title: Lost Girl

text: On April 14, 2013, Showcase released "Lost Girl: The Game", a free interactive mobile game app for iOS and Android devices. The release of the game coincided with the Season 3 finale. Syfy launched the game on April 22, 2013, to correspond with the conclusion of the season in the United States.


title: Lost Girl

text: On January 6, 2013, Showcase and Prodigy Pictures held the first "Lost Girl" live tweeting event during the broadcasts of the "Lost Girl ConFAEdential" pre-show special and the Season 3 premiere on Showcase, with Anna Silk, Ksenia Solo, Zoie Palmer, Rick Howland, and K.C. Collins.


title: Lost Girl

text: The live tweeting event was repeated on January 14, 2013, during the U.S. premiere of Season 3 on Syfy, with Anna Silk, Kris Holden-Ried, Ksenia Solo, Zoie Palmer, Rick Howland, K.C. Collins, and Paul Amos.


title: Lost Girl

text: , "Lost Girl" Facebook page had 370,310 likes and its official Twitter had 66,000 followers, giving the series a large social media presence.


title: Lost Girl

text: Ratings for the 9 p.m. series premiere on September 12, 2010, was over "400,000 viewers (2+)" and "another 184,000 (2+)" for the episode rerun at 10:40 p.m., making "Lost Girl" the "highest-rated Canadian scripted series premiere of all time on Showcase."


title: Lost Girl

text: In Canada, Rob Salem of the "Toronto Star" described the show as one that "definitely bears watching".


title: Lost Girl

text: Vladislav Tinchev, writer for the German site "Serienjunkies" wrote that the series would benefit from "revealing more background information about the represented world," rather than spend time on "clumsy action scenes". But Tinchev pointed out that ""Lost Girl" is not lost at all, and has immediately won the audience and entertains them well. And there is nothing wrong with that, because TV series need not be world-shaking events."


title: Lost Girl

text: In anticipation of its United States premiere, Brian Lowry of "Variety" wrote: "At first glance, "Lost Girl" looks like another one of those Canadian imports picked up mostly for financial reasons. The pilot, however, proves unexpectedly fun—a sort of diluted version of "True Blood"... but the show has wit, style and an enticing lead in the leather-clad Anna Silk." Writing for "The New York Times", Mike Hale said: "Like other fantasy-tinged shows on Syfy and USA, it offers the minor pleasures of formulaic fantasy and weekly puzzle solving, though in a cheaper-looking and less original package than usual..." In a post-premiere review for "The Huffington Post", Mauren Ryan wrote: "No one can say there's been a dearth of genre-tinged programs on television in recent years. The vampire boom of the mid-aughts was followed by the zombie bonanza of the last couple of years; all in all, we're awash in various undead and otherworldly creatures...But one of the reasons "Lost Girl" has made such a big impression on me...is because the Syfy show does what so many genre programs fail to do these days: It has fun with its premise...But don't expect "Lost Girl" to be perfect: Bo's universe can seem constricted at times, the weekly clients and monsters aren't always interesting and occasionally the storytelling has abrupt moments. But my occasional complaints have been overwhelmed by my growing appreciation of what creator Michelle Lovretta has done with this light drama: She's created a Hero's Journey with a self-confident woman — a succubus, no less — at the center of it...Lovretta has done something subversively impressive with "Lost Girl". She's built a whole show around the idea of a woman who is learning just how much she can or should take from others, and how much she can rely on herself."


title: Lost Girl

text: The relationship between Bo and Lauren became popularly referred to as "Doccubus" after fans of the couple combined "Doctor" Lauren Lewis with Bo's "Succubus" species (i.e. Doc+cubus) to create the alias. The term was used with the show's publicity and by entertainment media and bloggers when referring to the pairing.


title: Lost Girl

text: Episodes broadcast by Syfy in the United States have :90 seconds cut from their original 44:00 minutes to allow more time for commercial advertisements. In Season 2, the decision to edit an emotive scene between Bo and Lauren from "Scream a Little Dream" created controversy among LGBT fans of the show, resulting in the network being accused of insensitivity and censorship. "Lost Girl" producers responded to the backlash by issuing a public statement on the show's Facebook page explaining that the edits were done in-house, and not by Syfy, for "timing and not content." As noted by Dorothy Snarker writing for "AfterEllen": "With so little representation of gay relationships on TV, every little touch matters." After this experience, beginning with Season 3, the original opening title sequence accompanied by the "Lost Girl Theme" song was replaced with opening credits superimposed over footage of the first scene, sparing :30 seconds from being cut from the episodes for Syfy (U.S.).


title: Lost Girl

text: In a 2012 report by TiVo of television programs watched at bedtime, "Lost Girl" was rated one of the top ten, most watched shows.


title: Lost Girl

text: In a Slate magazine 2012 year-end list of 15 favorite television shows that are a pleasure to watch, "Lost Girl" (on Syfy) was named "Number 1" on the list, and hailed as "Sexy, snarky, and Canadian."


title: Lost Girl

text: "Bo and Lauren" was chosen "Top TV Couple of 2013" by E! Online (E! Entertainment Television), with its competition in the annual popularity contest compared to a "David versus Goliath".


title: Lost Girl

text: On February 14, 2013, a CNN (Cable News Network) segment of its 35 favorite television couples, past and present, named "Bo and Lauren" couple "Number 9" in the list.


title: Lost Girl

text: "Lauren Lewis" was chosen "Number 1" by "AfterEllen" in its November 2013 survey of "The Top 25 Lesbian/Bi Characters on TV (Right Now)". "Bo" was named "Number 7" in the list.


title: Lost Girl

text: In an exclusive selection of the best Canadian television shows of 2013, "Lost Girl" was rated "Number 6" by some of Canada's top critics and television editors in "Canada's Best in Show" by TV Guide (Canada).


title: Lost Girl

text: HuffPost Canada TV ranked "Lost Girl" as the "Number 4" television show in its "Best Canadian TV Of 2013".


title: Lost Girl

text: In the annual "AfterEllen Visibility Awards", "Lost Girl", Lauren Lewis, and Zoie Palmer won the categories in which they were candidates for year 2013.


title: Lost Girl

text: At the 2014 Canadian Screen Awards, "Lost Girl" won the "Fan Choice Award for Favourite Canadian Show" and Zoie Palmer won the "Fan Choice Award for Favourite Canadian Screen Star". In 2015, Anna Silk received the "Fan Choice Award for Favourite Canadian Screen Star" by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television.


title: Lost Girl

text: "Bo Dennis" was named "Number 92" in the list of the top 100 "Best Sci-Fi Characters of All Time" by the British Film Institute.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: A tunnel boring machine (TBM), also known as a "mole", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They may also be used for microtunneling. They can be designed to bore through hard rock, wet or dry soil, or sand. Tunnel diameters can range from (micro-TBMs) to to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs. TBMs can be designed to excavate non-circular tunnels, including u-shaped, horseshoe, square or rectangular tunnels.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional "hand mining" in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in urban areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. The longer the tunnel, the less the relative cost of tunnel boring machines versus drill and blast methods. This is because tunneling with appropriate TBMs is much more efficient and shortens completion times. Drilling and blasting however remain the preferred method when working through heavily fractured and sheared rock layers.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: The first successful tunnelling shield was developed by Sir Marc Isambard Brunel to excavate the Thames Tunnel in 1825. However, this was only the invention of the shield concept and did not involve the construction of a complete tunnel boring machine, the digging still having to be accomplished by the then standard excavation methods.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: The first boring machine reported to have been built was Henri Maus's "Mountain Slicer". Commissioned by the King of Sardinia in 1845 to dig the Fréjus Rail Tunnel between France and Italy through the Alps, Maus had it built in 1846 in an arms factory near Turin. It consisted of more than 100 percussion drills mounted in the front of a locomotive-sized machine, mechanically power-driven from the entrance of the tunnel. The Revolutions of 1848 affected the funding, and the tunnel was not completed until 10 years later, by using less innovative and less expensive methods such as pneumatic drills.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: In the United States, the first boring machine to have been built was used in 1853 during the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel in northwest Massachusetts. Made of cast iron, it was known as "Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine", after inventor Charles Wilson. It drilled 10 feet into the rock before breaking down. (The tunnel was eventually completed more than 20 years later, and as with the Fréjus Rail Tunnel, by using less ambitious methods.) Wilson's machine anticipated modern TBMs in the sense that it employed cutting discs, like those of a disc harrow, which were attached to the rotating head of the machine. In contrast to traditional chiseling or drilling and blasting, this innovative method of removing rock relied on simple metal wheels to apply a transient high pressure that fractured the rock.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: In 1853, the American Ebenezer Talbot also patented a TBM that employed Wilson's cutting discs, although they were mounted on rotating arms, which in turn were mounted on a rotating plate. In the 1870s, John D. Brunton of England built a machine employing cutting discs that were mounted eccentrically on rotating plates, which in turn were mounted eccentrically on a rotating plate, so that the cutting discs would travel over almost all of the rock face that was to be removed.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: The first TBM that tunneled a substantial distance was invented in 1863 and improved in 1875 by British Army officer Major Frederick Edward Blackett Beaumont (1833–1895); Beaumont's machine was further improved in 1880 by British Army officer Major Thomas English (1843–1935). In 1875, the French National Assembly approved the construction of a tunnel under the English Channel and the British Parliament supported a trial run using English's TBM. Its cutting head consisted of a conical drill bit behind which were a pair of opposing arms on which were mounted cutting discs. From June 1882 to March 1883, the machine tunneled, through chalk, a total of 6,036 feet (1.84 km). A French engineer, Alexandre Lavalley, who was also a Suez Canal contractor, used a similar machine to drill 1,669 m (5,476 ft) from Sangatte on the French side. However, despite this success, the cross-Channel tunnel project was abandoned in 1883 after the British military raised fears that the tunnel might be used as an invasion route. Nevertheless, in 1883, this TBM was used to bore a railway ventilation tunnel — 7 feet (2.1 m) in diameter and 6,750 feet (2 km) long — between Birkenhead and Liverpool, England, through sandstone under the Mersey River.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: During the late 19th and early 20th century, inventors continued to design, build, and test TBMs in response to the need for tunnels for railroads, subways, sewers, water supplies, etc. TBMs employing rotating arrays of drills or hammers were patented. TBMs that resembled giant hole saws were proposed. Other TBMs consisted of a rotating drum with metal tines on its outer surface, or a rotating circular plate covered with teeth, or revolving belts covered with metal teeth. However, these TBMs proved expensive, cumbersome, and unable to excavate hard rock; interest in TBMs therefore declined. Nevertheless, TBM development continued in potash and coal mines, where the rock was softer.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: A TBM with a bore diameter of was manufactured by The Robbins Company for Canada's Niagara Tunnel Project. The machine was used to bore a hydroelectric tunnel beneath Niagara Falls. The machine was named "Big Becky" in reference to the Sir Adam Beck hydroelectric dams to which it tunnelled to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: An earth pressure balance TBM known as Bertha with a bore diameter of was produced by Hitachi Zosen Corporation in 2013. It was delivered to Seattle, Washington, for its Highway 99 tunnel project. The machine began operating in July 2013, but stalled in December 2013 and required substantial repairs that halted the machine until January 2016. Bertha completed boring the tunnel on April 4, 2017.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Two TBM's supplied by CREG excavated two tunnels for Kuala Lumpur's Rapid Transit with a boring diameter of 6,67m. The medium was water saturated sandy mudstone, schistose mudstone, highly weathered mudstone as well as alluvium. It achieved a maximum advance rate of more than 345m/month.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: The world's largest "hard rock" TBM, known as Martina, was built by Herrenknecht AG. Its excavation diameter was , total length ; excavation area of , thrust value 39,485 t, total weight 4,500 tons, total installed capacity 18 MW. Its yearly energy consumption was about 62 million kWh). It is owned and operated by the Italian construction company Toto S.p.A. Costruzioni Generali (Toto Group) for the Sparvo gallery of the Italian Motorway Pass A1 ("Variante di Valico A1"), near Florence. The same company built the world's largest-diameter slurry TBM, excavation diameter of , owned and operated by the French construction company Dragages Hong Kong (Bouygues' subsidiary) for the Tuen Mun Chek Lap Kok link in Hong Kong.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Modern TBMs typically consist of the rotating cutting wheel, called a cutter head, followed by a main bearing, a thrust system and trailing support mechanisms. The type of machine used depends on the particular geology of the project, the amount of ground water present and other factors.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: In hard rock, either shielded or open-type TBMs can be used. Hard rock TBMs cut rock with discs mounted in the cutter head. The disc cutters create compressive stress fractures in the rock, cracking chips from the tunnel face. The excavated rock (muck) is transferred through openings in the cutter head to a belt conveyor that carries it through the machine to a system of conveyors or muck cars.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Open-type TBMs have no shield, leaving the area behind the cutter head open for rock support. To advance, the machine uses a gripper system that pushes against the tunnel walls. Machines such as a Wirth machine can be steered only while ungripped. Other machines can be continuously steered. When gripped, the machine pushes forward. At the end of a cycle, the rear legs are lowered, while the grippers and propel cylinders are retracted and the machine advances. The grippers then reengage and the rear legs lift for the next boring cycle.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Open-type, or Main Beam machines do not install concrete segments behind. Instead, the rock is held up using ground support methods such as ring beams, rock bolts, shotcrete, steel straps, ring steel and wire mesh.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: In fractured rock, shielded TBMs can be used. They erect concrete segments behind the machine to support tunnel walls. Double Shield TBMs have two modes; in stable ground they grip the tunnel walls to advance. In unstable, fractured ground, the thrust is shifted to thrust cylinders that push against the tunnel segments behind the machine. This keeps the thrust forces from impacting fragile tunnel walls. Single Shield TBMs operate in the same way, but are used only in fractured ground, as they can only push against concrete segments.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: In soft ground, the three main types of TBMs are: Earth Pressure Balance Machines (EPB), Slurry Shield (SS) and open-face. Both types of closed machines operate like Single Shield TBMs, using thrust cylinders to advance by pushing off against concrete segments. EPB machines are used in soft ground with less than 7 bar of pressure. The cutter head uses a combination of tungsten carbide cutting bits, carbide disc cutters, drag picks and/or hard rock disc cutters. The EPB machine's name come from the use of excavated material to create pressure at the tunnel face. Pressure is maintained by controlling the rate of extraction of spoil (using an Archimedes screw) and the advance rate. Additives such as bentonite, polymers and foam can be injected ahead of the face to increase ground stability. Additives can be injected in the cutterhead/extraction screw to ensure that the spoil remains sufficiently cohesive to form a plug in the screw to maintain pressure and restrict water flow.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: In soft ground with high water pressure or where ground conditions are granular (sands and gravels) to the extent that a plug cannot be formed in the screw, Slurry Shield TBMs are employed. The cutterhead is filled with pressurised slurry that applies hydrostatic pressure to the excavation face. The slurry acts as a transport medium by mixing with the excavated material before it is pumped out of the cutterhead to a slurry separation plant, usually outside the tunnel. Slurry separation plants are multi-stage filtration systems, which separate spoil from the slurry to allow reuse. The limit to which slurry can be 'cleaned' depends on the relative particle size of the excavated material. Slurry TBMs are not suitable for silts and clays as the particle sizes of the spoil are less than that of the bentonite clay from which the slurry is made. In this case, the slurry is separated into water, which can be recycled and a clay cake, which may be polluted, that is pressed from the water.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Open face TBMs in soft ground rely on the face of the excavated ground to stand up without support for a short interval. This makes them suitable for use in rock types with a strength of up to 10MPa or so, and with low water inflows. Face sizes in excess of 10 metres can be excavated in this manner. The face is excavated using a backactor arm or cutter head to within 150mm of the edge of the shield. The shield is jacked forward and cutters on the front of the shield cut the remaining ground to the same circular shape. Ground support is provided by precast concrete, or occasionally spheroidal graphite iron (SGI) segments that are bolted or supported until a full support ring has been erected. A final segment, called the key, is wedge-shaped, and expands the ring until it is tight against the circular cut of the ground left behind.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: While the use of TBMs relieves the need for large numbers of workers to labor at high pressures, a caisson system is sometimes formed at the cutting head for slurry shield TBMs. Workers entering this space for inspection, maintenance and repair need to be medically cleared as "fit to dive" (to survive the elevated pressure) and trained in the operation of the locks.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Herrenknecht AG designed a soft ground TBM for the Orlovski Tunnel, a project in Saint Petersburg, but it was never built.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Micro tunnel shield method is a digging technique used to construct small tunnels, and diminish in size of general tunnelling shield. Micro tunnel boring machines are quite similar to general tunnelling shields but on a smaller scale. They generally vary from , too small for operators to walk in.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Behind all types of tunnel boring machines, in the finished part of the tunnel, are trailing support decks known as the backup system, whose mechanisms can include conveyors or other systems for muck removal; slurry pipelines (if applicable); control rooms; electrical, dust-removal and ventilation systems; and mechanisms for transport of pre-cast segments.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: Urban tunnelling has the special requirement that the surface remain undisturbed, and that ground subsidence be avoided. The normal method of doing this in soft ground is to maintain soil pressures during and after construction.


title: Tunnel boring machine

text: TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if ground conditions are well documented. When tunnelling in urban environments, other tunnels, existing utility lines and deep foundations must be considered, and the project must accommodate measures to mitigate any detrimental effects to other infrastructure.


title: Xi (letter)

text: Xi is the name of the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet (uppercase Ξ, lowercase ξ; ), representing the voiceless consonant cluster . It is pronounced in Modern Greek, and generally or in English. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 60. Xi was derived from the Phoenician letter samekh .


title: Xi (letter)

text: Both in classical Ancient Greek and in Modern Greek, the letter Ξ represents the consonant cluster /ks/. In some archaic local variants of the Greek alphabet, this letter was missing. Instead, especially in the dialects of most of the Greek mainland and Euboea, the cluster /ks/ was represented by Χ (which in classical Greek is chi, used for ).


title: Xi (letter)

text: Because this variant of the Greek alphabet was used in Magna Graecia (the Greek colonies in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian peninsula), the Latin alphabet borrowed Χ rather than Ξ as the Latin letter that represented the /ks/ cluster that was also present in Latin.


title: Xi (letter)

text: The following characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.


title: Xi (letter)

text: Uppercase Ξ is used as an 'E' to stylise company names/logos like Razer (styled as RΛZΞR), Tesla (styled as TΞSLA), musician Banners (styled as BANNΞRS), and in South Korean boy group 's newest logo (styled as "ZΞA") (Compare: Heavy Metal umlaut; Faux Cyrillic)


title: Christine Kaufmann

text: Christine Maria Kaufmann (; 11 January 1945 – 28 March 2017) was a German-Austrian actress, author, and businesswoman. The daughter of a German father and a French mother, she won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress for "Town Without Pity" in 1961, the first German to be so honoured.


title: Christine Kaufmann

text: Kaufmann was born in Lengdorf, Styria, Austria. Her mother, Geneviève Kaufmann (née Gavaert), was a French make-up artist; her father, Johannes Kaufmann, was a German Luftwaffe officer and engineer.


title: Christine Kaufmann

text: Growing up in Munich, Bavaria, Kaufmann became a ballerina at the Munich Opera. She began her film career at the age of seven in "The White Horse Inn" (1952) and appeared as a lead actress in "Der Schweigende Engel" the same year, but gained big attention with "Rose-Girl Resli" in 1954. She achieved international recognition when she starred with Steve Reeves in "The Last Days of Pompeii" (1959) and with Kirk Douglas in "Town Without Pity" (1961). The following year she appeared in "Escape from East Berlin" and with future husband Tony Curtis in "Taras Bulba".


title: Christine Kaufmann

text: Kaufmann resumed her career, which she had interrupted during her marriage with Curtis, notably with supporting roles in the Rainer Werner Fassbinder films "Lili Marleen" and "Lola". She often worked with German director Helmut Dietl, for example in the satirical television series "Monaco Franze". In 1987, she played a glamorous tattoo artist in the cult classic "Bagdad Cafe", an offbeat comedy set in a desolate truck stop café and motel in the Mojave Desert. Her last role was Aunt Polly in the American film "Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn" (2014), co-starring Jake T. Austin and Val Kilmer.


title: Christine Kaufmann

text: In her later years, Kaufmann was also a successful businesswoman; she promoted her own line of cosmetics products that sold well in Germany. From her 40s until her death, the media often called Kaufmann the "most beautiful grandmother in Germany". She wrote several books about beauty and health, as well as two autobiographies.


title: Christine Kaufmann

text: At age 18 in 1963, Kaufmann married her "Taras Bulba" co-star Tony Curtis. They had two daughters, Alexandra Theodora Dido Curtis (born 19 July 1964) and Allegra Curtis (born 11 July 1966). The couple divorced in 1968. Kaufmann married three more times: to television director Achim Lenz (1974–76), musician and actor Reno Eckstein (1979–1982) and illustrator Klaus Zey (1997–2011). On German television, Kaufmann admitted to having an affair with Warren Beatty.


title: Christine Kaufmann

text: Kaufmann enjoyed traveling. She moved from one place to another frequently. She spoke three languages: German, English, and French.


title: Christine Kaufmann

text: Kaufmann died of leukemia in Munich at age 72 on 28 March 2017, only a few days after she had been diagnosed with the disease.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: Hyoscine butylbromide, also known as scopolamine butylbromide and sold under the brandname Buscopan among others, is an anticholinergic medication used to treat crampy abdominal pain, esophageal spasms, renal colic, and bladder spasms. It is also used to improve respiratory secretions at the end of life. Hyoscine butylbromide can be taken by mouth, injection into a muscle, or into a vein.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: Side effects may include sleepiness, vision changes, dry mouth, rapid heart rate, triggering of glaucoma, and severe allergies. Sleepiness is uncommon. It is unclear if it is safe in pregnancy. It appears safe in breastfeeding. Greater care is recommended in those with heart problems. It is an anticholinergic agent, which does not have much effect on the brain.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: Hyoscine butylbromide was patented in 1950, and approved for medical use in 1951. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is not available in the United States, and a similar compound methscopolamine may be used instead. It is manufactured from hyoscine, which occurs naturally in the plant deadly nightshade.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: Hyoscine butylbromide is effective in reducing the duration of the first stage of labour, and it is not associated with any obvious adverse outcomes in mother or neonate.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: It is also used during abdominal, pelvic MRI, virtual colonoscopy, and double barium contrasted studies to improve the quality of pictures. Hyoscine butylbromide can reduce the peristaltic movement of the intestines and mucosal foldings, thus reducing the movement artifact of the images.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: Since little of the medication crosses the blood brain barrier, this drug has less effect on the brain and therefore causes a reduced occurrence of the centrally-mediated effects (such as delusions, somnolence and inhibition of motor functions) which reduce the usefulness of some other anticholinergic drugs.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: Hyoscine butylbromide is still capable of affecting the chemoreceptor trigger zone, due to the lack of a well-developed blood-brain barrier in the medulla oblongata, which increases the antiemetic effect it produces via local action on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: Other side effects include accommodation reflex disturbances, tachycardia, dry mouth, nausea; urinary retention, reduced blood pressure; dyshidrosis; Other symptoms are dizziness, flushing and immune system disorders (anaphylactic shock, potentially fatal); anaphylactic reactions; dyspnoea; skin reactions and other hypersensitivity reactions. Cautions should be taken for those with untreated glaucoma, heart failure, benign prostatic hypertrophy with urinary retention as hyoscine may exacerbates these conditions.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: Hyoscine butylbromide reduces smooth muscle contraction and the production of respiratory secretions. These are normally stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system, via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. As an antimuscarinic, hyoscine butylbromide binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, blocking their effect.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: It is a quaternary ammonium compound and a semisynthetic derivative of hyoscine hydrobromide (scopolamine). The attachment of the butyl-bromide moiety effectively prevents the movement of this drug across the blood–brain barrier, effectively minimising undesirable central nervous system side effects associated with scopolamine/hyoscine.


title: Hyoscine butylbromide

text: Hyoscine butylbromide is not centrally active and has a low incidence of abuse. In 2015, it was reported that prisoners at Wandsworth Prison and other UK prisons were smoking prescribed hyoscine butylbromide, releasing the potent hallucinogen scopolamine. There have also been reports of abuse in Mashhad Central Prison in Iran.


title: Clematis

text: Clematis is a genus of about 300 species within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. Their garden hybrids have been popular among gardeners, beginning with "Clematis" × "jackmanii", a garden standby since 1862; more hybrid cultivars are being produced constantly. They are mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin. Most species are known as clematis in English, while some are also known as traveller's joy, a name invented for the sole British native, "C. vitalba", by the herbalist John Gerard; virgin's bower for "C. terniflora", "C. virginiana", and "C. viticella"; old man's beard, applied to several with prominent seedheads; leather flower for those with fleshy petals; or vase vine for the North American "Clematis viorna".


title: Clematis

text: The genus name "Clematis" is from Ancient Greek κληματίς : "clēmatís," ("a climbing plant") from κλήμα : "klḗma" – 'twig, sprout, tendril'. Over 250 species and cultivars are known, often named for their originators or particular characteristics.


title: Clematis

text: The genus is composed of mostly vigorous, woody, climbing vines / lianas. The woody stems are quite fragile until several years old. Leaves are opposite and divided into leaflets and leafstalks that twist and curl around supporting structures to anchor the plant as it climbs. Some species are shrubby, while others, like "C. recta", are herbaceous perennial plants. The cool temperate species are deciduous, but many of the warmer climate species are evergreen. They grow best in cool, moist, well-drained soil in full sun.


title: Clematis

text: "Clematis" species are mainly found throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, rarely in the tropics. "Clematis" leaves are food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including the willow beauty ("Peribatodes rhomboidaria").


title: Clematis

text: The timing and location of flowers varies; spring-blooming clematis flower on side shoots of the previous year's stems, summer/fall blooming clematis bloom only on the ends of new stems, and twice-flowering clematis do both.


title: Clematis

text: The genus "Clematis" was first published by Carl Linnaeus in "Species Plantarum" in 1753, the first species listed being "Clematis viticella". The genus name long pre-dates Linnaeus. It was used in Classical Greek for various climbing plants, and is based on κλήμα (klēma), meaning vine or tendril.


title: Clematis

text: Some morphologically distinctive taxa lacking the combination of characters defining "Clematis" were formerly segregated as the genera "Archiclematis" (1 species) and "Naravelia" (several species). DNA sequence studies have found that these two genera are deeply nested in "Clematis", the morphological characters they were erected on being either reversals or misinterpretations, and that consequently the genera should be reduced to the synonymy of "Clematis". "Naravelia" is a monophyletic group within "Clematis".


title: Clematis

text: One recent classification recognised 297 species of clematis. Consequently, taxonomists and gardeners subdivide the genus. Several classification systems exist.


title: Clematis

text: Magnus Johnson divided "Clematis" into 19 sections, several with subsections. Christopher Grey-Wilson divided the genus into 9 subgenera ("Clematis, Cheiropsis, Flammula, Archiclematis, Campanella, Atragene, Tubulosae, Pseudanemone, Viorna"), several with sections and subsections within them. Several of the subdivisions are fairly consistent between these two systems; for example, all of Grey-Wilson's subgenera are used as sections by Johnson. Alternatively, John Howell defined twelve groups: the Evergreen, Alpina, Macropetala, Montana, Rockery, Early Large-Flowered, Late Large-Flowered, Herbaceous, Viticella, Texensis, Orientalis, and Late Mixed groups. Thorncroft Clematis, published their catalogue of 2000 with 8 subdivisions of clematis which was refined by 2006 to 16, those being Armandii, Atragene, Cirrhosa, Diversifolia, Flammula, Florida, Forsteri, Heracleifolia, Integrifolia, Montana, Tangutica, Texensis, Viticella, Early Large Flowered, Late Large Flowered and Species. For the most part the gardening public can understand these groups easily and yet this grouping system also offers enough diversity to divide clematis into meaningful groups for classification purposes. The RHS published its International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002 which acknowledges Wim Snoeijer of The Netherlands as the proposer of some of these new groups and he also influenced Thorncroft Clematis in the way their subdivisions were established.


title: Clematis

text: Many of the most popular garden forms are cultivars belonging to the Viticella section of the subgenus "Flammula" as defined by Grey-Wilson. These larger-flowered cultivars are often used within garden designs to climb archways, pergolas, or wall-mounted trellises, or to grow through companion plants. These forms normally have large 12–15 cm diameter upward-facing flowers and are believed to involve crosses of "C. patens", "C. lanuginosa", and "C. viticella". Early-season, large-flowering forms such as 'Nelly Moser' tend towards the natural flowering habit of "C. patens" or "C. lanuginosa" while later-flowering forms such as ×"jackmanii" are nearer in habit to "C. viticella".


title: Clematis

text: "Clematis patens" C.Morren "et" Decne. (), native to Japan, was introduced to Europe in 1836 by Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold. Today, it is the most frequently used species for developing large-flowered cultivars.


title: Clematis

text: The wild "Clematis" species, such as "Clematis florida", native to China had also made their way into Japanese gardens by the 17th century. These species were also brought to Europe through Japan.


title: Clematis

text: Japanese garden selections, mostly cultivated in Edo Period using species that are native to Japan or China, were the first exotic clematises to reach European gardens, in the 18th century, long before the Chinese species were identified in their native habitat at the end of the 19th century.


title: Clematis

text: After it arrived in Europe, it acquired several meanings during the Victorian era, famous for its nuanced flower symbolism. It came to symbolize both mental beauty and art as well as poverty.


title: Clematis

text: The climbing varieties are valued for their ability to scramble up walls, fences, and other structures, and also to grow through other plants, such as shrubs and trees. Some can be trained along the ground to provide cover. Because of their adaptability and masses of spectacular flowers, clematis are among the most popular of all garden plants. Many choice and rare cultivars are to be had from mail order and online catalogues. Specialists regularly put on displays in national flower shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show. In theory, it is possible to have a clematis in flower at any time throughout the year. Many varieties provide a second period of interest with a flush of flowers, or decorative seed heads.


title: Clematis

text: They will grow in any good garden soil. The roots usually require a moist, cool substrate, while the herbage can take full sun. Some more delicate cultivars such as 'Nelly Moser' do better in light shade. Many clematis can be grown successfully in containers.


title: Clematis

text: Different varieties and cultivars require varied pruning regimes from no pruning to heavy pruning annually. The pruning regime for a cultivated clematis falls into three categories:


title: Clematis

text: In the Atragene group are woody deciduous climbers with bell-shaped flowers in spring, produced on the last year's growth. These include 'Markham's Pink', a pale pink breed.


title: Clematis

text: In the "Clematis integrifolia" group (or Integrifolia group) are non- or semiclimbing plants that flower on the current year's growth. These include the violet-pink 'Arabella'.


title: Clematis

text: In the "Clematis montana" group (or Montana group) are vigorous climbers that flower in spring, such as:


title: Clematis

text: In the "Clematis viticella" group (or Viticella group) are compact deciduous climbers with small flowers produced on the current year's growth, such as:


title: Clematis

text: This follows the classification adopted by V. Matthews in The International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002, except that "C. ispahanica", now considered to have been included in error, has been omitted from the list of parent species in Tangutica Group.


title: Clematis

text: The European species did not enter into the herbalists' pharmacopeia. In the American Old West, the Western white clematis, "Clematis ligusticifolia", was called pepper vine by early travelers and pioneers, who took a tip from Spanish colonials and used seeds and the acrid leaves of "yerba de chivato" as a pepper substitute. The entire genus contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Unlike black pepper or "Capsicum", however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts. "C. ligusticifolia" is essentially toxic. When pruning them, it is a good idea to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections. Clematis is also a constituent of Bach's Rescue Remedy. Leaf extracts from two Ethiopian species ("Clematis longicauda" steud ex A. Rich. and "Clematis burgensis" Engl.) are used locally to treat ear disorders and eczema. Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these species showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. The extracts of these plants also possess wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which could also be attributed to the phytoconstituents.


title: Clematis

text: Clematis has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".


title: Clematis

text: "Clematis" species are susceptible to several pests and diseases. Clematis wilt, a stem rot caused by the fungus "Phoma clematidina", causes dramatic wilting and death of whole branches, although many species are resistant to it. The species of this genus are also alternate hosts of "Puccinia recondita" f.sp. "tritici". "C. mandshurica" specifically is known to provide inoculum transferrable to wheat in the former eastern Soviet territories, and several of this genus are hosts for several other "P. recondita" strains and other "Puccinia". Other pests and diseases include powdery mildew, viruses, slugs and snails, scale insects, aphids, earwigs, and green flower disease, which is usually caused by infection with a phytoplasma, a type of bacterium.


title: 500 Miles

text: "500 Miles" (also known as "500 Miles Away from Home" or "Railroaders' Lament") is a song made popular in the United States and Europe during the 1960s folk revival. The simple repetitive lyrics offer a lament by a traveler who is far from home, out of money and too ashamed to return.


title: 500 Miles

text: The song is generally credited as being written by Hedy West, and a 1961 copyright is held by Atzal Music, Inc. "500 Miles" is West's "most anthologized song". Some recordings have also credited Curly Williams, or John Phillips as co-writers, although Phillips admitted he had only rearranged it and "didn't deserve the credit". David Neale writes that "500 Miles" may be related to the older folk song "900 Miles" (Roud 4959), which may itself have origins in the Southern American fiddle tunes "Reuben's Train" and "Train 45".


title: 500 Miles

text: Johnny Cash is known to have included "500 Miles" on his list of 100 essential country songs in the early 1970s.


title: 500 Miles

text: The most commercially successful version of the song was Bobby Bare's in 1963. His version became a Top 10 hit on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, as well as a Top 5 hit on both the Country and Adult Contemporary charts.


title: 500 Miles

text: Bengali singer Anjan Dutt sung the song in Bengali called "Mr. Hall" in his 1997 album "Keu Gaan Gaye".


title: 500 Miles

text: In 2017, a Chinese adaptation of the song called "别送我" (English: "Don't send me off") was released on the soundtrack of "Duckweed" and sung by Chen Hongyu, Su Zixu, Liu Hao Lin, and Han Luo.


title: 500 Miles

text: Czech version was recorded in 1967 as "Tisíc mil" (English: "Thousand Miles") with the lyrics by Ivo Fischer, sung as a duet by Waldemar Matuška and Helena Vondráčková.


title: 500 Miles

text: In Finnish, the song has been recorded under at least five different song titles. In 1963 Erkki Pohjanheimo recorded the song under title "Juna jättää laiturin" (English: "The Train Leaves the Platform"). Lyrics were written by Reino Helismaa. Pohjanheimo recorded the song from its French title "J'entends siffler le train", and it was on the B side of a 7" single called "Kutsukaa Tri Casey" (almost direct translation from "Callin' Dr. Casey", a hit by John D. Loudermilk).


title: 500 Miles

text: The following year, a Finnish vocal quartet Neljä Penniä (English: Four Pennies) recorded a 7" single that consisted of two songs: "Washington Square" on the A side, and on the flip side there was a Finnish version of "500 Miles" under the title "Pitkät illat" (English: "The Long Evenings"), lyrics by Sauvo Puhtila.


title: 500 Miles

text: Also in 1964, another version of the song was recorded by folk-spirited trio Anki, Bosse & Robert and titled "Viimeinen vihellys" (English: "The Last Whistle"), lyrics by Juha Vainio. "Viimeinen vihellys" was also a 7" single B side, on the A side there was Will Holt's song "Lemon Tree" (Finnish: "Sitruunapuu"). "Viimeinen vihellys" was released also on their self-titled record in 1965.


title: 500 Miles

text: In 1979, the song was recorded yet again, by Jukka Raitanen. This time it was called "Liian kaukana" (English: "Too Far Away"). Lyrics were written by Raul Reiman. This song was released on Raitanen's album "Yölinjalla". "Yölinjalla(in)" song is a Finnish version of the song "I Walk the Line" by Johnny Cash.


title: 500 Miles

text: Moreover, "500 Miles" has also been released with religious content under the name "Lapsuuden usko" (English: "Childhood Faith"), with lyrics by Matti Nyberg. This version has been recorded at least three times: 1973, 2005 and 2011. It was released by a parish singer group Dominicones in 1973. In 2005 it was recorded by actor and singer Mikko Leppilampi. The song was released on album "Tilkkutäkki" (English: "Quilt", by various artists), and targeted to people who want to nostalgize the time of their confirmation on Lutheran church. In 2011 it was recorded by Petrus (real name Petri Kokko, born 1970) in his album "Enkelten laulut" (English: "The Songs of Angels").


title: 500 Miles

text: Richard Anthony had a hit with a French version of the song, "Et j'entends siffler le train" (English: "I Hear the Whistle of the Train"). It reached number-one in France in 1962. Anthony's version was covered by Franco Battiato on his 1999 album "Fleurs".


title: 500 Miles

text: In 1963 a German version, "Und dein Zug fährt durch die Nacht" (English: "And Your Train Goes Through the Night"), was a success for . Also in German, Santiano in 2012 released a marine-themed version, "500 Meilen", on their album "Bis ans Ende der Welt".


title: 500 Miles

text: Indian composer Rajesh Roshan used the tune to compose song 'Jab Koyi Baat Bigad Jaaye' (English: "When Things Go Wrong") in 1990's movie Jurm".


title: 500 Miles

text: The tune of this song has been used in religious contents in Indonesia, in the widely popular book of songs and praise for Catholics in Indonesia, "Madah Bakti", song #366 "Ya Tuhan Kami Datang".


title: 500 Miles

text: The Japanese duo Wink included it as the B-side of their 1989 single , under the title . In 2018, Japanese singer Kiyoe Yoshioka sang a Japanese version of the song, "500 Mairu" (500マイル) on her debut album "Uta Iro".


title: 500 Miles

text: The Slovene singer Lado Leskovar wrote a 1965 hit based on the song titled "Poslednji vlak" (English: "The Last Train").


title: 500 Miles

text: Costa Rican rock band Los Rufos recorded a Spanish version under the title "500 Millas" in 1967. A similar version was recorded by the Nicaraguan band Los Rockets.


title: 500 Miles

text: There are two versions in Vietnamese. One is "Tiễn em lần cuối" ("Send You Off for the Last Time") sung by Trung Hanh, another one is "Người tình ngàn dặm" ("Thousands-mile-away Lover") sung by Ngọc Lan.


title: 500 Miles

text: There is an Hebrew version by Aviva Marks called, "500 מייל" in 1966. The meaning of the name is "500 mile" and it came part of her album sweeter than wine ("מתוק מיין").


title: Teen Mom 2

text: Teen Mom 2 is an American reality television series that premiered January 11, 2011 on MTV. It originally followed the lives of Jenelle Evans, Chelsea DeBoer, Kailyn Lowry, and Leah Messer from the second season of "16 and Pregnant" as they navigate their first years of motherhood. The series also focuses on the themes of their changing relationships between family, friends, and boys, while highlighting the struggles of young mothers raising children.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: In June 2017, it was announced that former "Teen Mom 3" star Briana DeJesus would join the cast of "Teen Mom 2". In May 2019, following Evans' firing from the show, it was announced that "" star Jade Cline would join the cast. In October 2020, Chelsea Houska announced her departure from the series after 10 seasons. In December 2020, it was reported that Ashley Jones from "" would be joining the show to replace Houska.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: After its last episode on May 24, 2022, the series was merged into "Teen Mom OG", with the cast members of each series transitioning to a combined series titled "". That series began on September 9, 2022.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: Jenelle Evans (from Oak Island, North Carolina) is the mother of Jace, but with her son's father out of the picture, Jenelle relied heavily on her mother Barbara, who currently has permanent custody of Jace, while Jenelle has limited visitation.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: On December 4, 2012, Jenelle married Courtland Rogers. The couple got engaged in November 2012 and were expecting her second child. It was announced on January 25, 2013 that she and Courtland had split and that she had an abortion.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: In June 2013, Jenelle started dating Nathan Griffith. Within months of dating they moved in together and she became pregnant with their first child. On December 14, 2013, Evans was arrested for disturbing the peace after an argument with Griffith. On June 29, 2014 she gave birth to her second child, son Kaiser Orion Griffith. In January 2015 Jenelle and Nathan got engaged, but they broke off the engagement that August. After their breakup, the former couple became engaged in a custody battle over Kaiser. In January 2017, Jenelle and Nathan reached a joint custody agreement in court.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: In September 2015, Jenelle started dating David Eason, an alleged pipewelder she met on Tinder and they quickly moved in together. David had previously met Jenelle's ex-husband, Courtland Rogers, when they were cellmates in prison. David has two children from previous relationships: daughter Maryssa Rose and son Kaden David. Jenelle gave birth to their first child together, daughter Ensley Jolie Eason, on January 24, 2017. The couple got married on September 23, 2017. On October 13, 2018, police were called to Evans' house for a physical assault with Eason. According to Evans, Eason slammed her to the ground and sprained her collarbone. Evans went to the hospital following the incident. Evans claimed that Eason had been drinking which contributed to the assault. Evans decided to not press charges and no police report was filed. In April 2019, it was reported that Eason beat and shot Evans's dog, Nugget. As a result of the incident, MTV decided to forgo filming any future seasons with Jenelle.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: Chelsea DeBoer (née Houska) (from Sioux Falls, South Dakota) is the mother of Aubree Skye Lind. Since giving birth to her first daughter, Chelsea's life has been consumed with taking care of herself and trying to make her tumultuous relationship with Aubree's father, Adam Lind, succeed. She obtained her GED after years of working towards it and has begun attending beauty school. During the sixth season, Chelsea was in a custody battle with Adam over Aubree. He wanted joint custody, while Chelsea wanted to keep the current custody arrangement. In March 2015, the court ruled in Chelsea's favor.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: In late 2014, Chelsea met Cole DeBoer, introduced Cole in the season six premiere of "Teen Mom 2" and eventually, they moved in together. The couple became engaged on November 18, 2015, and married on October 1, 2016. On January 25, 2017, Chelsea and Cole welcomed their first child, son Watson Cole DeBoer. On August 29, 2018 (her 27th birthday), Chelsea welcomed her third child, a girl named Layne Ettie DeBoer. On January 25, 2021, Chelsea gave birth to daughter Walker June.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: In October 2020, Houska announced her departure from the series following the conclusion of the tenth season.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: Kailyn Lowry (previously Marroquin) (from Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania) gave birth to her first child Isaac in 2010, but her relationship with Isaac's father, Jo Rivera, crumbled under the stress of balancing their lives and raising their child, and Kailyn moved out amidst their constant fighting. A romance with coworker Jordan got more serious as she turned to him for emotional support during the custody battle with Jo.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: During season 4, Lowry developed a relationship with Javi Marroquin. The two got engaged after a few months of dating, and married on September 4, 2013. Kailyn gave birth to their first child, son Lincoln Marshall Marroquin, on November 16, 2013. The couple filed for divorce in December 2015.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: On August 5, 2017, Lowry gave birth to her third son, Lux Russell Lowry. The father is a friend Chris Lopez. Lowry's fourth child, Creed Romello Lopez, was born on July 30, 2020.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: Leah Messer (previously Simms and Calvert) (from Elkview, West Virginia) is a former cheerleader and the teen mother of twins Aliannah "Ali" and Aleeah "Gracie". From a small town outside of Charleston, West Virginia. Leah and ex-husband Corey Simms eventually learn that Ali suffers from Titin muscular dystrophy.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: In August 2011, Leah started dating Jeremy Calvert. They married on April 4, 2012, after eight months of dating, and had their first child, daughter Adalynn Faith "Addie" Calvert, on February 4, 2013. In April 2015, Jeremy filed for divorce from Leah after three years of marriage. On June 8, 2015, the couple finalized their divorce. Leah was given custody of Addie, while Jeremy received visitation rights.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: Leah dated Jason Jordan, a medical salesman she met through his cousin, who is a friend of hers starting in April 2018. They split up in 2019.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: Briana DeJesus (from Orlando, Florida) got pregnant by her ex-boyfriend, DeVoin Austin II. Her first daughter Nova Star DeJesus was born on September 10, 2011. Previously one-fourth of the cast for "Teen Mom 3" and a participant on "Family Therapy with Dr. Jenn", DeJesus' casting for "Teen Mom 2" was announced on June 5, 2017. Briana gave birth to her second daughter, Stella Star, on July 2, 2017. The father is Luis Hernández.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: Jade Cline (from Indianapolis, Indiana) is the mother of Kloie Kenna Austin. The father is her fiancé Sean Austin. Previously part of the "" cast, Cline's casting was confirmed in May 2019, replacing Jenelle Eason.


title: Teen Mom 2

text: Ashley Jones (from Vallejo, California) is the mother of Holly Isabella Lockett who was born on September 15, 2017. The father is her husband, Bariki Smith. Previously part of the "Teen Mom: Young and Pregnant" cast, Jones' casting was announced in December 2020, replacing Chelsea DeBoer.


Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), previously known as the Hindustan Republican Army and Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), was an Indian revolutionary organisation founded by Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, Sachindranath Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee. HRA's written constitution and published manifesto, titled "The Revolutionary", were produced as evidence in the Kakori conspiracy case of 1925.


title: Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

text: The Non-cooperation movement of 1919 led to large scale mobilisation of Indian population against the British Raj. Though intended as a Nonviolent resistance movement, it soon turned violent. After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi suspended the movement to prevent the escalation of violence. This disillusioned a section of nationalists who felt the suspension was premature and unwarranted. The political vacuum created by the suspension led to the formation of revolutionary movements by the more radical amongst those who sought to overthrow British Raj.


text: In February 1921, some agitating farmers were killed in Chauri Chaura by the police. Consequently, the police station of Chauri Chaura was attacked by the people and 22 policemen were burnt alive.


text: Without ascertaining the facts behind this incident, Mahatma Gandhi, declared an immediate stop to the non-cooperation movement (he himself had given a call for it) without consulting any executive committee member of the Congress. Ram Prasad Bismil and his group of youth strongly opposed Gandhi in the Gaya Congress of 1922. When Gandhi refused to rescind his decision, the Indian National Congress was divided into two groups – one liberal and the other for rebellion. In January 1923, the liberal group formed a new Swaraj Party under the joint leadership of Moti Lal Nehru and Chittranjan Das, and the youth group formed a revolutionary party under the leadership of Bismil.


text: With the consent of Lala Har Dayal, Bismil went to Allahabad where he drafted the constitution of the party in 1923 with the help of Sachindra Nath Sanyal and another revolutionary of Bengal, Dr. Jadugopal Mukherjee. The basic name and aims of the organisation were typed on a "Yellow Paper" and later on a subsequent Constitutional Committee Meeting was conducted on 3 October 1924 at Cawnpore in the United Provinces under Sanyal's chairmanship.


text: This meeting decided the name of the party would be the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). Bismil was declared the District Organiser for Shahjahanpur and Chief of Arms Division, as well as Provincial Organiser of United Provinces (Agra and Oudh). Sachindra Nath Sanyal became National Organiser and another senior member, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, was Coordinator of the Anushilan Samiti. After attending the meeting in Cawnpore, both Sanyal and Chatterjee left the United Province and proceeded to Bengal for further extension of the organisation.


text: The HRA established branches in Agra, Allahabad, Benares, Cawnpore, Lucknow, Saharanpur and Shahjahanpur. They also manufactured bombs in Calcutta – at Dakshineswar and Shovabazar – and at Deoghar in Jharkhand (then Bihar province). The Calcutta workshops were discovered by the police in 1925 and those in Deoghar were found in 1927.


text: Sanyal wrote a manifesto for the HRA entitled "Revolutionary". This was distributed around large cities of North India on 1 January 1925. It proposed the overthrow of British colonial rule and its replacement with what it termed a "Federal Republic of the United States of India". In addition, it sought universal suffrage and the socialist-oriented aim of the abolition of "all systems which make any kind of exploitation of man by man possible"


text: The policies of Gandhi were criticised and youths were called to join the organisation. The police were astonished to see the language used and sought its leader in Bengal. Sanyal had gone to despatch this pamphlet in bulk and was arrested in Bankura, West Bengal. Before Sanyal's arrest, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee had also been caught by police at Howrah railway station of Calcutta, Bengal Presidency.


text: There were many early attempts at disruption and obtaining funds, such as the robbery of the houses of a village officials at Dwarikapur and Bichpuri in 1922–23, but the Kakori train robbery was the most prominent of the early HRA efforts. The Kakori event occurred on 8 August 1925, when HRA members looted government money from a train around from Lucknow and accidentally killed a passenger in the process. Significant members of the HRA were arrested and tried for their involvement in that incident and others which had preceded it. The outcome was that four leaders – Ashfaqullah Khan, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri – were hanged in December 1927 and a further 16 imprisoned for lengthy terms. The result of the trial, in which the HRA participants sang patriotic songs and displayed other forms of defiance, seriously damaged the leadership of the HRA and dealt a major blow to its activities. Many associated with the HRA who escaped trial found themselves placed under surveillance or detained for various reasons. Chandra Shekhar Azad was the only one of the principal leaders who managed to escape arrest whereas Banwari Lal became an approver.


text: In 1928, the British government set up the Commission, headed by Sir John Simon, to report on the political situation in India. Some Indian activist groups protested the commission, because it did not include a single Indian in its membership, although by no means all did so. The effect was to galvanize various activist factions in opposition to a common cause.


text: Responding to the rise in anti-colonial sentiment in 1928, the HRA became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, with the change of name probably being largely due to the influence of Bhagat Singh. Around the time of the Kakori robbery and the subsequent trial, various revolutionary groups had emerged in places such as Bengal, Bihar, and Punjab. These groups and the HRA met at Feroz Shah Kotla, in Delhi, on 8–9 September 1928, and from this emerged the HSRA. The socialist leanings voiced in the earlier HRA manifesto had gradually moved more towards Marxism and the HSRA spoke of a revolution involving a struggle by the masses to establish "the dictatorship of the proletariat" and the banishment of "parasites from the seat of political power". It saw itself as being at the forefront of this revolution, spreading the word and acting as the armed section of the masses. Its ideals were apparent in other movements elsewhere at that time, including incidents of communist-inspired industrial action by workers and the rural kisan movement. At the request of Bhagat Singh, the newly named HSRA resolved to bomb members of the Simon Commission and also to cease robbing rich people, the latter being a realisation that the Kakori conspirators had suffered most from the evidence given by such people. At that time the HRA was being transformed into the HSRA and it was decided that the new organization would work in cooperation with the Communist International.


text: When the Simon Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lala Lajpat Rai led a peaceful protest against the commission. The police responded with violence, with the Superintendent of Police, James A. Scott, ordering his men to "lathi" charge the protesters. Rai was beaten but addressed a meeting later. He died on 17 November 1928, perhaps in part because of his injuries although this is uncertain. Historian Neeti Nair says "His death was widely attributed to the mental if not physical shock he had suffered." When the matter of Lala Lajpat Rai's death was raised in the British Parliament, the government denied any causal role. Bhagat Singh vowed to take revenge, and joined other revolutionaries, Shivaram Rajguru, Jai Gopal, Sukhdev Thapar and Chandra Shekhar Azad, in a plot to kill Scott. However, in a case of mistaken identity, Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police. He was shot by Rajguru and Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928. Chanan Singh, a Head Constable who was chasing them, was killed by Azad's covering fire.


text: This case of mistaken identity did not stop Singh and his fellow-members of the HSRA from claiming that retribution had been exacted. The next day the HSRA acknowledged the assassination by putting up posters in Lahore that read


text: The perpetrators of the Saunders murder having eluded capture and gone into hiding, the next major action by the HSRA was the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi on 8 April 1929. This was a provocative propaganda exercise, intended to highlight the aims of the HSRA and timed as a protest against the introduction of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill, both of which had been drafted in an attempt to counter the effects of revolutionary activities and trade unionism


text: Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs at the empty treasury benches, being careful to ensure that there were no casualties in order to highlight the propagandist nature of their action. They made no attempt to escape and courted arrest while shouting "Inquilab Zindabad" (Long Live the Revolution), "Vande Mataram" (Hail to motherland) and "Samrajyavad Murdabad"' (Down with Imperialism). Their rationale for the bombing was explained in a leaflet titled "To Make the Deaf Hear" (paraphrasing the words of Édouard Vaillant). This leaflet was also thrown in the assembly and was reproduced the next day in the "Hindustan Times". On 15 April 1929, police raided the HSRA's bomb factory in Lahore and arrested Kishori Lal, Sukhdev and Jai Gopal. The Assembly Bomb case and the Saunders murder case trial followed and Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931 for their actions.


text: In December 1929, the HSRA bombed the special train of Lord Irwin. The Viceroy escaped unhurt. Later, the Lahore faction of HSRA broke away and formed the "Atishi Chakar" (The Ring of Fire) party under the leadership of Hans Raj Vohra. They carried out a series of bombings across Punjab in June 1929. On 21 January 1929, Bhagat Singh and his fellow comrades were accused in the Lahore Conspiracy Case, appeared in the court wearing red scarves. As soon as the magistrate took his chair, they raised slogans "Long Live Socialist Revolution", "Long Live Communist International", "Long Live People" "Lenin's Name Will Never Die", and "Down with Imperialism". On 1 September 1929, the Rawalpindi faction made a failed attempt to burgle the Office of the Controller of Military Accounts. During this period the leading members of the HSRA were Chandra Shekhar Azad, Yashpal, Bhagwati Charan Vohra and Kailash Pati. In July 1929, the HSRA robbed the Gadodia stores in New Delhi and carried away 14,000 rupees. This money was later used to fund a bomb factory. In December 1929, an attempt was made to assassinate the Governor of Punjab, which wounded him in his arm.


text: By 1930, most of the HSRA's main leaders were either dead or in prison. Kailash Pati was arrested in October 1929 and turned an approver (witness for the prosecution). On 27 February 1931, Chandra Shekhar Azad shot himself in the head during a gunfight with the Allahabad Police in a famous incident of Alfred Park. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shivaram Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931. After Azad's death, there was no central leader to unite the revolutionaries and regional differences increased. The organisation split into various regional groups and they carried out bombings and attacks on British officials in India without any central coordination. In December 1930, another attempt was made to revive the HSRA at a meeting in Meerut. However, this attempt failed with the arrests of Yashpal and Daryao Singh in 1931. This effectively ended the HSRA as a united organisation though the various regional factions kept up their armed struggle until 1935.


text: The association's methods were diametrically opposite to that of Gandhi's nonviolent resistance movement. The revolutionaries and their methods were severely criticized by Gandhi. Responding to the attack on Lord Irwin's train, Gandhi wrote a harsh critique of the HSRA titled "The Cult of the Bomb" ("Young India", 2 January 1929). In it, he declared that bomb-throwing was nothing but "froth coming to the surface in an agitated liquid". He condemned the HSRA and its actions as "cowards" and "dastardly". According to Gandhi, the HSRA's violent struggle had its hazards. The violence led to more reprisals and suffering. Also, it would turn inward as "it was an easy natural step" from "violence done to the foreign ruler" to "violence to our own people". The HSRA responded to this criticism with its own manifesto "The Philosophy of the Bomb", in which they defended their violent methods as being complementary to Gandhi's non-violent methods.


text: After the death of Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Azad, another associate Udham Singh operated the HSRA from London. HSRA was dissolved in 1940 when Udham was hanged.


text: A bomb factory and hideout located in Turi Bazaar, Firozpur, has been declared as a national monument by the Government of Punjab.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories is a 2009 survival horror game developed by Climax Studios and published by Konami Digital Entertainment. It was released in December for the Wii and ported to the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable platforms in January 2010. In April 2014, it appeared on the PlayStation Network in Europe.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: "Shattered Memories" is a reimagination of the first game and retains the premise—Harry Mason's quest to find his missing daughter in the fictitious American town of Silent Hill—but is set in a different fictional universe and has a different plot, and altered characters, alongside new ones. Five endings are available. Gameplay takes place in two parts: a framing, first-person psychotherapy session, and an over-the-shoulder perspective of Harry's journey through Silent Hill, which is periodically interrupted by the occurrence of a shift to a more dangerous environment. Answers given to the psychological tests in the therapy session affect various gameplay elements in Harry's journey.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: After designing the (2007), which intentionally replicated elements of the first installment, Climax Studios wanted to try a different approach to creating a title in the series. Among the changes made was the removal of combat and the constant presence of monsters. Akira Yamaoka composed the soundtrack of the game, which was the first in the series to prominently feature dynamic music. The game received generally positive reviews for its graphics, plot, voice acting, soundtrack, and its use of the Wii Remote, and has been favorably compared to M. Night Shyamalan's visuals. However, some reviewers found the puzzle exploration, chase sequences and psychological elements frustrating, and felt the game was too short.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: "Silent Hill: Shattered Memories" is a reimagining of the first installment of the series, " Silent Hill". It keeps the premise of writer Harry Mason looking for his daughter in Silent Hill after a car crash, although it leads into a different plot. The personalities and roles of characters from the first game have also been changed, and "Shattered Memories" introduces new characters as well.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: "Silent Hill: Shattered Memories" divides its gameplay between two different settings. The first section is set in a psychotherapist's office and the second in a town called Silent Hill. In the first section, the player interacts with Dr. Michael Kaufmann, who is a therapist NPC, from a first-person perspective. The player responds to Kaufmann's questions and completes a psychological test, fills in a questionnaire or colors pictures. The player's responses to these tests alters aspects of gameplay in the second setting, including the available areas, the physical appearance and behavior of characters encountered, and the physical appearance of the monsters. "Shattered Memories" returns to Kaufmann's office periodically throughout the game.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: In the second setting, the player guides Harry Mason in an over-the-shoulder view as he searches for his missing daughter Cheryl in the snowy town of Silent Hill. Harry is equipped with a smartphone and flashlight: he can use the phone to check his location on a GPS map, take photographs, and make telephone calls. Moving to certain spots with high interference, represented by a lot of radio noise, or by taking pictures of spots where shadowy figures can be seen, unlock various text and voicemail messages that expand the story and occasionally provide clues. To view the details of various documents, the player can zoom in on objects. The game also alters details of gameplay based on what the player views. Throughout his journey, Harry encounters puzzles such as mechanisms, which reward either a key required to progress or a bonus memento. In the Wii version, the Wii Remote is used for puzzle solving and to control the flashlight and cell phone.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: The game occasionally shifts to an icy alternate dimension called "Nightmare", where hostile monsters exist. To escape from this dimension, Harry must find a predetermined exit while avoiding the wandering creatures which chase him upon detection. Unlike previous installments in the series, there is no combat element to the gameplay: Harry is weaponless for the entire duration of the game and can only run, hide, slow down the monsters by knocking down objects to block their path, throw off the creatures if they latch onto him, and temporarily ward them off by picking up and using flares found lying on the ground. His running speed and "health" (the amount of damage that he can endure before dying) decrease every time the monsters grab him. In contrast to the previous installments of the series, which featured various types of monsters, "Shattered Memories" features only one type of humanoid monster, whose physical appearance changes in response to the player's actions inside and outside the Nightmare realm, including their responses to Kaufmann's psychological tests.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: The game begins with a psychotherapy session conducted by Dr. Kaufmann, which acts as a frame story for Harry's quest. Suffering from issues with his memory, Harry travels home to search for his seven-year-old daughter Cheryl, hoping that she is already there. His consciousness moves between the in-game real world and "Nightmare"—a frozen version of the town in which monsters chase him—and finds that another family lives in his house. Police officer Cybil Bennett arrives and decides to take him to the police station, but they become caught in a blizzard, and Harry eventually leaves her car to continue his search. Eventually, Harry finds his way to the local high school, where he learns from a woman named Michelle Valdez that a Cheryl Mason attended school there previously, but then moved. She offers to drive Harry to Cheryl's new address, but after briefly stepping away, he returns to find Michelle has been replaced by Dahlia Mason, who claims to be Harry's lover and acts as if she has been with him the whole time. He accepts the ride, although during another shift to the Nightmare, the car falls into a river. Harry escapes but loses consciousness.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: He awakens in a wheelchair pushed by Cybil in the town's hospital. Before Cybil can tell him about his file at the station, the town transitions to the Nightmare. Harry escapes and meets Lisa Garland, a nurse injured in a crash, and escorts her to her home. At her request, Harry gives Lisa pills for her headache, and returns to find her either dead or dying, depending on in-game actions taken by the player. Finding him next to Lisa's corpse, Cybil attempts to arrest him, but is frozen as the Nightmare emerges around them. Harry escapes to Cheryl's home, where he finds an older Dahlia who claims to be his wife and tells him that Cheryl is at the lighthouse. Harry enters the Nightmare, escapes it, and eventually gets a ride from Michelle. Harry finds a young-again Dahlia aboard a boat at a lakeside harbour, who sets the course for the lighthouse and seduces him. Harry wakes, finds an aged Dahlia and the environment covered in ice, and crosses the now-frozen lake but falls into the water and passes out. Harry is dragged ashore near the lighthouse by Cybil, who confronts him with the news that Harry Mason died eighteen years ago in a car accident. As Harry proceeds, he finds "the lighthouse" is the name of Dr. Kaufmann's counseling clinic: the patient in the therapy session is an adult Cheryl, who is in denial over her father's death. Harry enters the office and Cheryl either reconciles herself to his death or continues to cling to her fantasy father.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: At the end of the game, an old video clip from Cheryl's camcorder is played. Four variations of this clip are available depending upon the player's actions as Harry. In "Love Lost", Harry packs his luggage in a car and tells Cheryl not to blame herself for her parents' separation. In "Drunk Dad", a drunken Harry yells at Cheryl, demands a beer and blames his drinking on his family. In "Sleaze and Sirens", Harry flirts on his bed with Lisa and Michelle. In "Wicked and Weak", Dahlia verbally abuses Harry and slaps him. In the "UFO" joke ending, Cheryl tells Dr. Kaufmann that she believes Harry was kidnapped by aliens and that Silent Hill is a spaceship. After James Sunderland interrupts, the therapy session continues, revealing Cheryl to be a dog and Dr. Kaufmann to be an alien. Regardless of the ending, the final scene shows Cheryl packing away mementos that the player can collect throughout the game. An additional scene the player can obtain shows her reconciling with Dahlia outside the clinic.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: Plans for a "Silent Hill" remake, and speculation about a possible remake based on the "Silent Hill" film, were circulating as early as 2006. The idea of a remake was also considered early in the development of the prequel game "" (2007). Rumours persisted into 2009, and were seemingly confirmed in February when the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) re-rated the original game. The game was officially announced in the May 2009 issue of "Nintendo Power".


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: Climax Studios, the developer of "Silent Hill: Origins", developed "Shattered Memories" with a development team made up of more than 55 members and a supporting network of more than 90 artists. With the completion of "Origins" - for which they had attempted to closely replicate the atmosphere and gameplay elements of the first "Silent Hill" game (1999)— Climax Studios wanted to create another horror game. Because of the tenth anniversary of the first "Silent Hill" installment, Konami thought the time was ideal "to revisit" the game. Climax Studios saw the then-newly introduced Wii platform as a way to reach a wider range of gamers, especially as outside Japan, no "Silent Hill" title had been exclusively released on a Nintendo platform. Development costs for the Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 and their gamers' "mindset" factored into the decision for the gaming platform. Additionally, the developers wanted to use the Wii Remote to incorporate the gameplay elements of the flashlight and radio static. Climax felt that the first game would be a good starting point, instead of continuing any existing storylines or adding onto the mythology of the town. To please fans of the series and bring in new ones, they decided to reimagine the setting and characters, such as Dahlia, who was changed from "a haggard old woman" who led the town's cult into a physically attractive young woman. Game designer Sam Barlow explained in November 2022 that he was not a fan of "Silent Hill 3" as he disliked the continuation of Harry and Cheryl Mason's adventures as well as the bad endings in "Silent Hill". He felt he could redeem the series by reimagining the first game through "Shattered Memories."


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: Climax Studios began with the game's plot, which the development team considered the main appeal of the series. Early in the game's development, some team members visited a psychiatrist for research. The use of ice as a visual theme originated partly because the developers wanted to create an Otherworld for the game, as previous games in the series had featured the same theme as "Silent Hill", and because snowfall is common in the northeastern or midwestern United States, where the fictional town is located. Falling snow was added to limit the player's visibility and build an atmosphere of dread. The developers included a system of psychological profiling that adjusted gameplay elements based on the player's interaction with the game. Writer Sam Barlow explained the system: "Ultimately every little thing you do in the game or piece of content you can interact with can be assigned a little personality score. This is all added into a very classical psychometric profile of your personality that can then be mapped onto research". The opening questionnaire has little significance in the player's profile. Capturing the multiple variations of gameplay elements for submission to the Entertainment Software Rating Board proved to be difficult, according to the game's producer, Tomm Hulett. Loading times were eliminated from the game to maintain a sense of immersion for the player.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: The developers felt that creating another game in the series with the same style of gameplay had limited potential. In an attempt to imbue the game with the feel of a horror film where the protagonist is a regular person and the antagonist is powerful, they avoided the common survival horror gameplay feature of a player character who is skilled in the use of weapons. Instead they generated an unarmed player character; and examined the survival horror gameplay staple of difficult combat and sluggish opponents, inspired by zombie films and modelled after the video games "Alone in the Dark" (1992) and "Resident Evil" (1996). They also analyzed around 50 chase sequences from various films, including horror films, and the structure of slasher films, in which a powerful and intelligent antagonist pursues the protagonists. The developers drew inspiration from common childhood nightmares about running away from an unknown threat, and decided to incorporate an intelligent enemy capable of trailing and outrunning the protagonist. The chase sequences were designed to evoke a brief sense of tension and fright for the player, although the developers did not want to prolong the tension with the constant presence of monsters, and were concerned that this would become overwhelming and spoil the player's immersion in the game and interest in the story. The constant presence of monsters was also thought to be irrelevant to "Shattered Memories"; director Mark Simmons said, "this Harry Mason is not a guy who is constantly under attack from monsters. It's not a story of surviving a zombie apocalypse". Additionally, to make information-gathering in the game realistic and corresponding to modern life standards, the developers substituted text in scattered documents, a common element in survival horror games, for the player's interaction with the in-game environment and use of the cell phone.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: "Silent Hill" series composer Akira Yamaoka scored the soundtrack of "Shattered Memories". It was his final contribution to the "Silent Hill" series before he resigned from Konami after 16 years with the company. Voice actress Mary Elizabeth McGlynn provided vocals for four musical pieces included in the game and co-directed "Shattered Memories" voice acting, and musician Joe Romersa wrote lyrics for three of the pieces. The game is the first in the series to make prominent use of dynamic music; a composition is introduced and subsequently retracted, based on the player's actions, in every major area of the game. Widely varying compositions, ranging from undertones to rock music, were produced for the game.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: A playable demo of "Shattered Memories" was made available in June 2009 at the annual trade fair Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009 (E3) and received favorable reviews from video game journalists. A group of editors of the "IGN" website gave the game three "Best of E3" awards in the Wii category for best overall game, best adventure game, and best video game graphics technology. The game was also given a "Best Wii Game" award by editors of the GameSpot website in an article on their preferred games featured at the E3 show.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: "Shattered Memories" was published by Konami for the Wii in North America on 8 December 2009; in Europe on 26 February 2010; and in Japan on 25 March. The Australian release was delayed until 22 June, due to European supply problems caused by the economic effects of the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull. Major Australian retailers struggled to confirm available copies of the game for several months after the delayed release, potentially damaging initial sales of the game. The PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable versions were published in North America on 19 January 2010; in Europe on 26 February; in Japan on 25 March; and in Australia on 22 April 2010. It also became available on the PlayStation Network for Europe and the United Kingdom on 28 April 2014. A PlayStation Vita release for "Shattered Memories" was apparently planned, but was cancelled.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: According to producer Tomm Hulett, the number of pre-ordered copies of "Silent Hill: Shattered Memories" "looked very good". In March 2010, the game placed fifth on the list of the top forty bestselling PS2 videogames in the United Kingdom and eleventh on the corresponding list for Wii games. However, "NintendoWorldReport" stated that sales of the game were low. The game eventually broke even with the help of the PS2 port, selling an estimated 440,000 copies across all platforms.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: Review aggregator website Metacritic displays an averaged score for "Silent Hill: Shattered Memories" of 79/100, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Wesley Yin-Poole of "VideoGamer.com" ranked "Shattered Memories" in seventh place on his list of "top ten nerve-shredding video games", and wrote: "Dark, dank and dangerous, Silent Hill grabs you by the scruff of the neck, shakes you till you throw up, then headbutts you right between the eyes". "Gamasutra"s Brandon Sheffield, ranked the game in fifth place on his top ten list of overlooked games of 2009, and wrote that despite the absence of horror elements, the game was a nice experience. Matt Wales of "IGN" also included the game in a list of overlooked Wii games, and wrote that the combination of various elements which he regarded as positive delivered "a meticulously-constructed, expertly-paced experience quite unlike anything the series has seen before".


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: Chris Schilling of "The Daily Telegraph" described it as "one of the most innovative and enjoyable survival horrors for many a year". "Eurogamer"s Kristan Reed wrote: "Packed with inventive ideas and one engaging sequence after another, it's a spirited, poignant and unsettling game that not only delivers a long-overdue return to form, but reinvigorates horror adventures in the process". According to Lark Anderson of "GameSpot", ""Shattered Memories" is a fantastic return to the core concept of personal fear, and though its developers made some unorthodox decisions - such as removing combat entirely - those decisions have paid off handsomely". "Nintendo Power" called it audacious and compelling. In a retrospective feature, "NintendoWorldReport"s Jonathan Metts generally agreed with "GameSpot", stating that the installment "is a noble and arguably successful attempt to revive and reform the survival horror genre. While perhaps not scary, it is genuinely disturbing, shocking, and always interesting". According to Leigh Alexander of "The A.V. Club", the innovation and uniqueness of the installment made it capable of standing alone from the "Silent Hill" series, without having to use the series' reputation or name to attract players. Conversely, "Game Informer"s Tim Turi considered the frustrating controls and dull pacing to be major flaws, and wrote: "If you’re a "Silent Hill" fan interested in a fresh take on the stale formula, this Wii entry may be the Cheryl you’ve been searching for, but it comes at a cost".


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: The division of gameplay into puzzle-based exploration, weaponless chase sequences, and therapy scenes drew mixed comments from reviewers. About.com's Charles Herold wrote that the fast-paced action of the nightmare sequences and the therapy scenes undercut the "trapped in a nightmare" feeling of previous "Silent Hill" games. Matt Casamassina of "IGN" wrote that "the separation between safe exploration and puzzling and run-for-your-life monster scenarios is too transparent and as a result you will inevitably come to fear the ice and few things else". "PALGN"s Michael Kontoudis said that the chase sequences severely detracted from the rest of the game. "Eurogamer" wrote that they created a welcome mix with no gameplay element overemphasized. Reviewers were also divided on whether the chase sequences were potentially frustrating, or quickly grew repetitive. "GamesRadar"s Henry Gilbert expressed frustration over the similar enemies and repetitive use of a stock scream. Neon Kelly of "VideoGamer.com" was concerned by the absence of a possible death of the player character which would result in a "game over", because he esteemed the fear potentially caused to the player by player character death as a major element of the survival horror genre. The use of the Wii Remote was praised by reviewers as natural-seeming, and well-suited to the movement-based puzzles and scenes.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: "Shattered Memories" reimagined plot received praise from reviewers, some of whom found it easier to follow than the plot of the first game. "Game Informer" drew comparisons with film director M. Night Shyamalan's style. "GamesRadar" wrote that the storyline and characterizations were mature, its puzzles clear yet challenging and that the atmospheric scares contributed to the game's appeal. Justin Haywald of "1UP.com" said that the text messages about minor characters not introduced in the game detracted from the overall narrative. The game's duration, considered relatively short by reviewers, was seen as a drawback, although some reviewers said that the psychological elements and multiple endings increased the replay value of the game. The psychological elements were also criticized. About.com wrote that they were far less subtle than those in "Silent Hill 2", and "GamePro"s Will Herring said that while the player-profiling element was ambitious, he did not think it went far enough, as it changed only cosmetic details and character dialogue. Reviewers praised the graphics, and called them detailed and well-done. Chris McMahon of "Play" placed the game tenth on his list of the "ten best-looking PSP games". "GameTrailers" praised the variety of objects, many of which can be manipulated by the player, and the detailed textures which lent the game's environments authenticity. The soundtrack was favorably received, and reviewers described it as moody, atmospheric, and helping to create tension. The voice acting was similarly well-received as believable. Additionally, the soundtrack won an award for its audio design at the Milthon European Games Awards, an event held in Paris, France, at the Paris Game Festival; the awards were handed out by an eight-person jury and the French Minister of Culture and Communication.


title: Silent Hill: Shattered Memories

text: Metacritic shows an averaged score of 77/100 for the PlayStation 2 port, indicating generally favorable reviews. Casamassina gave the PS2 port a score of 8.0/10, and wrote that while the graphics and control system in the Wii version were better, the port held up well. For the PlayStation Portable port, Metacritic displays an averaged score of 73/100, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Casamassina gave it a score of 7.0, and commented upon the "obvious visual downgrades", "sluggish controls", and "the inability to directly control and point his flashlight". In his review of both ports, Haywald said that the control systems of both ports worked well, and described them as "a technical triumph".<ref name="1UP PS2/PSP"></ref>


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is an Indian central public sector undertaking. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Heavy Industries, Government of India. It is based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1956, BHEL is India's largest government owned power generation equipment manufacturer.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: BHEL was established in 1956 ushering in the heavy electrical equipment industry in India. Heavy Electricals (India) Limited was merged with BHEL in 1974. When it was set up in 1956, BHEL was envisaged as a plain manufacturing PSU, with technological help from the Soviet Union. In 1980's it was cutting edge in thyristor technology. In 1991, BHEL was converted into a public company. Over time, it developed the capability to produce a variety of electrical, electronic, and mechanical equipment for various sectors, including transmission, transportation, oil and gas, and other allied industries. However, the bulk of the company's revenue is still derived from the sale of power generation equipment such as turbines and boilers. As of 2017, equipment supplied by BHEL constituted around 55% of the total installed power generation capacity in India. The company also supplies electric locomotives to the Indian Railways and defence equipment such as the Super Rapid Gun Mount (SRGM) naval guns manufactured in partnership with the Ordnance Factory Board and simulators to the Indian Armed Forces.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: BHEL is engaged in the design, engineering, manufacturing, construction, testing, commissioning and servicing of a wide range of products, systems and services for the core sectors of the economy, viz. power, transmission, industry, transportation, renewable energy, oil & gas, and defence.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: It has a network of 16 manufacturing units, two repair units, four regional offices, eight service centres, eight overseas offices, 15 regional centres, seven joint ventures, and infrastructure allowing it to execute more than 150 projects at sites across India and abroad. The company has established the capability to deliver 20,000 MW p.a. of power equipment to address the growing demand for power generation equipment.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: BHEL has retained its market leadership position during 2015–16 with 74% market share in the Power Sector. An improved focus on project execution enabled BHEL record its highest ever commissioning/synchronization of 15059 MW of power plants in domestic and international markets in 2015–16, marking a 59% increase over 2014–15. With the all-time high commissioning of 15000 MW in a single year FY2015-16, BHEL has exceeded 170 GW installed base of power generating equipments.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: It also has been exporting its power and industry segment products and services for over 40 years. BHEL's global references are spread across over 76 countries across all the six continents of the world. The cumulative overseas installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power plants exceeds 9,000 MW across 21 countries including Malaysia, Oman, Iraq, UAE, Bhutan, Egypt, and New Zealand. Their physical exports range from turnkey projects to after sales services.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: During 2012–2013, the company invested about ₹1,252 Crore on R&D efforts, which corresponds to nearly 2.50% of the turnover of the company, focusing on new product and system developments and improvements in existing products. The IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) capital of BHEL grew by 21.5% in the year, taking the total to 2170.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: The corporate R&D division at Hyderabad leads BHEL's research efforts in a number of areas of importance to BHEL's product range. Research & product development (RPD) groups for each product group at the manufacturing divisions play a complementary role. BHEL has established Centres of Excellence for Simulators, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Permanent Magnet Machines, Surface Engineering, Machine Dynamics, Centre for Intelligent Machines and Robotics, Compressors & Pumps, Centre for Nano Technology, Ultra High Voltage Laboratory at Corporate R&D; Centre of Excellence for Hydro Machines at Bhopal; Power Electronics and IGBT & Controller Technology at Electronics Division, Bengaluru, and Advanced Fabrication Technology and Coal Research Centre at Tiruchirappalli.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: BHEL has established four specialized institutes, viz., Welding Research Institute (WRI) at Tiruchirappalli, Ceramic Technological Institute (CTI) at Bangalore, Centre for Electric Traction (CET) at Bhopal and Pollution Control Research Institute (PCRI) at Haridwar. Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell plant at Gurgaon pursues R&D in Photo Voltaic applications.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: BHEL is one of the only four Indian companies and the only Indian public sector enterprise figuring in 'The Global Innovation 1000' of Booz & Co., a list of 1,000 publicly traded companies which are the biggest spenders on R&D in the world.


title: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

text: BHEL is selected to construct 1340-megawatt Rampal coal power plant in Rampal Upazila, Bangladesh, which is close to the Sundarbans mangrove forest. The power plant is set up by "Bangladesh-India Friendship Power Company Pvt. Limited" — a joint venture between NTPC Limited and Bangladesh Power Development Board. The project has faced criticism for the environmental impact and the potential harm to the largest mangrove forest in the world. In 2017 Norway's sovereign wealth fund removed BHEL from its investment portfolio over concerns about the Rampal coal plant.


title: Military ranks of Ukraine

text: The military ranks of Ukraine were created in March 1992 after Ukraine adopted the law "About Universal Military Duty and Military Service". The rank structure of the Ukrainian Armed Forces originally corresponded to the generic military rank structure of the Soviet Union. Since then the rank system has been overhauled and, as of 2022, follows a NATO standardization.