title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: George's own religious views resulted in him having an influential role in the Reformation Parliament between its conception in late 1529 and his death in 1536. Both siblings were talented debaters on the issues of religious philosophy and it was George whom Henry chose in 1531 to argue the case for royal supremacy over the Church, before the Church's advisory body, Convocation.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: On 5 February 1533, George was formally called to Parliament and his attendance rate was higher than any other Lord despite his other onerous duties, clearly indicating his commitment. He obviously voted in favour of the statutes which brought to an end the Pope's powers in England, and his commitment to religious reform earned him many enemies who held true to the Catholic faith. Various peers who were opposed to the legislation were excused attendance provided they appoint a proxy. George twice held the proxy vote of Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr, an adherent to the old religion. Unfortunately for George, De La Warr later sat on the jury which tried him.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: In 1535 he was one of the special commissioners at the trial of Sir Thomas More and at the trial of three Carthusian Monks, all of whom, because of their religious convictions, refused to swear allegiance to the Act of Succession and Supremacy which had been passed the previous year. George, his father, the King's illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy and all other courtiers of rank were present at the monks' executions, which took place on 4 May 1535.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: In June 1534, George was appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and Constable of Dover Castle. These were among the highest appointments in the realm and, as usual, he committed to them with zeal. He is regularly referred to in the State Papers in his position as Warden sitting at the Warden's court at Dover. From Thomas Cromwell's point of view, George's influence as Lord Warden was a thorn in his side. On 26 November 1534, George wrote to Cromwell expressing fury that Cromwell had undermined one of his orders made as Lord Warden.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: In 1536, Anne Boleyn miscarried a son. Her failure to provide Henry with a male heir coincided with Henry's infatuation with Jane Seymour, one of his wife's maids-of-honour. To rid himself of his wife, Henry and his chief advisor, Thomas Cromwell, devised a plot whereby Anne was accused of adultery with five men, one of whom was her brother, George. George was charged with incest with the Queen and plotting with Anne to kill the King. During a conversation with Chapuys following the Boleyns' deaths, Cromwell boasted that he had gone to a great deal of trouble arranging the plot, suggesting he did so in order to assist an alliance with Spain. Yet despite his boasts, during the same conversation he greatly praised both Anne and her brother for their "sense, wit, and courage".


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: On 23 April 1536 George was expected to be chosen to receive the Order of the Garter, but the honour went to a known opponent of the Boleyns instead, Sir Nicholas Carew. The following day, Henry gave instructions to Cromwell to set up a special commission looking into various treasons.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: Anne and George were arrested on 2 May 1536, the day after the May Day joust at which George was one of the principal jousters.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: The four others implicated in the plot, Sir Henry Norris, Sir Francis Weston, Sir William Brereton, and Mark Smeaton were tried on Friday 12 May. Only Smeaton confessed, probably after torture, but certainly emotional pressure. Despite lack of evidence all four men were found guilty. Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk sat on the jury and effectively condemned his own niece by finding the men guilty.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: Anne was pre-judged for the earlier convictions of the men found guilty of adultery with her; therefore she stood trial before her brother. George stood trial a few hours after Anne on Monday 15 May. As Anne had been found guilty before George had stood trial, he too was pre-judged because he could hardly be acquitted when his sister had already been found guilty of incest. The order of the trials had been arranged to ensure the difficult case against George could not realistically fail. Everyone who witnessed George's trial, including the Imperial Ambassador Eustace Chapuys, considered that he put up a magnificent defence and many thought that he would be acquitted. Chapuys reported that those watching were betting 10 to 1 that he would be acquitted, and the court chronicler Charles Wriothesley said that his evidence was a marvel to hear.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: There was no evidence of incest save that on one occasion he had spent a long time alone with Anne. Chapuys says he was convicted merely on a presumption. George's wife has throughout history been accused of providing evidence to support the incest charge, but this is unlikely to be correct. None of the evidence relating to the trials makes any mention of George's wife as providing evidence save for the fact that she told in a letter that Anne had told her Henry was "not able to satisfy a woman and he had neither capacity nor virility". This in itself was damning because it provided a potential motive for Anne's behaviour. Yet whatever Jane Rochford may or may not have said, it seems that the majority of the courtiers believed in his innocence, as can be seen from the wagers they were making in favour of acquittal.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: Irrespective of what those at court thought, he was unanimously found guilty and the sentence of the court was that he be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the sentence was later commuted to beheading). He asked for his debts be paid out of his confiscated assets so that no one would suffer from his death, and he continued to be distressed about his debts whilst awaiting death. In fact his distress was so acute that the Constable of the Tower, Sir William Kingston wrote to Cromwell twice begging him to help ease George's conscience.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: George Boleyn and the other four men were beheaded on Tower Hill on the morning of 17 May 1536. George's scaffold speech was extremely long and exemplified the orator's linguistic skills. For it to have been recorded in as much detail as it was, the vast crowd who witnessed the executions must have been virtually silent, and there could have been little booing or jeering as with normal state executions. His scaffold speech was primarily concerned with defending his religious beliefs and his passion for reform. It was not the honourable thing to deny guilt once a guilty verdict had been given in a court of law, and therefore he followed the conventions of the day by admitting he was a sinner deserving of death. He begged forgiveness of anyone he may have offended and begged for God's forgiveness. He came close to denying his guilt by declaring, "beware, trust not in the vanity of the world or the flatteries of the court, or the favour and treacheries of fortune". He said he would be alive if he had not done so. By blaming fortune for his fall he came as close as he dared to denying his guilt (i.e., he was dying because luck had been against him, not because he was guilty). He then went on to speak of his religious convictions before calmly submitting his neck to the axe. Anne was beheaded two days later.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: George Boleyn was portrayed by Michael Johnson in the 1969 film "Anne of the Thousand Days" and by Jonathan Newth in the 1970 television series "The Six Wives of Henry VIII".


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: Following his prominence within "The Other Boleyn Girl", the 2001 novel by Philippa Gregory, he was portrayed in the 2003 television film "The Other Boleyn Girl" by Steven Mackintosh and by Jim Sturgess in the 2008 cinema film "The Other Boleyn Girl". Gregory portrayed George Boleyn as at least gay and possibly bisexual. However, the film adaptations of the book do not portray George as bisexual.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: Boleyn was portrayed by Pádraic Delaney in the television series "The Tudors". The writers of "The Tudors" not only portrayed George as bisexual, but also portrayed his relationship with his wife as abusive.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: George Boleyn is one of two protagonists (along with sister Anne) in a play by British writer Joanna Carrick, "Fallen in Love". It was originally produced in 2011 in the grounds of Gippeswyk Hall in Ipswich in Suffolk, and subsequently reprised for performances at the Tower of London and Gippeswyk Hall in May 2013, directed by Carrick as artistic director of


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: Red Rose Chain theatre company. In the 2013 production, George was portrayed by Scott Ellis and Anne by Emma Connell.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: In the 1830 tragic opera "Anna Bolena" by Gaetano Donizetti, the character of Lord Rochfort is based on George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford.


title: George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford

text: In the 2015 BBC Two adaptation of Hilary Mantel's "Wolf Hall", George Boleyn is portrayed by Edward Holcroft. In the 2021 Channel 5 series "Anne Boleyn", he was played by Paapa Essiedu.


title: Nancy Green

text: Nancy Green (March 4, 1834 – August 30, 1923) was an American former enslaved woman, nanny, cook, activist, and the first of many African-American models and performers hired to promote a corporate trademark as "Aunt Jemima". The famous Aunt Jemima recipe was not her recipe, but she became the advertising world's first living trademark.


title: Nancy Green

text: Montgomery County Historical Society oral history places her birth at a farm on Somerset Creek, six miles outside Mount Sterling in Montgomery County, Kentucky. She had at least two and as many as four children (one of whom was born in 1862) with George Green. Local farmers from that area named Green raised tobacco, hay, cattle, and hogs. There were no birth certificates or marriage licenses for enslaved people.


title: Nancy Green

text: Green has been variously described as a servant, nurse, nanny, housekeeper, and cook for Charles Morehead Walker and his wife Amanda.


title: Nancy Green

text: She also served the family's next generation, again as a nanny and a cook. Walker's two sons later became well known as Chicago Circuit Judge Charles M. Walker, Jr., and Dr. Samuel J. Walker.


title: Nancy Green

text: By the end of the American Civil War, Green had already lost her husband and children. She lived in a wood frame shack (still standing as of 2014) behind a grand home on Main Street in Covington, Kentucky.


title: Nancy Green

text: She moved with the Walkers from Kentucky to Chicago in the early 1870s, before the birth of Samuel's youngest child in 1872.


title: Nancy Green

text: The Walker family initially settled in a swank residential district near Ashland Avenue and Washington Boulevard called the "Kentucky Colony", then home to many transplanted Kentuckians.


title: Nancy Green

text: On the recommendation of Judge Walker, she was hired by the R.T. Davis Milling Company in St. Joseph, Missouri, to represent "Aunt Jemima", an advertising character named after a song from a minstrel show. They were looking for a Mammy archetype to promote their product.


title: Nancy Green

text: At the age of 59, Green made her debut as Aunt Jemima at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago, beside the "world's largest flour barrel" (24 feet high), where she operated a pancake-cooking display, sang songs, and told romanticized stories about the Old South (claiming it was a happy place for blacks and whites alike).


title: Nancy Green

text: After the Expo, Green was reportedly offered a lifetime contract to adopt the Aunt Jemima moniker and promote the pancake mix; however, it is likely the offer was part of the lore created for the character rather than Green herself.


title: Nancy Green

text: This marked the beginning of a major promotional push by the company that included thousands of personal appearances and Aunt Jemima merchandising. She appeared at fairs, festivals, flea markets, food shows, and local grocery stores. Her arrival was heralded by large billboards featuring the caption, "I'se in town, honey."


title: Nancy Green

text: She was replaced by Agnes Moodey, "a negress of 60 years", who was then reported as the original Aunt Jemima.


title: Nancy Green

text: Green lived with nieces and nephews in Chicago's Fuller Park and Grand Boulevard neighborhoods into her old age.


title: Nancy Green

text: During her lifetime, it grew significantly, becoming the largest African-American church in the United States, with a membership at that time of over 9,000.


title: Nancy Green

text: She used her stature as a spokesperson to advocate against poverty and in favor of equal rights for individuals in Chicago.


title: Nancy Green

text: Green died on August 30, 1923, at the age of 89 in Chicago, when a car collided with a laundry truck and "hurtled" onto the sidewalk where she was standing.


title: Nancy Green

text: She is buried in a pauper's grave near a wall in the northeast quadrant of Chicago's Oak Woods Cemetery.


title: Nancy Green

text: Sherry Williams, founder of the Bronzeville Historical Society, spent 15 years uncovering Green's resting place.


title: Nancy Green

text: Williams received approval to place a headstone. Williams reached out to Quaker Oats about whether they would support a monument for Green's grave. "Their corporate response was that Nancy Green and Aunt Jemima aren't the same that Aunt Jemima is a fictitious character."


title: Nancy Green

text: In 2014, a lawsuit was filed against Quaker Oats, PepsiCo, and others, claiming that Green and Anna Short Harrington (who portrayed Aunt Jemima starting in 1935) were exploited by the company and cheated out of the monetary compensation they were promised. The plaintiffs were two of Harrington's great-grandsons, and they sought a multi-billion dollar settlement for descendants of Green and Harrington. The lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice and without leave to amend on February 18, 2015.


title: Lwa

text: In Haitian Vodou, the lwa serve as intermediaries between humanity and Bondyé, a transcendent creator divinity. Vodouists believe that over a thousand lwa exist, the names of at least 232 of which are recorded. Each lwa has its own personality and is associated with specific colors and objects. Many of them are equated with specific Roman Catholic saints on the basis of similar characteristics or shared symbols. The lwa are divided into different groups, known as "nanchon" (nations), the most notable of which are the Petwo and the Rada. According to Vodou belief, the lwa communicate with humans through dreams and divination, and in turn are given offerings, including sacrificed animals. Vodou teaches that during ceremonies, the lwa possess specific practitioners, who during the possession are considered the "chwal" (horse) of the lwa. Through possessing an individual, Vodouists believe, the lwa can communicate with other humans, offering advice, admonishment, or healing.


title: Lwa

text: During the Atlantic slave trade of the 16th to 19th centuries, thousands of enslaved West Africans were transported to the Americas, often bringing their traditional religions with them. In the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which became the republic of Haiti in the early 19th century, the diasporic religion of Vodou emerged amid the mixing of different West African traditional religions and the influence of the French colonists' Roman Catholicism. From at least the 19th century, Haitian migrants took their religion to Louisiana, by that point part of the United States, where they contributed to the formation of Louisiana Voodoo, a religion that largely died out in the early 20th century. In the latter part of that century, Voodoo revivalist groups emerged in Louisiana, often incorporating both the lwa spirits of Haitian Vodou and the oricha spirits of Cuban Santería into their practices.


title: Lwa

text: Modern linguists trace the etymology of "lwa" to a family of Yoruba language words which include "" (god) and "babalawo" (diviner or priest). The alternate spelling of the word, "loa", means "to bewitch" in the Setswana language of Botswana.


title: Lwa

text: The term "lwa" is phonetically identical to both a French term for law, "loi", and a Haitian Creole term for law, "lwa". The early 20th-century writer Jean Price-Mars pondered if the term "lwa", used in reference to Vodou spirits, emerged from their popular identification with the laws of the Roman Catholic Church. In the early 21st century, the historian Kate Ramsey agreed that the phonetic similarity between the terms for the law and the Vodou spirits may not be "mere linguistic coincidence" but could reflect the complex interactions of African and French colonial cultures in Haiti.


title: Lwa

text: Several spelling for "lwa" have been used. Early 20th-century writers on Haitian religion, such as Price-Mars, usually spelled the term "loi". During that century, writers like the American anthropologist Melville Herskovits favored the spelling "loa", although in 2008 the historian Jeffrey E. Anderson wrote that the spelling "loa" was typically found in older works on the topic, having fallen out of favor with scholarly writers. The spelling "lwa" has been favored by more recent scholarly writers including Anderson, Ramsey, the anthropologist Karen McCarthy Brown, the scholar of religious studies Leslie Desmangles, and the Hispanic studies scholars Margarite Fernández Olmos and Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert.


title: Lwa

text: Vodou teaches that there are over a thousand lwa. They are regarded as the intermediaries of Bondyé, the supreme creator deity in Vodou. Desmangles argued that by learning about the various lwas, practitioners come to understand the different facets of Bondyé. Much as Vodouists often identify Bondyé with the Christian God, the lwa are sometimes equated with the angels of Christian cosmology. The lwa are also known as the "mystères", "anges", "saints", and "les invisibles".


title: Lwa

text: The lwa can offer help, protection, and counsel to humans, in return for ritual service. They are thought of as having wisdom that is useful for humans, although they are not seen as moral exemplars which practitioners should imitate. Each lwa has its own personality, and is associated with specific colors, days of the week, and objects. The lwa can be either loyal or capricious in their dealings with their devotees; Vodouists believe that the lwa are easily offended, for instance if offered food that they dislike. When angered, the lwa are believed to remove their protection from their devotees, or to inflict misfortune, illness, or madness on an individual.


title: Lwa

text: Although there are exceptions, most lwa names derive from the Fon and Yoruba languages. New lwa are nevertheless added to those brought from Africa; practitioners believe that some Vodou priests and priestesses became lwa after death, or that certain talismans become lwa. Vodouists often refer to the lwa residing in "Guinea", but this is not intended as a precise geographical location. Many lwa are also understood to live under the water, at the bottom of the sea or in rivers. Vodouists believe that the lwa communicate with humans through dreams and through the possession of human beings.


title: Lwa

text: During rituals, the lwa are summoned through designs known as "veve". These are sketched out on the floor of the ceremonial space using cornmeal, ash, coffee grounds, or powdered eggshells.


title: Lwa

text: The lwa are associated with specific Roman Catholic saints. For instance, Azaka, the lwa of agriculture, is associated with Saint Isidore the farmer. Similarly, because he is understood as the "key" to the spirit world, Papa Legba is typically associated with Saint Peter, who is visually depicted holding keys in traditional Roman Catholic imagery. The lwa of love and luxury, Ezili Freda, is associated with Mater Dolorosa. Damballa, who is a serpent, is often equated with Saint Patrick, who is traditionally depicted in a scene with snakes; alternatively he is often associated with Moses. The Marasa, or sacred twins, are typically equated with the twin saints Cosmos and Damian.


title: Lwa

text: In Haitian Vodou, the lwa are divided into "nanchon" or "nations". This classificatory system derives from the way in which enslaved West Africans were divided into "nations" upon their arrival in Haiti, usually based on their African port of departure rather than their ethno-cultural identity. The nanchons are nevertheless not groupings based in the geographical origins of specific lwas. The term "fanmi" (family) is sometimes used synonymously with "nation" or alternatively as a sub-division of the latter category. It is often claimed that there are 17 nanchon, although few Haitians could name all of them. Each is deemed to have its own characteristic ethos.


title: Lwa

text: Among the more commonly known nanchon are the Wangol, Ginen, Kongo, Nago (or Anago), Ibo, Rada, and Petwo. Of these, the Rada and the Petwo are the largest and most dominant. The Rada derive their name from Arada, a city in the Dahomey kingdom of West Africa. The Rada lwa are usually regarded as "dous" or "doux", meaning that they are sweet-tempered. The Petwo lwa are conversely seen as "lwa chaud" ("lwa cho"), indicating that they can be forceful or violent and are associated with fire; they are generally regarded as being socially transgressive and subversive. The Rada lwa are seen as being 'cool'; the Petwo lwa as 'hot'.


title: Lwa

text: The Rada lwa are generally regarded as righteous, whereas their Petwo counterparts are thought of as being more morally ambiguous, associated with issues like money. At the same time, the Rada lwa are regarded as being less effective or powerful than those of the Petwo nation. The Petwo lwa derive from various backgrounds, including Creole, Kongo, and Dahomeyan.


title: Lwa

text: In various cases, certain lwa can be absorbed from one nanchon into another; various Kongo and Ibo lwa have been incorporated into the Petwo nanchon. Many lwa exist "andezo" or "en deux eaux", meaning that they are "in two waters" and are served in both Rada and Petwo rituals. Various lwas are understood to have direct counterparts in different nanchon; several Rada lwas for instance have Petwo counterparts whose names bear epithets like "Flangbo" (afire), "Je-Rouge" (Red-Eye), or "Zarenyen" (spider). One example is the Rada lwa Ezili, who is associated with love, but who has a Petwo parallel known as Ezili Je-Rouge, who is regarded as dangerous and prone to causing harm. Another is the Rada lwa Legba, who directs human destiny, and who is paralleled in the Petwo pantheon by Kafou Legba, a trickster who causes accidents that alter a person's destiny.


title: Lwa

text: The Gede (also "Ghede" or "Guede") family of lwa are associated with the realm of the dead. The head of the family is Baron Samedi ("Baron Saturday"). His consort is Grand Brigitte; she has authority over cemeteries and is regarded as the mother of many of the other Gede. When the Gede are believed to have arrived at a Vodou ceremony they are usually greeted with joy because they bring merriment. Those possessed by the Gede at these ceremonies are known for making sexual innuendos; the Gede's symbol is an erect penis, while the "banda" dance associated with them involves sexual-style thrusting.


title: Lwa

text: Feeding the lwa is of great importance in Vodou, with rites often termed "mangers-lwa" ("feeding the lwa"). Offering food and drink to the lwa is the most common ritual within the religion, conducted both communally and in the home. An "oungan" (priest) or "manbo" (priestess) will also organize an annual feast for their congregation in which animal sacrifices to various lwa will be made. The choice of food and drink offered varies depending on the lwa in question, with different lwa believed to favour different foodstuffs. Damballa for instance requires white foods, especially eggs. Foods offered to Legba, whether meat, tubers, or vegetables, need to be grilled on a fire. The lwa of the Ogu and Nago nations prefer raw rum or clairin as an offering.


title: Lwa

text: A "mange sèc" (dry meal) is an offering of grains, fruit, and vegetables that often precedes a simple ceremony; it takes its name from the absence of blood. Species used for sacrifice include chickens, goats, and bulls, with pigs often favored for petwo lwa. The animal may be washed, dressed in the color of the specific lwa, and marked with food or water. Often, the animal's throat will be cut and the blood collected in a calabash. Chickens are often killed by the pulling off of their heads; their limbs may be broken beforehand. The organs are removed and placed on the altar or vèvè. The flesh will be cooked and placed on the altar, subsequently often being buried.


title: Lwa

text: Maya Deren wrote that: "The intent and emphasis of sacrifice is not upon the death of the animal, it is upon the transfusion of its life to the lwa; for the understanding is that flesh and blood are of the essence of life and vigor, and these will restore the divine energy of the god." Because Agwé is believed to reside in the sea, rituals devoted to him often take place beside a large body of water such as a lake, river, or sea. His devotees sometimes sail out to Trois Ilets, drumming and singing, where they throw a white sheep overboard as a sacrifice to him.


title: Lwa

text: The food is typically offered when it is cool; it remains there for a while before humans can then eat it. The food is often placed within a "kwi", a calabash shell bowl. Once selected, the food is placed on special calabashes known as "assiettes de Guinée" which are located on the altar. Offerings not consumed by the celebrants are then often buried or left at a crossroads. Libations might be poured into the ground. Vodouists believe that the lwa then consume the essence of the food. Certain foods are also offered in the belief that they are intrinsically virtuous, such as grilled maize, peanuts, and cassava. These are sometimes sprinkled over animals that are about to be sacrificed or piled upon the "vèvè" designs on the floor of the "peristil".


title: Lwa

text: Possession by the lwa constitutes an important element of Vodou. It lies the heart of many of its rituals; these typically take place in a temple called an "ounfò", specifically in a room termed the "peristil" or "peristyle".


title: Lwa

text: The person being possessed is referred to as the "chwal" or "chual" (horse); the act of possession is called "mounting a horse". Vodou teaches that a lwa can possess an individual regardless of gender; both male and female lwa can possess either men or women. Although children are often present at these ceremonies, they are rarely possessed as it is considered too dangerous. While the specific drums and songs used are designed to encourage a specific lwa to possess someone, sometimes an unexpected lwa appears and takes possession instead. In some instances a succession of lwa possess the same individual, one after the other.


title: Lwa

text: The trance of possession is known as the "crise de lwa". Vodouists believe that during this process, the lwa enters the head of the chwal and displaces their "gwo bon anj", which is one of the two halves of a person's soul. This displacement is believed to cause the chwal to tremble and convulse; Maya Deren described a look of "anguish, ordeal and blind terror" on the faces of those as they became possessed. Because their consciousness has been removed from their head during the possession, Vodouists believe that the chwal will have no memory of what occurs during the incident. The length of the possession varies, often lasting a few hours but sometimes several days. It may end with the chwal collapsing in a semi-conscious state; they are typically left physically exhausted. Some individuals attending the dance will put a certain item, often wax, in their hair or headgear to prevent possession.


title: Lwa

text: Once the lwa possesses an individual, the congregation greet it with a burst of song and dance. The chwal will typically bow before the officiating priest or priestess and prostrate before the "poto mitan", a central pillar within the temple. The chwal is often escorted into an adjacent room where they are dressed in clothing associated with the possessing lwa. Alternatively, the clothes are brought out and they are dressed in the peristil itself. Once the chwal has been dressed, congregants kiss the floor before them. These costumes and props help the chwal take on the appearance of the lwa. Many ounfo have a large wooden phallus on hand which is used by those possessed by Ghede lwa during their dances.


title: Lwa

text: The chwal takes on the behaviour and expressions of the possessing lwa; their performance can be very theatrical. Those believing themselves possessed by the serpent Damballa, for instance, often slither on the floor, dart out their tongue, and climb the posts of the peristil. Those possessed by Zaka, lwa of agriculture, will dress as a peasant in a straw hat with a clay pipe and will often speak in a rustic accent. The chwal will often then join in with the dances, dancing with anyone whom they wish to, or sometimes eating and drinking. Sometimes the lwa, through the chwal, will engage in financial transactions with members of the congregation, for instance by selling them food that has been given as an offering or lending them money.


title: Lwa

text: Possession facilitates direct communication between the lwa and its followers; through the chwal, the lwa communicates with their devotees, offering counsel, chastisement, blessings, warnings about the future, and healing. Lwa possession has a healing function, with the possessed individual expected to reveal possible cures to the ailments of those assembled. Clothing that the chwal touches is regarded as bringing luck. The lwa may also offer advice to the individual they are possessing; because the latter is not believed to retain any memory of the events, it is expected that other members of the congregation will pass along the lwa's message. In some instances, practitioners have reported being possessed at other times of ordinary life, such as when someone is in the middle of the market, or when they are asleep.


title: Lwa

text: During the closing decades of the 20th century, attempts were made to revive Louisiana Voodoo, often by individuals drawing heavily on Haitian Vodou and Cuban Santería in doing so. Among those drawing on both Vodou lwa and Santería oricha to create a new Voodoo was the African American Miriam Chamani, who established the Voodoo Spiritual Temple in the French Quarter of New Orleans in 1990. Another initiate of Haitian Vodou, the Ukrainian-Jewish American Sallie Ann Glassman, launched an alternative group, La Source Ancienne, in the city's Bywater neighborhood. A further Haitian Vodou initiate, the Louisiana Creole Ava Kay Jones, also began promoting a form of Louisiana Voodoo.


title: Lwa

text: Vodouisants will sometimes comment that there are over a thousand lwas, most of whom are not known to humans. Of these, the names of at least 232 have been recorded. The large number of lwas found in Vodou contrasts with the Cuban religion of Santería, where only 15 orichas (spirits) have gained prominence among its followers.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State University (WSU) is a public research university in Detroit, Michigan. It is Michigan's third-largest university. Founded in 1868, Wayne State consists of 13 schools and colleges offering approximately 350 programs to nearly 25,000 graduate and undergraduate students. Wayne State University, along with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University, compose the University Research Corridor of Michigan. Wayne State is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State's main campus comprises 203 acres linking more than 100 education and research buildings. It also has four satellite campuses in Macomb, Wayne and Jackson counties.


title: Wayne State University

text: The Wayne State Warriors compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC).


title: Wayne State University

text: The Wayne State University was established in 1868 as the Detroit Medical College by five returning Civil War veterans. The college charter from 1868 was signed by founder Theodore Andrews McGraw, M.D., a University of Michigan graduate (B.A. 1859). In 1885, the Detroit College of Medicine merged with its competitor, the Michigan College of Medicine and they consolidated buildings. After the reorganization McGraw became the first president and dean holding these positions until his retirement in 1915. These institutions are incarnated today as the Wayne State University School of Medicine.


title: Wayne State University

text: In 1881, the Detroit Normal Training School for Teachers was established by the Detroit Board of Education. In 1920, after several relocations to larger quarters, the school became the Detroit Teachers College. The Board of Education voted in 1924 to make the college a part of the new College of the City of Detroit. This eventually became the Wayne State University College of Education.


title: Wayne State University

text: In 1917, the Detroit Board of Education founded the Detroit Junior College and would make Detroit Central High School's Old Main Hall its campus. Detroit's College of Pharmacy and the Detroit Teachers College were added to the campus in 1924, and were organized into the College of the City of Detroit. The original junior college became the College of Liberal Arts. The first bachelor's degrees were awarded in 1925. The College of Liberal Arts of the College of the City of Detroit is today the Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.


title: Wayne State University

text: Recognizing the need for a good law school, a group of lawyers, including Allan Campbell, the school's founding dean, established Detroit City Law School in 1927 as part of the College of the City of Detroit. Originally structured as a part-time evening program, the school's first class graduated with the bachelor of laws degree (LL.B.) in 1928 and achieved full American Bar Association in 1939. The school is known today as Wayne State University Law School.


title: Wayne State University

text: In 1933, the Detroit Board of Education voted to unify the colleges it ran into one university. In January 1934, that institution was officially named Wayne University, taking its name from Wayne County (in which both the university and the city of Detroit reside), which was itself named after Revolutionary War Major-General Anthony Wayne.


title: Wayne State University

text: Continuing to grow, Wayne University added its School of Social Work in 1935, and the School of Business Administration in 1946.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne University was renamed Wayne State University in 1956 and the institution became a constitutionally mandated university by a popularly adopted amendment to the Michigan Constitution in 1959.


title: Wayne State University

text: The Wayne State University Board of Governors created the Institute of Gerontology in 1965 in response to a State of Michigan mandate. The institute's primary mission in that era was to engage in research, education and service in the field of aging.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State University grew again in 1973 with the addition of the College of Lifelong Learning. In 1985, the School of Fine and the Performing Arts, and the College of Urban, Labor, and Metropolitan Affairs grew the university further.


title: Wayne State University

text: In the early 21st century, WSU constructed several new buildings, including the Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), a facility for interdisciplinary work in the biosciences. More than 500 researchers, staff and principal investigators work out of the building, which opened in 2016.


title: Wayne State University

text: On June 5, 2013, the Board of Governors unanimously elected M. Roy Wilson as Wayne State's 12th president. He was sworn in on August 1, 2013.


title: Wayne State University

text: In 2015, the School of Business administration was renamed the Mike Ilitch School of Business. The name was changed in recognition of a $40 million grant from Mike and Marian Ilitch. This gift was used toward building a new business school facility in Detroit, which opened in late August 2018 in The District Detroit.


title: Wayne State University

text: The 2022 annual ranking of "U.S. News & World Report" categorizes Wayne State University as "selective." For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), Wayne State received 15,305 applications and accepted 9,603 (62.7%). Of those accepted, 2,732 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 28.4%. Wayne State's freshman retention rate is 81.3%, with 55.8% going on to graduate within six years.


title: Wayne State University

text: Of the 60% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1010-1220. Of the 8% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 21 and 28.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State University is a college-sponsor of the National Merit Scholarship Program and sponsored 9 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 10 freshman students were National Merit Scholars.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State's academic offerings are divided among 13 schools and colleges: the Mike Ilitch School of Business; the College of Education; the College of Engineering; the College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts; the Graduate School; the Law School; the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences; the School of Information Sciences; the School of Medicine; the College of Nursing; the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences; the Irvin D. Reid Honors College; and the School of Social Work. Fall 2021 enrollment for the university consisted of 24,931 students; freshman enrollment was 3,693 students.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State University is Michigan's only urban research university and is classified as a research university with the highest research activity by the Carnegie Foundation.


title: Wayne State University

text: Under the Michigan Constitution, the members of the Wayne State University Board of Governors (as with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University) are elected by the citizens of Michigan statewide.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State University, Michigan State University and the University of Michigan are the three institutional members of the State of Michigan's University Research Corridor.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State spent $244.2 million on research and development in 2019. The university received $320 million in research awards in 2021.


title: Wayne State University

text: The university is ranked as tied for 250th in the 2022 "U.S. News & World Report" rankings of "National Universities" across the United States, and it is ranked tied for 124th nationally among public universities.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State offers approximately 350 undergraduate, post-graduate, specialist and certificate programs in 13 schools and colleges.


title: Wayne State University

text: The Mike Ilitch School of Business offers undergraduate degrees and graduate degrees, including the M.B.A. and M.S. as well as a Ph.D. The college also offers undergraduate and graduate certificates. These programs are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. The Mike Ilitch School of Business relocated to a new facility in The District Detroit in 2018 following a $40 million gift from Mike and Marian Ilitch.


title: Wayne State University

text: The College of Education began as a teacher's college in 1881. The college offers bachelor's, master's, education specialist and doctoral degree programs in 37 program areas. These programs are administered by four academic divisions: Administrative and Organizational Studies; Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies; Teacher Education; and Theoretical and Behavioral Foundations. These divisions are assisted by the Office of the Dean and two support areas: the Division of Academic Services and the Educational Technology Center.


title: Wayne State University

text: Established in 1933, College of Engineering faculty generate approximately $18 million annually in research expenditures, particularly in areas of biomedical engineering and computing; advanced materials and flexible manufacturing; and green technologies such as alternative energy technology, alternative energy, and advanced battery storage. The college offers a range of engineering disciplines, including several research areas in which faculty members focus on interdisciplinary teamwork and industry partnerships — alternative energy technology, automotive engineering, electric-drive vehicle engineering, environmental infrastructures and transportation engineering, materials and biomedical engineering, bioinformatics and computational biology, nanotechnology, and sustainable engineering.


title: Wayne State University

text: Established in 1986, the College of Fine, Performing and Communication Arts (CFPCA) serves nearly 2,000 students majoring in 17 undergraduate programs, 12 graduate programs and four graduate certificate programs. Many programs are nationally accredited. The college comprises four departments: the James Pearson Duffy Department of Art and Art History, the Maggie Allesee Department of Theatre and Dance, the Department of Communication, and the Department of Music. CFPCA students have gone on to receive top rankings in national and international competitions and tournaments.


title: Wayne State University

text: Established in 1933, the Graduate School administers the application process for all graduate programs at Wayne State University with the exception of M.D., J.D. and PharmD programs. Additionally, the Graduate School oversees more than 2,000 Ph.D. students as they progress to degree, offering support from admissions and funding to research and graduation. More than 350 tuition scholarships and 100 fellowships are administered through the Graduate School each year. The Office of Postdoctoral Affairs is also housed in the Graduate School.


title: Wayne State University

text: The American Library Association first accredited the master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) degree in 1967. The MLIS degree is available online with select classes also offered on campus. In September 2017, the school became a member of the iSchool Consortium and added a Master of Science in information management (MSIM) degree.


title: Wayne State University

text: The Irvin D. Reid Honors College was founded in 2008 and named in honor of Irvin D. Reid who served as the university's president between 1997 and 2009. The college's undergraduate students are selected on the basis of academic performance. In addition to general education courses and courses in their majors, students in the Honors College enroll together in additional coursework which emphasizes academic skills and civic engagement.


title: Wayne State University

text: One of just three public law schools in Michigan, Wayne Law blends legal theory with practice through six legal clinics, four externship programs, local and international fellowships and internships, and co-curricular programs. Its faculty is composed of teachers and scholars known for their contributions to legal study. The law school's alumni network of more than 11,000 judges, justices, law firm partners, entrepreneurs and government officials represents every state in the nation and more than a dozen foreign countries.


title: Wayne State University

text: The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) was formed in 2004 with the merger of the College of Liberal Arts and the College of Science. The college receives approximately $20 million a year in external grants and contracts. CLAS consists of 19 departments: Humanities, Social Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, and Life Sciences categories.


title: Wayne State University

text: Founded in 1868, the Wayne State University School of Medicine offers master's, Ph.D. and M.D./Ph.D. programs in 14 areas of basic science and public health to nearly 400 students annually. The school's research emphasizes neurosciences, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, perinatology, cancer, cardiovascular disease including diabetes and obesity, and psychiatry and addiction research. One of the school's major assets is the Richard J. Mazurek, M.D., Medical Education Commons, which was designed specifically for students and houses classrooms, student services divisions, the medical library, a sophisticated patient simulation center and the Kado Family Clinical Skills Center.


title: Wayne State University

text: Founded in 1945, the Wayne State University College of Nursing offers an education focused on both clinical practice and advancing the state of nursing research, with a focus on addressing health in urban communities. The college offers B.S.N., M.S.N., D.N.P., Ph.D. and graduate certificate programs. The Nursing Practice Corporation, the college's faculty practice plan, operates Wayne State's Campus Health Clinic, which provides health care services to the student community.


title: Wayne State University

text: Established in 1924, the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is one of the founding colleges of Wayne State University. It is organized into four departments — fundamental and applied sciences, health care sciences, pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical sciences. It offers 11 fully accredited degree-granting programs, which maintain autonomous admission requirements, curricula, degree requirements and academic procedures.


title: Wayne State University

text: Established in 1935, the school offers academic programs at the bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. levels. The school's Center for Social Work Research provides support for faculty research and scholarship, engages in relevant research with community partners, and offers consultation and technical assistance. In fall 2019, the school had more than 900 students enrolled.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State University's cost of attendance is composed of tuition, including a credit hour rate, student service credit hour fee, fitness center maintenance fee, and a registration fee. Class maintenance fees are applied on a course-to-course basis. The tuition varies depending on undergraduate (lower and upper level division) and graduate students. Although graduate programs, Law School and Medical School tuition differs.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State's main campus in Detroit encompasses of landscaped walkways and gathering spots linking over 100 education and research buildings. The campus is urban and features many architecturally significant buildings, including the Helen L. DeRoy Auditorium, the Education Building, the Maccabees Building, Old Main, McGregor Memorial Conference Center, Chatsworth Tower Apartments, and the Hilberry Theatre. Many of these buildings were designed by notable architects such as Albert Kahn and Minoru Yamasaki.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State University is located in Midtown Detroit near notable institutions and attractions, including the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, the Michigan Science Center, the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Opera House/Michigan Opera Theatre, Detroit Symphony Orchestra/Orchestra Hall, Comerica Park, Ford Field, Little Caesars Arena, the Fox Theatre, the Fisher Theatre, Grand Circus Park and Campus Martius Park.


title: Wayne State University

text: The Cass Corridor is one of the university's other notable surroundings, with a venerable history and culture that has left an imprint on many WSU alumni. Many notable events have taken place on or near the campus as a result of its unique location. Artists that got their start here include Chuck and Joni Mitchell, Alice Cooper, The White Stripes, The Detroit Cobras, MC5, The Stooges, Savage Grace, Ted Nugent, and Grand Funk Railroad. The Red Hot Chili Peppers recorded their "Freaky Styley" album in this area, which was also home to "Creem" magazine — the first rock journal, and the first to use the terms "punk rock" and "heavy metal" and give recognition to the likes of David Bowie, Iggy Pop, The Smiths and others. The now-razed Tartar Field was home to WABX's free Sunday concerts in the late 1960s and early 1970s featuring many of these musicians.


title: Wayne State University

text: With nearly four million volumes, the Wayne State University Library System houses the 75th largest collection in the United States, according to the American Library Association.


title: Wayne State University

text: The university provides optional housing for all students in the form of apartments and residence halls. All buildings are equipped with connection to the university computer system, wireless Internet, laundry rooms, activity rooms, and a 24-hour help desk. There are also many housing options within walking distance of the campus that are not affiliated with the university.


title: Wayne State University

text: Current university-owned apartment buildings consist University Tower, Chatsworth Tower, and Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments. In the hopes of bringing more residents to campus, Wayne State opened two dormitory-style residence halls in 2002: Yousif B. Ghafari Hall (formerly North Hall) and Leon H. Atchison Hall (formerly South Hall). This was the first time since the closing of the Newberry Joy Dorms in 1987 that the university offered dorm living. In 2005, the university opened The Towers Residential Suites, a residence hall open to undergraduate and graduate students. The Towers Café, located in The Towers residential suites is the campus' largest dining facility, serving a variety of food. Gold 'n' Greens, located in Ghafari Hall, serves vegetarian, vegan, and kosher food.


title: Wayne State University

text: The university allows families with children to live in some units including Chatsworth Tower and University Tower. Residents are zoned to Detroit Public Schools. Zoned schools for all three apartments include DPS Foundation for Early Learners @ Edmonson (K-8), and King High School (9-12).


title: Wayne State University

text: Sherbrooke Apartments were closed in September 2008. The Forest Apartments were closed after the 2004–05 school year and have since been demolished. The Chatsworth Annex apartments were demolished and replaced with greenspace and volleyball courts after the 2004–05 school year. The Helen DeRoy Apartments were demolished in 2019 with the opening of the final phase of the Anthony Wayne Drive Apartments.


title: Wayne State University

text: Tom Adams Field, best known as Adams Field, is a 6,000-seat football stadium located on the campus. It is primarily used for Wayne State Warriors football of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, a Division II conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.


title: Wayne State University

text: The Field was named after Thomas B. Adams, a 1944 graduate and football and track athlete who later served on as a board member at WSU. Due to his athletic, military, and business achievements the Wayne State Football field was named in honor of him on October 11, 2003. The stadium turf has been replaced several times. The most recent replacement was in May 2015 when FieldTurfRevolution (2.5") artificial turf was installed. A new 35-foot video board was installed in August 2015. The eight lane Lowell Blanchard Track, located in the stadium, was first installed in 2006. Mondo surfacing was added to the track in 2011.


title: Wayne State University

text: The Wayne State Fieldhouse, a 70,000-square-foot arena with seating for 3,000 fans, opened in October 2021. The arena is home to Wayne State's basketball teams as well as the Detroit Pistons' G-League team, the Motor City Cruise.


title: Wayne State University

text: The university is governed by a Board of Governors consisting of eight members elected by Michigan voters for eight-year terms. Board of Governor members serve without compensation. The board elects a university president to serve as the chief executive officer of the university administration. The student body government is headed by a Student Senate (formerly the Student Council). Some colleges of the university have their own Student Senate, which reports back to the main Student Senate. The School of Law has its own Student Board of Governors.


title: Wayne State University

text: The campus is protected by the Wayne State University Department of Public Safety, whose commissioned officers serve Wayne State and the surrounding area. All Wayne State Police Officers are certified Michigan peace officers and sworn Detroit police officers. The department prides itself on a response time of 90 seconds or less to on-campus emergencies. The department consists of patrol officers, traffic safety officers, motorcycle officers, bike officers, three canine officers, three investigators, multiple officers assigned to task force positions, communications controllers, records personnel and other support staff. The Department of Public Safety has been in existence since 1966. The department sponsors several programs throughout campus such as the RAD (Rape Aggression Defense), sells low-cost bike locks and steering wheel "clubs", offers free 'VIN Etching' sessions to help deter auto theft, and sends out monthly emails to keep the university updated on the department's activities. Students whom encounter trouble or distress on campus are encouraged to call the Wayne State Police division directly, rather than the city's 911 services.


title: Wayne State University

text: Created in 1935 and consisting of more than 295,000 alumni throughout the world, Wayne State's alumni association provides support to graduates of the university through sponsoring events such as career booths and job fairs.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State University hosts chapters of over two dozen fraternities and sororities, reflective of the diverse nature of the campus.


title: Wayne State University

text: Inter-chapter cooperation is managed by several governing councils: the Multi-Cultural Greek Council, the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC groups), and the Panhellenic Association (NPC groups).


title: Wayne State University

text: The school's intercollegiate athletic program was established in 1917 by Director of Athletics David L. Holmes, who initially coached all sports. His track teams were nationally known into the 1950s; in his first 10 years, he produced two Olympians from the school's Victorian-era gym. Although he had major ambitions for Wayne and scheduled such teams as Notre Dame and Penn State in the 1920s, the lack of facilities and money for athletics kept the program small.


title: Wayne State University

text: A student poll selected the name of "Tartars" for the school's teams in 1927. In 1999, the university changed the name to the "Warriors", due to the general feeling that the Tartar name was dated and most people were not familiar with the name's historical significance. Wayne State competes in men's baseball, basketball, cross country, fencing, football, golf, swimming and diving, and tennis, and women's basketball, cross country, fencing, golf, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball.


title: Wayne State University

text: WSU participates in NCAA Division II in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) for all sports except for fencing, which competes in the single division Midwest Fencing Conference.


title: Wayne State University

text: Wayne State previously competed in men's and women's NCAA Division I ice hockey as a member of College Hockey America (CHA). The university dropped their men's program at the end of the 2007–08 season, followed in 2011 by ending the women's hockey program.


title: Wayne State University

text: Fencing is a single-division sport with schools from all three NCAA divisions competing against each other.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The Triangulum Galaxy is a spiral galaxy 2.73 million light-years (ly) from Earth in the constellation Triangulum. It is catalogued as Messier 33 or NGC ("New General Catalogue)" 598. With the D isophotal diameter of , the Triangulum Galaxy is the third-largest member of the Local Group of galaxies, behind the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way. It is one of the most distant permanent objects that can be viewed with the naked eye.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The galaxy is the smallest spiral galaxy in the Local Group (although the smaller Large and Small Magellanic Clouds may have been spirals before their encounters with the Milky Way), and is believed to be a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy or on its rebound into the latter due to their interactions, velocities, and proximity to one another in the night sky. It also has an H II nucleus.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: It is sometimes informally referred to as the "Pinwheel Galaxy" by some astronomy references, in some computerized telescope software, and in some public outreach websites. However, the SIMBAD Astronomical Database, a professional database, collates formal designations for astronomical objects and indicates that Pinwheel Galaxy refers to Messier 101, which several amateur astronomy resources including public outreach websites identify by that name, and that is within the bounds of Ursa Major.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Under exceptionally good viewing conditions with no light pollution, the Triangulum Galaxy can be seen with the 20/20 vision naked eye; to those viewers, it will sometimes be the farthest permanent entity visible without magnification. Its light diffuses (spreads) across a little more than a pinprick of the unmagnified sky, the cause of which is its broadness – this astronomers term a diffuse, rather than compact, object.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Observers range from finding the galaxy easily visible by direct vision in a truly dark (and impliedly dry, cloud-free) sky to needing to use averted vision in rural or suburban skies with good viewing conditions. It has been chosen as one of the critical sky marks of the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, supported by its relative invariability, reasonable northern declination, and brightness described.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The Triangulum Galaxy was probably discovered by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Hodierna before 1654. In his work "De systemate orbis cometici; deque admirandis coeli caracteribus" ("About the systematics of the cometary orbit, and about the admirable objects of the sky"), he listed it as a cloud-like nebulosity or obscuration and gave the cryptic description, "near the Triangle "hinc inde"". This is in reference to the constellation Triangulum as a pair of triangles. The magnitude of the object matches M33, so it is most likely a reference to the Triangulum Galaxy.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The galaxy was independently discovered by Charles Messier on the night of August 25–26, 1764. It was published in his "Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters" (1771) as object number 33; hence the name M33. William Herschel compiled his extensive catalog of nebulae, he was careful not to include most of the objects identified by Messier. However, M33 was an exception, and he cataloged this object on September 11, 1784, as H V-17.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Herschel also cataloged the Triangulum Galaxy's brightest and largest H II region (diffuse emission nebula containing ionized hydrogen) as H III.150 separately from the galaxy itself; the nebula eventually obtained NGC number 604. As seen from Earth, NGC 604 is located northeast of the galaxy's central core. It is one of the largest H II regions known, with a diameter of nearly 1500 light-years and a spectrum similar to that of the Orion Nebula. Herschel also noted three other smaller H II regions (NGC 588, 592, and 595).


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: It was among the first "spiral nebulae" identified as such by Lord Rosse in 1850. In 1922–23, John Charles Duncan and Max Wolf discovered variable stars in the nebulae. Edwin Hubble showed in 1926 that 35 of these stars were classical Cepheids, thereby allowing him to estimate their distances. The results were consistent with the concept of spiral nebulae being independent galactic systems of gas and dust, rather than just nebulae in the Milky Way.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The Triangulum Galaxy is the third largest member of the Local Group of galaxies. It has a diameter measured through the D standard - the isophote where the surface brightness of the galaxy reaches 25 mag/arcsec, to be about , making it roughly 60% the size of the Milky Way. It may be a gravitationally bound companion of the Andromeda Galaxy. Triangulum may be home to 40 billion stars, compared to 400 billion for the Milky Way, and 1 trillion stars for Andromeda Galaxy.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The disk of Triangulum has an estimated mass of solar masses, while the gas component is about solar masses. Thus, the combined mass of all baryonic matter in the galaxy may be 10 solar masses. The contribution of the dark matter component out to a radius of is equivalent to about solar masses.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Estimates of the distance from the Milky Way to the Triangulum Galaxy range from (or 2.38 to 3.07 Mly), with most estimates since the year 2000 lying in the middle portion of this range, making it slightly more distant than the Andromeda Galaxy (at 2,540,000 light-years). At least three techniques have been used to measure distances to M 33. Using the Cepheid variable method, an estimate of was achieved in 2004. In the same year, the tip of the red-giant branch (TRGB) method was used to derive a distance estimate of . The Triangulum Galaxy is around 750,000 light years from the Andromeda Galaxy.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: In 2006, a group of astronomers announced the discovery of an eclipsing binary star in the Triangulum Galaxy. By studying the eclipses of the stars, astronomers were able to measure their sizes. Knowing the sizes and temperatures of the stars, they were able to measure the absolute magnitude of the stars. When the visual and absolute magnitudes are known, the distance to the star can be measured. The stars lie at the distance of . The average of 102 distance estimates published since 1987 gives a distance modulus of 24.69, or .883 Mpc (2,878,000 light-years).


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The Triangulum Galaxy is a source of HO maser emission. In 2005, using observations of two water masers on opposite sides of Triangulum via the VLBA, researchers were, for the first time, able to estimate the angular rotation and proper motion of Triangulum. A velocity of relative to the Milky Way was computed, which means Triangulum is moving towards Andromeda Galaxy and suggesting it may be a satellite of the larger galaxy (depending on their relative distances and margins of error).


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: In 2004, evidence was announced of a clumpy stream of hydrogen gas linking the Andromeda Galaxy with Triangulum, suggesting that the two may have tidally interacted in the past. This discovery was confirmed in 2011. A distance of less than 300 kiloparsecs between the two supports this hypothesis.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The Pisces Dwarf (LGS 3), one of the small Local Group member galaxies, is located from the Sun. It is 20° from the Andromeda Galaxy and 11° from Triangulum. As LGS 3 lies at a distance of from both galaxies, it could be a satellite galaxy of either Andromeda or Triangulum. LGS 3 has a core radius of and solar masses.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: In the French astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs' revised Hubble Sandage (VRHS) system of galaxy morphological classification, the Triangulum Galaxy is classified as type SA(s)cd. The "S" prefix indicates that it is a disk-shaped galaxy with prominent arms of gas and dust that spiral out from the nucleus—what is commonly known as a spiral galaxy. The "A" is assigned when the galactic nucleus lacks a bar-shaped structure, in contrast to "SB" class barred spiral galaxies. American astronomer Allan Sandage's "(s)" notation is used when the spiral arms emerge directly from the nucleus or central bar, rather than from an inner ring as with an (r)-type galaxy. Finally, the "cd" suffix represents a stage along the spiral sequence that describes the openness of the arms. A rating of "cd" indicates relatively loosely wound arms.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: This galaxy has an inclination of 54° to the line of sight from Earth, allowing the structure to be examined without significant obstruction by gas and dust. The disk of the Triangulum Galaxy appears warped out to a radius of about 8 kpc. There may be a halo surrounding the galaxy, but there is no bulge at the nucleus. This is an isolated galaxy and there are no indications of recent mergers or interactions with other galaxies, and it lacks the dwarf spheroidals or tidal tails associated with the Milky Way.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Triangulum is classified as unbarred, but an analysis of the galaxy's shape shows what may be a weak bar-like structure about the galactic nucleus. The radial extent of this structure is about 0.8 kpc.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The nucleus of this galaxy is an H II region, and it contains an ultraluminous X-ray source with an emission of , which is the most luminous source of X-rays in the Local Group of galaxies. This source is modulated by 20% over a 106-day cycle. However, the nucleus does not appear to contain a supermassive black hole, as a best-fit value of zero mass and an upper limit of is placed on the mass of a central black hole based on models and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data. This is significantly lower than the mass expected from the velocity dispersion of the nucleus and far below any mass predicted from the disk kinematics. This may suggest that supermassive black holes are associated only with galaxy bulges instead of with their disks. Assuming that the upper limit of the central black hole is correct, it would be rather an intermediate-mass black hole.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The inner part of the galaxy has two luminous spiral arms, along with multiple spurs that connect the inner to the outer spiral features. The main arms are designated IN (north) and IS (south).


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: In the central 4′ region of this galaxy, atomic gas is being efficiently converted to molecular gas, resulting in a strong spectral emission of CO. This effect occurs as giant molecular clouds condense out of the surrounding interstellar medium. A similar process is taking place outside the central 4′, but at a less efficient pace. About 10% of the gas content in this galaxy is in the molecular form.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Star formation is taking place at a rate that is strongly correlated with local gas density, and the rate per unit area is higher than in the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy. (The rate of star formation is about 3.4 Gyr pc in the Triangulum Galaxy, compared to 0.74 in Andromeda.) The total integrated rate of star formation in the Triangulum Galaxy is about . It is uncertain whether this net rate is currently decreasing or remaining constant.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Based on analysis of the chemical composition of this galaxy, it appears to be divided into two distinct components with differing histories. The inner disk within a radius of has a typical composition gradient that decreases linearly from the core. Beyond this radius, out to about , the gradient is much flatter. This suggests a different star formation history between the inner disk and the outer disk and halo, and may be explained by a scenario of "inside-out" galaxy formation. This occurs when gas is accumulated at large radii later in a galaxy's life space, while the gas at the core becomes exhausted. The result is a decrease in the average age of stars with increasing radius from the galaxy core.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Using infrared observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope, a total of 515 discrete candidate sources of 24 μm emission within the Triangulum Galaxy have been catalogued as of 2007. The brightest sources lie within the central region of the galaxy and along the spiral arms.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Many of the emission sources are associated with H II regions of star formation. The four brightest HII regions are designated NGC 588, NGC 592, NGC 595, and NGC 604. These regions are associated with molecular clouds containing solar masses. The brightest of these regions, NGC 604, may have undergone a discrete outburst of star formation about three million years ago. This nebula is the second most luminous HII region within the Local Group of galaxies, at times the luminosity of the Sun. Other prominent HII regions in Triangulum include IC 132, IC 133, and IK 53.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The northern main spiral arm contains four large HII regions, while the southern arm has greater concentrations of young, hot stars. The estimated rate of supernova explosions in the Triangulum Galaxy is 0.06 Type Ia and 0.62 Type Ib/Type II per century. This is equivalent to a supernova explosion every 147 years, on average. As of 2008, a total of 100 supernova remnants have been identified in the Triangulum Galaxy, the majority of which lies in the southern half of the spiral galaxy. Similar asymmetries exist for H I and H II regions, plus highly luminous concentrations of massive, O type stars. The center of the distribution of these features is offset about two arc minutes to the southwest. M33 being a local galaxy, the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT) tracks novae in it along with M31 and M81.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: About 54 globular clusters have been identified in this galaxy, but the actual number may be 122 or more. The confirmed clusters may be several billion years younger than globular clusters in the Milky Way, and cluster formation appears to have increased during the past 100 million years. This increase is correlated with an inflow of gas into the center of the galaxy. The ultraviolet emission of massive stars in this galaxy matches the level of similar stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: In 2007, a black hole about 15.7 times the mass of the Sun was detected in this galaxy using data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The black hole, named M33 X-7, orbits a companion star which it eclipses every 3.5 days. It is the largest stellar mass black hole known.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Unlike the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, the Triangulum Galaxy does not appear to have a supermassive black hole at its center. This may be because the mass of a galaxy's central supermassive black hole correlates with the size of the galaxy's central bulge, and unlike the Milky Way and Andromeda, the Triangulum Galaxy is a pure disk galaxy with no bulge.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: As mentioned above, M33 is linked to M31 by several streams of neutral hydrogen and stars, which suggests that a past interaction between these two galaxies took place from 2 to 8 billion years ago, and a more violent encounter will occur 2.5 billion years in the future.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: The fate of M33 was uncertain in 2009 beyond seeming to be linked to its larger neighbor M31. Suggested scenarios include being torn apart and absorbed by the greater companion, fueling the latter with hydrogen to form new stars; eventually exhausting all of its gas, and thus the ability to form new stars; or participating in the collision between the Milky Way and M31, likely ending up orbiting the merger product and fusing with it much later. Two other possibilities are a collision with the Milky Way before the Andromeda Galaxy arrives or an ejection out of the Local Group. Astrometric data from Gaia appears in 2019 to rule out the possibility that M33 and M31 are in orbit. If correct, M33 is on its first infall proper into the Andromeda Galaxy (M31).


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Planetary nebulae are not only important contributors to the chemical enrichment of galaxies, but provide valuable information on single and binary stellar evolution. In addition, these objects seem to always produce very bright planetary nebulae with consistent luminosities, regardless of the galaxy's mass, age, or metallicity. This feature is very useful as a standard candle for distance measurements.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: Large systematic research on this topic has been done by Rebeca Galera-Rosillo and co-authors in 2018.


title: Triangulum Galaxy

text: This work benefited from the use of the INT and WHT telescopes located at La Palma island. As a result of this study, three new planetary nebulae were discovered.


title: Voiced velar fricative

text: The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in Modern English but existed in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, , which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar , the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings use for the voiced velar fricative.


title: Voiced velar fricative

text: The symbol is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: or . The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, .


title: Voiced velar fricative

text: There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.


title: Loss function

text: In mathematical optimization and decision theory, a loss function or cost function (sometimes also called an error function) is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event. An optimization problem seeks to minimize a loss function. An objective function is either a loss function or its opposite (in specific domains, variously called a reward function, a profit function, a utility function, a fitness function, etc.), in which case it is to be maximized. The loss function could include terms from several levels of the hierarchy.


title: Loss function

text: In statistics, typically a loss function is used for parameter estimation, and the event in question is some function of the difference between estimated and true values for an instance of data. The concept, as old as Laplace, was reintroduced in statistics by Abraham Wald in the middle of the 20th century. In the context of economics, for example, this is usually economic cost or regret. In classification, it is the penalty for an incorrect classification of an example. In actuarial science, it is used in an insurance context to model benefits paid over premiums, particularly since the works of Harald Cramér in the 1920s. In optimal control, the loss is the penalty for failing to achieve a desired value. In financial risk management, the function is mapped to a monetary loss.


title: Loss function

text: Leonard J. Savage argued that using non-Bayesian methods such as minimax, the loss function should be based on the idea of "regret", i.e., the loss associated with a decision should be the difference between the consequences of the best decision that could have been made had the underlying circumstances been known and the decision that was in fact taken before they were known.


title: Loss function

text: The use of a quadratic loss function is common, for example when using least squares techniques. It is often more mathematically tractable than other loss functions because of the properties of variances, as well as being symmetric: an error above the target causes the same loss as the same magnitude of error below the target. If the target is "t", then a quadratic loss function is


title: Loss function

text: for some constant "C"; the value of the constant makes no difference to a decision, and can be ignored by setting it equal to 1. This is also known as the squared error loss (SEL).


title: Loss function

text: Many common statistics, including t-tests, regression models, design of experiments, and much else, use least squares methods applied using linear regression theory, which is based on the quadratic loss function.


title: Loss function

text: The quadratic loss function is also used in linear-quadratic optimal control problems. In these problems, even in the absence of uncertainty, it may not be possible to achieve the desired values of all target variables. Often loss is expressed as a quadratic form in the deviations of the variables of interest from their desired values; this approach is tractable because it results in linear first-order conditions. In the context of stochastic control, the expected value of the quadratic form is used.


title: Loss function

text: In many applications, objective functions, including loss functions as a particular case, are determined by the problem formulation. In other situations, the decision maker’s preference must be elicited and represented by a scalar-valued function (called also utility function) in a form suitable for optimization — the problem that Ragnar Frisch has highlighted in his Nobel Prize lecture.


title: Loss function

text: The existing methods for constructing objective functions are collected in the proceedings of two dedicated conferences.


title: Loss function

text: In particular, Andranik Tangian showed that the most usable objective functions — quadratic and additive — are determined by a few indifference points. He used this property in the models for constructing these objective functions from either ordinal or cardinal data that were elicited through computer-assisted interviews with decision makers.


title: Loss function

text: Among other things, he constructed objective functions to optimally distribute budgets for 16 Westfalian universities


title: Loss function

text: In some contexts, the value of the loss function itself is a random quantity because it depends on the outcome of a random variable "X".


title: Loss function

text: Both frequentist and Bayesian statistical theory involve making a decision based on the expected value of the loss function; however, this quantity is defined differently under the two paradigms.


title: Loss function

text: We first define the expected loss in the frequentist context. It is obtained by taking the expected value with respect to the probability distribution, "P", of the observed data, "X". This is also referred to as the risk function of the decision rule "δ" and the parameter "θ". Here the decision rule depends on the outcome of "X". The risk function is given by:


title: Loss function

text: Here, "θ" is a fixed but possibly unknown state of nature, "X" is a vector of observations stochastically drawn from a population, formula_5 is the expectation over all population values of "X", "dP" is a probability measure over the event space of "X" (parametrized by "θ") and the integral is evaluated over the entire support of "X".


title: Loss function

text: In a Bayesian approach, the expectation is calculated using the posterior distribution of the parameter "θ":


title: Loss function

text: One then should choose the action "a" which minimises the expected loss. Although this will result in choosing the same action as would be chosen using the frequentist risk, the emphasis of the Bayesian approach is that one is only interested in choosing the optimal action under the actual observed data, whereas choosing the actual frequentist optimal decision rule, which is a function of all possible observations, is a much more difficult problem.


title: Loss function

text: In economics, decision-making under uncertainty is often modelled using the von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function of the uncertain variable of interest, such as end-of-period wealth. Since the value of this variable is uncertain, so is the value of the utility function; it is the expected value of utility that is maximized.


title: Loss function

text: Sound statistical practice requires selecting an estimator consistent with the actual acceptable variation experienced in the context of a particular applied problem. Thus, in the applied use of loss functions, selecting which statistical method to use to model an applied problem depends on knowing the losses that will be experienced from being wrong under the problem's particular circumstances.


title: Loss function

text: A common example involves estimating "location". Under typical statistical assumptions, the mean or average is the statistic for estimating location that minimizes the expected loss experienced under the squared-error loss function, while the median is the estimator that minimizes expected loss experienced under the absolute-difference loss function. Still different estimators would be optimal under other, less common circumstances.


title: Loss function

text: In economics, when an agent is risk neutral, the objective function is simply expressed as the expected value of a monetary quantity, such as profit, income, or end-of-period wealth. For risk-averse or risk-loving agents, loss is measured as the negative of a utility function, and the objective function to be optimized is the expected value of utility.


title: Loss function

text: Other measures of cost are possible, for example mortality or morbidity in the field of public health or safety engineering.


title: Loss function

text: For most optimization algorithms, it is desirable to have a loss function that is globally continuous and differentiable.


title: Loss function

text: Two very commonly used loss functions are the squared loss, formula_14, and the absolute loss, formula_15. However the absolute loss has the disadvantage that it is not differentiable at formula_16. The squared loss has the disadvantage that it has the tendency to be dominated by outliers—when summing over a set of formula_17's (as in formula_18), the final sum tends to be the result of a few particularly large "a"-values, rather than an expression of the average "a"-value.


title: Loss function

text: The choice of a loss function is not arbitrary. It is very restrictive and sometimes the loss function may be characterized by its desirable properties. Among the choice principles are, for example, the requirement of completeness of the class of symmetric statistics in the case of i.i.d. observations, the principle of complete information, and some others.


title: Loss function

text: W. Edwards Deming and Nassim Nicholas Taleb argue that empirical reality, not nice mathematical properties, should be the sole basis for selecting loss functions, and real losses often are not mathematically nice and are not differentiable, continuous, symmetric, etc. For example, a person who arrives before a plane gate closure can still make the plane, but a person who arrives after can not, a discontinuity and asymmetry which makes arriving slightly late much more costly than arriving slightly early. In drug dosing, the cost of too little drug may be lack of efficacy, while the cost of too much may be tolerable toxicity, another example of asymmetry. Traffic, pipes, beams, ecologies, climates, etc. may tolerate increased load or stress with little noticeable change up to a point, then become backed up or break catastrophically. These situations, Deming and Taleb argue, are common in real-life problems, perhaps more common than classical smooth, continuous, symmetric, differentials cases.


title: Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs

text: Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs, known in Korean as simply Red Shoes (, "Redeu Syujeu") is a 2019 South Korean computer-animated fantasy film produced by Locus Corporation. It is based on the German language fairy tale "Snow White" by the Brothers Grimm, and its name is derived from the Danish fairy tale "The Red Shoes" by Hans Christian Andersen. The English dub of the film features the voices of Chloë Grace Moretz, Sam Claflin, Gina Gershon, Patrick Warburton, and Jim Rash.


title: Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs

text: On Fairy Tale Island, a group of heroic princes called the Fearless Seven – Merlin, Arthur, Jack, Hans, and triplets Pino, Noki and Kio – save a Fairy Princess from a dragon. However, after seeing her green face, they assume she is a witch and attack her. To teach them a lesson, she curses them to transform into green dwarfs whenever people look at them. The curse can only be broken by a kiss from "the most beautiful woman in the world", which they believe is impossible.


title: Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs

text: Seven years later, Princess Snow White, the overweight but strong and kind daughter of King White, sets out to find her missing father. She returns to her parents' castle, where her stepmother, Queen Regina, has taken over. She finds a message from her father telling her to find the seven and not to trust apples. She finds a pair of red shoes growing on a tree, which grant eternal life and beauty. Snow wears the shoes and transforms into a slim version of herself. Regina suddenly attacks, unaware that the slender woman is Snow. Snow escapes on a broomstick and crashes at the dwarfs' house. They prepare to attack, thinking she is the Fairy Princess, but welcome her into their home upon learning otherwise. Snow is shocked to see herself in the mirror and renames herself "Red Shoes". The seven are smitten and strive to impress her so she might kiss them.


title: Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs

text: Regina hires the selfish Prince Average of a neighboring kingdom. Average's soldiers chase Red Shoes to try and kidnap her, but Merlin saves her. That night, Red Shoes and Merlin grow closer to each other. During this time, Merlin tells her he can't wait for her to see the real him. He asks Red Shoes to close her eyes and imagine the real him. She does, but tells him that whether her eyes are open or closed, to her, he is still Merlin. He writes off her honest opinions about him as a joke. Regina gives Average and his bodyguards apples and turns them into monstrous wooden bears. In a secluded forest, Red Shoes tries to give Merlin a hint about her real self, but instead confesses her feelings for him, and they kiss. Merlin is shocked to see that the kiss did not undo his curse, as he still thinks Red Shoes is the prophetic woman. Merlin fights off an attack by Average and his bodyguards, but as Average falls into a river, he takes Merlin with him. Red Shoes saves Merlin by removing the shoes and regaining her strength, exposing herself as Snow White. She pointedly asks Merlin if he would have helped her real self, and Merlin leaves, ashamed. She then puts the shoes back on, thinking Merlin still likes her for her looks more than herself. Merlin imagines a conversation with his dwarf self and, realizing that Snow White likes him for who he is on the inside, decides to help her. In the forest, Regina disguises herself as Merlin and asks Red Shoes to eat an apple to help remove her shoes, but the real Merlin arrives, and the exposed witch abducts her stepdaughter.


title: Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs

text: In her castle, Regina again tries to force Snow White to eat an apple by threatening to kill a captured Merlin. Snow eats the apple and transforms into a new apple tree. Merlin fails to escape from Regina's magic mirror until the other dwarfs save him. Merlin sacrifices himself by falling down the castle with Regina to save Snow. With Regina dead, the wooden animals they befriended change back into humans, including King White. Pino, Noki, and Kio save Merlin and take him to Snow. He tells her she is the most beautiful woman whether his eyes are open or closed. After he dies in her arms, she revives him with a kiss, transforming him back into a prince. Merlin and Snow White happily accept each other's appearances, while Arthur remains confused by Snow's true identity.


title: Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs

text: During the end credits, Snow and Merlin marry, while the other princes find their own unusual-looking girlfriends. The Fairy Princess fishes Prince Average out of a river and turns him into another green dwarf after he regards her rudely.


title: Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs

text: Additional voices by Brian T. Delaney, Benjamin Diskin, Terri Douglas, Piotr Michael, Amanda Troop, and Kari Wahlgren.


title: Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs

text: A marketing campaign for the film revealed at the 2017 Cannes Marche du Film was criticized by critics and audiences for alleged fat shaming. Chloë Grace Moretz, who portrayed Snow/Red Shoes, stated she was "appalled" by the marketing that she felt it did not reflect the actual film's message. The production company immediately terminated the campaign and issued an apology, stating:As the producer of the theatrical animated film "Red Shoes and the 7 Dwarfs," now in production, Locus Corporation wishes to apologize regarding the first elements of our marketing campaign (in the form of a Cannes billboard and a trailer) which we realize has had the opposite effect from that which was intended. That advertising campaign is being terminated. Our film, a family comedy, carries a message designed to challenge social prejudices related to standards of physical beauty in society by emphasizing the importance of inner beauty. We appreciate and are grateful for the constructive criticism of those who brought this to our attention. We sincerely regret any embarrassment or dissatisfaction this mistaken advertising has caused to any of the individual artists or companies involved with the production of future distribution of the film, none of whom had any involvement with creating or approving the now discontinued advertising campaign.Later sources, including organizations aimed at promoting good messaging in family entertainment, would be more sympathetic to the film, noting that "Red Shoes and the Seven Dwarfs" is "loaded with valuable lessons for children and adults" and "promotes body image and self-acceptance, while confronting stereotypes."


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: Meray Paas Tum Ho (; ) is a 2019 Pakistani romantic drama television series produced by Humayun Saeed and Shahzad Nasib under their production banner Six Sigma Plus. Directed by Nadeem Baig and written by Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar, the show starred Humayun Saeed, Ayeza Khan and Adnan Siddiqui. The show aired on ARY Digital from 17 August 2019 to 25 January 2020. It is digitally available on YouTube and ARY Zap App.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: Danish is a simple man with moral values of idealized Pakistani culture. He works as a government officer. His whole world revolves around his wife Mehwish and son Roomi (the new childstar). Subsequently, his wife Mehwish gets in extramarital relation with a businessman Shehwar Ahmad getting under influence of his flattery and attraction of his wealth. He even offers Mehwish a high position job in his office with a very high salary and added perks but Mehwish's son and husband disapprove of her job in his office as they suspect the extra marital relationship.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: After sometime, Mehwish leaves her husband and son and starts a new life with Shehwar. After almost six or seven months of a live-in relationship with Shehwar, she convinces him to marry her but on the day of their wedding, Shehwar's first wife Maham arrives back to Pakistan. She is the sole owner of the wealth that Shehwar has. When she realizes that Shehwar was going to marry Mehwish, she slaps Mehwish tightly across the face and asks her to leave her house immediately. Subsequently, Shehwar Ahmad loses both his wealth and respect because of Maham who put him in jail hence he abandons Mehwish.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: When Mehwish visits him in jail he refuses to even acknowledge her and asks her to go away from his life and blames her that she is the reason his wife put him in jail. Mehwish has nowhere to go now and on the other side Danish sold his old flat and invested the money in the stock market and became rich over the course of these months.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: During the course of these months Danish develops a friendly relationship with Roomi's teacher – Hania but she develops real feelings for Danish. She even proposes him as she fell in love with him but Danish does not reciprocate her feelings. Mehwish on the other hand contacts Danish's business partner- Salman for help. He is also a mutual friend of theirs from college. Through him she asks for Danish's forgiveness repeatedly and requests to meet him once. Danish sends her a message through Salman that he has forgiven her but he does not want to meet her. She even attempts suicide but Danish doesn't show any affection neither turns up to meet her at the hospital. Shehwar Ahmed's jail term is broadly diffused by the media.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: After being prodded by Roomi and Salman, Danish agrees on meeting Mehwish once. When he meets her, he suffers a major heart attack due to facing her and all the grief of disloyalty that she gave him. He passes away in the hospital. Even Maham forgives Shehwar and brings him home but demotes his post in the office from the CEO to a minor executive. This doesn't go well with Shehwar and he realizes all of his mistakes and leaves from Maham's home and life forever.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: The show became one of the most popular serial of 2019 after airing its first episode in Pakistan. The show received best ever TV ratings becoming the best ever ranked drama in the history of Pakistan. Last episode of the drama was viewed by almost more than 79.6 million people in Pakistan.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: The Performances and Chemistry of Saeed and Khan were praised by critics. Alysha Khan of "HipInPakistan" wrote, "Saeed absolutely killed it with a Good Boy Avatar, and he shares great on-screen chemistry with Khan and also praised Khan's performance". Sarah Shaukat of "Entertainment Pakistan" wrote, "Saeed stole the show with towering performance in every scene he managed to impress with his attitude and dialogue delivery while Khan was consistent and looked really good". Laiba Sabeen of "OyeYeah" wrote, "The Superb Performances of Saeed, Khan, Siddiqui, and Baig's brilliant direction keeps the viewers engaged in a crisp story". Maliha Rehman of "DAWN" wrote, "Humayun Saeed at his very best, making his audience cry with him. Beautiful dialogues by Khalil-ur-Rehman and Nadeem Baig directing with such sensitivity".


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: The TV drama serial was received in Pakistan's feminist circles with skepticism & reservation. Specially the script writer got criticized for his misogynist views. Author Aisha Sarwari says drama convinces audience that it is okay to slur at and slut shame materialistic women, and this double standard is morally questionable since Pakistani society in general & bridegrooms in particular are known for dowry seeking and can not claim high moral ground vis a vis materialistic women. While actually Pakistan is known for acid attacks, domestic violence, serious levels of honor killings of women even at suggestion of freedom of choice. Sarwari says sadly depiction is falsified far from real life and one won't find even in 1000 km of South Asia any very positive, patient and giving protagonist as depicted in the drama. Sarwari believes that this kind of content trends in Pakistan since there is lack of actual better actual life characters than this in Pakistan society.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: Afiya S. Zia not only criticizes the author for his sexist views but also criticizes content of family drama scripts dished out by Pakistani Television channels since last 20 years as advice literature of digest authors as writing such content which rather than questioning, normalizes & internalizes injustices to women in Pakistan in garb of piety, modesty, and religious agency preaching lessons to women to submit themselves and continue to remain subservient to a male dominated patriarchy of Pakistan. Afiya S. Zia says the TV series presentation creates a false narrative that Pakistani patriarchal family structure do take care of all family members equally, practically which is far from the truth rather Pakistani women are meted out with discrimination and violent backlash for demanding their sexual freedoms.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar entered into altercations with Pakistani feminist Marvi Sirmed over slogans in Aurat March on International Women's Day including Mera Jism Meri Marzi during a television debate in March 2020.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: Quite a few placards in Aurat March on International Women's Day 2020 were critical of misogyny & sexism of the author Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar expressed through his participation in reality TV shows & drama both.


title: Meray Paas Tum Ho

text: Some of the dialogues in the TV serial and some of the later statements of Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar invited debate controversies from liberal and feminists in social media and mainstream media both.