title: Seo Taiji

text: On April 21, 2011, "Sports Seoul" broke the story (later confirmed by numerous media outlets) that Seo Taiji had secretly married actress Lee Ji-ah (real name Kim Sang-eun) from October 12, 1997, until August 9, 2006. Their union was kept secret because both Seo and Lee notoriously kept their personal lives hidden from the media. Since the shocking news of Seo and Lee's past union, some have speculated that this was the reason why Lee's past had been undetectable. The couple first met in 1993, and after Seo temporarily retired in 1996, they got married in 1997 and lived in Atlanta and Arizona, until Seo's return to Korea in June 2000. They were separated since the return. Lee filed for divorce in the U.S. in 2006, citing both lifestyle and personality differences. According to Seo, the divorce was finalized in 2006, which Lee disputed, stating it had been 2009. In January 2011, Lee sued Seo for of her share of matrimonial properties and in alimony, and court papers caused their relationship to go public in April. Seo's estimated worth at the time was reported between ($35–44 million US). After a six-month lawsuit, an out-of-court settlement was reached on the alimony and division of assets in July 2011. In August 2014, Seo released a statement denying several of Lee's claims about their marriage when she made a guest appearance on the talk show "Healing Camp, Aren't You Happy".


title: Seo Taiji

text: Seo married actress Lee Eun-sung on June 26, 2013, at Seo's newly built home in affluent Pyeongchang-dong in northern Seoul (he used to live in Yeonhui-dong), with only family members present. They met in 2008 when Lee appeared in the music video for "Bermuda Triangle" (on Seo's eighth album), and began dating in late 2009. Their first child, a daughter, was born on August 27, 2014.


title: Seo Taiji

text: Although Taiji now works as a "solo" artist, the following musicians consistently play with him during tours, studio recordings, and music videos. Some of them belong to other bands, but they participated in recording and performances for a short period of time.:


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: Vantage Point is a 2008 American political action thriller film directed by Pete Travis and written by Barry L. Levy. The story focuses on an assassination attempt on the President of the United States in Salamanca, Spain, as seen from the various vantage points of different characters. Dennis Quaid, Matthew Fox, Forest Whitaker, William Hurt and Sigourney Weaver star. The film is often compared unfavorably to Akira Kurosawa's "Rashomon", which also employed storytelling through multiple perspectives. "Rashomon" used the multiple perspectives to question the possibility of truth, in a process called the Rashomon effect; in contrast, "Vantage Point" recounts a series of events which are re-enacted from several different perspectives and viewpoints to reveal a truthful account of what happened. "Vantage Point" also explores kidnapping, assassination and terrorism.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: The film was co-produced by Relativity Media, Original Film, and Art In Motion, and began filming in Mexico City on June 18, 2006. It premiered in Salamanca on February 13, 2008, and was released in theaters in the United States by Sony Pictures Releasing through the Columbia Pictures label on February 22. The film score, released by Varèse Sarabande on February 26, was composed by Atli Örvarsson.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: In Salamanca, Spain, an assassination attempt on U.S. President Henry Ashton unfolds from several different vantage points.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: GNN producer Rex Brooks directs news coverage from a mobile television studio as the president arrives to a ceremony at the city's Plaza Mayor, for the start of international negotiations against terrorism. The mayor of Salamanca introduces the President, who is shot twice as he reaches the podium, soon followed by an explosion outside the plaza. Moments later, a secondary explosion at the podium kills and injures numerous people.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: Before the President takes the stage, Secret Service agent Thomas Barnes notices a curtain fluttering in an allegedly vacated building, and observes American tourist Howard Lewis filming the audience. After the President is shot, Barnes tackles a man named Enrique rushing to the podium. Following the second explosion, Barnes barges into the GNN studio to view their footage. He receives a call from another Secret Service agent, who reports he is pursuing the suspected assassin; Barnes is then startled by an image from GNN's live feed.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: Enrique, a Spanish police officer guarding the Mayor, overhears his girlfriend Veronica being embraced by a stranger and plan to meet later under an overpass. Enrique confronts Veronica, who assures him of her love as he hands her a bag. When the President is shot, Enrique rushes to protect the Mayor but is tackled by Barnes. Enrique witnesses Veronica toss the bag under the podium, causing the second explosion. Escaping the Secret Service, Enrique confronts an unseen individual at the overpass.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: In the crowd, Howard Lewis chats with a man called Sam, while a little girl named Anna bumps into him. Lewis notices Barnes looking at the nearby window, and films him with his camcorder. Following the explosion at the podium, Lewis chases Enrique and the pursuing Secret Service agents. At the overpass, Lewis views the agents from afar shooting at Enrique as he greets an individual in a police uniform under the overpass. Wounded, Enrique falls to the ground. As a speeding ambulance is about to hit Anna, Lewis runs into the road after her.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: Previously, Ashton, having been informed of a credible threat, returns to his hotel room while his body double proceeds to the plaza. Ashton and his personnel discuss the reason and origin for the terrorists' plot, and the return of Barnes to active duty; they watch on TV the double being shot and the first explosion. One adviser is intent on Ashton giving immediate order for retaliation against the village of origin of the terrorists they are aware of, when the second explosion shatters the room's windows. The staffer insists in earnest on retaliation, but Ashton refuses, so the negotiations can continue. A masked assailant bursts into the room, shoots the advisers, and abducts Ashton.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: At the plaza, terrorist Suarez, previously seen as Sam, shoots Ashton's body double using a remote-controlled automatic rifle placed adjacent to the window that drew Barnes' attention. The rifle is retrieved by Secret Service agent Kent Taylor, who Barnes sees on the GNN live feed leaving the scene wearing a Spanish police uniform. Barnes realizes that Taylor, who happens to be his partner, is part of the terror plot. The man Enrique saw embracing Veronica is revealed to be sharpshooter Javier, whose brother is being held hostage by the terrorists to ensure Javier's cooperation. The explosion at the hotel is detonated by a suicide bomber disguised as a bellhop, who gave Javier a room key. At the hotel, Javier kills the guards and aides and kidnaps the president, placing him in an ambulance with Suarez and Veronica disguised as medics. Javier joins Taylor in a police car to rendezvous at the overpass. Barnes commandeers a car in pursuit, but gets into a collision.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: At the overpass, Enrique, who did not die in the blast at the podium as intended, confronts Javier and Taylor. Javier shoots Enrique, mistakenly believing he had knowledge of his brother's whereabouts. Javier is shot dead by Taylor after demanding to be brought to his brother, killed earlier by Suarez. Enrique dies of his wounds as Barnes reaches the scene and fires at Taylor, who attempts to flee. After crashing his car, a critically injured Taylor is dragged out by Barnes, furious at his partner's betrayal, before he dies right before revealing the President's whereabouts. Ashton regains consciousness in the ambulance and attacks Veronica, distracting her and Suarez as Anna runs into their path. Suarez swerves, causing the ambulance to flip over as Lewis pulls Anna out of its way. Barnes runs to the ambulance where he sees Veronica lying dead. He shoots and kills Suarez before rescuing the President.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: In the original script, Rex Brooks was a male, and Howard Lewis was an overweight Eastern European. In "Plotting an Assassination", a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, director Pete Travis explained he cast Sigourney Weaver to give the film a strong female. When Forest Whitaker expressed interest in participating in the project, Travis welcomed the chance to work with him by Americanizing the character of Howard.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: Originally scheduled for a 2007 release by Sony, the film began principal photography on June 18, 2006 in Mexico City. Locations included the Casa de los Azulejos, with some exteriors shot in Cuernavaca and Puebla. The film was shot during the height of Mexico's rainy season. Travis credited cinematographer Amir Mokri and the lighting crew for making it look like the twenty-minute segment portrayed in the film unfolded under clear and sunny skies, when in fact it frequently was overcast and drizzling.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: U.S. Army veteran Ron Blecker helped the lead actors prepare themselves to play Secret Service agents. Quaid said they trained together for two weeks prior to shooting. One of the difficult elements of the filming were the car chase scenes. Quaid did most of the driving sequences himself except for the crashes. Quaid said of the script that "it really read so well that I felt if they could just put this on screen, it was going to work". Regarding the multiple performances of the same event, Quaid said he "played it the same way the entire time". He found the idea that audiences could "catch a different angle of that character that you couldn’t see before" an exciting aspect of the film.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: Actor Matthew Fox said that "film can be a very tedious process" but showing so many different perspectives makes it even more tedious. Fox called Travis "a real actor's director" who "think[s] about the character from the point of view of the character". Fox believed his training for his part was instrumental in achieving the desired effect and that the accuracy of the film was important to Travis. He also said the film shows how different people can perceive events differently depending on various criteria, such as their agenda.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: The original motion picture soundtrack for "Vantage Point" was released by the Varèse Sarabande music label on February 26, 2008. The score for the film was composed by Atli Örvarsson and mixed by Alan Meyerson. Dina Eaton edited the film's music.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: The film had its world premiere in Spain on February 13, 2008. The next day, it premiered in Italy, Sweden and Switzerland. Other European markets in Portugal and Croatia had the film premiering on April 3. It went into general theatrical release in the U.S., Canada and Mexico on February 22. Certain Asian-Pacific markets; Australia and New Zealand saw the premiere of the film on March 13, while in Malaysia it screened the following day on March 14.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: Following its cinematic release in theaters, the Region 1 widescreen edition of the film was released on DVD in the United States on July 1, 2008. Special features for the DVD include "Surveillance Tapes: Outtakes", interviews with the cast and crew titled "An Inside Perspective, Plotting an Assassination", "Coordinating Chaos" stunt featurette, and the director's commentary. Additionally, a two-disc Special Edition DVD was also released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on July 1, 2008. Viewers have the option of seeing the film in either anamorphic widescreen or fullscreen formats. Special features include "Surveillance Tapes: Outtakes", the "An Inside Perspective, Plotting an Assassination" feature, "Coordinating Chaos" stunt featurette, the director's commentary, and a digital copy of the film that can be downloaded to a PC with a DVD-ROM option or to a Sony PSP.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: The widescreen hi-definition Blu-ray Disc version of the film was released on July 1, 2008. Special features include Surveillance Tapes: Outtakes, the "An Inside Perspective, Plotting an Assassination" feature, "Coordinating Chaos" stunt featurette, and the director's commentary. The disc also includes an exclusive "Vantage Viewer" feature, allowing for a tracking movement of each character's location and vantage point throughout the film. A UMD version of the film for the Sony PSP was released on July 1, 2008. The disc features dubbed, subtitled, and color widescreen format viewing options. A supplemental viewing option for the film in the media format of video on demand is available as well.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 34% based on 158 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10. The consensus critics reads, ""Vantage Point" has an interesting premise that is completely undermined by fractured storytelling and wooden performances." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 32 critics, which it describes as "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: ""Vantage Point" is at its best in the early going when it focuses on the Secret Service agent, whom Quaid plays with the intensity of a man trying to blast through doubt and fear by staying very, very angry. Quaid is so good that his performance ends up promising what the script can't deliver - a blazing portrait of an American professional, the sunburned man of action, whose inner torment can't stop him." wrote Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle". Jim Lane, writing in the "Sacramento News & Review", said, "It all winds up—or dribbles down—to yet another chase through crowded streets in commandeered cars, with an ending meant to be ironic but simply providing a crowning howler to all the Rube Goldberg nonsense." He emphatically believed, "with all the repetition and a modest 90-minute running time, they run out of ideas before they run out of film." Mick LaSalle in the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote that the film "has a fractured and frustrating narrative." Unlike Akira Kurosawa's classic film "Rashomon", which is structured around multiple retellings of the same event, LaSalle characterizes "Vantage Point" as "fairly pedestrian" and describes the multiple perspectives as "arbitrary, a gimmick." Claudia Puig of "USA Today" said the "various viewpoints don't quite link up" and the concept "seems initially intriguing, but it gets old after about the fifth time." She believed that like "many action-adventure movies that are short on plot intricacies but long on gimmick and explosives, too much is given away in the trailer." William Arnold of the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" believed the film was "flat-out one of the more exciting and original gut-busters that Hollywood has produced in many a month. It's virtually all action, but the action is never mindless and it is full of marvelous surprises every step of the way." Richard Corliss of "Time" said that ""Vantage Point" scored with surprisingly robustness at the wickets, outperforming the predictions of industry analysts and seeming likely to be the weekend's No. 1 attraction." He said the film is "best seen as straightforward, sometimes harrowing melodrama, packed with mistaken identities, beautiful villains, a kindly tourist who can outrace the bad guys, and a lost little girl whom the film brazenly sends onto a highway full of speeding cars." David Denby of "The New Yorker" said, ""Vantage Point" is something remarkable—the ultimate case, perhaps, of a movie as a big whirling machine."


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: Writing for "The Boston Globe", Ty Burr said the "rewind/retell gambit quickly grows tiresome" and the end result of the film was "both clever and stupid - an interesting feat." James Berardinelli, writing for "ReelViews", called the film a "fast-paced motion picture that fails the 'reality test' but maintains a certain intensity for its entire running length. It's entertaining in the same way that an episode of "24" is entertaining, but without the lead character shouting 'dammit!' every five minutes." Scott Foundas of "The Village Voice" said the film encompassed "multiple perspectives" that "are all foreplay, it turns out, for an orgiastic third-act car chase during which the movie's story threads converge in a way that makes Paul Haggis seem like a master of Balzacian realism." Foundas said the most exciting aspect of the film was that it was continually nearing its end.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: John Anderson of "The Washington Post", stated that Akira Kurosawa's "Rashomon" "made it chic for filmmakers to create multiple-perspective movies and, since they aren't Kurosawa, drive us crazy." He came to the conclusion that "no amount of ripening time was going to help this gimmicky and ultimately harebrained movie." Similarly, Justin Chang wrote in "Variety" that the film circles "endlessly around a political assassination attempt and its violently contrived aftermath, the film proves every bit as crude, nerve-grinding and finally unsalvageable as the car accidents it keeps inflicting on its characters." He said the original holdover slated release for the film in 2007 by Sony was "unlikely to stop traffic around multiplexes despite its attention-getting cast, especially when poor word of mouth takes hold." Owen Gleiberman writing for "Entertainment Weekly" thought the film was "a pulse-pounding technological showman whose high-strung, quick-cut style might be described as JFK meets Paul Greengrass meets Jerry Bruckheimer. That said, it's not the plot that thickens — it's the pulp." He believed it had "a gripping premise that, for a while, at least, is grippingly executed."


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: The film premiered in cinemas on February 22, 2008 in wide release throughout the U.S.. During its opening weekend, the film opened in 1st place grossing $22.9 million at 3,149 cinemas. The film "The Spiderwick Chronicles" came in second place during that weekend grossing $13.1 million. The film's revenue dropped by 44% in its second week of release, earning $12.8 million. For that particular weekend, the film fell to 2nd place and screened in 3,150 theaters. The film "Semi-Pro" unseated "Vantage Point" to open in first place, grossing $15.1 million. During its final week in release, "Vantage Point" opened in 25th place with $234,042 in revenue. The film went on to top out in the US at $72.3 million through a 9-week theatrical run. Internationally, the film took in an additional $78.9 million for a combined worldwide total of $151.2 million. For 2008 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 43.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: Following its cinematic release in 2008, "Vantage Point" won the Golden Trailer Award for "Best Thriller". It also garnered a nomination from the Taurus World Stunt Awards in the category of "Best Work With A Vehicle" in 2009.


title: Vantage Point (film)

text: In December 2020, it was announced that NBC was in the development stages of a TV series based on the film.


title: Original net animation

text: An original net animation (ONA), known in Japan as , is an anime that is directly released onto the Internet. ONAs may also have been aired on television if they were first directly released on the Internet. The name mirrors original video animation, a term that has been used in the anime industry for straight-to-video animation since the early 1980s. The Internet is a relatively new outlet for animation distribution that has been made viable by the increasing number of streaming media websites in Japan.


title: Original net animation

text: A growing number of trailers and preview episodes of new anime have been released as ONA. For example, the anime movie of "Megumi" can be considered an ONA. ONAs have the tendency to be shorter than traditional anime titles, sometimes running only a few minutes. There are many examples of an original net animation, such as "", which only last a few minutes per episode. But while that was true for the beginning of the 2010s, this began to change in the second half of the decade as full series began to be licensed exclusively for streaming services like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video and Disney+.


title: Original net animation

text: The majority of the production of animation in Japan is made for television or for other audio-visual formats, which include ONAs that can be viewed on television, mobile devices or computers.


title: Lorenz system

text: The Lorenz system is a system of ordinary differential equations first studied by mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz. It is notable for having chaotic solutions for certain parameter values and initial conditions. In particular, the Lorenz attractor is a set of chaotic solutions of the Lorenz system. In popular media the "butterfly effect" stems from the real-world implications of the Lorenz attractor, namely that in a chaotic physical system, in the absence of perfect knowledge of the initial conditions (even the minuscule disturbance of the air due to a butterfly flapping its wings), our ability to predict its future course will always fail. This underscores that physical systems can be completely deterministic and yet still be inherently unpredictable. The shape of the Lorenz attractor itself, when plotted in phase space, may also be seen to resemble a butterfly.


title: Lorenz system

text: In 1963, Edward Lorenz, with the help of Ellen Fetter who was responsible for the numerical simulations and figures, and Margaret Hamilton who helped in the initial, numerical computations leading up to the findings of the Lorenz model, developed a simplified mathematical model for atmospheric convection. The model is a system of three ordinary differential equations now known as the Lorenz equations:


title: Lorenz system

text: The equations relate the properties of a two-dimensional fluid layer uniformly warmed from below and cooled from above. In particular, the equations describe the rate of change of three quantities with respect to time: is proportional to the rate of convection, to the horizontal temperature variation, and to the vertical temperature variation. The constants , , and are system parameters proportional to the Prandtl number, Rayleigh number, and certain physical dimensions of the layer itself.


title: Lorenz system

text: The Lorenz equations can arise in simplified models for lasers, dynamos, thermosyphons, brushless DC motors, electric circuits, chemical reactions and forward osmosis. The Lorenz equations are also the governing equations in Fourier space for the Malkus waterwheel. The Malkus waterwheel exhibits chaotic motion where instead of spinning in one direction at a constant speed, its rotation will speed up, slow down, stop, change directions, and oscillate back and forth between combinations of such behaviors in an unpredictable manner.


title: Lorenz system

text: From a technical standpoint, the Lorenz system is nonlinear, aperiodic, three-dimensional and deterministic. The Lorenz equations have been the subject of hundreds of research articles, and at least one book-length study.


title: Lorenz system

text: One normally assumes that the parameters , , and are positive. Lorenz used the values , and . The system exhibits chaotic behavior for these (and nearby) values.


title: Lorenz system

text: If then there is only one equilibrium point, which is at the origin. This point corresponds to no convection. All orbits converge to the origin, which is a global attractor, when .


title: Lorenz system

text: which can hold only for positive if . At the critical value, both equilibrium points lose stability through a subcritical Hopf bifurcation.


title: Lorenz system

text: When , , and , the Lorenz system has chaotic solutions (but not all solutions are chaotic). Almost all initial points will tend to an invariant setthe Lorenz attractora strange attractor, a fractal, and a self-excited attractor with respect to all three equilibria. Its Hausdorff dimension is estimated from above by the Lyapunov dimension (Kaplan-Yorke dimension) as , and the correlation dimension is estimated to be .


title: Lorenz system

text: The exact Lyapunov dimension formula of the global attractor can be found analytically under classical restrictions on the parameters:


title: Lorenz system

text: The Lorenz attractor is difficult to analyze, but the action of the differential equation on the attractor is described by a fairly simple geometric model. Proving that this is indeed the case is the fourteenth problem on the list of Smale's problems. This problem was the first one to be resolved, by Warwick Tucker in 2002.


title: Lorenz system

text: For other values of , the system displays knotted periodic orbits. For example, with it becomes a torus knot.


title: Lorenz system

text: In Figure 4 of his paper, Lorenz plotted the relative maximum value in the z direction achieved by the system against the previous relative maximum in the direction. This procedure later became known as a Lorenz map (not to be confused with a Poincaré plot, which plots the intersections of a trajectory with a prescribed surface). The resulting plot has a shape very similar to the tent map. Lorenz also found that when the maximum value is above a certain cut-off, the system will switch to the next lobe. Combining this with the chaos known to be exhibited by the tent map, he showed that the system switches between the two lobes chaotically.


title: Lorenz system

text: Over the past several years, a series of papers regarding high-dimensional Lorenz models have yielded a generalized Lorenz model, which can be simplified into the classical Lorenz model for three state variables or the following five-dimensional Lorenz model for five state variables:


title: Lorenz system

text: A choice of the parameter "d" = 19/3 has been applied to be consistent with the choice of the other parameters. See details in.


title: Lorenz system

text: As shown in Lorenz's original paper, the Lorenz system is a reduced version of a larger system studied earlier by Barry Saltzman. The Lorenz equations are derived from the Oberbeck–Boussinesq approximation to the equations describing fluid circulation in a shallow layer of fluid, heated uniformly from below and cooled uniformly from above. This fluid circulation is known as Rayleigh–Bénard convection. The fluid is assumed to circulate in two dimensions (vertical and horizontal) with periodic rectangular boundary conditions.


title: Lorenz system

text: The partial differential equations modeling the system's stream function and temperature are subjected to a spectral Galerkin approximation: the hydrodynamic fields are expanded in Fourier series, which are then severely truncated to a single term for the stream function and two terms for the temperature. This reduces the model equations to a set of three coupled, nonlinear ordinary differential equations. A detailed derivation may be found, for example, in nonlinear dynamics texts from , Appendix C; 1984 , Appendix D; or Shen (2016), Supplementary Materials.


title: Lorenz system

text: Smale's 14th problem says, 'Do the properties of the Lorenz attractor exhibit that of a strange attractor?'. The problem was answered affirmatively by Warwick Tucker in 2002. To prove this result, Tucker used rigorous numerics methods like interval arithmetic and normal forms. First, Tucker defined a cross section formula_6 that is cut transversely by the flow trajectories. From this, one can define the first-return map formula_7, which assigns to each formula_8 the point formula_9 where the trajectory of formula_10 first intersects formula_11.


title: Lorenz system

text: Then the proof is split in three main points that are proved and imply the existence of a strange attractor. The three points are:


title: Lorenz system

text: To prove the first point, we notice that the cross section formula_11 is cut by two arcs formed by formula_16. Tucker covers the location of these two arcs by small rectangles formula_17, the union of these rectangles gives formula_18. Now, the goal is to prove that for all points in formula_18, the flow will bring back the points in formula_11, in formula_18. To do that, we take a plan formula_22 below formula_11 at a distance formula_24 small, then by taking the center formula_25 of formula_17 and using Euler integration method, one can estimate where the flow will bring formula_25 in formula_22 which gives us a new point formula_29. Then, one can estimate where the points in formula_11 will be mapped in formula_22 using Taylor expansion, this gives us a new rectangle formula_32 centered on formula_25. Thus we know that all points in formula_17 will be mapped in formula_32. The goal is to do this method recursively until the flow comes back to formula_11 and we obtain a rectangle formula_37 in formula_11 such that we know that formula_39. The problem is that our estimation may become imprecise after several iterations, thus what Tucker does is to split formula_32 into smaller rectangles formula_41 and then apply the process recursively.


title: Lorenz system

text: Another problem is that as we are applying this algorithm, the flow becomes more 'horizontal', leading to a dramatic increase in imprecision. To prevent this, the algorithm changes the orientation of the cross sections, becoming either horizontal or vertical.


title: Crush (singer)

text: Shin Hyo-seob (; born May 3, 1992), professionally known as Crush (), is a South Korean R&B and hip hop singer-songwriter and producer. Crush often uses Jazz musical instruments in his style of music, implementing modern tunes. He debuted on April 1, 2014, with the single "Sometimes" and released his first album "Crush on You" on June 5, 2014.


title: Crush (singer)

text: Thirteen of Crush's singles have peaked in the top ten on the Gaon Digital Chart, with nine of Crush's singles also becoming top five hits including "Just", "Beautiful", "Don't Forget", "Bittersweet" and "Sleepness Night".


title: Crush (singer)

text: Crush was born Shin Hyo-seob on May 3, 1992. Raised in Seoul, he began listening to R&B and hip hop music at a young age and aspired to become a singer. Dynamic Duo's debut album "Taxi Driver" left a "deep impression" on him, which inspired him to begin rapping. He began making music during his first year of middle school with a friend and sending demos to the group's record label Amoeba Culture. Nicknamed "Shi Syeob" (), he wrote the moniker "C-sub" in English as a tentative stage name. His friend misread it as "Crush", which he took an immediate liking to and decided to use. Crush attended Hoseo University and graduated from the Department of Practical Music.


title: Crush (singer)

text: While taking a break from school, Crush sent Zion.T his demos after meeting at a hip hop party. The two became acquainted and, along with Gray, Loco, and Elo, formed the music crew VV:D in 2012.


title: Crush (singer)

text: Crush released the single "Red Dress" featuring TakeOne on December 7, 2012. He contributed to his first song as a record producer and guest artist on Loco's single "No More". In the following year, he released the singles "Crush on You" and "Where Do You Wanna Go" with Taewan and Gary. In July 2013, Crush signed an exclusive contract with Amoeba Culture.


title: Crush (singer)

text: Crush officially debuted on April 1, 2014, with a single titled "Sometimes". His first album, "Crush on You", was released on June 5, 2014, and went on to win Best R&B & Soul Album at the 12th Korean Music Awards. In 2014, Crush also collaborated with Gaeko for the single "Hug Me". In August, he sang the OST "Sleepless Night" for the SBS drama "It's Okay, That's Love". In October, Crush released the track "Sofa".


title: Crush (singer)

text: In 2015, Crush collaborated with Zion.T for the single "Just". The song was released on January 30, 2015, and debuted at number one on the Gaon Singles Chart. Crush and Zion.T won Best Collaboration at the 17th Mnet Asian Music Awards. In July, Crush released the single "Oasis" which featured Block B's Zico. In November, Crush held his first solo concert, "Crush on You".


title: Crush (singer)

text: In January 2016, Crush released the single "Don't Forget" featuring Girls' Generation's Taeyeon. "Don't Forget" won first place on Show Champion on January 27, marking his first music show win. Crush also went on to win Best Vocal Performance - Male Solo at the 18th Mnet Asian Music Awards.


title: Crush (singer)

text: In 2016, Crush became an active member of the hip-hop crew Fanxy Child, consisting of Zico (rapper, producer), Dean (singer, producer), Penomeco (rapper), Millic (DJ, producer), Staytuned (producer).


title: Crush (singer)

text: In July 2018, Crush released his third extended play "Wonderlost". As with his previous projects, Crush was heavily involved in the songwriting, composition, and production of his album, stating: “I’m able to do the full production… I can make my own arrangements, and oversee the entire process.”


title: Crush (singer)

text: In December 2016, Crush also released the hit OST “Beautiful” for the tvN drama and later received a nomination for Best OST at the 19th Mnet Asian Music Awards.


title: Crush (singer)

text: On June 4, 2019, Crush stated on his Instagram that he would be leaving Amoeba Records to start his own agency. However, on July 17, 2019, he announced that he had decided to sign with Psy's agency, P Nation. On December 5, 2019, Crush released his critically acclaimed second full-length album "From Midnight To Sunrise", with "Alone" and "With You" serving as the album's double lead singles. Crush once again took control of songwriting and production for the album, and introduced jazz elements alongside R&B. "From Midnight To Sunrise" won R&B Album of the Year at the Korean Hip-hop Awards.


title: Crush (singer)

text: In February 2020, Crush released the OST "Let Us Go" for the televisionn series "Crash Landing on You". In May 2020, it was announced that Crush had asked Joy of Red Velvet to feature on the lead single of his next album. The song, titled "Mayday", topped multiple music charts upon its release. On October 20, 2020, Crush released his fourth extended play "With Her."


title: Crush (singer)

text: On October 31, P Nation announced that the opening of tickets reservations for Crush's upcoming tour, the Crush on You Tour, would be postponed to respect the mourning period established after the Seoul Halloween crowd crush.


title: Crush (singer)

text: On November 12, 2020, Crush enlisted for his mandatory military service. On August 11, 2022, Crush was discharged from his military service.


title: Crush (singer)

text: On August 23, 2021, Crush was confirmed to be in a relationship with singer and actress Joy, whom he had collaborated with during the previous year.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The Northeast Corridor (NEC) is an electrified railroad line in the Northeast megalopolis of the United States. Owned primarily by Amtrak, it runs from Boston through Providence, New Haven, Stamford, New York City, Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore to Washington, D.C. The NEC closely parallels Interstate 95 for most of its length, and is the busiest passenger rail line in the United States both by ridership and by service frequency as of 2013. The NEC carries more than 2,200 trains daily.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The corridor is used by many Amtrak trains, including the high-speed Acela, intercity trains and several long-distance trains. Most of the corridor also has frequent commuter rail service, operated by the MBTA, Shore Line East, Hartford Line, Metro-North Railroad, Long Island Rail Road, New Jersey Transit, SEPTA and MARC. While large through freights have not run on the NEC since the early 1980s, several companies continue to run smaller local freights over some select few sections of the NEC including CSX, Norfolk Southern, CSAO, Providence and Worcester, New York and Atlantic and Canadian Pacific, with the first two considered to have part-ownership over those routes.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The only high-speed rail services in the Americas operate exclusively on the corridor: Amtrak operates "Northeast Regional", "Keystone Service", "Silver Star", "Vermonter" and Acela trains, the first four reaching and the latter reaching on a few sections in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Jersey; the MARC commuter rail system, which has operations on the line, also has certain express trains going up to . "Acela" covers the between New York and Washington, D.C., in under 3 hours, and the between New York and Boston in under 3.5 hours. Concepts for improvements to achieve "true" high-speed rail on the corridor, which have been estimated by Amtrak to cost $151 billion, envision cutting travel times roughly in half, with trips between New York and Washington that would take 94 minutes.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Most of what is now called the Northeast Corridor was built, piece by piece, by several railroads, from the 1830s. Before 1900, their routes had been consolidated as two long and unconnected stretches, each a part of a major railroad. Anchored in Washington, D.C., the stretch owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad approached New York City from the south; anchored at Boston, the stretch owned by the New Haven Railroad entered New York State from Connecticut. The former terminated at New Jersey ferry slips across the Hudson River from Manhattan. The latter extended to the Bronx, whence it continued into Manhattan via trackage rights on the New York and Harlem Railroad. It also reached the Bronx via the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad, which extended to the Bronx from the New Haven at New Rochelle.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: From 1903 to 1917, the two railroads undertook a number of projects that connected their lines and completed, in effect, the Northeast Corridor. These included the New York Tunnel Extension in New Jersey (including Manhattan Transfer station and a new Pennsylvania Station), the New York Connecting Railroad and the Hell Gate Bridge. Combined, these creations were a stretch that started just above Newark, New Jersey, on the Pennsylvania Railroad side, and connected with the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad (and thus New Rochelle) on the New Haven side. With the opening of the Hell Gate Bridge in 1917, this connecting stretch and thus the Northeast Corridor itself were complete.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: With the 1968 creation of Penn Central, which was a combination of those two railroads and the New York Central Railroad, the entire corridor was under the control of a single entity for the first time. After successor Penn Central’s 1970 bankruptcy, the corridor was almost entirely subsumed, on May 1, 1971, by the subsequently-created Amtrak.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 1899, William J. Wilgus, the New York Central Railroad (NYC)'s chief engineer, proposed electrifying the lines leading from Grand Central Terminal and the split at Mott Haven, using a third rail power system devised by Frank J. Sprague. Electricity was in use on some branch lines of the NYNH&H for interurban streetcars via third rail or trolley wire. An accident in the Park Avenue Tunnel near the present Grand Central Terminal that killed 17 people on January 8, 1902, was blamed on smoke from steam locomotives; the resulting outcry led to a push for electric operation in Manhattan.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The NH announced in 1905 that it would electrify its main line from New York to Stamford, Connecticut. Along with the construction of Grand Central Terminal, which was opened in 1913, the NYC electrified its lines. On September 30, 1906, the NYC conducted a test of suburban multiple unit service to Highbridge station on the Hudson Line; regular service began on December 11. Electric locomotives began serving Grand Central on February 15, 1907, and all NYC passenger service into Grand Central was electrified on July 1, 1907. NH electrification began in July to New Rochelle, August to Port Chester and October the rest of the way to Stamford. Steam trains last operated into Grand Central on June 30, 1908: the deadline after which steam trains were banned in Manhattan. Subsequently, all NH passenger trains into Manhattan were electrified. In June 1914, the NH electrification was extended to New Haven, which was the terminus of electrified service for over 80 years.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The PRR was building its Pennsylvania Station and electrified approaches, which were served by the PRR's lines in New Jersey and the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR). LIRR electric service began in 1905 on the Atlantic Branch from downtown Brooklyn past Jamaica, and in June 1910 on the branch to Long Island City: part of the main line to Penn Station. Penn Station opened on September 8, 1910, for LIRR trains and November 27 for the PRR; trains of both railroads were powered by DC electricity from a third rail. PRR trains changed engines (electric to/from steam) at Manhattan Transfer; passengers could also transfer there to H&M trains to downtown Manhattan.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: On July 29, 1911, NH began electric service on its Harlem River Branch: a suburban branch that would become a main line with the completion of the New York Connecting Railroad and its Hell Gate Bridge. The bridge opened on March 9, 1917, but was operated by steam with an engine change at Sunnyside Yard east of Penn Station until 1918.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Electrification north of New Haven to Providence and Boston had been planned by the NH, and authorized by the company's board of directors shortly before the United States entered World War I. This plan was not carried out because of the war and the company's financial problems. Electrification north of New Haven did not occur until the 1990s, by AMTRAK, using a 60 Hz system.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 1905, the PRR began to electrify its suburban lines at Philadelphia: an effort that eventually led to 11 kV, 25 Hz AC catenary from New York and Washington. Electric service began in September 1915, with multiple unit trains west to Paoli on the PRR Main Line (now the Keystone Corridor). Electric service to Chestnut Hill (now the Chestnut Hill West Line), including a stretch of the NEC, began on March 30, 1918. Local electric service to Wilmington, Delaware, on the NEC began on September 30, 1928, and to Trenton, New Jersey, on June 29, 1930.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Electrified service between Exchange Place, the Jersey City terminal, and New Brunswick, New Jersey, began on December 8, 1932, including the extension of Penn Station electric service from Manhattan Transfer. On January 16, 1933, the rest of the electrification between New Brunswick and Trenton opened, giving a fully-electrified line between New York and Wilmington. Trains to Washington began running under electricity to Wilmington on February 12, 1933, with the engine-change moved from Manhattan Transfer to Wilmington. The same was done on April 9, 1933, for trains running west from Philadelphia, with the change point moved to Paoli.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 1933, the electrification south of Wilmington was stalled by the Great Depression, but the PRR got a loan from the Public Works Administration to resume work. The tunnels at Baltimore were rebuilt as part of the project. Electric service between New York and Washington began on February 10, 1935. On April 7, the electrification of passenger trains was complete, with 639 daily trains: 191 hauled by locomotives and the other 448 under multiple-unit power. New York–Washington electric freight service began on May 20, 1935, after the electrification of freight lines in New Jersey and Washington,DC. Extensions to Potomac Yard across the Potomac River from Washington, as well as several freight branches along the way, were electrified in 1937 and 1938. The Potomac Yard retained its electrification until 1981.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In the 1930s, PRR equipped the New York–Washington line with Pulse code cab signaling. Between 1998 and 2003, this system was overlaid with an Alstom Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System (ACSES), using track-mounted transponders similar to the Balises of the modern European Train Control System. The ACSES will enable Amtrak to implement positive train control to comply with the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In December 1967, the UAC TurboTrain set a speed record for a production train: between New Brunswick and Trenton, New Jersey.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In February 1968, PRR merged with its rival New York Central Railroad to form the Penn Central (PC). Penn Central was required to absorb the New Haven in 1969 as a condition of the merger.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: On September 21, 1970, all New York–Boston trains except the "Turboservice" were rerouted into Penn Station from Grand Central; the "Turboservice" moved on February 1, 1971, for cross-platform transfers to the Metroliners.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 1971, Amtrak began operations, and various state governments took control of portions of the NEC for their commuter transportation authorities. In January, the State of Massachusetts bought the Attleboro/Stoughton Line in Massachusetts, later operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. The same month, the New York State Metropolitan Transportation Authority bought, and Connecticut leased, from Penn Central their sections of the New Haven Line, between Woodlawn, Bronx, New York and New Haven, Connecticut.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 1973, the Regional Rail Reorganization Act opened the way for Amtrak to buy sections of the NEC not already been sold to these commuter transportation authorities. These purchases by Amtrak were controversial at the time, and the Department of Transportation blocked the transaction and withheld purchase funds for several months until Amtrak granted it control over reconstruction of the corridor.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In February 1975, the Preliminary System Plan for Conrail proposed to stop running freight trains on the NEC between Groton, Connecticut, and Hillsgrove, Rhode Island, but this clause was rejected the following month by the U.S. Railway Association.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: By April 1976, Amtrak owned the entire NEC except Boston to the RI state line, which is owned by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and New Haven to New Rochelle, New York, which is owned by the States of Connecticut and New York. Amtrak still operates and maintains the portion in Massachusetts, but the line from New Haven to New Rochelle, New York, is operated by the Metro-North Railroad, which has hindered the establishment of high-speed service.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 1976, Congress authorized an overhaul of the system between Washington and Boston. Called the Northeast Corridor Improvement Project (NECIP), it included safety improvements, modernization of the signaling system by General Railway Signal, and new Centralized Electrification and Traffic Control (CETC) control centers by Chrysler at Philadelphia, New York and Boston. It allowed more trains to run faster and closer together, and set the stage for later high-speed operation. NECIP also introduced the AEM-7 locomotive, which lowered travel times and became the most successful engine on the Corridor. The NECIP set travel time goals of 2 hours and 40 minutes between Washington and New York, and 3 hours and 40 minutes between Boston and New York. These goals were not met because of the low level of funding provided by the Reagan Administration and Congress in the 1980s.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Electrification between New Haven and Boston was to be included in the 1976 Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The last grade crossings between New York and Washington were closed about 1985; eleven grade crossings remain in Connecticut.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In the 1990s, Amtrak upgraded the NEC north of New Haven, CT to get it ready for the high-speed "Acela Express" trains. Dubbed the Northeast High Speed Rail Improvement Program (NHRIP), the effort eliminated grade crossings, rebuilt bridges and modified curves. Concrete railroad ties replaced wood ties, and heavier continuous welded rail (CWR) was laid-down.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 1996, Amtrak began installing electrification gear along the of track between New Haven and Boston. The infrastructure included a new overhead catenary wire made of high-strength silver-bearing copper, specified by Amtrak and later patented by Phelps Dodge Specialty Copper Products of Elizabeth, New Jersey.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Service with electric locomotives between New Haven and Boston began on January 31, 2000. The project took four years and cost close to $2.3 billion: $1.3 billion for the infrastructure improvements and close to $1 billion for both the new Acela trainsets and the Bombardier–Alstom HHP-8 locomotives.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: On December 11, 2000, Amtrak began operating its higher-speed Acela Express service. Fastest travel time by Acela is three and a half hours between Boston and New York, and two hours forty-five minutes between New York and Washington, D.C.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 2005, there was talk in Congress of splitting the Northeast Corridor, which was opposed by then-acting Amtrak president David Gunn. The plan, supported by the Bush administration, would "turn over the Northeast Corridor – the tracks from Washington to Boston that are the railroad's main physical asset – to a federal-state consortium."


title: Northeast Corridor

text: With the passage of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008, the Congress established the Northeast Corridor Commission (NEC Commission) in the U.S. Department of Transportation to facilitate mutual cooperation and planning and to advise Congress on Corridor rail and development policy. The commission members include USDOT, Amtrak and the Northeast Corridor states.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In August 2011 the United States Department of Transportation committed $450 million to a six-year project to support capacity increases on one of the busiest segments on the NEC: a section between New Brunswick and Trenton, passing through Princeton Junction. The project is designed to upgrade electrical power, signal systems and overhead catenary wires to improve reliability and increase speeds up to , and, after the purchase of new equipment, up to . In September 2012, speed tests were conducted using "Acela" train sets, achieving a speed of . The improvements were scheduled to be completed in 2016, but, due to delays, the project had not been completed until 2020.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Eleven minutes after leaving 30th Street Station in Philadelphia on May 12, 2015, a year-old ACS-64 locomotive (#601) and all seven Amfleet I coaches of Amtrak's northbound "Northeast Regional" (TR#188) derailed at 9:21pm at Frankford Junction in the Port Richmond section of the city, while entering a speed limited (but at the time non-ATC protected) 4° curve at , killing eight and injuring more than 200 (eight critically) of the 238 passengers and five crew on board as well as causing the suspension of all Philadelphia–New York NEC service for six days.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: This was the deadliest crash on the Northeast Corridor since 16 died when Amtrak's Washington–Boston "Colonial" (TR#94) rear-ended three stationary Conrail locomotives at near Baltimore on January 4, 1987. Frankford Junction curve was the site of a previous fatal accident on September 6, 1943 when an extra section of the PRR's Washington to New York "Congressional Limited" derailed there, killing 79 and injuring 117 of the 541 on board.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The NEC is a cooperative venture between Amtrak and various state agencies. Amtrak owns the track between Washington and New Rochelle, New York, a northern suburb of New York City. The segment from New Rochelle to New Haven is owned by the states of New York and Connecticut; Metro-North Railroad commuter trains operate there. Amtrak owns the tracks north of New Haven to the border between Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The final segment from the border north to Boston is owned by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: At just over , the Northeast Corridor is the longest electrified rail corridor in the United States. Most electrified railways in the country are for rapid transit or commuter rail use; the Keystone Corridor is the only other electrified intercity mainline.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Currently, the corridor uses three catenary systems. From Washington, D.C., to Sunnyside Yard (just east of New York Penn Station), Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system (originally built by the Pennsylvania Railroad) supplies 12 kV at 25 Hz. From Sunnyside to Mill River (just east of New Haven station), the former New Haven Railroad's system, since modified by Metro-North, supplies 12.5 kV at 60 Hz. From Mill River to Boston, the much newer 60 Hz traction power system supplies 25 kV at 60 Hz. All of Amtrak's electric locomotives can switch between these systems.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In addition to catenary, the East River Tunnels have 750 V DC third rail for Long Island Rail Road trains, and the North River Tunnels have third rail for emergency use only.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 2006, several high-profile electric-power failures delayed Amtrak and commuter trains on the Northeast Corridor up to five hours. Railroad officials blamed Amtrak's funding woes for the deterioration of the track and power supply system, which in places is almost a hundred years old. These problems have decreased in recent years after tracks and power systems were repaired and improved.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In September 2013, one of two feeder lines supplying power to the New Haven Line failed, while the other feeder was disabled for service. The lack of electrical power disrupted trains on Amtrak and Metro-North Railroad, which share the segment in New York State.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: There are 109 active stations on the Northeast Corridor; 30 are used by Amtrak. All but three (, , and ) see commuter service. Amtrak owns Pennsylvania Station in New York, 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Station in Baltimore, and Union Station in Washington.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The main services of the Northeast Corridor are indicated using the following abbreviations. Other services are listed in the right-most column. Note that not all trains necessarily stop at all indicated stations.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The entire Northeast Corridor has 11 grade crossings, all in southeastern New London County, Connecticut. The remaining grade crossings are along a part of the line that hugs the shore of Long Island Sound. Without these crossings many waterfront communities and businesses would be inaccessible from land. Except for five grade crossings, 3 near New London Union Station, and two in Stonington, all have four-quadrant gates with induction loop sensors, which allow vehicles stopped on the tracks to be detected in time for an oncoming train to stop.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: FRA rules limit track speeds on the corridor to over conventional crossings and over crossings with four-quadrant gates and vehicle detection tied into the signal system.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The New York to New Haven line has long been completely grade-separated, and the last grade crossings between Washington and New York were eliminated in the 1980s. In 1994, during planning for electrification and high-speed "Acela Express" service between New Haven and Boston, a law was passed requiring USDOT to plan for the elimination of all remaining crossings (unless impractical or unnecessary) by 1997. Some lightly used crossings were simply closed, while most were converted into bridges or underpasses. Only thirteen remained by 1999, of which lightly used crossings in Old Lyme, Connecticut and Exeter, Rhode Island were soon closed.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Despite six nonfatal accidents in the previous sixteen years, there was substantial local opposition to closing the remaining 11 crossings. Outright closing the crossing would eliminate the sole access points to several of the places they served, while grade separation would be expensive and require land takings. Instead, the crossings were supplied with additional protections. In 1998, School Street in Groton was the first four-quadrant gate installation in the country with vehicle detection sensors tied into the line's signal system. It cost $1 million rather than the $4 million for a bridge. Seven more crossings received similar installations in 1999 and 2000; only the three in New London (which are on a tight curve with speed limits under ) did not.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: On September 28, 2005, a southbound "Acela Express" struck a car at Miner Lane in Waterford, Connecticut, the first such incident since the additional protections were implemented. The train was approaching the crossing at approximately when the car reportedly rolled under the lowered crossing gate arms too late for the sensor system to fully stop the train. The driver and one passenger were killed on impact; the other passenger died nine days later from injuries sustained in the crash. The gates were later inspected and declared to have been functioning properly at the time of the incident. The incident drew public criticism about the remaining grade crossings along the busy line.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 2003, Amtrak accounted for about 14% of intercity trips between the cities served by the NEC and its branches (the rest were taken by airline, automobile, or bus). A 2011 study estimated that in 2010 Amtrak carried 6% of the Boston–Washington traffic, compared to 80% for automobiles, 8–9% for intercity bus, and 5% for airlines. Amtrak's share of the air or rail passenger traffic between New York City and Boston has grown from 20 percent to 54 percent since 2001, and 75 percent between New York City and Washington, D.C.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Eight other Amtrak trains terminate at NEC stations, but do not use any NEC infrastructure outside the terminus:


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Six Amtrak services operate via the Empire Corridor, a line largely owned by CSX, with other sections owned by Metro-North Railroad and Amtrak. It meets the NEC at New York Penn Station.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Due to the wide availability of the "Northeast Regional", "Keystone Service", and "Acela Express", as well as commuter rail, most long- and medium-haul trains operating along the New York-Washington leg of the NEC do not allow local travel between NEC stations. In most cases, long- and medium-haul trains only stop to discharge passengers from Washington (and in some cases, Alexandria) northward, and to receive passengers from Newark to Washington. This policy is intended to keep seats available for passengers making longer trips. The "Vermonter" and "Palmetto" are the only medium- and long-haul trains that allow local travel in both directions between New York and Washington. The southbound "Carolinian" allows local travel daily, while the northbound "Carolinian" only allows local travel on Sundays, Thursdays, and Fridays. Additionally, the medium-haul "Pennsylvanian" allows local NEC travel, but this train leaves the corridor in Philadelphia and does not travel all the way to Washington.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In addition to Amtrak, several commuter rail agencies operate passenger service using the NEC tracks:


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Freight trains operate on parts of the NEC through trackage rights. Prior to the 1970s when Amtrak took over all passenger service, the NEC routinely saw lengthy freight trains sometimes numbering over one hundred cars traversing great lengths of the corridor. All freight operations ultimately came under the control of Penn Central in the late 1960s and later Conrail upon its formation in 1976, however Amtrak, whose ridership was steadily increasing began demanding heavier taxes for longer trains. Ultimately Conrail began reducing freight service to only small, local trains on certain sections of the corridor where most needed once longer freights began causing congestion and bigger delays with passenger service.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Currently, Norfolk Southern Railway operates over the line south of Philadelphia. CSX Transportation has rights from New York to New Haven; in Massachusetts; and in Maryland from Landover, where its Landover Subdivision joins the NEC, to Bowie, where its Pope's Creek Subdivision leaves it. Between Philadelphia and New York, Conrail operates as a local switching and terminal company for CSX and Norfolk Southern ("see Conrail Shared Assets Operations"). The Providence and Worcester Railroad operates local freight service from New Haven into Rhode Island and has overhead trackage rights from New Haven to New York ("see Rail freight transportation in New York City and Long Island"). Additionally the Canadian Pacific Railway and the New York and Atlantic Railway both have trackage rights over the Hell Gate Bridge in order to connect with their own routes near New York.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In the 2010s, the Federal Railroad Administration drew up a master plan for developing the corridor through 2040, taking into account various projects and proposals by various agency and advocacy groups. The plan was completed in spring 2015. Much of the proposed improvements are unfunded.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In October 2010, Amtrak released "A Vision for High-Speed Rail on the Northeast Corridor," an aspirational proposal for dedicated high-speed rail tracks between Washington, D.C., and Boston. Projected to cost about $117 billion (2010 dollars), the project would allow speeds of , reducing travel time from New York to Washington to 96 minutes (including a stop in Philadelphia) and from Boston to New York to 84 minutes, with an aspirational completion date of 2030 for travel from Washington to New York and 2040 for New York To Boston. In 2012, Amtrak revised its cost estimate to $151 billion.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 2012, the Federal Railroad Administration began developing a master plan for bringing high-speed rail to the Northeast Corridor titled NEC FUTURE, and released the final environmental impact statement in December 2016. The proposed alignment would closely follow the existing NEC south of New York City; multiple potential alignments north of New York City were studied, including the existing shoreline route, a route through Hartford, Connecticut, and a route out along Long Island which would traverse a new bridge or tunnel across Long Island Sound to Connecticut. On July 12, 2017, the Federal Railroad Administration revealed the record of decision for the project. The proposed upgrades have not been funded.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In February 2011, Amtrak announced plans for the Gateway Project between Newark Penn Station and New York Penn Station. The planned project would create a high-speed alignment across the New Jersey Meadowlands and under the Hudson River, including the replacement of the Portal Bridge, a bottleneck.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: On August 26, 2016, Vice President Joe Biden announced a $2.45 billion federal loan package to pay for new Acela equipment, as well as upgrades to the NEC. The loans will finance 28 trainsets that will replace the existing fleet. The trains are being built by Alstom in Hornell and Rochester, New York. Passenger service using the new trains is expected to begin in 2023 and the current fleet was expected to be retired by the end of 2022, or when all the replacements have been delivered. Amtrak will pay off the loans from increased NEC passenger revenue.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In 2013, Japanese officials pitched the country's maglev train technology, the world's fastest, for the Northeast Corridor to regional U.S. politicians. The trains could travel from New York to Washington in an hour. Northeast Maglev, using SCMaglev technology developed by Central Japan Railway Company, is currently working with the FRA and MDOT to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. The project has received a $27.8 million grant from the FRA.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: The North Atlantic Rail initiative, launched in 2017, has advocated building new high-speed railroads providing speeds up to 225 mph (200 mph by different sources) in the northeast, where the densely-populated core of New England is struggling with traffic and environmental overload. In long-term plans, there is also proposal of building several lines branching out of Northeast corridor (which is bypassed by this proposal, cutting travel time), their maximum speed is yet unknown. Despite being the fastest railroad in the USA today, New York to Boston segment is planned to be replaced by even faster line.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In May 2011, a $294.7-million federal grant was awarded to fix congestion at Harold Interlocking, the USA's second-busiest rail junction after Sunnyside Yard. The work will lay tracks to the New York Connecting Railroad right of way, allowing Amtrak trains arriving from or bound for New England to avoid NJT and LIRR trains. Financing for the project was jeopardized in July 2011 by the House of Representatives, which voted to divert the funding to unrelated projects. The project was then funded by FRA and the MTA. , the interlocking is being reconstructed for LIRR's East Side Access project.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: In August 2011, Congress obligated $450 million to a six-year project to add capacity on one of the busiest segments on the NEC in New Jersey. The project is designed to upgrade electrical power, signal systems and catenary wires on a section between New Brunswick and Trenton to improve reliability, increase speeds up to , and support more frequent high-speed service. The improvements were scheduled to be completed in 2016, but have been delayed repeatedly. The track work is one of several projects planned for the "New Jersey Speedway" section of the NEC, which include a new station at North Brunswick, the Mid-Line Loop (a flyover for reversing train direction), and the re-construction of County Yard, to be done in coordination with NJT. Acela trains began operating at speeds up to between Princeton Junction and New Brunswick in June 2022. With the planned introduction of the Avelia Liberty in 2023, speeds will increase to 160mph.


title: Northeast Corridor

text: Amtrak has applied for $15 million for the environmental impact studies and preliminary engineering design to examine replacement options for the more than 100-year-old, low-level movable rail Pelham Bay Bridge (just west of Pelham Bridge) over the Hutchinson River in the Bronx that has been limiting speed and train capacity. The goal is for a new bridge to support expanded service and speeds up to .


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: The Peter Grant series (alternatively, the Rivers of London series or the PC Grant series) is a series of urban fantasy novels by English author Ben Aaronovitch, and comics/graphic novels by Aaronovitch and Andrew Cartmel, illustrated by Lee Sullivan.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: The novel centres on the adventures of Peter Grant, a young officer in the Metropolitan Police; who, following an unexpected encounter with a ghost, is recruited into the small branch of the Met that deals with magic and the supernatural.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Peter Grant, having become the first English apprentice wizard in over seventy years, must immediately deal with two different but ultimately inter-related cases. In one he must find what is possessing ordinary people and turning them into vicious killers, and in the second he must broker a peace between the two warring gods of the River Thames and their respective families.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Following the events of "Rivers of London" Police Constable and apprentice wizard Peter Grant is called in to help investigate the brutal murder of a journalist in the downstairs toilet of the Groucho Club in London's Soho district. At the same time Peter is disturbed by a number of deaths of amateur and semi-professional jazz musicians that occurred shortly after they performed. Despite the apparently natural causes of death each body exhibits a magical signature which leads Peter to believe that the deaths are far from natural.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: The son of a US senator is stabbed to death, and magic involvement is suspected. An FBI agent is involved with DC Grant's case. Meanwhile, in the sewers near the tunnels of London's Underground, something is happening.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Another killer is on the loose, and the prime suspect could be an associate of the twisted magician known as the Faceless Man. A town planner goes under a tube train, and a grimoire has been stolen. And when Peter gets word of something very odd happening in Elephant and Castle, he has to investigate whether there is a connection.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Leaving London, Peter goes to a small village in Herefordshire, where there appears to be a supernatural element to the disappearance of two local girls. Having to cope with local cops, as well as local gods, Peter finds the mystery deepens.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Back in London, Peter faces the legacy of London's hangings. Investigating suspicious murders in the world of the super-rich, Peter is in a different world to the one he is used to investigating.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: In this novella, published in September 2017, Peter needs to deal with commuting ghosts, forgetful commuters, and deciphering a ghost's urgent message.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Published in June 2019. Tobias Winter, the only apprentice in the "Abteilung komplexe und diffuse Angelegenheiten" (KDA) (Department for Complex and Diffuse Matters – the German equivalent of the Folly) investigates a suspicious death in a vineyard near the Moselle. His local colleague is Vanessa Sommer, who is going to join the KDA in the end as well.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Peter Grant is facing fatherhood, and an uncertain future, with equal amounts of panic and enthusiasm. Rather than sit around, he takes a job with émigré Silicon Valley tech genius Terrence Skinner's new London start-up: the Serious Cybernetics Company. The book was released on 20 February 2020.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: "What Abigail Did That Summer" is a novella set at the same time as "Foxglove Summer". In the series chronology it will be the first novella, taking place before "The Furthest Station".


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: This novel, the ninth in the series, was released on April 7, 2022. Peter Grant, now an expecting father, is tasked to investigate a suspicious magical death in London's silver vaults and uncover a centuries' old mystery.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: The Rivers of London graphic novel series each tell a separate story arc in individual comics that when finished are collected and sold in electronic form as well as hardback and softback bound editions.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Body Work – Starting with a car on a killing spree, with no driver, Peter investigates a Bosnian refugee and a seemingly-harmless wooden bench with the darkest of paths...


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Night Witch - Russian Oligarch's daughter is kidnapped and he thinks kidnapping Nightwitch Varvara Sidorovna will help the situation.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Black Mould – Sahra Guleed joins Grant in determining the source of Black Mould invading the suburbs while Nightingale takes on a haunted ice cream van.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Detective Stories - Peter is trying to make Detective which is a bit complicated when your exam proctor is 90% sure you are crazy or a practical joke!


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Water Weed – When Chelsea and Olympia decide to earn a few quid on the side, Peter and Bev find themselves confronting London's new queenpin of crime – the brutal and beautiful Hoodette!


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: The Fey and the Furious – Peter investigates illegal street racing in Essex and ends up... somewhere else.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Following FBI Agent Kimberley Reynolds, who was introduced in Whispers Underground, and has subsequently become an ally of the Folly, this novella is set after Lies Sleeping.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Aaronovitch has also announced several works within the same fictional universe, but set outside the chronology of the main series. These works include a short story entitled 'Cock of The Wall' focusing on Petrus Aelius Bekemetus, who Aaronovitch describes as a "temple official/Londinium wideboy" – i.e. set in Roman London which Peter Grant briefly visited in the first book of the series. Also planned is an untitled Novella focusing on Peter's mentor Thomas Nightingale.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: On 1 May 2019 it was announced that a television adaptation of "Rivers of London" would be produced by Simon Pegg and Nick Frost's production company, Stolen Picture. However, according to Aaronovitch, the series is "still in the same state of permanent pre-pre-production".


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: On 7 July 2022, another TV adaptation of the book series, produced by Pure Fiction Television, See-Saw Films and Unnecessary Logo, Aaronovitch's production company, was announced.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: At Dragonmeet convention in London, on 30 November 2019, it was announced that a role-playing game based on the book series would be published by Chaosium. The game was released in PDF version on November 30th, 2022, pending book version.


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: On the page where the official order is given, the author writes: "One caveat – the short story The Home Crowd Advantage is obviously set in 2012 during the London Olympics but because it was written before the chronology of the series had firmed up it contains a number of anachronisms. I've learnt to be philosophical about this sort of thing." Many of the stories give vague dates, and some of those dates conflict with the official series order (compare "Foxglove Summer" and "The Furthest Station").


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: The Guardian's Sarah Shaffi wrote "The books have consistently featured on bestseller lists, with the most recent two novels – 2022’s ″″Amongst Our Weapons″ and 2020’s ″False Value″ – going straight to No 1 on the Sunday Times bestseller list.″ She added, "Aaronovitch’s work has been translated into 14 languages and sold in excess of five million copies worldwide, and has its own wiki, Follypedia."


title: Peter Grant (book series)

text: Reviewing the ninth book in the series, ″Amongst our Weapons″, in The Guardian, Lisa Tuttle wrote "Aaronovitch has no peers when it comes to successfully combining the appeal of a down-to-earth police procedural with all-out fantasy: here are real places, real history and real problems complicated by the existence of magic, ancient spirits, fairies, ghosts and talking foxes, all dwelling alongside ordinary, clueless humans. His plotting is still satisfyingly inventive and the continuing characters maintain their charm in the ninth novel of a series that began in 2011.


title: Tyndall effect

text: The Tyndall effect is light scattering by particles in a colloid or in a very fine suspension. Also known as Tyndall scattering, it is similar to Rayleigh scattering, in that the intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength, so blue light is scattered much more strongly than red light. An example in everyday life is the blue colour sometimes seen in the smoke emitted by motorcycles, in particular two-stroke machines where the burnt engine oil provides these particles.


title: Tyndall effect

text: Under the Tyndall effect, the longer wavelengths are transmitted more while the shorter wavelengths are more diffusely reflected via scattering. The Tyndall effect is seen when light-scattering particulate matter is dispersed in an otherwise light-transmitting medium, where the diameter of an individual particle is in the range of roughly 40 to 900 nm, i.e. somewhat below or near the wavelengths of visible light (400–750 nm).


title: Tyndall effect

text: It is particularly applicable to colloidal mixtures and fine suspensions; for example, the Tyndall effect is used in nephelometers to determine the size and density of particles in aerosols and other colloidal matter. Investigation of the phenomenon led directly to the ultramicroscope and turbidimetry.


title: Tyndall effect

text: It is named after the 19th-century physicist John Tyndall, who first studied the phenomenon extensively.


title: Tyndall effect

text: Prior to his discovery of the phenomenon, Tyndall was primarily known for his work on the absorption and emission of radiant heat on a molecular level. In his investigations in that area, it had become necessary to use air from which all traces of floating dust and other particulates had been removed, and the best way to detect these particulates was to bathe the air in intense light. In the 1860s, Tyndall did a number of experiments with light, shining beams through various gases and liquids and recording the results. In doing so, Tyndall discovered that when gradually filling the tube with smoke and then shining a beam of light through it, the beam appeared to be blue from the sides of the tube but red from the far end. This observation enabled Tyndall to first propose the phenomenon which would later bear his name.


title: Tyndall effect

text: In 1902 the ultramicroscope was developed by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929) and Henry Siedentopf (1872–1940), working for Carl Zeiss AG. Curiosity about the Tyndall effect led them to apply bright sunlight for illumination and they were able to determine the size of 4 nm small gold nanoparticles that generate the cranberry glass colour. This work led directly to Zsigmondy's Nobel Prize for chemistry.


title: Tyndall effect

text: Rayleigh scattering is defined by a mathematical formula that requires the light-scattering particles to be far smaller than the wavelength of the light. For a dispersion of particles to qualify for the Rayleigh formula, the particle sizes need to be below roughly 40 nanometres (for visible light), and the particles may be individual molecules. Colloidal particles are bigger and are in the rough vicinity of the size of a wavelength of light. Tyndall scattering, i.e. colloidal particle scattering, is much more intense than Rayleigh scattering due to the bigger particle sizes involved. The importance of the particle size factor for intensity can be seen in the large exponent it has in the mathematical statement of the intensity of Rayleigh scattering. If the colloid particles are spheroid, Tyndall scattering can be mathematically analyzed in terms of Mie theory, which admits particle sizes in the rough vicinity of the wavelength of light. Light scattering by particles of complex shape are described by the T-matrix method.


title: Tyndall effect

text: A blue iris in an eye is blue due to Tyndall scattering by a translucent layer of turbid media in the iris that contains numerous small particles that are finely suspended within the fibrovasular structure of the stroma or front layer of the iris. Some brown irises have the same layer except with more amount of melanin in it. Moderate amounts of melanin make hazel, dark blue & green eyes.


title: Tyndall effect

text: However, most brown & black eyes are only colored by melanin because it is the only functionally important eye color which therefore lacks this turbid media due to its unnecessary function in protecting the eye from harmful UV rays.


title: Tyndall effect

text: In eyes that contain both particles and melanin; melanin absorbs light. In the absence of melanin, the layer is translucent (i.e. the light passing through is randomly and diffusely scattered by the particles) and a noticeable portion of the light that enters this translucent layer re-emerges via a radial scattered path. That is, there is backscatter, the redirection of the light waves back out to the open air.


title: Tyndall effect

text: Scattering takes place to a greater extent at shorter wavelengths. The longer wavelengths tend to pass straight through the translucent layer with unaltered paths of yellow light, and then encounter the next layer further back in the iris, which is a light absorber called the epithelium or uvea that is colored brownish-black. The brightness or intensity of scattered blue light that is scattered by the particles is due to this layer along with the turbid medium of particles within the stroma.


title: Tyndall effect

text: Thus, the longer wavelengths are not reflected (by scattering) back to the open air as much as the shorter wavelengths. Because the shorter wavelengths are the blue wavelengths, this gives rise to a blue hue in the light that comes out of the eye. The blue iris is an example of a structural color because it relies only on the interference of light through the turbid medium to generate the color.


title: Tyndall effect

text: Blue eyes & brown eyes therefore both seem to be anatomically different from each other because of the difference between turbid media and melanin. These differences are further evident through the fact that both kinds of eye color can remain functionally separate while also being mixed together.


title: Tyndall effect

text: When the day's sky is overcast, sunlight passes through the turbid layer of the clouds, resulting in scattered, diffuse light on the ground (sunbeam). This exhibits Mie scattering instead of Tyndall scattering because the cloud droplets are larger than the wavelength of the light and scatters all colors approximately equally. When the daytime sky is cloudless, the sky's color is blue due to Rayleigh scattering instead of Tyndall scattering because the scattering particles are the air molecules, which are much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. Similarly, the term "Tyndall effect" is incorrectly applied to light scattering by large, macroscopic dust particles in the air; however, due to their large size, they do not exhibit Tyndall scattering.


title: Canyon

text: A canyon (from ; archaic British English spelling: "cañon"), or gorge, is a deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering and the erosive activity of a river over geologic time scales. Rivers have a natural tendency to cut through underlying surfaces, eventually wearing away rock layers as sediments are removed downstream. A river bed will gradually reach a baseline elevation, which is the same elevation as the body of water into which the river drains. The processes of weathering and erosion will form canyons when the river's headwaters and estuary are at significantly different elevations, particularly through regions where softer rock layers are intermingled with harder layers more resistant to weathering.


title: Canyon

text: A canyon may also refer to a rift between two mountain peaks, such as those in ranges including the Rocky Mountains, the Alps, the Himalayas or the Andes. Usually, a river or stream carves out such splits between mountains. Examples of mountain-type canyons are Provo Canyon in Utah or Yosemite Valley in California's Sierra Nevada. Canyons within mountains, or gorges that have an opening on only one side, are called box canyons. Slot canyons are very narrow canyons that often have smooth walls.


title: Canyon

text: Steep-sided valleys in the seabed of the continental slope are referred to as submarine canyons. Unlike canyons on land, submarine canyons are thought to be formed by turbidity currents and landslides.


title: Canyon

text: The word "canyon" is Spanish in origin (, ), with the same meaning. The word canyon is generally used in North America, while the words "gorge" and "ravine" (French in origin) are used in Europe and Oceania, though "gorge" and "ravine" are also used in some parts of North America. In the United States, place names generally use "canyon" in the southwest (due to their proximity to Spanish-speaking Mexico) and "gorge" in the northeast (which is closer to French Canada), with the rest of the country graduating between these two according to geography. In Canada, a "gorge" is usually narrow while a "ravine" is more open and often wooded. The military-derived word "defile" is occasionally used in the United Kingdom.


title: Canyon

text: Most canyons were formed by a process of long-time erosion from a plateau or table-land level. The cliffs form because harder rock strata that are resistant to erosion and weathering remain exposed on the valley walls.


title: Canyon

text: Canyons are much more common in arid areas than in wet areas because physical weathering has a more localized effect in arid zones. The wind and water from the river combine to erode and cut away less resistant materials such as shales. The freezing and expansion of water also serve to help form canyons. Water seeps into cracks between the rocks and freezes, pushing the rocks apart and eventually causing large chunks to break off the canyon walls, in a process known as frost wedging. Canyon walls are often formed of resistant sandstones or granite.


title: Canyon

text: Sometimes large rivers run through canyons as the result of gradual geological uplift. These are called entrenched rivers, because they are unable to easily alter their course. In the United States, the Colorado River in the Southwest and the Snake River in the Northwest are two examples of tectonic uplift.


title: Canyon

text: Canyons often form in areas of limestone rock. As limestone is soluble to a certain extent, cave systems form in the rock. When a cave system collapses, a canyon is left, as in the Mendip Hills in Somerset and Yorkshire Dales in Yorkshire, England.


title: Canyon

text: A box canyon is a small canyon that is generally shorter and narrower than a river canyon, with steep walls on three sides, allowing access and egress only through the mouth of the canyon. Box canyons were frequently used in the western United States as convenient corrals, with their entrances fenced.


title: Canyon

text: The definition of "largest canyon" is imprecise, because a canyon can be large by its depth, its length, or the total area of the canyon system. Also, the inaccessibility of the major canyons in the Himalaya contributes to them not being regarded as candidates for the biggest canyon. The definition of "deepest canyon" is similarly imprecise, especially if one includes mountain canyons, as well as canyons cut through relatively flat plateaus (which have a somewhat well-defined rim elevation).


title: Canyon

text: The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (or Tsangpo Canyon), along the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet, is regarded by some as the deepest canyon in the world at . It is slightly longer than the Grand Canyon in the United States. Others consider the Kali Gandaki Gorge in midwest Nepal to be the deepest canyon, with a difference between the level of the river and the peaks surrounding it.


title: Canyon

text: Vying for the deepest canyon in the Americas is the Cotahuasi Canyon and Colca Canyon, in southern Peru. Both have been measured at over deep.


title: Canyon

text: The Grand Canyon of northern Arizona in the United States, with an average depth of and a volume of , is one of the world's largest canyons. It was among the 28 finalists of the New7Wonders of Nature worldwide poll. (Some referred to it as one of the seven natural wonders of the world.)


title: Canyon

text: In August 2013, the discovery of Greenland's Grand Canyon was reported, based on the analysis of data from Operation IceBridge. It is located under an ice sheet. At long, it is believed to be the longest canyon in the world.


title: Canyon

text: The Capertee Valley in Australia is commonly reported as being the second-widest canyon in the world.


title: Canyon

text: Some canyons have notable cultural significance. Evidence of early hominids has been discovered in Africa's Olduvai Gorge. In the southwestern United States, canyons are important archeologically because of the many cliff-dwellings built in such areas, largely by the ancient Pueblo people who were their first inhabitants.


title: Canyon

text: The following list contains only the most notable canyons of the world, arranged by continent and then country.


title: Canyon

text: Venus has many craters and canyons on its surface. The troughs on the planet are part of a system of canyons that is more than 6,400 km long.


title: EasyJet Switzerland

text: EasyJet Switzerland SA, styled as easyJet, is a Swiss low-cost airline based in Meyrin, canton of Geneva. It operates scheduled flights as an EasyJet franchisee from Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel–Mulhouse–Freiburg.


title: EasyJet Switzerland

text: The airline was established on 18 May 1988 as TEA Switzerland and started operations on 23 March 1989 as part of the TEA group. In 2013, the airline was owned by private investors (51%) and EasyJet plc (49%) and had 770 employees.


title: EasyJet Switzerland

text: Over the years, the former TEA Switzerland and later EasyJet Switzerland operated the following aircraft:


title: C. J. Stroud

text: Coleridge Bernard "C. J." Stroud IV (born October 3, 2001) is an American football quarterback for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He played high school football at Rancho Cucamonga High School in Rancho Cucamonga, California. Stroud holds many Ohio State records, including most passing yards in a single game with 573, as well as being the first player in program history to throw for six touchdowns thrice. Stroud was a Heisman Trophy and Davey O'Brien Award finalist in 2021 and 2022.


title: C. J. Stroud

text: Coleridge Bernard Stroud IV was born in Rancho Cucamonga, California, on October 3, 2001, as the youngest of four children. His father has been incarcerated since Stroud was in middle school. Stroud attended Rancho Cucamonga High School As a senior, he was the "Inland Valley Daily Bulletin" offensive player of the year after passing for 3,878 yards and 47 touchdowns. In 2019, he was the MVP of the Elite 11. Stroud was selected to play in the 2020 All-American Bowl. Initially considered a 3-star recruit, Stroud would finish high school as the third-highest rated quarterback of his class. He committed to Ohio State University to play college football.


title: C. J. Stroud

text: Stroud spent his true freshman year at Ohio State redshirting as a backup to Justin Fields. He played just one total snap in 2020; he scored a 48-yard rushing touchdown.


title: C. J. Stroud

text: Stroud was named the starting quarterback as a redshirt-freshman following the departure of Fields to the 2021 NFL Draft. He was chosen over freshmen Kyle McCord, Quinn Ewers, and fellow redshirt-freshman Jack Miller III. Coach Ryan Day credited his decision-making, leadership skills, and accuracy as the reasons that he earned the starting spot.


title: C. J. Stroud

text: Stroud started every game for the Buckeyes aside from a Week 2 game against Akron in order to rest a shoulder injury he sustained in the season opener. Over the season, he earned first team All-Big Ten Honors; was named the Big 10 quarterback of the year; won Big Ten Freshman of the Week six times; was a finalist for both the Davey O'Brien Award and the Heisman Trophy (losing both to Bryce Young); and was the only quarterback in Ohio State history to throw five touchdowns against a Big Ten competitor four times in one season. He led the team to a 10-2 record in the regular season with losses to Oregon and bitter rival Michigan. The loss to Michigan cost OSU the chance to play in the Big 10 Championship. Ohio State bounced back from this disappointment at the Rose Bowl; coming back from a 14-point deficit against Utah to win 48-45. Stroud broke both OSU and Rose Bowl records with 573 yards thrown in the Rose Bowl; he also tied an OSU record and set a Rose Bowl record with 6 touchdown passes.


title: C. J. Stroud

text: Following a successful 2021 season, Stroud entered 2022 as one of the best players in college football as well as the betting favorite to win the Heisman trophy. On October 8, 2022, Stroud threw 6 touchdown passes against Michigan State, setting a conference record for “most 6 passing touchdown games in a career” (with 3), and passed Justin Fields to move to second place on the Ohio State career passing touchdowns list. Stroud and the Buckeyes again came up short against rival Michigan in their annual meeting, this time losing in Columbus 45-23. Despite the loss, the Buckeyes were selected for the College Football Playoff and will face Georgia in the Peach Bowl on December 31st. Stroud again was named a finalist for the Heisman trophy for his season. He finished distant third behind winner Caleb Williams from USC and Max Duggan from TCU.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: Joseph Edward Lauzon Jr. (born May 22, 1984) is an American professional mixed martial artist, competing in the UFC's Lightweight division. A well-rounded fighter, he has the fourth most post-fight bonus awards in UFC history, behind Donald Cerrone, Charles Oliveira and Nate Diaz. Joe's younger brother, Dan Lauzon, is also a mixed martial artist.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: Joseph Edward Lauzon Jr. was born on May 22, 1984, in Brockton, Massachusetts. He lived there until he was in the third grade, when he moved to East Bridgewater. Lauzon lived on a small farm and enjoyed riding horses. The young Lauzon and his friends had an interest in professional wrestling, and would re-enact moves on Lauzon's trampoline. Lauzon did not begin training in the martial arts until his junior year at East Bridgewater High School, after seeing a demonstration that piqued his interest. Lauzon graduated from Wentworth Institute of Technology in 2007 with a Bachelor's degree in computer science. He worked as a network administrator in Cambridge, Massachusetts before he began training in mixed martial arts full-time.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: In 2004, Lauzon had his first cage fight, winning with a first round armbar in a local Massachusetts promotion, Mass Destruction. Lauzon then went on an eight fight winning streak with all the fights ended via submission. Lauzon won an eight-man tournament, defeating three fighters in one night in the World Fighting League and was crowned the WFL Grand Prix Champion. Lauzon was also named 2004 Massachusetts fighter of the year by local Massachusetts MMA outlets.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: Lauzon made his debut in the UFC upsetting former UFC Lightweight Champion Jens Pulver at UFC 63 on September 23, 2006, winning via KO in 48 seconds and in doing so, beat 7-to-1 odds. He was awarded a "Knockout of the Night" award.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: Lauzon has been sponsored throughout his career by independent record label Massachusetts-based Deathwish Inc.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: Lauzon was a contestant on "The Ultimate Fighter 5", which featured lightweights exclusively. He was on B.J. Penn's team, against a team coached by Jens Pulver. Lauzon defeated Brian Geraghty in the preliminary round. He then defeated Cole Miller in the quarterfinals. The win was somewhat controversial due to an illegal strike to the back of Miller's head. Miller appeared obviously dazed by the illegal strike and was given time to recover. However, when action was restarted, it was clear that Cole was still feeling the effects of the strike. Lauzon capitalized on it and won the fight. In the semi-finals, Lauzon lost a unanimous decision to Manvel Gamburyan. At the finale, he defeated Brandon Melendez via submission (triangle choke) at 2:09 of round two.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: At UFC 78 Lauzon submitted previously undefeated Jason Reinhardt by rear-naked choke in the first round. Lauzon quickly took Reinhardt down before moving to the north-south position. Reinhardt rolled, giving Lauzon his back, and Lauzon quickly sunk in the rear-naked choke for a quick submission victory.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: On April 2, 2008, Kenny Florian defeated Lauzon in the main event of UFC Fight Night 13 by TKO via strikes from mount in the second round. The first round was back and forth as Florian opened up a cut on Lauzon's head with elbows and took his back while Lauzon landed several takedowns and attempted several submissions. Florian opened the second round with a takedown and soon advanced to mount where he landed multiple unanswered strikes until the fight was waved off.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: Lauzon defeated Kyle Bradley by technical knockout in round two at UFC Fight Night 15 on September 17, 2008. In the first round Bradley connected with a punch and rocked Lauzon. Lauzon managed to recover and continued to trade with Bradley in a close first round. In the second round Lauzon scored a takedown and transitioned quickly into mount before taking Bradley's back. Lauzon landed several punches from this position until the referee stepped in to save Bradley.


title: Joe Lauzon

text: Lauzon was scheduled to fight former WEC Lightweight Champion, Hermes Franca on February 7, 2009, in the main event for UFC Fight Night 17. However, Franca pulled out of the event with a torn anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee. Jeremy Stephens stepped in as a late replacement. Lauzon defeated Stephens by armbar in the second round, which earned him a "Submission of the Night" bonus award.