title: Ambika (actress)

text: Ambika is an Indian actress known for her works predominantly across the entire the southern film industry films and in several teleserials. She also did one English film (an Indo-American one), to date. She was one of the top south Indian heroines for more than a decade from 1978 to 1989. Her younger sister Radha was also an actress. They acted together in a number of south Indian films during the peak of their careers.


title: Ambika (actress)

text: Ambika was born in 1962 to Karunakaran and Sarasamma at Kallara village,(Kallara, Thiruvananthapuram) located in Thiruvananthapuram district. Her mother Kallara Sarasamma was Mahila Congress leader during 2014. She has two younger sisters, Radha and Mallika, and two younger brothers, Arjun and Suresh.


title: Ambika (actress)

text: Ambika married an NRI, named Premkumar Menon in the year 1988. The couple have two sons and are settled at United States of America. However, they have got divorced in 1996. Later, she got remarried to actor Ravikanth in 2000, which also ended in a divorce in 2002. She is currently settled in Chennai along with her sons.


title: Ambika (actress)

text: Ambika started her career as a child artist and later starred as heroine acting in more than 200 South Indian films. Her career as a heroine started with the Malayalam movie "Seetha", which only released very late in her career. But with films such as "Neelathaamara" (which was made again in 2009) and "Lejjavathi", she became a busy actress within a few years not only in Malayalam, but also in Tamil and Kannada.


title: Ambika (actress)

text: K. Bhagyaraj introduced Ambika in his movie "Andha 7 Naatkal" (1981). Ambika did many films with the leading actors of her time such as Kamal Haasan, Rajinikanth, Vijayakanth, Sathyaraj, Mammootty, Mohanlal, Dileep, Shankar, N. T. Rama Rao, Krishna, Krishnam Raju, Dr. Rajkumar, Ambareesh and Chiranjeevi.


title: Ambika (actress)

text: In 1986, she acted in the superhit Malayalam movie "Rajavinte Makan", which starred Mohanlal. She also acted with him the following year in another massive hit movie "Irupatham Noottandu".


title: Ambika (actress)

text: In Tamil, Ambika shot to fame with "Kaakki Sattai" (1985). At the zenith of her career she costarred with her sister Radha in "Kadhal Parisu" (1987), where both actresses demonstrated their acting prowess in the roles of two sisters, both with strong but conflicting personalities.


title: Ambika (actress)

text: After getting divorced, she returned to India from U.S.A. Later in the year 1997, she started acting again in films "Periya Manushan", opposite Sathyaraj and "Simhada Mari", "Maa Nannaku Pelli" with Krishnam Raju. She acted in Vikraman's project "Mariyadhai" (2009), in which Vijayakanth played a double role of father and son. Unlike Ambika, her younger sister Radha never returned to movies after marriage and got completely engrossed with supporting her husband's business in different locations, across all Indian cities.


title: Ambika (actress)

text: She has acted in many advertisements. She is a designer too. She has judged many reality shows also. In a film called "Medulla Oblangatta " (2014) she has done lyrics work too.


title: Anon (film)

text: Anon is a 2018 British-American science fiction thriller film written and directed by Andrew Niccol, and financed by Sky Cinema Original Films. The film stars Clive Owen and Amanda Seyfried, with Colm Feore, Mark O'Brien, Sonya Walger, Joe Pingue, and Iddo Goldberg appearing in supporting roles. Set in a futuristic world where privacy and anonymity no longer exist, the plot follows a troubled detective (Owen) who comes across a young woman (Seyfried) who has evaded the government's transparency system. The film was released internationally as a "Netflix Original" on the streaming service, from 4 May 2018, whilst in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film was released in cinemas by Altitude Film Distribution and through on-demand by Sky Cinema on 11 May 2018.


title: Anon (film)

text: In the near future, humanity lives in a technologically advanced, dystopian society. The government requires that everyone receive an ocular implant that records everything they see. The implant provides an augmented-reality heads-up display to the user with information about anyone and anything they may see, as well as recording the user's view. Investigations into crimes amount to detectives reviewing video and assessing whether an alleged perpetrator is innocent or guilty.


title: Anon (film)

text: Sal Friedland (Clive Owen), a detective with the metropolitan police force, crosses paths with a young woman (Amanda Seyfried) who appears to trigger a glitch in his ocular implant, as no data about her is retrieved. When he reviews his own record of that day, he finds that every single frame of her has been mysteriously deleted. At work, Sal is handed several homicide cases where the victims' own visual records of their deaths are replaced with the killer's point of view, thus hiding the killer's identity. At another murder scene, Sal chases the apparent killer only to nearly be killed when they hack his implant and change what he sees in real time.


title: Anon (film)

text: It is discovered that all the victims hired someone with the expertise to delete pieces of their visual records that were either humiliating or incriminating. The detectives determine that the unknown woman Sal encountered earlier has the ability to manipulate the system in this way, making her their primary suspect. Sal goes undercover, creating a false history as a stockbroker who engages in a brief affair with a prostitute. Using this as the pretext for her services, he makes contact with the woman - who uses the handle 'Anon' - and asks to have his encounter with the prostitute deleted. With his team on standby in the adjacent apartment, the initial plan to apprehend Anon fails when she successfully covers her tracks.


title: Anon (film)

text: Sal and Anon develop a personal relationship which culminates in passionate lovemaking. During a second sting attempt, she discovers Sal's true identity and flees, apparently killing one of Sal’s colleagues in the process. Anon begins to harass Sal for his betrayal, tormenting him with his worst memories, deleting his memories of his dead son, and causing further hallucinations. His superiors confront him after his neighbor turns up dead with a bullet from Sal's gun in him; they reject his explanation and order him off the case.


title: Anon (film)

text: Despite being under house arrest, Sal tracks Anon to her apartment and tells her that she is being investigated for multiple murders. She reveals that she already knows this and that she is being framed by another hacker with a similar skillset. Anon shows Sal her video record of the second sting operation, in which his colleague was killed, seeming to prove that she is innocent. After showing Sal her records, she flees again.


title: Anon (film)

text: Believing Sal has become too personally involved, his superiors suspend him from active duty. The actual killer attempts to murder him in his apartment, revealing himself to be Cyrus (Mark O’Brien), one of the technical experts from the police department. Cyrus has been obsessed with Anon for years; he killed anyone who had sex with her out of jealousy and erased every trace of her, even peoples' memories. During a physical altercation between Cyrus and Anon, Sal draws his weapon but realizes that Cyrus is seeing what he sees in real-time. To defeat this advantage, Sal fires blindly towards Cyrus, successfully killing him.


title: Anon (film)

text: Anon leaves, later revealing to Sal that she is able to bypass the vast surveillance network by disseminating her records in microsecond slices throughout everyone else in the network, rendering her untraceable. When Sal asks her why she is so desperate to hide her identity, she tells him that her quest for anonymity is not because she has something to hide, but merely because she does not want to share herself with the world.


title: Anon (film)

text: On 28 January 2016, Clive Owen was cast in the film to play the role of a detective in a world without privacy. On 8 March 2016, Amanda Seyfried came on board to star in the film, playing a woman with no digital footprint who is invisible to the police.


title: Anon (film)

text: Principal photography on the film began in early September 2016 in New York City, while other scenes were shot in Toronto, with many shots being filmed at the University of Toronto Scarborough.


title: Anon (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Lacking enough depth to fulfill its evident ambitions or enough excitement to work as a sci-fi action thriller, "Anon" lives down to its title in the most glumly predictable ways." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Anon (film)

text: On "RogerEbert.com", Nick Allen gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, saying that as Niccol's film lays out its sci-fi rules, ""Anon" can be as much fun as listening to someone explain every single rule of a board game, when all you want is to just start playing." Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film 2 stars out of 5, saying: "The impact of the action is lost because we can't be sure of the status of what appears to be happening, and there is something a little bit boring about the conundrum." Stephen Dalton of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "Niccol's paranoid anxieties about the totalitarian dangers of cyberspace feel oddly glib and dated, light on thrills or narrative logic." Blake Goble of "Consequence of Sound" gave the film a "B" grade, saying: "While the film's final thesis is a Facebook post with typos at best (delete your accounts, and so on), Niccol is still terrific when he's breaking down rules, questioning protocol, and testing new ideas." James Dyer of "Empire" gave the film 3 stars out of 5, saying: "With a story that serves mainly as delivery mechanism for its message this is no "[The] Truman Show" or "Gattaca", but comfortably more coherent than "In Time" and buoyed by its chilling relevance."


title: Situational leadership theory

text: Situational Leadership Theory, or the Situational Leadership Model, is a model created by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, developed while working on "Management of Organizational Behavior". The theory was first introduced in 1969 as "life cycle theory of leadership". During the mid-1970s, "life cycle theory of leadership" was renamed "Situational Leadership Theory."


title: Situational leadership theory

text: Situational Leadership emerged as one of a related group of two-factor theories of leadership, many of which originated in research done at Ohio State University in the 1960s. These two-factor theories hold that possibilities in leadership style are composed of combinations of two main variables: task behavior and relationship behavior. Various terms are used to describe these two concepts, such as initiating structure or direction for task behavior and consideration or socioemotional support for relationship behavior. Related leadership models include Blake and Mouton's Managerial Grid and Reddin's 3D Theory.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: In the late 1970s/early 1980s, Hersey and Blanchard both developed their own slightly divergent versions of the Situational Leadership Theory: the Situational Leadership Model (Hersey) and the Situational Leadership II model (Blanchard et al.).


title: Situational leadership theory

text: The fundamental principle of the situational leadership model is that there is no single "best" style of leadership. Effective leadership is task-relevant, and the most successful leaders are those who adapt their leadership style to the "performance readiness" (ability and willingness) of the individual or group they are attempting to lead or influence. Effective leadership varies, not only with the person or group that is being influenced, but it also depends on the task, job, or function that needs to be accomplished.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: The Situational Leadership Model has two fundamental concepts: leadership style and the individual or group's performance readiness level, also referred to as maturity level or development level.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: Hersey and Blanchard characterized leadership style in terms of the amount of "task behavior" and "relationship behavior" that the leader provides to their followers. They categorized all leadership styles into four behavior styles, which they named S1 to S4. The titles for three of these styles differ depending on which version of the model is used.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: Of these, no one style is considered optimal for all leaders to use all the time. Effective leaders need to be flexible and must adapt themselves according to the situation.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: The right leadership style will depend on the person or group being led. The Hersey–Blanchard situational leadership theory identified four levels of maturity M1 through M4:


title: Situational leadership theory

text: Maturity levels are also task-specific. A person might be generally skilled, confident, and motivated in their job, but would still have a maturity level M1 when asked to perform a task requiring skills they don't possess. Blanchard's Situational Leadership II makes some changes to these, relabelling all as development levels rather than maturity levels to avoid stigma around the idea of immaturity, and making some distinctions in M1 and M2, now D1 and D2 in this subsequent version.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: A good leader develops "the competence and commitment of their people so they're self-motivated rather than dependent on others for direction and guidance." According to Hersey's book, a leader's high, realistic expectation causes high performance of followers; a leader's low expectations lead to low performance of followers.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: Hersey and Blanchard continued to iterate on the original theory until 1977 when they mutually agreed to run their respective companies. In the late 1970s, Hersey changed the name from "situational leadership theory" to "situational leadership."


title: Situational leadership theory

text: In 1979, Ken Blanchard founded Blanchard Training & Development, Inc. (later The Ken Blanchard Companies), together with his wife Margie Blanchard and a board of founding associates. Over time, this group made changes to the concepts of the original situational leadership theory in several key areas, which included the research base, the leadership style labels, and the individual's development level continuum.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: In 1985 Blanchard introduced Situational Leadership II (SLII) in the book "Leadership and the One Minute Manager: A Situational Approach to Managing People". Blanchard and his colleagues continued to iterate and revise the book.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: The situational leadership II (SLII) model acknowledged the existing research of the situational leadership theory and revised the concepts based on feedback from clients, practicing managers, and the work of several leading researchers in the field of group development.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: Blanchard's situational leadership II model uses the terms "competence" (ability, knowledge, and skill) and "commitment" (confidence and motivation) to describe different levels of development.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: According to Ken Blanchard, "Four combinations of competence and commitment make up what we call 'development level.'"


title: Situational leadership theory

text: In order to make an effective cycle, a leader needs to motivate followers properly by adjusting their leadership style to the development level of the person. Blanchard postulates that Enthusiastic Beginners (D1) need a directing leadership style while Disillusioned Learners (D2) require a coaching style. He suggests that Capable but Cautious Performers (D3) respond best to a Supporting leadership style and Self-reliant Achievers need leaders who offer a delegating style.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: The situational leadership II model tends to view development as an evolutionary progression meaning that when individuals approach a new task for the first time, they start out with little or no knowledge, ability or skills, but with high enthusiasm, motivation, and commitment. Blanchard views development as a process as the individual moves from developing to developed, in this viewpoint it is still incumbent upon the leader to diagnose development level and then use the appropriate leadership style which can vary based on each task, goal, or assignment.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: In the Blanchard SLII model, the belief is that an individual comes to a new task or role with low competence (knowledge and transferable skills) but high commitment. As the individual gains experience and is appropriately supported and directed by their leader they reach development level 2 and gain some competence, but their commitment drops because the task may be more complex than the individual had originally perceived when they began the task. With the direction and support of their leader, the individual moves to development level 3 where competence can still be variable—fluctuating between moderate to high knowledge, ability and transferable skills and variable commitment as they continue to gain mastery of the task or role. Finally, the individual moves to development level 4 where competence and commitment are high.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: Despite its intuitive appeal, several studies do not support the prescriptions offered by situational leadership theory. To determine the validity of the prescriptions suggested by the Hersey and Blanchard approach, Vecchio (1987) conducted a study of more than 300 high school teachers and their principals. He found that newly hired teachers were more satisfied and performed better under principals who had highly structured leadership styles, but the performance of more experienced and mature teachers was unrelated to the style their principals exhibited. In essence, the Vecchio findings suggest that in terms of situational leadership, it is appropriate to match a highly structured S1 style of leadership with immature subordinates, but it is not clear (incomplete research) whether it is appropriate to match S2, S3, or S4, respectively, with more mature subordinates. In a replication study using University employees, Fernandez and Vecchio (1997) found similar results. Taken together, these studies fail to support the basic recommendations suggested by the situational leadership model.


title: Situational leadership theory

text: A 2009 study found the 2007 revised theory was a poorer predictor of subordinate performance and attitudes than the original version from 1972. Survey data collected from 357 banking employees and 80 supervisors, sampled from 10 Norwegian financial institutions, were analyzed for predicted interactions.


title: Gibson Girl

text: The Gibson Girl was the personification of the feminine ideal of physical attractiveness as portrayed by the pen-and-ink illustrations of artist Charles Dana Gibson during a 20-year period that spanned the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States. The artist saw his creation as representing the composite of "thousands of American girls".


title: Gibson Girl

text: The Gibson Girl image that appeared in the 1890s combined elements of older American images of contemporary female beauty, such as the "fragile lady" and the "voluptuous woman". From the "fragile lady" she took the basic slender lines, and a sense of respectability. From the "voluptuous woman" she took a large bust and hips, but was not vulgar or lewd, as previous images of women with large busts and hips had been depicted. From this combination emerged the Gibson Girl, who was tall and slender, yet with ample bosom, hips and buttocks. She had an exaggerated S-curve torso shape achieved by wearing a swan-bill corset. Images of her epitomized the late 19th- and early 20th-century Western preoccupation with youthful features and ephemeral beauty. Her neck was thin and her hair piled high upon her head in the contemporary bouffant, pompadour, and chignon ("waterfall of curls") fashions. The statuesque, narrow-waisted ideal feminine figure was portrayed as being at ease and stylish.


title: Gibson Girl

text: She was a member of upper middle class society, always perfectly dressed in the latest fashionable attire appropriate for the place and time of day. The Gibson Girl was also one of the new, more athletic-shaped women, who could be found cycling through Central Park, often exercised and was emancipated to the extent that she could enter the workplace. In addition to the Gibson Girl's refined beauty, in spirit, she was calm, independent, confident, and sought personal fulfillment. She could be depicted attending college and vying for a good mate, but she would never have participated in the suffrage movement.


title: Gibson Girl

text: Taking part in the suffrage movement was something more associated with the New Woman, another cultural image of women that emerged around the same time as the Gibson Girl. As a more popular version of the New Woman, the Gibson Girl both undermined and sanctioned women's desires for progressive sociopolitical change. The New Woman was the more disconcerting of the two images at the time as she was seen as an example of change and disruption within the old patterns of social order, asking for the right to equal educational and work opportunities as well as progressive reform, sexual freedom and suffrage. Whilst the Gibson Girl took on many characteristics of the New Woman, she did so without involving herself in politics and thus did not appear to contemporaries at the time to be usurping traditionally masculine roles as the New Woman was deemed to. She therefore managed to stay within the boundaries of feminine roles without too much transgression.


title: Gibson Girl

text: Gibson depicted her as an equal and sometimes teasing companion to men. She was also sexually dominant, for example, literally examining comical little men under a magnifying glass, or, in a breezy manner, crushing them under her feet. Next to the beauty of a Gibson Girl, men often appeared as simpletons or bumblers; and even men with handsome physiques or great wealth alone could not provide satisfaction to her. Gibson illustrated men so captivated by her looks that they would follow her anywhere, attempting to fulfill any desire, even if it was absurd. One memorable drawing shows dumbstruck men following a Gibson Girl's command to plant a young, leafless tree upside-down, roots in the air, simply because she wanted it that way. Most often, a Gibson Girl appeared single and uncommitted. However, a romance always relieved her boredom. Once married, she was shown deeply frustrated if romantic love had disappeared from her life, but satisfied if socializing with girlfriends or happy when doting on her infant child. In drawings such as these there was no hint at pushing the boundaries of women's roles; instead they often cemented the long-standing beliefs held by many from the old social orders, rarely depicting the Gibson Girl as taking part in any activity that could be seen as out of the ordinary for a woman.


title: Gibson Girl

text: Many women posed for Gibson Girl-style illustrations, including Gibson's wife, Irene Langhorne, who may have been the original model, and was a sister of Viscountess Nancy (Langhorne) Astor. Other models included Mabel Normand, Evelyn Nesbit, Minnie Clark, and Clara B. Fayette. The most famous Gibson Girl was probably the American-British stage actress, Camille Clifford, whose high coiffure and long, elegant gowns that wrapped around her hourglass figure and tightly corseted wasp waist defined the style.


title: Gibson Girl

text: Among the many "Gibson Girl" illustrators were Howard Chandler Christy whose work celebrating American "beauties" was similar to Gibson's, and Harry G. Peter, who was most famous for his art on Wonder Woman comics.


title: Gibson Girl

text: In the newly developing art of cinema, although most leading actresses were at the cutting style of the day, the ones who came to embody it best were the Biograph girls, Florence Lawrence and to a more ingénue side of it, Mary Pickford. They personified and catapulted the cult of "the ideal woman" for the masses beyond American borders. Camille Clifford, a woman known as the "ideal Gibson Girl", posed for various photographers and produced photographs that exemplified the physical characteristics of the Gibson Girl.


title: Gibson Girl

text: Some people argue that the Gibson Girl was the first national beauty standard for American women. Gibson's fictional images of her published in newspapers and magazines during the Belle Époque were extremely popular. Merchandise bearing her image included saucers, ashtrays, tablecloths, pillow covers, chair covers, souvenir spoons, screens, fans, and umbrella stands.


title: Gibson Girl

text: By the outbreak of World War I, changing fashions caused the Gibson Girl to fall out of favor as women favored practical clothing compatible with changing times over the elegant dresses, bustle gowns, shirtwaists, and terraced, floor-length skirts favored by the Gibson Girl. The image was not forgotten, however, with the USAAF World War II-era SCR-578, and the similar post-war AN/CRT-3, survival radio transmitters carried by aircraft on over-water operations being given the nickname "Gibson Girl" because of their "hourglass" shape, which allowed them to be held stationary between the legs while the generator handle was turned.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary (U of C or UCalgary) is a public research university located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The University of Calgary started in 1944 as the Calgary branch of the University of Alberta, founded in 1908, prior to being instituted into a separate, autonomous university in 1966. It is composed of 14 faculties and over 85 research institutes and centres. The main campus is located in the northwest quadrant of the city near the Bow River and a smaller south campus is located in the city centre. The main campus houses most of the research facilities and works with provincial and federal research and regulatory agencies, several of which are housed next to the campus such as the Geological Survey of Canada. The main campus covers approximately .


title: University of Calgary

text: A member of the U15, the University of Calgary is also one of Canada's top research universities (based on the number of Canada Research Chairs). The university has a sponsored research revenue of $380.4 million, with total revenues exceeding $1.2 billion. The university maintains close ties to the petroleum and geoscience industry through the Department of Geosciences and the Schulich School of Engineering. The university also maintains several other departments and faculties, including the Cumming School of Medicine, the Faculty of Arts, the School of Public Policy, the Faculty of Law, and the Haskayne School of Business.


title: University of Calgary

text: Notable former students include Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Java computer language inventor James Gosling, Uber co-founder Garrett Camp, astronaut Robert Thirsk, and Lululemon Athletica founder Chip Wilson. The university has produced over 170,000 alumni who reside in 152 countries.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary was established in 1966, but its roots date back more than half a century earlier to the establishment of the Normal School in Calgary in 1905. The Alberta Normal School was established in Calgary to train primary and secondary school teachers in the new province. The Calgary Normal School was absorbed by the University of Alberta's Faculty of Education in 1945, and operated as a part of its Calgary branch campus, a satellite campus of the University of Alberta. Operating from the west wing of the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art, the Calgary University Committee was formed 1946, in an effort to lobby for separate permanent facilities for the branch campus.


title: University of Calgary

text: In July 1957, the University of Alberta signed a one dollar lease with the City of Calgary, for of land. In 1958, the University of Alberta changed the name of the branch campus to the "University of Alberta in Calgary," and unveiled plans for new permanent facilities on the leased land. The new campus opened its first permanent facilities in October 1960, the Arts and Education Building (presently the Administration Building), and the Science and Engineering Building (presently Science A).


title: University of Calgary

text: In May 1965, the satellite campus was granted academic and financial autonomy from the University of Alberta. In the following year, in April 1966, the institution was formally made into an independent university, with the passage of the "Universities Act" by the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The university was modelled on the American state university (similar to the University of Alberta), with an emphasis on extension work and applied research. The governance was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty), responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was a link between the bodies to perform institutional leadership.


title: University of Calgary

text: In the early 20th century, professional education expanded beyond theology, law and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis was introduced. The university's first president, Herbert Stoker Armstrong, held a strong belief that ""although the university is accountable to the society that supports it, the university must insist on playing a leadership role in intellectual matters if it is to be worthy of the name.""


title: University of Calgary

text: During the late 1960s, the University of Calgary's campus expanded dramatically with new buildings for engineering and science, the opening of the new University Theatre in Calgary Hall and, in 1971, the launch of the program in architecture. In addition, the Banff Centre (originally known as The Banff School of Fine Arts) affiliated with the University of Calgary in 1966.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary played a central role in facilitating and hosting Canada's first winter olympic games, the XV Olympic Winter Games in 1988.


title: University of Calgary

text: In May 2001, the University of Calgary tartan was accredited in a ceremony presided over by the president of the Scottish Tartans Society, and the director of the Register of All Publicly Known Tartans. The accreditation ceremony for the university's tartan was the first to take place in Canada. Use of the black, red, and gold tartan is limited to formal ceremonies, convocations, and a small number of items sold by the university. The tartan is also used by the university's pipe band.


title: University of Calgary

text: On January 4, 2018, 21-year-old Connor Neurauter was sentenced to 90 days in jail and two years probation, and had to register as a sex offender in Kamloops, B.C after obtaining and threatening to share photos of a minor under 16. It was then revealed that Neurauter would not serve his sentence until May 2018, in order to allow him to finish his semester at the University of Calgary. On January 6, the University of Calgary said that they were "reviewing the situation" and he had been advised to not be on campus the week of January 8. On January 9, a petition on change.org was started and as of January 12, had obtained over 65,000 signatures calling for the University of Calgary to expel him. The University of Calgary released a statement on January 11 stating they had no plans to expel Neurauter, but saying he had been advised to stay off campus for the remainder of the semester and that he would be escorted off campus if he appeared. The university received criticism for its decision to not expel Neurauter and its handling of the case in light of its new sexual assault policy. The decision to have Neurauter's sentence delayed in order for him to attend has also received criticism.


title: University of Calgary

text: In 2007, the University of Calgary, in partnership with the City of Calgary, began work on the West Campus Development Project through the West Campus Development Trust. As the lead developer for University District, the trust will oversee the development of the lands adjacent to the main campus, formerly known as the West Campus lands.


title: University of Calgary

text: The primary goal of the trust is to manage the transforming of previously unused University lands, with the ultimate aim to generate a financial return on investment for the university's academic mission. Once completed, University District, situated between the university and Shaganappi Trail, will be a mixed-use, 200-acre community consisting of residential, office, retail and park spaces. As of 2021, a number of condominium and commercial buildings had been completed, with commercial development anchored by a major grocery store.


title: University of Calgary

text: The MacKimmie Complex and Professional Faculties Redevelopment Project is an ongoing multi-phase project to enhance the university's administrative and academic environments. The completed project will include the construction of new classrooms, centralized student services, student study space, and expanded academic research space. The new block also serves as the home for the Hunter Hub for Entrepreneurial Thinking.


title: University of Calgary

text: Initial funding for project design and planning was announced in April 2016 by the Government of Alberta. On March 23, 2017, an additional amount of $262.8M was announced by the Government to be allocated over the next four years for the MacKimmie Complex and Professional Faculties Building Redevelopment.


title: University of Calgary

text: The governance of the University of Calgary is conducted through a board of governors and a senate. The role of the board of governors and the senate is governed under the "Post Secondary Learning Act", a provincial act of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The board of governors is responsible for the university's conduct, management, and control of the university and its property, revenues, business, and other affairs. Members of the board of governors include the chancellor of the university, the university president, two alumni nominated by the alumni association, a member of the university senate, nine members of the general public, as well as three students, and three staff members nominated by their respective associations.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University Senate acts as an outreach body between the university and the wider community. The university's senate is made up of 62 members of the alumni association, academic staff, the student body, and the general public, as identified by the "Post-Secondary Learning Act". Members of the senate include various members of the university community, including the university president, the chief academic officer of student affairs, academic staff, as well a one undergraduate and graduate student appointed by their respective student association. In addition to members of the university community, the senate also includes nine members of the general public, appointed by the Alberta Minister of Advanced Education. In relation to its mandate, the university senate is also the governing body that authorizes issuance of honorary degrees.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university senate is chaired by the university chancellor. In addition to chairing the senate, the chancellor also presides over all degree-conferring ceremonies, and acts as the ambassador for the university.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university's support staff are represented by the Alberta Union of Provincial Employees, organized as Local 052 University of Calgary chapter. In October 2008, the University of Calgary was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. Later that month, the university was also named one of Alberta's Top Employers.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university offers 250 programs in post-secondary education awarding bachelors, masters, and doctorate (PhD) degrees. The University of Calgary has developed a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs. The campus has an area of and hosts 14 faculties, 55 departments and 85 research institutes and centre (see Canadian university scientific research organizations).


title: University of Calgary

text: The university is accredited through Alberta's Post-Secondary Learning Act and is considered a "comprehensive academic and research university" (CARU). CARUs offer a range of academic and professional programs, which generally lead to undergraduate and graduate level credentials, and have a strong research focus.


title: University of Calgary

text: Libraries and Cultural Resources (LCR) includes eight libraries, two art galleries, Archives and Special Collections, the University of Calgary Copyright Office, Research Data Centre and the University of Calgary Press.


title: University of Calgary

text: MacKimmie library was the first library to open at the University of Calgary in 1966. Since then, five different library branches have been opened in order to provide students with a greater amount of literary choice in many subjects. In addition, the University of Calgary has the first library system in North America to contain a video game library. Over 3.7 million printed volumes combined with online access to more than 300,000 full-text electronic journals and more than 800 electronic databases are available at the university. As of 2012, the library system is the eighth largest, by the number of volumes held, in Canada. In 2011–2012 the university library was rated 43rd in North America for Total Library Expenditures by the Association of Research Libraries.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Taylor Family Digital Library (TFDL) is a convergence of libraries, historical archives, arts museum, scholarly publishing, and student academic support services. The TFDL was officially launched on October 20, 2011. The TFDL allows the full re-engineering of the university's library system, creating more and better space for teaching and learning resources, while moving the majority of the University of Calgary's growing collection off campus to a high-density library. In addition, The TFDL offers books and online resources, a large Learning Commons with café, workrooms, film and audio rooms, editing and recording suites, multimedia labs, quiet study areas, and seminar and consultation space for academic growth.


title: University of Calgary

text: Don and Ruth Taylor (couple), longtime supporters of the University of Calgary, donated $25 million in December, 2006 to help build the new digital library. In recognition of the gift, the board of governors of the university named the library the Taylor Family Digital Library (TFDL).


title: University of Calgary

text: In addition, the gift will also be used to create the Taylor Quadrangle, a green space in the centre of campus adjacent to the TFDL.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Taylor Family Digital Library is home to the Nickle Galleries, formerly known as the Nickle Arts Museum, which features exhibits of contemporary art, as well as rugs, textiles, and numismatic items from its collections.


title: University of Calgary

text: In celebration of the university's 50th anniversary, the University of Calgary launched the Taylor Institute for Teaching and Learning (TITL), which was built on the site of the former Nickle Arts Museum.


title: University of Calgary

text: The building was constructed as a two-storey, 4,000 m environmentally sustainable building to accommodate the increasing the needs of the university. It features advanced teaching technology tools, mock classrooms, a simulation centre for teaching, public lecture space, and multipurpose facilities.


title: University of Calgary

text: The TITL provides education and teaching workshops and events for teachers and students to attend and further refine their educational goals. The institute also confers several awards and grants, including the University of Calgary Teaching Award and the PURE Awards for undergraduate research.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary announced in 2010 the creation of a dedicated university-based incubator to provide working space and laboratory access for university spin-offs.


title: University of Calgary

text: The resulting incubator, known as Innovate Calgary, is based out of the 170,000-square-foot Alastair Ross Technology Centre located within the innovation research park. The research park is adjacent to the primary main campus and is open to any university-linked entrepreneurs.


title: University of Calgary

text: Opportunity Calgary Investment Fund (OCIF) donated over $8.5M to help provide programs and support for university linked startups. In addition to providing startup programs and services, Innovate Calgary also operates as the tech transfer office for the university by providing Intellectual property (IP) support and services. Innovate Calgary has an informal partnership with Creative Destruction Lab (CDL) to identify and support regional startups with demonstrated potential.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary has ranked in a number of post-secondary rankings. In the 2022 "Academic Ranking of World Universities" rankings, the university ranked 151–200 in the world and 7–8 in Canada. The 2023 "QS World University Rankings" ranked the university 242nd in the world, and tenth in Canada. The 2023 "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" ranked the university 201–250 in the world, and 8–10 in Canada. In the 2022–23 "U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking", the university ranked 175th in the world, and seventh in Canada. "Maclean's" placed Calgary ninth in its 2023 Canadian medical-doctoral universities rankings. The university was ranked in spite of having opted out — along with several other universities in Canada — of participating in "Maclean's" graduate survey since 2006.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university's research performance has been noted in several bibliometric university rankings, which uses citation analysis to evaluates the impact a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked the university 132nd in the world, and seventh in Canada. The University Ranking by Academic Performance 2018–19 rankings placed the university 139th in the world, and seventh in Canada.


title: University of Calgary

text: Along with academic and research-based rankings, the university has also been ranked by publications that evaluate the employment prospects of its graduates. In "QS's" 2022 graduate employability ranking, the university ranked 131–140 in the world, and seventh in Canada.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university grounds lie about northwest of Downtown Calgary, and immediately south of the neighbourhood of Varsity. The University of Calgary campus occupies or , an area larger than Calgary's entire downtown. The campus is bounded by Crowchild Trail, 32 Avenue NW, Shaganappi Trail NW, and 24 Avenue N.W..


title: University of Calgary

text: The architecture is defined by a combination of Brutalist and Postmodern buildings spread across campus, most of them built between 1960 and 1980. In 2016, the campus finished repurposing and renovating the Canadian Natural Resources Limited Engineering Complex situated within the Schulich School of Engineering. In 2017, the university has recently started on rehabilitating the aging MacKimmie Complex.


title: University of Calgary

text: A large park is built in the centre of the main campus, and is home to several specially commissioned sculptures. In addition, a pond surrounded by benches and an open field is available. The park contains old oak trees which were specially transplanted to the location when the university was opened. Together, they form a considerable amount of tree canopies which add a more natural feeling to the campus.


title: University of Calgary

text: In 1995, the Province of Alberta gave the University of Calgary a large tract of land west of the Main Campus with the understanding it would be used in the future to advance the university's mission, vision, values and priorities. About a third of the size of downtown Calgary, the land overlooks the Bow River valley and covers east of Shaganappi Trail between 16th Avenue (TransCanada Highway) and 32 Avenue N.W. The western campus lies on mostly hilly terrain, near the Bow River. It is adjacent to the main campus of the university, and is home to the Alberta Children's Hospital and Child Development Centre. With the recent boost in annual funding, the university has begun a development plan in order to make better use of the remaining space. Dubbed the University District, the area is to include a mixture of residential and commercial development.


title: University of Calgary

text: Part of the West Campus was leased for the new Alberta Children's Hospital and a new Ronald McDonald House. Currently, the campus is only halfway developed and is considered building room for the future. From this location, it is possible to see the entire university and also Downtown Calgary.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary Board of Governors chose to launch a medical school in the late 1960s, with the first tangible building to house this endeavor being the Health Sciences Building, which opened in 1972. The Health Sciences Building shared a site with the Foothills Medical Centre some distance south of the Main Campus. This site became known as the Health Sciences Campus, with subsequent additions being the Heritage Medical Building (opened 1987), the Health Research Innovation Centre and the Teaching, Research and Wellness building.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases is also housed there, and after an interruption of several years and in light of the COVID-19 pandemic reopened in November 2020 its Biosafety level 3 laboratory. The University received a $427,785 grant from the Government of Canada to promote COVID-19 vaccine confidence and competence in communication and uptake among health professionals in training.


title: University of Calgary

text: On September 13, 2010, the University of Calgary opened its new downtown campus located at 8th Avenue and 8th Street S.W.. The building houses classes including Continuing Education, and energy & environment, as well as classes offered by the Haskayne School of Business and the School of Public Policy. It also houses administrative offices for the Development and Alumni Engagement division and the main office of the University of Calgary Alumni association; beginning in 2020, however, most of these personnel were relocated to the Main Campus. It also includes a conference centre. At one point it also included a branch of the university library, but this was decommissioned and converted into additional student study space in 2016. The University of Alberta currently houses its MSc Physical Therapy – Calgary program in this building.


title: University of Calgary

text: The School of Public Policy is an institute at the University of Calgary and was founded in 2008 and now based out of the Downtown Campus. The school is devoted to public policy research and education, and is led by economist Dr. Jack Mintz who is cross-appointed to the Faculty of Law. It is home to over 60 faculty and fellows. The school is organized into three policy areas: Economic and Social Policy, Energy and Environmental Policy, and International Policy. Since 2012 the school has offered a graduate degree program, the Master of Public Policy. The degree is structured as a 12-month program involving two semesters of classroom-based learning and one semester of project work. Other degree programs offered include a joint Master of Business Administration/Master of Public Policy and a joint Juris Doctor/Master of Public Policy.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university also operates a satellite campus in the far northwest corner of Calgary on 85 Street N.W. The campus is home to the university's new Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and the High-Density Library, a climate-controlled warehouse for books and other printed material for which there is no longer storage room at the main library.


title: University of Calgary

text: In 2007, the University of Calgary established a campus in Doha, Qatar, the University of Calgary in Qatar (UCQ), which currently focuses upon nursing education. The University of Calgary in Qatar offers a flexible, innovative, Bachelor of Nursing (BN) degree to prepare students for the opportunities and challenges of a rewarding nursing career. Throughout the program, students are provided with a theoretical base and supervised clinical experience in a variety of nursing practice settings.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary in Qatar also offers a Diploma of Nursing program that launched in September 2012.


title: University of Calgary

text: In addition, several graduate programs are expected to be phased in. Currently the University of Calgary in Qatar campus offers a Master of Nursing program which is sponsored by the Hamad Medical Corporation with focuses in Nursing Leadership and Oncology.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university is home to MacEwan Hall Ballroom, a concert venue holding 1000 people. The Ballroom is also used for conferences, dinners, and political debates, including the 2006 Alberta PC leadership debate.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university also has the Rozsa Centre, a theatre and concert hall on the southwest side of campus, off 24th Ave NW. The Rozsa Centre has a Bach organ built by Jürgen and Hendrik Ahrend. The Rozsa Centre hosts wind ensembles, choirs, and other fine arts. Musical competitions are held at every year and can host up to 384 people. The University Theatre, beside the Rozsa Centre, is designed for drama and dance with seating for 505 people.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Olympic Oval ice arena was site of the 1988 Winter Olympic Games, the fastest ice in the world. It has a 400 m track oval as well as a short track and two ice hockey rinks. The campus also has the Jack Simpson Gymnasium, consisting of three gymnasiums with bleachers that cover the outer two courts capable of seating 2,700 people. The university campus also covers the McMahon Stadium, which is home to the Dinos Football Team and the Calgary Stampeders.


title: University of Calgary

text: Many other sport facilities are also located at the University of Calgary. These include among others:


title: University of Calgary

text: The Calgary Dinos are the athletic teams that represent the University of Calgary in the Canada West, a division of U Sports, and in the Alberta Colleges Athletic Conference. They were known as the "Dinosaurs" but usually referred to as the "Dinos" until 1999, when the name was officially shortened. Some of its venues are the Jack Simpson Gymnasium (basketball, volleyball), McMahon Stadium (football, soccer), Olympic Oval (speed skating), Hawkings Field (field hockey), University of Calgary Aquatic Centre (swimming, often shortened to Aquatic Centre) and a 200 m Running Track (cross-country and track & field practice).


title: University of Calgary

text: The Dinos compete in 14 varsity sports: basketball, cross-country, field hockey, football, golf, ice hockey, ringette, Women's rugby, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball, and wrestling. The Dinos also have club teams: Men's Baseball, Men's Rugby as well as Men's and Women's Rowing.


title: University of Calgary

text: The men's hockey team plays at Father David Bauer Olympic Arena, while the women's hockey team's schedule is split between the Olympic Oval and Father David Bauer Olympic Arena. In the rare case of scheduling conflicts, both men's and women's hockey have used the Max Bell Centre for games.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary has been associated with the Olympics since 1972 when enrolled student and swimming team coach Ralph Hutton competed in Munich. Four years later, in 1976, the 10-year-old athletic department sent three athletes to Montreal. Since then, 42 Dinos athletes have competed at both the summer and winter Games, bringing home 11 medals, and UC hosted the athletes' village and speed skating events at the XV Olympic Winter Games in 1988.


title: University of Calgary

text: The football team plays home matches at McMahon Stadium, home of CFL's Calgary Stampeders. It has won the Vanier Cup on five occasions, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1995 and 2019. In recent years, the team played in the Vanier Cup in 2009, 2010, 2013 and 2019.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university has two main newspapers, "UToday", and "The Gauntlet". "UToday" is the online source for news about the University of Calgary, published by the department of University Relations in collaboration with the university's 14 faculties. Created in September 2008, "UToday" reports on research discoveries at the university, major events and milestones, campus happenings and personalities, and opportunities to get involved in learning or activities. It is published every weekday throughout the year. "UToday"s readers include students, faculty, staff, alumni, news media, donors, community leaders and partners, and residents at large.


title: University of Calgary

text: "The Gauntlet" is the University of Calgary's monthly magazine publication, covering the campus and the Calgary community. First published in 1960 as a weekly student newspaper before its transition into a monthly magazine in 2017, it is primarily focused towards undergraduates.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university also prints "Libin Life", which is published by the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta.


title: University of Calgary

text: CJSW is the university's campus radio station, broadcasting at 90.9 MHz FM. CJSW is a member of the National Campus and Community Radio Association and the University of Calgary Tri-Media Alliance in partnership with NUTV (the campus television station) and The Gauntlet (the campus newspaper). CJSW is a non-profit society maintained and operated by a group of four staff members and over 200 volunteers drawn from both the University of Calgary student body and the wider city of Calgary population. CJSW broadcasts music, spoken word and multicultural programming.


title: University of Calgary

text: In addition to the FM broadcast, the station can be heard at 106.9 MHz cable FM, and via Ogg Vorbis stream from its web site. Select shows are also available for podcast download.


title: University of Calgary

text: NUTV is one of the oldest university-based television production societies in Canada. Established in 1983 and incorporated in 1991, NUTV is a campus-based non-profit organization. NUTV offers the opportunity to University of Calgary students and community members to explore the medium of television by learning the various stages of production. This includes reporting/interviewing; hosting; writing; camera operation; lighting; sound mixing; Final Cut Pro & Adobe Creative Suite editing; producing; and directing. NUTV is part of the University of Calgary Tri-Media Alliance, comprising print The Gauntlet, radio CJSW 90.9, and television (NUTV). The University of Calgary is unique in that it is the only Canadian university that houses three media operations on-campus.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary Press was founded in 1981 and to date has published over 400 titles. Special emphasis is placed on three areas: works concerning the geographic regions spanning the Canadian Northwest and the American West; innovative and experimental works that challenge the established canons, subjects and formats, with special interest in art and architecture; and internationally focused manuscripts with particular attention to Latin America, World Heritage Sites, international relations and public policy.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary offers a wide range of residences on campus as a significant proportion of undergraduate and graduate students reside on campus. Approximately 2500 to 3000 students and faculty members live on-campus each Academic year.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Den and Black Lounge is the campus bar located in MacEwan Hall, the student centre located in the middle of main campus. Occupying two floors, with the Den located on the lower floor and the Black Lounge on the upper floor, in the warmer months of the year the second floor features a large outdoor patio. Once run by the University of Calgary, the Den was taken over by the Students' Union in 2000.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Last Defence Lounge (LDL) is a fully licensed restaurant operated by the Graduate Students' Association of the University of Calgary. It is open to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as faculty, staff and members of the public.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Chi Gamma Chapter of the Zeta Psi Fraternity was chartered at the University of Calgary on December 9, 1967, and is the oldest Greek organization on campus. As such, the chapter has been contributing to campus life for over five decades. Zeta Psi – Chi Gamma has several hundred alumni that continue to support both the active chapter as well as the University of Calgary. For over 40 years the Zete Haus has provided economical student housing and has been a focal point for Greek life, being the closest chapter house to campus at approximately 500 meters from MacEwan Hall. The Chi Gamma chapter reactivated in 2014 with 20 members, after having been deactivated in 2008 due to a lack of competitiveness on campus. The active and alumni chapters of Chi Gamma collectively celebrated their fiftieth anniversary on December 9, 2017.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Mu Lambda Chapter of the Kappa Sigma fraternity was founded in 1981. The Mu Lambda chapter house is located on 24 Avenue NW, approximately one and a half kilometres from the University of Calgary.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, also known as Fiji, is one of the three other fraternities present at the university. Founded in 1982, Phi Gamma Delta is the most recent Greek Fraternity to establish a chapter at the University of Calgary. The Fiji chapter house is located on 24 Avenue NW, approximately one kilometre from campus.


title: University of Calgary

text: Alpha Gamma Delta and Alpha Omicron Pi are the two existing sororities at the U of C, having been established in 1983 and 1985 respectively. Together, they form the Panhellenic Association of Calgary and are part of the global Panhellenic community.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Omega Chi Chapter was formally initiated into the Alpha Kappa Psi Professional Business Fraternity on March 12, 2005, becoming the 302nd active branch and the 14th in the Northwest Region.


title: University of Calgary

text: In 2009, the University of Calgary's Office of the Student Experience (now the Student Success Centre) launched their own co-curricular record, the first of its kind in western Canadian universities. The co-curricular record is an official university document that can be coupled with a student's academic transcript, that recognizes out-of-classroom experiences that are still connected to the university. The Student Success Centre (SSC). The SSC offers programs and services to support students in creating: (1) Academic Success, (2) Personal Success, and (3) Career Success. The SSC offers Orientation Programs, Personalized Career Planning Sessions, Career and Life Workshops, Leadership Programs, the First-Year Experience Program, the Senior-Year Experience Program, Arts & Science Program Advising, Learning Support Services, and Writing Support Services.


title: University of Calgary

text: In April 2011, the University of Calgary launched the Scholars Academy Program: a program for students that excel beyond just mere academics.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary also offers the President's Award for Excellence in Student Leadership to five graduating students (undergraduate or graduate) that represent academic achievement in addition to extracurricular contributions to the university and community.


title: University of Calgary

text: A notable high school level scholarship is the Alexander Rutherford Scholarship which was introduced by the Government of Alberta in 1980. The Alexander Rutherford scholarship is to recognize and reward exceptional academic achievement at the senior high school level and to encourage students to continue their studies. To be considered for these scholarships, students must be a Canadian citizen or permanent resident who plan to enrol or are enrolled in a full-time post-secondary program of at least one semester in length.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university joined Project Hero, a scholarship program cofounded by General (Ret'd) Rick Hillier, for the families of fallen Canadian Forces members. Dependents of Canadian Forces personnel killed while serving in active military missions will have the support of the University of Calgary to complete undergraduate degrees.


title: University of Calgary

text: The office of the chancellor and senate offers many scholarships, awards, and bursaries to University of Calgary students who demonstrate outstanding academic achievement and exceptional service to the internal and external community.


title: University of Calgary

text: In 2011, the University of Calgary joined the Schulich Leader Scholarship program. Through this initiative, each year the university awards one $80,000.00 scholarship to a student entering the Schulich School of Engineering and one $60,000.00 scholarship to a student entering a Science, Technology or Mathematics program at the University of Calgary.


title: University of Calgary

text: Top students in the Schulich School of Engineering are recognized as Schulich Scholars and are awarded prestigious Schulich Entrance Scholarships. The first cohort of Schulich Scholars graduated in 2010–2011.


title: University of Calgary

text: Students enrolled in the Bachelor of Health Sciences Program are eligible for the O'Brien Centre Continuing Scholarship, which supports full-time students dedicated to extra-curricular involvement and the community on top of their academics.


title: University of Calgary

text: Graduate students are also eligible for the prestigious Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarships. Awards are available in thirds, two-thirds, or full increments, and are valued at $10,800 at the Master's level and $15,000 at the PhD level. These are provincially funded awards and are available to graduate students at some other Albertan post-secondary institutions.


title: University of Calgary

text: The university also offers student awards for academic and leadership excellence. The two biggest awards a student can receive are the President's Award for Excellence in Student Leadership and the Arch Future Alumni Award.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Order of the University of Calgary, developed in 1994 resulting from a suggestion brought forward from the university's senate, honours worthy recipients who have a record of exemplary and distinguished service to the university. Individuals who have been admitted into the order have included faculty, staff, students, alumni and volunteers. Young Aboriginal leaders such as Spencer Saurette have caused an increased awareness in Aboriginal heritage and traditions on campus. It is available to any member of the university community, those currently or formerly attached to the university and to those representing the university in the community. Candidates nominated for membership in the order may include, but are not limited to, current or former faculty, staff, students (graduate or undergraduate), alumni and volunteers.


title: University of Calgary

text: The Order of the University of Calgary includes numerous personalities of note including the likes of Dr. Eldon R. Smith. As of November 2009, a total of 114 individuals had been admitted into the order.


title: University of Calgary

text: The University of Calgary recognizes Aboriginal students, and has instituted an Aboriginal Admissions Policy [section A.13] and Aboriginal Student Access Program (ASAP) [section A.14], as dictated in the Undergraduate Admissions section of the annual calendar.


title: University of Calgary

text: Any student with Aboriginal ancestry (First Nations, Inuit, Metis) and legal status may apply and be considered under the policy. More information can be obtained online at the University of Calgary's website.


title: University of Calgary

text: A number of individuals are associated with the University of Calgary, either as former alumni, or faculty. The university has also produced 14 Rhodes scholars. Notable alumni of the university include:


title: Portuguese name

text: A Portuguese name is typically composed of one or two given names, and a number of family names (rarely one, often two or three, sometimes more). The first additional names are usually the mother's family surname(s) and the father's family surname(s). For practicality, usually only the last surname (excluding prepositions) is used in formal greetings.


title: Portuguese name

text: The Portuguese naming system is very flexible. Portuguese law establishes the need for a child to have at least one given name and one last name (surname) from one of the parents. The law also establishes the maximum number of names allowed: up to two given names and four surnames. Advice from the says of this restriction that a name "may contain a maximum of six simple words or compounds, as a rule, up to two first names and four surnames"; more may be permissible in some circumstances.


title: Portuguese name

text: Usually, the maternal surnames precede the paternal ones, but the opposite is also possible. If the father is unknown, or he has not acknowledged the child, only the mother's family name(s) is/are used. A child can receive surnames from their parents' ancestors, even if those surnames are not part of the parents' names, provided that the parents prove those names were used by their ancestors.


title: Portuguese name

text: Some Portuguese family names are made of two words, most often not hyphenated, but are not composite names, as they were not the result of combining two family names in past generations; instead, the words constitute a single logical unit. These include toponyms (e.g. Castelo Branco), religious references (e.g. Espírito Santo, Santa Rita), or other expressions (e.g. Corte Real, Mil-Homens). In this case both words must be cited (e.g. writer Camilo Castelo Branco is "never" referred to as Camilo Branco).


title: Portuguese name

text: It is not uncommon in Portugal that a married woman has two given names and six surnames, two from her mother's family, two from her father's family, and the last two coming from her husband. In addition, some of these names may be made of more than one word, so that a full feminine name can have more than 12 words. For instance, the name ""Maria do Carmo Mão de Ferro e Cunha de Almeida Santa Rita Santos Abreu"" would not be surprising in a married woman. Mão de Ferro (iron hand) and Santa Rita (after Saint Rita of Cascia) count only as one surname each. In this case, Santos Abreu would probably have come from this woman's husband. She would be typically known as Maria do Carmo Abreu (since Marian invocation names tend to stick together) and would be typically alphasorted and collated under Abreu.


title: Portuguese name

text: In Portugal, the custom of giving a child four last names is becoming popular, since this way a child can have each of their grandparents' last names. In Portugal and Brazil, some people view this as a sign of snobbery, since it used to be the noble families who had a large number of given names. For instance, the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (also known as King Pedro IV of Portugal) (1798–1834) had the full name of "Pedro de Alcântara Francisco Antônio João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bourbon e Bragança", and his son, the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, had the full name of "Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga de Habsburgo-Lorena e Bragança". For the sake of simplicity, most Portuguese people use only two surnames.


title: Portuguese name

text: For example, if "José Santos Almeida" and "Maria Abreu Melo" had a daughter, her name could simply be "Joana Melo Almeida" (given name + mother's last name + father's last name). However, they could give her two given names, for example "Joana Gabriela", and combine their surnames in various ways, such as "Joana Gabriela Melo Almeida", "Joana Gabriela Abreu Melo Almeida" (two surnames from the mother, one from the father), "Joana Gabriela Abreu Santos Almeida" (one name from the mother, two from the father), or even "Joana Gabriela Abreu Melo Santos Almeida" (two names from each parent). It would also be possible to use surnames that are not part of either parent's legal name, but which the parents would be entitled to use, i.e., a surname from a grandparent or a great-grandparent that was not transmitted to the father or the mother. This child would probably become known by her final surname, "Joana Almeida". However, her parents could decide to change the order of surnames and name her "Joana Almeida Melo", etc. In this case she would probably be known as "Joana Melo".


title: Portuguese name

text: In Portugal, having only one surname is rare, and it usually happens when both the parents have the same last name, to avoid repetitive combinations such as "António Santos Santos" (which would, however, be an acceptable legal name). In Brazil, having only one surname is common in areas with large communities of non-Portuguese immigrants.


title: Portuguese name

text: Portuguese names have a standard spelling, since names are considered as regular nouns, and are thus subject to the orthographical rules of the Portuguese language. The spelling of many names has evolved through times and with orthography reforms; at the same time, archaic forms of names survive, though they are considered misspellings by current spelling rules. The "Acordo Ortográfico" ("Orthographic Agreement"), valid in Brazil and Portugal, states on Section XI (Proper Nouns): "Os nomes próprios personativos, locativos e de qualquer natureza, sendo portugueses ou aportuguesados, serão sujeitos às mesmas regras estabelecidas para os nomes comuns." ("Anthroponymic and toponymic proper nouns, if Portuguese or incorporated to the Portuguese language, are subject to the same spelling rules established to regular nouns.").


title: Portuguese name

text: In Portugal, given names have a standard spelling that is considered the norm (even for non-contemporary figures) and the rules are enforced by law. The 'Instituto dos Registos e do Notariado', under the jurisdiction of the Portuguese Republic, has rules about given names. There is a defined list of allowed names; misspelt and archaic forms (e.g., Luiz is the archaic form of Luís), and names containing foreign letters – k, y, w – are usually not allowed. However, older people who were registered with archaic forms have continued to use them (examples include Manoel de Oliveira – the modern spelling would be Manuel). Regarding surnames, there are no legal restrictions, and as such many people continue to use archaic spellings of family names, as in Athayde or Telles (modern forms Ataíde and Teles).


title: Portuguese name

text: In Brazil, there are no laws concerning names, and only obscene or ridiculous names are forbidden when parents report the birth of a child to the local "cartório de registro civil" (Civil registry). Many archaic spellings coexist with the orthographically correct, and even with fancy orthographies (Felipe [common], Philippe [archaic and traditional], Fellype [fancy]). Names of international inspiration are common, bringing with them the unusual characters "k", "w", and "y" (Katya, William), diacritics that do not match the Brazilian pronunciation (Desirée, pronounced Desirrê) or do not exist in Portuguese (Thaïs), double letters that retain their foreign pronunciation (Roosevelt) or not (Giovanni), silent letters (as in the formerly mentioned Desirée and Thaïs), and letters that are intended to sound differently from the orthographic norms (Juan, if intended to sound as in Spanish, Hannah, if the initial "h" is intended as an aspiration). Parents can make up any type of name, and suffixes with an English or French "flavour" are often used to give foreign allure to their offspring's names, such as "-son" for boys and "-elly" for girls (Deividson, Jéferson, Joeldson, Maiksson, Andrielly, Marcelly, Nadrielly, Nathyelly, etc.). This phenomenon can be easily seen in Brazilian football players' names.


title: Portuguese name

text: Names of deceased historical figures must be spelled following the current orthographic rules: Luís de Camões (not "Luiz de Camoens"), Venceslau Brás (not "Wenceslau Braz"), Euclides da Cunha (not "Euclydes da Cunha"), Tomás António Gonzaga (not "Thomaz Antonio Gonzaga") etc.


title: Portuguese name

text: Prepositions that can be used in Portuguese surnames are da, das, do, dos and de, such as in Maria da Cunha, José das Neves, Joana do Rosário, Luís dos Santos, Gabriela de Sousa, etc. and mean "from" or "of." "Da", "dos", etc. are contractions of the preposition "de" and a definite article ("o", "as", etc.), meaning "from the" or "of the." The current convention in Portuguese is that they be written in lower case . Different from in Italian surnames, these conjunctives are part of a composite name, i.e., "Sousa" is different from "de Sousa," but both are ordered under 'S' in an alphabetical list. Therefore, one should not refer to "Luiz Pereira da Silva" as "Mr. da Silva" but rather "Mr. Silva". The conjunction e (and) is also common, e.g. "Maria Costa e Silva." Most commonly this would be a composite surname.


title: Portuguese name

text: The most well-known exception to this norm is Angolan president José Eduardo dos Santos, who is frequently referred to as President Dos Santos, even among Portuguese-speaking people and in Portuguese-language media (although, in Portugal, the forms "Presidente José Eduardo dos Santos" or "Presidente Eduardo dos Santos" are still more common). Likewise, the Anglophone media often ignores this rule when referring to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as "Mr. Da Silva", instead of "Mr. Silva", while he is mostly called "Lula" in Portuguese-speaking media.


title: Portuguese name

text: The given name Maria (like English "Mary", from Hebrew "Miryam", via Latin "Maria") is extremely common as a feminine given name and even combined with masculine names. Since the turn of the 21st century, a new wave of traditional given names has resulted in an increase in its popularity. In 2014, it was the most common girl's name in Portugal, more than twice the second-rated "Matilde".


title: Portuguese name

text: Traditionally, Maria is more common as the first part of a double-first-name combination; these may be formed by several different elements.


title: Portuguese name

text: Many names that are etymologically related to Maria are also used. The most common is the name Mariana, a contraction of Maria and Ana. Other international agglutinations of Maria combinations have been introduced in more recent times. These include Marisa, Marlene, Marília and Míriam (from Hebrew).


title: Portuguese name

text: As Maria is so widely used, women are most likely to be addressed by just the second element of their name: "Conceição" (Conception), "Dores" (Sorrows), "Céu" (sky/heaven), "Luz" (light), Lurdes (Lourdes), "Fátima", "Salete", "Aparecida" (appeared one), "Madalena", "Antónia", "Teresa", "Glória" (glory), "Prazeres" (pleasures) etc. A woman named Maria de Jesus would be addressed as "Jesus", even though the second name is masculine.


title: Portuguese name

text: A similar thing happens with the name "Ana" (English Anne or Hannah), also very common in double-name combinations such as "Ana Paula" and "Ana Carolina", especially in the younger generations. A woman called Ana Paula would be usually called 'Paula', Ana Carolina would be 'Carolina' and so on.


title: Portuguese name

text: A similar procedure occurs with masculine names, but using a reverse order. It is not unusual to find masculine names such as "João Maria", "José Maria", "Manuel Maria", "Luís Maria" etc. In this case, Maria would always be the second given name, in honour of the Virgin Mary, and the first name would be a masculine name. This custom was fashionable among the Portuguese and Brazilian nobility and the upper classes.


title: Portuguese name

text: In Portugal since 1977, and in Brazil since the 1970s, a woman has the option of whether or not to change her name after marriage. In Portugal, since 1977, and in Brazil, since 2002, a husband can also adopt his wife's surname. In Portugal, when this happens, usually both spouses change their name after marriage (for example, "José Santos Almeida" and "Maria Abreu Melo" could become "José Santos Melo Almeida" and "Maria Abreu Melo Almeida" or even "José Santos Almeida Melo" and "Maria Abreu Melo Almeida"). In Brazil, there is not yet a perceived pattern.


title: Portuguese name

text: The custom of a woman adopting a different surname through marriage was not originally a Portuguese-Brazilian tradition. It spread in the late 19th century in the upper classes, under French influence. After the 1940s, it became almost socially obligatory. Not doing so was seen as evidence of concubinage, particularly until the 1970s. There is no longer a distinct pattern, with both men and women being allowed to choose whether to change or not change their surname(s).


title: Portuguese name

text: Mandatory adoption of a new combined name led to unusual combinations when the woman's surname was kept, as in the (not uncommon) case of both spouses sharing a surname. Another confusing situation occurred, for example, when a woman named "Ana Lima Silva" married a man named "João Lima". In such a situation her name could become "Ana Lima Silva Lima".


title: Portuguese name

text: Nowadays in Portugal, a person may adopt their spouse's surname(s), but only in combination with their own birth surnames. For example, if "Maria Abreu Melo" marries "José Santos Almeida", she could choose to become "Maria Abreu Melo Almeida" or "Maria Abreu Melo Santos Almeida".


title: Portuguese name

text: In Brazil, a woman may adopt her husband's surname(s) in combination or not with her own. For example, when "Maria Abreu Melo" marries "José Santos Almeida", she could choose to become "Maria Abreu Melo Almeida", "Maria Abreu Melo Santos Almeida", "Maria Santos Almeida", "Maria Almeida", etc. The most common practice is for a woman to keep part of her birth name and use part of her husband's surname so as to avoid an overly long string of surnames. So, the most used combination from the above example would be "Maria Melo Almeida".


title: Portuguese name

text: In 2012, a circuit of the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice allowed a woman to adopt her male partner's surname while in a civil union.


title: Portuguese name

text: When producing alphabetized lists of Portuguese names, generally the "full name" is used and sorted by given names. This occurs mainly in schools or official documents, and it is usually done because many people use multiple different surname combinations in their daily life, or do not use the last surname at all. This makes it difficult to order people by the surnames they use. A typical alphabetized list may look like:


title: Portuguese name

text: However, in contexts such as a telephone directory or bibliography, the practice of using the (last) surname is preferred:


title: Portuguese name

text: The conjunctives and affixes preceding or following it, such as "da" and "Filho", are not used. When a full composite surname is known, it is alphabetized according to the first name even if not joined by a hyphen. In case where this is unclear, the last name should be used. For example:


title: Portuguese name

text: As a result of these practices it is common for lists alphabetized by surnames to contain errors when dealing with Portuguese names. Additionally, Portuguese names that have been absorbed into a different culture, such as those of English or French-speakers of Portuguese descent, are generally treated according to the practice of those languages or cultures. The Portuguese-American author John Dos Passos, for example, is referred to as having the surname Dos Passos.


title: Portuguese name

text: Portuguese nicknames are usually formed by inserting the diminutive infix -"inh" or -"it" before the final vowel in the name. For example, Teresa becomes "Teresinha" (meaning "little Teresa"), and Carlos becomes "Carlinhos" ("little Carlos"). In some cases, a nickname is formed by adding "zinho(a)" or "-zito(a)" – to the actual name. For example, João becomes "Joãozinho" ("little João") or Sofia becomes "Sofiazinha" ("little Sofia").


title: Portuguese name

text: Augmentative suffixes may be used as well, with "Marcos" becoming "Marcão" ("Big Mark"), for example.


title: Portuguese name

text: Other practices include the repetition of a syllable ("Nonô" from Leonor, "Zezé" from José), a simple shortening of the name ("Fred" from Frederico, "Bea" or "Bia" from Beatriz), the contraction of the name (Manel, Mané or Nelo from Manuel), or of a fraction of it ("Beto" from Alberto or Roberto, "Mila" from Emília or Camila). A mix of shortening and adding a suffix may also occur ("Leco" from Leonardo). Sometimes, a foreign-language nickname is used for the corresponding Portuguese name (""Rick"" for Ricardo, "Maggie" from Margarida). Most given names have one or more standard diminutives.


title: Portuguese name

text: A hypocoristics can receive the suffix -inho/-inha (meaning "little") giving a more intense feeling of protection or intimacy, such as Chiquinho (from Chico, the hypocoristics for Francisco), Xandinho (from Xando, for Alexandre), Zequinha (form Zeca, for José).


title: Portuguese name

text: In Brazil, recent immigrants – especially Italians, Germans, Jews and Japanese – usually give their sons only the father's family surname. Although there is no legal restriction on this practice, assimilation usually leads to a shift toward a Portuguese pattern in succeeding generations.


title: Portuguese name

text: Today one can find people who use two Italian surnames (like ""Gardi Bianchini"") or two Japanese surnames (like ""Sugahara Uemura""), a practice that is unusual in Italy and nonexistent in Japan. Having two surnames from different non-Portuguese origin is also not uncommon, such as the Brazilian celebrity Sabrina Sato Rahal, of Japanese and Swiss-Lebanese descent. Particularly common are German-Italian combinations (Becker Bianchini, for instance), especially in Rio Grande do Sul.


title: Portuguese name

text: The Spanish pattern is in many ways similar, but the father's surname usually precedes the mother's, unlike Portuguese usage. Almost all of the first Spanish-Brazilian born generation were named in order of the family surnames of the Portuguese pattern.


title: Portuguese name

text: A specific pattern developed among the descendants of 20th-century immigrants: they use only their father's surname and two given names, the first is a Portuguese given name and the second one is a given name from their father's original country.


title: Portuguese name

text: This pattern is most used among Japanese and Syrian-Lebanese immigrants sons and grandsons. So one can find names like ""Paulo Salim Maluf"" where "Paulo" is a Portuguese given name, "Salim" is an Arabic given name, and "Maluf" is his father's surname; or ""Maria Heiko Sugahara"" where "Maria" is a Portuguese given name, "Heiko" a Japanese given name and "Sugahara" is her father's surname. This practice allows the person to be recognized as ""Paulo Maluf"" or ""Maria Sugahara"" in the large Brazilian society , and as ""Salim Maluf"" or ""Heiko Sugahara"" in their immigrant social community.


title: Portuguese name

text: This pattern used to be quite common in São Paulo. Intermarriage has reduced this practice, but it is still commonly used when both parents belong to the same ethnic group. Younger generations tend to use both the father's and the mother's family name, thus giving four names to their children (like ""Paulo Salim Lutfalla Maluf"" or ""Maria Heiko Sugahara Uemura"").


title: Portuguese name

text: Before Romans entered the territory of present-day Portugal, the native people identified themselves by a single name, or that name followed by a patronym. The names could be Celtic (Mantaus), Lusitanian (Casae), Iberian (Sunua) or Conii (Alainus). The names were clearly ethnic and some typical of a tribe or region. A slow adoption of the Roman onomastic occurred after the end of the first century AD, with the adoption of a Roman name or of the tria nomina: praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile) and cognomen.


title: Portuguese name

text: Patronymics are names derived from the father's given name that, many centuries ago, began to be used as surnames. They are a common form of surnames in the lands where Portuguese is spoken and also have developed in many other languages.


title: Portuguese name

text: In Portuguese, patronymics are surnames such as "Henriques", "Pires", "Rodrigues", "Lopes", "Nunes", "Mendes", "Fernandes", "Gonçalves", "Esteves" and "Álvares," where the ending -es- means ("son of").


title: Portuguese name

text: Some surnames that originated in this way do not end in "es"; instead they end in "iz", like "Muniz" ("son of Monio") and Ruiz ("son of Ruy"), or "ins", like "Martins" ("son of Martim").


title: Portuguese name

text: Although most Portuguese surnames ending in "-es" are former patronymics, some family names with -es- endings are not patronymics, but toponymics, such as Tavares, Cortês and Chaves.


title: Portuguese name

text: Some surnames are equal to given names, such as "Joana Fernando", or "André João", in which "Fernando" and "João" are surnames, not given names. It is rather improbable that those are patronymics; more likely they originated with people with no surnames, who were given two names for the sake of enhanced individuality. One can find today in Portugal and Brazil people who still use surnames that for other people are just given names, although they were passed from parents to sons for generations, such as Valentim, Alexandre, Fernando, Afonso (note the family name "de Melo Afonso") and Antonio (note "de Melo Antonio"). Names like "Dinis", "Duarte", "Garcia" and "Godinho" were originally given names, but today they are used in Brazil almost exclusively as surnames, although Duarte and Dinis are still common given names in Portugal.


title: Portuguese name

text: Matronymics (surnames derived from female given names) are not used in Portuguese. Surnames such as "Catarino" (from Catarina) and "Mariano" (meaning related to "Maria") are rather references to Catholic saints (probably originating with the practice of giving a child the name of the saint of the day in which he or she was born).


title: Portuguese name

text: Some former patronymics are not easily recognized, for two main reasons. Sometimes the given name that was the basis of the patronymic became archaic, such as "Lopo" (the basis of "Lopes"), "Mendo" or "Mem" ("Mendes"), Soeiro ("Soares"), Munio ("Muniz"), "Sancho" ("Sanches"). Also, often the given names or the related patronymic changed through centuries, although always some resemblance can still be noted – such as "Antunes" (son of "Antão" or "Antonio"), "Peres" (son of "Pero", archaic form of "Pedro"), "Alves" (from "Álvares", son of "Álvaro"), and "Eanes" (from mediaeval Iohannes, son of "João").


title: Portuguese name

text: A large number of surnames are locative, related to the geographical origin of a person, such as the name of a village, town, city, land, river. Such surnames like "Almeida", "Andrada" or "Andrade", "Barcelos", "Barros", "Bastos", "Braga", "Beira "(edge), "Castelo Branco", "Cintra" (from Sintra), "Coimbra", "Faria", "Gouveia", "Guimarães", "Lima" (the name of a river, not meaning lime), "Lisboa" (Lisbon), "Maia", "Mascarenhas" (a civil parish of Mirandela, Portugal), "Pacheco" (from village of Pacheca), "Porto" (Oporto), "Portugal", "Serpa", "Leão" (from León).


title: Portuguese name

text: Some names specify a location of the family's house within the village: "Fonte" (by the fountain), "Fontoira/Fontoura" (golden fountain), "Azenha" (by the water-mill), "Eira" (by the threshing-floor), "Tanque" (by the community cistern), "Fundo" (on the lower part of the village), "Cimo/Cima" (on the upper part of the village), "Cabo" (on the far end of the village), "Cabral" (near the field where the goats graze). In some cases, the family name may not be a locative, but an indication of ownership.


title: Portuguese name

text: Surnames were also derived from geological or geographical forms, such as "Pedroso" (stony or full of pebbles land), "Rocha" (rock), "Souza"/"Sousa" (from Latin saxa, a place with seixos, or pebbles), "Vale" (valley, dale), "Bierzo" (mountain), "Ribeiro"/"Rivero" (little river, creek, brook), "Siqueira"/"Sequeira" (a non-irrigated land), "Castro" (ruins of ancient buildings, equivalent to English Chester), "Dantas" (from d'Antas, a place with antas, i.e. prehistoric stone monuments or dolmens), "Costa" (coast), "Pedreira" (quarry), "Barreira" (clay quarry), "Couto" (fenced site), "Outeiro" (hill or hillock),"Vilar/Villar" (from Latin "villagio", a village), "Seixas" (pebbles), "Veiga"/"Vega" (banks of a river), "Córdoba/Córdova" (hill near the river), "Padrão" (rock or stone), "Celanova" (barn or reservoir).


title: Portuguese name

text: Names of trees or plantations are also locative surnames, originally related to identifying a person who lived near or inside a plantation, an orchard or a place with a characteristic kind of vegetation. Names such as "Silva" and "Matos" (woods, forest), "Campos" (meadows), "Teixeira" (a place covered with yew trees), "Queirós" (a kind of grass), "Cardoso" (a place covered with "cardos", i.e. with cardoons or thistles), "Correia" (a place covered with "corriolas" or "correas", a kind of plant), "Macedo" (an apple tree garden), and "Azevedo" (a forest of azevinho, a holly wood) fit this pattern.


title: Portuguese name

text: Tree names are very common locative surnames – "Oliveira"/"Olivera" (olive tree), "Carvalho" (oak tree), "Servia" (from "serba", i.e. a sort of sorbus or serbal tree), "Pinheiro" (pine tree), "Pereira/Pereyra" (pear tree), Pêro/Pero (wild apple tree), "Pereiro"/"Do Pereyro" (apple tree), "Aciveiro" (holly tree), "Moreira" (mulberry tree), "Macedo"/"Macieira" (apple tree), "Filgueira"/"Figueira" (fern tree or cyatheales), "Loureiro"/"Laureiro" (laurel tree), "Parreira" (grape tree). There is the case of "Pereira"/"Pereyra" which is not only a tree. In the old documentations of the Portuguese language also appears as a variant of Pedreira or Pedreiro and this means "stone quarry".


title: Portuguese name

text: Surnames with religious meanings or connotations are common. It is possible that some of these originated from an ancestor who converted to Catholicism and intended or needed to demonstrate his new faith. Another possible source of religious names were orphans who were abandoned in the churches and raised in Catholic orphanages by priests and nuns. They were usually baptized with a name related to the date near when they were found or baptized. Another possible source is when religious given names (expressing a special devotion by the parents or the god-parents, or the child's birth date) were adopted as family names.


title: Portuguese name

text: Religious names includes "de Jesus" (of Jesus), " dos Reis" (of the kings, from the day of the Epiphany of the Lord, the Day of the Wise Kings), "Ramos" (branches, from Palm Sunday, the Sunday before Easter), "Pascoal" (of Easter), "da Assunção" (of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary), "do Nascimento" (of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary or the Nativity of Jesus – Christmas), "da Visitação" (of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary), "da Anunciação" (of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary), "da Conceição" (of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary), "Trindade" (from Trinity Sunday), "do Espírito Santo" (of the Holy Ghost, from the Feast of the Holy Ghost), "das Chagas" (of wounds, from the Feast of the Five Wounds of Christ), "Graça" (grace, from Our Lady of Grace), "Patrocínio" (patronage, from Our Lady of Patronage), "Paz" (peace, from Our Lady Mediatrix of Peace), "Luz" (light, from Our Lady of the Divine Light), "Neves" (snows, from Our Lady of the Snows), "Penha" (cliff, bluff, from Our Lady of the Bluff of France, that in Spanish is called Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia), "das Dores" (of sorrows, from Our Lady of Sorrows), "Bonfim" (good end, from Our Lord of Good Death), "das Virgens" (of the virgins martyrs), "dos Anjos" (of angels, from the Archangels Michael, Raphael, and Gabriel day), "São João" (Saint John), "Santana" (Saint Ann), "Santos" (from 'Todos os Santos', i.e. from All Hallows or All Saints day; "Santos" comes from the Latin "sanctus", which also originated other variants, such as "Sanctius", "Santious", "Sancti", "Santis", "Santi", "Sante" or "Santé", "Santiz", "Santiso" or "Santizo" and "Santotis") and "Cruz" (Cross, the most common surname among the Belmonte Jews).


title: Portuguese name

text: An orphan with unknown parents or a converted (Jew, African slave, or Native Brazilian) person was frequently baptized with the name of a saint, such as "João Baptista" (from Saint John the Baptist), "João Evangelista" (from Saint John the Evangelist), "João de Deus" (from Saint John of God), "António de Pádua" (from Saint Anthony of Padova), "João Nepomuceno" (from Saint John of Nepomuk), "Francisco de Assis ("from Saint Francis of Assisi), "Francisco de Paula" (from Saint Francis of Paola), "Francisco de Salles" (from Saint Francis de Salles), "Inácio de Loiola" (from Saint Ignatius of Loyola), "Tomás Aquino" (from Saint Thomas Aquinas), "José de Calazans" (from Saint Joseph of Calasanz), or "José de Cupertino" (from Saint Joseph of Cupertino). After that, they usually passed only the second given name ("Batista, Evangelista, de Deus, Pádua, Nepomuceno, Assis, de Paula, Sales, Loiola, Aquino, Calazans" or "Cupertino") to their sons as a surname.


title: Portuguese name

text: A surname such as "Xavier" could have originated from someone baptized after Saint Francis Xavier or from the old Portuguese family "Xavier".


title: Portuguese name

text: Some surnames are possible descriptions of a peculiar characteristic of an ancestor, originating from nicknames.


title: Portuguese name

text: These include names like "Veloso" (wooly or hairy), "Vergueiro" (one that bends), "Medrado" (grown-up), "Porciúncula" (small part, small piece), "Magro" (thin), "Magriço" (skinny), "Gago" (stutterer, stammerer), "Galhardo" (gallant, chivalrous), "Terrível" (terrible), "Penteado" (hairdressing, the nickname of a branch of the German Werneck family whose members used to wear wigs), "Romeiro" (a pilgrim) "Verdugo/Berdugo" ("Tree branch" or 'Executioner").


title: Portuguese name

text: Portuguese surnames that originated from professions or occupations are few, such as "Serrador" (sawman), "Monteiro" (hunter of the hills or woods guard), "Guerreiro" (warrior), "Caldeira" (cauldron, i.e. cauldron maker), "Cubas" (wooden barrels, i.e., barrel maker or cooper), "Carneiro" (sheep, for a shepherd), "Peixe" (fish, for a fisherman or a fishmonger).


title: Portuguese name

text: Some Portuguese names originated from foreigners who came to live in Portugal or Brazil many centuries ago. They are so ancient that, despite their known foreign origin, they are an integrated part of Portuguese and Brazilian cultures.


title: Portuguese name

text: Most of these names are Spanish, such as "Toledo" (a city in Spain), "Ávila" or "Dávila" (a city in Spain) and "Padilha". Other common "foreign" surnames are Bettencourt or Bittencourt (from Béthencourt, French), "Goulart, Goulard" or "Gullar" (French, original meaning is glutton), "Fontenele" or "Fontenelle" (French, from fountain), "Rubim" (from Robin, French), "Alencastro", "Lencastre" (from Lancaster, English), "Drummond" (Scottish), "Werneck, Vernek" or "Berneque" (southern German, the name of the Bavarian city Werneck), "Wanderley" (from "van der Ley", Flemish), "Dutra" (from "De Ultra", a Latin name meaning "from beyond" assumed by the Flemish family "Van Hurtere"), "Brum" (from "Bruyn", Flemish), Bulcão (from "Bulcamp", Flemish), "Dulmo" (from "van Olm", Flemish), "Acioli" (Italian), "Doria" (Italian), "Cavalcanti" (Italian), "Netto" or "Neto" (Italian, not to be confused with the name suffix "Neto" ("grandson") that is used in Portuguese to distinguish a grandson and grandfather who bear the same names).