing about a world free of crime, sickness, death and poverty, and ultimately transforming the earth into a paradise. The kingdom is said to have been the focus of Jesus' ministry.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Witnesses regard the soul as mortal, based on the statement at Ezekiel 18:4 that "the soul that sins, it shall die" (MKJV) and thus believe the soul does not continue to live after one dies. Death is considered a state of non-existence, based on their understanding of Ecclesiastes 9:5: "For the living are conscious that they will die; but as for the dead, they are conscious of nothing at all." Witnesses believe that the only hope for life after death is in the resurrection, which they say involves re-creation by God of the same individual with a new body. They believe that 144,000 people will be resurrected to life as spirit creatures in heaven to be priestly rulers under Christ, but the vast majority, to physical life on earth.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Watch Tower publications teach that hell ("hades" or "sheol") is not a place of fiery torment, but rather the "common grave of mankind", a place of unconscious non-existence. "Gehenna", the Bible word commonly translated as "hellfire", is said to describe a judgment of complete destruction, from which resurrection is not possible. They reason that complete destruction does not allow for literal "torture" of the wicked, as the deceased person is not conscious. Based on this, they believe that parables such as that of "the rich man and Lazarus" should not be interpreted literally, and that such references are speaking of symbolic death, not the physical death of actual individuals.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Witnesses teach that wicked angels (demons) sometimes pretend to be spirits of the dead, and that their deception is the basis for many beliefs about ghosts.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses' believe that faith in Jesus' ransom sacrifice is essential for salvation. They reject the concept of universal salvation and the concept of predestination. They believe that all intelligent creatures are endowed with free will, and that salvation is dependent on God's "undeserved kindness", but also requires faith in God and in the "ransom sacrifice" of Jesus Christ, demonstrated by "zealous" preaching activity. According to Watch Tower Society theology, salvation requires Christ's mediation as part of God's purpose to grant humans everlasting life, either in heaven (for 144,000 "anointed" Christians, or the "little flock") or on earth (for the "other sheep", the remainder of faithful humanity). For anointed Witnesses, salvation is said to be achieved through their death and subsequent resurrection to heavenly life to share with Christ as a co-ruler of God's kingdom; for others, it is gained by preservation through the Great Tribulation and the battle of Armageddon. Watch Tower Society publications state that salvation at Armageddon is also contingent on baptism, accurate knowledge of Bible truth, adherence to God's standards of conduct and morality, use of the divine name "Jehovah" in worship, membership of God's "organization", and active support of anointed Christians.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Based on a literal interpretation of scriptures such as Revelation 14:1–4, Jehovah's Witnesses believe that exactly 144,000 faithful Christians go to heaven as spirit creatures to rule with Christ in the kingdom of God. They believe that most of those are already in heaven, and that the "remnant" at Revelation 12:17 (KJV) refers to those remaining alive on earth who will be immediately resurrected to heaven when they die or during the Great Tribulation. The Witnesses understand Jesus' words at John 3:3—"except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God"—to apply to the 144,000 who are "born again" as "anointed" sons of God in heaven. They associate the terms "Israel of God" (Galatians 6:16), "little flock" (Luke 12:32), and "the bride, the Lamb's wife" (Revelation 21:9) in the New Testament with the "anointed".


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Members who claim to be anointed are not given special treatment by other congregation members. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that being "anointed" involves a personal revelation by God's spirit which "gives positive assurance of adoption" to the individual alone. Only those claiming to be anointed partake of the unleavened bread and wine at the yearly commemoration of Christ's death, or Memorial. According to "The Watchtower", "the Governing Body does not keep a list of all partakers, for it does not maintain a global network of anointed ones."


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Watch Tower Society literature states that Jesus' use of the term "other sheep" at John 10:16 indicates a separate class with an earthly hope. Those of the "other sheep" who die faithful to God will receive the "resurrection of the righteous" ("just" KJV) mentioned at Acts 24:15. Those who die without faithfully serving God will receive the "resurrection of the ... unrighteous" ("unjust" KJV). They will be given the opportunity to join Jesus' "other sheep" and live forever on a paradise earth. Those destroyed at Armageddon and other specific judgments by God are not resurrected. Those of the "other sheep" who survive Armageddon without needing a resurrection, are referred to as the "great crowd".


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Watch Tower Society publications teach that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven invisibly as king in October 1914. They assert that the Greek word "parousia" (translated in most English Bible translations as "coming" when referring to Christ) is more accurately rendered "presence", perceived only by a composite "sign". As such, the Second Coming is considered an invisible presence, lasting for an extended period of time, and ending with Jesus' "coming" to separate the Sheep and the Goats. They believe that when Jesus became king, Satan was ousted from heaven to the earth, bringing a period of "woe" to mankind.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Witnesses base their beliefs about the significance of 1914 on the Watch Tower Society's interpretation of biblical chronology, based on their belief that the destruction of Jerusalem and the beginning of the Babylonian captivity both occurred in 607 BCE. (The secularly accepted date for the fall of Jerusalem is within a year of 587 BCE; exiles were taken in various years, with most Jews exiled to Babylon following the siege of Jerusalem of 597 BCE.) They believe that Daniel chapter 4 prophesied a period of 2,520 years starting with 607 BCE and ending at 1914 CE. They equate this period with the "Gentile Times" or "the appointed times of the nations", a phrase taken from Luke 21:24. They believe that when the Babylonians conquered Jerusalem, the line of kings descended from David was interrupted, and that God's throne was "trampled on" from then until Jesus began ruling in October 1914. Witnesses believe their doctrine is confirmed by world events since 1914, including wars, famine, earthquakes and increasing lawlessness, which they see as fulfillment of the "sign" of Christ's presence. They believe that their preaching is also part of that sign, citing Matthew 24:14. Witnesses teach that in 1918, Jesus resurrected those of the 144,000 (the "anointed") who had already died to heavenly life; since 1918, any "anointed" are individually resurrected to heavenly life at the time of their death to serve as kings alongside Christ in his heavenly government.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: The current world era, or "system of things", is considered to be in its "last days", facing imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably. This judgment will begin with the destruction by the United Nations of false religion, which they identify as "Babylon the Great", or the "harlot", of Revelation 17. This will mark the beginning of the great tribulation. Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's "sheep", or true followers, will be destroyed. The Society's publications make no explicit claim about whether small children or the mentally ill will survive, but say God's judgment will be righteous and merciful. After Armageddon, Satan will be cast into an abyss and unable to influence humanity, then God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth, which will be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Most of those who had died prior to God's intervention will gradually be resurrected to a "day of judgment" lasting for the thousand years referred to in Revelation 20. This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God. Then Satan is released for a final opportunity to mislead perfect mankind; Satan, his demons, and any who fail the test will be destroyed, leaving a fully tested, perfect human race who will live forever.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Watch Tower Society publications assert that members of the group are not compelled to remain part of the congregation. They believe coerced worship is unacceptable to God. However, Jehovah's Witness doctrines provide no method for members to terminate membership and remain in good standing. Individuals who choose to depart and announce their decision to terminate their membership are regarded as abandoning God's organization and protection. Watch Tower publications define three different types of defection. One as becoming "inactive," one as becoming "disassociated," and one as becoming "disfellowshipped". Individuals who are inactive discontinue their preaching work and distance themselves from the congregation. They are still visited by church elders yearly and encouraged by congregation members. Individuals who choose to publicly repudiate their association to the organization and renounce their place in the congregation are considered disassociated. Individuals who commit serious sins and are unrepentant are considered disfellowshipped. Watch Tower Society directs that both disassociated and disfellowshipped members are to be shunned by other Witnesses, including close relatives, with no social or religious contact and no greeting given. Jehovah's Witnesses claim the purpose of denying fellowship to a wrongdoer safeguards the congregation's moral and spiritual cleanliness and protects its name. They believe the congregation must "maintain God's favor in order to be used by him and to represent him" or else the whole congregation would lose God's approval. Sociologist Andrew Holden claims his research indicated many Witnesses who would otherwise defect because of disillusionment with the organization and its teachings remain affiliated out of fear of being shunned and losing contact with friends and family members.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Watch Tower Society publications define apostasy as the abandonment of the worship and service of God by members of the Christian congregation, and equate it with rebellion against God. Apostate behavior is said to include the rejection of biblical teachings or requirements, the rejection of Jehovah's organization, association with or support for another religious group and celebration of religious holidays. It is grounds for expulsion from the group and subsequent shunning. Promotion of personal doctrinal views that deviate from official teachings is also regarded as apostasy. The "identifying marks" of apostates are said to include attempts to gain followers, disregard for the Witnesses' preaching activity, rejection of God's visible organization, public criticism of other Witnesses and attempts to hinder their work. Other identifying behavior is said to include deviation from the truth, twisted, empty speech, hypocrisy and involvement in deeper forms of ungodliness. Watch Tower Society literature says apostates are motivated by vitriolic bitterness and that their writings are poisonous, distorted and false, display the characteristics of "cunning, contrived error, prideful intelligence, lack of love and dishonesty" and are designed to undermine the faith of Jehovah's Witnesses. Apostates are described as proud, independent, ungrateful and presumptuous, mentally diseased, displaying jealousy, fits of anger and other unchristian conduct and are said to often fall victim to drunken bouts, loose conduct and fornication.


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Apostates are said to have become part of the antichrist and are regarded as more reprehensible than non-Witnesses. They are described as "anti-God" and doomed to destruction. Witnesses are told they must loathe and hate in the "biblical sense of the word" those who are defined as apostates and show no curiosity about their ideas, and that apostates' "whole purpose is to tear down God's people and to distort the truth." Apostates must be shunned and Witnesses are warned that those who greet one become "a sharer in his wicked works".


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses regard secular education as fundamental, but they emphasize their preaching work as the top priority in their life. Therefore, they promote moral and spiritual education over secular education. Higher education is discouraged, based on their belief that it is futile to plan for secular advancement in a world that faces imminent destruction, as well as fears about succumbing to greed, corruption, and materialism. There are concerns that those who seek high education will become distracted from their preaching work by material advancement and success. Because evangelistic activities take priority over educational success, young Witnesses rarely progress to college or university, which Holden describes as a source of regret in subsequent years among those who are raised in the organization and later choose to leave. Watch Tower Society publications advise parents to recommend alternatives to university education for their children, suggesting associate degrees from community or technical colleges or short courses in subjects. They urge young Witnesses to pursue higher education only to gain skills to obtain a reasonable living while maintaining flexibility to pursue their "true" vocation, serving God. Author James Penton's major study of the Witnesses, "Apocalypse Delayed", noted that of those Witnesses who do progress to university level, few are likely to take studies in such areas as the humanities and the social sciences, "disciplines that are most threatening to the Witness world-view".


title: Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs

text: Jehovah's Witnesses provide religious training programs for their members, focusing on improving skills for their ministry. These include literacy classes, Pioneer Service School, School for Kingdom Evangelizers and Gilead School. Some of these programs are by invitation only.


title: Keratosis

text: Keratosis (from "kerat-" + "-osis") is a growth of keratin on the skin or on mucous membranes stemming from keratinocytes, the prominent cell type in the epidermis. More specifically, it can refer to:


title: My Way killings

text: The "My Way" killings are a social phenomenon in the Philippines, referring to a number of fatal disputes which arose due to the singing of the song "My Way", popularized by Frank Sinatra, in karaoke bars (more commonly known as "videoke" in the Philippines). A "New York Times" article estimated the number of killings to be about 12 as of 2022. Between 2002 and 2012, numerous people were killed for singing this song.


title: My Way killings

text: Explanations for these incidents differ from the song being simply frequently sung among the nation's karaoke bars where violence is common or to perceived aggressive lyrics of the song.


title: My Way killings

text: Karaoke singing is a widespread, popular pastime in the Philippines, including among those with a low income. Many were earning about $2 a day in 2007 and could purchase time on a "videoke" machine for 5 pesos (about 10 cents in US currency). Filipinos who can afford to do so often get private rooms at karaoke bars.


title: My Way killings

text: Since January 16, 1998, about a dozen incidents occurred in connection with strenuous complaints over the singing of the song "My Way", prompting Filipino newspapers to name the phenomenon the My Way' killings".


title: My Way killings

text: Attention to these killings peaked on May 29, 2007, when a 29-year-old karaoke singer was shot dead by a security guard at a bar in San Mateo, Rizal. The guard had complained that the young man's rendition of "My Way" was off-key, but the man refused to stop singing, prompting the guard to pull out a .38-caliber pistol and shoot the man dead.


title: My Way killings

text: Some Filipinos—even those who love the song—will not sing it in public, in order to avoid trouble or out of superstitious fear.


title: My Way killings

text: As of 2007, the song reportedly had been taken off the playlists of karaoke machines in many bars in Manila, after complaints about out-of-tune renditions of the song, resulting in violent fights and murders.


title: My Way killings

text: As a reference to the phenomenon, Japanese rock band Kishidan released an uptempo rock cover of "My Way" as their 10th anniversary single, with a promotional music video featured lead singer (Ayonocozy Show) being shot numerous times while singing the song. Ayonocozy is then shot once more in the back while walking away after the song is concluded, collapsing in a heap on the stairs. A shortened version was used as a commercial.


title: My Way killings

text: "New York Times" writer Norimitsu Onishi argued that the killings might be "the natural byproduct of the country's culture of violence, drinking and machismo". Violent attacks occur frequently in Philippine karaoke bars, with fights often sparked over breaches of karaoke etiquette – such as laughing at other performers, performing the same song twice, or hogging the microphone.


title: My Way killings

text: According to Roland B. Tolentino, an expert for pop culture at the University of the Philippines Diliman, the killings connected to singing the song in karaoke may simply reflect its popularity in a violent environment. He also noted that the song's "triumphalist" theme might have an aggravating effect on singers and listeners alike. Other tunes, just as popular in the Philippines, have not resulted in murder.


title: My Way killings

text: Butch Albarracin, the owner of "Center for Pop", a Manila-based singing school, also believes the lyrics of "My Way" increase the violence. The lyrics, as he explained, "evoke feelings of pride and arrogance in the singer, as if you're somebody when you're really nobody. It covers up your failures. That's why it leads to fights."


title: My Way killings

text: Cases of singers being harassed, assaulted or killed mid-performance have been reported all over East and Southeast Asia. Incidents of "karaoke rage" outside of Asia have also been documented.


title: My Way killings

text: In August 2007, a karaoke singer in Seattle, Washington was attacked by a woman who wanted him to stop singing Coldplay's "Yellow".


title: My Way killings

text: In March 2008, a man was arrested in Thailand for shooting eight people to death, including his brother-in-law, in a dispute stemming from several karaoke offerings, including repeated renditions of John Denver's "Take Me Home, Country Roads".


title: My Way killings

text: In December 2008, a man at a Malaysian coffee shop hogged the karaoke microphone so long he was stabbed to death by other patrons.


title: My Way killings

text: In August 2012, a fight over the microphone broke out in a Chinese karaoke parlor, with a man killing two relatives with a meat cleaver.


title: My Way killings

text: In July 2013, an American was stabbed to death for refusing to stop singing in a karaoke bar in Krabi, Thailand.


title: My Way killings

text: In March 2022, American actor Ezra Miller was arrested and charged with disorderly conduct and harassment after getting into altercations with attendees of a karaoke bar in Hawaii. Miller was at a karaoke bar when they suddenly began “yelling obscenities and became agitated when people began singing karaoke.” Miller allegedly lunged at a man who was playing darts and grabbed a microphone out of a woman’s hand as she was mid-song.


title: Can't Get You Out of My Head (TV series)

text: Can't Get You Out of My Head: An Emotional History of the Modern World is a six-part BBC documentary television series created by Adam Curtis. It was released on BBC iPlayer on 11 February 2021.


text: Like many of Curtis' previous works, the documentary explores and links together various topics such as individualism, collectivism, conspiracy theories, national myths, American imperialism, the history of China, artificial intelligence and the failure of technology to liberate society in the way that technological utopians once hoped it might.


text: Originally titled "What Is It That Is Coming?", the series was inspired by the rise of populism in 2016. Curtis wanted to investigate why the critics of Donald Trump and Brexit were unable to offer an alternative vision for the future, and why these sociopolitical circumstances were being continued beyond ethical breaking points.


text: "The Guardian"s Lucy Mangan gave the series five out of five stars and called it "dazzling" and "a dense, ambitious triumph". Sarah Carson of the "i" also rated "Can't Get You Out of My Head" five out of five stars, describing it as "terrifying" and a "masterpiece". "The Independent"s Ed Cumming, who gave the series five out of five stars, called it a "fascinating and disorienting" series that "aims to show how radical movements, emerging after the Second World War, were neutralised and co-opted by an establishment determined to maintain the status quo".


text: James Walton of "The Spectator" thought the series was just a variation on Curtis's theme of "how hopeless — in both senses — human beings are", deriding it as "incoherent and conspiracy-fuelled", though only having been able to preview four episodes of the six-part series. Ed Power in "The Telegraph" found the series "completely implausible", awarding it only three out of five stars.


text: In a sceptical review for "Sight & Sound", Hannah McGill wrote: "Curtis practices journalism absent the qualities that give it credibility: specificity, corroboration, consistency. Instead, he serves up a soup of interesting, oddball historical anecdotes, accompanied by a voiceover favouring giant, blurry assertions about how 'we' interact with 'those in power' during the 'strange days' in which we live. Who are 'we'? English speakers? Men? People who watch Adam Curtis documentaries?"


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: The 2022 Sri Lankan protests (), are mass protests that began in March 2022 against the government of Sri Lanka. The government has been criticized for mismanaging the Sri Lankan economy, which led to a subsequent economic crisis involving severe inflation, daily blackouts, a shortage of fuel, domestic gas, and other essential goods. The main demand of the protesters has been the resignation of Gotabaya Rajapaksa and key officials from the Rajapaksa family. Despite the involvement of several opposition parties, most protesters have considered themselves to be apolitical, and some have expressed discontent with the parliamentary opposition. During the protests, protesters have chanted slogans such as "go home Gota" and "go home Rajapaksas". The protests have been mainly caused by the general public, with youths playing a major part by carrying out protests at Galle Face Green.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: The government has reacted to these protests with authoritarian actions, such as declaring a state of emergency, allowing the military to arrest civilians, imposing curfews, and restricting access to social media. The government has violated the law and the Sri Lankan constitution by attempting to suppress the protests. The Sri Lankan diaspora has also begun demonstrations against the suppression of basic human rights in the country. In April, the government's ban on social media was perceived to have backfired, with hashtags including #GoHomeGota and #GoGotaGo trending on Twitter in countries such as the United States, Singapore, and Germany. The government's ban was lifted later that day. The Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka has condemned the measure and summoned officials responsible for the blocking and abuse of protesters.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 3 April, all 26 members of the Second Gotabaya Rajapaksa cabinet resigned with the exception of Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa; critics said that the resignation was not valid as they did not follow constitutional protocol. Several of the ministers who "resigned" were reinstated in different ministries the next day. Chief government whip Johnston Fernando insisted that President Gotabaya Rajapaksa would not resign under any circumstances. The protests, however, achieved the removal of officials and ministers including members of the Rajapaksa family and their close associates along with appointment of more qualified and veteran officials and the creation of the Advisory Group on Multilateral Engagement and Debt Sustainability.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: In July 2022, protesters occupied President's House in Colombo, causing Rajapaksa to flee and Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe to announce his own willingness to resign. About a week later, Parliament elected Wickremesinghe as president, on . By November 2022, the protests had largely cooled off due to improvement in economic conditions. While the protests ended it was noted that total economic recovery would take until 2026.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Since 2010, Sri Lanka has witnessed a sharp rise in foreign debt, reaching 42.6% of the country's GDP in 2019, owing money to multiple countries and institutions. By February 2022, the country had only $2.31 billion left in its reserves, yet faces debt repayments of around $4 billion in 2022, which also includes a $1 billion international sovereign bond (ISB) maturing in July. According to official data released by the Sri Lankan government, by the end of April 2022, ISBs accounted for almost half of the country's external debt, and with the Asian Development Bank (13%), Japan (10%) and China (10%) being among the other major lenders.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Sri Lanka's economic crisis was further accelerated by global impacts including the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic-induced global recession since 2020, and Russo-Ukrainian war-induced global food and energy shortage and price hike since early 2022, along with an unsuccessful move to prohibit the use of synthetic fertilizer and pesticides—which contributed to a major decline in the yields of Sri Lanka's rice and tea industries (which are a staple food and major international export respectively). The drop in tea production as a result of the fertilizer ban alone resulted in economic losses of around $425 million. The ban also contributed to a 20% drop in rice production within the first six months. As a result, Sri Lanka went from being self-sufficient in rice production to having to import rice at a cost of US$450 million.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: By 2021, the foreign debt had risen to 101% of the nation's GDP, causing an economic crisis. The incumbent Government of Sri Lanka under president Gotabaya Rajapaksa made continuous cascading policy errors resulting in a severe economic crisis for Sri Lanka. These included significant tax cuts that affected fiscal policies and reduced government revenue, intensifying the budget deficit as well as inflation. To cover government spending, the Central Bank began printing money in record amounts, ignoring advice by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to stop doing so and instead increase interest rates and taxes while decreasing spending, as well as another IMF warning that continued money printing would lead to an economic implosion.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: The country pursued an economic policy that kept exports low and imports high, which depleted the country's foreign currency reserves. According to the government, Sri Lanka's tourist trade, a major source of foreign currency for the country, was affected by both the COVID-19 pandemic and a series of terrorist attacks in 2019 that scared off tourists.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: With brothers Basil Rajapaksa as finance minister and Mahinda Rajapaksa as prime minister, the sense of nepotism and mismanagement deepened among critics. While members of the Rajapaksa family have been charged with corruption locally, authorities have failed to prove these charges in court. In 2021, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists released the Pandora Papers, which included Nirupama Rajapaksa, who had used offshore shell companies and trusts to secretly stash the family's wealth around the world. In 2022, as protests began growing in Sri Lanka, Jaliya Wickramasuriya, former Sri Lankan ambassador to the United States and Mexico, and a cousin of the Rajapaksa brothers, pleaded guilty in U.S. District Court for defrauding $332,027 from the Sri Lankan government during the purchase of a new embassy building in 2013. Government supporters and allies also began to blame the economic crisis on Basil Rajapaksa, who gained a reputation as "Mr. Ten Percent" due to his alleged commission from government contracts. Additionally, despite being the finance minister, he did not attend parliament sessions during the economic crisis. Udaya Gammanpila, the leader of the government-aligned Pivithuru Hela Urumaya, claimed that the party has no intention of re-electing a Rajapaksa, describing it as the end of the nepotism that has plagued Sri Lankan politics.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Initial protests began in early March with small candlelight vigils that spread countrywide with increasing numbers of attendees. As protests began to grow, government MPs refused to acknowledge them, causing a rapid growth in unorganized, non-partisan protests, where hundreds of citizens would gather after work to protest.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 15 March, tens of thousands of supporters of the largest opposition party, the Samagi Jana Balawegaya (SJB) led by Sajith Premadasa, carried out protests in front of the President's office, demanding that the President resign. On 30 March, Mahinda Rajapaksa's son Namal Rajapaksa arrived for the opening ceremony of a sports ground in Bandarawela. During the opening, locals blocked the road and demanded fuel. This resulted in Rajapaksa avoiding the area and the mayor opening the grounds instead.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On Thursday, 31 March, hundreds of protesters held a demonstration at Pangiriwatte Road, Mirihana, where the president's private residence is situated. The silent candle light protest initially started the Jubliee Post Junction, only a few hundred meters away from the President's private residence. Later, more people gathered and marched towards his residence and hundreds of protestors stormed towards the president's house by night, demanding his resignation. The protest was initially spontaneous and peaceful until the police attacked the protesters with tear gas and water cannons. Protesters then set fire to two military buses and a police jeep, threw stones at officers, and blocked Colombo's main highway by burning tires. The curfew, imposed on Thursday night, was lifted on Friday morning, but police and army reinforcements in the city increased. Security forces used tear gas and water cannons to disperse the crowd. Nearly 50 people, including journalists, were injured and hospitalized, and 45 people were arrested. The protest was broadcast live by a private television channel but the broadcast was halted due to what journalists described as pressure from the government.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: A day later, over 300 lawyers voluntarily appeared at the Mirihana police station to represent the arrested protesters pro bono. Official sources said that Rajapaksa was not present in the house during the protest. A statement from the president's office said, "Thursday night's protests are being led by extremist forces who are inviting the Arab Spring to destabilize the country." The SJB accused the government of sending loyalists to infiltrate and sabotage the protests by burning vehicles and initiating acts of violence and noted that the videos of the protests do not show protesters being armed as the government claimed.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 1 April, Shashseendra Rajapaksa, nephew of former President Mahinda Rajapaksa, was forced to avoid a ceremony in Wallawaya due to protesters waving black flags. Chamara Sampath Dassanayake attended the ceremony in his place but had to change vehicles and flee due to protesters pelting him with eggs. The same day, the Samagi Vanitha Balawegaya headed by the SJB politician and parliamentarian Hirunika Premachandra staged a march from Point Pedro in Jaffna against the economic hardships faced by the public. During the protests, Hirunika had reportedly been involved in a heated exchange with political activist Arun Siddharth. The situation in the area later became tense, with police officers intervening.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: The Catholic Bishops' Conference of Sri Lanka requested that political leaders save the country from becoming a failed state, while "Gnanartha Pradeepaya", a Catholic weekly, blamed the situation on corruption which forced the country to borrow to buy essential items. Cardinal Malcolm Ranjith blamed the situation on political leaders and "us citizens who have allowed ourselves to be used by vested political and cultural interests in choosing the persons to whom we have entrusted the country and its destiny over all these years". The US citizens referred to in the statement was the President, who had to renounce his dual citizenship to become the President and his brother Basil Rajapaksa, who was the Finance Minister then. The Cardinal also condemned the government's classifications of protesters as "extremists" and "terrorists" as not being empathetic to the pain and fear of the people.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 1 April, President Gotabaya Rajapaksa declared a nationwide public emergency. However, protests persisted as private bus drivers in Anuradhapura, carpenters in Moratuwa and fishermen in Galle joined demonstrations. A 36-hour island-wide curfew was imposed from 6:00 pm on the same day until 6:00 am on 4 April. The move was intended to prevent or at least minimise new protests. The sudden announcement of a curfew resulted in panic-buying, creating long lines of people outside supermarkets and pharmacies who began chanting anti-government slogans. People who came to work from distant areas were unable to return to their homes, forcing some to sleep on the streets. Celebrities also joined in the condemnation of the government, with Roshan Mahanama accusing "incompetent power-hungry rulers" of creating an economic depression. More Sri Lankan cricketers including Kumar Sangakkara, Mahela Jayawardene, Sanath Jayasuriya, Arjuna Ranatunga, Bhanuka Rajapaksa, Wanindu Hasaranga, Dimuth Karunaratne, Angelo Mathews, Muttiah Muralitharan, Rangana Herath, Dhammika Prasad and Marvan Atapattu also took to social media and forums to raise their voices and concerns advocating for the rights of the public during the crisis. Sanath Jayasuriya, Roshan Mahanama and Marvan Atapattu took to the streets and protested against the government while holding placards. Hirunika Premachandra led a group of women in a march toward the residence of popular fortune teller Gnana Akka (Gnanakka) in Anuradhapura. Hirunika and the other women protested in front of Gnanakka's shrine, but police blocked them from entering it.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Thisara Anuruddha Bandara, the social media activist who was widely known for initiating the #GoHomeGota hashtag campaign, was arrested by the police on 2 April and was held in police custody in Modara before being brought before a court. He was deemed to have been arrested under section 120 of the Penal Code. A riot also broke out in front of the residence of Saman Lal Fernando, mayor of Moratuwa, a Colombo suburb that lies under the administrative province of Sri Lanka. Angry protesters threw stones at Fernando's residence, demanding electricity.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 3 April, the Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (TRC) announced that service providers had blocked social media platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube due to a request from the Ministry of Defence. Oshada Senanayake, the Chairman of the Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka, tendered his resignation amidst the social media blackout, stating that he was standing by his ethos and principles. The Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) requested that the TRC and service providers immediately restore all social media platforms since they are unable to inform consumers about impending power cuts as electricity has been declared an essential service. The social media blackout ended 15 hours after it had started.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Multiple protests in violation of the curfew were reported. Sajith Premadasa, Sarath Fonseka and Patali Champika Ranawaka led an SJB-affiliated protest in Colombo where they were blocked by the police. A protest led by the students of the University of Peradeniya in Kandy dispersed after police used water cannons and tear gas.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 3 April, several Rajapaksa cabinet ministers submitted their resignations. Those who resigned included Namal Rajapaksa, who had criticized the social media blackout. Two ministers from the Rajapaksa family, Chamal Rajapaksa and Basil Rajapaksa, also resigned. The president was to announce the new cabinet the following day.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: However, the opposition noted that Article 47(2)(a) of the Constitution requires that resignations be submitted to the president, while the resignations, in this case, were submitted to the prime minister instead. The opposition also denied that they would join an interim government, as it was not practical to join a government under President Rajapaksa without the parliamentary majority needed to pass substantial economic reforms. Despite this, on 4 April President Rajapaksa reshuffled the ministerial portfolios by swearing in Ali Sabry as Finance Minister, G. L. Peiris as Foreign Minister, Dinesh Gunawardena as Education Minister, and Johnston Fernando as Minister of Highways. Protests continued on 4 April, including one on the Tangalle-Kataragama Main Road close to the Carlton House in Tangalle, the residence of the Rajapaksa family. President Rajapaksa invited the opposition to join his proposed unity government to find a solution to the crisis. The governor of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Ajith Nivard Cabraal also resigned as a result of growing public anger.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: The swearing-in of the same ministers from the former cabinet caused protests to intensify, leading protesters to surround the houses of government MPs such as Keheliya Rambukwella, Gamini Lokuge, Ramesh Pathirana, Kanchana Wijesekera, Roshan Ranasinghe, Nimal Lanza, and Janaka Bandara Tennakoon. Protesters surrounded Douglas Devananda's office in Jaffna while he was in the building. Despite police firing tear gas to disperse the protesters, some succeeded in storming and vandalising the residence of Roshan Ranasinghe. Protesters also began to demand the arrest of the Rajapaksas and the recuperating of stolen wealth.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: In a phone interview with Newsfirst, former deputy governor of Central Bank Nandalal Weerasinghe revealed that Gotabaya Rajapaksa offered him the post of Central Bank of Sri Lanka governor, and admitted to accepting the position. He resumed his duties as governor on 7 April.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Catholic clergy led by Cardinal Malcolm Ranjith protested against the government from Archbishop's House in Colombo, whilst Buddhist clergy from Bhiksu University of Sri Lanka protested in Anuradhapura. The hospital staff of the Kalubowila Teaching Hospital also protested against the government.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 5 April, the parliament reconvened for the first time since the state of emergency began and was set to discuss the current state of affairs. The ruling SLPP government began losing the support of its key allies: 9 MPs of the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) decided to defect from the government and to work as independent MPs, while the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), the Ceylon Workers' Congress (CWC) and the All Ceylon Makkal Congress (ACMC) left the government and moved into opposition. Large numbers of protesters assembled in front of Parliament, demanding that the entire cabinet resign and chanting the slogans "Gota Go Home" and "Go Home Rajapaksas". During the protest, opposite Parliament, six armed masked men in military attire, later revealed to be from the Army, arrived on motorcycles without registration plates. However, the police stopped and questioned them, taking the keys to the motorcycles. The Chief of Defence Staff and Commander of the Army General Shavendra Silva called the police actions "unethical and ill-mannered behaviour".


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 5 April, the Government Medical Officers' Association and government doctors staged protests against the government, and the Government Medical Officers' Association declared a national health emergency due to the limited supply of essential medicines.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Some young protesters who could not receive parental permission to join the street protests vented their frustration by vandalizing the Wikipedia articles of politicians such as Ajith Nivard Cabraal, Basil Rajapaksa, and Namal Rajapaksa.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 8 April, police used tear gas to disperse a group of university students who had protested at Polduwa junction in Battaramulla. Several IT professionals also gathered in large numbers and protested at the Liberty Roundabout, close to the Liberty Plaza complex in Colombo. A few Rajapaksa supporters carried out protests in Colombo in support of Gotabaya Rajapaksa by chanting the slogan "We want Gota".


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 9 April, massive protests occurred in Colombo; the protestors included members of the LGBT community, trade unions, the Buddhist clergy and the Muslim community. Students from private and state universities also collaborated for a combined protest march when the students protested in Nugegoda.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 9 April 2022, the protestors planned large demonstrations, protests, and rallies in the Galle Face Green against the government. However, the authorities closed the Galle Face Green, citing land development. Despite this, tens of thousands of people gathered in large numbers and joined the protests in Galle Face to make it one of the largest street protests in Sri Lanka. Even considering the disruption caused by inclement weather conditions, people continued to protest from morning to night standing for hours holding placards. Protestors faced internet outages and loss of mobile signal due to the installation of a mobile phone jammer at the Galle Face, which made it difficult for protestors to conduct Facebook Livestreams and send messages on social media. The protests were held under the #OccupyGalleFace hashtag since 9 April opposite to Presidential Secretariat as protestors have taken a stance to not leave the Galle Face until the resignation of the President. The protestors have also initiated "Occupy Galle Face" as a slogan for their protests at Galle Face. The protestors were holding placards that included the phrases "This is our country, not your ATM", "Country is for sale, Gota fail", "Give us our stolen money back", "If you steal our dreams, we won't let you sleep", and "Audit all politicians immediately".


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 10 April, protests continued for the second successive day. Despite the heavy rain and thunderstorms, the protestors continued their peaceful protest saying that they will continue it until President Gotabaya Rajapaksa resigns from the presidency. Protestors also renamed the protesting area as "Gotagogama". The hashtag "#GoHomeGota2022" reached 1 million posts on Facebook and it has been trending on Twitter for the 3rd consecutive week.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 11 April, protests continued for the third day. Parallel to the main protest in the Galle Face Green, many protests occurred islandwide. Shiraz Shiraz, a popular senior Sri Lankan rapper, died due to a sudden heart attack during the protests which also marked the first death reported directly linked with the Galle Face protests. It was revealed that Shiraz-Rude Bwoy had performed the album titled "Get up, Stand up" of Bob Marley to entertain the tired protestors at the Galle Face just moments before collapsing onto the ground. He collapsed just after ending the song performance and he was presumed dead while being transported through an ambulance to a nearby hospital.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 12 April, protests continued for the fourth day. Veteran artists including Nanda Malini, Sunil Ariyaratne, Swarna Mallawarachchi and Buddhadasa Galappatti joined the protests in Galle Face to support the young protestors' efforts to dethrone the government from power.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Protestors gathered in large numbers for sixth consecutive day and celebrated the Sinhalese New Year (Puthandu) on 14 April 2022 at the Galle Face near Gotagogama site by boiling milkrice, sharing sweetmeats and oil cakes at the auspicious time. The protestors also welcomed the New Year by setting off fire crackers chanting phrases such as "Victory to the People's struggle". The protestors also launched Avurudhu traditional games such as hitting pots at Gotagogama area and also sang Raban tune songs as part of New Year customs and traditions. Veteran singer Victor Ratnayake also joined the protests on the New Year to support the protestors. Military veterans, including veterans disabled in the line of combat, joined protesters in New Year celebrations.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Many protestors boycotted New Year's vacation and holiday celebrations by joining the protests and demonstrations against the government. Several protestors including infants and small children were spotted at the protests wearing headbands which carried slogans such as "Go Home Gota", "Gota Go Home".


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Conspiracy theories also spread as on 14 April 2021, Sri Lankan Airlines on its official Twitter handle claimed that Sri Lankan cargo had made history by operating three successive cargo charter flights to Entebbe International Airport lifting over 102 metric tonnes of printed material in February 2021. The information on what kind of printed papers were not revealed by Sri Lankan Airlines due to confidentiality and the cargo carrier later deleted the tweet for unknown reasons. A clarification by the airline claimed the material sent to Uganda included only Ugandan currency notes and due to security reasons with bordering Kenya, the Ugandan government preferred to obtain printed Ugandan shilling currency notes from a global security printer. The Biyagama branch of the De La Rue company is responsible for printing currency notes to countries, including Uganda. Sri Lankan Airlines insisted that the consignment was purely commercial in nature and brought much needed foreign currency revenue to the airline as well as for the country. Mahinda Rajapaksa reportedly maintained close ties with Uganda, especially during his second tenure as president from 2010 to 2015. Mahinda Rajapaksa also befriended Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Uganda, Velupillai Kananathan, during the former's first official presidential trip to Uganda in 2014. Uganda has been marked for a possible blacklisting by international financial systems for failing to comply with anti-money laundering laws and for continuously engaging in various financial crimes. The news that Uganda was going to be blacklisted due to money laundering went viral in Sri Lanka among protestors and social media users with speculation that Rajapaksa family members and influential politicians in the government could have possibly transferred ill-gotten wealth to Uganda on cargo flights via the Sri Lankan Airlines flight.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: A police officer attached to the Kuttigala Police Station who joined the Galle Face protests on 14 April in police uniform was taken into custody and was questioned by the Police Special Investigations Unit. The following day he was granted bail by the Fort Magistrate's Court as several lawyers were present on behalf of the police sergeant when he was produced before the courts.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 15 April 2022, former Sri Lankan cricketer Dhammika Prasad went on a hunger strike for 24 hours urging the leaders of Sri Lanka to give justice to the Easter Sunday attack victims and urged that immediate measures to be taken to ease the burden of the economic crisis on the population. Former Sri Lankan cricketers Arjuna Ranatunga and Sidath Wettimuny joined the Galle Face protests especially to support Dhammika Prasad who pledged to go on a hunger strike for a day. Sanath Jayasuriya also turned up for the protests against Gotabaya Rajapaksa. The campaign hashtag "#GoHomeGota2022" reached 3 million posts on 15 April, three days after passing 2 million posts. A group of indigenous Vedda people also joined the Galle Face protests on 15 April 2022.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 17 April 2022, the protests continued at Galle Face for ninth consecutive day as protestors also sang the national anthem of Sri Lanka in both Sinhala and Tamil, to show solidarity and unity among the various people of the multicultural society of Sri Lanka. On 17 April, which coincided with the Easter Sunday festival, protestors also commemorated the tragic 2019 Easter Sunday blasts where 258 people were killed and the protestors demanded justice for the 2019 Easter Sunday attack victims. The Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka also visited the Gotagogama premises to inspect the protests following reports that police officers were attempting to disperse the peaceful protests through violence.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: The night of 17 April 2022, the protestors lit up the Presidential Secretariat building (where Gotabaya Rajapaksa works) with colorful themes and illusion of 3D art graphics using projectors and video projector mapping technology with slogans "Go Home Gota". However, police officers attempted to prevent the protestors from projecting the Presidential Secretariat. Some media outlets including TV Derana and its sister channel Ada Derana termed the peaceful protests as "beach party", a description which was ill-received by protestors and critics including human rights lawyer Ambika Satkunanathan. There were also allegations that the protests were funded by terrorist organisations and hackers according to Ada Derana's 12th episode of the "State of the Nation" programme which was aired on 17 April 2022. Ada Derana TV host Mahieash Jonny tendered his resignation the day after the controversial programme and Derana insisted that the opinions of Jonny do not represent the entire viewpoint of the television channel.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 19 April 2022, the Federation of University Teachers' Association engaged in a protest march from University of Colombo to Galle Face in support of popular protests. One lane of the Galle Road leading to the Presidential Secretariat from Kollupitiya junction was blocked by university lecturers who gathered in large numbers holding placards.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 19 April 2022, actor Jehan Appuhami commenced a symbolic walk from St. Sebastian's Church, Katuwapitiya in Negombo to St. Anthony's Shrine in Kochchikade with a group of people by carrying a large wooden cross on his back to seek truth and justice behind the 2019 Easter attacks as the final destination is set to be at the Galle Face Green.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: British based Sri Lankan actor Hiran Abeysekera, who won the best actor award at the 2022 Laurence Olivier Awards, arrived in Sri Lanka and joined the Galle Face protests.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 24 April, thousands of Inter University Students Federation surrounded the PM's residence and demanded the current regime to resign.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: Dozens of war veterans have also joined the protests against the government and have been camping near the President's office.


title: 2022 Sri Lankan protests

text: On 29 April, the protestors blindfolded the statue of former Prime Minister of Ceylon, S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, who was known for championing the controversial and infamous Sinhala Only Act in 1956.