title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming is the television and streaming arm of NBCUniversal, and the direct descendant and successor of the former division NBCUniversal Television Group, which existed from 2003 to 2019.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In 2006, NBC Universal sold four stations from its smallest markets. In November 2007, the NBC Owned Television Stations changed its name to NBC Local Media. In March 2008, Local Media decided to focus on growing websites and the top ten market stations, placing WTVJ in Miami and WVIT in Harford up for sale.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: LXTV was acquired in January 2008 by NBC Local Media followed in March by the purchased of Skycastle Entertainment, Local Media's former outside sales and marketing firm. After NBC Weather Plus was shut down in late 2008, WNBC launched a replacement programming of local information, news and lifestyle as NBC New York Nonstop in March 2009 using LXTV programs.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In May 2009, NBC rolled out a tiered affiliation plan. The plan has three levels: Bronze, Silver and Gold. Bronze is the standard existing short term affiliation, programming with ad inventory splits. With the silver plan, the affiliate and network would add working in other media: internet, wireless and video on demand areas with inventory splits, a different financial arrangement and promotion commitments. Gold affiliation agreement is a longer broader partnership in local online media and mobile digital TV with the network representing the gold affiliates in cable and satellite retransmission consent negotiations with the network sharing in the carriage revenue. A NBClocal.com livestyle website would be a part of the silver package. By July 2009, GE has been registering NBC"market".com domains (like NBCIndianapolis.com) in markets where NBC stations are not NBC owned. NBC Affiliates Board chair Mike Fiorile indicated a preference on behalf of local stations that the local station should own its own brand in the market. Local Newser indicated that this might be attempt by NBC to compete with their local affiliates despite pointing out the NBC local program as a part of its top tier affiliation plans.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: On October 24, 2012, NBC Owned Television Stations announced it will relaunch the NBC Nonstop network as Cozi TV, which will feature classic television shows, films and original programming. In July 2013, NBCU placed NBC TV Stations and Telemundo's O&Os stations into a new division, NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations, with New England Cable News being transferred into NBC TV Stations.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: With Ted Harbert departing as head of NBC Broadcasting in September 2016, Mark Lazarus (as chairman of NBC Broadcasting and Sports) added this group to his responsibility over NBC Sports Group. In January 2019, NBCUniversal was reorganized to make way for their streaming service. Lazarus added NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group and NBCUniversal News Group to his portfolio, now as chairman of NBCUniversal Broadcast, Cable, Sports and News (except for NBC Entertainment).


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In an April 2020 reorganization, Lazarus was named chairman of NBCUniversal Television and Streaming with the addition of responsibility over NBC Entertainment, Direct-to-Consumer and Digital Enterprises and Telemundo Enterprises. Andrew Lack also exited as chairman of NBCUniversal News Group as he was succeeded by Cesar Conde.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBC Entertainment is NBCUniversal's entertainment arm of the NBC television network. The division has prime time programming, business affairs, West Coast research, marketing, public relations and network scheduling.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In July 2008, Universal Cable Productions was split off from Universal Media Studios and place into NBCUniversal's NBCU Cable Entertainment division. On Monday, September 12, 2011, Universal Media Studios was renamed to Universal Television.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBC Entertainment named Paul Telegdy as president of both its alternative and reality TV group and NBC Entertainment, along the formation of Universal Television Alternative Studios by president Meredith Ahr in June 2016. These promotions are part of a push for NBC to create and distribute future reality TV shows. However, late night programming was removed from Teledgy's portfolio, which also included annual specials. On September 24, 2018, Bob Greenblatt left NBC Entertainment's chairman position and was replaced by George Cheeks and Paul Telegdy.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: With the reorganization of NBCUniversal in January 2019, Jeff Shell (currently chairman of Universal Filmed Entertainment Group) added NBC Entertainment, Telemundo Enterprises Enterprises and many international channels to his portfolio, now as chairman of NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment. In October 2019, NBCUniversal Content Studios was formed to house Universal Television and NBC's late night programming, with Cheeks joining from NBC Entertainment.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In an April 2020 reorganization, NBCUniversal Television and Streaming was formed with NBCUniversal Broadcast, Cable, Sports and News with the addition of NBC Entertainment, Direct-to-Consumer and Digital Enterprises and Telemundo Enterprises.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations is a station holding division with two groups, NBC Owned Television Stations and Telemundo Station Group.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In July 2013, NBC Owned Television Stations and Telemundo's O&Os stations merged to form a new division, NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations under NBC TV Station president Valari Staab. NBC Responds/Telemundo Responde units were launched by NBCU Stations in 2014 with a central Consumer Investigative Center based in Dallas. Center and the units investigate consumer rip off with the intent of getting money back for the complainant. By 2019, 18 stations were operating a Responds team with two more started up in 2019 (WTMO Orlando and KTDO El Paso) and 2 more planned in 2020.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: With the January 7, 2016, announcement of the new owned and operated NBC Boston station was that the new station would be cluster with the other Boston outlets, New England Cable News and WNEU (Telemundo Boston) under their president Mike St. Peter. In March 2016, NBU announced the NBCUniversal Boston Media Center, a regional headquarters in Needham Crossing office park, bringing together the cluster from Newton and the NBC Sports Boston cable channel from Burlington together. Opened in January 2020, the center also came equip with a podcast production studio as mainstream media starts pushing into the podcast industry.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In 2017, NBC announced that it was hiring people for KNSD with the intention of launching a new Telemundo O&O station in San Diego, replacing Tijuana, Mexico-licensed station XHAS-TDT (whose affiliation expired at the end of June 2017). The new Telemundo affiliate, branded as "Telemundo 20", launched on July 1 on KNSD's digital 39.20 subchannel. Additionally, KNSD launched TeleXitos, a Spanish equivalent to Cozi TV, on channel 39.21 the same day. On September 12, 2017, NBCUniversal acquired KUAN-LD from NRJ TV, LLC, the owner of KSCI, for $650,000; the sale was completed on December 21, 2017. Concurrently, KUAN entered into a channel-sharing agreement with KNSD. This was done with the separate KUAN-LD transmitter ending service, and 39.20 and 39.21 becoming identified with KUAN-LD instead and re-numbered to KUAN's channel 48.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: On September 23, 2019, the station group launched its LX digital news brand for original content. LX was to expand with live-streaming channel and multicast over-the-air network in May 2020.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Syndication Studios (formerly "NBC Enterprises", "Universal Domestic Television", "Studios USA Television Distribution LLC", "MCA TV" and "NBCUniversal Television Distribution" among other distributor incarnations) is the television distribution arm of NBCUniversal that distributes programs across the nation.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: DVD releases for most shows owned by the group are handled by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment through Studio Distribution Services, while others are licensed to other companies such as Lionsgate Home Entertainment, Mill Creek Entertainment, Arts Alliance America and Shout! Factory.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Global Distribution, also known as NBCUniversal International Television or NBCUniversal International Television Distribution (formerly Universal Worldwide Television and MCA TV International) is the worldwide television production/distribution arm of NBCUniversal, syndicating NBCUni's programs across the globe. Universal Worldwide Television was formed in 1997 as a result of the break-up of UIP Pay TV. Prior to NUIT's formation, for several years MGM International Television Distribution handled worldwide distribution of shows from NBCUniversal.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: MCA TV International handled syndication of MCA TV's programs outside of the United States, but throughout 1987, MCA TV International, alongside Paramount International Television had inked an agreement with Chinese Central Television to offer 100 drama hours, which represented, was the largest license to date, and making it the two Hollywood studios to provide suppliers for Chinese TV, supplanting the previous CBS pact in 1984.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In April 2019, it was announced that Sky Vision would be folded into NBCUniversal Global Distribution, as a result of Comcast's takeover of Sky. On October 1, Sky Vision officially merged with NBCUniversal Global Distribution.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group, formerly NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment & Cable Studios, is the division of NBCUniversal that oversees all of the conglomerate's non-sports & non-news cable television channels.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In July 2008, Universal Cable Productions was split from Universal Media Studios (UMS) and placed into NBCUniversal's NBCU Cable Entertainment Group division. The unit was placed under the direction of a management team consisting of 5 executives.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In February 2013, following the acquisition of the company by Comcast, NBCUniversal merged its two cable divisions, NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment & Cable Studios and NBCUniversal Entertainment & Digital Networks and Integrated Media, into one unit. By April 2013, Comcast Entertainment Studios, or E! Studios, was renamed Wilshire Studios. Jeff Wachtel was transferred from his position as co-president of USA to head of content at Universal Cable Productions.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: With the resignation of E! President Suzanne Kolb in September 2014, NBCU Cable announced the formation of Lifestyle Network Group consisting of Bravo, Oxygen, E! Entertainment and Esquire Network. The Group was to be led by Frances Berwick, president of Bravo and Oxygen Media with Esquire Network president Adam Stotsky to take over as general manager of E!


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: On April 14, 2014, Comcast purchased Lions Gate Entertainment and Sony Pictures Entertainment's stakes in Fearnet, acquiring full ownership of the channel. Comcast plans to fold Fearnet into its existing horror- and thriller-focused network Chiller (owned by the company's NBCUniversal Cable unit), although some of Fearnet's programming may be moved to Syfy.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: Hammer ordered a reorganization that creates the Entertainment Networks group with Chiller, Cloo, Syfy, and USA Network by transferring two Syfy executives out and placing USA Network president Chris McCumber in charge of the group as president. Transferred Syfy executives include the executive vice president of original content, who moved to the post of executive vice president of scripted content under the chief content officer of NBCU Cable, and the president of Syfy and Chiller, who moved to president of strategy and commercial growth at NBCU Cable. Sprout was also added to Lifestyle Network. On September 9, 2017, Sprout was renamed to Universal Kids while the Sprout brand would be used for its pre-school programming block until January 26, 2018, when the Sprout branding was removed from the block, and it was renamed Universal Kids Preschool.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: The group agreed to purchase a majority stake in Craftsy digital network from equity firms in May 2017. Craftsy was renamed Bluprint with Craftsy.com become its a la carte classes and Craftsy Unlimited service becoming Bluprint, while adding additional lifestyle categories.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In January 2019, NBCUniversal reorganized to make way for their streaming service. Bonnie Hammer was transferred to the new post of chairman at Direct-to-Consumer and Digital Enterprises for NBCUniversal, while the cable group was placed under the NBCUniversal Broadcast, Cable, Sports and News group.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In early 2019, Universal Cable Productions changed its name to Universal Content Productions in order to reflect the move into digital productions. In October 2019, Universal Content Productions was transferred from NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group to NBCUniversal Content Studios. Further restructuring placed the two cable networks in April 2020 under NBCU Television and Streaming.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Direct-to-Consumer and Digital Enterprises, also called Peacock and Digital Enterprises, is a division of NBCUniversal that holds the streaming service and their digital networks and previously held a part of NBCUniversal's cable portfolio as well as Telemundo.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Entertainment & Digital Networks and Integrated Media was organized in 2006 in the wake of Comcast's NBCUniversal takeover and was headed by Lauren Zalaznick. Their cable channels were transferred to NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment & Cable Studios in 200o while Telemundo and Mun2 were moved to a new division called NBCUniversal Hispanic Enterprises and Content. The move also created the corporate-level position of executive vice president in charge of digital ventures for Zalaznick, taking the digital networks with her.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: Lauren Zalaznick was appointed to head this division as executive vice president after her previous division was split into two, with most units being merged into NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment & Cable Studios and becoming NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group and the rest becoming NBCUniversal Hispanic Enterprises and Content and taking the digital networks and the Integrated Media group with her, including Women At NBCU, Hispanics At NBCU and the NBCU Digital Council. In September 2014, Zalaznick left NBCUniversal and executive VP Cesar Conde took over most of the division. NBCUniversal Consumer Products, headed by Russell Hampton, and Fandango, headed by Paul Yanover, was transferred to Universal Studios under its vice chairman Jeff Shell, while the Integrated Media group, headed by John Shea, was transferred to Linda Yaccarino, chairman of advertising sales and client partnerships.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: Evan Shapiro, the group's former pivot president, took over the unit in the new position of executive vice president at Digital Enterprises under Conde, the executive VP of NBCUniversal International Enterprises. NBCUniversal Digital Enterprises hired additional executives in preparation for the roles outside of its first direct-to-consumer services: Patricia Parra Hadden as senior vice president for marketing and Ben McLean for business affairs/development, content licensing, operations and strategy.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In October 2015, Digital Enterprises announced Seeso, a comedy-oriented over-the-top subscription VOD channel, which became a private beta in December and launched in January launch. However, Digital Enterprises closed down Seeso in late 2017.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: Maggie McLean Suniewick was named president of NBCUniversal Digital Enterprises in September 2016 when she was hired from her position as executive in charge of NBCUniversal's Symphony initiative. On June 19, 2017, Laura Lee began as executive VP of content, strategy and operations of the enterprise to oversee their recently purchased stake in Snap, Buzz and Vox Media.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In a January 2019 NBCUniversal reorganization, Digital Enterprises was placed under Bonnie Hammer as chairman of NBCU Direct-to-Consumer and Digital Enterprises. The Digital Enterprises group was the initial core of this group, The reorganization announcement indicated that a new streaming service would be formed in the new group. The streaming service was announced on September 17, 2019, as Peacock, which is to be launched in April 2020. In a May 2020 reorganization, the division was placed under NBCUniversal Television and Streaming.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Telemundo Enterprises, formerly NBCUniversal Hispanic Enterprises and Content & NBCUniversal Hispanic Group, is the Hispanic culture outlet company and division of NBCUniversal.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Hispanic Enterprises and Content was spun off from NBCUniversal Entertainment & Digital Networks and Integrated Media, taking Telemundo and Mun2 while most of the said unit was merged into NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group. Joe Uva was appointed as chairman of the unit starting April 3, 2013.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: On December 24, 2014, NBCUniversal announced that it would rebrand mun2 as NBC Universo on February 1, 2015, to coincide with the network's Spanish-language broadcast of Super Bowl XLIX.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal Hispanic Group rolled out 1,000 hours of new programming for its two channels at Upfronts in May 2015. They also launched CultureFirst, an advertising initiative that helps advertisers create a full plan to reach out to Latinos, and co-programming opportunities that allows advertisers to promote content across NBC channels. NBC Deportes, a dedicated Hispanic sports production unit, was also announced by Chairman Joe Uva and Chairman Mark Lazarus of NBC Sports Group.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: On October 12, 2015, NBCUniversal Hispanic Group was renamed NBCUniversal Telemundo Enterprises with Cesar Conde taking over as chairman from Joe Uva. Conde was already chairman of NBCUniversal International Enterprises. Uva would continue to oversee the move of NBC Deportes to the NBC Sports Group facility in Stamford, CT. In a January 2019 NBCUniversal reorganization, Telemundo Enterprises was placed under Jeff Shell, the chairman of NBCUniversal Film and Entertainment.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In a May 2020 reorganization, the division was placed under NBCUniversal Television and Streaming. At that time it was announced Conde would move over to head up NBCUniversal News Group as chairman.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: Universal Studio Group, formerly NBCUniversal Content Studios, was formed in October 2019, with Bonnie Hammer (formerly a chairman of NBCU Direct-to-Consumer and Digital Enterprises) as chairwoman and George Cheeks (co-chairman of NBC Entertainment) as vice chairman. This new unit consists of Universal Television, Universal Content Productions and Universal International Studios. Cheeks would also retain NBC's late night programming.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: The Content Studios made its first overall deal worth nine-figure with Seth MacFarlane's Fuzzy Door production company in January 2020. Universal Content Productions was assigned the lead with Fuzzy Door for TV with NBCU outlets including the Peacock streaming service and outside outlet. Vice-chairman Cheeks in mid-January 2020 leaves the studio. It is announced that Pearlena Igbowke unveiled the group. A new overall deal with Jordan Peele and his Monkeypaw Productions company has been signed more recently.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: NBCUniversal News Group is the news division of NBCUniversal, composed of the NBC News, CNBC and MSNBC units, that was created on July 19, 2012, under chairwoman Pat Fili-Krushel. In April 2015, Andrew Lack took over as CEO of the group, with CNBC being moved to a direct unit reporting to NBCUniversal CEO. Lack was appointed to fix the division after flagging ratings and the Brian Williams embellishment scandal.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In February 2017, the group purchased a 25% stake in Euronews for $30 million to increase its international reach. NBC News president Deborah Turness was appointed to lead international operations, with Noah Oppenheim, who oversaw "Today", replacing her at NBC News. Euronews, integrated with NBC News, would be renamed Euronews NBC and be headed up by Turness.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In January 2017, Megyn Kelly agreed to leave Fox News for a "triple role" at NBC News in which she would anchor and host her own daytime program and in-depth Sunday night news show, along with taking part in the network's political and major news event coverage. However, the division was not able to make Kelly's show a success.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: Lack moved the division more into the digital space with new content for Snapchat, Quibi and an in-house streaming-video outlet The division's streaming service, NBC News Signal, was up and running by October 24, 2018, with a mid-2019 launch.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: In April 2019, Comcast CEO Brian Roberts stated that the company was exploring the establishment of a "global" news channel as a joint venture between Sky News and NBC News. NBC Sky World News, an English language worldwide news service in conjunction with Sky News, was announced to be launched in mid-2020 only to be postponed on April 2, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 20, 2020, it was reported that NBCUniversal had sold its stake in Euronews to Media Globe Networks in order to prioritize the proposed international news channel. However, the proposed new service was scrapped in August 2020, resulting in layoffs of 60 employees.


title: NBCUniversal Television and Streaming

text: On May 4, 2020, NBCUniversal announced that Andrew Lack stepped down and would be leaving the company at the end of May 2020. CNBC is rejoining the News Group under the new chairman of Cesar Conde, previously NBCUniversal International Group & Telemundo Enterprises Chairman.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The Nationalist faction () or Rebel faction () was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of right-leaning political groups that supported the Spanish Coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic and Republican faction and sought to depose Manuel Azaña, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsist Renovación Española and the Carlist Traditionalist Communion. In 1937, all the groups were merged into the FET y de las JONS. After the death of the faction's early leaders, General Francisco Franco, one of the members of the 1936 coup, would head the Nationalists throughout most of the war and emerge as the dictator of Spain until his death in 1975.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The term Nationalists or Nationals () was coined by Joseph Goebbels following the visit of the clandestine Spanish delegation led by Captain Francisco Arranz requesting war material on 24 July 1936, in order to give a cloak of legitimacy to Nazi Germany's help to the Spanish rebel military. The leaders of the rebel faction, who had already been denominated as 'Crusaders' by Bishop of Salamanca Enrique Pla y Deniel—and also used the term "Cruzada" for their campaign—immediately took a liking to it.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The term "Bando nacional"—much as the term "rojos" (Reds) to refer to the loyalists—is considered by some authors as a term linked with the propaganda of that faction. Throughout the civil war the term 'National' was mainly used by the members and supporters of the rebel faction, while its opponents used the terms fascistas (fascists) or facciosos (sectarians) to refer to this faction.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The military rebellion found wide areas of support both inside Spain and in the international sphere. In Spain the Francoist side was mainly supported by the predominantly conservative upper class, liberal professionals, religious organizations and land-owning farmers. It was mostly based in the rural areas where progressive political movements had made few inroads, such as great swathes of the Northern Meseta, including almost all of Old Castile, as well as La Rioja, Navarre, Alava, the area near Zaragoza in Aragon, most of Galicia, parts of Cáceres in Extremadura and many dispersed pockets in rural Andalusia where the local society still followed ancient traditional patterns and was yet untouched by "modern" thought.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Politically this faction rallied together various parties and organizations which in some cases espoused opposed ideologies, such as the conservative CEDA and Alejandro Lerroux's radicals (liberals), as well as Falangists, Catholics and pro-Monarchic movements such as the "Agraristas" and the "Carlistas (Requetés)".


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The Falange Española was originally a Spanish fascist political party founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the former Spanish leader Miguel Primo de Rivera. The Falange was created with the financial assistance of Alfonsist monarchist funding. Upon being formed, the Falange was officially anti-clerical and anti-monarchist. As a landowner and aristocrat, Primo de Rivera assured the upper classes that Spanish fascism would not get out of their control like its equivalents in Germany and Italy. In 1934, the Falange merged with the pro-Nazi Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista of Ramiro Ledesma Ramos, to form the Falange Española de las JONS.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Initially, the Falange was short of funds and was a small student-based movement that preached of a utopian violent nationalist revolution. The Falange committed acts of violence prior to the war, including becoming involved in street brawls with their political opponents that helped to create a state of lawlessness that the right-wing press blamed on the republic to support a military uprising. Falangist terror squads sought to create an atmosphere of disorder in order to justify the imposition of an authoritarian regime. With the onset of middle-class disillusionment with the CEDA's legalism, support for the Falange expanded rapidly. By September 1936, the total Falangist volunteers numbered at 35,000, accounting for 55 percent of all civilian forces of the Nationals.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Falange Española de las JONS was one of the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic, the other being the Carlists. After the death of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Manuel Hedilla sought to take control of the Falange, but this was usurped by Franco who sought to take control of the movement as part of his move to take control of the National faction. In 1937, Franco announced a decree of unification of the National political movements, particularly the Falange and the Carlists into a single movement, nominally still the Falange, under his leadership, under the name Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS. Both Falangists and Carlists were initially furious at the decision, Falangists in particular saw their ideological role as being usurped by the Catholic Church and their revolution being indefinitely postponed.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Upon unification and seizure of leadership by Franco, Franco distanced the party from fascism and declared "The Falange does not consider itself fascist; its founder said so personally." After this announcement, the practice in the National faction of referring to the Falange as "fascists" disappeared by 1937, but Franco did not deny that there were fascists within the Falange. Franco declared that the Falange's goal was to incorporate the "great neutral mass of the unaffiliated", and promised that no ideological rigidity would be allowed to interfere with the goal. Under Franco's leadership, the Falange abandoned the previous anticlerical tendencies of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and instead promoted neotraditionalist National Catholicism, though it continued to criticize Catholic pacifism. Franco's Falange also abandoned hostility to capitalism, with Falange member Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta declaring that Falange's national syndicalism was fully compatible with capitalism.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups, CEDA, was a Catholic right-wing political organization dedicated to anti-Marxism. The CEDA was led by José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. The CEDA claimed that it was defending Spain and "Christian civilization" from Marxism, and claimed that the political atmosphere in Spain had made politics a matter of Marxism versus anti-Marxism. With the advent of the rise of the Nazi Party to power in Germany, the CEDA aligned itself with similar propaganda ploys to the Nazis, including the Nazi emphasis on authority, the fatherland, and hierarchy. Gil-Robles attended in audience at the Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg and was influenced by it, henceforth becoming committed to creating a single anti-Marxist counterrevolutionary front in Spain. Gil-Robles declared his intention to "give Spain a true unity, a new spirit, a totalitarian polity..." and went on to say "Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state. When the time comes, either parliament submits or we will eliminate it." The CEDA held fascist-style rallies, called Gil-Robles ""Jefe"", the equivalent of "Duce", and claimed that the CEDA might lead a "March on Madrid" to forcefully seize power. The CEDA failed to make the substantive electoral gains from 1931 to 1936 that were needed for it to form government which resulted in right-wing support draining from it and turning towards the belligerent Alfonsist monarchist leader José Calvo Sotelo. Subsequently, the CEDA abandoned its moderation and legalism and began providing support for those committed to violence against the republic, including handing over its electoral funds to the initial leader of the military coup against the republic, General Emilio Mola. Subsequently, supporters of the CEDA's youth movement, Juventudes de Acción Popular (JAP) began to defect en masse to join the Falange, and the JAP ceased to exist as a political organisation in 1937.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The Carlists were monarchists and ardent ultratraditionalist Catholics who sought the installation of Carlist Pretender Francisco Javier de Borbón as King of Spain. The Carlists were anti-republican, anti-democratic and staunchly anti-socialist. The Carlists were so anti-socialist that they opposed both Hitler and Mussolini because of their socialist tendencies. The Carlists were led by Manuel Fal Condé and held their main base of support in Navarre. The Carlists along with the Falange were the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic. The Carlists held a long history of violent opposition to Spanish liberalism, stemming back to 1833 when they launched a six-year civil war against the reformist regency of María Cristina de las dos Sicilias. The Carlists were strongly intransigent to any coalition with other movements, even believing that no non-Carlist could have honest intentions.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: During the war, the Carlists' militia, the "Requetés" reached a peak of 42,000 recruits but by the end of hostilities in April 1939 their overall strength had been reduced to 23,000. The Carlists contributed some of the Nationalists' most effective shock troops during the war.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The Alfonsists were a movement that supported the restoration of Alfonso XIII of Spain as monarch following the founding of the Spanish Second Republic in 1931. They competed with rival monarchists, the Carlists, for the Spanish throne. After the overthrow of the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, Alfonsist supporters formed the "Renovación Española", a monarchist political party, which held considerable economic influence and had close supporters in the Spanish army. "Renovación Española" did not, however, manage to become a mass political movement. In 1934, the Alfonsists, led by Antonio Goicoechea, along with the Carlists, met with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini to gain support for an uprising against the republic, in which Mussolini promised to provide money and arms for such a rising. From 1934 to 1936, the charismatic Alfonsist leader José Calvo Sotelo spoke of the need for the "conquest of the state" as the only means to secure the establishment of an ideal authoritarian, corporatist state. Sotelo made passionate speeches in support of violent counterrevolution and emphasized the need for a military insurrection against the republic to counter the threats of communism and separatism that he blamed as being caused by the republic. Sotelo was kidnapped and assassinated by political opponents (who were initially searching out Gil-Robles of the CEDA to kidnap) on 13 July 1936 which sparked fury on the political right and helped legitimize the military coup against the republic.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: When the war broke out, Infante Juan, the son of Alfonso XIII and heir to the Spanish throne, requested the permission of Franco to take part in the Nationals' war effort by enlisting as a member of the crew of the cruiser "Balaeres", which was nearing completion. He promised to abstain from political activities, but Franco refused, believing that he would become a figurehead for the Alfonsists who held a strong presence in the military.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The Army of Africa was a field army garrisoned in Spanish Morocco – a legacy of the Rif War – under the command of General Francisco Franco. It consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the "Regulares", infantry and cavalry units recruited from the population of Spanish Morocco and with Spanish officers as commanders.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The "Regulares" operated as the shock troops of the National forces in exchange for a substantial pay. More than 13,000 Moroccan troops were airlifted on 20 Junkers Ju 52 planes supplied by Hitler between the beginning of the conflict in July and October 1936. Their proverbial cruelty and reckless behaviour were not random, but were part of a calculated plan of the Francoist military leaders in order to instill terror in the Republican defence lines.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: The Army of Africa would be the most decorated unit in the May 1939 victory brigade by the Nationalists; it has been estimated that one in five of its members were killed during the war, a casualty rate twice as high as that of the Spanish. For several years after the war, Franco would have a squadron of Moorish troops act as his escort at public ceremonies as a reminder of the Army's importance in the Nationalist victory.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Approximately 47% of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard defected to the rebels during the onset of the civil war. With the highest authority of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard, Inspector General Sebastián Pozas, remaining loyal to the republican government, the rebel units of the Civil Guard were placed under direct command of the Nationalist army until after the war ended.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Italy under the Fascist leadership of Benito Mussolini supported the overthrow of the republic and the establishment of a regime that would serve as a client state to Italy. Italy distrusted the Spanish Republic due to its pro-French leanings and prior to the war had made contact with Spanish right-wing groups. Italy justified its intervention as an action intended to prevent the rise of Bolshevism in Spain. Italy's Fascist regime considered the threat of Bolshevism a real risk with the arrival of volunteers from the Soviet Union who were fighting for the Republicans. Mussolini provided financial support as well as training to the Alfonsists, Carlists, and Falange. Mussolini met Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 but did not have much enthusiasm in the establishment of fascism in Spain at that time.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: By January 1937, an expeditionary force of 35,000 Italians, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie, were in Spain under the command of General Mario Roatta. The contingent was made up of four divisions: Littorio, Dio lo Vuole ("God Wills it"), Fiamme Nere ("Black Flames") and Penne Nere ("Black Feathers"). The first of these divisions was made up of soldiers; the other three of Blackshirt volunteers. Italy provided the National forces with fighter and bomber aircraft which played a significant part in the war. In March 1937, Italy intervened in the political affairs of the Nationals by sending Roberto Farinacci to Spain to urge Franco to unite the National political movements into one fascist "Spanish National Party".


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Nazi Germany provided the Nationals with material, specialists, and a powerful air force contingent, the Condor Legion German expeditionary forces that provided airlift of soldiers and material from Spanish Africa to Peninsular Spain and provided offensive operations against Republican forces. Nationalist forces were supplied with tanks and aircraft, including the Panzer I, Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Heinkel He 111. The Spanish Civil War would provide an ideal testing ground for the proficiency of the new weapons produced during the German re-armament. Many aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by the Condor Legion against the Republican Government on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. Hitler insisted, however, that his long-term designs were peaceful, a strategy labelled as "Blumenkrieg" (Flower War).


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Germany had important economic interests at stake in Spain, as Germany imported large amounts of mineral ore from Spanish Morocco. The Nazi regime sent retired General Wilhelm Faupel as ambassador to Franco's regime, Faupel supported Franco and the Falange in the hope that they would create a Nazi-like regime in Spain. Debt owed by Franco and the Nationals to Germany rose quickly upon purchasing German material, and required financial assistance from Germany as the Republicans had access to Spain's gold reserve.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar almost immediately supported the National forces. Salazar's "Estado Novo" regime held tense relations with the Spanish Republic that held Portuguese dissidents to his regime in it. Portugal played a critical role in supplying Franco's forces with ammunition and many other logistical resources.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Despite its discreet direct military involvement – restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime, of an 8,000–12,000-strong volunteer force, the so-called "Viriatos" – for the whole duration of the conflict, Portugal was instrumental in providing the National faction with a vital logistical organization and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference whatsoever would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationals, crossing the borders of the two Iberian countries – the Nationals used to refer to Lisbon as "the port of Castile". In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognized Franco's regime and after the war in 1939 signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact that was known as the Iberian Pact. Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting the Franco regime, including by insisting to the United Kingdom that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's "Estado Novo" and not Mussolini's Fascist Italy.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Among many influential Catholics in Spain, mainly composed of conservative Traditionalists and people belonging to pro-Monarchic groups, the religious persecution was squarely and based on evidence probably rightly mostly blamed on the government of the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after the 1936 coup by the nationalist/monarchist faction and readily extended itself. The Catholic Church took the side of the rebel government and defined the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as 'martyrs of the faith'. The devout Catholics who supported the Spanish Republic included high-ranking officers of the Popular Army such as republican Catholic general Vicente Rojo Lluch, as well as the Catholic Basque nationalists who opposed the rebel faction.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Initially the Vatican held itself from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, although it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a 'Crusade'. Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish Catholics labelled the secular Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced the Republic, holding it responsible for anti-clerical activities such as shutting down Catholic schools and the desecration of religious buildings, as well as the killing of priests and nuns by frenzied mobs.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Forsaken by the Western European powers, the republican side mainly depended from Soviet military assistance, which played into the hands of the portrayal of the Spanish Republic as a 'Marxist' and godless state in the Francoist propaganda. By means of its extensive diplomatic network the Holy See used its influence to lobby for the rebel side. During an International Art Exhibition in Paris in 1937, in which both the Francoist and the Republican governments were present, the Holy See allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the Vatican flag, for the rebel government's flag was still not recognized.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: By 1938, the Holy See had already officially recognized Franco's Spanish State, being one of the first to do so.


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the Civil War, Manuel Montero, lecturer of the University of the Basque Country commented on 6 May 2007:


title: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

text: 1,000 to 2,000 English, Irish, French, Filipino, White Russians, Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, and Belgian volunteers came to Spain to fight on the side of the Nationals.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: It is directed by Seiji Mizushima and written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and features character designs by Yun Kōga. The 25-episode season was officially announced by Sunrise during a 15-second trailer on June 2, 2007. The series aired on the Mainichi Broadcasting System, Tokyo Broadcasting System and its affiliated JNN stations from October 5, 2007 to March 29, 2008. The second season began on October 5, 2008 and concluded on March 29, 2009. A film sequel, titled "", premiered in Japan on September 18, 2010 and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 25, 2010, in Japan. "Mobile Suit Gundam 00" is the first Gundam television series to be animated in widescreen and in high-definition.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The series is set in 2307 AD. As a result of the depletion of fossil fuels, humanity had to search for a new source of power. The power was found in the form of multiple Dyson rings (massive arrays of solar power collectors) orbiting Earth, and supported by three orbital elevators, each one serving one of the three "power blocs" on the planet, namely the Union (Union of Solar Energy and Free Nations), controlling the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan; the Human Reform League (Sino-Japanese: 人類革新連盟; Romaji: "jinrui kakushin renmei"; Pinyin: "rénlèi géxīn liánméng"), controlling nearly all of mainland Asia besides the Middle East along with most of Oceania; and the AEU (Advanced European Union), which controls mainland Europe as well as many islands in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. With this nearly inexhaustible source of energy benefiting only the major powers and their allies, constant warfare erupts around the globe among minor countries for fuels and energy. Countries that once economically relied on the sale of fossil fuels have plunged into poverty. Some even believe that solar energy threatened the "promised land of God", resulting in the 20-year Solar Wars. This chaos led to the formation of a private military organization, called , dedicated to eradicating war and uniting humanity through the use of four advanced machines called Gundams.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: "Mobile Suit Gundam 00" follows four mobile suit pilots termed , sided with Celestial Being. The main protagonist is 16-year-old Setsuna F. Seiei, a taciturn Gundam pilot who grew up in the war-torn Middle Eastern Republic of Krugis (which seems to be based on the territory of Kurdistan).


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Unable to counter Celestial Being's superior technology, the three major powers eventually unite into the United Nations Army in order to counter Celestial Being's armed interventions. In order to fight the Gundams, the United Nations Army employed the help of Laguna Harvey. Harvey, a Celestial Being intelligence agent turned traitor, provides them with 30 GN-X, mobile suits equipped with pseudo-GN Drives. As the United Nations resist Celestial Being's interventions, a second team of Gundams, known as Team Trinity, appears and assists in the Meisters' eradication of war, albeit in a much more cruel and cold-blooded fashion.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Alejandro Corner, a former Celestial Being observer who plans to make use of the chaos and destruction created by Celestial Being to rule a reconstructed world, subsequently takes over Veda, Celestial Being's supercomputer which is believed to be located in the moon somewhere. Without the tactical aid from the organization's artificial intelligence, Celestial Being is easily overwhelmed and overpowered by the GN-X units and their superior numbers.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The United Nations Army initiates "Operation Fallen Angels" to destroy the Gundams, having discovered the location of the Meisters' mothership, Ptolemaios. During the operation, Ali Al-Saachez kills Lockon Stratos after a climactic battle (Lockon Statos was just injured in a previous battle). Alejandro Corner, in his unique custom mobile armor Alvatore, attacks Setsuna as the GN-X units proceed to destroy the Ptolemaios and the remaining Gundams. Setsuna struggles with the monstrous Alvatore, but in the end succeeds in killing Alejandro. Graham Aker, an ace pilot of the United Nations Army, then challenges Setsuna to a fight, seeking revenge for his fallen comrades and questioning the purpose of the Gundams' existence. The fight results in the destruction of the GN-Flag, while the Exia is heavily damaged.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Four years have passed since the final battle between Celestial Being and the UN Forces. Humanity, having established the Earth Sphere Federation, forms an autonomous peace-keeping force, the A-Laws, separate from and above the formal Federation army. Given unfettered discretion, the A-Laws is charged with the duty to further unify nations, enforce the will of mankind, and dispose of terrorist cells. Unknown to the general public, however, is that the A-Laws misuse their power and employ inhumane tactics to oppress freedoms, doctrines, and ideologies, all in the name of 'unity'.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Meanwhile, Setsuna tries to confront the A-Laws by himself with his battered Gundam Exia, but is easily overpowered by their newer models. He is soon rescued by Tieria Erde, piloting his new mobile suit, the Seravee Gundam. By combining the GN Drives of Exia and 0 Gundam, Celestial Being's engineers manage to complete Aeolia's plans for an advanced mobile suit with twin GN drives – the 00 Gundam – which is entrusted to Setsuna. To pilot the two remaining new units, Lockon Stratos' twin brother is invited to assume his brother's codename and former position as the pilot of the Cherudim Gundam, and after Allelujah Haptism is rescued from the prison he was being detained in during the timeskip, he assumes the command of Arios Gundam. Saji Crossroad reluctantly joins Setsuna to pilot the upgraded 00 Raiser and confront his girlfriend Louise Halevy who has joined the A-Laws.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Unknown to Celestial Being and the A-Laws, a third party is manipulating both sides of the conflict. This group call themselves "Innovators", composed of Alejandro Corner's former assistant Ribbons Almark, and his six subordinates. Subsequently, it is revealed that Aeolia Schenberg's plan is to ensure humanity's survival; unite the world's factions through Celestial Being's armed interventions and then advance humanity into deep space and undergo Innovation, a trans-human process.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: After uncovering the truth about Ribbons' true intentions, Celestial Being joins forces with dissident members of the A-Laws to stop their oppression and bring the fight to the Innovades. Having been continuously exposed to the GN particles of the fully completed Gundam 00, Setsuna undergoes Innovation, becoming the first true Innovator with powers far greater than Ribbons and his group. The conflict ends in a final showdown between Ribbons and Setsuna with the latter emerging victorious. Following the final battle, the Federation disbands the A-Laws and works towards a genuine global peace while Celestial Being returns into the shadows until another intervention is needed. The story continues in "".


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: According to Hiroomi Iketani, one of the "Gundam 00" producers, planning for the series started in 2005, under the tentative name "Next". Iketani approached Seiji Mizushima, who had previously worked on the first "Fullmetal Alchemist" anime series, for the first time at the end of 2005 to be the director. Mizushima was initially reluctant about accepting the job due to his lack of knowledge regarding the "Gundam" franchise.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The production staff, consisting of over 300 people, spent roughly two years planning the series. Compared to other anime shows, "Gundam 00" has more main staff members, partly due to the detailed mobile suit designs.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The series premiered on October 6, 2007, replacing "Toward the Terra" on the terrestrial MBS and TBS networks, occupying the networks' noted Saturday 6:00 p.m. timeslot. The first season ended its run on March 29, 2008. Season one of the series will be re-broadcast across Japan on various television networks such as TBS, Kids Station, MBS and BS-i from April onwards. Season two started its broadcast in the MBS and TBS Sunday 5:00 p.m. slot since October 5, 2008, replacing "Code Geass R2".


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A total of fourteen DVD collections have been released. The final DVD of season one contains a whimsical trailer for the second season. Featuring voice work by the four Meisters, the trailer lampoons many early ideas for the show, fan theories and anime clichés before leading into a special message from Mizushima and a preview of the 00 Gundam. Blu-ray disc collections were released on August 22, 2008.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A series of compilation films with new animated sequences and re-recorded dialogue, titled "Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Special Edition", was also released. The first volume was released in Japan on October 27, 2009 in the DVD, Blu-ray Disc, and UMD format. While the first compilation film covered the first season, the remaining two covered the second season.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Licensing for a North American release of "Mobile Suit Gundam 00" was announced by Bandai Entertainment at New York Comic Con 2008 on April 18, 2008. "Mobile Suit Gundam 00" is the first Gundam series to air on national television in the United States since "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED" and began airing twice weekly on November 24, 2008 on SCI FI (now known as SyFy). The first season concluded its first run on Sci-Fi on February 9, 2009. The second season also aired on the same network and time slot on June 29, 2009 and concluded its run on September 21, 2009. Due to the closure of Bandai Entertainment, the series and film have been out of print. On October 11, 2014 at their 2014 New York Comic-Con panel, Sunrise announced they will be releasing all of the Gundam franchise, including "Gundam 00" in North America though distribution from Right Stuf Inc., beginning in Spring 2015. This will also include the previously unreleased "Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Special Edition".


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The English version (U.S. version) of "Mobile Suit Gundam 00" premiered in the Philippines on November 20, 2010 on Cartoon Network Philippines and aired weekend nights as part of its Toonami block. Since the series aired on an early evening slot, a "Parental Guidance" warning was shown by the network before each episode due its violent nature and it was aired with minor edits. The letters PG are also shown on the upper left side of the screen for a few seconds after the opening credits and commercial breaks.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The series' music was composed by Kenji Kawai. There are four TV-series soundtracks released, the first on January 10, 2008, the second on March 26, 2008, the third on December 24, 2008, and the fourth on April 1, 2009. Kawai continues to compose the music in the film adaptation, and the soundtrack was released on September 22, 2010.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A series of character CDs has been announced; with the first one, featuring Setsuna F Seiei and the character's voice actor Mamoru Miyano, with a song written by the band Skoop On Somebody, to be released on August 13, 2008. The second entry to the series of character CDs, featuring Lockon Stratos and voice actor Shinichiro Miki, was released on September 24, 2008. The music for second character CD was done in collaboration with Eijun Suganami and Shinji Matsuda, members of The Back Horn.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A novelized version of "Mobile Suit Gundam 00" was published by Kadokawa, currently ongoing with two volumes and authored by Noboru Kimura. The book series has been licensed by Bandai Entertainment and the first volume was released on December 29, 2009.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The manga adaptation has also been licensed and was released in the United States on August 24, 2009.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A light novel series, "Mobile Suit Gundam 00P" was serialized in "Dengeki Hobby" and centers around the previous generation of Gundam Meisters. Like the anime, it was also divided into 2 seasons: First season is set 15 years before the anime series, while second season is set 10 years after season one. 00P features events that happened before the main story. It is penned by Tomohiro Chiba, with model conductions by "Dengeki Hobby Magazine". The first volume of the sidestory was released in May 2008 by Dengeki Hobby. After the series ended, a sequel named "Mobile Suit Gundam 00N" was on serialization, taking place the same time as season one.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A graphic novel that features variations of existing mobile suits, "Mobile Suit Gundam 00V", which was serialized in "Hobby Japan", is told in the format of a mobile suit development history book published 20 years after the anime series, featuring photo guides of customized models. It centers around the Mobile Suit observer Robert Spacey and his encounters with the different mobile weapons in the Gundam 00 universe. A sequel entitled "Mobile Suit Gundam 00V Senki" has replaced 00V after its serialization ended. 00V's timeline happens between the end of season one and beginning of season two, and 00V Senki's timeline is after the ending of season two.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Four TV broadcast-based manga series exist to date. One was serialized in "Kerokero Ace" and drawn by Kouzoh Ohmori. Minor changes are present compared to the anime, such as the use of more visually comedic facial expressions, and the omission of certain characters and subplots. The first volume to this version was released on March 26, 2008 by Kadokawa Comics. It has been released in English in North America by Bandai Entertainment, with the first volume released on September 23, 2009.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The other manga adaptation series of the same name is also based on the television series, and is drawn by Auto Taguchi. Unlike the first manga series, this title is published by Kodansha. The two manga series essentially follow the same story as the anime's main plot, but vary in the sequence of events that unfold and in artistic style.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A manga sidestory entitled "Mobile Suit Gundam 00F" was serialized in "Gundam Ace". Illustrated by Kōichi Tokita, this manga series focuses on Fereshte, an autonomous branch of Celestial Being that is also in possession of several previous generation Gundams. The series acts as a link for the main story to the 2 other sidestories and introduces the characters and mecha from the other publications. First volume to this title was released on March 26, 2008 by Kadokawa Comics. A sequel for 00F, called "Mobile Suit Gundam 00I", was serialized in "Gundam Ace" after 00F. It is also illustrated by Kōichi Tokita and takes place in the same time as season two. It mainly focuses on Innovades, and few characters from 00F has appeared.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Another manga series based on the anime, "Mobile Suit Gundam 00: Aoi Kioku", runs monthly on Kadokawa's "Gundam Ace". This series focuses on the Gundam Meisters' memories and is illustrated by Tarō Shiguma.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A prelude to the film (drawn by Yun Kouga), "The place where the sky and earth meet", "Where Setsuna and Marina are... Two people tied together only by their spirits, divided by sky and earth," was published in "Newtype" in July 2010. This was followed by a 50-page-long manga version of the film by Kaishaku, published in "Gundam Ace". in October 2010. This adaptation contained notable differences from the film, such as an alternate ending in which Setsuna uses his ELS powers to restore Marina's youth and marries her.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A theatrical release was announced at the end of episode 25 of season 2, titled "Mobile Suit Gundam 00 the Movie: A Wakening of the Trailblazer" A new character is revealed to be the first officially acknowledged true Innovator, whose name is revealed to be Descartes Shaman. A new enemy appears to be a newly discovered alien life form, Extraterrestrial Livingmetal Shapeshifter (ELS). The Japanese premiere was announced for September 18, 2010. The year is 2314 AD, two years after Celestial Being's last great battle and the world faces a new crisis. A derelict Jupiter exploration ship, abandoned 130 years ago, has left its orbit and is approaching Earth. The ESF has also begun to exploit the power of Innovators through Descartes Shaman. The world's exposure to GN Particles has resulted in many people awakening as True Innovators. Realizing the military benefits of such individuals, the Earth Sphere Federation has begun to research Innovation and exploit the emerging Innovators' abilities.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Bandai Entertainment hosted the North American premiere of the film at New York Comic Con/New York Anime Festival. They later announced the license for the film. It was announced on September 13 that Singapore is going to be the first country to screen the "Gundam 00" film with English subtitles on the same day as Japan, running from September 18 to September 29 in the Alliance Francaise Theatre.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A stage play adaptation of the anime series titled premiered at the Nippon Seinenkan in Tokyo on February 15, 2019 and ran until February 18 before moving to the Morinomiya Piloti Hall in Osaka on February 23–24. The play starred Shohei Hashimoto as Setsuna F. Seiei, Yū Imari as Lockon Stratos, Taiyō Ayukawa as Allelujah Haptism, and Seiichirō Nagata as Tieria Erde. "Gundam 00 Re:Build" will be released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 26, 2019.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A stage play adaptation of the second season of the anime series, titled "Mobile Suit Gundam 00 -Hakai ni Yoru Saisei- Re:(in)novation," will premiere at the New National Theatre in Tokyo from July 17, 2020 and will run until July 26. The cast members include, Shohei Hashimoto, Yū Imari, Taiyō Ayukawa, and Seiichirō Nagata who all reprise their respective roles from the first adaptation. Yuki Maekawa as Saji Crossroad, Sakiho Motonishi as Louise Halevy, and Yuichi Nakamura as Mister Bushido. Kodai Miyagi replaces Yusuke Seto as Patrick Colasour. And many other returning cast members.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A 3D action game based on the anime entitled "Mobile Suit Gundam 00", published by Namco Bandai Games and produced by BEC for the Nintendo DS, was released on March 27, 2008. This game follows the anime's plot with slight variations, but lacks the introduction of the GN-X, ending with the entrance and introduction of Team Trinity instead.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A second video game, titled "Mobile Suit Gundam 00: Gundam Meisters" and developed by Yuke's for the PlayStation 2, was released on October 16, 2008 Capcom and published by Bandai (now known as Namco Bandai Games). Unlike the first Nintendo DS game, "Mobile Suit Gundam 00: Gundam Meisters" covers the first season's plot completely, albeit with slight deviations.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The first season of "Gundam 00" is also included in the game "Another Century's Episode Portable" and also in "2nd Super Robot Wars Z ~Hakai Hen~". The second season, however, was included in "SD Gundam G Generation World". The film's storyline was adapted in "Super Robot Wars UX" and later "Super Robot Wars V".


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A drama CD prequel entitled "Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Another Story: Mission-2306" was released on July 23, 2008. In this drama CD, Setsuna F Seiei is tasked with the mission of preventing an assassination of Barry Halevy, the leader of a fossil fuel export regulation watchdog group, and protecting his daughter, Louise Halevy from terrorist organizations. A second drama CD, "Mobile Suit Gundam 00 Another Story: Road To 2307", has been announced and is currently slated for a September 24, 2008 release. This drama CD will focus on the Meisters, as well as the Union's story. Unlike the first prequel CD drama, the second will have a comparatively much more serious tone, with stories that link to the original TV series.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: A series of character CDs based around the concept of being a message to the character from the cast member who plays them will be released, starting from Setsuna's on August 13, 2008. Three original soundtracks and five singles, featuring the theme songs used throughout the first season, have also been released.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: After a sneak preview of "Gundam 00" on September 1, 2007, Anime News Network remarked on "striking parallels" between the series and an earlier installment of the metaseries, "Mobile Suit Gundam Wing" (1995): "Like Gundam Wing, Gundam 00's main story begins with hyper-powerful Gundam units appearing at various locales to execute slightly-less-than-"Dynasty-Warriors"-level mayhem in synchronized phases of a paramilitary operation." Later on October 21, 2007, Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network remarked that "its political flavour ... is distinctly post-9/11", noting the political and cultural similarities between the series and our modern society. Critics have praised the series for the smooth, detailed visual effects and animation.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Following the end of the first season, "Gundam 00" has received much critical acclaim. Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network gave the first season a B+ rating, praising the second half of the season for its "unstoppable narrative momentum." He stated that its "sheer momentum is breathtaking, and even as coldly detached as the series is, the catastrophic fates in store for its cast make for compelling viewing," and concluded that "being swept up in the coalescing second half, the abrupt drop-off at the end only raises a raging thirst for season two." Chris Beveridge of Mania.com gave the first season a B rating, stating that as "this part of the series comes to a close, events become bigger than they were before and nobody is safe from change – or death." He concludes that the "culmination of this season does give me all that I like from a Gundam series as it tries to change the world and then throws you for a loop by moving everything ahead four years." Ross Liversidge of the UK Anime Network gave the first season a 9/10 score, concluding that it is "Everything Gundam should be – huge cast, lots of politics and big battles. Fans should be pleased."


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: Mamoru Miyano, the voice actor for Setsuna F Seiei, won the "Best Voice Actor" award at the 2008 Tokyo International Anime Fair. Miyano and Tieria Erde's voice actor, Hiroshi Kamiya, both won the "Best Main" and "Best Supporting Male Characters" respectively at the 2008 Seiyu Awards. In the United Kingdom, "Gundam 00" was nominated for the 2009 NEO Award for Best Anime.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: While critically acclaimed, the first season of "Gundam 00" experienced lower average viewer ratings than its predecessors "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED" and "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny". Over its 25-episode run, it averaged a television viewer rating of 4.85% and peaked at 6.1%. On a more positive note, Gundam 00's average rating was higher than the other previous Gundam shows set in alternative universes such as "Gundam Wing" (which averaged 4.3%) and "G Gundam" (which averaged 4.1%). The viewer ratings for the second season of "Gundam 00" had improved, reaching ratings as high as 6.3%.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: The series was also a commercial success, with the DVDs showing consistently high sales figures. The third and seventh DVD release topped the anime DVD sales chart.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: In a top 20 anime poll published in the April 2008 issue of "Newtype", Japanese readers voted for "Gundam 00" as the best anime, higher than its predecessor "Gundam SEED", which was voted ninth. In Newtype's poll for top 10 male anime characters, Setsuna F Seiei was voted second, Tieria Erde third, Lockon Stratos fifth, Graham Aker sixth, and Allelujah Haptism at seventh; and in its poll for top ten female anime characters, Nena Trinity was voted eighth and Marina Ismail was voted tenth.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: In the NHK's 2018 mega "All Gundam Poll", "Mobile Suit Gundam 00" was place as the fourth best anime in the Gundam franchise, only behind the original 1979 "Mobile Suit Gundam", "Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam", and "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED". The NHK reported that there was a total of 1,740,280 votes in the poll.


title: Mobile Suit Gundam 00

text: On April 14, 2018, the ""Gundam 00" Festival 10 Re:vision" event in Tokyo announced that director Seiji Mizushima will be working on an anime sequel to "Gundam 00", though it wasn't specified whether it would be a new season, OVA or film.


title: History of sugar

text: Sugar was first produced from sugarcane plants in India sometime after the first century AD. The derivation of the word "sugar" is thought to be from Sanskrit ("śarkarā"), meaning "ground or candied sugar," originally "grit, gravel". Sanskrit literature from ancient India, written between 1500 - 500 BC provides the first documentation of the cultivation of sugar cane and of the manufacture of sugar in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent.


title: History of sugar

text: Known worldwide by the end of the medieval period, sugar was very expensive and was considered a "fine spice", but from about the year 1500, technological improvements and New World sources began turning it into a much cheaper bulk commodity.


title: History of sugar

text: There are two centers of domestication for sugarcane: one for "Saccharum officinarum" by Papuans in New Guinea and another for "Saccharum sinense" by Austronesians in Taiwan and southern China. Papuans and Austronesians originally primarily used sugarcane as food for domesticated pigs. The spread of both "S. officinarum" and "S. sinense" is closely linked to the migrations of the Austronesian peoples. "Saccharum barberi" was only cultivated in India after the introduction of "S. officinarum".


title: History of sugar

text: "Saccharum officinarum" was first domesticated in New Guinea and the islands east of the Wallace Line by Papuans, where it is the modern center of diversity. Beginning at around 6,000 BP they were selectively bred from the native "Saccharum robustum". From New Guinea it spread westwards to Island Southeast Asia after contact with Austronesians, where it hybridized with "Saccharum spontaneum".


title: History of sugar

text: The second domestication center is mainland southern China and Taiwan where "S. sinense" was a primary cultigen of the Austronesian peoples. Words for sugarcane exist in the Proto-Austronesian languages in Taiwan, reconstructed as "*təbuS" or "**CebuS", which became "*tebuh" in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. It was one of the original major crops of the Austronesian peoples from at least 5,500 BP. Introduction of the sweeter "S. officinarum" may have gradually replaced it throughout its cultivated range in Island Southeast Asia.


title: History of sugar

text: From Island Southeast Asia, "S. officinarum" was spread eastward into Polynesia and Micronesia by Austronesian voyagers as a canoe plant by around 3,500 BP. It was also spread westward and northward by around 3,000 BP to China and India by Austronesian traders, where it further hybridized with "Saccharum sinense" and "Saccharum barberi". From there it spread further into western Eurasia and the Mediterranean.


title: History of sugar

text: India, where the process of refining cane juice into granulated crystals was developed, was often visited by imperial convoys (such as those from China) to learn about cultivation and sugar refining. By the sixth century AD, sugar cultivation and processing had reached Persia, and from there that knowledge was brought into the Mediterranean by the Arab expansion. "Wherever they went, the [medieval] Arabs brought with them sugar, the product and the technology of its production."


title: History of sugar

text: Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest in the fifteenth century carried sugar south-west of Iberia. Henry the Navigator introduced cane to Madeira in 1425, while the Spanish, having eventually subdued the Canary Islands, introduced sugar cane to them. In 1493, on his second voyage, Christopher Columbus carried sugarcane seedlings to the New World, in particular Hispaniola.


title: History of sugar

text: Sugarcane originated in tropical Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Different species likely originated in different locations with "S. barberi" originating in India and "S. edule" and "S. officinarum" coming from New Guinea. Originally, people chewed sugarcane raw to extract its sweetness. Indians discovered how to crystallize sugar during the Gupta dynasty, around 350 AD although literary evidence from Indian treatises such as Arthashastra in the 4th-3rd century BC indicates that refined sugar was already being produced in India.


title: History of sugar

text: Indian sailors, consumers of clarified butter and sugar, carried sugar by various trade routes. Travelling Buddhist monks brought sugar crystallization methods to China. During the reign of Harsha (r. 606–647) in North India, Indian envoys in Tang China taught sugarcane cultivation methods after Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 626–649) made his interest in sugar known, and China soon established its first sugarcane cultivation in the seventh century. Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647 AD, for obtaining technology for sugar-refining. In India, the Middle East and China, sugar became a staple of cooking and desserts.


title: History of sugar

text: Early refining methods involved grinding or pounding the cane in order to extract the juice, and then boiling down the juice or drying it in the sun to yield sugary solids that looked like gravel. The Sanskrit word for "sugar" ("sharkara") also means "gravel" or "sand". Similarly, the Chinese use the term "gravel sugar" (Traditional Chinese: 砂糖) for what the West knows as "table sugar".


title: History of sugar

text: In 1792, sugar prices soared in Great Britain. On 15 March 1792, his Majesty's Ministers to the British parliament presented a report related to the production of refined sugar in British India. Lieutenant J. Paterson, of the Bengal Presidency, reported that refined sugar could be produced in India with many superior advantages, and a lot more cheaply than in the West Indies.


title: History of sugar

text: There are records of knowledge of sugar among the ancient Greeks and Romans, but only as an imported medicine, and not as a food. For example, the Greek physician Dioscorides in the 1st century (AD) wrote: "There is a kind of coalesced honey called "sakcharon" [i.e. sugar] found in reeds in India and Eudaimon Arabia [i.e. Yemen] similar in consistency to salt and brittle enough to be broken between the teeth like salt. It is good dissolved in water for the intestines and stomach, and [can be] taken as a drink to help [relieve] a painful bladder and kidneys." Pliny the Elder, a 1st-century (AD) Roman, also described sugar as medicinal: "Sugar is made in Arabia as well, but Indian sugar is better. It is a kind of honey found in cane, white as gum, and it crunches between the teeth. It comes in lumps the size of a hazelnut. Sugar is used only for medical purposes."


title: History of sugar

text: During the medieval era, Arab entrepreneurs adopted sugar production techniques from India and expanded the industry. Medieval Arabs in some cases set up large plantations equipped with on-site sugar mills or refineries. The cane sugar plant, which is native to a tropical climate, requires both a lot of water and a lot of heat to thrive. The cultivation of the plant spread throughout the medieval Arab world using artificial irrigation. Sugar cane was first grown extensively in medieval Southern Europe during the period of Arab rule in Sicily beginning around the 9th century. In addition to Sicily, Al-Andalus (in what is currently southern Spain) was an important center of sugar production, beginning by the tenth century.


title: History of sugar

text: From the Arab world, sugar was exported throughout Europe. The volume of imports increased in the later medieval centuries as indicated by the increasing references to sugar consumption in late medieval Western writings. But cane sugar remained an expensive import. Its price per pound in 14th and 15th century England was about equally as high as imported spices from tropical Asia such as mace (nutmeg), ginger, cloves, and pepper, which had to be transported across the Indian Ocean in that era.


title: History of sugar

text: Ponting traces the spread of the cultivation of sugarcane from its introduction into Mesopotamia, then the Levant and the islands of the eastern Mediterranean, especially Cyprus, by the 10th century. He also notes that it spread along the coast of East Africa to reach Zanzibar.


title: History of sugar

text: Crusaders brought sugar home with them to Europe after their campaigns in the Holy Land, where they encountered caravans carrying "sweet salt". Early in the 12th century, Venice acquired some villages near Tyre and set up estates to produce sugar for export to Europe, where it supplemented honey as the only other available sweetener.


title: History of sugar

text: Crusade chronicler William of Tyre, writing in the late 12th century, described sugar as "a most precious product, very necessary for the use and health of mankind". The first record of sugar in English is in the late 13th century.


title: History of sugar

text: The crucial problem with sugar production was that it was highly labour-intensive in both growing and processing. Because of the huge weight and bulk of the raw cane it was very costly to transport, especially by land, and therefore each estate had to have its own factory. There the cane had to be crushed to extract the juices, which were boiled to concentrate them, in a series of backbreaking and intensive operations lasting many hours. However, once it had been processed and concentrated, the sugar had a very high value for its bulk and could be traded over long distances by ship at a considerable profit. The [European sugar] industry only began on a major scale after the loss of the Levant to a resurgent Islam and the shift of production to Cyprus under a mixture of Crusader aristocrats and Venetian merchants. The local population on Cyprus spent most of their time growing their own food and few would work on the sugar estates. The owners therefore brought in slaves from the Black Sea area (and a few from Africa) to do most of the work. The level of demand and production was low and therefore so was the trade in slaves — no more than about a thousand people a year. It was not much larger when sugar production began in Sicily.


title: History of sugar

text: In the Atlantic ocean [the Canaries, Madeira, and the Cape Verde Islands], once the initial exploitation of the timber and raw materials was over, it rapidly became clear that sugar production would be the most profitable way of getting money from the new territories. The problem was the heavy labour involved because the Europeans refused to work except as supervisors. The solution was to bring in slaves from Africa. The crucial developments in this trade began in the 1440's...


title: History of sugar

text: During the 1390s, a better press was developed, which doubled the amount of juice that was obtained from the sugarcane and helped to cause the economic expansion of sugar plantations to Andalusia and to the Algarve. It started in Madeira in 1455, using advisers from Sicily and (largely) Genoese capital for the mills. The accessibility of Madeira attracted Genoese and Flemish traders keen to bypass Venetian monopolies. "By 1480 Antwerp had some seventy ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp. The 1480's saw sugar production extended to the Canary Islands. By the 1490's Madeira had overtaken Cyprus as a producer of sugar."


title: History of sugar

text: The Portuguese took sugar to Brazil. By 1540, there were 800 cane sugar mills in Santa Catarina Island and there were another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil, Demarara, and Surinam. The first sugar harvest happened in Hispaniola in 1501; and many sugar mills had been constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s.


title: History of sugar

text: The approximately 3,000 small sugar mills that were built before 1550 in the New World created an unprecedented demand for cast iron gears, levers, axles and other implements. Specialist trades in mold-making and iron casting developed in Europe due to the expansion of sugar production. Sugar mill construction sparked development of the technological skills needed for a nascent industrial revolution in the early 17th century.


title: History of sugar

text: After 1625, the Dutch transported sugarcane from South America to the Caribbean islands, where it was grown from Barbados to the Virgin Islands.


title: History of sugar

text: Contemporaries often compared the worth of sugar with valuable commodities including musk, pearls, and spices. Sugar prices declined slowly as its production became multi-sourced throughout the European colonies. Once an indulgence only of the rich, the consumption of sugar also became increasingly common among the poor as well. Sugar production increased in the mainland North American colonies, in Cuba, and in Brazil. The labour force at first included European indentured servants and local Native American enslaved people. However, European diseases such as smallpox and African ones such as malaria and yellow fever soon reduced the numbers of local Native Americans. Europeans were also very susceptible to malaria and yellow fever, and the supply of indentured servants was limited. African slaves became the dominant source of plantation workers, because they were more resistant to malaria and yellow fever, and because the supply of enslaved people was abundant on the African coast.


title: History of sugar

text: In the process of whitening sugar, the charred bones of dead enslaved people were commonly substituted for the traditionally used animal bones.


title: History of sugar

text: During the 18th century, sugar became enormously popular. Great Britain, for example, consumed five times as much sugar in 1770 as in 1710.


title: History of sugar

text: By 1750, sugar surpassed grain as "the most valuable commodity in European trade — it made up a fifth of all European imports and in the last decades of the century four-fifths of the sugar came from the British and French colonies in the West Indies." From the 1740s until the 1820s, sugar was Britain's most valuable import.


title: History of sugar

text: The sugar market went through a series of booms. The heightened demand and production of sugar came about to a large extent due to a great change in the eating habits of many Europeans. For example, they began consuming jams, candy, tea, coffee, cocoa, processed foods, and other sweet victuals in much greater amounts. Reacting to this increasing trend, the Caribbean islands took advantage of the situation and set about producing still more sugar. In fact, they produced up to ninety percent of the sugar that the western Europeans consumed. Some islands proved more successful than others when it came to producing the product. In Barbados and the British Leeward Islands, sugar provided 93% and 97% respectively of exports.


title: History of sugar

text: Planters later began developing ways to boost production even more. For example, they began using more farming methods when growing their crops. They also developed more advanced mills and began using better types of sugarcane. In the eighteenth century "the French colonies were the most successful, especially Saint-Domingue, where better irrigation, water-power and machinery, together with concentration on newer types of sugar, increased profits."


title: History of sugar

text: Despite these and other improvements, the price of sugar reached soaring heights, especially during events such as the revolt against the Dutch and the Napoleonic Wars. Sugar remained in high demand, and the islands' planters knew exactly how to take advantage of the situation.


title: History of sugar

text: As Europeans established sugar plantations on the larger Caribbean islands, prices fell in Europe. By the 18th century all levels of society had become common consumers of the former luxury product. At first most sugar in Britain went into tea, but later confectionery and chocolates became extremely popular. Many Britons (especially children) also ate jams. Suppliers commonly sold sugar in the form of a sugarloaf and consumers required sugar nips, a pliers-like tool, to break off pieces.


title: History of sugar

text: Sugarcane quickly exhausts the soil in which it grows, and planters pressed larger islands with fresher soil into production in the nineteenth century as demand for sugar in Europe continued to increase: "average consumption in Britain rose from four pounds per head in 1700 to eighteen pounds in 1800, thirty-six pounds by 1850 and over one hundred pounds by the twentieth century."


title: History of sugar

text: In the 19th century Cuba rose to become the richest land in the Caribbean (with sugar as its dominant crop) because it formed the only major island landmass free of mountainous terrain. Instead, nearly three-quarters of its land formed a rolling plain — ideal for planting crops. Cuba also prospered above other islands because Cubans used better methods when harvesting the sugar crops: they adopted modern milling methods such as watermills, enclosed furnaces, steam engines, and vacuum pans. All these technologies increased productivity. Cuba also retained slavery longer than the most of the rest of the Caribbean islands.


title: History of sugar

text: After the Haitian Revolution established the independent state of Haiti, sugar production in that country declined and Cuba replaced Saint-Domingue as the world's largest producer.


title: History of sugar

text: Long established in Brazil, sugar production spread to other parts of South America, as well as to newer European colonies in Africa and in the Pacific, where it became especially important in Fiji. Mauritius, Natal and Queensland in Australia started growing sugar. The older and newer sugar production areas now tended to use indentured labour rather than enslaved people, with workers "shipped across the world ... [and] ... held in conditions of near slavery for up to ten years... In the second half of the nineteenth century over 450,000 indentured labourers went from India to the British West Indies, others went to Natal, Mauritius and Fiji (where they became a majority of the population). In Queensland workers from the Pacific islands were moved in. On Hawaii, they came from China and Japan. The Dutch transferred large numbers of people from Java to Surinam."


title: History of sugar

text: It is said that the sugar plantations would not have thrived without the aid of the African enslaved people. In Colombia, the planting of sugar started very early on, and entrepreneurs imported many African enslaved people to cultivate the fields. The industrialization of the Colombian industry started in 1901 with the establishment of Manuelita, the first steam-powered sugar mill in South America, by Latvian Jewish immigrant James Martin Eder.


title: History of sugar

text: Sugar was a luxury in Europe until the early 19th century, when it became more widely available, due to the rise of beet sugar in Prussia, and later in France under Napoleon. Beet sugar was a German invention, since, in 1747, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf announced the discovery of sugar in beets and devised a method using alcohol to extract it. Marggraf's student, Franz Karl Achard, devised an economical industrial method to extract the sugar in its pure form in the late 18th century. Achard first produced beet sugar in 1783 in Kaulsdorf. In 1801, under the patronage of King Frederick William III of Prussia (reigned 1797–1840), the world's first beet sugar production facility was established in Cunern, Silesia (then part of Prussia). While never profitable, this plant operated from 1801 until its destruction during the Napoleonic Wars (ca. 1802–1815).


title: History of sugar

text: The works of Marggraf and Achard were the starting point for the sugar industry in Europe, and for the modern sugar industry in general, since sugar was no longer a luxury product and a product almost only produced in warmer climates.


title: History of sugar

text: In France, Napoleon cut off from Caribbean imports by a British blockade, and at any rate not wanting to fund British merchants, banned imports of sugar in 1813 and ordered the planting of 32,000 hectares with beetroot. A beet sugar industry emerged, especially after Jean-Baptiste Quéruel industrialized the operation of Benjamin Delessert.


title: History of sugar

text: The United Kingdom Beetroot Sugar Association was established in 1832 but efforts to establish sugar beet in the UK were not very successful. Sugar beets provided approximately 2/3 of world sugar production in 1899. 46% of British sugar came from Germany and Austria. Sugar prices in Britain collapsed towards the end of the 19th century. The British Sugar Beet Society was set up in 1915 and by 1930 there were 17 factories in England and one in Scotland, supported under the provisions of the British Sugar (Subsidy) Act 1925. By 1935 homegrown sugar was 27.6% of British consumption. By 1929 109,201 people were employed in the British sugar beet industry, with about 25,000 more casual labourers.


title: History of sugar

text: Beginning in the late 18th century, the production of sugar became increasingly mechanized. The steam engine first powered a sugar mill in Jamaica in 1768, and soon after, steam replaced direct firing as the source of process heat.


title: History of sugar

text: In 1813 the British chemist Edward Charles Howard invented a method of refining sugar that involved boiling the cane juice not in an open kettle, but in a closed vessel heated by steam and held under partial vacuum. At reduced pressure, water boils at a lower temperature, and this development both saved fuel and reduced the amount of sugar lost through caramelization. Further gains in fuel-efficiency came from the multiple-effect evaporator, designed by the United States engineer Norbert Rillieux (perhaps as early as the 1820s, although the first working model dates from 1845). This system consisted of a series of vacuum pans, each held at a lower pressure than the previous one. The vapors from each pan served to heat the next, with minimal heat wasted. Modern industries use multiple-effect evaporators for evaporating water.


title: History of sugar

text: The process of separating sugar from molasses also received mechanical attention: David Weston first applied the centrifuge to this task in Hawaii in 1852.


title: History of sugar

text: In the United States and Japan, high-fructose corn syrup has replaced sugar in some uses, particularly in soft drinks and processed foods.


title: History of sugar

text: The process by which high-fructose corn syrup is produced was first developed by Richard O. Marshall and Earl R. Kooi in 1957. The industrial production process was refined by Dr. Y. Takasaki at Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan in 1965–1970. High-fructose corn syrup was rapidly introduced to many processed foods and soft drinks in the United States from around 1975 to 1985.


title: History of sugar

text: A system of sugar tariffs and sugar quotas imposed in 1977 in the United States significantly increased the cost of imported sugar and U.S. producers sought cheaper sources. High-fructose corn syrup, derived from corn, is more economical because the domestic U.S. price of sugar is twice the global price


title: History of sugar

text: and the price of corn is kept low through government subsidies paid to growers. High-fructose corn syrup became an attractive substitute, and is preferred over cane sugar among the vast majority of American food and beverage manufacturers. Soft drink makers such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi use sugar in other nations, but switched to high-fructose corn syrup in the United States in 1984.


title: History of sugar

text: In recent years it has been hypothesized that the increase of high-fructose corn syrup usage in processed foods may be linked to various health conditions, including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and obesity. However, there is to date little evidence that high-fructose corn syrup is any unhealthier, calorie for calorie, than sucrose or other simple sugars. The fructose content and fructose:glucose ratio of high-fructose corn syrup do not differ markedly from clarified apple juice. Some researchers hypothesize that fructose may trigger the process by which fats are formed, to a greater extent than other simple sugars. However, most commonly used blends of high-fructose corn syrup contain a nearly one-to-one ratio of fructose and glucose, just like common sucrose, and should therefore be metabolically identical after the first steps of sucrose metabolism, in which the sucrose is split into fructose and glucose components. At the very least, the increasing prevalence of high-fructose corn syrup has certainly led to an increase in added sugar calories in food, which may reasonably increase the incidence of these and other diseases.


title: Lingayatism

text: Lingayatism or Veera Saivism is a Hindu denomination based on Shaivism. Initially known as "Veerashaivas", since the 12th-century adherents of this faith are known as "Lingayats". The terms "Lingayatism" and "Veerashaivism" have been used synonymously, but "Veerashaivism" may refer to the broader "Veerashaiva" philosophy which predates Lingayatism, to the historical community now called "Lingayats", and to a contemporary (sub)tradition within Lingayatism with Vedic influences.


title: Lingayatism

text: Veerashaiva Lingayatism was revived, by the 12th-century philosopher and statesman Basava in Karnataka. "Lingayatism" may refer to the whole Veerashaiva Lingayat community, but also to a contemporary sub-tradition dedicated to Basava's original thought, and to a movement within this community which strives toward recognition as an independent religion. Lingayat scholars thrived in northern Karnataka during the Vijayanagara Empire (14th–18th century). In the 21st century, some Lingayats have sought legal recognition as a religion distinct from Hinduism and Veerashaivas, a request which has gained political support from the Congress-led Karnataka government, but is opposed by others.


title: Lingayatism

text: Lingayatism is generally considered a Hindu sect because their beliefs include many Hindu elements. Worship is centered on Shiva as the universal god in the iconographic form of "Ishtalinga". Lingayatism emphasizes qualified monism, with philosophical foundations similar to those of the 11th–12th-century South Indian philosopher Ramanuja. Lingayatism rejects any form of social discrimination including the caste system and authority of Vedas and Puranas.


title: Lingayatism

text: Contemporary Lingayatism is influential in South India, especially in the state of Karnataka. Lingayats celebrate anniversaries ("jayanti") of major religious leaders of their sect, as well as Hindu festivals such as Shivaratri and Ganesh Chaturthi. Lingayatism has its own pilgrimage places, temples, shrines and religious poetry based on Shiva. Today, Lingayats, along with Shaiva Siddhanta followers, Naths, Pashupaths, Kapalikas and others constitute the Shaivite population.


title: Lingayatism

text: Lingayatism is derived from the Sanskrit root "linga" (Shiva's mark) and Sanskrit suffix "ayta". The adherents of Lingayatism are known as "Lingayats". In historical literature, they are sometimes referred to as Lingawants, Lingangis, Lingadharis, Sivabhaktas, Virasaivas or Veerashaivas. The term Lingayat is based on the practice of both genders of Lingayats wearing an contained inside a silver box with a necklace all the time. The is an oval-shaped emblem symbolising Parashiva, the absolute reality and icon of their spirituality.


title: Lingayatism

text: Historically, "Lingayats" were known as "Virashaivas", or "ardent, heroic worshippers of Shiva." According to Blake Michael, the term "Veerashaivism" refers both to a "philosophical or theological system as well as to the historical, social and religious movement which originated from that system." "Lingayatism" refers to the modern adherents of this religion. The term Lingayats came to be commonly used during the British colonial period.


title: Lingayatism

text: In the 1871 and the 1881 colonial-era census of British India, Lingayats were listed as "shudras". In 1926, the Bombay High Court ruled that "the Veerashaivas are not Shudras".


title: Lingayatism

text: The terms "Lingayatism" and "Veerashaivism" have been used synonymously. "Veerashaivism" refers to the broader "Veerashaiva" philosophy and theology as well as the movement, states Blake Michael, while Lingayata refers to the modern community, sect or caste that adheres to this philosophy. In the contemporary era, some state that Veerashaiva is a (sub)tradition within Lingayatism with Vedic influences, and these sources have been seeking a political recognition of Lingayatism to be separate from Veerashaivism, and Lingayatism to be a separate religion. In contrast, Veerashaivas consider the two contemporary (sub)traditions to be "one and the same community" belonging to Hinduism.