title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: During the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, LGBTQ+ communities were further stigmatized as they became the focus of mass hysteria, suffered isolation and marginalization, and were targeted with extreme acts of violence. Initially when the HIV/AIDS epidemic surfaced in the United States, a large proportion of patients were members of the LGBTQ+ community, leading to further stigmatization of the disease. Because of this, the AIDS activist groups took initiative in testing and experimenting with new possible medications for treating HIV, after researchers outside of the community refused. This research originally done by early AIDS activist groups contributed to treatments still being used today.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: Among the landmark legal cases in the history of LGBT rights in the United States on the topic of HIV/AIDS is "Braschi vs. Stahl". Litigant Miguel Braschi sued his landlord for the right to continue living in their rent controlled apartment after his gay partner Leslie Blanchard died of AIDS. The NY Court of Appeals became the first American appellate court to conclude that same-sex relationships are entitled to legal recognition. The case was litigated at the height of the AIDS crisis and the plaintiff himself died only a year after his groundbreaking court victory. The case focused on emotional and economic interdependency rather than on the existence of legal formalities; the verdict more difficult for government officials to reject the notion that same-sex couples could constitute families and that they were entitled to at least some of the protections afforded by law.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops was the first church body to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic in 1987 with a document entitled "." In the document they stated that the Catholic Church must provide pastoral care to those infected with HIV/AIDS as well as medical care. It called discrimination against people with AIDS "unjust and immoral.", but rejected extra-marital sex and the use of condoms to halt the spread of the disease. They reiterated the Church's teaching that human sexuality was a gift and was to be used in monogamous marriages.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: The Catholic Church, with over 117,000 health centers, is the largest private provider of HIV/AIDS care. Individual dioceses around the United States began hiring staff in the 1980s to coordinate AIDS ministry. By 2008, Catholic Charities USA had 1,600 agencies providing services to AIDS sufferers, including housing and mental health services. The Archdiocese of New York opened a shelter for AIDS patients in 1985. In the same year, they opened a hotline for people to call for resources and information. The Missionaries of Charity, led by Mother Teresa, opened hospices in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York, Washington D.C., and San Francisco in the 1980s. Individual parishes began opening hospices for AIDS patients, with the first being in New Orleans in 1985.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: The bishops of the United States issued a pastoral letter in the 1980s titled, "A Call to Compassion," saying those with AIDS "deserve to remain within our communal consciousness and to be embraced with unconditional love." In Always Our Children, their 1997 pastoral letter on homosexuality, the American bishops noted "an importance and urgency" to minister to those with AIDS, especially considering the impact it had on the gay community. They encouraged church ministers to include prayers at Mass for those with AIDS and those who care for them, those who have died from AIDS, and all of their friends, families, and companions. They recommended special masses be said for healing with anointing of the sick or other events to take place around the time of World AIDS Day. They asked every Catholic to stand in solidarity with those who were affected by the disease.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: In 1987, the bishops of California issued a document saying that just as Jesus loved and healed lepers, the blind, the lame, and others, so too should Catholics care for those with AIDS. The year before, they publicly denounced Proposition 64, a measure pushed by Lyndon H. LaRouche to forcibly quarantine those with AIDS, and encouraged Catholics to vote against it. Joseph L. Bernardin, the Archbishop of Chicago, issued a 12-page policy paper in 1986 that outlined "sweeping pastoral initiatives" his archdiocese would be undertaking.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: An effective response to HIV/AIDS requires that groups of vulnerable populations have access to HIV prevention programs with information and services that are specific to them. In the present day, some AIDS activist groups and organizations that were established during the height of the epidemic are still present and working to assist people living with HIV/AIDS. They may offer any combination of the following: health education, counseling and support, or advocacy for law and policy. AIDS activist groups and organizations also continue to call for public awareness and support through participation in events like LGBT pride parades, World AIDS Day, or AIDS Walks.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: The CDC estimates at the end of 2017, there were 1,018,346 adults and adolescents with diagnosed HIV in the US and dependent areas. Since 2010, the number of people living with HIV has increased, while the annual number of new HIV infections has declined to 37,832 diagnosed in 2018. Within the overall estimates, however, some groups are affected more than others. 70% of 2018 diagnoses were among men who have sex with men, 7% were among injection drug users, and new infections disproportionately occurred among heterosexual women and African Americans.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: The most recent CDC HIV Surveillance Report estimates that 38,281 new cases of HIV were diagnosed in the United States in 2017, a rate of 11.8 per 100,000 population. This rate is a decrease from the previous year's estimates, which indicated 39,589 new infections and a rate of 12.2 per 100,000 population. Individuals in the age range 25–29 years-old had the highest rates of new infection, with a rate of 32.9 per 100,000. With regard to race and ethnicity, the highest rates of new infections in 2017 occurred in the black/African-American population, with a new infection rate of 41.1 per 100,000. This more than doubled the next highest rate for a racial or ethnic group, which was Hispanic/Latino with a rate of 16.6 per 100,000. The lowest rates of new infection in 2017 occurred in the white population and Asian population, which each had a new infection rate of 5.1 per 100,000.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: According to CDC estimates, the most common transmission category of new infections remained male-to-male sexual contact, which accounted for roughly 66.6% of all new infections in the United States in 2017. With regard to region of residence, the highest rates of new infections in 2017 occurred in the United States South, with 19,968 total new infections and 16.1 infections per 100,000. The region identified as 'South' includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: In the United States, men who have sex with men (MSM), described as gay and bisexual, make up about 55% of the total HIV-positive population, and 83% of the estimated new HIV diagnoses among "all" males aged 13 and older, and approximately 92% of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group. 1 in 6 gay and bisexual men are therefore expected to be diagnosed with HIV in their lifetime if current rates continue. Among the proportion of new HIV positive gay and bisexual men in 2017, 39% are African American, 32% are white, and 24% are Hispanic/Latino. The CDC estimates that more than 600,000 gay and bisexual men are currently living with HIV in the United States. A review of four studies in which trans women in the United States were tested for HIV found that 27.7% tested positive.


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: In a 2008 study, the Center for Disease Control found that, of the study participants who were men who had sex with men ("MSM"), almost one in five (19%) had HIV and "among those who were infected, nearly half (44 percent) were unaware of their HIV status." The research found that white MSM "represent a greater number of new HIV infections than any other population, followed closely by black MSM—who are one of the most disproportionately affected subgroups in the U.S." and that most new infections among white MSM occurred among those aged 30–39 followed closely by those aged 40–49, while most new infections among black MSM have occurred among young black MSM (aged 13–29).


title: HIV/AIDS in the United States

text: In 2015, a major HIV outbreak, Indiana's largest-ever, occurred in two largely rural, economically depressed and poor counties in the southern portion of the state, due to the injection of a relatively new opioid-type drug called Opana (oxymorphone), which is designed be taken in pill form but is ground up and injected intravenously using needles. Because of the lack of HIV cases in that area beforehand and the youth of many but not all of those affected, the relative unavailability in the local area of treatment centers capable of dealing with long-term health needs, HIV care, and drug addiction during the initial phases of the outbreak, and political opposition to needle exchange programs, the outbreak expanded for months, resulting in up to 127 preventable cases. Under pressure, officials eventually declared a state of emergency, but much of the damage had already been done.


title: City Lights

text: City Lights is a 1931 American silent romantic comedy film written, produced, directed by, and starring Charlie Chaplin. The story follows the misadventures of Chaplin's Tramp as he falls in love with a blind girl (Virginia Cherrill) and develops a turbulent friendship with an alcoholic millionaire (Harry Myers).


title: City Lights

text: Although sound films were on the rise when Chaplin started developing the script in 1928, he decided to continue working with silent productions. Filming started in December 1928 and ended in September 1930. "City Lights" marked the first time Chaplin composed the film score to one of his productions and it was written in six weeks with Arthur Johnston. The main theme, used as a leitmotif for the blind flower girl, is the song "La Violetera" ("Who'll Buy my Violets") from Spanish composer José Padilla. Chaplin lost a lawsuit to Padilla for not crediting him.


title: City Lights

text: "City Lights" was immediately successful upon release on January 30, 1931, with positive reviews and worldwide rentals of more than $4 million. Today, many critics consider it not only the highest accomplishment of Chaplin's career, but one of the greatest films of all time. Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance believes ""City Lights" is not only Charles Chaplin's masterpiece; it is an act of defiance" as it premiered four years into the era of sound films which began with the premiere of "The Jazz Singer" (1927). In 1991, the Library of Congress selected "City Lights" for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2007, the American Film Institute ranked it 11th on its list of the best American films ever made. In 1949, the critic James Agee called the film's final scene "the greatest single piece of acting ever committed to celluloid".


title: City Lights

text: Citizens and dignitaries are assembled for the unveiling of a new monument to "Peace and Prosperity". After droning speeches, the veil is lifted to reveal the Little Tramp asleep in the lap of one of the sculpted figures. After several minutes of slapstick, he manages to escape the assembly's wrath to perambulate the city. He rebukes two newsboys who taunt him for his shabbiness, and while coyly admiring a nude statue has a near-fatal encounter with a sidewalk elevator.


title: City Lights

text: The Tramp encounters the beautiful flower girl on a street corner and in the course of buying a flower realizes she is blind; he is instantly smitten. The girl mistakes the Tramp for a wealthy man when the door of a chauffeured automobile slams shut as he departs.


title: City Lights

text: That evening the Tramp saves a drunken millionaire from suicide. The millionaire takes the Tramphis new best friendback to his mansion for champagne, then (after another abortive suicide attempt) out for a night on the town. After helping the millionaire home the next morning, he sees the flower girl en route to her street-corner. He gets some money from the millionaire and catches up to the girl; he buys all her flowers and drives her home in the millionaire's car.


title: City Lights

text: After the Tramp leaves, the flower girl tells her grandmother (Florence Lee) about her kind and wealthy friend. Meanwhile, the Tramp returns to the mansion, where the millionairenow soberdoes not remember him and throws him out. Later that day, the millionaire is once again intoxicated and, seeing the Tramp on the street, invites him home for a lavish party. But the next morning history repeats itself: the millionaire is again sober and the Tramp is again out on his ear.


title: City Lights

text: Finding that the girl is not at her usual street-corner, the Tramp goes to her apartment, where he overhears a doctor tell the grandmother that the girl is very ill: "She has a fever and needs careful attention." Determined to help, the Tramp takes a job as a street sweeper.


title: City Lights

text: On his lunch break, he brings the girl groceries while her grandmother is out selling flowers. To entertain her he reads a newspaper aloud; in it is a story about a Viennese doctor's blindness cure. "Wonderful, then I'll be able to see you", says the girland the Tramp is struck by what may happen should she gain her sight and discover that he is not the wealthy man she imagines. He also finds an eviction notice the girl's grandmother has hidden. As he leaves, he promises the girl that he will pay the rent.


title: City Lights

text: The Tramp returns to work to find himself firedhe has been late once too often. A boxer convinces him to fight in a fake bout; they will "go easy" on each other and split the prize money. But the boxer flees on learning he is about to be arrested and is replaced by a no-nonsense fighter who knocks the Tramp out despite the Tramp's creative and nimble efforts to keep out of reach.


title: City Lights

text: The Tramp encounters the drunken millionaire a third time and is again invited to the mansion. The Tramp relates the girl's plight and the millionaire gives him money for her operation. Burglars knock the millionaire out and take the rest of his money. The police find the Tramp with the money given to him by the millionaire, who because of the knock on the head does not remember giving it. The Tramp evades the police long enough to get the money to the girl, telling her he will be going away for a time; in due course he is apprehended and imprisoned.


title: City Lights

text: Months later the Tramp is released. He goes to the girl's customary street corner but she is not there. We learn that the girlher sight restorednow runs a busy flower shop with her grandmother. But she has not forgotten her mysterious benefactor, whom she imagines to be rich and handsome: when an elegant young man enters the shop she wonders for a moment whether "he" has returned.


title: City Lights

text: The Tramp happens by the shop, where the girl is arranging flowers in the window. He stoops to retrieve a flower discarded in the gutter. After a brief skirmish with his old nemeses, the newsboys, he turns to the shop's window through which he suddenly sees the girl, who has been watching him without (of course) knowing who he is. At the sight of her he is frozen for a few seconds, then breaks into a broad smile. The girl is flattered and giggles to her employee, "I've made a conquest!" Via pantomime through the glass she offers him a fresh flower (to replace the crushed one he took from the gutter) and a coin.


title: City Lights

text: Suddenly embarrassed, the Tramp begins to shuffle away, but the girl steps to the shop door and again offers the flower, which he shyly accepts. She takes his hand and presses the coin into it, then abruptly stops and her smile turns to a look of puzzlement as she recognizes the touch of his hand. She runs her fingers along his arm, his shoulder, his lapels, then gasps, "You?" The Tramp nods and asks, "You can see now?" The girl replies, "Yes, I can see now", and presses his hand to her heart with a tearful smile. Relieved and elated, the Tramp smiles back.


title: City Lights

text: Chaplin's feature "The Circus", released in 1928, was his last film before the motion picture industry embraced sound recording and brought the silent movie era to a close. As his own producer and distributor (part owner of United Artists), Chaplin could still conceive "City Lights" as a silent film. Technically the film was a crossover, as its soundtrack had synchronized music and sound effects but no spoken dialogue. The dialogue was presented on intertitles. Chaplin was first contacted by inventor Eugene Augustin Lauste in 1918 about making a sound film, but he never ended up meeting with Lauste. Chaplin was dismissive about "talkies" and told a reporter that he would "give the talkies three years, that's all." He was also concerned about how to adjust the Little Tramp to sound films.


title: City Lights

text: In early 1928, Chaplin began writing the script with Harry Carr. The plot gradually grew from an initial concept Chaplin had considered after the success of "The Circus", where a circus clown goes blind and has to conceal his handicap from his young daughter by pretending that his inability to see are pratfalls. This inspired the Blind Girl. The first scenes Chaplin thought up were of the ending, where the newly cured blind girl sees the Little Tramp for the first time. A highly detailed description of the scene was written, as Chaplin considered it to be the center of the entire film.


title: City Lights

text: For a subplot, Chaplin first considered a character even lower on the social scale, a black newsboy. Eventually he opted for a drunken millionaire, a character previously used in the 1921 short "The Idle Class". The millionaire plot was based on an old idea Chaplin had for a short in which two millionaires pick up the Little Tramp from the city dump and show him a good time in expensive clubs before dropping him back off at the dump, so when he woke up, the Tramp would not know if it was real or a dream. This was rewritten into a millionaire who is the Tramp's friend when drunk but does not recognize him when sober.


title: City Lights

text: Chaplin officially began pre-production of the film in May 1928 and hired Australian art director Henry Clive to design the sets that summer. Chaplin eventually cast Clive in the role of the millionaire. Although the film was originally set in Paris, the art direction is inspired by a mix of several cities. Robert Sherwood said that "it is a weird city, with confusing resemblances to London, Los Angeles, Naples, Paris, Tangiers and Council Bluffs. It is no city on earth and it is all cities."


title: City Lights

text: On August 28, 1928, Chaplin's mother Hannah Chaplin died at the age of 63. Chaplin was distraught for several weeks and pre-production did not resume until mid fall of 1928. Psychologist Stephen Weissman has hypothesized that "City Lights" is highly autobiographical, with the blind girl representing Chaplin's mother, while the drunken millionaire represents Chaplin's father. Weissman also compared many of the film's sets with locations from Chaplin's real childhood, such as the statue in the opening scene resembling St. Mark's Church on Kennington Park Road and Chaplin referring to the waterfront set as the Thames Embankment.


title: City Lights

text: Chaplin had interviewed several actresses to play the blind flower girl but was unimpressed with them all. While seeing a film shoot with bathing women in a Santa Monica beach, he found a casual acquaintance, Virginia Cherrill. Cherrill waved and asked if she would ever get the chance to work with him. After a series of poor auditions from other actresses, Chaplin eventually invited her to do a screen test. She was the first actress to subtly and convincingly act blind on camera due to her near-sightedness, and Cherrill signed a contract on November 1, 1928.


title: City Lights

text: Filming for "City Lights" officially began on December 27, 1928, after Chaplin and Carr had worked on the script for almost an entire year. On the set, Chaplin was noted for doing many more "takes" than other directors at the time. Production began with the first scene at the flower stand where the Little Tramp first meets the Blind Flower Girl. The scene took weeks to shoot, and Chaplin first began to have second thoughts about casting Cherrill. Years later, Cherrill said, "I never liked Charlie and he never liked me." In his autobiography, Chaplin took responsibility for his on-set tensions with Cherrill, blaming the stress of making the film for the conflict. "I had worked myself into a neurotic state of wanting perfection", he remembered. Filming the scene continued until February 1929 and again for ten days in early April before Chaplin put the scene aside to be filmed later. He then shot the opening scene of the Little Tramp waking up in a newly unveiled public statue. This scene involved up to 380 extras and was especially stressful for Chaplin to shoot. During this part of shooting, construction was being done at Chaplin Studios because the city of Los Angeles had decided to widen La Brea Avenue and Chaplin was forced to move several buildings away from the road.


title: City Lights

text: Chaplin then shot the sequence where the Little Tramp first meets the millionaire and prevents him from committing suicide. During filming, Henry Clive suddenly decided that he did not want to jump into the tank of cold water in the scene, causing Chaplin to storm off the set and fire Clive. He was quickly replaced by Harry Myers, who Chaplin had known while under contract at Keystone Studios. Chaplin finished shooting the sequence on July 29, 1929, with exteriors at Pasadena Bridge. Chaplin then shot a sequence that was eventually cut from the film involving the Little Tramp attempting to retrieve a stick that was stuck in a grate. The scene included a young Charles Lederer; Chaplin later praised the scene, but insisted that it needed to be cut. He then continued filming the scenes with the millionaire until September 29, 1929.


title: City Lights

text: In November, Chaplin began working with Cherrill again in some of the Flower Girl's less dramatic scenes. While waiting for her scenes for several months, Cherrill had become bored and openly complained to Chaplin. During the filming of one scene, Cherrill asked Chaplin if she could leave early so that she could go to a hair appointment. Chaplin fired Virginia Cherrill and replaced her with Georgia Hale, Chaplin's co-star in "The Gold Rush". Although Chaplin liked her screen test, even he realized he had shot far too much already to reshoot all of the flower girl's scenes. Chaplin also briefly considered sixteen-year-old actress Violet Krauth, but he was talked out of this idea by his collaborators. Chaplin finally re-hired Cherrill to finish "City Lights". She demanded and got a raise to $75 per week. Approximately seven minutes of test footage of Hale survives and is included on the DVD release; excerpts were first seen in the documentary "Unknown Chaplin" along with an unused opening sequence.


title: City Lights

text: Chaplin then cast Florence Lee as the Blind Girl's grandmother and shot scenes with Cherrill and Lee for five weeks. In late 1929, Chaplin re-shot the first Flower Shop scene with Cherrill. This time, the scene was completed in six days and Chaplin was happy with Cherrill's performance. Chaplin had been shooting the film for a year and was only a little more than half way finished. From March to April 1930, Chaplin shot the scenes inside of the millionaire's house at the Town House on Wilshire Boulevard. He hired Joe Van Meter and Albert Austin, whom he had known since his days working for Fred Karno, as the burglars. In the late spring of 1930, Chaplin shot the last major comedy sequence: the boxing match. Chaplin hired Keystone actor Hank Mann to play the Tramp's opponent. The scene required 100 extras; Chaplin took four days to rehearse, and then six to shoot it, between June 23 and 30. Chaplin was initially nervous over the attendance for this scene so he invited his friends to be extras. Over 100 extras were present. Chaplin's performance in the scene was so humorous that more people arrived daily to be an extra.


title: City Lights

text: In July and August, Chaplin finished up six weeks of smaller scenes, including the two scenes of the Tramp being harassed by newsboys, one of whom was played by a young Robert Parrish.


title: City Lights

text: In September 1930, Chaplin finished the shooting of the iconic final scene which took six days. Chaplin said that he was happy with Cherrill's performance in the scene, and that she had eventually understood the role. When talking about his directing style on set, Chaplin stated that "everything I do is a dance. I think in terms of dance. I think more so in "City Lights"."


title: City Lights

text: From October to December 1930, Chaplin edited the film and created the title cards. When he completed the film, silent films had become generally unpopular. But "City Lights" was one of the great financial and artistic successes of Chaplin's career, and it was his personal favorite of his films. Especially fond of the final scene, he said, "[I]n "City Lights" just the last scene ... I'm not acting ... Almost apologetic, standing outside myself and looking ... It's a beautiful scene, beautiful, and because it isn't over-acted."


title: City Lights

text: The amount of film used for the project was uncharacteristic for the time and was a sign of the long production process. Chaplin shot 314,256 feet of film, and the completed film ran 8,093 feet. This made a shooting ratio of approximately 38.8 feet of film for each foot of film that made it in the final version.


title: City Lights

text: "City Lights" marked the first time Chaplin composed the film score to one of his productions. While Chaplin preferred his films to have live sound, by the 1930s most theaters had gotten rid of their orchestras. Many of his critics claimed he was doing it to grab more credit. Chaplin, whose parents and many members of the Chaplin family were musicians, was struggling with the professional musicians he hired and took it upon himself to compose the score. It was written in six weeks with Arthur Johnston and included over one hundred musical cues. Chaplin told a reporter that "I really didn't write it down. I la-laed and Arthur Johnson wrote it down, and I wish you would give him credit because he did a very good job. It is all simple music, you know, in keeping with my character." The intention was to have a score that would translate the characters' emotions through its melodies. The score was recorded in five days with musical arranger Alfred Newman.


title: City Lights

text: The main theme used as a leitmotif for the blind flower girl is the song "La Violetera" ("Who'll Buy my Violets") from Spanish composer José Padilla. Chaplin was unable to secure the original song performer, Raquel Meller, in the lead role, but used her song anyway as a major theme. Chaplin lost a lawsuit to Padilla (which took place in Paris, where Padilla lived) for not crediting him. Some modern editions released for video include a new recording by Carl Davis.


title: City Lights

text: Two weeks prior to the premiere, Chaplin decided to have an unpublicized preview at Los Angeles' Tower Theatre. It went poorly, attracting a small and unenthusiastic crowd. Better results were seen at the gala premiere on January 30, 1931, at the Los Angeles Theater. Albert Einstein and his wife were the guests of honor, and the film received a standing ovation. It next premiered at the George M. Cohan Theater in New York where Chaplin closely supervised the release, spending the day doing interviews, and previously spending $60,000 on the advertising, as he was frustrated with what UA's publicists had come up with. Chaplin demanded half of the total gross, and considering audiences would be more attracted by the film itself than its technology, he demanded higher ticket prices compared to talkies.


title: City Lights

text: Chaplin was nervous about the film's reception because silent films were becoming obsolete by then, and the preview had undermined his confidence. Nevertheless, "City Lights" became one of Chaplin's most financially successful and critically acclaimed works. Following the good reception by American audiences, with estimated theatrical rentals of $2 million, a quarter of which came from its 12-week run at the Cohan, Chaplin went on a sixteen-day world tour between February and March 1931, starting with a premiere at London's Dominion Theatre on February 27. The film was enthusiastically received by Depression-era audiences, earning $4.25 million in worldwide rentals during its initial release.


title: City Lights

text: Reviews were mostly positive. A film critic for the "Los Angeles Examiner" said that "not since I reviewed the first Chaplin comedies way back in the two-reel days has Charlie given us such an orgy of laughs." "The New York Times" reviewer Mordaunt Hall considered it "a film worked out with admirable artistry". "Variety" declared it was "not Chaplin's best picture" but that certain sequences were "hilarious". "The New Yorker" wrote that it was "on the order of his other [films], perhaps a little better than any of them" and that it gave an impression "not often—oh, very seldom—found in the movies; an indefinable impression perhaps best described as a quality of charm." On the other hand, Alexander Bakshy of "The Nation" was highly critical of "City Lights", objecting to the silent format and over-sentimentality and describing it as "Chaplin's feeblest".


title: City Lights

text: The popularity of "City Lights" endured, with the film's re-release in 1950 again positively received by audiences and critics. In 1949, the critic James Agee wrote in "Life" magazine, that the final scene was the "greatest single piece of acting ever committed to celluloid." Richard Meryman called the final scene one of the greatest moments in film history. Charles Silver, Curator of Film at the Museum of Modern Art, stated that the film is so highly regarded because it brought forth a new level of lyrical romanticism that had not appeared in Chaplin's earlier works. He adds that like all romanticism, it is based in the denial of the real world around it. When the film premiered, Chaplin was much older, he was in the midst of another round of legal battles with former spouse Lita Grey, and the economic and political climate of the world had changed. Chaplin uses the Girl's blindness to remind the Tramp of the precarious nature of romanticism in the real world, as she unknowingly assaults him multiple times. Film.com critic Eric D. Snider said that by 1931, most Hollywood filmmakers either embraced sound films, resigned themselves to their inevitability, or just gave up making movies, yet Chaplin held firm with his vision in this project. He also noted that few in Hollywood had the clout to make a silent film at that late date, let alone do it well. One reason was that Chaplin knew the Tramp could not be adapted to talking movies and still work.


title: City Lights

text: Several well-known directors have praised "City Lights". Orson Welles said it was his favorite film. In a 1963 interview in the American magazine "Cinema", Stanley Kubrick rated "City Lights" as fifth among his top ten films. In 1972, the renowned Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky placed "City Lights" as fifth among his top ten and said of Chaplin, "He is the only person to have gone down into cinematic history without any shadow of a doubt. The films he left behind can never grow old." The acclaimed French filmmaker Robert Bresson placed this film as first and second on his top ten films of all time. George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin "the only genius to come out of the movie industry". Celebrated Italian director Federico Fellini often praised this film, and his "Nights of Cabiria" refers to it. In the 2003 documentary "Charlie: The Life and Art of Charles Chaplin", Woody Allen said it was Chaplin's best picture. Allen is said to have based the final scene of his 1979 film "Manhattan" on its final scene. Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance has summarized all the best criticism and all the notable filmmakers who have singled out "City Lights" as their favorite Chaplin film throughout the decades in the Criterion Collection audio commentary track for the film. Vance has written that among all the praise afforded the film can be added that "City Lights also holds the distinction of being Chaplin's own favorite of all his films."


title: City Lights

text: French experimental musician and film critic Michel Chion has written an analysis of "City Lights", published as "Les Lumières de la ville". Slavoj Žižek used the film as a primary example in his essay "Why Does a Letter Always Arrive at Its Destination?". Film critic Roger Ebert of "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film four stars out of four writing the film "contains the slapstick, the pathos, the pantomime, the effortless physical coordination, the melodrama, the bawdiness, the grace, and, of course, the Little Tramp--the character said, at one time, to be the most famous image on earth." He added the film in his Great Movies list. Chaplin's original "Tramp" suit from the film was donated by him to the Museum of Natural History of Los Angeles County.


title: City Lights

text: "City Lights" was released as a dual-format Blu-ray and DVD by the Criterion Collection in 2013, both of which include trailers of the film, archival footage from production, and an audio commentary track by Chaplin biographer and scholar Jeffrey Vance, among others. The new cover was illustrated by Canadian cartoonist Seth.


title: City Lights

text: In 1952, "Sight and Sound" magazine revealed the results of its first poll for "The Best Films of All Time"; "City Lights" was voted #2, after Vittorio DeSica's "Bicycle Thieves". In 2002, "City Lights" ranked 45th on the critics' list. That same year, directors were polled separately and ranked the film as 19th overall.


title: City Lights

text: In 1991, the Library of Congress selected "City Lights" for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2007, the American Film Institute's tenth anniversary edition of "100 Years... 100 Movies" ranked "City Lights" as the 11th greatest American film of all time, an improvement over the 76th position on the original list. AFI also chose the film as the best romantic comedy of American cinema in 2008's "10 Top 10". The Tramp was number 38 on AFI's list of the 50 Best Heroes, and the film ranked at 38th among the funniest films, 10th among the greatest love stories, and 33rd on the most inspiring films.


title: City Lights

text: "The Village Voice" ranked the film at number 37 in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list in 1999, based on a poll of critics. The film was included in "Time"s All-Time 100 best movies list in 2005. In 2006, "Premiere" issued its list of "The 100 Greatest Performances of all Time", putting Chaplin's performance as "The Tramp" at No. 44. "City Lights" was ranked seventeenth on "Cahiers du cinéma"s 100 Greatest Films, a 2008 poll of 78 film historians and critics organized by Claude-Jean Philippe. In the 2012 "Sight & Sound" polls, it was ranked the 50th-greatest film ever made in the critics' poll and 30th in the directors' poll. In the earlier 2002 version of the list the film ranked 45th among critics and 19th among directors. In 2015, "City Lights" ranked 18th on BBC's "100 Greatest American Films" list, voted on by film critics from around the world. The film was voted at No. 21 on the list of "The 100 greatest comedies of all time" by a poll of 253 film critics from 52 countries conducted by the BBC in 2017. In 2021 the film ranked 16th on "Time Out" magazine's list of "The 100 best movies of all time".


title: Robert Walker (actor, born 1940)

text: Robert Hudson Walker Jr. (April 15, 1940 – December 5, 2019) was an American actor who appeared in films including "Easy Rider" (1969) and was a familiar presence on television in the 1960s and early 1970s. He became less active in later decades.


title: Robert Walker (actor, born 1940)

text: Walker was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York; his parents were actors Robert Walker and Jennifer Jones. He attended The Lawrenceville School and trained as an actor at the Actors Studio.


title: Robert Walker (actor, born 1940)

text: He studied Tai Chi Chuan under Marshall Ho'o, a skill that he later exhibited in his role in "Easy Rider".


title: Robert Walker (actor, born 1940)

text: Walker began his acting career in 1962 with TV roles on "Route 66" ("Across Walnuts and Wine") and "Naked City" ("Dust Devil on a Quiet Street", playing the title role of an emotionally disturbed actor who lived and performed on the streets and in circuses). His film debut was in "The Hook" in 1963; other film appearances, in addition to "Easy Rider", included the title role in "Ensign Pulver" (1964) with Burl Ives and Walter Matthau; "The War Wagon" (1967) with John Wayne and Kirk Douglas; the title role in "Young Billy Young" (1969), alongside Robert Mitchum; and "Beware! The Blob, or—Son of Blob" (1972). He starred in "" (1982) with Nancy Kwan, Christopher George, Woody Strode, and Sorapong Chatree.


title: Robert Walker (actor, born 1940)

text: On television in the 1960s, in "The Big Valley" episode "My Son, My Son" (1965), Walker portrayed Evan Miles, an emotionally disturbed college dropout who becomes obsessed with childhood friend Audra Barkley. In 1966, at the age of 26, he was cast in the "" episode "Charlie X" (1966) as Charles 'Charlie' Evans, a 17-year-old social misfit with psychic powers. Also in 1966, he appeared in the fifth season of the series "Combat!" in the episode "Ollie Joe" . He had the title role in an episode of "The Time Tunnel" titled "Billy the Kid" (1967). He also portrayed Nick Baxter, an ill alien who caused the deaths of humans by touch, in an episode of "The Invaders" ("Panic", 1967). He played Mark Cole in an episode of "Bonanza" ("The Gentle Ones", 1967).


title: Robert Walker (actor, born 1940)

text: In the 1970s, Walker had a role in an episode of "Columbo" ("Mind Over Mayhem", 1974), and as an innocent longshoreman who takes the blame for a murder on "Quincy, M.E." ("The Hero Syndrome", 1977). He also appeared in the pilot episode of "The Eddie Capra Mysteries" (1978).


title: Robert Walker (actor, born 1940)

text: Walker maintained an episodic presence on television in the 1980s and 1990s. He guest-starred in two episodes of "Murder, She Wrote" with Angela Lansbury, the first time in "The Corpse Flew First Class" (1987), and as a mentally handicapped man in "Shear Madness" (1990). He appeared in "L.A. Law" and "In the Heat of the Night", both in 1991. He also made a television series appearance in 1993 and had a small role in the film "Beyond the Darkness" (2018) before officially retiring in 2018.


title: Robert Walker (actor, born 1940)

text: Walker was married three times, to Ellie Wood, to Judy Motulsky, and finally to Dawn Walker. He had 7 children.


title: The Shootist

text: The Shootist is a 1976 American Western film directed by Don Siegel and based on Glendon Swarthout's 1975 novel of the same name. It is John Wayne's final film role, before his death in 1979. The screenplay was written by Miles Hood Swarthout (the son of the author) and Scott Hale. The supporting cast includes Lauren Bacall, Ron Howard, James Stewart, Richard Boone, Hugh O'Brian, Harry Morgan, John Carradine, Sheree North, Scatman Crothers, and Rick Lenz.


title: The Shootist

text: In 1977, "The Shootist" received an Oscar nomination for Best Art Direction (Robert F. Boyle, Arthur Jeph Parker), a BAFTA Film Award nomination for Best Actress (Lauren Bacall), and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor (Ron Howard), as well as the National Board of Review Award as one of the . The film received widespread critical acclaim, garnering an 83% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: The Shootist

text: The opening scenes are a narrated flashback of the thirty plus killings by sheriff-turned-gunfighter John Bernard "J.B." Books, using actual scenes from John Wayne's past films.


title: The Shootist

text: Now an older man, Books arrives in Carson City, Nevada, in late January 1901. Almost immediately, he gets into a potentially dangerous confrontation with dairyman Jay Cobb, but his assistant, Gillom Rogers, defuses the situation. Books goes to Dr. E.W. "Doc" Hostetler, a country physician who knows Books from treating his gunshot wounds fifteen years before. Books came to seek out Hostetler for a second opinion concerning his failing health. Hostetler confirms that Books has terminal cancer and has only weeks to live. Books is prescribed laudanum to ease his pain but learns that his condition will eventually become unbearable. Hostetler remarks that if he had Books's courage, the death he has just described is not the one he would choose.


title: The Shootist

text: Books finds lodgings at a quiet boarding house owned by Bond Rogers, Gillom's widowed mother. Wanting to be left alone, he gives her a fake name. However, Gillom finds Books' initials on his horse's saddle and quickly deduces his true identity. Bond is upset that Books has lied to her about who he is and summons Marshal Walter Thibido; Books gets rid of him by explaining his circumstances and assuring the marshal that he'll be dead soon. Sympathetic to his plight, Bond asks Books to accompany her to church to obtain solace and comfort. However, Books maintains he has no need of repentance, stating that he has never harmed or injured anyone who did not deserve it.


title: The Shootist

text: Word spreads that Books is in town, causing him trouble from those seeking to profit off his name or to kill him. A local journalist, Dan Dobkins, gets chased off when he asks Books for an interview. Serepta, an old flame of Books's, shows up; she eventually leaves after admitting that Dobkins approached her about writing a "biography" of Books' life filled with exaggerated stories of his gunfights. Books orders a headstone, but rejects the undertaker's offer of a free funeral, suspecting he would charge the public admission to view his remains. Two criminals seeking notoriety try to ambush Books as he sleeps, but he kills them. Gillom is impressed, but his mother is both angry at and frightened for Books, though she will not admit it. She also grows concerned that the fatherless Gillom will try to follow in his footsteps as the two grow closer, with Books teaching Gillom how to shoot properly.


title: The Shootist

text: Books asks Gillom to visit three men with violent reputations: Mike Sweeney, an aging outlaw and the brother of a man Books once killed in self-defense; Jack Pulford, the Faro dealer at the local Metropole saloon, known to be a deadly crack shot; and Cobb, Gillom's boss. He is to tell each of them that Books will be at the Metropole at 11:00 am on January 29, his birthday. On the morning of January 29, the headstone arrives, which includes Books' death year as "1901", but with no day. Books gives Gillom his beloved horse, bids farewell to Bond, and then boards a trolley for the saloon.


title: The Shootist

text: Books enters the saloon to find the three men waiting for him at different tables. Books orders a drink, toasting his birthday and his three "guests". Cobb, Sweeney, and Pulford each try to kill Books, but despite getting wounded in the arm, he manages to kill them. A crowd fills the street outside the Metropole after hearing the gunshots, including Gillom, who eventually enters the bar. His shouted warning is too late, and the Metropole's bartender fires his shotgun into Books' back, mortally wounding him. Gillom rushes over, takes up Books' gun, and kills the bartender. When Gillom realizes what he has done and throws the gun away, Books smiles in approval before dying. Gillom covers the body with his coat and walks outside to his waiting mother. He walks past her, and she turns and follows him.


title: The Shootist

text: After producer Mike Frankovich announced that he had purchased the movie rights to Glendon Swarthout's novel "The Shootist", Wayne expressed a strong desire to play the title role, reportedly because of similarities to the character Jimmy Ringo in "The Gunfighter", a role he had turned down 25 years previously. He was not initially considered due to the health and stamina issues he had experienced during filming of his penultimate film, "Rooster Cogburn". Paul Newman passed on the role, as did George C. Scott, Charles Bronson, Gene Hackman, and Clint Eastwood, before it was finally offered to Wayne. Although his compromised lung capacity made breathing and mobility difficult at Carson City's altitude, and production had to be shut down for a week while he recovered from influenza, Wayne completed the filming without further significant medical issues.


title: The Shootist

text: "The Shootist" was Wayne's final cinematic role, concluding a 50-year career that began during the silent film era in 1926. Wayne was not, as sometimes reported, terminally ill when the film was made in 1976. A heavy cigarette smoker for most of his life, he had been diagnosed with lung cancer in 1964 and underwent surgical removal of his left lung and several ribs. He remained clinically cancer-free until early 1979, when metastases were discovered in his stomach, intestines, and spine; he died in June of that year. Nonetheless, following the release of "The Shootist", Wayne appeared in a televised public service announcement for the American Cancer Society that began with the scene in which Wayne's character is informed of his cancer. Wayne then added that he had enacted the same scene in real life 12 years earlier.


title: The Shootist

text: The date assigned to the first John Wayne clip at the opening of the film corresponds to its actual filming in relation to "The Shootist". "The Shootist" was shot in 1976 while "Red River" was shot in 1946 (albeit released in 1948), putting the two movies thirty years apart. The onscreen dates were also thirty years apart, 1871 for the "Red River" clip and 1901 for the time frame of "The Shootist" itself. The other films used for clips were "Hondo" dated 1880, "Rio Bravo" dated 1885, and two clips from "El Dorado" dated 1889 and 1895.


title: The Shootist

text: The film's outdoor scenes were filmed on location in Carson City. Bond Rogers' boarding house is the 1914 Krebs-Peterson House, located in Carson City's historic residential district. The buggy ride was shot at Washoe Lake State Park, in the Washoe Valley, between Reno and Carson City. Though it was a Paramount production, the street scenes and most interior shots were filmed at the Warner Bros. backlot and sound stages in Burbank, California. The horse-drawn trolley was an authentic one, once used as a shuttle between El Paso and Juarez, Mexico.


title: The Shootist

text: Wayne's contract gave him script approval, and he made a number of major and minor changes, including the location (from El Paso to Carson City), and the ending. In the book and original screenplay, Books kills his last opponent by shooting him in the back, is fatally wounded by a bartender with a shotgun, and is finally put out of his misery by Gillom; Wayne maintained that over his entire film career, he had never shot an adversary in the back and would not do so now. He also objected to his character being killed by Gillom and suggested that the bartender do it, because "no one could ever take John Wayne in a fair fight".


title: The Shootist

text: Wayne was also responsible for many casting decisions. Several friends and past co-stars, including Bacall, Stewart, Boone, and Carradine, were cast at his request. James Stewart had not worked in films for a number of years, due in part to a severe hearing impairment, but he accepted the role as a favor to Wayne. Stewart and Wayne had both worked in two previous films, also Westerns, "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" and "How the West Was Won", both released in 1962, although they shared no scenes together in the latter film.


title: The Shootist

text: While filming the sequence in the doctor's office, both Stewart and Wayne repeatedly muffed their lines over a long series of takes, until director Don Siegel finally pleaded with them to try harder. "If you want the scene done better," joked Wayne, "you'd better get yourself a couple of better actors." Later, Wayne commented in private that Stewart knew his lines, but apparently could not hear his cues.


title: The Shootist

text: Another casting stipulation was the horse owned and given away by Wayne's character, a favorite sorrel gelding named Dollor that Wayne had ridden in "Big Jake", "The Cowboys", "True Grit", "Rooster Cogburn", "Chisum", and "The Train Robbers". Wayne had negotiated exclusive movie rights to Dollor with the horse's owner, Dick Webb Movie Productions, and requested script changes enabling him to mention Dollor's name several times.


title: The Shootist

text: By one account, Wayne's numerous directorial suggestions and script alterations caused considerable friction between director and star, but Siegel said that he and Wayne got along well.


title: The Shootist

text: He had plenty of his own ideas ... some I liked, which gave me inspirations, and some I didn't like. But we didn't fight over any of it. We liked each other and respected each other.


title: The Shootist

text: Upon its theatrical release, "The Shootist" was a minor success, grossing $13,406,138 domestically, About $6 million were earned as US theatrical rentals.


title: The Shootist

text: It was named one of the Ten Best Films of 1976 by the National Board of Review, along with "Rocky", "All the President's Men", and "Network". Film critic Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" ranked "The Shootist" number 10 on his list of the 10 best films of 1976. The film was nominated for an Oscar, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA film award, and a Writers Guild of America award. The film has an 83% rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 24 reviews. The film was nominated by the American Film Institute as one of the best Western films in 2008.


title: The Shootist

text: There’s nothing in "The Shootist" you haven’t seen done many times before and done better … but what you haven’t seen before is a dying John Wayne give his last performance. And it’s Wayne’s performance, and the performances of some of the surrounding characters (Howard, Richard Boone, Harry Morgan, and Sheree North) that make "The Shootist" not the classic it wants to be, but memorable nonetheless.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: The SIG Sauer P365 is a striker-fired subcompact semi-automatic pistol manufactured by SIG Sauer, intended for everyday carry. It is offered with Tritium XRAY3 Day/Night Sights and two 10-round magazines; one flush fit and the other with an extended finger tab, and a stainless steel frame with polymer grip module. It is primarily chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum and is rated for +P (higher pressure) ammunition while utilizing offset double-stack magazines. A variant chambered in .380 ACP was introduced in February 2022. The P365, which replaced the P290RS, is produced in Newington, New Hampshire. In both 2018 and 2019, it was the best selling handgun in the United States.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: The P365 is a striker fired, short-recoil handgun with a stainless steel slide, treated with a black Nitron finish, and a stainless steel frame along with a polymer grip module. The slide has serrations on both front and back for easy slide manipulation. The polymer grip accepts a double-stack 10-round, 12-round, or 15-round magazine. The magazine is released by a triangular button on the grip located at the undercut trigger guard section. Per SIG Sauer, the P365 has the lowest bore-axis ratio of any handgun currently made.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: Sights are green tritium three-dot night sights that are made of steel and are capable of being used to cycle the slide in the case of one handed use being necessary. Aiming is by combat sighting. A proprietary rail is located below the barrel. Both red and green lasers and a light will be offered as accessory items for this proprietary rail. Adapters to convert the propriety rail to a standard rail for use with standard rail accessories are also available.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: Disassembly requires no tools and does not require that the trigger be pulled. For Massachusetts Attorney General compliance requirements, a model with a manual safety and loaded chamber indicator is available. In May 2019, the P365-MS, a model with a manual safety, was made generally available.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: The striker firing system is nearly identical to that in the P320. The short recoil locking system is the SIG Sauer System created by SIG Sauer in 1975 for a Swiss Army contract by the then-existing Swiss Industrial Group ("Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft", SIG). The SIG Sauer System improved upon the Petter-Browning system used in the French Modèle 1935A, which SIG had licensed from SACM in 1937 and used in the SIG P210 handgun design, but is not the same system, having been considerably improved upon.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: Compared to the SIG Sauer P290, the P365 is slightly larger and has a lighter striker trigger pull of versus the P290 at . The P290RS has a restrike capability, but also has a long double-action only trigger pull. The takedown system is similar to that of the P320, in that a lever is turned down with the slide locked back to release the slide from the frame.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: A P365 with its optional 15-round magazine is "taller" than a Glock 19 with its standard 15-round magazine.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: In June 2019, the P365 XL was released. It utilizes the same fire control unit (FCU) as the P365, while having a larger grip module that accepts 12-round flush magazines, a flat trigger, and a longer slide and barrel. The rear sight on the P365 XL slide is removable, to allow a red dot sight to be attached. The slides and frames of the variants are interchangeable; for example, the longer slide (and barrel) of a P365 XL can be used on a P365 frame and vice versa.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: In October 2019, a SIG Anti-Snag (SAS) version of the P365 was released. It has an optional ported barrel and slide, no front sight, flush takedown and slide catch levers on the frame, and an embedded and flush fiber optic sight at the rear. Other than a slight reduction in height, the SAS variant has the same dimensions and weight as the original P365.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: In 2021, SIG released the P365X, which incorporated many of the features of the P365 XL, including a flat trigger, a removable rear sight which can be substituted for an optic mount, and a longer hand grip which accommodates flush fit 12-round magazines, but without the longer slide. At launch it was only being sold with the RomeoZero red dot sight preinstalled.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: In February 2022, SIG announced a variant chambered in .380 ACP, available both with and without a manual safety.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: During 2022, SIG introduced a larger variant of the P365, branded as XMACRO, with a 17-round capacity and measuring high and long while maintaining a barrel.


title: SIG Sauer P365

text: SIG has introduced "Spectre" branded variants of the P365 XL through SIG Custom Works. The first P365XL Spectre was introduced in June 2021 featuring a distressed finish and an X-shaped cutout on top of the slide. A revised version was introduced in October 2021 that added a gold-colored barrel and skeletonized the flat trigger. In February 2022, the P365XL Spectre Comp was introduced with an integrated compensator; it also has a gold-colored barrel, but its flat trigger is not skeletonized.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: PM Narendra Modi is a 2019 Hindi-language biographical drama film directed by Omung Kumar, and written by Anirudh Chawla and Vivek Oberoi. The film is jointly produced by Suresh Oberoi, Sandip Singh, Anand Pandit, Acharya Manish under the banner of Legend Studios. The film's plot is loosely based on the life of Narendra Modi, the 14th Prime Minister of India.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: Principal photography for the film began in January 2019. The soundtrack was composed by Hitesh Modak and Shashi-Khushi. The credits in the movie for lyrics were given to Javed Akhtar, Sameer, Abhendra Upadhyay, Irshad Kamil, Parry G. and Lavraj, and released by T-Series. Javed Akhtar later confirmed that he has not written any songs in the film and is shocked along with Sameer to see their names in the credits. The film was theatrically released in India on 24 May 2019. The film was universally panned by critics, and Oberoi's performance was criticized. It has grossed over 28.51 crore in India.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: Narendra Modi begins his career as a poor tea seller. He leaves his home at a young age, denying his marriage with Jashodaben Modi, to become a Sanyasi in the Himalayas. After his journey, he returns to Gujarat, becomes a Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh member and gets assigned to the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1980, after fighting back the State of Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi in 1975. He also leads the Ekta Yatra to unite all Indians. He heads along the Indian Army and some other members, fighting against the terrorists to the Lal Chowk and plants the national flag of India.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: He struggles and ground works in many areas of Gujarat to help people and gain support. Due to the teamwork of the people and the BJP members, the Party wins the Gujarat CM elections and Keshubhai Patel becomes the Chief Minister of Gujarat. Soon, he feels insecure seeing Modi's rise to fame and popularity. He forces the BJP founders- Atal Bihari Vajpayee, L. K. Advani and Murli Manohar Joshi to transfer Modi to some other place. In grief, Modi submits his resignation which is eventually declined as he had done a lot of work for the party. He was transferred to New Delhi for groundwork. He returned to Gujarat from Delhi in 2001, just a month before the events of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake. He replaced Keshubhai Patel from his position and was also chosen as the CM Candidate for the upcoming election, and he became the Chief Minister.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: Just after being elected, he faced the 2002 Gujarat riots. He sought help from other state governments and from the federal government, but in vain. Due to his planning and strict law enforcement, he was successful to end the violence. Just after the riots ended, an attack on the Akshardham Temple by the terrorists again brought tensions among the communities. Finally, the tensions got solved, peace was brought amongst people, the work of reconstruction and further developments were begun. Streets were planned, roads were constructed, employment opportunities were brought, many Indian as well as international companies began to invest in Gujarat, corruption was eliminated, security was tightened, etc. By seeing his work, the BJP heads asked him to be the PM Candidate for the 2014 Indian general election. He campaigned all over India. His popularity resulted in him being prominently targeted by terrorists. He also survives an attempt made by the terrorists to assassinate him.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: Initially actor Paresh Rawal was to play Narendra Modi in a biopic that he was also producing. Before that film was materialised, "PM Narendra Modi" was announced in parallel with Vivek Oberoi selected to play the lead role.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: Filming began on 28 January 2019 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Some vital scenes in the film chronicling Modi's early life and political journey was filmed in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand. Final schedule of filming was held at Mumbai. Vivek was injured during the shoot while doing a scene in Uttarkashi.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: The music of the film is composed by Hitesh Modak and Shashi-Khushi while the lyrics are written by Javed Akhtar, Prasoon Joshi, Sameer, Abhendra Upadhyay, Irshad Kamil, Parry G. and Lavraj. Two songs, one "Suno Gaur Se Duniya Walon" from Salman Khan and Sanjay Dutt starrer a 1997 unfinished film "Dus" and the other "Ishwar Allah" from the film "1947: Earth", starring Aamir Khan, Nandita Das and lyrics by Javed Akhtar used in this film.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: Initially, Javed Akhtar and Sameer were unaware about their works from old films being reused in this film. They tweeted they have not written any songs for the film after finding their names on the film' credit row. The film's producer Sandip Ssingh clarified that the credits were given because their songs from previous movies were included.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: Music Composer Shashi Suman (Shashi-Khushi Duo) collaborated with music producer Meghdeep Bose on songs "Saugandh Mujhe Iss Mitti Ki", "Hindustani" & "Fakeera".


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: National Student's Union of India's Goa unit of the student wing of Congress Party, has written to Election Commission to ban the screening of the film claiming it violates the model code of conduct of elections. A plea filed at the Supreme Court of India to stop the release was rejected. The court said the constitutional body Election Commission is the appropriate authority to address the petitioner's concerns. On 9 April 2019, the film was certified by the CBFC allotting 'U' certificate with run time of 130 minutes. Election commission has stopped the release of the movie till the elections are over saying, "that any biopic 'which has the potential to disturb the level playing field during the elections should not be displayed in the electronic media'". The film was theatrically released in worldwide on 24 May 2019. A new poster of movie has been released a day before of release of movie with tag line ""Aa rahe hain dobara, ab koi nahin rok sakta"" marking Narendra Modi's victory in 2019 election.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: Producers Suresh Oberoi and Sandeep Singh released a first-look poster of the film on 7 January 2019, revealing actor Vivek Oberoi as the eponymous Modi. Media Certification and Monitoring Committee (MCMC), set up by the Election Commission, has served a notice to the producers and T-series over an advertisement which was carried in two hindi newspapers announcing the movie trailer with an image of Narendra Modi.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: The film was universally panned by critics, who termed it a hagiography and criticized Oberoi's performance.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: Ananya Bhattacharya of "India Today" took note of the film's bias towards the protagonist: "Even the most controversial parts of PM Narendra Modi's life – the Godhra riots – are planted on the Opposition as a way to keep Modi from serving his people". Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in wrote, "Any insights the movie offers into Modi's rise are inadvertent. The monomaniacal focus on one man above all else will surely be of interest to those who study how cinema can be used for propaganda". Renuka Vyavahare of "The Times of India" gave the film two and a half stars out of five and criticised the script, opining, "This one is too lopsided for you to appreciate. It leaves a lot unanswered. While it firmly believes ‘Modi ek insaan nahi, soch hai’, we wish the script was as thoughtful". However, she was among the few who appreciated Oberoi's performance- "He gets the mannerisms, accent and tone right and thankfully doesn't overdo it". Writing for "The Indian Express", Shubhra Gupta gave the movie two stars out of five and stated, "The film is not a mere bio-pic, it is a full-fledged, unabashed, unapologetic hagiography". Kennith Rosario of "The Hindu" summarised the movie's narrative as "a obsequious love letter" to the protagonist which tells the audience "how sincere, hardworking, fair and honest Modi is, [and] that it makes you wonder if life is a parody of this film".


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: The main opposition party of India claimed that the BJP lead government is using bollywood as a propaganda machine and the movie is aimed to serve a perilous mix of high-pitched nationalism and strongman branding of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: The film collected 2.25-2.5 million nett on its opening day, and was the second best-performing film among all others released in India on that day, after "Aladdin" (2019). The following day, it earned 3 crore nett. Collections on Sunday showed minor growth with earnings of 4.25 crore. Monday earnings dropped 20 percent from the opening day for a total of 1.85 crore nett. On Tuesday, the film earned 1.7 crore nett. The film earned 1.5 crore nett and 1.1 crore nett on Wednesday and Thursday.


title: PM Narendra Modi

text: The film managed to earn 19.21 crores domestically in its first week. Next 3 weeks gross collections were 7.20 crores, 1.60 crores, and 0.5 crores respectively. Thus, it ended with a life-time collection of 28.51 crores in India.


title: Neil Connery

text: Neil Niren Connery (16 December 1938 – 9 May 2021) was a Scottish actor and the younger brother of actor Sean Connery.


title: Neil Connery

text: Connery was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 16 December 1938. The Connery family is of partial Irish origin. His father, Joseph Connery, was a lorry driver; and his mother, Euphemia (Effie) McLean, worked as a cleaner. Connery had a modest upbringing in a deprived area of Edinburgh.


title: Neil Connery

text: Six months after his older brother Sean died, Connery died on 9 May 2021, aged 82, from a short illness.


title: Neil Connery

text: Connery's film debut was in "O.K. Connery" (1967), a James Bond–inspired film. The film was retitled "Operation Kid Brother" in the United States and is also known as "Operation Double 007". It became known for having a number of the original James Bond series actors appearing as similar characters. "OK Connery" was featured on "Mystery Science Theater 3000" (1998) under its alternative title, "Operation Double 007".


title: Neil Connery

text: In 1969, Connery appeared in the science fiction film "The Body Stealers", also known as "Thin Air", where he played Jim Radford, an investigator trying to figure out why paratroopers are disappearing in mid-air.


title: Neil Connery

text: In 1980, Connery appeared as a guest star in the British TV Series "Only When I Laugh". He played the Neil Niren MD – CT character, in the 7th episode ("Last Tango") from the second season.


title: Ionian Sea

text: The Ionian Sea (, "Iónio Pélagos" ; ; ) is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea. It is connected to the Adriatic Sea to the north, and is bounded by Southern Italy, including Calabria, Sicily, and the Salento peninsula to the west, southern Albania (and western Apulia, Italy) to the north, and the west coast of Greece, including the Peloponnese.


title: Ionian Sea

text: All major islands in the sea, which are located in the east of the sea, belong to Greece. They are collectively named the Ionian Islands, the main ones being Corfu, Kefalonia, Zakynthos, Lefkada, and Ithaca.


title: Ionian Sea

text: There are ferry routes between Patras and Igoumenitsa, Greece, and Brindisi and Ancona, Italy, that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea, and from Piraeus westward. Calypso Deep, the deepest point in the Mediterranean at , is in the Ionian Sea, at . The sea is one of the most seismically active areas in the world.


title: Ionian Sea

text: The name "Ionian" comes from the Greek word . Its etymology is unknown. Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io. In ancient Greek the adjective "Ionios" () was used as an epithet for the sea because Io swam across it. According to the "Oxford Classical Dictionary", the name may derive from Ionians who sailed to the West. There were also narratives about other eponymic legendary figures; according to one version, "Ionius" was a son of "Adrias" (eponymic for the Adriatic Sea); according to another, "Ionius" was a son of "Dyrrhachus". When Dyrrhachus was attacked by his own brothers, Heracles, who was passing through the area, came to his aid, but in the fight the hero killed his ally's son by mistake. The body was cast into the water, and thereafter was called the Ionian Sea.


title: Ionian Sea

text: The Sea was the location of the famous naval battle between Octavian and Marc Antony known as The Battle of Actium, a war fought in 31 BC, and is also famous for the hero from Ancient Greek mythology named Odysseus, who was from the island of Ithaca.


title: Victor Wooten

text: Victor Lemonte Wooten (born September 11, 1964) is an American bassist, songwriter, and record producer. He has been the bassist for Béla Fleck and the Flecktones since the group's formation in 1988 and a member of the band SMV with two other bassists, Stanley Clarke and Marcus Miller. From 2017 to 2019 he recorded as the bassist for the metal band Nitro.


title: Victor Wooten

text: He owns Vix Records, which releases his albums. He wrote the novel "The Music Lesson: A Spiritual Search for Growth Through Music". He later released the book's sequel, "The Spirit of Music: The Lesson Continues," on February 2nd, 2021.


title: Victor Wooten

text: Wooten is the recipient of five Grammy Awards.<ref name="official bio/Wooten"></ref> He won the Bass Player of the Year award from "Bass Player" magazine three times and is the first person to win the award more than once. In 2011, he was ranked No. 10 in the Top 10 Bassists of All Time by "Rolling Stone" magazine.


title: Victor Wooten

text: In 2018-2019 Wooten was diagnosed with a rare neurological condition called focal dystonia in his hands and upper body, which had been limiting his ability to play in previous years, but has since abated somewhat.


title: Victor Wooten

text: Born to Dorothy and Elijah Wooten, Victor is the youngest of the five Wooten brothers; Regi, Roy, Rudy, and Joseph Wooten are all musicians. Regi began to teach Victor to play bass when he was two, and by the age of six, he was performing with his brothers in their family band, The Wooten Brothers Band. As a United States Air Force family, they moved often when Wooten was young. The family settled in Newport News, Virginia in 1972. Wooten graduated from Denbigh High School in 1982. While in high school, he and his brothers played in the country music venue at Busch Gardens theme park in Williamsburg, Virginia. In 1987, he traveled to Nashville, Tennessee, to visit friends that he made at the theme park. One of them was a studio engineer who introduced him to Béla Fleck, with whom he has often collaborated.


title: Victor Wooten

text: In 2000, Wooten created a music program called Bass/Nature camp that was expanded into Victor Wooten's Center for Music and Nature and includes all instruments. His camps are at Wooten Woods, a 147-acre retreat in Only, Tennessee, near Nashville. Wooten co-leads the "Victor Wooten/Berklee Summer Bass Workshop" at Berklee College of Music in Boston. At Berklee and his own camps, he collaborates with Berklee Bass Department chair, Steve Bailey. The two bassists have been teaching together since the early 1990s.


title: Victor Wooten

text: Wooten is most often seen playing Fodera basses, of which he has a signature model. His most famous Fodera, a 1983 Monarch Deluxe he refers to as "number 1," sports a Kahler Tremolo System model 2400 bridge. Fodera's "Yin Yang" basses (co-designed by and created for Wooten) incorporates the Yin Yang symbol—which Wooten uses in various media—as a focal point of the top's design and construction. The symbol is created from two pieces of naturally finished wood (Ebony and Holly, for example), fitted together to create the Yin-Yang pattern.


title: Victor Wooten

text: As well as playing electric bass (both fretted and fretless) and the double bass, he played cello in high school. He still plays cello occasionally with the Flecktones as well as in the 2012 Sword and Stone/Words and Tones tour.


title: Abdominal distension

text: Abdominal distension occurs when substances, such as air (gas) or fluid, accumulate in the abdomen causing its expansion. It is typically a symptom of an underlying disease or dysfunction in the body, rather than an illness in its own right. People with this condition often describe it as "feeling bloated". Affected people often experience a sensation of fullness, abdominal pressure, and sometimes nausea, pain, or cramping. In the most extreme cases, upward pressure on the diaphragm and lungs can also cause shortness of breath. Through a variety of causes (see below), bloating is most commonly due to buildup of gas in the stomach, small intestine, or colon. The pressure sensation is often relieved, or at least lessened, by belching or flatulence. Medications that settle gas in the stomach and intestines are also commonly used to treat the discomfort and lessen the abdominal distension.


title: Abdominal distension

text: One of the causes of abnormal bloating is excessive eating and air swallowing, known as aerophagia. Other causes of bloating and distension include inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, functional dyspepsia, or transient constipation. In rare cases, bloating may occur in individuals who have milk intolerance (lactose intolerance), parasite infections such as giardia, food poisoning (bacteria), celiac disease, severe peptic ulcer disease, bowel obstruction, or after certain types of abdominal surgery.


title: Abdominal distension

text: Heart failure and cirrhosis are also a common cause of distension. In both of these disorders, fluid accumulates in the abdomen and creates a sensation of fullness. Abdominal distension can also be a symptom of ovarian cancer. Women are more prone to bloating and often identify these symptoms during menstruation. Some individuals who develop distension may have either poor motility of their intestines or may be hypersensitive to gut sensations. Certain medications, such as antidepressants and anti-spasmodics, can contribute to reduced gut motility. Studies have shown that swallowing air during eating or delayed emptying of the stomach from hyperacidity leads to bloating after a meal. Individuals who are constipated also complain of bloating. In some individuals who are hypersensitive, any volume of air may be perceived as fullness and there may not be actual abdominal distension.


title: Abdominal distension

text: Persistent or recurrent bloating may be caused by intestinal parasites, other infections, or other medical conditions.


title: Abdominal distension

text: The first step in diagnosis is to determine the etiology of abdominal distension. After making a differential diagnosis of abdominal distension, it is important to take a careful medical history.


title: Abdominal distension

text: Here are the most common causes of abdominal distension classified as an underlying cause and as a secondary disease.


title: Abdominal distension

text: Bloating is not life-threatening. In most cases, bloating can be handled with simple home remedies and changes in lifestyle.


title: Abdominal distension

text: Certain foods have been known to worsen bloating. Poorly digested components of many foods are excreted into the large intestine where they are degraded by bacteria, producing excess gas. Depending on the undigested component, this may affect the odor and the volume of gas created.


title: Abdominal distension

text: Excess dietary fiber intake is a known cause of belching, gas and bloating. Many vegetables are known to cause bloating due to high levels of fiber and undigestible sugars such as raffinose (e.g., beans, cabbage, broccoli).


title: Abdominal distension

text: There are many individuals who are unable to tolerate dairy products because of lactose intolerance. Such foods should be eliminated from the diet if symptoms develop.


title: Abdominal distension

text: For some people, recurrent distension symptoms worsen their quality of life and thus many resort to health supplements or medications. Dietary supplements containing various enzymes, for example Beano, are formulated to help break down complex carbohydrates and vegetables in order to reduce substances in the gut that cause bacterial overgrowth and subsequent bloating. Though these enzymes can help reduce gas and belching, they may not always reduce bloating.


title: Abdominal distension

text: Other over-the-counter formulas recommended for bloating include simethicone and activated charcoal. Probiotics are also used to treat bloating based on the theory that improved gut flora will improve digestion and lessen gas generation.


title: Eric Allan Kramer

text: Eric Allan Kramer (born March 26, 1962) is an American actor and fight choreographer. Kramer has appeared in numerous feature films and television programs including "True Romance" and "" and is also known for his performances as Thor in "The Incredible Hulk Returns" (1988), and as Scott Miller on AMC's "Lodge 49" but is best known for his role as Dave Rogers on "The Hughleys" and Bob Duncan on "Good Luck Charlie" from 2010–2014. He also appeared as Iron Mike Wilcox in the 2019 video game "Days Gone".


title: Eric Allan Kramer

text: Kramer's father, Roger Kramer, is a former CFL player. Kramer attended the BFA program at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, which led to acting in the theater and some television and movie roles, as well as a career in fight choreography.


title: Eric Allan Kramer

text: In 1987, Kramer made his acting debut in television film "The Gunfighters". He also starred in the 1990 film "Quest for the Mighty Sword," replacing previous lead actor Miles O'Keeffe. He played Thor in NBC's television film "The Incredible Hulk Returns" and a Russian baseball player in the television movie "The Comrades of Summer". Among Kramer's more notable roles have been Little John in "", Bear in "American Wedding", and Boris, bodyguard to producer Lee Donowitz, in "True Romance". He has also appeared in a number of notable television series, including "Two and a Half Men", "Wizards of Waverly Place", "Growing Pains", "Cheers", "Empty Nest", "Blossom", "", "NewsRadio", "JAG", "Roseanne", "Murder, She Wrote", "Seinfeld", "That '70s Show", "Ellen", "Monk", "Jack and Bobby", "Phil of the Future", "How I Met Your Mother", "The King of Queens", "My Name Is Earl", and "Will and Grace" (where he was in the same episode as his "Good Luck Charlie" wife Leigh-Allyn Baker). Kramer was also a series regular on the sitcom "Bob" as Whitey van de Bunt (1993) and the ABC/UPN sitcom "The Hughleys" as Dave Rogers.


title: Eric Allan Kramer

text: Kramer continues to work on the stage as a member of the Antaeus Classical Rep Company in Los Angeles and received an Ovatti Award nomination for his role in "The Wood Demon". He also co-starred as Bob Duncan on the Disney Channel sitcom "Good Luck Charlie". He also played Link's dad in the Nickelodeon series "The Thundermans".


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: Red Bull Bragantino, commonly known as Bragantino, is a Brazilian football club based in Bragança Paulista, São Paulo. It competes in the Série A, the top tier of the Brazilian football league system, as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1, the highest level of the São Paulo state football league.


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: The club was known as Clube Atlético Bragantino, before club administration was taken over by Red Bull GmbH in 2020 who renamed the club and changed its colours from its traditional black and white to red and white.


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: Although the partnership began in April 2019, during the 2019 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B (second division of Brazilian football), the team was called 'Bragantino' and Red Bull appeared only as a sponsor. In the 2020 season the name changed to 'Red Bull Bragantino'.


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: In their first season, they were champions of the 2019 Série B being promoted to the Série A and qualifying for the 2020 Copa do Brasil round of 16.


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: In 1949 the club played in the Campeonato Paulista Second Division for the first time. In 1965 Bragantino was promoted to the Campeonato Paulista First Division for the first time. In 1966, however, the club was relegated to the Campeonato Paulista Second Division.


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: In 1988 Bragantino was the Campeonato Paulista Second Division champion. In 1989 the club was promoted to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time after winning the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. In 1990 Bragantino defeated the Novorizontino to win the Campeonato Paulista First Division. The final was nicknamed the "caipira final" ("final caipira", in Portuguese language).


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: In 1991 the club was the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A runner-up. In the final, Bragantino was defeated by São Paulo. In 1992 the club competed in the Copa CONMEBOL, debuting in international competitions. In 1993 Bragantino competed in the Copa CONMEBOL for the second time. In 1995 the club was relegated to the Campeonato Paulista Second Division. In 1996 Bragantino competed in the Copa CONMEBOL for the third time.


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: In 1998 the club was relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. In 2002, after a poor campaign, Bragantino were relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C. In 2005 the club was promoted to the Campeonato Paulista First Division. In 2007 Bragantino won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C thus being promoted to the following year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série B.


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: In April 2019 Bragantino signed a deal with Red Bull GmbH handling over management of all their football-related assets. From 2020 a new logo and the name of "Red Bull Bragantino" was introduced.


title: Red Bull Bragantino

text: Red Bull Bragantino's stadium is the Estádio Nabi Abi Chedid, built in 1949 with a maximum capacity of 21,210 people. The stadium, owned by the Clube Atlético Bragantino, honors Nabi Abi Chedid, a former president of the club and father of present president Marco Antônio Abi Chedid. It had previously been named the Estádio Marcelo Stéfani, in honor of Marcelo Stéfani, a player and former president of the club. As Estádio Marcelo Stéfani, the stadium was also known by the nickname Marcelão. The name change was effected on 6 January 2009 amid criticism from the Bragança Paulista population.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: The Prince Albert (PA) is one of the most common male genital piercings. The PA is "a ring-style piercing that extends along the underside of the glans from the urethral opening to where the glans meets the shaft of the penis." The related "reverse Prince Albert piercing" enters through the urethra and exits through a hole pierced in the top of the glans.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: While some piercers may choose to avoid the nerve bundle that runs along the center of the frenulum altogether, others may choose otherwise. The piercing can be centred if the bearer is circumcised. Otherwise, the piercing must be done off-centre so that the surrounding skin can reposition itself.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: The piercer usually starts by pushing a metal or glass tube down the urethra, or using their fingers to hold the urethra open. The piercer then slides the needle into the frenulum and goes up the tube, using pliers to bend the ring into shape.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: The Prince Albert healing time can take from 4 weeks to 6 months. A fresh PA piercing may cause bleeding, swelling and inflammation. In rare cases, it can lead to local infections. Some men find that the dribble caused by the PA when urinating necessitates sitting down to urinate. With practice, some men can control the stream while standing.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: Some PA wearers report it enhances sexual pleasure for both partners. However, others penetrated by males with this piercing report discomfort. PA rings can cause additional discomfort to female partners in cases when the penis comes in contact with the cervix. Sexual partners of those with piercings may experience complications during oral sex such as chipped teeth, choking, foreign bodies getting stuck between the partner's teeth, and mucosal injury to receptive partners.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: As with many piercings, there is risk of the jewelry becoming caught on clothing and being pulled or torn out. Very large gauge or heavy jewelry can cause thinning of the tissue between the urethral opening and the healed fistula resulting in an accidental tearing or other complications with sexual experiences. Conversely, extremely thin jewelry can cause the same tearing in what is commonly referred to as the "cheese cutter effect", either during sudden torsion or over a long period of wearing, especially if the thin jewelry bears any weight.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: Prince Albert piercings are typically pierced at either 12 or 10g (2 or 2.5mm). They are often (gradually) stretched soon after, with jewelry within the 8g to 2g (3mm to 6.5mm) range being the most popular. One of the reasons not to perform the initial piercing at a small diameter (16g or 14g) or otherwise to immediately stretch it to 10g or 8g using a taper is to prevent the 'cheese-cutter effect', although personal preference and individual anatomy also play a role in these decisions.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: Further stretching to sizes 0 or 00g (8 or 9mm) and larger is not uncommon. If a sufficiently heavy barbell or ring is worn continuously, a mild form of 'auto-stretching' can be observed. This means that stretching to a larger gauge is easier and might not require a taper.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: While most wearers find that PAs are comfortable to wear and rarely remove them, even during sex, some individuals have found that extremely large or heavy jewelry is uncomfortable to wear for long periods or interferes with the sexual functioning of the penis.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: Jewelry suitably worn in a Prince Albert piercing includes the circular barbell, curved barbell, captive bead, segment ring, and the prince's wand. Curved barbells used for PA piercings are worn such that one ball sits on the lower side of the penis and the other ball sits at the urethral opening. This type of jewelry prevents discomfort that can come from larger jewelry moving around during daily wear.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: The origin of this piercing is unknown. Many theories suggest that the piercing was used to secure the penis in some manner, rather than having a sexual or cultural purpose. Genital piercings appeared in the Kama Sutra as a way of enhancing sexual pleasure.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: In modern times, the Prince Albert piercing was popularized by Jim Ward in the early 1970s. In West Hollywood, Ward met Richard Simonton (aka Doug Malloy) and Fakir Musafar. Malloy published a pamphlet in which he concocted fanciful histories of genital piercings in particular. These apocryphal tales—which included the notion that Albert, the Prince Consort invented the piercing that shares his name in order to tame the appearance of his large penis in tight trousers—are widely circulated as urban legend. No historical proof of their veracity has been located independent of Malloy's assertions.


title: Prince Albert (genital piercing)

text: Like many other male genital piercings, it had a history of practice in gay male subculture in the twentieth century. It became more prominently known when body piercing expanded in the late 1970s and was gradually embraced by popular culture.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Air–fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to a solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel present in a combustion process. The combustion may take place in a controlled manner such as in an internal combustion engine or industrial furnace, or may result in an explosion (e.g., a dust explosion, gas or vapor explosion or in a thermobaric weapon).


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: The air–fuel ratio determines whether a mixture is combustible at all, how much energy is being released, and how much-unwanted pollutants are produced in the reaction. Typically a range of fuel to air ratios exists, outside of which ignition will not occur. These are known as the lower and upper explosive limits.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: In an internal combustion engine or industrial furnace, the air–fuel ratio is an important measure for anti-pollution and performance-tuning reasons. If exactly enough air is provided to completely burn all of the fuel, the ratio is known as the stoichiometric mixture, often abbreviated to stoich. Ratios lower than stoichiometric are considered "rich". Rich mixtures are less efficient, but may produce more power and burn cooler. Ratios higher than stoichiometric are considered "lean". Lean mixtures are more efficient but may cause higher temperatures, which can lead to the formation of nitrogen oxides. Some engines are designed with features to allow lean-burn. For precise air–fuel ratio calculations, the oxygen content of combustion air should be specified because of different air density due to different altitude or intake air temperature, possible dilution by ambient water vapor, or enrichment by oxygen additions.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: In theory, a stoichiometric mixture has just enough air to completely burn the available fuel. In practice, this is never quite achieved, due primarily to the very short time available in an internal combustion engine for each combustion cycle.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Most of the combustion process is completed in approximately 2 milliseconds at an engine speed of . (100 revolutions per second; 10 milliseconds per revolution of the crankshaft. For a four-stroke engine would mean 5 milliseconds for each piston stroke, and 20 milliseconds to complete one four stroke, 720 degree cycle (the Otto cycle). This is the time that elapses from the spark plug firing until 90% of the fuel–air mix is combusted, typically some 80 degrees of crankshaft rotation later. Catalytic converters are designed to work best when the exhaust gases passing through them are the result of nearly perfect combustion.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: A perfectly stoichiometric mixture burns very hot and can damage engine components if the engine is placed under high load at this fuel–air mixture. Due to the high temperatures at this mixture, the detonation of the fuel-air mix while approaching or shortly after maximum cylinder pressure is possible under high load (referred to as knocking or pinging), specifically a "pre-detonation" event in the context of a spark-ignition engine model. Such detonation can cause serious engine damage as the uncontrolled burning of the fuel-air mix can create very high pressures in the cylinder. As a consequence, stoichiometric mixtures are only used under light to low-moderate load conditions. For acceleration and high-load conditions, a richer mixture (lower air–fuel ratio) is used to produce cooler combustion products (thereby utilizing evaporative cooling), and so avoid overheating of the cylinder head, and thus prevent detonation.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: The stoichiometric mixture for a gasoline engine is the ideal ratio of air to fuel that burns all fuel with no excess air. For gasoline fuel, the stoichiometric air–fuel mixture is about 14.7:1 i.e. for every one gram of fuel, 14.7 grams of air are required. For pure octane fuel, the oxidation reaction is:


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Any mixture greater than 14.7:1 is considered a lean mixture; any less than 14.7:1 is a rich mixture – given perfect (ideal) "test" fuel (gasoline consisting of solely "n"-heptane and iso-octane). In reality, most fuels consist of a combination of heptane, octane, a handful of other alkanes, plus additives including detergents, and possibly oxygenators such as MTBE (methyl "tert"-butyl ether) or ethanol/methanol. These compounds all alter the stoichiometric ratio, with most of the additives pushing the ratio downward (oxygenators bring extra oxygen to the combustion event in liquid form that is released at the time of combustions; for MTBE-laden fuel, a stoichiometric ratio can be as low as 14.1:1). Vehicles that use an oxygen sensor or other feedback loops to control fuel to air ratio (lambda control), compensate automatically for this change in the fuel's stoichiometric rate by measuring the exhaust gas composition and controlling fuel volume. Vehicles without such controls (such as most motorcycles until recently, and cars predating the mid-1980s) may have difficulties running certain fuel blends (especially winter fuels used in some areas) and may require different carburetor jets (or otherwise have the fueling ratios altered) to compensate. Vehicles that use oxygen sensors can monitor the air–fuel ratio with an air–fuel ratio meter.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: In the typical air to natural gas combustion burner, a double-cross limit strategy is employed to ensure ratio control. (This method was used in World War II). The strategy involves adding the opposite flow feedback into the limiting control of the respective gas (air or fuel). This assures ratio control within an acceptable margin.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: There are other terms commonly used when discussing the mixture of air and fuel in internal combustion engines.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Mixture is the predominant word that appears in training texts, operation manuals, and maintenance manuals in the aviation world.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Air–fuel ratio is the ratio between the "mass" of air and the mass of fuel in the fuel–air mix at any given moment. The mass is the mass of all constituents that compose the fuel and air, whether combustible or not. For example, a calculation of the mass of natural gas—which often contains carbon dioxide (), nitrogen (), and various alkanes—includes the mass of the carbon dioxide, nitrogen and all alkanes in determining the value of "m".


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: In naturally aspirated engines powered by octane, maximum power is frequently reached at AFRs ranging from 12.5 to 13.3:1 or "λ" of 0.850 to 0.901.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: The air-fuel ratio of 12:1 is considered as the maximum output ratio, whereas the air-fuel ratio of 16:1 is considered as the maximum fuel economy ratio.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Fuel–air ratio is commonly used in the gas turbine industry as well as in government studies of internal combustion engine, and refers to the ratio of fuel to the air.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Air–fuel equivalence ratio, "λ" (lambda), is the ratio of actual AFR to stoichiometry for a given mixture. "λ" = 1.0 is at stoichiometry, rich mixtures "λ" < 1.0, and lean mixtures "λ" > 1.0.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: There is a direct relationship between "λ" and AFR. To calculate AFR from a given "λ", multiply the measured "λ" by the stoichiometric AFR for that fuel. Alternatively, to recover "λ" from an AFR, divide AFR by the stoichiometric AFR for that fuel. This last equation is often used as the definition of "λ":


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Because the composition of common fuels varies seasonally, and because many modern vehicles can handle different fuels when tuning, it makes more sense to talk about "λ" values rather than AFR.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Most practical AFR devices actually measure the amount of residual oxygen (for lean mixes) or unburnt hydrocarbons (for rich mixtures) in the exhaust gas.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: The fuel–air equivalence ratio, "ϕ" (phi), of a system is defined as the ratio of the fuel-to-oxidizer ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-to-oxidizer ratio. Mathematically,


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: where "m" represents the mass, "n" represents a number of moles, subscript st stands for stoichiometric conditions.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: The advantage of using equivalence ratio over fuel–oxidizer ratio is that it takes into account (and is therefore independent of) both mass and molar values for the fuel and the oxidizer. Consider, for example, a mixture of one mole of ethane () and one mole of oxygen (). The fuel–oxidizer ratio of this mixture based on the mass of fuel and air is


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Clearly the two values are not equal. To compare it with the equivalence ratio, we need to determine the fuel–oxidizer ratio of ethane and oxygen mixture. For this we need to consider the stoichiometric reaction of ethane and oxygen,


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: Another advantage of using the equivalence ratio is that ratios greater than one always mean there is more fuel in the fuel–oxidizer mixture than required for complete combustion (stoichiometric reaction), irrespective of the fuel and oxidizer being used—while ratios less than one represent a deficiency of fuel or equivalently excess oxidizer in the mixture. This is not the case if one uses fuel–oxidizer ratio, which takes different values for different mixtures.


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: The fuel–air equivalence ratio is related to the air–fuel equivalence ratio (defined previously) as follows:


title: Air–fuel ratio

text: The relative amounts of oxygen enrichment and fuel dilution can be quantified by the mixture fraction, Z, defined as