title: Barnet F.C.

text: For over 50 years Barnet FC competed in the Athenian League. They were inaugural members in 1912–13 they were league champions no fewer than seven times between 1919 and 1965 before turning fully professional in 1965.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: During the 1920s Barnet consolidated their amateur status in the Athenian League under team secretary Tom Goss. He arranged for junior players from Tottenham Hotspur to play for the club including Taffy O'Callaghan, Willie Evans and Bill Whatley, all of whom eventually became internationals, between them gaining 17 Welsh caps.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The 1930–31 season saw Barnet gain their first Athenian League Championship to be repeated again the following season. Included in the team at that time were George Hughes and Fred Garrett, full backs; Reg Wright (England), centre-half; and Arthur Morris, Jack Richardson and a Barnet and England legend Lester Finch in the forward line.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In the two seasons after World War II, Barnet won the FA Amateur Cup (beating Bishop Auckland 3–2), the Athenian League Championship twice, and the London Senior Cup. The side included five internationals in Ted Bunker, George Wheeler, Dennis Kelleher, Ron Phipps and Lester Finch. In the 1958–59 season, their young team coached by George Wheeler, reached the FA Amateur Cup final for the third time, but were beaten 3–2 by Crook Town.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In October 1946, the first live televised football match was broadcast by the BBC from Underhill. Twenty minutes of the game against Wealdstone were televised in the first half and thirty five minutes of the second half before it became too dark. In 1947, Barnet FC played Sing Tao Sports Club, winners of the Hong Kong Football League at Underhill. They were the first Chinese club to ever play in the United Kingdom. Barnet won 5–3.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Barnet reached the third round proper of the FA Cup for the first time on 9 January 1965, meeting the previous season's runner-up Preston North End at Underhill. 2–0 down inside the first 10 minutes, the second half saw Barnet, urged on by 10,500 spectators, level the score at 2–2, before a last minute own goal sent them out.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In 1965–66 Barnet turned semi-professional. Before the season commenced, manager Dexter Adams made two astute signings. He persuaded Les Eason, then 20 years of age, to join from Finchley and then acquired amateur international Barry King from Hitchin, who became the first player to sign professional forms for the club. The first game finished in Barnet's favour, a 10–1 win over Hinckley Athletic. Les Eason went on to score 31 goals in his first season as the club became champions of the Southern League Division I.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Promoted to the Southern League Premier for 1966–67 the club ended up 5th but had reached the Southern League Cup final only to lose to Guildford City over two legs. In 1969–70 the FA Trophy was introduced and Barnet reached the semi-final before losing to Macclesfield Town 0–1 at Stoke City's Victoria Ground. The club reached the third round of the FA Cup the following season, but lost 1–0 to Colchester United, who went on to knock out Leeds United in the fifth round. That year's cup run included a 6–1 first round win over then Fourth Division Newport County, equalling the competition's all-time record for a win by a non-league side over league opponents.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The 1971–72 season proved one of the most successful. Using just 15 players for 80 competitive matches Barnet reached Wembley in the FA Trophy, losing 3–0 to Stafford Rangers, and reached the final of the Southern League Cup, drawing 2–2 with Hereford on aggregate. The replay, played the next season, was a 2–2 draw but Barnet went on to win 7–6 on penalties. In 1972–73, Barnet put up a tremendous fight against Queens Park Rangers in the third round of the FA Cup. The match at Loftus Road ended 0–0 and the replay at Underhill drew in excess of 11,000 spectators. Rangers eventually won 3–0.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In 1975, Barnet were relegated back to the Southern League Division One North, after one season they switched to the Southern League Division One South which they won at the first attempt and returned to the Southern League Premier. It was during this period that many famous names played for the club including Jimmy Greaves, Marvin Hinton, Bob McNab, Terry Mancini and John Fairbrother. Jimmy Greaves, although playing in midfield, still ended the season as leading goal scorer with 27 goals.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: By virtue of their Premier Division positions in seasons 1977–78 and 1978–79, Barnet were given a place in the newly formed Alliance Premier League. In the first three Alliance seasons, Barnet just avoided relegation, but in 1982–3 they finished 15th and a year later 9th. Then in 1984–85, when it looked like Barnet would face relegation, manager Barry Fry left to take charge at Maidstone United. The season was resurrected under the guidance of ex-player Roger Thompson, with the team losing only one of their remaining thirteen league games. They also managed to beat Wealdstone – fierce rivals at the time and about to win the non-league double – by seven goals to nil, thanks to a haul from Nicky Evans and a hat trick by Steve Mahoney.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In season 1985–86 they finished 14th but reached the final of the Bob Lord Trophy only to lose to old friends Stafford Rangers. Dom MacAllister replaced Roger Thompson and then in July 1986, Barry Fry returned, much to the delight of the supporters. He led Barnet to their best league position for many years finishing runners-up in the renamed Football Conference scoring 86 goals.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Despite turbulent times off the field, during season 1986–87 (the first season of automatic promotion to the Football League for Conference champions) the club maintained their scoring, again finishing runners-up, Scarborough taking the automatic position into the Fourth Division. Lincoln City came down but in 1987–88 they returned ahead of Barnet in the championship. 1988–89 was another indifferent season; at one time looking like relegation prospects, the team secured 8th place, in the process using no fewer than 47 players. They did however win the Clubcall Cup (League Cup), the final being played at Telford United's Bucks Head Ground, by beating Hyde United on penalties after a 3–3 draw. 1989–90 saw Barnet yet again finish runners-up in the Conference. This time it was Darlington that took the top spot.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: A good run in the 1990–91 FA Cup culminated in a home defeat by Portsmouth in the 3rd round. A win in the last game of the season against Fisher Athletic finally saw Barnet promoted to the Fourth Division of the Football League.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Barnet F.C. joined the Fourth Division of the Football League on winning the Football Conference championship in 1991. Their early reputation was of playing fast, attacking football, a reputation only enhanced by their first ever league match (which they lost 4–7 to Crewe Alexandra), and a 5–5 draw to Brentford in the League Cup in their next match. In their first season of league football the club reached the promotion playoffs but lost to Blackpool in the semi finals.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The 1992–93 season saw controversy at Underhill as Barnet chairman Stan Flashman regarding club accounts and players' wages, resulting in some nationwide back page headlines. Flashman also brought his son, Mark, to the club as a reserve goalkeeper. In spite of the financial problems, Barnet finished third in the new Division Three and secured the final automatic promotion spot. Manager Barry Fry, however, left Barnet with a handful of games remaining and was replaced by his assistant Edwin Stein, who himself then left to join Fry in the summer at Southend United. Goalkeeper Gary Phillips took over as manager during a difficult summer in which Barnet marginally survived a vote of expulsion by a Football League EGM, and lost the vast majority of their promotion winning side in a tribunal which nullified the players' contracts. Phillips cobbled together a squad from the few remaining players and free transfers. In January 1994 Phillips was assisted by former England goalkeeper Ray Clemence, but were still relegated from Division Two. In August 1994 Ray Clemence became sole manager for two seasons, finishing 11th and then ninthth in Division Three. Then at the start of the 1996–97 season Ray Clemence left to become England goalkeeping coach, leaving Terry Bullivant in charge.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The following season saw Barnet slump to 15th place, their lowest Football League finish until that point, though Bullivant was still approached to take over as manager of Reading that summer; he accepted the job, and John Still replaced him as manager. The following four seasons saw the club yo-yo in form, as they finished 7th and reached the play-offs in 1997–98, hit a new low of 16th place in 1998–99, and then finished sixth and qualified for the play-offs once more in 1999–2000. 2000–01 initially looked to be another solid campaign, with Barnet among the leading pack from early on; in early November however, Still was "kicked upstairs" to become the club's director of football and was succeeded by Tony Cottee, an ambitious high-profile appointment which aimed to take the club forward. Despite a 7–0 victory in his first match in charge vs Blackpool, the club ultimately won only five more games for the remainder of the season and finished in bottom place after failing to beat second-bottom Torquay United, returning to the Conference after exactly a decade. Still was reinstated as manager in the final stages of the season, but was ultimately unable to rescue the club.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Still remained in charge for the club's return to the Conference, and with a good first half of the season it looked as if their stay would be a short one. However, a terrible run of form after Christmas 2001 saw the side crash to mid-table and led to Still's final departure from the club. He was replaced by Peter Shreeves, who only months before had been in charge of Division One side Sheffield Wednesday, and quickly turned Barnet's form around. With only the Conference champions going up in this season the prospect of promotion was already long-gone by the time Shreeves was appointed, but the fifth-place finish that they ultimately managed would be good enough for the play-offs introduced for the following season. Unfortunately Barnet did not maintain their momentum into 2002–03, and Shreeves was sacked late in that season, with Barnet in very much the same mid-table position he had found them in. Martin Allen took over as manager and brought a turn-around in results, though it was again too late to mount a promotion challenge and they finished a distinctly underwhelming 11th. 2003–04 proved to be a much better campaign, and the club were challenging near the top of the table throughout the season, but Allen left to take over at fellow London club Brentford with only a couple of months of the campaign left.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Former Stevenage Borough manager Paul Fairclough replaced Allen for the remainder of the 2003–04 season. The club's form stuttered, falling out of contention for automatic promotion and very nearly even the play-offs as well, but this time the club were able to rebound and secure a fourth-place finish, setting up a play-off semi final with the side directly above them, Shrewsbury Town. This was taken to penalties after a 2–2 aggregate score (Barnet won 2–1 at Underhill, Shrewsbury won 1–0 at Gay Meadow), with Shrewsbury winning 5–3 on penalties. The following season, 2004–05, with Fairclough at the helm, the Bees went one better than the previous season and were crowned Champions of the Conference Premier and regained their football league status, after amassing an impressive 86 points in the season, and scoring 90 goals with it. Barnet also finished 12 points ahead of their nearest rival, Hereford United. Giuliano Grazioli finished with 29 goals, and was also top scorer in the League.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The 2005–06 season started with Barnet leading League Two after four games, but this form did not continue and the club finished the season five places and 5 points above the relegation zone, yet only 12 points out of the playoffs, with only 1 win in the first 12 games of 2006. In the League Cup the Bees drew a lucrative away tie against Manchester United in October 2005. 5,000 fans made the trip to Old Trafford to see Barnet lose 4–1, goalkeeper Ross Flitney being sent-off in the second minute. The 2006–07 season started poorly for Barnet, but a mid-season rally saw them finish the season in 14th place. A good run in the FA Cup also saw them reach the fourth round of that competition for the first time in their history, beating Championship side Colchester United 2–1 in the third round and Northampton Town 4–1 in the second round before losing 2–0 to Plymouth Argyle at home. 2007–08 saw another mid-table finish for Barnet; 12th with 60 points, and a second run to the Fourth Round of the FA Cup, where they lost 1–0 to Bristol Rovers, with Jason Puncheon missing a penalty for the Bees.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The 2008–09 season started poorly, and by late September only the three teams that had been docked points prior to the start of the season had lower league positions. After a run of thirteen games without a win in any competition Paul Fairclough announced his resignation to take up a role as director and leaving the first team duties to his assistant Ian Hendon. Fairclough would take over one last game which resulted in a 2–0 win against another relegation threatened side AFC Bournemouth. Results improved, and before the end of the season Hendon was made permanent boss with a two-year contract. The Bees stayed in Football League Two for the following 2009–10 season, which started with four wins from their first six games. A poor run of form would follow, including a 13-game winless streak, and after five consecutive defeats left the Bees close to the relegation zone, Ian Hendon was sacked in April with two games of the season remaining. Paul Fairclough returned as caretaker manager for the last two games and guided the Bees to safety with a 1–0 win at home to Rochdale on the last day of the season.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: On 1 June 2010, Mark Stimson was appointed as the new manager and after a poor start to the season was sacked on 1 January 2011. He was succeeded by the ever-present Paul Fairclough; however, he stepped down after only being able to secure three wins in 17 games. He was then succeeded by Martin Allen, who was asked to manage Barnet on a non-contract basis until the end of the season; however, after just 3 matches, he was offered a contract from Notts County and subsequently left for them. With just 5 games left of the season, assistant manager Giuliano Grazioli took over, having been appointed as Assistant manager by Martin Allen earlier. Grazioli was also able to bring in Lawrie Sanchez as an adviser. Grazioli took Barnet to the last day of the season 2 points behind Lincoln City in the relegation zone. Barnet were up against Port Vale in their final match on 7 May 2011 at Underhill and were able to win 1–0 following a penalty scored by Izale McLeod. Aldershot Town's 3–0 victory over Lincoln City meant Barnet finished a point above Lincoln City and the relegation zone. Pitch invasions followed as the club survived on the last day of the season again, as the day was regarded as the "great escape". Following the end of the season, Lawrie Sanchez was appointed as manager.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In the 2011–12 season, Lawrie Sanchez steered the side to 3rd from bottom with 3 games to go. He was replaced on 16 April by Martin Allen, who managed to keep Barnet up on the last day of the season following a 2–1 win over Burton Albion leaving Barnet two points above Hereford United and the relegation zone. This was the third year in a row that Barnet had managed to secure their Football League survival on the last day.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Barnet's 2012–13 season started disappointingly, without a single win in August or September. On 11 October 2012, Barnet confirmed a huge coup in signing the former Barcelona and Ajax midfielder Edgar Davids as player and joint head coach alongside Mark Robson. In October Barnet recorded their first win of the season with a 4–0 result against Northampton Town. Near the end of December, Barnet announced that Robson's contract had been terminated, saying: "It was felt that clarification was required regarding the coaching responsibilities at the club and to this end it was agreed that Mark should leave with immediate effect." This left Davids with sole responsibility for the club. The team were then relegated back to the Conference on 27 April 2013, after finishing on 51 points (the highest ever obtained by a team relegated from League 2) and going down due to an inferior goal difference to that of Dagenham and Redbridge, after a 2–0 loss to Northampton.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Barnet started the 2013–14 season in the Conference Premier. On 18 January 2014, head coach Edgar Davids resigned from his role by mutual consent. On 19 March 2014, Martin Allen was appointed head coach on a contract running until the end of the 2014–15 season, marking the start of his fourth spell as manager. At the end of the season, Barnet finished top of the Conference Premier and were promoted to League Two.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In their first season back in the Football League, Martin Allen led the team to a 15th-place finish with a final end of season win away at Crawley Town with a finishing result of 3–0. On 1 December 2016 Allen resigned from his post at Barnet to take up the job at Eastleigh. Rossi Eames and Henry Newman were appointed joint interim head coach with Newman leaving three months later on 14 February 2017. This was followed by the appointment of Kevin Nugent who only lasted two months with one win in 11 games before being parting company with Barnet. This left Eames in the caretaker position of coach until the end of the season with Barnet finishing in 15th place two seasons in a row. On 19 May 2017 he was then appointed permanent head coach setting a new record making Eames the youngest manager at the age of 32.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In November of the 2017–18 season saw Mark McGhee appointed as their new manager with Rossi Eames appointed head of player development. In January 2018 Barnet were sitting bottom of League Two and took the decision to move Mark McGhee to the Technical Director position and appoint Graham Westley first team coach. Into March and still sitting at the bottom of the table, Barnet took the decision to sack Graham Westley and reappoint Martin Allen for his fifth spell. It was also reported that Mark McGhee had left the club. Allen turned Barnet fortunes around with five wins out of the next eight matches leaving it to the last day of the season to determine their fate. Barnet won their final match against Chesterfield but with Morecambe drawing leaving both teams on the same number of points, Barnet were subsequently relegated out of the league due to goal difference. It was confirmed on 10 May that Allen had, once again, left the club.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Following the departure of Allen, Barnet re-appointed John Still as their manager for the 2018–19 National League season. On 28 December 2018, Still announced his retirement from management, two days after a 1–0 defeat to Boreham Wood, with the club 15th in the league. Assistant Manager Darren Currie took temporary charge before eventually taking the job on a permanent basis, leading the club to a 13th-placed finish. In the 2018–19 FA Cup, Barnet, despite their status as a fifth-tier team, managed to progress into the fourth round of the competition, winning against Bristol Rovers, Stockport County, and Sheffield United.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The 2020–21 season saw Barnet record their lowest league position for many years. They finished within the relegation zone of the National League, but were saved from dropping into the National League South due to the abandonment of the 2020–21 National League North and South mid-season (owing to the COVID-19 pandemic). The team's 2020–21 performance was greatly hampered by the club being badly affected by the pandemic during the first half of the season, and the closure of the club's EFL-funded football academy at the end of the previous season.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Barnet's first stadium named Underhill was established in 1907 when the football club were named Barnet & Alston. This was arranged on 100-year lease with Barnet Council. The first ever game at the ground was against another London club, namely Crystal Palace, which ended 1–0 to Barnet. Over the years notable matches at Underhill included a game in 1952 against Wycombe Wanderers which had the highest recorded attendance of 11,026 spectators.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The stadium's capacity fluctuated over the years from all-standing to the addition of an all-seater mainstand in 1964 to a final capacity of 6,023.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: With the lease ending in 2007 the Barnet chairman Tony Kleanthous extended the lease with the council for a further 5 years. But by December 2011 Kleanthous became increasingly frustrated with the lack of progress from the council to extend the original lease by another 125 years. With plans to build a new stadium on the site continually rejected Kleanthous started to look elsewhere to relocate Barnet, meaning the end of their stay at Underhill.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Barnet's final game at Underhill came on 20 April 2013 against Wycombe Wanderers, which they won 1–0 in front of 6,000 spectators.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In July 2012 Harrow Council agreed the development of a new stadium called The Hive Stadium at the Prince Edward Playing Fields which the club can use for a period of up to 10 years. In February 2013, Barnet's move to the new ground was ratified by The Football League.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: On 1 August 2007, Barnet chairman Tony Kleanthous announced that he had acquired a site in Harrow. The deal would see Barnet contribute £6 million towards an £11 million development, which would include training facilities for Barnet's first, reserve and ladies teams, as well as a 5,000 stadium for nearby Wealdstone. The plan also provides for a second, smaller 'green' 1,000 capacity stadium, for ladies and youth football, as well as a centre of excellence and community use facilities.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: After a quiet 10 months, an announcement was made on 23 May 2008, which confirmed the plans for the first phase of the development. Costing £3 million, the works included two full size FIFA approved 3rd Generation artificial pitches, senior and youth pitches, car and coach parking, changing facilities for 14 teams, as well as a reception and cafe area. The work would 'provide some of the best training and community use facilities in the country' ending Barnet's nomadic existence in search of areas in which to train. Work began in the Autumn of 2008, once the Football Foundation provided £1 million of funding. Harrow Borough Council also provided £750,000 towards the cost of the project.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Worryingly for Wealdstone supporters, the first phases of plans did not include any mention of providing the stadium initially proposed. Wealdstone made a statement after the first phase plans were announced, insisting that the intention still remains to play at PEPF, and that talks were ongoing, although any deal would have to be right for Wealdstone.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: In April 2009, a delegation from the Barnet Football Club Supporters Association (BFCSA) visited the site and interviewed the man overseeing the construction and continued development, Paul Fairclough. A video made during the tour shows the work being carried out, throwing up some new, previously unknown information about the site, such as the construction of a swimming pool and Jacuzzi, and the fact that Highbury's floodlights were currently being stored there! The interview was particularly revealing, indicating that the development is in the first of four planned stages (suggesting a stadium for Wealdstone is still a possibility), that there were hopes to have the England senior team hold training camps there, and that the proposed centre of excellence would cost £250,000 per year to run. There was also some indication of how Barnet could financially exploit the site, and attain a degree of self-sufficiency, as they were in the process of doing a deal with an organisation to rent out the astro turf pitches for £30,000 for one year. In addition, up to £180,000 per year is available to Football League clubs to run their youth systems. In May 2009, it was reported that Harrow Borough and Wealdstone are in negotiation with Barnet to use the training facilities. The training ground is known as "The Hive" and was opened by Fabio Capello and Trevor Brooking on 15 December 2009. Since then, major teams visiting London, such as then-Premier League club Hull City, Italian side Parma, French side AS Monaco and the Egyptian, Brazilian, Chilean and German National Squads, have made use of the training facilities.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The club's current crest was designed in the 1950s and contains the green hill of High Barnet and the red rose, white rose and crossed swords representing the 1471 Battle of Barnet, a pivotal battle in the Wars of the Roses. The badge was designed by Sidney Robert Price who was the chairman of the club at the time.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: The club's nickname of "The Bees", reflected in their amber and black shirts, is likely to have come from the location of apiaries close to the Underhill ground in the early years of the 20th century. Coincidentally, this nickname is similar to those of two of Barnet's neighbours, Watford ("The Hornets") and Brentford (also "The Bees").


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Traditionally, the club's main local rivals were Enfield. The two clubs were amongst the biggest in Non-League during the 1980s and matches between them were fiercely contested. Enfield suffered numerous off-field problems and the original club has since ceased to exist and reformed as Enfield 1893 F.C. in 2007, suffering a split in the past in 2001 after the formation of the breakaway club Enfield Town. As such, the last clash with the original club was in 1991, in the FA Cup, a match which Barnet won 4–1.


title: Barnet F.C.

text: Other local rivals include Stevenage, Wealdstone, Brentford and Boreham Wood. Barnet have also had a long-lasting friendly rivalry with their "big neighbours" Arsenal, with whom they regularly had pre-season friendlies for several seasons.


title: Vector field

text: In vector calculus and physics, a vector field is an assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of space. For instance, a vector field in the plane can be visualised as a collection of arrows with a given magnitude and direction, each attached to a point in the plane. Vector fields are often used to model, for example, the speed and direction of a moving fluid throughout space, or the strength and direction of some force, such as the magnetic or gravitational force, as it changes from one point to another point.


title: Vector field

text: The elements of differential and integral calculus extend naturally to vector fields. When a vector field represents force, the line integral of a vector field represents the work done by a force moving along a path, and under this interpretation conservation of energy is exhibited as a special case of the fundamental theorem of calculus. Vector fields can usefully be thought of as representing the velocity of a moving flow in space, and this physical intuition leads to notions such as the divergence (which represents the rate of change of volume of a flow) and curl (which represents the rotation of a flow).


title: Vector field

text: In coordinates, a vector field on a domain in "n"-dimensional Euclidean space can be represented as a vector-valued function that associates an "n"-tuple of real numbers to each point of the domain. This representation of a vector field depends on the coordinate system, and there is a well-defined transformation law in passing from one coordinate system to the other. Vector fields are often discussed on open subsets of Euclidean space, but also make sense on other subsets such as surfaces, where they associate an arrow tangent to the surface at each point (a tangent vector).


title: Vector field

text: More generally, vector fields are defined on differentiable manifolds, which are spaces that look like Euclidean space on small scales, but may have more complicated structure on larger scales. In this setting, a vector field gives a tangent vector at each point of the manifold (that is, a section of the tangent bundle to the manifold). Vector fields are one kind of tensor field.


title: Vector field

text: Given a subset in , a vector field is represented by a vector-valued function in standard Cartesian coordinates . If each component of is continuous, then is a continuous vector field, and more generally is a vector field if each component of is times continuously differentiable.


title: Vector field

text: A vector field can be visualized as assigning a vector to individual points within an "n"-dimensional space.


title: Vector field

text: Given two -vector fields , defined on and a real-valued -function defined on , the two operations scalar multiplication and vector addition


title: Vector field

text: define the module of -vector fields over the ring of -functions where the multiplication of the functions is defined pointwise (therefore, it is commutative with the multiplicative identity being ).


title: Vector field

text: In physics, a vector is additionally distinguished by how its coordinates change when one measures the same vector with respect to a different background coordinate system. The transformation properties of vectors distinguish a vector as a geometrically distinct entity from a simple list of scalars, or from a covector.


title: Vector field

text: Thus, suppose that is a choice of Cartesian coordinates, in terms of which the components of the vector are


title: Vector field

text: and suppose that ("y"...,"y") are "n" functions of the "x" defining a different coordinate system. Then the components of the vector "V" in the new coordinates are required to satisfy the transformation law


title: Vector field

text: Such a transformation law is called contravariant. A similar transformation law characterizes vector fields in physics: specifically, a vector field is a specification of "n" functions in each coordinate system subject to the transformation law () relating the different coordinate systems.


title: Vector field

text: Vector fields are thus contrasted with scalar fields, which associate a number or "scalar" to every point in space, and are also contrasted with simple lists of scalar fields, which do not transform under coordinate changes.


title: Vector field

text: Given a differentiable manifold formula_4, a vector field on formula_4 is an assignment of a tangent vector to each point in formula_4. More precisely, a vector field formula_7 is a mapping from formula_4 into the tangent bundle formula_9 so that formula_10 is the identity mapping


title: Vector field

text: where formula_11 denotes the projection from formula_9 to formula_4. In other words, a vector field is a section of the tangent bundle.


title: Vector field

text: An alternative definition: A smooth vector field formula_14 on a manifold formula_4 is a linear map formula_16 such that formula_14 is a derivation: formula_18 for all formula_19.


title: Vector field

text: If the manifold formula_4 is smooth or analytic—that is, the change of coordinates is smooth (analytic)—then one can make sense of the notion of smooth (analytic) vector fields. The collection of all smooth vector fields on a smooth manifold formula_4 is often denoted by formula_22 or formula_23 (especially when thinking of vector fields as sections); the collection of all smooth vector fields is also denoted by formula_24 (a fraktur "X").


title: Vector field

text: Vector fields can be constructed out of scalar fields using the gradient operator (denoted by the del: ∇).


title: Vector field

text: A vector field "V" defined on an open set "S" is called a gradient field or a conservative field if there exists a real-valued function (a scalar field) "f" on "S" such that


title: Vector field

text: where is the orthogonal group. We say central fields are invariant under orthogonal transformations around 0.


title: Vector field

text: Since orthogonal transformations are actually rotations and reflections, the invariance conditions mean that vectors of a central field are always directed towards, or away from, 0; this is an alternate (and simpler) definition. A central field is always a gradient field, since defining it on one semiaxis and integrating gives an antigradient.


title: Vector field

text: A common technique in physics is to integrate a vector field along a curve, also called determining its line integral. Intuitively this is summing up all vector components in line with the tangents to the curve, expressed as their scalar products. For example, given a particle in a force field (e.g. gravitation), where each vector at some point in space represents the force acting there on the particle, the line integral along a certain path is the work done on the particle, when it travels along this path. Intuitively, it is the sum of the scalar products of the force vector and the small tangent vector in each point along the curve.


title: Vector field

text: The line integral is constructed analogously to the Riemann integral and it exists if the curve is rectifiable (has finite length) and the vector field is continuous.


title: Vector field

text: Given a vector field and a curve , parametrized by in (where and are real numbers), the line integral is defined as


title: Vector field

text: The divergence of a vector field on Euclidean space is a function (or scalar field). In three-dimensions, the divergence is defined by


title: Vector field

text: with the obvious generalization to arbitrary dimensions. The divergence at a point represents the degree to which a small volume around the point is a source or a sink for the vector flow, a result which is made precise by the divergence theorem.


title: Vector field

text: The divergence can also be defined on a Riemannian manifold, that is, a manifold with a Riemannian metric that measures the length of vectors.


title: Vector field

text: The curl is an operation which takes a vector field and produces another vector field. The curl is defined only in three dimensions, but some properties of the curl can be captured in higher dimensions with the exterior derivative. In three dimensions, it is defined by


title: Vector field

text: The curl measures the density of the angular momentum of the vector flow at a point, that is, the amount to which the flow circulates around a fixed axis. This intuitive description is made precise by Stokes' theorem.


title: Vector field

text: The index of a vector field is an integer that helps to describe the behaviour of a vector field around an isolated zero (i.e., an isolated singularity of the field). In the plane, the index takes the value −1 at a saddle singularity but +1 at a source or sink singularity.


title: Vector field

text: Let the dimension of the manifold on which the vector field is defined be "n". Take a small sphere S around the zero so that no other zeros lie in the interior of S. A map from this sphere to a unit sphere of dimensions "n" − 1 can be constructed by dividing each vector on this sphere by its length to form a unit length vector, which is a point on the unit sphere S. This defines a continuous map from S to S. The index of the vector field at the point is the degree of this map. It can be shown that this integer does not depend on the choice of S, and therefore depends only on the vector field itself.


title: Vector field

text: The index of the vector field as a whole is defined when it has just a finite number of zeroes. In this case, all zeroes are isolated, and the index of the vector field is defined to be the sum of the indices at all zeroes.


title: Vector field

text: The index is not defined at any non-singular point (i.e., a point where the vector is non-zero). It is equal to +1 around a source, and more generally equal to (−1) around a saddle that has "k" contracting dimensions and "n"−"k" expanding dimensions. For an ordinary (2-dimensional) sphere in three-dimensional space, it can be shown that the index of any vector field on the sphere must be 2. This shows that every such vector field must have a zero. This implies the hairy ball theorem, which states that if a vector in R is assigned to each point of the unit sphere S in a continuous manner, then it is impossible to "comb the hairs flat", i.e., to choose the vectors in a continuous way such that they are all non-zero and tangent to S.


title: Vector field

text: For a vector field on a compact manifold with a finite number of zeroes, the Poincaré-Hopf theorem states that the index of the vector field is equal to the Euler characteristic of the manifold.


title: Vector field

text: Michael Faraday, in his concept of "lines of force," emphasized that the field "itself" should be an object of study, which it has become throughout physics in the form of field theory.


title: Vector field

text: In addition to the magnetic field, other phenomena that were modeled by Faraday include the electrical field and light field.


title: Vector field

text: In recent decades many phenomenological formulations of irreversible dynamics and evolution equations in physics, from the mechanics of complex fluids and solids to chemical kinetics and quantum thermodynamics, have converged towards the geometric idea of "steepest entropy ascent" or "gradient flow" as a consistent universal modeling framework that guarantees compatibility with the second law of thermodynamics and extends well-known near-equilibrium results such as Onsager reciprocity to the far-nonequilibrium realm.


title: Vector field

text: Consider the flow of a fluid through a region of space. At any given time, any point of the fluid has a particular velocity associated with it; thus there is a vector field associated to any flow. The converse is also true: it is possible to associate a flow to a vector field having that vector field as its velocity.


title: Vector field

text: Given a vector field "V" defined on "S", one defines curves "γ"("t") on "S" such that for each "t" in an interval "I",


title: Vector field

text: By the Picard–Lindelöf theorem, if "V" is Lipschitz continuous there is a "unique" "C"-curve "γ" for each point "x" in "S" so that, for some "ε" > 0,


title: Vector field

text: The curves "γ" are called integral curves or trajectories (or less commonly, flow lines) of the vector field "V" and partition "S" into equivalence classes. It is not always possible to extend the interval to the whole real number line. The flow may for example reach the edge of "S" in a finite time.


title: Vector field

text: In two or three dimensions one can visualize the vector field as giving rise to a flow on "S". If we drop a particle into this flow at a point "p" it will move along the curve "γ" in the flow depending on the initial point "p". If "p" is a stationary point of "V" (i.e., the vector field is equal to the zero vector at the point "p"), then the particle will remain at "p".


title: Vector field

text: Typical applications are pathline in fluid, geodesic flow, and one-parameter subgroups and the exponential map in Lie groups.


title: Vector field

text: By definition, a vector field is called complete if every one of its flow curves exist for all time. In particular, compactly supported vector fields on a manifold are complete. If formula_14 is a complete vector field on formula_4, then the one-parameter group of diffeomorphisms generated by the flow along formula_14 exists for all time. On a compact manifold without boundary, every smooth vector field is complete. An example of an incomplete vector field formula_36 on the real line formula_37 is given by formula_38. For, the differential equation formula_39, with initial condition formula_40, has as its unique solution formula_41 if formula_42 (and formula_43 for all formula_44 if formula_45). Hence for formula_42, formula_47 is undefined at formula_48 so cannot be defined for all values of formula_49.


title: Vector field

text: Given a smooth function between manifolds, "f" : "M" → "N", the derivative is an induced map on tangent bundles, "f" : "TM" → "TN". Given vector fields "V" : "M" → "TM" and "W" : "N" → "TN", we say that "W" is "f"-related to "V" if the equation "W" ∘ "f" = "f" ∘ "V" holds.


title: Vector field

text: If "V" is "f"-related to "W", "i" = 1, 2, then the Lie bracket ["V", "V"] is "f"-related to ["W", "W"].


title: Vector field

text: Replacing vectors by "p"-vectors ("p"th exterior power of vectors) yields "p"-vector fields; taking the dual space and exterior powers yields differential "k"-forms, and combining these yields general tensor fields.


title: Vector field

text: Algebraically, vector fields can be characterized as derivations of the algebra of smooth functions on the manifold, which leads to defining a vector field on a commutative algebra as a derivation on the algebra, which is developed in the theory of differential calculus over commutative algebras.


title: 2012 NHL Entry Draft

text: The 2012 NHL Entry Draft was the 50th NHL Entry Draft. The draft was held June 22–23, 2012, at Consol Energy Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the first time that Pittsburgh hosted the draft since the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. The top three picks were Nail Yakupov going to the Edmonton Oilers, Ryan Murray going to the Columbus Blue Jackets, and Alex Galchenyuk going to the Montreal Canadiens.


title: 2012 NHL Entry Draft

text: Ice hockey players born between January 1, 1992, and September 15, 1994, were eligible for selection in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. Additionally, un-drafted, non-North American players over the age of 20 are eligible for the draft; and those players who were drafted in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, but not signed by an NHL team and who were born after June 24, 1992, were also eligible to re-enter the draft.


title: 2012 NHL Entry Draft

text: The NHL draft lottery enables a team to move up to four spots ahead in the draft. Thus, only the bottom five teams were eligible to receive the number one draft pick. Beginning with the 2013 NHL Entry Draft all fourteen teams not qualifying for the Stanley Cup playoffs will have a "weighted" chance at winning the first overall selection. The Edmonton Oilers won the 2012 draft lottery that took place on April 10, 2012, thus moving them up from the second pick to the first pick.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: Compact crossover SUV is an automobile classification used mainly in North America to describe a segment of crossover SUV, a type of sport utility vehicle, between subcompact crossover SUV and mid-size crossover SUV.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: By late 2010s, the segment has emerged as the most popular automobile segment in several regions. For example, nearly 1 in every 4 cars sold in the United States in 2019 is a compact crossover, precisely at about 24.2 percent.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: The best-selling vehicle in the segment in 2020 was the Toyota RAV4, with 995,762 units sold globally. It is also the second best-selling automobile in the world after the Toyota Corolla.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: The term "compact crossover SUV" is most commonly used in the North America, where the "compact car" and "crossover" terms originated from. It is also known as C-segment SUV or C-SUV. The naming of the segment also differ depending on the market. In several regions outside North America, the category may be known as "mid-size/medium crossover" or "mid-size/medium SUV", which differs with the more common mid-size crossover SUV definition, which is a class above.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: Compact crossovers are usually based on the platform of a compact car (C-segment), while some models may be based on a mid-size car (D-segment) or an enlarged B-segment platform. The majority of models in the compact crossover category have two-row seating, while some of others offer three-row seating. Vehicles in this segment typically has an exterior length ranging between and .


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: Due to its popularity and to cater customer needs, many manufacturers offer more than one compact crossover, usually offering them in slightly different sizes at different price points. American magazine "Car and Driver" stated "so many of these vehicles are crowding the marketplace, simply sorting through them can be a daunting task".


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: The first compact crossover was the 1980 AMC Eagle that was based on the compact-sized Concord line. Its four-wheel drive system was an almost unheard-of feature on regular passenger cars at the time and it came with full-time all-wheel drive, automatic transmission, power steering, power front disk brakes standard as well as numerous convenience and comfort options. Later models included the 1994 Toyota RAV4, 1995 Honda CR-V, 1997 Subaru Forester, 2000 Nissan X-Trail, 2000 Mazda Tribute, and the 2001 Ford Escape.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: Between 2005 and 2010, the market share of compact crossovers in the US has increased from 6 percent to 11.2 percent.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: In 2014, for the first time ever, sales of compact crossovers have outpaced mid-size sedans in the United States.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: In the European market, several analysts and agencies divided the segment into two, the smaller ones ("compact" or "C-SUV"), and the larger vehicles ("mid-size" or "D-SUV"), with the latter usually longer than with some models offering three-row seating. In 2021, the combined segments in Europe recorded 3,055,770 sales according to data from JATO Dynamics, representing 26 percent of the market.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: The Nissan Qashqai played a significant role of growing and popularising the segment. Introduced in 2006, at the time it was Nissan's only vehicle in the C-segment space in Europe since the company discontinued the Almera hatchback and saloon. The vehicle was credited to start the trend for compact crossovers in Europe, with their advantage being high-riding and rugged-looking family cars, while not having the high running costs usually associated with off-roaders. It led the segment since its introduction until 2019, when the Volkswagen Tiguan took its place.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: In 2016, two out of three vehicles sold in the segment were produced by Renault–Nissan, Volkswagen Group and Hyundai Motor Group.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: <gallery heights="100" widths="200" mode="packed" <ref caption="Top 3 best-sellers in Europe, 2021<ref></ref>">


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: The segment is commonly known as "medium SUV" in the region. In 2021, it is the second-largest automobile segment in the market after pickup trucks at 180,000 units from 19 different models, which contributed 17.2 percent of total automobile sales in Australia.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: Numerous luxury car brands marketed compact crossover SUVs, usually as an entry-level SUV offering of the respective brands. It is known by many terms such as compact luxury crossover SUV, luxury compact SUV, premium small SUV, premium compact crossover, luxury small SUV, among others. Compact luxury crossover SUVs are usually based on the platform of a mid-size car (D-segment), while some models may be based on a full-size car (E-segment) or a C-segment platform.


title: Compact crossover SUV

text: Vehicles in this segment are commonly built on a D-segment car platform or above. While being significantly more expensive, vehicles from this segment offer similar driving and convenience advantages as mainstream compact crossover SUVs, with larger exterior dimensions, more refined interiors, more advanced technologies, higher engine power and added prestige.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Joseph Gebbia Jr. (born August 21, 1981) is an American billionaire designer and Internet entrepreneur. He is a co-founder of Airbnb and Samara, an accessory dwelling unit startup that was formerly Airbnb's design studio, and of Airbnb.org, the company's non-profit foundation. As of July 2022, his net worth was estimated at US$7.4 billion.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia was born August 21, 1981, in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Eileen and Joe Gebbia of Italian ancestors. He grew up in Lawrenceville, Georgia and has one sister, Kimberly. He pursued sports, music, and art throughout childhood, and worked several jobs including as a ball boy for the Atlanta Hawks.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia attended Brookwood High School in Snellville, Gwinnett County, Georgia. He graduated in 2005 from the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) in Providence, Rhode Island, where he received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Graphic Design and Industrial Design. At RISD, he met Brian Chesky, who would later become his roommate and co-founder of Airbnb. Gebbia took supplementary business-related classes at Brown University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) while attending RISD.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: After graduating from RISD, Gebbia moved to San Francisco to work as a designer for Chronicle Books. In 2007, future AirBnb cofounder, Brian Chesky, moved in with him, and both quit their jobs to start a company together. That same week, their landlord raised rent by 20%, to an amount they could not afford. Knowing that the Industrial Design Society of America conference was coming to San Francisco and many hotels were fully booked, Gebbia came up with the idea of renting out airbeds in their apartment to conference-goers. They marketed the beds by creating a website called "AirBed & Breakfast” and emailed design blogs to garner interest. They received three bookings and were able to pay their rent to stay in the apartment. In 2008, another of Gebbia's roommates, Harvard graduate and technical architect Nathan Blecharczyk, became the third cofounder.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: While struggling to find initial angel investors for Airbnb, Gebbia and Chesky created two Airbnb-branded cereals, Obama O’s and Cap’n McCain’s, to sell online during the 2008 election. They found a small manufacturer in Berkeley who agreed to fabricate 1,000 cartons in exchange for a cut of the royalties. The team bought generic Cheerios and Chex, and placed the cereal into their boxes. The boxes, which cost $40 each, received coverage from CNN and Good Morning America; Katy Perry auctioned off an autographed box to her fans. The promotion netted Airbnb $30,000, enough to keep the company afloat until Paul Graham and Y Combinator decided to invest.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia helped early Airbnb hosts present their listings. When AirBnb was struggling to gain traction in New York City, Gebbia and Chesky booked with two-dozen hosts and discovered that many hosts were taking low-quality photos that did a poor job of presenting the listing. They rented a camera and took high-resolution photos of the listings; as a result, AirBnb's revenue in the city doubled and the AirBnb Photography Program was created.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In March 2009, the name of the company was shortened to Airbnb.com, and the site's content had expanded from air beds and shared spaces to properties including entire homes, apartments, and private rooms.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In May 2017, Gebbia launched a modular office furniture business called Neighborhood. The furniture was created for Bernhardt Design, a furniture company that has worked with emerging designers.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: On December 10, 2020, Airbnb became a public company via an initial public offering, raising $3.5 billion. As of November 2021, Gebbia’s net worth was estimated at $11.4 billion.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: He holds board and advisor roles as a member of the board of directors at Airbnb, and is a member of the board of trustees at Rhode Island School of Design. He was appointed by Tesla, Inc to its board of directors in September 2022.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In July 2022, Gebbia stepped down from his full-time operating role at Airbnb, while remaining on the board of directors in an advisory role.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Samara, formerly a research and design unit of Airbnb established in 2016, became an independent accessory dwelling unit (ADU) startup in 2022. Gebbia announced the launch of its first product in November 2022, a net-zero tiny house called Backyard.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia is a Mr. Porter Style Council member. He has spoken about his passions for entrepreneurship and impact at the Clinton Global Initiative.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia is an investor in female-founded venture capital fund, The Helm. In 2022, Gebbia joined the San Antonio Spurs investor group as its newest strategic partner. In this position, Gebbia is a minority owner, joining billionaire Michael Dell and San Francisco-based investment firm Sixth Street as fellow investors. He is an investor in Nebia.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia has had a longstanding passion for aesthetic and design. He credits his childhood and parents for supporting his well-rounded childhood pursuing art, athletics, and music. Gebbia was known as the “art guy” in grade school when he started his first business selling illustrations of "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" to his classmates.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In high school, Gebbia took classes including ceramics, photography, and jewelry metal smithing. He also took classes in figure drawing and painting at the Atlanta College of Art on weekends. During high school, he also gained acceptance to the Governor’s Honor’s Program, where he spent a summer taking college-level art courses. There, one of his professors encouraged him to go to RISD, and he spent the following summer taking courses on the campus.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In one of his first courses at RISD, Gebbia took a 3D foundations class with a semester-long project aiming to produce 12-inch scale works of a famous artist or designer. Gebbia decided he wanted to create life-size models so he could use them afterwards, but his professor dismissed the idea and told to stick to the achievable. Gebbia set out to prove his professor wrong and produced sixteen full-sized chairs for his final project. He refers to this anecdote as one of several examples that allowed him to transcend beliefs of what was possible. Around this time, Gebbia also became inspired by the work of Charles and Ray Eames and switched his studies from painting to industrial design. Gebbia has emphasized the importance of his design background in preparing him for entrepreneurship. One of his first design-business ventures was CritBuns—soft, foamy cushions to keep art students’ pants clean during their hours-long critique sessions, known as "crits". He developed the idea at RISD and the design was selected as the senior gift for his graduating class of 800 students. After two years developing his sales pitch and story, "I.D." included CritBuns for their Best of 2006 Issue which created awareness in other countries. A variety of retailers sold CritBUns.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Prior to Airbnb, Gebbia worked at Chronicle Books where he was the only industrial designer in a company of 200 people who focused on graphic design. In that context, he learned to explain industrial design to others in a way that fit into their world view. He also founded ecolet, a green-design website.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: His design focus also led to a surge in bookings after Gebbia offered free professional photography services from a community of over 2,000 freelancers.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In 2017, Gebbia also launched his own collection of modular office furniture, called Neighborhood, at the ICFF furniture fair as a part of New York City’s design week. He created the collection for Bernhardt Design, a furniture company known for working with international and emerging designers. The LEGO-like collection earned featured recognition in publications like Designboom, the first and most popular digital magazine for architecture and design culture, Quartz, "Dezeen", and Interior Design. Gebbia supported the newly formed Eames Institute for Infinite Curiosity, aimed at broadening the influence of Ray and Charles Eames through exhibitions from the Eames Collection.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia has an interest in philanthropy, particularly refugee relief and housing support. In 2020, he and his team launched Airbnb.org, a non-profit that enables hosts on Airbnb to house people in times of crisis. Gebbia’s personal donation of $5 million helped kick off the fund’s efforts to house refugees and asylum seekers, including 20,000 Afghan refugees in the United States.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In December 2020, Gebbia made a $25 million personal donation to benefit two San Francisco charities working to end homelessness in the Bay Area, Rising Up - Larkin Street Youth Services and All Home. Both organizations aid individuals facing economic hardship as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Gebbia also has made a personal donation to the Kevin Durant Charity Foundation which was used to redevelop basketball and tennis courts at the Hayes Valley Playground in San Francisco – marrying his passion for design, philanthropy and athletics, becoming one of his favorite projects.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: He serves on the Advisory Council for United Nations (UN) High Commissioner for Refugees and traveled with the group to Jordan to further educate himself on refugee conditions. He also is on the Leadership Council of the Malala Fund. Gebbia traveled with Malala Yousafzai to Kenya and Rwanda to work on girls’ education in refugee camps.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In 2017, Gebbia brought Yeonmi Park, a North Korean refugee as his guest to the Met Gala to bring attention to the issue of global-refugee security. Park was featured on the front page of "The New York Times" style section following the event.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia is also among the youngest members to join the Giving Pledge, created by Bill and Melinda Gates with Warren Buffett. The group signifies a commitment from wealthy individuals to give more than half of their wealth towards philanthropy. Gebbia has made donations to service-led companies and projects, including Thorn, Educate Girls, and others.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia sits on the board of trustees of his alma mater, the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). A former scholarship recipient, Gebbia pledged $300,000 to his alma mater RISD to create an endowed fund that will make the school accessible for students in need of financial assistance.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In 2022, Gebbia was the graduation speaker at his alma mater, Brookwood High School. He pledged 22 shares of Airbnb stock to all 890 graduates, a gift worth $2.1 million.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In 2020, Gebbia served as executive producer on the documentary film “Universe,” which follows jazz trumpeter Wallace Roney, Miles Davis’s protégé, as he convenes an orchestra to perform a rediscovered orchestral jazz suite by Wayne Shorter—written in 1966 for Miles Davis but never before performed. The film premiered weeks after Roney died from complications of COVID-19, making it one of the very first films to be shaped by the 2020’s global pandemic.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: Gebbia also executive produced a documentary, in partnership with XTR, following the Refugee Olympic Team at the Olympics before, during and after the 2020 Tokyo Games. The Tokyo Refugee Olympic Team consisted of 29 athletes, originating from 11 countries and residing in 13 host nations.


title: Joe Gebbia

text: In 2009, Gebbia was listed in BusinessWeek's Top 20 Best Young Tech Entrepreneurs. In 2010, he was named in Inc. Magazine's Thirty under Thirty, and 2013, he was named in Fortune Magazine's Forty-under-Forty. Gebbia was also named one of Fast Company’s Most Creative People. Gebbia is also included in The Chronicle of Philanthropy’s 2021 list of America’s 50 Biggest Charity Donors, alongside Jeff Bezos, MacKenzie Scott, and Michael Bloomberg.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: The 1972 NBA World Championship Series was the championship round played at the conclusion of the 1971–72 National Basketball Association (NBA) season. The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Eastern Conference champion New York Knicks in five games to win their sixth title. The Lakers got their first NBA championship since the franchise moved to Los Angeles from Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was a rematch of the 1970 NBA Finals that the Knicks had won in a full seven-game series.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: This season's team won a then NBA-record 69 regular season games, including 33 wins in a row -- a record which still stands. The 69 wins would remain a record for the most wins in a season until the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls (who were coached by former Knicks player Phil Jackson) broke it en route to a 72-win season that also resulted in a championship of their own.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: They were led by Wilt Chamberlain, the NBA's top rebounder that season. Guards Gail Goodrich and Jerry West were each among the NBA's top ten scorers that season, spearheading the NBA's top offense at 121 points per game. West also led the NBA in assists. The Lakers as a team led all NBA teams in rebounds and assists that season.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Los Angeles had swept a solid 57-win Chicago Bulls team in the playoffs' opening round, then defeated the defending champion Milwaukee Bucks (record of 63–19) in six games to win the Western Conference. That historic series had matched Chamberlain against Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and West against Oscar Robertson. Having defeated tough Milwaukee, 48-win New York figured to be an easy formality for the Lakers.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: New York was a top defensive team that allowed just 98.2 points per game and made 47% of their shots as a team. They had defeated the 38-win Baltimore Bullets and then upset the 56-win Boston Celtics to win the Eastern Conference final.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: This was the first of 23 consecutive championship series officiated by Jake O'Donnell. In the previous three seasons, O'Donnell could not work the playoffs due to his duties as an American League umpire. He resigned from umpiring after working the 1971 American League Championship Series to become a full-time NBA official, working through the second round of the 1995 playoffs.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Willis Reed was out with a knee injury, but his replacement, Jerry Lucas, scored 26 points on 13 of 21 shooting to lead the Knicks to the win in the series opener. Lucas, a 6'9" center, was an excellent outside shooter. Chamberlain would not pursue him far from the basket and preferred to position for rebounds instead. The intelligent Lucas exploited this fact.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: But Lucas was not the only Knick who was red hot. Bill Bradley hit 11 of 12 shots from the field as New York shot 53 percent as a team for the game. The team took advantage of a nearly perfect first half to jump to a good lead and won easily, 114-92. New York hit 16 of their first 20 shots and led after each quarter. The win was considered a surprising upset.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Dave DeBusschere added 19 points and 18 rebounds. Walt Frazier triple-doubled with 14 points, 11 assists and 12 rebounds.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: The high-scoring Lakers backcourt of Jerry West and Gail Goodrich shot a cold 11 of 37, and no Los Angeles players took up their slack.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Heavily criticized for their Game 1 loss in the home opener, the Lakers looked to avenge themselves on their home court again. But at halftime, the Lakers' lead was just 51-50.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Knicks forward DeBusschere, straining in position battles against the gigantic Chamberlain, hurt his side and did not play after the first half. The loss of DeBusschere, a key New York rebounder and defender, would badly hurt the team's chances from this point forward. He had played 43 minutes in Game 1, and the Knicks relied on him heavily.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Also playing hurt was New York guard Earl Monroe. The Lakers' Gail Goodrich took advantage and netted 31 points. The still cold-shooting West simply passed and had 13 assists.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Chamberlain took advantage of DeBusschere's absence and pulled down 24 rebounds, controlling the middle at both ends of the court.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Lucas had foul trouble and sat much of the third quarter, with New York scoring just 11 points in the period. A New York rally in the fourth quarter could not stop a 106-92 Los Angeles win to even the series.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Both teams used short rotations during the series. Los Angeles played each of its starters 40 minutes or more in Game 2, with Chamberlain playing all 48. New York figured to do the same, but now had to deal with injury issues to DeBusschere and Monroe.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Despite injury issues, New York fans were optimistic as the series now headed to Madison Square Garden, where the Knicks went 5-0 vs. the Bullets and Celtics en route to the Finals. The Knicks had gotten their ' split ' in two games in Los Angeles, and now had a chance to take control of the series.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: DeBusschere gamely attempted to play in the first half, but simply could not overcome his injury. He missed all six of his field-goal attempts. He was hurting and elected not to play in the second half. DeBusschere explained: "I didn't feel I was helping the team".


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Lucas, the star of Game 1, tried to take up DeBusschere's slack. He hit 11 of 21 shots for 23 total points and 14 rebounds in 47 minutes of play. He also added a team-high six assists.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: The Lakers led 52-47 at the half, and with DeBusschere out, took over the game again in the third quarter. Chamberlain and Laker forward Happy Hairston collected 20 rebounds apiece, with the Laker giant also adding 26 points on 9 of 10 shooting. West and Goodrich combined for 46 points, and Los Angeles danced out to a 22-point lead and took a 2-1 lead in the series with a 107-96 win.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: The Knicks felt that Game 4 was a must-win game. DeBusschere vowed to play, lasting 48 minutes and pulling down a team-high 13 rebounds. New York led 56-53 at the half. After an even third quarter, the Lakers rallied in the fourth. West made a clutch basket to give the Lakers the lead with seconds left, but a Frazier tip-in over Chamberlain evened the score. West missed at the buzzer, sending the game into overtime tied 101-101. The Lakers would outscore New York 15-10 in the extra frame to win 116-111 and take a commanding 3-1 series lead back to Los Angeles.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: All five Los Angeles starters played at least 45 minutes in Game 4, with Lakers coach Bill Sharman using just seven players total. Chamberlain played all 53 minutes and had 24 rebounds. The Laker starting guards combined for 56 points to again key the team.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: In the game New York had two players that played at least 50 minutes. Lucas played all 53 minutes, and had 25 points on 11-22 shooting, with 11 assists and eight rebounds. Frazier had 24 points, eight rebounds and eight assists in 50 minutes.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: The Lakers returned home looking to win their first title in Los Angeles. After playing to a 53-all tie at halftime, The Lakers finally pulled away from the tired Knicks in the second half.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: Chamberlain dominated the middle, flirting with what would've been a quadruple-double with 24 points, 29 rebounds, eight blocks and eight assists in 47 minutes. Blocked shots were not an official NBA stat at that time, but ABC announcer Keith Jackson counted them up during the broadcast. West and Goodrich combined for 48 points.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: The Lakers won 114-100 to claim their first NBA Championship in Los Angeles. For the series, Chamberlain averaged 19.4 points and 23.2 rebounds and was named Finals Most Valuable Player.


title: 1972 NBA Finals

text: The teams would meet again in the finals the following year, as the Knicks would get their revenge. In a reversal of the 1972 series, the Knicks would win four in a row after losing the opener to win their second NBA title in four years.


title: Chmod

text: In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, ' is the command and system call used to change the access permissions and the special mode flags (the "setuid", "setgid", and "sticky" flags) of file system objects (files and directories). Collectively these were originally called its modes, and the name was chosen as an abbreviation of change mod"'e".


title: Chmod

text: As systems grew in number and types of users, access-control lists were added to many file systems in addition to these most basic modes to increase flexibility.


title: Chmod

text: The version of bundled in GNU coreutils was written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering. The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities. The command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.


title: Chmod

text: Throughout this section, "ser" refers to the owner of the file, as a reminder that the symbolic form of the command uses "u".


title: Chmod

text: If a symbolic link is specified, the target object is affected. File modes directly associated with symbolic links themselves are typically not used.


title: Chmod

text: The , , and specify the read, write, and execute access (the first character of the display denotes the object type; a hyphen represents a plain file). The script can be read, written to, and executed by the user ; read and executed by members of the group; and only read by any other users.


title: Chmod

text: The numerical format accepts up to four digits. The three rightmost digits define permissions for the file user, the group, and others. The optional leading digit, when 4 digits are given, specifies the special , , and flags. Each digit of the three rightmost digits represents a binary value, which controls the "read", "write" and "execute" permissions respectively. A value of 1 means a class is allowed that action, while a 0 means it is disallowed.


title: Chmod

text: A numerical code permits execution if and only if it is odd (i.e. , , , or ). A numerical code permits "read" if and only if it is greater than or equal to (i.e. , , , or ). A numerical code permits "write" if and only if it is , , , or .


title: Chmod

text: The command also accepts a finer-grained symbolic notation, which allows modifying specific modes while leaving other modes untouched. The symbolic mode is composed of three components, which are combined to form a single string of text:


title: Chmod

text: Classes of users are used to distinguish to whom the permissions apply. If no classes are specified "all" is implied. The classes are represented by one or more of the following letters:


title: Chmod

text: The program uses an operator to specify how the modes of a file should be adjusted. The following operators are accepted:


title: Chmod

text: The modes indicate which permissions are to be granted or removed from the specified classes. There are three basic modes which correspond to the basic permissions:


title: Chmod

text: Multiple changes can be specified by separating multiple symbolic modes with commas (without spaces). If a user is not specified, codice_2 will check the umask and the effect will be as if "a" was specified except bits that are set in the umask are not affected.


title: Chmod

text: The command is also capable of changing the additional permissions or special modes of a file or directory. The symbolic modes use " to represent the "setuid" and "setgid" modes, and " to represent the "sticky" mode. The modes are only applied to the appropriate classes, regardless of whether or not other classes are specified.


title: Chmod

text: Most operating systems support the specification of special modes numerically, particularly in octal, but some do not. On these systems, only the symbolic modes can be used.


title: Jeremy Jackson

text: Jeremy Dunn Jackson (born October 16, 1980) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his role as Hobie Buchannon on the television show "Baywatch".


title: Jeremy Jackson

text: Jackson appeared in 159 episodes of the TV series "Baywatch", more than any other actor apart from David Hasselhoff, playing Hobie Buchannon from season 2 through season 10 (1991–1999).


title: Jeremy Jackson

text: Jackson was introduced to music by David Hasselhoff, who starred on "Baywatch", on which Jackson appeared. Jackson later supported Hasselhoff on his 1993 European tour and Jackson was signed to Edel Records by Peter Lopez. An Australian musician, Mark Holden, who was working with Hasselhoff, wrote a number of songs and produced the album.


title: Jeremy Jackson

text: Jackson was featured in "Vanity Fair's" Hollywood Issue in March 2006. He has been referred to as "Mr. MySpace" and was a guest on "The Tyra Banks Show". Jackson has performed in clubs from London to Las Vegas. Jackson endorsed Ed Hardy Clothing, and has hosted fashion shows around the world for the fashion house.


title: Jeremy Jackson

text: He appeared on VH1's "Confessions of a Teen Idol", a reality show in which former teen idols attempt to revitalize their careers. In one episode, he claimed he beat out Leonardo DiCaprio for the part of Hobie Buchannon; this was later verified by David Hasselhoff. The show is co-produced by Scott Baio and Jason Hervey.


title: Jeremy Jackson

text: In 2012, Jeremy worked with PhilaDreams Films on the unreleased independent movie, "Dreams", which was filmed by Thomas J. Walton and Vaughn Goland.


title: Jeremy Jackson

text: In January 2015, Jackson participated in the United Kingdom reality television series "Celebrity Big Brother" on Channel 5. After four days, producers removed him from the house for opening fellow housemate Chloe Goodman's dressing gown against her will. Jackson was later cautioned by the Hertfordshire Police following their investigation into common assault.


title: Jeremy Jackson

text: In 2008, a sex tape of Jackson and adult video star Sky Lopez was offered for sale. Jackson asserted that he was physically threatened into giving the tape to men who claimed they represented Lopez.


title: Jeremy Jackson

text: In an interview on the E! TV special "Child Star Confidential" Jackson stated that problems with drugs contributed to his departure from "Baywatch", but that he had overcome his addiction following rehabilitation. In 2011, Jackson was a fifth-season cast member on "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew", which depicted his recovery from steroid addiction.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: Craig Parkinson (born 11 March 1976) is an English actor and podcaster. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Shaun in the E4 series "Misfits", twins Jimmy and Johnny Kray in the ITV series "Whitechapel", and DI Matthew "Dot" Cottan in "Line of Duty". He has also acted in several independent films, including "Control", "Soulboy", "The Unloved" and "Four Lions".


title: Craig Parkinson

text: Parkinson was born on 11 March 1976 in Blackpool, Lancashire. He began acting at an early age in school plays. He studied at Blackpool and The Fylde College before moving to London aged 17 to attend the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: Parkinson's early roles were small parts in long-running British television series such as "Dalziel and Pascoe", "The Bill", and "Holby City". He made his film debut in "Control" (2007), a biopic of Joy Division singer Ian Curtis in which he played the role of Tony Wilson. He starred in the 2008 independent film "The Taxidermist", playing The Taxidermist. The film won several awards, including Palm Springs International Short Film Festival 'Best Live Action Film over 15 minutes' and Rhode Island International Horror Film Festival 'Best Short Film'.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: In 2009 he played the abusive care worker Ben in the television drama "The Unloved", the directorial debut of Samantha Morton. Parkinson had previously starred alongside her in "Control". "The Unloved" also featured Lauren Socha, with whom Parkinson would later star alongside in "Misfits", as well as his wife, Susan Lynch.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: In 2010 Parkinson played twins Jimmy and Johnny Kray in the ITV television series "Whitechapel". The role involved a boxing scene which he prepared for by taking boxing lessons and going on a no-carb diet. He played Alan in the film "SoulBoy" and Cubitt in the film "Brighton Rock". Towards the end of 2010 he began playing the probation worker Shaun in the E4 television series "Misfits". He continued this role throughout 2011.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: In 2011 he starred in the independent film "Ghosted", playing the psychotic and violent prisoner Clay. The film also starred John Lynch, Parkinson's brother-in-law, and Martin Compston, with whom Parkinson had previously starred in "Soulboy". In the same year, Parkinson played Tommy Flynn in the BBC sitcom "In with the Flynns". Parkinson's character was described as "the star of the show" by David Butcher of the "Radio Times" and "the standout character of the show" by Harry Hamburg of "On the Box_.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: In 2012 he appeared as the Reverend Horace in the BBC supernatural thriller "The Secret of Crickley Hall", adapted from the novel of the same name written by James Herbert. "The Secret of Crickley Hall" also featured his wife. Parkinson also starred in the music video for the song "Two Fingers" by Jake Bugg.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: In 2013 he starred in the ITV1 comedy drama series "Great Night Out" as Glyn. He also appeared as Charles Crout in Channel 4 drama "The Mill".


title: Craig Parkinson

text: He reprised his role as Matthew 'Dot' Cottan in 2013 for the second series of "Line of Duty", and in 2015 for the third series.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: In 2015, he originated the role of Inspector Fry in Martin McDonagh's acclaimed play "Hangmen", which premiered at the Royal Court Theatre before transferring to London's West End after a sold-out run, and being broadcast by National Theatre Live. He also played the compassionate missionary Dougie Raworth in "Indian Summers".


title: Craig Parkinson

text: Parkinson hosts the "Two Shot Podcast", episodes of which typically feature interviews with actors. "The Guardian" favourably reviewed the podcast, describing it as the "antithesis of a luvvie-darling discussion" and Parkinson himself as a "natural interviewer". It won best culture podcast at the 2018 British Podcast Awards. The podcast is sometimes recorded at live events, such as Paddy Considine's episode at North by Northwich compered by The Charlatans.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: In 2021, Parkinson hosted the "Obsessed with... Line of Duty" podcast for series 6 of "Line of Duty" on BBC Sounds.


title: Craig Parkinson

text: Parkinson is tall. In his youth, he lived in Camden and Crouch End before moving to Gloucestershire with his wife. He was married to actress Susan Lynch and they have a son. They separated in 2019.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Hyundai Creta, also known as Hyundai ix25 in China, is an automobile produced by Hyundai since 2014 mainly for emerging markets, particularly BRICS. A subcompact crossover SUV, it is positioned below the Tucson in Hyundai's SUV line-up.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The first-generation model debuted as a near-production concept car in China in April 2014, while the second generation was first introduced in 2019. The second-generation model was also available in a longer derivative with three-row seating, which is known as the Hyundai Alcazar, Creta Grand or Grand Creta. The vehicle has been manufactured in China, India, Russia, Brazil, and Indonesia. For developed markets like South Korea, the United States, Canada, EU/EFTA/EEA countries (with the exception of the French overseas collectivities of French Polynesia and New Caledonia) and Australia, the Creta is not offered in favour of the smaller but more advanced Kona.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The model was named after the Crete island in Greece. The name is also intended to suggest connections with "creative". In the Dominican Republic, it is sold as the Hyundai Cantus.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Creta has been the best-selling SUV in Russia since 2017. It is also the highest-selling SUV in India since 2020, and the third best-selling Hyundai model globally since 2019.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: Intended to be a global model for emerging markets, the vehicle debuted in 2014 Beijing Motor Show in April 2014 in a near-production concept guise called the ix25 Concept. The production version went on sale in China in October 2014. The model was later also rolled out for production in India, where it went on sale in July 2015 as the Creta. The Creta is based on the Hyundai's new design concept called the Fluidic Sculpture 2.0.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The production model had its premier at Chengdu, in August 2014, and it went on sale in China two months later. The ix25 for the Chinese market is available with 1.6-litre and 2.0-litre petrol engines mated either to a 6-speed manual or an automatic transmission. It is available with front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Creta went on sale in India on 21 July 2015, produced at the Chennai plant. At launch, the Creta is available in a choice of three engines — a 1.6-litre petrol, a 1.4 or a 1.6-litre diesel from the Verna. A 6-speed manual transmission will be standard across all variants, with only the 1.6 diesel SX+ variant getting the option of a 6-speed automatic. The engine options was spread to six trim levels, which are Base, S, S+, SX, SX+ and the top-spec SX (O).


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Creta SX is also offered with a dual tone red and black or a white and black exterior color options. The SX dual tone variant is powered by a 1.6-liter gasoline or a diesel engine without any automatic transmission option.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: For select trims, the Creta is equipped including Vehicle Stability Management (VSM), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Hillstart Assist Control (HAC), Rear Parking Assist System, and ABS. The six airbag system provides all round protection. One for the driver, one for the front seat passenger, front and rear curtain airbags running the length of the cabin, plus front side airbags. Hyundai also claimed the vehicle is built with HIVE body structure, which signifies structural strength.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: By November 2015, the vehicle has registered over 70,000 bookings in India and 15,770 worldwide. By August 2017, more than 200,000 Creta was sold in the country.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Creta was launched in Brazil in December 2016 with deliveries started in January 2017. The Brazilian Creta is produced in Piracicaba plant alongside the HB20, with the codename "GSb".


title: Hyundai Creta

text: Engine options offered are the 1.6-litre "Gamma" petrol engine which produces and of torque, and the new 2.0-litre Nu petrol engine capable of and , both with double variable valve timing, start-stop engine system, and ethanol-compatible. Both engines are paired with 6-speed automatic transmission, with the 1.6-litre also offered with 6-speed manual transmission.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: Production of the Creta commences in Hyundai Saint Petersburg plant in August 2016 to supply Russia and other CIS markets. The assembly of the car takes place on the same production line of the plant along with the Solaris model. The model is claimed to be specially adapted for Russian conditions. It is sold in three trim levels, with two choices of petrol engines: 1.6-litre capable of and 2.0-litre with of power output, with front or all-wheel drive.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Indian-made Creta in its most basic version for Latin America received 4 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2015.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The refreshed version was released in China in August 2017, India in May 2018, and Brazil in July 2019. It received a cosmetic update which include an updated front bumper with a large hexagonal chrome-lined grille and a new rear bumper. It also features new headlamps and taillamps, new bumpers, and new wheel design. The Brazilian Creta also received a newly designed rear LED taillights. The Chinese version received an altered front bumper design compared to the Indian and Brazilian version.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Russian version received a minor change in April 2020. Unlike the other Creta versions, the changes in the Russian Creta were kept minimal as the front end only received a new grille design.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The second-generation model was first shown in China as the ix25 in April 2019. It was unveiled as the Creta at the Auto Expo in India in February 2020. Production of the second-generation Creta in Russia started since July 2021, in Brazil since August 2021, and in Indonesia since January 2022.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The second-generation ix25 was revealed during the 2019 Shanghai Auto Show in April 2019. The Chinese model (codename: "SU2c") is solely powered by the 1.5-litre petrol engine producing . It went on sale in October 2019. The interior of the Chinese-market ix25 largely differ with the globally-marketed Creta as the Chinese-spec model comes with a vertical touchscreen infotainment system that flows into the central console, while the global Creta opts for a more conventional design. Production of the ix25 in China ended in 2021.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: Hyundai unveiled the second generation Creta in India in February 2020, and was launched to the market in March 2020. The Indian-made Creta (codename: "SU2i") is a slightly modified version of on the Hyundai ix25 sold in China, with the main visual difference at the exterior being the design of the front grille. It is exported to 85 countries across Africa, Middle East, and Latin America.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Creta for the Indian market is offered with three engine options, 1.5-litre petrol producing and develops of torque and a 1.5-litre diesel engine with and of torque as well as 1.4-litre turbocharged petrol and of torque.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Russian market Creta (codename: "SU2r") was unveiled in June 2021, sporting a revised front and rear end compared to the Indian and Chinese versions of the Creta/ix25. It carries petrol engine options from the previous generation, which are 1.6-litre with a power output of and 2.0-litre with , with all-wheel-drive optional for both engine choices. Trim levels offered are Prime, Classic, Family, Lifestyle and Prestige, as well as the Special Edition version. Production commenced on 1 July 2021 at the Saint Petersburg plant.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: Production of the Brazilian market Creta (codename: "SU2b") in the Piracicaba plant started in August 2021, and was officially launched afterwards. Sharing the similar exterior styling with the Russian-market Creta, the Brazilian model is powered by a 1.0-litre three-cylinder turbocharged petrol-flex engine with a power output of along with a flagship 2.0-litre naturally aspirated petrol-flex engine producing . The N Line model was released in June 2022 with the 1.0-litre turbocharged engine.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Indonesian market Creta was unveiled at the 28th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show on 11 November 2021, which sported the NX4 Tucson-inspired front fascia. Produced at the newly built Cikarang plant, the Indonesian-built Creta (codename: "SU2id") is powered by the "Smartstream" 1.5-litre petrol engine producing . It is offered in Active, Trend, Smart, and Prime trim levels. Production started on 17 January 2022 and has been exported to several Southeast Asian markets, Middle East and Africa.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The second-generation Creta was launched on 10 October 2020 for the Mexican market. Imported from India, it is offered in four trim levels: GL, GLS IVT, GLS Premium, and Limited Turbo. It is offered with either a 1.5-litre petrol or a 1.4-litre turbo petrol engine and offered with either manual or automatic transmission options.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The second-generation Creta was introduced in the country on 15 March 2022. It is imported from Indonesia and it will be assembled locally from 2023. The Vietnamese-market Creta is offered in three trim levels: the entry-level Standard, the mid-grade Special and the top-spec Premium, it uses the "Smartstream" 1.5-litre petrol engine and it will indirectly replace the Kona.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The second-generation Creta was introduced in the country on 17 March 2022. Imported from Indonesia, trim levels offered are SE and SEL with the "Smartstream" 1.5-litre petrol engine.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The second-generation Creta was introduced in the Philippines alongside the fourth-generation Tucson, facelifted Santa Fe and the Staria on 20 June 2022 and it became available on dealerships on 17 August 2022. It is offered in three grade levels: GL (manual and IVT), GL Limited (IVT), and the top-spec GLS (IVT), the "Smartstream" 1.5-litre petrol engine is standard on all grades, it replaced the petrol-powered Kona in the country.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The second-generation Creta was released in the country in November 2020. Imported from India, engine options available were 1.5-litre petrol, 1.4-litre turbocharged petrol and 1.5-litre diesel. The two latter were dropped when the Indian-made model was replaced by the Indonesian-made Creta in July 2022, sporting the revised front fascia styling.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Creta in its indian specification is sold with two frontal airbags, antilock brakes, front seatbelt reminders and a tyre pressure monitor as standard equipment. Better equipped trim levels are equipped with electronic stability control, ISOFIX anchorages, front-seat side torso-protecting seat airbags and head-protecting curtains.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: Global NCAP crash-tested the Indian-market Hyundai Creta in its basic safety specification of two airbags and anti-lock brakes in H1 2022. The Creta narrowly achieved three stars for adult occupant protection in the offset deformable barrier test. Protection of the driver's head was rated only adequate, although the technical report supplied by Global NCAP did not specify whether the driver's head bottomed out the airbag (like it did in the related Kia Seltos) or dummy readings of HIC alone indicated elevated risk of serious injury. Hard points behind the dashboard could increase risk of knee injury to occupants of different sizes or seating positions, Hyundai were disqualified from presenting evidence otherwise and the Creta is not known to be equipped with a countermeasure like a double pretensioner. The pedals were driven so far back into the footwell that no points were awarded for protection of the feet.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: The Creta achieved three stars for child occupant protection. It does not have ISOFIX anchorages as standard or three-point belts for all seating positions. Using the child seats Hyundai recommended for the test, dynamic performance of the 18 month-old child was good, but the 3 year-old's head moved forward excessively.


title: Hyundai Creta

text: In June 2021, Hyundai introduced a long-wheelbase, three-row version of the Creta as the Hyundai Alcazar in India, as the Hyundai Creta Grand in Mexico and as the Hyundai Grand Creta elsewhere. Produced in India (codename: "SU2i LWB"), it features a reworked front styling, 6-seater and 7-seater options, and available with a 2.0-litre "Nu" petrol engine or a 1.5-litre diesel engine.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: Leonid Fedorovych Toptunov (, ; 16 August 1960 – 14 May 1986) was a Soviet engineer who was the senior reactor control chief engineer at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Reactor Unit 4 on the night of the Chernobyl disaster, 26 April 1986.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: Leonid Toptunov was born on 16 August 1960 in Mykolaivka, Buryn Raion, Sumy Oblast. His father was involved in the Soviet space program and during his childhood, he was surrounded by scientists and engineers.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: In 1983, he graduated from the Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, with a specialist degree in nuclear power plant engineering.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: In March 1983, Toptunov began his career at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. During his studies of the reactor documentation, he mentioned to his friend, Sasha Korol, that control rods may, in certain circumstances, accelerate rather than slow the reaction. He worked as a unit control engineer and senior reactor control engineer.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: On the night of 26 April 1986, Leonid Toptunov was working in the control room at the reactor control panel, with Aleksandr Akimov. Toptunov only had two months' experience in operating the reactor and this was his first shutdown as operator. The operators attempted to perform a rundown test before scheduled routine maintenance, during which reactor 4 exploded. In preparation, Anatoly Dyatlov ordered the power to be reduced to 700 MW, as the test plan stipulated. However, the reactor stalled unexpectedly during test preparations, dropping to a low 30 MW. Raising power after this point put the reactor into a potentially dangerous state, due to Xenon poisoning, as well as design flaws in the reactor unknown to the operators. Dyatlov ordered Toptunov and Akimov to raise the power to the requisite 700 MW. Withdrawing a dangerous number of control rods, the operators could only reach 200 MW due to xenon poisoning. During the test, Akimov called for the AZ-5 (scram) button to be pressed to shut down the reactor, and Toptunov operated the button. Due to a design flaw, the descending control rods momentarily accelerated the nuclear reaction and caused the reactor to explode.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: Toptunov, along with non-essential personnel, was dismissed. He left the control room but decided to return out of a sense of responsibility. He worked with Akimov to manually open water valves in an attempt to increase water supply to the reactor, during which time they began to experience symptoms of acute radiation syndrome. They were found by other workers and taken to the infirmary. During the accident, he was exposed to a fatal radiation dose of 1300 rem.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: He was admitted to Pripyat Hospital but was quickly transferred to Moscow Hospital 6. By 28 April, the symptoms of radiation sickness had mostly subsided. He sent a letter to his parents and left a note on where to find him in Moscow. His parents visited him in the hospital. Although he could walk, his parents could see he had strange skin damage. During his stay, he discussed possible causes of the accident with Akimov and Dyatlov but they were mystified. His parents once asked about the cause but he only could say they had followed regulations. Toptunov and Akimov received bone marrow transplants in attempt to restore their immune systems. He died from the acute radiation poisoning on 14 May 1986 and was laid to rest at the Mitinskoe Cemetery in Moscow. His family was informed that his death was the only reason he was not prosecuted for the accident.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: While the initial Soviet investigation put almost all the blame on the operators and management, later findings by the IAEA found that the reactor design and how the operators were informed of safety information was more significant. However, the operators were found to have deviated from operational procedures, changing test protocols on the fly, as well as having made "ill judged" actions, making human factors a major contributing factor.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: In 2008, Toptunov was posthumously awarded with the 3rd degree Order For Courage by Viktor Yushchenko, then the President of Ukraine.


title: Leonid Toptunov

text: He was portrayed by actor Volodya Stepanenko in the 2004 Zero Hour TV series. He was portrayed by Michael Colgan in the 2006 BBC production "Surviving Disaster: Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster" and by Robert Emms in the 2019 HBO miniseries "Chernobyl".


title: Call on Me (Eric Prydz song)

text: "Call on Me" is a song co-written and produced by Swedish DJ and producer Eric Prydz. The song is based on a sample of Steve Winwood's 1982 song "Valerie" from the album "Talking Back to the Night". "Call on Me" received significant sales success and topped several record charts. The song is known for its music video, which features several women (including Deanne Berry as the dance instructor) and a man performing aerobics in a sexually suggestive manner.


title: Call on Me (Eric Prydz song)

text: "Call on Me" prominently features a sample of English singer-songwriter Steve Winwood's 1982 song "Valerie" from his album "Talking Back to the Night". French duo Together, consisting of Daft Punk member Thomas Bangalter and producer DJ Falcon, had previously sampled "Valerie" as a live tool in a DJ set in 2002. Falcon stated that Ministry of Sound sent him a letter requesting that he release the track through the label. Despite the popularity and demand for it, Together did not consider it worth an official release. After the duo declined the request, Ministry of Sound would release the Prydz song without mention or credit to Together.