title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: At midnight, immediately after the law went into effect, many clinics in Texas including Planned Parenthood stopped performing abortion procedures and stopped taking new appointments. Many clinics reported an increase in patients at their clinics who had completed the 24-hour waiting period and sought to have the procedure done before the midnight deadline.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The act contains exceptions in the case of medical emergency, such as if the mother is at risk of death or severe irreversible bodily harm. It makes no exceptions for rape or incest. Because enforcement of the law relies upon civil reporting, there are provisions that state no "perpetrator of an act of rape, sexual assault, incest, or any other act prohibited by Sections 22.011, 22.021, or 25.02, Penal Code" may be involved in the reporting process. On September 7, 2021, Governor Abbott asserted that the Act does not force raped women to carry pregnancies to term because the state would "work tirelessly to make sure that we eliminate all rapists from the streets of Texas by aggressively going out and arresting them and prosecuting them and getting them off the streets".


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The act is the first time since "Roe v. Wade" that a state has successfully outlawed abortion as early as six weeks into a pregnancy, even for a brief period of time. In Texas, an estimated 85% of abortions had been performed after the six-week mark, which is often shortly after a pregnant woman misses her menstrual period, and before many women have confirmed or are aware of a pregnancy.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The federal-level Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act from 2003 was enforced under both criminal and civil provisions. The civil enforcement mechanism allowed the father and grandparents of the fetus to sue for statutory damages. This provision had never been struck down by any courts, even when the criminal enforcement provision was blocked for a time by federal district courts. The Texas Heartbeat Act was unique in that it only contained a civil enforcement provision and not a criminal enforcement provision. This was designed to place the burden of enforcement on the populace through civil lawsuits rather than on state actors. This was engineered to deny abortion providers the opportunity to seek federal court injunctions against the enforcement of the statute by state officials. Since the law cannot be enforced by state officials but only by private individuals, there is uncertainty as to whom to sue in order to challenge the constitutionality of the act prior to enforcement.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: In light of this feature in the law, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts wrote that "the statutory scheme before the court is not only unusual, but unprecedented. The legislature has imposed a prohibition on abortions after roughly six weeks, and then essentially delegated enforcement of that prohibition to the populace at large. The desired consequence appears to be to insulate the state from responsibility for implementing and enforcing the regulatory regime."


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: A study produced by researchers at the University of Texas at Austin predicted that the bill would prohibit 80% of abortions in Texas and would disproportionately affect black women, lower-income women, and women who live far away from facilities that provide abortion services.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The Texas Heartbeat Act is intensely controversial because it was written to frustrate judicial review and thwart the judiciary from enforcing Supreme Court precedents that declared abortion to be a constitutionally protected right. That the Act succeeded in eliminating access to pre-viability abortions in Texas while "Roe v. Wade" ostensibly remained the law of the land has only added to the controversy surrounding the law. Law professors that supported "Roe v. Wade", such as Laurence Tribe and Michael C. Dorf, have criticized the Act and its enforcement mechanism as "cynical" and "diabolical". Opponents of abortion have praised the Act's circumvention of "Roe v. Wade" as "brilliant", and "genius". Other commentators combine both views by describing the law as an act of "sinister brilliance”, "sinister genius", or "diabolical genius".


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Questions have been raised concerning whether private citizens acting as plaintiffs have adequate legal standing to bring such lawsuits against doctors and other individuals who would aid an abortion. Legal standing is the "capacity of a party to bring suit in court" and has three requirements: injury-in-fact (a direct injury suffered by the plaintiff), causal connection (between the injury and the defendant's actions), and redressability (likelihood that a court decision can redress said injury). American courts have typically dismissed lawsuits that fail to prove a concrete harm to the plaintiff, like in "Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife" where the plaintiffs, Defenders of Wildlife, brought suit against then Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan Jr. for inadequately safeguarding endangered species. The injury-in-fact argued was that all US citizens, including the plaintiffs, would be harmed if species were to go extinct. In that case, the Supreme Court ruled that such a diffuse harm did not constitute a concrete injury-in-fact which would allow the lawsuit to go forward. The expected injury-in-fact that SB8 plaintiffs might claim of experiencing "extreme outrage" that an abortion had occurred was seen as laughable and of dubious merit. However, the precedent set by "Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife" might not apply specifically to SB8 cases held in Texas since state courts are not explicitly bound by precedents made by a federal court like the US Supreme Court. While Texas appeared to utilize a similar requirement for standing, the wording was sufficiently vague that one commentator felt they could not be counted on to guarantee dismissal.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Legal experts have noted that the act's enforcement model is not entirely new as it bears similarities to existing private attorney general laws. These laws grant special circumstances in which the plaintiff, a private citizen, can bring suit despite not suffering direct injury. Many of these involve qui tam suits where the plaintiff brings suit on behalf or in support of the government and is allowed to benefit if the suit succeeds. For example, several environmental pollution laws allow for individuals to bring suit against companies or individuals who have broken government environmental statutes; the False Claims Act allows for individuals to sue if there is evidence that the defendant has tried to defraud the government. However, this enforcement model, if utilized in similar ways to how SB8 implements it, could be used to limit other rights and freedoms that the people enjoy including like the right to bear arms, free speech, and gay marriage. For example, in an op-ed piece for "The Hill" in September 2021, Alan Dershowitz, emeritus professor of law at Harvard, suggested that liberal states could enact laws offering similar bounties for citizen lawsuits against anyone who facilitates the sale or ownership of handguns. Supreme Court justices Brett Kavanaugh and Elena Kagan expressed these concerns while hearing arguments in "United States v. Texas". Some analysts have argued that as wrong as SB8's utilization of private citizen enforcement is, the enforcement model itself still holds merit. They draw a distinction between the ways in which the model is utilized and the intent. In qui tam cases, private individuals bring suit alongside and in support of government officials and these suits are still under government supervision while in SB8, the Texas government would be barred from participating in the suit. The other would be the intent of the law; up until "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization" was decided, the right to abortion was considered to be protected by the Constitution. While environmental pollution lawsuits seek to aid the government in dealing with cases of the law being broken, SB8 was an unprecedented instance of private individuals being granted the right to deprive another individual of a (then) federally protected right. This led one commentator to note that "Rather than a “private attorney general” statute, it is a private vigilante law".


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Academic opinion is divided on whether the Act can be subject to pre-enforcement judicial review given that no state officials are charged with enforcing the law and are, in fact, prohibited from enforcing it. In an op-ed published in "The New York Times", law professors Laurence Tribe and Steve Vladeck acknowledged that the Act's enforcement mechanism "makes it very difficult, procedurally, to challenge the bill's constitutionality in court", but argued that abortion providers "should" still be able to challenge the law's constitutionality by suing state-court judges and court clerks. The Supreme Court rejected this idea in "Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson", holding that abortion providers could not sue state-court judges or court clerks under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Other legal scholars, such as Harvard's Stephen Sachs, Yale's Akhil Reed Amar, and Edward Whelan of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, have argued that SB8's unique design precludes abortion providers from challenging the constitutionality of the statute in pre-enforcement litigation.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Tribe has suggested ways for the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) to combat the effects of the Texas Heartbeat Act. In an op-ed published by "The Washington Post" on September 5, 2021, Tribe urged DOJ to prosecute any individual who sues an abortion provider under sections 241 or 242 of the federal criminal code, which make it a crime to deprive individuals of any constitutional rights. Tribe and Risenberg also suggested using a "civil parallel of the Ku Klux Klan Act" of 1871 to deter individuals from suing abortion providers who violate the Texas Heartbeat Act, and recommended that the U.S. Attorney General launch criminal prosecutions and sue private parties under the Act on the grounds of deprivation of rights under color of law. The two also cited the precedent of "Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.", as an argument against the constitutionality of delegating certain government decisions to private parties. At the time of writing, the DOJ had not yet acted on any of Tribe's suggestions.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The private remedies authorized by SB 8 can only be awarded by a state court in a lawsuit brought under SB 8, which is why Whole Women's Health and a group of abortion providers sued a Texas judge under Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act to enjoin him and a defendant class of all other Texas trial-level judges from entertaining SB 8 lawsuits. On September 10, 2021, a motions panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the idea that state judges and their court clerks could be sued in federal court to prevent them from hearing SB 8 cases, characterizing the approach as absurd.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: A Dallas attorney filed a lawsuit and accompanying request for a restraining order in Dallas Texas District Court attempting to block the bill, arguing that the language of the law prevents attorneys from consulting with clients about abortion, even in cases of rape and incest, and is thus a violation of attorney-client privilege and victims rights of the sexually abused. This action was nonsuited and refiled in Travis County (Austin, Texas), where it remains pending, along with numerous companion cases by abortion providers and funders, who are all represented by the same attorneys.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: On September 3, 2021, a Travis County judge granted three Texas Planned Parenthood affiliates a temporary restraining order against Texas Right to Life, with a temporary injunction hearing set for September 13. The ruling temporarily blocks the anti-abortion group and affiliated individuals from suing them under the Act. Another trial court judge later signed an agreed temporary injunction order in the same case.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: On December 9, 2021, a retired judge, sitting by appointment of the Texas Judicial Panel on Multi-District Litigation, ruled that portions of the statute's civil enforcement mechanism violate the Texas Constitution, but did not grant a permanent injunction enjoining the law's enforcement. As of 2022, the case is on interlocutory appeal in the Third Court of Appeals in Austin, Texas, and the law remains in effect.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Before the new law went into effect, a group of abortion providers led by Whole Woman's Health (WWH) sued to get a preliminary injunction to stay enforcement of the law on September 1, 2021. Their suit included a state district court judge and his court clerk as representative defendants for all state judges and clerks that have jurisdiction to hear suits brought under the Heartbeat Act, in addition to other state officials include attorney general Ken Paxton, and a private individual that had publicly stated their intent to file suit against an abortion provider once SB 8 came into effect. The abortion clinics challenged the sovereign immunity portion of the law, stating that because the judges and clerks are involved with enforcement of SB 8, they can be defendants to legal challenges due to the "Ex parte Young" doctrine. In late August 2021, district judge Robert L. Pitman rejected a motion to dismiss the case and scheduled a hearing on the temporary injunction requested by the plaintiffs. An expedited appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit led that court to stay the district court's proceedings, on the basis that the state official defendants were likely immune from being sued while the case against the private individual remained in consideration. The plaintiffs filed an emergency application with the Supreme Court on August 30, 2021, seeking an order to block the Act from going into effect. Late on September 1, 2021, nearly 24 hours after the Act had come into force, the Supreme Court denied the motion in an unsigned order, though four Justices wrote or joined dissents that stated they would have granted the injunction pending legal evaluation. The majority opinion on the motion stressed that the denial of immediate relief did not preclude other legal challenges in lower federal or Texas state courts.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The Fifth Circuit issued a second order on September 10, 2021, ruling that the state judges, clerks, and other officials were not proper defendants, while the case against the private individual remained and was to be evaluated by the Circuit court at a later date. Again, the plaintiffs filed a petition for a pre-judgment writ of certiorari at the Supreme Court based on the Fifth Circuit's order, again seeking an injunction on the enforcement of SB 8. The Supreme Court, in its related actions to "United States v. Texas", denied the plaintiff's motions in "WWH v. Jackson", but certified the petition for the case, and scheduled its oral arguments alongside "United States v. Texas" for November 1, 2021.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The Supreme Court issued its decision on December 10, 2021, and dismissed the claims that Texas abortion providers had brought against a state-court judge, a court clerk, the state's attorney general, and a private citizen. The Court allowed the abortion providers' claims against state licensing officials to proceed beyond the motion-to-dismiss stage, and remanded the case back to the Fifth Circuit. On remand, the Fifth Circuit asked the Supreme Court of Texas to resolve whether SB 8 allowed state licensing officials to enforce the law, and certified the case proceed to the state supreme court. In March, 2022, the Supreme Court of Texas unanimously ruled that SB 8 explicitly forbids state licensing officials to enforce the law, ending the abortion providers' federal pre-enforcement challenge to SB 8. The state supreme court's ruling, along with the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in "Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson", leaves abortion providers without any possible defendants to sue in a federal pre-enforcement lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of SB 8, because there are no state officials charged with enforcing the law.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: United States Attorney General Merrick Garland announced on September 6, 2021, that the Justice Department (DOJ) will protect abortion seekers in Texas under the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act. The DOJ filed their suit against the state on September 9, 2021 in the District Court for the Western District of Texas, with the suit claiming "the law is invalid under the Supremacy Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment, is preempted by federal law, and violates the doctrine of intergovernmental immunity". The DOJ asked for an emergency motion for a temporary restraining order or a preliminary injunction of SB8 on September 15, 2021. In its defense, Texas challenged the standing of the federal government to seek remedies against private individuals and sought dismissal of their case.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: District judge Robert L. Pitman, who was also overseeing the "WWH v. Jackson" case, issued a preliminary injunction blocking enforcing of the Act on October 6, 2021, ruling that the United States government does have standing to challenge Texas' law. Texas appealed to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals on October 8, 2021, and in a "per curiam" decision that day, the Fifth Circuit put a hold on Pitman's order, "pending the court's consideration of the emergency motion". On October 14, 2021, the motions panel granted the State's and the three aligned Intervenors' motions for emergency stay in a brief order that merely referenced the decision rationales articulated by the SCOTUS and the Fifth Circuit in the pending "WWH v. Jackson" case. They also ordered that the appeal on the merits be jointly taken up on an accelerated basis by the same panel of the Fifth Circuit that will hear oral argument in the "WWH v. Jackson" appeal.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The DOJ filed an application for emergency relief from the Supreme Court on October 18, 2021. On October 22, 2021, the SCOTUS declined to grant the DOJ's emergency request to lift the Fifth Circuit's stay, but did grant the petition for certiorari before judgment and set expedited oral arguments for November 1, 2021. In certifying the case, the Supreme Court limited the case to review the question of the standing raised by the state. The oral arguments for "United States v. Texas" will be heard alongside those for "WWH v. Jackson". Justice Sotomayor concurred in the decision to hear the case on an expedited basis, but dissented on the denial of an immediate stay order in the interim.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The Supreme Court ruled in a "per curiam" decision on December 10, 2021, to dismiss the writ of certiorari as improvidently granted.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: No. 21-588,  United States, Petitioner v. Texas, et al., docketed October 14, 2021 in conjunction with consideration of application (21A85) to vacate Fifth Circuit stay presented to Justice Alito and by him referred to the Court is deferred pending oral argument on November 1, 2021.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: No. 21A85, United States, Petitioner v. Texas, et al., Application to vacate stay of preliminary injunction issued by U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit by the United States. Submitted to Justice Alito and referred to the Court. Consideration deferred pending oral argument on November 1, 2021.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: On September 18, 2021, in an op-ed published by "The Washington Post", San Antonio physician Alan Braid admitted that he had performed an abortion that was illegal under the Act on September 6. He stated that he performed the abortion "because I had a duty of care to this patient, as I do for all patients, and because she has a fundamental right to receive this care." He acknowledged that he would be opening himself up to liability from civil lawsuits related to the Act.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: On September 20, 2021, Oscar Stilley, a former lawyer in Arkansas, filed a lawsuit against Braid for providing the abortion. Stilley told reporters that he did it in an effort to speed up the process of getting the law reviewed. Another lawsuit by Felipe Gomez of Chicago was filed against Braid the same day. Gomez argues for the law to be declared unconstitutional as the law is illegal until "Roe v. Wade" is reversed or modified. Both lawsuits were commenced in San Antonio in the defendant's county. One is in forma pauperis. Both plaintiffs are not averse to publicity. Both have also intervened in the federal case brought by the DOJ against Texas. Legal experts expect SB 8 lawsuits brought by pro-abortion rights plaintiffs to fail for lack of a controversy and thus standing.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Texas abortion providers, funders, and other pro-abortion plaintiffs filed a total of 14 other lawsuits, some before the Act's September 1, 2021, effectiveness date, against Texas Right to Life and the organization's officers, employees, and collaborators, challenging S.B.8 as unconstitutional under various provisions of the state constitution. The plaintiffs relied on the Texas Declaratory Judgments Act and sought declaratory and injunctive relief. The separate actions were subsequently consolidated for pretrial proceedings by the Texas Judicial Panel on Multi-District Litiation (MDL Panel) and remain pending in a Travis County district court. The MDL Panel assigned the Hon. David Peeples, a senior-status judge, to preside over the 14 cases.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: With one exception, the 14 suits against Texas Right to Life originally also named state officials as defendants, including Governor Abbott and numerous GOP legislators, but these state officials were later nonsuited.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: On December 9, 2021, Judge Peeples granted some of the declaratory relief requested by the plaintiffs but did not grant a permanent injunction, leaving that issue for a trial on the merits. Texas Right to Life and its legislative director immediately appealed the denial of their motion to dismiss, which resulted in a stay of further proceedings in the trial court pending resolution of the interlocutory appeal. The case style for the MDL cases is Van Stean v. Texas Right to Life, No. 03-21-00650-CV in the Third Court of Appeals and Cause No. D-1-GN-21-004179 in Travis County district court.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: The anti-abortion organization Texas Right to Life established a "whistleblower reporting system" that enabled residents to anonymously report suspected violators of the bill. Their website came under denial-of-service and satirical attacks featuring copypastas and eroticized fan-art of Shrek based on the prevalent internet meme, as well as profuse non-pertinent and misleading information. On September 3, 2021, webhost GoDaddy gave the website 24 hours to find a new host before terminating their service for multiple terms-of-service violations. On September 4, the website changed its domain registration to Epik, a registrar and web hosting company known for providing services to websites which have been denied service for content policy violations by other providers. The site went offline later that day, after Epik told the group they had violated their terms of service by collecting private information about third parties; the website subsequently began redirecting users to the Texas Right to Life organization's website.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: A non-profit organization that supports abortion-rights announced that after the law went into effect their website traffic had increased with a large number of traffic coming from Texas. Through the site, visitors can view information about abortion pills and care providers.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: On September 4, 2021, The Satanic Temple, a self-described nontheistic religious and human rights group, filed a letter of complaint to the US Food and Drug Administration arguing that the law violated the constitutional rights of members to free religious practice, referring specifically to the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Ride-sharing services Lyft and Uber announced that they would cover 100% of the legal defense costs for any of their drivers sued under this new law, while dating app companies Bumble and Match Group, owner of Tinder, announced they would establish a relief fund to assist Texas women seeking abortions.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: John Gibson, the CEO of the video game developer/publisher Tripwire Interactive, tweeted in support of the bill and the Supreme Court's decision to not block its enforcement on September 4, 2021. Over the next few days, video game journalists, other developers, and members of the players' community expressed outrage at the tweet, leading to Gibson stepping down as CEO on September 6, 2021, and Tripwire distancing itself from Gibson's statement.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: On the day the act went into effect, protesters rallied in the Texas state capital of Austin, Texas. Women in Dallas protested while wearing costumes from "The Handmaid's Tale", a dystopian novel about women living in a totalitarian theocracy. Other small demonstrations were organized near city halls of other Texas towns. The day after the bill was enacted, the hashtag "#texastaliban", a critical reference to the Taliban, trended on Twitter with over 50,000 tweets.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: On September 3, hacktivist group Anonymous announced "Operation Jane", an initiative to oppose the law. The group subsequently hacked the website of the Republican Party of Texas, replacing it with text about Anonymous, an invitation to join Operation Jane, and a Planned Parenthood donation link. On September 13, the group released a large quantity of private data belonging to Epik, including domain purchase and transfer details, account credentials and logins, payment history, employee emails, and unidentified private keys. The Distributed Denial of Secrets (DDoSecrets) organization said later that day that they were working to curate the allegedly leaked data for public download, and said that it consisted of "180 gigabytes of user, registration, forwarding and other information". Publications including "The Daily Dot" and "The Record by Recorded Future" subsequently confirmed the veracity of the hack and the types of data that had been exposed.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Protests occurred in about 600 places nationwide on October 2. They were called the 2021 Women's March.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Public opinion on the law is divided, with two polls showing a narrow majority support the new legislation. One poll showed that roughly 55% of Texans support the law, compared to 45% who oppose it. Another poll showed a plurality of 46% of Texans supporting the law, while 43% remain opposed.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: President Joe Biden criticized the act, describing it as "extreme" and saying it "blatantly violates the constitutional right established under "Roe v. Wade"". Senator Elizabeth Warren argued that it is time to "step up and codify "Roe" into federal law". Congressional candidate for the 28th district of Texas, Jessica Cisneros, also spoke out against the act, stating that the law puts women at risk and it has a disproportionate impact on women of color and low income women. She stated: "When laws that push access to reproductive health care out of reach take effect, it's always women of color and low-income communities that are most harmed. Others who have the resources and connections will always find a way to receive the care they need."


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: Some Republicans, such as South Dakota governor Kristi Noem praised the act, while others (including 2021 Virginia gubernatorial candidate Glenn Youngkin and Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell) were more leery. Some other states, including Florida and Ohio, have introduced legislation with language that mimics the Texas law.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: On December 11, 2021, a day after the Supreme Court effectively upheld enforcement of the law in "Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson", Governor Gavin Newsom of California called for the state legislature to apply the legal framework from Texas' law to gun control, seeking a bill that would introduce a private right of action against manufacturers, distributors, and sellers of assault weapon or ghost gun supplies in the state.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: At the end of April 2022, the Connecticut General Assembly passed House Bill 5414, the Reproductive Freedom Defense Act, which allows anyone sued under the Texas law, or others like it, for performing or facilitating an abortion which took place at least in part in Connecticut to countersue in that state for the equivalent amount of damages, plus attorney's fees. It also prohibits the governor of Connecticut from extraditing any Connecticut resident to another state for performing an abortion legal in Connecticut, bars courts in the state from issuing subpoenas or any orders related to such enforcement in another state, and prohibits any state or law enforcement agency in Connecticut from cooperating with such investigations.


title: Texas Heartbeat Act

text: In July 2022, California governor, Gavin Newsom signed Senate Bill 1327, which is modeled after the Texas law, but allows private citizens to sue a licensed firearms dealer who "sells, supplies, delivers, or gives possession or control of a firearm" to anyone under 21 years old. It allows citizens to sue for a minimum of $10,000 on each weapon involved, as well as attorney fees.


title: Salvation

text: Salvation (from Latin: "salvatio", from "salva", 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation. In religion and theology, "salvation" generally refers to the deliverance of the soul from sin and its consequences. The academic study of salvation is called "soteriology".


title: Salvation

text: In Abrahamic religions and theology, "salvation" is the saving of the soul from sin and its consequences. It may also be called "deliverance" or "redemption" from sin and its effects. Depending on the religion or even denomination, salvation is considered to be caused either only by the grace of God (i.e. unmerited and unearned), or by faith, good deeds (works), or a combination thereof. Religions often emphasize that man is a sinner by nature and that the penalty of sin is death (physical death, spiritual death: spiritual separation from God and eternal punishment in hell).


title: Salvation

text: In contemporary Judaism, redemption (Hebrew: ), refers to God redeeming the people of Israel from their various exiles. This includes the final redemption from the present exile.


title: Salvation

text: Judaism holds that adherents do not need personal salvation as Christians believe. Jews do not subscribe to the doctrine of original sin. Instead, they place a high value on individual morality as defined in the law of God—embodied in what Jews know as the Torah or The Law, given to Moses by God on biblical Mount Sinai.


title: Salvation

text: In Judaism, salvation is closely related to the idea of redemption, a saving from the states or circumstances that destroy the value of human existence. God, as the universal spirit and Creator of the World, is the source of all salvation for humanity, provided an individual honours God by observing his precepts. So redemption or salvation depends on the individual. Judaism stresses that salvation cannot be obtained through anyone else or by just invoking a deity or believing in any outside power or influence.


title: Salvation

text: When examining Jewish intellectual sources throughout history, there is clearly a spectrum of opinions regarding death versus the afterlife. Possibly an over-simplification, one source says salvation can be achieved in the following manner: Live a holy and righteous life dedicated to Yahweh, the God of Creation. Fast, worship, and celebrate during the appropriate holidays.


title: Salvation

text: By origin and nature, Judaism is an ethnic religion. Therefore, salvation has been primarily conceived in terms of the destiny of Israel as the elect people of Yahweh (often referred to as “the Lord”), the God of Israel.


title: Salvation

text: In the biblical text of Psalms, there is a description of death, when people go into the earth or the "realm of the dead" and cannot praise God. The first reference to resurrection is collective in Ezekiel's vision of the dry bones, when all the Israelites in exile will be resurrected. There is a reference to individual resurrection in the Book of Daniel. It was not until the 2nd century BCE that there arose a belief in an afterlife, in which the dead would be resurrected and undergo divine judgment. Before that time, the individual had to be content that his posterity continued within the holy nation.


title: Salvation

text: The salvation of the individual Jew was connected to the salvation of the entire people. This belief stemmed directly from the teachings of the Torah. In the Torah, God taught his people sanctification of the individual. However, he also expected them to function together (spiritually) and be accountable to one another. The concept of salvation was tied to that of restoration for Israel.


title: Salvation

text: Christianity's primary premise is that the incarnation and death of Jesus Christ formed the climax of a divine plan for humanity's salvation. This plan was conceived by God before the creation of the world, achieved at the cross, and it would be completed at the Last Judgment, when the Second Coming of Christ would mark the catastrophic end of the world and the creation of a new world.


title: Salvation

text: For Christianity, salvation is only possible through Jesus Christ. Christians believe that Jesus' death on the cross was the once-for-all sacrifice that atoned for the sin of humanity.


title: Salvation

text: The Christian religion, though not the exclusive possessor of the idea of redemption, has given to it a special definiteness and a dominant position. Taken in its widest sense, as deliverance from dangers and ills in general, most religions teach some form of it. It assumes an important position, however, only when the ills in question form part of a great system against which human power is helpless.


title: Salvation

text: According to Christian belief, sin as the human predicament is considered to be universal. For example, in the Apostle Paul declared everyone to be under sin—Jew and Gentile alike. Salvation is made possible by the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, which in the context of salvation is referred to as the "atonement". Christian soteriology ranges from exclusive salvation to universal reconciliation concepts. While some of the differences are as widespread as Christianity itself, the overwhelming majority agrees that salvation is made possible by the work of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, dying on the cross.


title: Salvation

text: Variant views on salvation are among the main fault lines dividing the various Christian denominations, both between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism and within Protestantism, notably in the Calvinist–Arminian debate, and the fault lines include conflicting definitions of depravity, predestination, atonement, but most pointedly justification.


title: Salvation

text: Salvation, according to most denominations, is believed to be a process that begins when a person first becomes a Christian, continues through that person's life, and is completed when they stand before Christ in judgment. Therefore, according to Catholic apologist James Akin, the faithful Christian can say in faith and hope, "I "have been" saved; I "am being" saved; and I "will be" saved."


title: Salvation

text: Christian salvation concepts are varied and complicated by certain theological concepts, traditional beliefs, and dogmas. Scripture is subject to individual and ecclesiastical interpretations. While some of the differences are as widespread as Christianity itself, the overwhelming majority agrees that salvation is made possible by the work of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, dying on the cross.


title: Salvation

text: The purpose of salvation is debated, but in general most Christian theologians agree that God devised and implemented his plan of salvation because he loves them and regards human beings as his children. Since human existence on Earth is said to be "given to sin," salvation also has connotations that deal with the liberation of human beings from sin, and the suffering associated with the punishment of sin—i.e., "the wages of sin are death."


title: Salvation

text: Christians believe that salvation depends on the grace of God. Stagg writes that a fact assumed throughout the Bible is that humanity is in, "serious trouble from which we need deliverance…. The fact of sin as the human predicament is implied in the mission of Jesus, and it is explicitly affirmed in that connection." By its nature, salvation must answer to the plight of humankind as it actually is. Each individual's plight as sinner is the result of a fatal choice involving the whole person in bondage, guilt, estrangement, and death. Therefore, salvation must be concerned with the total person. "It must offer redemption from bondage, forgiveness for guilt, reconciliation for estrangement, renewal for the marred image of God."


title: Salvation

text: According to doctrine of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the plan of salvation is God's plan to save, redeem, and exalt all humankind who chose, either in this life, or in the world of spirits of the dead, to accept the grace of Jesus Christ by exercising faith in Him, repenting of their sins, and by making and keeping sacred covenants (including baptism). Since the vast majority of God's children depart this life without that opportunity, Christ's gospel is preached to the unbelieving spirits in spirit prison (1 Peter 3: 19) so that they might be judged by the same standards as the living and live by following God in their spirit form (1 Peter 4: 6). If they accept Christ, sincerely repent of their sins, and accept ordinances done on their behalf, they can, by the grace of Christ, receive salvation on the same terms as the living. For this reason, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints do vicarious work for the dead in sacred temples. The elements of this plan are drawn from various sources, including the Bible, Book of Mormon, Doctrine & Covenants, Pearl of Great Price, and numerous statements made by the leadership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).


title: Salvation

text: In Islam, salvation refers to the eventual entrance to Paradise. Islam teaches that people who die disbelieving in God do not receive salvation. It also teaches that non-Muslims who die believing in God but disbelieving in His message (Islam), are left to His will. Those who die believing in the one God and His message (Islam) receive salvation.


title: Salvation

text: Belief in the “One God”, also known as the "Tawhid" () in Arabic, consists of two parts (or principles):


title: Salvation

text: Islam also stresses that in order to gain salvation, one must also avoid sinning along with performing good deeds. Islam acknowledges the inclination of humanity towards sin. Therefore, Muslims are constantly commanded to seek God's forgiveness and repent. Islam teaches that no one can gain salvation simply by virtue of their belief or deeds, instead it is the Mercy of God, which merits them salvation. However, this repentance must not be used to sin any further. Islam teaches that God is Merciful.


title: Salvation

text: Islam describes a true believer to have Love of God and Fear of God. Islam also teaches that every person is responsible for their own sins. The Quran states;


title: Salvation

text: Al-Agharr al-Muzani, a companion of Muhammad, reported that Ibn 'Umar stated to him that Muhammad said,


title: Salvation

text: Sin in Islam is not a state, but an action (a bad deed); Islam teaches that a child is born sinless, regardless of the belief of his parents, dies a Muslim; he enters heaven, and does not enter hell.


title: Salvation

text: Islam is built on five principles, acts of worship that Islam teaches to be mandatory. Not performing the mandatory acts of worship may deprive Muslims of the chance of salvation. According to Ibn 'Umar, Muhammad said that Islam is based on the following five principles:


title: Salvation

text: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism share certain key concepts, which are interpreted differently by different groups and individuals. In these religions one is not liberated from sin and its consequences, but from the "saṃsāra" (cycle of rebirth) perpetuated by passions and delusions and its resulting karma. They differ however on the exact nature of this liberation.


title: Salvation

text: Salvation is always self-attained in Dharmic traditions, and a more appropriate term would be "moksha" ('liberation') or "mukti" ('release'). This state and the conditions considered necessary for its realization is described in early texts of Indian religion such as the Upanishads and the Pāli Canon, and later texts such the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali and the Vedanta tradition. "Moksha" can be attained by "sādhanā", literally 'means of accomplishing something'. It includes a variety of disciplines, such as yoga and "dhyana" (meditation).


title: Salvation

text: Nirvana is the profound peace of mind that is acquired with "moksha". In Buddhism and Jainism, it is the state of being free from suffering. In Hindu philosophy, it is union with the Brahman (Supreme Being). The word literally means 'blown out' (as in a candle) and refers, in the Buddhist context, to the blowing out of the fires of desire, aversion, and delusion, and the imperturbable stillness of mind acquired thereafter.


title: Salvation

text: In Theravada Buddhism the emphasis is on one's own liberation from samsara. The Mahayana traditions emphasize the "bodhisattva" path, in which "each Buddha and Bodhisattva is a redeemer," assisting the Buddhist in seeking to achieve the redemptive state. The assistance rendered is a form of self-sacrifice on the part of the teachers, who would presumably be able to achieve total detachment from worldly concerns, but have instead chosen to remain engaged in the material world to the degree that this is necessary to assist others in achieving such detachment.


title: Salvation

text: In Jainism, "salvation", "moksha", and "nirvana" are one and the same. When a soul ("atman") achieves "moksha", it is released from the cycle of births and deaths, and achieves its pure self. It then becomes a "siddha" ('one who has accomplished his ultimate objective'). Attaining Moksha requires annihilation of all "karmas", good and bad, because if karma is left, it must bear fruit.


title: FA Trophy

text: The Football Association Challenge Trophy, commonly known as the FA Trophy, is a men's football knockout cup competition run by and named after the English Football Association and competed for primarily by semi-professional teams. The competition was instigated in 1969 to cater to those non-league clubs that paid their players and were therefore not eligible to enter the FA Amateur Cup.


title: FA Trophy

text: Eligibility rules have changed over time, but from 2008 onwards the competition has been open to clubs playing in Steps 1–4 of the National League System, equivalent to tiers 5–8 of the overall English football league system. This covers the National League, the Southern League, Isthmian League, and Northern Premier League.


title: FA Trophy

text: The final of the competition was held at the original Wembley Stadium from the tournament's instigation until the stadium closed in 2000. The final has been played at the new Wembley Stadium since its opening in 2007. The record for the most FA Trophy wins is shared by Woking and two defunct clubs, Scarborough and Telford United, with three victories each.


title: FA Trophy

text: The competition was created by the Football Association in 1969 to afford semi-professional teams an opportunity to compete for the chance to play at the Wembley Stadium. Fully-amateur clubs took part in the long-standing FA Amateur Cup, but most of the leading non-league clubs made at least some form of payment to their players and were therefore ineligible to enter the Amateur Cup. The first winners of the competition were Macclesfield Town of the Northern Premier League, who defeated Telford United of the Southern League in the final. Northern Premier League clubs dominated the first decade of the competition, with Telford United the only Southern League team to break the northern clubs' hold on the competition. In the early years of its existence, the competition struggled to achieve the same level of prestige as the long-established Amateur Cup.


title: FA Trophy

text: In 1974 the FA abolished the distinction between official professional and amateur status and discontinued the Amateur Cup, and the Trophy soon had 300 entrants. This figure was gradually reduced until by 1991 only around 120 clubs took part. In 1978 the FA moved the final of the Trophy to the Saturday immediately following the FA Cup Final, so as to give it a longer build-up and avoid conflict with clubs' league programmes, which had previously reduced the competition's prestige.


title: FA Trophy

text: In 1979 the leading Southern and Northern Premier League teams formed the new Alliance Premier League, and teams from this league dominated the Trophy during the 1980s, although in the 1980–81 season Bishop's Stortford of the comparatively lowly Isthmian League First Division entered at the preliminary round and won twelve matches to reach the final, where they defeated Sutton United. Telford United's win in 1989 made them the second team to win the Trophy three times. Between 1990 and 2000 three more teams claimed multiple wins. Former Northern Ireland international Martin O'Neill, in his third managerial role, led Wycombe Wanderers to two wins, and Geoff Chapple managed Kingstonian to victory twice and Woking three times, all within the space of seven years. After Chapple's period of success, Mark Stimson became the first man to manage the Trophy-winning team in three successive seasons, when he led Grays Athletic to victory in 2005 and 2006 and repeated the feat with his new club Stevenage Borough in 2007.


title: FA Trophy

text: Originally the competition included as many qualifying rounds as were required to reduce the number of teams to 32. In 1999 the format was amended to match that of the FA Cup, with six rounds prior to the semi-final stage, albeit without qualifying rounds. Teams from the Football Conference received byes through the early rounds, in a similar manner to the way in which the leading clubs receive byes in the FA Cup.


title: FA Trophy

text: As of 2001 the competition was sponsored by Umbro; in the 2007-08 season it was sponsored by Carlsberg.


title: FA Trophy

text: The competition is a knockout tournament with pairings drawn at random. Since the 2021–22 season all drawn games are immediately settled via a penalty shootout. This was introduced to ease fixture congestion.


title: FA Trophy

text: The Semi-Finals follow the same procedure as the preceding rounds: hosted by the team drawn first out of the hat and decided by a penalty shootout if the scores remain level after 90 minutes.


title: FA Trophy

text: The Final is held at Wembley Stadium. 30 minutes of extra-time is played if the scores are level at full-time. A penalty shootout is used if the scores further remain level at the end of extra-time.


title: FA Trophy

text: As of 2022–23 and the recent non–league restructuring, the competition has featured a maximum of 320 teams representing all clubs from levels 5-8 on the English football league system. The competition features three qualifying rounds (three less than the FA Cup) and eight rounds proper (the same as the FA Cup). Teams from Step 4 (level 8) enter at the first qualifying round stage, those from Step 3 (level 7) at the third qualifying, those from Step 2 (level 6) at the second round proper, and those from Step 1 (level 5) at the third round proper (similar to the FA Cup).


title: FA Trophy

text: The months in which rounds are played are typical, with exact dates subject to each calendar. The FA pays a cumulative prize fund that rises round-by-round, with exact figures subject to each new edition. See for specific details.


title: FA Trophy

text: The final was traditionally held at the original Wembley Stadium, but was moved to Villa Park during Wembley's redevelopment, and a final was also played at West Ham United's Boleyn Ground.


title: FA Trophy

text: In 2007 the final moved to the new Wembley Stadium, and a record crowd of 53,262 saw Stevenage Borough beat Kidderminster Harriers.


title: FA Trophy

text: Scarborough (1973, 1976, 1977), Telford United (1971, 1983, 1989), and Woking (1994, 1995, 1997) share the record for the most victories (three) in the final. In 1985 Wealdstone became the first team to win the "Non-League Double" of FA Trophy and Football Conference championship (although in the pre-Conference era both Macclesfield Town and Stafford Rangers had done the double of Northern Premier League championship and FA Trophy in 1970 and 1972 respectively). Since then Colchester United in 1992 and Wycombe Wanderers in 1993 have equalled Wealdstone's achievement.


title: FA Trophy

text: Three Welsh clubs have reached FA Trophy finals; Bangor City (1984), Newport County (2012), and Wrexham in 2013, 2015 and 2022. Wrexham became the first Welsh winners of the FA Trophy in 2013.


title: FA Trophy

text: From the 2004–05 season Sky Sports had a deal to show the final of the FA Trophy. This changed in 2007 when the FA agreed a new deal with Setanta Sports to provide coverage of FA Trophy matches with effect from the 2008–09 season. In March 2013 it was announced that S4C would broadcast the 2013 Final between Wrexham and Grimsby Town.


title: FA Trophy

text: BT Sport showed the 2015 FA Trophy Final live. BT Sport also showed the 2016 FA Trophy Final between FC Halifax Town and Grimsby Town live on 22 May as part of a double-header along with the 2016 FA Vase Final.


title: Vladimir (name)

text: Vladimir () is a masculine given name of Slavic origin, widespread throughout all Slavic nations in different forms and spellings. The earliest record of a person with the name is knyaz Vladimir of Bulgaria.


title: Vladimir (name)

text: The Old East Slavic form of the name is Володимѣръ "Volodiměr", while the Old Church Slavonic form is "Vladiměr". According to Max Vasmer, the name is composed of Slavic владь "vladĭ" "to rule" and "*mēri" "great", "famous" (related to Gothic element "mērs", "-mir", c.f. Theode"mir", Vala"mir"). The modern (pre-1918) Russian forms Владимиръ and Владиміръ are based on the Church Slavonic one, with the replacement of мѣръ by миръ or міръ resulting from a folk etymological association with миръ "peace" or міръ "world".


title: Vladimir (name)

text: The post-1918 reformed Russian spelling Владимир drops the final -ъ, but the (unetymological) spelling -миръ or -міръ predates the orthographic reform, indicating the folk etymological interpretation of the name as "world owner" or "peace owner".


title: Vladimir (name)

text: Its Germanic form, Waldemar, consists of the elements "wald-" meaning "power", "brightness" and "-mar" meaning "fame". Thus, the name Waldemar / Vladimir almost exactly shares the same meaning with the name Robert.


title: Vladimir (name)

text: The earliest known record of this name was the name of Vladimir-Rasate (died 893), ruler of Bulgaria. Vladimir-Rasate was the second Bulgarian ruler following the Christianization of Bulgaria and the introduction of Old Bulgarian as the language of church and state. The name of his pre-Christian dynastic predecessor, khan "Malamir" (r. 831–836), sometimes claimed as the first Bulgarian ruler with a Slavic name, already exhibits the (presumably Gothic) "-mir" suffix.


title: Vladimir (name)

text: The early occurrence of the name in the East Slavic culture comes with Volodimer Sviatoslavich (Old East Slavic: Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь, "Vladimir the Great"), first Grand Prince of Kiev (r. 980–1015). According to historian Donald Ostrowski, Russians tend to prefer "Vladimir", while Ukrainians tend to prefer "Volodimer". However, "Volodimir" (similar to "Volodymyr") tends to occur as much in the primary sources as "Volodimer", and significantly more often than "Vladimir".


title: Vladimir (name)

text: Three successors of Vladimir the Great shared his given name: Vladimir II Monomakh (1053–1125), Vladimir III Mstislavich (1132–1173) and Vladimir IV Rurikovich (1187–1239). The town Volodymyr in north-western Ukraine was founded by Vladimir and is named after him. The foundation of another town, Vladimir in Russia, is usually attributed to Vladimir II Monomakh. However some researchers argue that it was also founded by Vladimir the Great. The veneration of Vladimir the Great as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church gave rise to the replacement of the East Slavic form of his name with the Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) one. The immense importance of Vladimir the Great as national and religious founder resulted in "Vladimir" becoming one of the most frequently-given Russian names.


title: Vladimir (name)

text: The Slavic name survives in two traditions, the Old Church Slavonic one using the vocalism "Vladi-" and the Old East Slavic one in the vocalism "Volodi-".


title: Vladimir (name)

text: The Old Church Slavonic form "Vladimir" (Владимир) is used in Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, and Macedonian, borrowed into Slovenian, Croatian "Vladimir", Czech and Slovak "Vladimír".


title: Vladimir (name)

text: The "polnoglasie" "-olo-" of Old East Slavic form "Volodiměr" (Володимѣръ) persists in the Ukrainian form "Volodymyr" (Володимир), borrowed into Slovak "Volodymýr".


title: Vladimir (name)

text: In Belarusian the name is spelled "Uladzimir (Uładzimir, Уладзімір)" or "Uladzimier (Uładzimier, Уладзімер)".


title: Vladimir (name)

text: In Russian, shortened and endeared versions of the name are Volodya (and variants with diminutive suffixes: Volod'ka, Volodyen'ka, etc.), Vova (and diminutives: Vovka, Vovochka, etc.), Vovchik, Vovan. In West and South Slavic countries, other short versions are used: e.g., Vlade, Vlado, Vlada, Vladica, Vladko, Vlatko, Vlajko, Vladan, Władek, Wlodik and Włodek.


title: Vladimir (name)

text: The Germanic form, Waldemar or Woldemar derived from the elements Wald (power, brightness) and Mar (famous), is sometimes traced to Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182) named after his Russian maternal grandfather, Vladimir II Monomakh. The Germanic name is reflected in Latvian Voldemārs and Finnic (Finnish and Estonian) "Voldemar".


title: Vladimir (name)

text: The Greek form is "Vladimiros" (Βλαδίμηρος). The name is most common in Northern Greece especially among the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia. Diminutives of the name among these Slavic speakers are "Vlade" and "Mire".


title: Kenya Airways

text: Kenya Airways Ltd., more commonly known as Kenya Airways, is the flag carrier airline of Kenya. The company was founded in 1977, after the dissolution of East African Airways. Its head office is located in Embakasi, Nairobi, with its hub at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.


title: Kenya Airways

text: The airline was owned by the Government of Kenya until , and it was privatised in 1996, becoming the first African flag carrier to successfully do so. Kenya Airways is currently a public-private partnership. The largest shareholder is the Government of Kenya (48.9%), with 38.1% being owned by KQ Lenders Company 2017 Ltd (in turn owned by a consortium of banks), followed by KLM, which has a 7.8% stake in the company. The rest of the shares are held by private owners; shares are traded on the Nairobi Stock Exchange, the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange, and the Uganda Securities Exchange.


title: Kenya Airways

text: The airline became a member of SkyTeam in , and is also a member of the African Airlines Association since 1977.


title: Kenya Airways

text: Kenya Airways was established by the Kenyan government on , following the break-up of the East African Community and the consequent demise of East African Airways (EAA). On , two Boeing 707-321s leased from British Midland Airways inaugurated operations, serving the Nairobi–Frankfurt–London route. On internal and regional flights, the carrier deployed aircraft formerly operated by the EAA consortium, such as one Douglas DC-9-52 and three Fokker F-27-200s. In late 1977, three Boeing 707s were acquired from Northwest Orient. The following year, the company formed a charter subsidiary named Kenya Flamingo Airlines, which leased aircraft from the parent airline in order to operate international passenger and cargo services. Aer Lingus provided the company with technical and management support in the early years.


title: Kenya Airways

text: In , the airline had 2 100 employees and a fleet of three Boeing 707-320Bs, one Boeing 720B, one DC-9-30 and three Fokker F-27-200s. At this time, Addis Ababa, Athens, Bombay, Cairo, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Jeddah, Kampala, Karachi, Khartoum, London, Lusaka, Mauritius, Mogadishu, Rome, Salisbury, Seychelles and Zurich were among the airline's international destinations, whereas domestic routes radiated from Nairobi to Kisumu, Malindi, Mombasa and Mumias. A Nairobi–Bombay nonstop route was launched in 1982 using Boeing 707-320Bs. A year later, the company commenced serving Tanzania. Flights to Burundi, Malawi and Rwanda were launched in 1984. Capacity on the European routes was boosted in with the incorporation of an Airbus A310-200 leased from Condor. Kilimanjaro was first served in . That year, the airline ordered two Airbus A310-300s. Kenya Airways was the first African carrier to acquire the type, and they were the first wide-bodies ordered by the company. Funded with a loan, the delivery of these two aircraft took place in and . They flew on the Kenya–Europe corridor, and permitted Kenya Airways to return the A310-200 to the lessor. In early 1988, the carrier ordered two Fokker 50s; for domestic routes, the airline received the first of these aircraft at the end of the year. Also in 1988, the lease of a third A310-300 was arranged with the International Lease Finance for a ten-year period; the aircraft joined the fleet in . Leased from Ansett Worldwide, the first Boeing 757-200 was received in , whereas a third Fokker 50 was acquired in the same year. By late 1991, two Boeing 737-200s had been leased from Guinness Peat Aviation.


title: Kenya Airways

text: In 1986, "Sessional Paper Number 1" was published by the Government of Kenya, outlining the country's need for economic development and growth. The document stressed the government opinion that the airline would be better off privately owned, thus resulting in the first privatisation attempt. The government named Philip Ndegwa as chairman of the board in 1991, with specific orders to make the airline a privately owned company. In 1992, the "Public Enterprise Reform" paper was published, giving Kenya Airways priority among national companies in Kenya to be privatised. Ndegwa was succeeded by Isaac Omolo Okero. In , Brian Davies, was appointed as the new managing director of the company. Davies had been previously hired to carry out a study of viability on privatisation, working for British Airways' Speedwing consulting arm. Swissair was the first company to provide Kenya Airways with privatisation advice. In the fiscal year 1993 to 1994, the airline produced its first profit since the start of commercialisation. In 1994, the International Finance Corporation was appointed to provide assistance in the privatisation process, which effectively began in 1995. A large aviation industry partner was sought to acquire 40% of the shares, with another 40% reserved for private investors and the government keeping the remaining stake. The government would absorb almost  million in debts and would convert another  million it provided in loans into equity; after reorganisation, the company would have a debt of approximately  million. British Airways, KLM, Lufthansa and South African Airways were among the airlines expressing interest in taking a stake in Kenya Airways.


title: Kenya Airways

text: KLM was awarded the privatisation of the company, which restructured its debts and made a master corporation agreement with KLM, which bought 26% of the shares, becoming the largest single shareholder since then. Shares were floated to the public in , and the airline started trading on the Nairobi Stock Exchange. The Government of Kenya kept a 23% stake in the company, and offered the remaining 51% to the public; however, non-Kenyan shareholders could hold a maximum 49% share of the airline. Despite 40% of the shares being kept by foreign investors following privatisation (including KLM 26% stake), top management positions were held by Kenyans. Following the takeover, the government of Kenya capitalised  million, while the airline was awarded a  million loan from the International Finance Corporation to modernise its fleet. In a deal worth  million, two Boeing 737-300s were ordered in .


title: Kenya Airways

text: In , the airline experienced its first fatal accident when an Airbus A310 that had been bought new in 1986 crashed off Ivory Coast, shortly after taking off from Abidjan. By the same year, the fleet consisted of four Airbus A310-300s, two Boeing 737-200 Advanced and four Boeing 737-300s. At this time the company had a staff of 2,780, including 400 engineers, 146 flight crew and 365 cabin crew. From its main hub at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, scheduled services were operated to Abidjan, Addis Ababa, Amsterdam, Bujumbura, Cairo, Copenhagen, Dar es Salaam, Douala, Dubai, Eldoret, Entebbe/Kampala, Harare, Johannesburg, Karachi, Khartoum, Kigali, Kinshasa, Lagos, Lilongwe, Lokichoggio, London, Lusaka, Mahe Island, Malindi, Mombasa, Mumbai, and Zanzibar. In 2002, an order for Boeing 777-200ERs was placed with Boeing; an additional aircraft of the type was acquired in . In , Boeing 787-8s were ordered; the first two examples would be delivered in and the rest in . The original Boeing 787 order was amended months later to include more aircraft of the type. The first Embraer 190 joined the fleet in December 2010.


title: Kenya Airways

text: In the company announced the issuance of rights worth KSh.20 billion/=, aimed at increasing capital to support expansion plans. Following the allocation of shares, KLM increased their stake in the company from 26% to 26.73%, while the Kenyan government boosted their participation into the company from 23% to 29.8%, becoming the largest shareholder. In , the airline launched a plan named "Project Mawingu" (the Swahili word meaning "Clouds") to add 24 destinations by 2021, including the start of services to Australia and North and South America, and expanding its presence in Asia as well. In , the airline stated that it will add six new destinations every year, following the delivery of Boeing 777s and 787s the carrier has on order.


title: Kenya Airways

text: Operational results for fiscal years 2015 and 2016 showed substantial losses. The rapid expansion of the fleet and routes (dubbed "Project Mawingu") was cited as the primary cause of the downturn. Fuel-price hedging and the 1996 agreement with KLM, considered intrusive in the running of the flag carrier, took secondary blame. Corrective measures were taken to improve the financial and operational position of the airline and avert insolvency.


title: Kenya Airways

text: The route partnership with KLM was deemed profitable thus, kept. However, the parties agreed to amend some features of the deal that had a negative effect on KQ -IATA code for Kenya Airways. Two Boeing B737-700 were sold and five newer, leased airliners were sub-leased to improve cash flow. Efforts to financially re-position the carrier were successful at the end of 2017. In a complex deal, stakeholders agreed to convert close to half a billion US dollars in loans to equity, changing the ownership structure. The government of Kenya, the biggest lender, saw its holdings rise from 29.8% to 48.9% while that of KLM was diluted from 26.7% down to 7.8%. A consortium of local banks, through a special-purpose vehicle called: "KQ Lenders Company 2017 Ltd.", ended up with 38.1%. The latter entity is obligated with a loan from the above local banks in the amount of US$225 million; this amount, in turn, is guaranteed by the government. The airline's employees, through a shareholding scheme, and others own the remaining 5.2%. The Government of Kenya issued a guarantee for a further US$525 million debt owed to Import-Export Bank of the United States, financier of the newer Boeing planes of its fleet.


title: Kenya Airways

text: In a bid to recover their exposure, syndicated leaseholders and banks unsuccessfully fought these measures to restructure the carrier's ownership.


title: Kenya Airways

text: An outline of a plan to restore profitability was disclosed in a March 2018 interview given by the CEO and the chairman of the company. The turnaround operation will include route expansion, pursuing the high-end segment of the market and, on partnerships and joint ventures with other airlines. The carrier plans to add up to twenty new destinations in Africa, Europe and Asia in the next five years. Five sub-leased aircraft are to re-join the fleet by the end of 2019 to facilitate this move. Preparations are underway to roll out an economy-plus class to target the business and high-end leisure travelers. Direct flights to luxury-tourism destinations in the Indian Ocean are also planned. Talks are underway with South African Airways regarding route-sharing and aircraft-maintenance collaboration; this is the other focus of the turnaround scheme. In December 2018 Kenya Airways revealed plans to start flights between Nairobi and Windhoek, Namibia.


title: Kenya Airways

text: Low-cost carrier Jambojet, created in 2013, and African Cargo Handling Limited are both wholly owned subsidiaries of Kenya Airways.


title: Kenya Airways

text: Partly owned companies include Kenya Airfreight Handling Limited, dedicated to the cargo handling of perishable goods (51%-owned) and Tanzanian carrier Precision Air (41.23%-owned).


title: Kenya Airways

text: The key trends for the Kenya Airways group over recent years are shown below (to 31 March until 2017; periods ending 31 December thereafter):


title: Kenya Airways

text: , Michael Joseph is the airline chairman. Joseph is the former CEO of Safaricom, the leading telecom operator in Kenya.


title: Kenya Airways

text: , Sebastian Mikosz became Kenya Airways Group's managing director and chief executive officer (CEO). Mikosz was formerly CEO of LOT Polish Airlines, and took office on 1 June 2017.


title: Kenya Airways

text: , Allan Kilavuka was appointed as Kenya Airways Group's Acting Chief Executive Officer. He was subsequently confirmed in the substantive role.


title: Kenya Airways

text: KLM sponsored Kenya Airways' SkyTeam candidacy process in mid-2005. In , Kenya Airways became one of the first official SkyTeam Associate Airline and achieved full membership in . The alliance provides Kenya Airways' passengers with access to the member airlines' worldwide network and passenger facilities.


title: Kenya Airways

text: The first of four converted Boeing 737-300s was delivered to the company in ; Kenya Airways planned to fly this aircraft on African routes served by the Embraer 190s, in order to boost cargo capacity. The company took delivery of its first Boeing 777-300ER in October 2013.


title: Kenya Airways

text: Kenya Airways had nine Boeing 787 Dreamliners on order as of April 2011, although the company considered cancelling the order after systematic delays with the delivery dates. The handover of the first Boeing 787 took place on 4 April 2014. Two days later, Nairobi–Paris became the first route to be served by the Boeing 787.


title: Kenya Airways

text: Kenya Airways phased out its Boeing 777s in May 2015 after the airline made losses and incurred debts in the previous financial year. The Boeing 777-300ER fleet was leased to Turkish Airlines in May 2016.


title: Kenya Airways

text: In 2005, Kenya Airways changed its livery. The four stripes running all through the length of the fuselage were replaced by the company slogan "Pride of Africa", whereas the "KA" tail logo was replaced by a styled "K" encircled with a "Q" to evoke the airline's IATA airline code.


title: Kenya Airways

text: Former Kenya Airways' frequent flyer programme "Msafiri" was merged with KLM's "Flying Dutchman" in 1997, which was in turn merged with that of Air France and rebranded as Flying Blue in 2005, following the fusion of both companies. Gold Elite and Platinum Elite members of the Flying Blue programme are offered the "JV Lounge". This service is provided to Kenya Airways passengers, and to passengers flying with its partner airlines as well. "Simba Lounge" is a service provided to Kenya Airways Business passengers only. Both lounges are located at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.


title: Kenya Airways

text: Different in-flight entertainment is available depending upon the aircraft and the class travelled. The airline's in-flight magazine is called "Msafiri", and is distributed among the passengers in all aircraft, irrespective of the class.


title: Electrical injury

text: Electrical injury is a physiological reaction caused by electric current passing through the body. The injury depends on the density of the current, tissue resistance and duration of contact. Very small currents may be imperceptible or produce a light tingling sensation. A shock caused by low and otherwise harmless current could startle an individual and cause injury due to jerking away or falling. Stronger currents may cause some degree of discomfort or pain, while more intense currents may induce involuntary muscle contractions, preventing the person from breaking free of the source of electricity. Still larger currents result in tissue damage and may trigger ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest. Consequences of injury from electricity may include amputations, bone fractures and orthopedic and musculoskeletal injuries. If death results from an electric shock the cause of death is generally referred to as electrocution.


title: Electrical injury

text: Electric injury occurs upon contact of a body part with electricity that causes a sufficient current to pass through the person's tissue. Contact with energized wiring or devices is the most common cause. In cases of exposure to high voltages, such as on a power transmission tower, direct contact may not be necessary as the voltage may "jump" the air gap to the electrical device.


title: Electrical injury

text: Following an electrical injury from household current, if a person has no symptoms, no underlying heart problems, and is not pregnant further testing is not required. Otherwise an electrocardiogram, blood work to check the heart, and urine testing for signs of muscle breakdown may be performed.


title: Electrical injury

text: Management may involve resuscitation, pain medications, wound management, and heart rhythm monitoring. Electrical injuries affect more than 30,000 people a year in the United States and result in about 1,000 deaths.


title: Electrical injury

text: Heating due to resistance can cause extensive and deep burns. When applied to the hand, electricity can cause involuntary muscle contraction, producing the "no-let-go" phenomenon, and increasing the risk for serious burns. Voltage levels of 500 to 1000 volts tend to cause internal burns due to the large energy (which is proportional to the duration multiplied by the square of the voltage divided by resistance) available from the source. Damage due to current is through tissue heating and/or electroporation injury. For most cases of high-energy electrical trauma, the Joule heating in the deeper tissues along the extremity will reach damaging temperatures in a few seconds.


title: Electrical injury

text: A domestic power supply voltage (110 or 230 V), 50 or 60 Hz alternating current (AC) through the chest for a fraction of a second may induce ventricular fibrillation at currents as low as 30 milliamperes (mA). With direct current (DC), 300 to 500 mA is required. If the current has a direct pathway to the heart (e.g., via a cardiac catheter or other kind of electrode), a much lower current of less than 1 mA (AC or DC) can cause fibrillation. If not immediately treated by defibrillation, ventricular fibrillation is usually lethal, causing cardiac arrest, because all of the heart muscle fibres move independently instead of in the coordinated action needed for successful cardiac cycle to pump blood and maintain circulation. Above 200 mA, tetanic muscle contractions are so strong that the heart muscles cannot move at all, but these conditions prevent fibrillation.


title: Electrical injury

text: Mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias induced by electricity is not fully understood, but various biopsies have shown arrhythmogenic foci in patchy myocardial fibrosis which contained increased amount of Na+ and K+ pumps, possibly associated with transient and localized changes in sodium-potassium transport as well as their concentrations, resulting in changes in membrane potential.


title: Electrical injury

text: Electrical current can cause interference with nervous control, especially over the heart and lungs. Electric shock which does not lead to death has been shown to cause neuropathy at the site where the current entered the body. The neurologic symptoms of electrical injury may occur immediately, which traditionally have a higher likelihood for healing, though they may also be delayed by days to years. The delayed neurologic consequences of electrical injury have a worse prognosis.


title: Electrical injury

text: When the path of electrical current proceeds through the head, it appears that, with sufficient current applied, loss of consciousness almost always occurs swiftly. This is borne out by some limited self-experimentation by early designers of the electric chair and by research from the field of animal husbandry, where electric stunning has been extensively studied.


title: Electrical injury

text: If ventricular fibrillation occurs (as above), the blood supply to the brain is diminished, which may cause cerebral hypoxia (and its associated neurologic consequences).


title: Electrical injury

text: There are a variety of psychiatric effects that may occur as a result of electrical injuries. Behavioral changes can occur as well, even if the path of electrical current did not proceed through the head. Symptoms may include:


title: Electrical injury

text: OSHA found that up to 80 percent of its electrical injuries involve thermal burns due to arcing faults. The arc flash in an electrical fault produces the same type of light radiation from which electric welders protect themselves using face shields with dark glass, heavy leather gloves, and full-coverage clothing. The heat produced may cause severe burns, especially on unprotected flesh. The arc blast produced by vaporizing metallic components can break bones and damage internal organs. The degree of hazard present at a particular location can be determined by a detailed analysis of the electrical system, and appropriate protection worn if the electrical work must be performed with the electricity on.


title: Electrical injury

text: The minimum current a human can feel depends on the current type (AC or DC) as well as frequency for AC. A person can sense electrical current as low as 1mA (rms) for 60Hz AC and as low as 5mA for DC. At around 10mA, DC current passing through the arm of a human can cause powerful muscle contractions; the victim is unable to voluntarily control muscles and cannot release an electrified object. This is known as the "let go threshold" and is a criterion for shock hazard in electrical regulations.


title: Electrical injury

text: The current may, if it is high enough and is delivered at sufficient voltage, cause tissue damage or fibrillation which can cause cardiac arrest; of AC (rms, 60 Hz) or of DC at high voltage can cause fibrillation. A sustained electric shock from AC at 120 V, 60 Hz is an especially dangerous source of ventricular fibrillation because it usually exceeds the let-go threshold, while not delivering enough initial energy to propel the person away from the source. However, the potential seriousness of the shock depends on paths through the body that the currents take. If the voltage is less than 200 V, then the human skin, more precisely the stratum corneum, is the main contributor to the impedance of the body in the case of a macroshock—the passing of current between two contact points on the skin. The characteristics of the skin are non-linear however. If the voltage is above 450–600 V, then dielectric breakdown of the skin occurs. The protection offered by the skin is lowered by perspiration, and this is accelerated if electricity causes muscles to contract above the let-go threshold for a sustained period of time.


title: Electrical injury

text: If an electrical circuit is established by electrodes introduced in the body, bypassing the skin, then the potential for lethality is much higher if a circuit through the heart is established. This is known as a microshock. Currents of only 10 µA can be sufficient to cause fibrillation in this case with a probability of 0.2%.


title: Electrical injury

text: The voltage necessary for electrocution depends on the current through the body and the duration of the current. Ohm's law states that the current drawn depends on the resistance of the body. The resistance of human skin varies from person to person and fluctuates between different times of day. The NIOSH states "Under dry conditions, the resistance offered by the human body may be as high as 100,000 ohms. Wet or broken skin may drop the body's resistance to 1,000 ohms," adding that "high-voltage electrical energy quickly breaks down human skin, reducing the human body's resistance to 500 ohms".


title: Electrical injury

text: The International Electrotechnical Commission gives the following values for the total body impedance of a hand to hand circuit for dry skin, large contact areas, 50 Hz AC currents (the columns contain the distribution of the impedance in the population percentile; for example at 100 V 50% of the population had an impedance of 1875Ω or less):


title: Electrical injury

text: The voltage-current characteristic of human skin is non-linear and depends on many factors such as intensity, duration, history, and frequency of the electrical stimulus. Sweat gland activity, temperature, and individual variation also influence the voltage-current characteristic of skin. In addition to non-linearity, skin impedance exhibits asymmetric and time varying properties. These properties can be modeled with reasonable accuracy. Resistance measurements made at low voltage using a standard ohmmeter do not accurately represent the impedance of human skin over a significant range of conditions.


title: Electrical injury

text: For sinusoidal electrical stimulation less than 10 volts, the skin voltage-current characteristic is quasilinear. Over time, electrical characteristics can become non-linear. The time required varies from seconds to minutes, depending on stimulus, electrode placement, and individual characteristics.


title: Electrical injury

text: Between 10 volts and about 30 volts, skin exhibits non-linear but symmetric electrical characteristics. Above 20 volts, electrical characteristics are both non-linear and symmetric. Skin conductance can increase by several orders of magnitude in milliseconds. This should not be confused with dielectric breakdown, which occurs at hundreds of volts. For these reasons, current flow cannot be accurately calculated by simply applying Ohm's law using a fixed resistance model.


title: Electrical injury

text: The earliest usage of the term "electrocution" cited by the Oxford English Dictionary was an 1889 newspaper reference to the method of execution then being considered. Shortly thereafter, in 1892, the term was used in "Science" to refer generically to death or injury caused by electricity.


title: Electrical injury

text: Other issues affecting lethality are frequency, which is an issue in causing cardiac arrest or muscular spasms. Very high frequency electric current causes tissue burning, but does not penetrate the body far enough to cause cardiac arrest (see electrosurgery). Also important is the pathway: if the current passes through the chest or head, there is an increased chance of death. From a main circuit or power distribution panel the damage is more likely to be internal, leading to cardiac arrest. Another factor is that cardiac tissue has a chronaxie (response time) of about 3 milliseconds, so electricity at frequencies of higher than about 333 Hz requires more current to cause fibrillation than is required at lower frequencies.


title: Electrical injury

text: The comparison between the dangers of alternating current at typical power transmission frequences (i.e., 50 or 60 Hz), and direct current has been a subject of debate ever since the war of the currents in the 1880s. Animal experiments conducted during this time suggested that alternating current was about twice as dangerous as direct current per unit of current flow (or per unit of applied voltage).


title: Electrical injury

text: It is sometimes suggested that human lethality is most common with alternating current at 100–250 volts; however, death has occurred below this range, with supplies as low as 42 volts. Assuming a steady current flow (as opposed to a shock from a capacitor or from static electricity), shocks above 2,700 volts are often fatal, with those above 11,000 volts being usually fatal, though exceptional cases have been noted. According to a Guinness Book of World Records comic, seventeen-year-old Brian Latasa survived a 230,000 volt shock on the tower of an ultra-high voltage line in Griffith Park, Los Angeles on November 9, 1967. A news report of the event stated that he was "jolted through the air, and landed across the line", and though rescued by firemen, he sustained burns over 40% of his body and was completely paralyzed except for his eyelids. The shock with the highest voltage reported survived was that of Harry F. McGrew, who came in contact with a 340,000 volt transmission line in Huntington Canyon, Utah.


title: Electrical injury

text: There were 550 reported electrocutions in the US in 1993, 2.1 deaths per million inhabitants. At that time, the incidence of electrocutions was decreasing. Electrocutions in the workplace make up the majority of these fatalities. From 1980–1992, an average of 411 workers were killed each year by electrocution. Workplace deaths caused by exposure to electricity in the U.S. increased by nearly 24% between 2015 and 2019, from 134 to 166. However, workplace electrical injuries dropped 23% between 2015 and 2019 from 2,480 to 1,900. In 2019, the top 5 states with the most workplace electrical fatalities were: (1) Texas (608); (2) California (451); (3) Florida (306); (4) New York (273); and (5) Georgia (207).


title: Electrical injury

text: A recent study conducted by the National Coroners Information System (NCIS) in Australia has revealed 321 closed case fatalities (and at least 39 case fatalities still under coronial investigation) that had been reported to Australian coroners where a person died from electrocution between July 2000 and October 2011.


title: Electrical injury

text: In Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway the number of electric deaths per million inhabitants was 0.6, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.2, respectively, in the years 2007–2011.


title: Electrical injury

text: People who survive electrical trauma may develop a host of injuries including loss of consciousness, seizures, aphasia, visual disturbances, headaches, tinnitus, paresis, and memory disturbances. Even without visible burns, electric shock survivors may be faced with long-term muscular pain and discomfort, exhaustion, headache, problems with peripheral nerve conduction and sensation, inadequate balance and coordination, among other symptoms. Electrical injury can lead to problems with neurocognitive function, affecting speed of mental processing, attention, concentration, and memory. The high frequency of psychological problems is well established and may be multifactorial. As with any traumatic and life-threatening experience, electrical injury may result in post traumatic psychiatric disorders. There exist several non-profit research institutes that coordinate rehabilitation strategies for electrical injury survivors by connecting them with clinicians that specialize in diagnosis and treatment of various traumas that arise as a result of electrical injury.


title: Electrical injury

text: Mild electric shocks are also used for entertainment, especially as a practical joke for example in such devices as a shocking pen or a shocking gum. However devices such as a joy buzzer and most other machines in amusement parks today only use vibration that feels somewhat like an electric shock to someone not expecting it.


title: Electrical injury

text: It is also used entertainingly for sex stimulation. This is usually done via the use of an erotic electrostimulator which induces erotic electrostimulation. These devices may include a violet wand, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, electrical muscle stimulation, and made-for-play units.


title: Electrical injury

text: Electroshock weapons are incapacitant weapons used for subduing a person by administering electric shock to disrupt superficial muscle functions. One type is a conductive energy device (CED), an electroshock gun popularly known by the brand name "Taser", which fires projectiles that administer the shock through a thin, flexible wire. Although they are illegal for personal use in many jurisdictions, Tasers have been marketed to the general public. Other electroshock weapons such as stun guns, stun batons ("cattle prods"), and electroshock belts administer an electric shock by direct contact.


title: Electrical injury

text: Electric fences are barriers that use electric shocks to deter animals or people from crossing a boundary. The voltage of the shock may have effects ranging from uncomfortable, to painful or even lethal. Most electric fencing is used today for agricultural fencing and other forms of animal control purposes, though it is frequently used to enhance security of restricted areas, and there exist places where lethal voltages are used.


title: Electrical injury

text: Electric shocks are used as a method of torture, since the received voltage and current can be controlled with precision and used to cause pain and fear without always visibly harming the victim's body.


title: Electrical injury

text: Electrical torture has been used in war and by repressive regimes since the 1930s. The United States Army is known to have used electrical torture during World War II. During the Algerian War electrical torture was used by French military forces. Amnesty International published a statement that Russian military forces in Chechnya tortured local women with electric shocks by attaching wires onto their breasts.


title: Electrical injury

text: The "parrilla" () is a method of torture whereby the victim is strapped to a metal frame and subjected to electric shock. It has been used in a number of contexts in South America. The "parrilla" was commonly used at Villa Grimaldi, a prison complex maintained by Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional, a part of the Pinochet regime. In the 1970s, during the Dirty War, the parrilla was used in Argentina. Francisco Tenório Júnior (known as Tenorinho), a Brazilian piano player, was subjected to the parrilla during the military dictatorship in Brazil.


title: Electrical injury

text: Advocates for the mentally ill and some psychiatrists such as Thomas Szasz have asserted that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is torture when used without a "bona fide" medical benefit against recalcitrant or non-responsive patients.


title: Electrical injury

text: The Judge Rotenberg Center in Canton, Massachusetts has been condemned for torture by the United Nations special rapporteur on torture for its use of electric shocks as punishment as part of its behavior modification program.


title: Electrical injury

text: Electric shock delivered by an electric chair is sometimes used as an official means of capital punishment in the United States, although its use has become rare from the 1990s onward due to the adoption of lethal injection. Although some original proponents of the electric chair considered it to be a more humane execution method than hanging, shooting, poison gassing, etc., it has now generally been replaced by lethal injections in states that practice capital punishment. Modern reporting has claimed that it sometimes takes several shocks to be lethal, and that the condemned person may actually catch fire before death.


title: Electrical injury

text: Other than in parts of the United States, only the Philippines reportedly has used this method, from 1926 to 1976. It was intermittently replaced by the firing squad, until the death penalty was abolished in that country. Electrocution remains legal in at least 4 states (Florida, Alabama, North Carolina and Kentucky) of the United States.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi (English Title: Shades Of Love) is an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama television series which aired on 29 February 2016 to 12 November 2021 on Sony Entertainment Television. It stars Erica Fernandes, Shaheer Sheikh and Supriya Pilgaonkar.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: The second season of the show aired from 25 September 2017 to 2 November 2017 lasting for 26 episodes. A third season started airing on SET India on 12 July 2021. Post leap, the show was about the journey of the characters to their maturation. Some of the highlights are understanding, realizations, character developments, and a matured edition of reunion of separated lovers.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: The show explores work in progress relationship of Sonakshi "Sona" Bose and Devrath "Dev" Dixit. Dev lost his father at a young age and hence his mother brought up him and his three sisters singlehandedly. Seeing his mother struggle so much despite of all the hardships made him deeply venerate her. But due to unfavorable financial circumstances she could only educate Dev and his younger sister Neha was left at home to take care of his two younger sisters. Now Dev is a successful business tycoon who lives with his mother Ishwari and three sisters, Neha, Riya and Nikki. Dev owes everything to his mother and has a feeling of indebtedness and complete devotion for her, and her entire life revolves around him. He has become a workaholic and short tempered as a result of his childhood hardships, but is kind hearted and will go to any extent to help others. Neha, though loves her family, still has resentment in her heart and feels that her mother has done partiality among her children, only educating Dev and depriving her of any opportunities. Hearing her harsh words, Ishwari faints and Dev calls a doctor. Dr. Sinha tells him that his mother has history of such fatigue due to improper nutrition and recommends him a nutritional consultant, Dr. Sonakshi Bose. Dr. Sonakshi is a quick-witted, lively young doctor who is from a Kolkata-based, Bengali family of five living in Delhi.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Sona is a young and vibrant nutritionist who is hired by Dev to take care of Ishwari's health. Sona and Ishwari develop a friendly bond, and her health improves. Dev and Sonakshi get off on the wrong foot. She thinks of him as rude and he thinks of her as stubborn; but they eventually understand each other better. When Sona faces an accident, Dev saves her and takes care of her. On seeing his soft side and caring nature, she starts to fall for him. Sparks fly between Sona and Dev as he also falls in love. They start dating and fall deeply in love with each other. Dev gradually becomes more cheerful and carefree. When Ishwari learns of their relationship she is heartbroken as she fears that she will be replaced by Sona in Dev's life. When Dev realizes that his mother does not approve of this relationship, he takes a practical decision and decides to part ways, leaving Sona heartbroken. But Dev is unable to forget Sona and descends into a downward spiral. Ishwari realizes that Dev cannot be happy without Sona, and agrees to their marriage. Sona and Dev reconcile and get married.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Dev and Sona settle into their married life, and days pass by. Although Ishwari maintains that she is happy for them, she is still slightly uncomfortable with Sona's presence in Dev's life, and hasn't completely accepted her yet. Dev struggles to balance between his duties as husband and son. Months pass by.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Vicky and Radharani create misunderstandings between Sona and Ishwari following which Sona leaves the house. Dev unable to face this leaves the house and goes to the farmhouse where Vicky gets him drunk and cheats him into signing papers, increasing the misunderstandings. Sona begins to lose faith in Dev. She finally meets Dev at the farmhouse where they have an explosive argument. After a bitter exchange of words, Dev and Sona part ways.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Sona is now a successful businesswoman magnate living in Kolkata with her family and six-year-old daughter Suhana, while Dev becomes a casanova, not knowing that he and Sona have a daughter. She shifts to Delhi for business purposes and unknowningly buys a portion of Dev's office. Eventually, while befriending Suhana as she and his nephew Golu study in the same school, Dev sees her with Sona and finds the truth about her. Dev is overjoyed to know he has a daughter and becomes a loving father to her. Sona and Dev decide to stay in each others house for one week each for the sake of Suhana's happiness. Sonakshi's brother Saurav marries Ronita. Dev and Sona have a heart to heart talk wherein they admit they were equally responsible for the failure of their marriage. They forgive each other and are finally able to let go of they bitterness they held for each other, and become friends. Meanwhile, Ishwari starts liking Sona after saving her from Khatri(a man who had been blackmailing Ishwari by framing her for a crime she did not commit). Ishwari finally lets go of her biased view and starts seeing Sona in a new light. Reflecting on the past, she realizes her mistakes and apologizes to Sona, and finally accepts her as her own daughter. During all this, Dev and Sona realize that they still love each other, and reunite. They learn from their past mistakes and build a stable relationship. Sonakshi helps Dev correcting his mistakes he had done in those seven years and hence brings all the members of the Dixit family back together. She and Dev then find out that Vicky was the main cause for all their misunderstandings, and Dev throws him out of the house. Sonakshi gets pregnant again, and Dev is overjoyed that he gets to relive the journey he missed with Suhana. Vicky, now a changed man, comes back and apologises, and is welcomed back into the family. Sonakshi gives birth to a baby boy named Shubh.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Season 1 ends on a happy note with Sona giving birth to their second child Shubh, with the entire family united.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: This season explores the life of Sona and Dev after the birth of their second child, Shubh. Dev quits his business temporarily to let Sona pursue her dream, much to Ishwari's dismay. It shows Sona a working woman and Dev as a househusband.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: The season also focuses on how Dev changes the education pattern of their children's school and how Suhana and Golu fall victim to a dangerous game. It also focuses on Saurabh and Ronita's experience as first-time parents.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Dev then becomes an RJ and the family celebrates his success. Season 2 ends as Shubh says Maa and Papa for the first time.


title: Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

text: Soundtrack of the show were composed by Adil-Prasant. Songs were sung by Subhajit Mukherjee and Arpita Mukherjee. On 10 February 2017 the channel released a compilation of show's romantic songs on YouTube as Valentine's Day special. "Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Duet)" is one of the "Most Romantic Hindi Title Songs" among the shows telecasted by the channel.


title: Death's-head hawkmoth

text: The name death's-head hawkmoth refers to any of three moth species of the genus Acherontia ("Acherontia atropos", "Acherontia styx" and "Acherontia lachesis"). The former species is found in Europe and throughout Africa, the latter two are Asian; most uses of the common name refer to the European species. These moths are easily distinguishable by the vaguely human skull-shaped pattern of markings on the thorax. They are large nocturnal moths with brown and yellow or orange coloring, and all three species are fairly similar in size, coloration and life cycle.


title: Death's-head hawkmoth

text: The African death's-head hawkmoth ("Acherontia atropos") is the largest moth in the British Isles, with a wingspan of ; it is a powerful flier, having sometimes been found on ships far from land. The forewings are a mottled dark brown and pale brown, and the hind wings are orangey-buff with two narrow dark bands parallel with the hind margin. The abdomen is a similar orangey-brown, with a broad, dark dorsal stripe. The most notable feature is a patch of short yellowish hairs on the thorax that gives the impression of depicting a human skull. It is a striking insect, but is seldom seen because it flies late in the night.