title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Once the experience at Fininvest was over, Carrà hosted the new programme "Weekend of Rafaella" in which she appeared with a new mature look abandoning tights and bodysuits. The programme had a sequel entitled "Ricomincio da due".


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In early January 1990, Carrà returned to Rai to host her new show "Raffaella Venerdì, Sabato e Domenica... E saranno famosi".


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In June 1990, she co-hosted alongside Gigi Sabani, Ricardo Fernández Deu and Miriam Díaz Aroca, "Cuando calienta el sol", a two-part Rai and TVE jointly produced variety show aired live from Saint-Vincent in Italy and Tossa de Mar in Spain and broadcast simultaneously to both countries.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Together with Johnny Dorelli, in 1991, she hosted the Saturday night show "Fantastic 12" on Rai 1, which, despite controversy caused by Roberto Benigni's appearance, obtained ratings below expectations.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: From 1992 to 1995 Carrà returned to TVE, conducting three seasons of "¡Hola Raffaella!", for which she won three TP de Oro and the early evening show "A las 8 con Raffaella". In the 1994–95 season, she moved to the Spanish counterpart of Fininvest, Telecinco, with the afternoon program "En casa con Raffaella".


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: At the end of 1995 she returned to Rai 1 with "Carràmba! Che sorpresa". While in 1996 and from 1998 to 2000, she hosted "Carràmba! Che sorpresa", "Carrambà! Che fortuna", "40 minuti con Raffaella", "Centoventitré" and "I Fantastici di Raffaella".


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In 1997 she also participated as a protagonist in a four-part RAI miniseries entitled "Unamamma per caso", directed by Sergio Martino, in which she played the role of a single journalist. It was her last appearance on a scripted TV series. That year refused to host the Sanremo Music Festival 1997.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: She welcomed 1998 co-hosting with Ramón García the TVE broadcast of New Year's clock bell strikes live from Puerta del Sol in Madrid.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: The following year, alongside Piero Chiambretti, Enrico Papi, Megan Gale and Massimo Ceccherini, she hosted the 51st edition of the Sanremo Music Festival, which didn't see a great amount of success. Carrà herself acknowledged that she was wrong to opt for a format that was more musical than television. After a break of about a year, Carrà returned to prime time on Rai 1 with the fourth edition of "Carràmba! Che sorpresa". In 2004 she hosted the program "Sogni",


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: On 19 December 2004 she co-hosted with Ramón García and Loles León the nine-hours telethon "Contigo" on TVE. On 24 October 2005, she was invited to Diego Maradona's program "La Noche del 10" together with Robbie Williams. In the spring of 2006, Carrà hosted on Rai "Amore", a replica of TVE's "Contigo". It was dedicated to long-distance adoptions and it achieved nearly 150,000 adoptions.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Also in 2006, the actor , assisted by Roberto Mancinelli, dedicated her a book named "Raffabook. Più che un libro uno show del sabato sera". Around the same time, Tiziano Ferro published in the album "Nessuno è solo" the song "E Raffaella è mia", dedicated to Carrà, who participated in the videoclip of the song, while the Spanish singer Roser recorded the album "Raffaella", a tribute with Carrà's greatest hits sung in Spanish. In December 2006 she appeared at the gala for TVE's 50th Anniversary.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: On 30 November 2007 "Raffica" was released, two CDs and a DVD which collated all the theme songs sung and danced by Raffaella throughout her career.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In 2008 TVE called her for three programs related to the Eurovision Song Contest. The first was the selection process aired on 8 March "Salvemos Eurovisión". She also presented two special galas related to this festival.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Shortly after, Carrà returned to Rai 1 to present a new edition of "Carràmba! Che fortuna" that was rewarded by the auditel, with an average of 5,000,000 daily viewers and a maximum of 6,000,000.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Subsequently, Carrà returned to Spain to host an episode of the Spanish version of "Saturday Night Live" on Cuatro in April 2009.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Also in 2008 the book "Mito in tre minuti" by Antimo Verde was published, an artistic biography based on research work. On 7 November of that year "Raffica – Balletti & Duetti" was released, a second box set of two CDs and a DVD with a selection of television performances by Carrà.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: That same year Carrà hosted and produced "Il Gran Concerto", a television programme in which RAI National Symphony Orchestra performed pieces of classical music and opera.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In 2010 she duetted with Renato Zero on the song "Triangolo" from his album Sei Zero. The two also shared the stage at Zero's concert, on 5 October of the same year.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In 2011, after 13 years of absence, Italy returned to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest, and Rai chose Carrà to host and comment from Italy on the final night of the event, as well as present the votes awarded by the jury and televoting. In the summer of 2011 French DJ Bob Sinclar remixed her classic song "A far l'amore comincia tu", which was retitled "Far l'amore". This remix was later included by Paolo Sorrentino in the soundtrack of his Academy awarded film "The Great Beauty".


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Later, together with Neri Marcorè, she starred in various TIM commercials, playing Queen Isabella I of Castile. In October 2011, for the fourth consecutive year, she was once again the producer of the Rai 3 television program "Il Gran Concerto", hosted by Alessandro Greco.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In June 2012 she participated in the "" in support of the people affected by the earthquake of 20 and 29 May 2012, in which she sang one of her hits, "Rumore".


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In January 2013, Carrà was meant to return, after ten years, to host the Saturday night show on Rai 1, but the programme, provisionally titled "Auditorium" was later cancelled. In February 2013 she became one of the coaches, along with Noemi, Piero Pelù and Riccardo Cocciante, in the program "The Voice of Italy" on Rai 2.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: On 16 July 2013 she released the dance single "Replay", which was followed up by the album "Replay (The Album)". The album was released on 19 November 2013, along with the second single "Cha Cha Ciao", seventeen years after her previous studio album.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: That same year she appeared as herself in the movie "Colpi di fortuna" directed by Neri Parenti. In 2014 she participated again in "The Voice of Italy" as a coach with Piero Pelù, Noemi and rapper J-Ax.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In February of the same year she was a guest at the first evening of the Sanremo Festival, where she performed a medley of songs from her latest album.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: In the 2014–15 television season she returned to Rai 1 with a new talent-show with Joaquín Cortés, called "Forte forte forte".


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Starting from 24 February 2016 she returned as a coach in the Rai 2 program "The Voice of Italy" with Emis Killa, Max Pezzali and Dolcenera; during the final episode she announced that she would leave the program. On 19 December 2016 she hosted "60 años juntos", TVE's 60th Anniversary Gala. In the summer of 2017 she became a music producer for one of her contestants, Samuel Pietrasanta.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: On 30 November 2018, the Christmas album "Ogni volta che è Natale" was released, Carrà's last release before her death. The album features an unreleased track, "Chi l'ha detto", which was sent to radios on 16 November and released on YouTube along with the music video on 23 November. On late 2018 she returned to the television scene after two years of absence, as a guest of Fabio Fazio at "Che tempo che fa" and by Carlo Conti at "Un Natale d'Oro Zecchino". In the spring of 2019 she returned to TV as the host of a program of interviews with well-known personalities from show business, culture and sports, titled "A raccontare comincia tu", broadcast in prime time on Thursdays on Rai 3 for six weeks, from 4 April to 9 May. Following its success, the program was confirmed with a new cycle of four episodes, aired from 24 October to 4 November.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: On 2 October 2020, the musical film "Explota Explota" was released in Spanish cinemas, it was directed by Uruguayan Nacho Álvarez, and it was based on Carrà's songs, she appears as a cameo. Since 25 January 2021, the film has been available in the Italian version (with the title "Ballo Ballo") on the Amazon Prime digital platform. The film was nominated for three Goya Awards and three Feroz Awards.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: On 5 July 2021, after Carrà's death, RAI director Stefano Coletta revealed on television that there were plans to ask Carrà to present the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 and the Sanremo Festival that same year.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: On 13 November 1971, while hosting "Canzonissima", she performed her new single "Tuca Tuca" wearing a top which showed her navel; she was the first woman to show it on Italian public television, at a time in which it was unusual for women to show their bodies. This event caused controversy in the conservative TV network RAI and was called "too provocative" by the Vatican newspaper "L'Osservatore Romano".


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: She was a strong supporter of the LGBTQ+ community. She was awarded a "gay icon" award at the 2017 World Pride Madrid.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Carrà had a ten-year relationship with the television author Gianni Boncompagni, author of her greatest musical hits. She later met , who was 9 years younger than her and at that time was the choreographer in two of her programs: "Pronto, Raffaella?" and "Fantastico 3". Although they separated in the 1990s, they maintained a good personal and professional relationship to such an extent that it was he who announced Carrà's death in 2021. Previously, she had other romantic relationships with singer Little Tony whom she met in 1961 during the filming of the movie "5 marines per 100 ragazze", with Juventus footballer Gino Stacchini (which lasted eight years) and was also courted by Frank Sinatra, with whom she shared the set of the film "Von Ryan's Express" in 1965, but she rejected the flirting.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: She never married. According to Carrà, she did not believe in marriage. She did not have children, although she wanted to; when she tried to have children, her doctor told her that she would not be able to. Instead, she decided to adopt several children from around the world from a distance.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Raffaella Carrà was very attached to Monte Argentario in Tuscany, where she lived for many years. Her villa in Cala Piccola was a source of inspiration for many of her broadcasts, even for the title of the TV program "Carràmba! Che sorpresa". She was a big fan of football team Juventus.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Carrà died in Rome on 5 July 2021, at the age of 78. Carrà died from lung cancer. Two days later, the funeral procession was held from her home, passing through RAI's central studios, the Foro Italico and Teatro delle Vittorie to reach the Capitolium, where the mortuary chapel was set up at Rome's City Hall. Carrà's body, after being cremated according to her expressed will, was taken to the places most dear to the artist, including Porto Santo Stefano and San Giovanni Rotondo, in the Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina.


title: Raffaella Carrà

text: Carrà revealed in a 1977 interview that she was a communist. She said: "I always vote communist. On a struggle between workers and businessmen, I'll always be on the workers' side."


title: Flag desecration

text: Flag desecration is the desecration of a flag, violation of flag protocol, or various acts that intentionally destroy, damage, or mutilate a flag in public. In the case of a national flag, such action is often intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of destruction (such as burning in public) or forbidding particular uses (such as for commercial purposes); such laws may distinguish between desecration of the country's own national flag and flags of other countries. Some countries have also banned the desecration of all types of flags from inside the country to other country flags.


title: Flag desecration

text: Actions that may be treated as desecration of a flag include burning it (flag burning), urinating, defecating or ejaculating on it, defacing it with slogans, stepping upon it, damaging it with stones; bullets; or any other missile, cutting or ripping it, improperly flying it, verbally insulting it, dragging it on the ground, or eating it, among other things.


title: Flag desecration

text: Flag desecration may be undertaken for a variety of reasons. It may be a protest against a country's foreign policy, including one's own, or the nature of the government in power there. It may be a protest against nationalism or a deliberate and symbolic insult to the people of the country represented by the flag. It may also be a protest at the very laws prohibiting the act of desecrating a flag.


title: Flag desecration

text: Burning or defacing a flag is a crime in some countries. In countries where it is not, the act may still be prosecuted as disorderly conduct, arson, or; if conducted on someone else's property; as theft or vandalism.


title: Flag desecration

text: In Algeria, flag desecration is a crime. According to article 160 bis of the Algerian penal code, the intentional and public shredding, distortion, or desecration of the national flag is punishable by 5 to 10 years of imprisonment.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2010, an Algerian court convicted 18 people of flag desecration and punished them by up to 6 years of imprisonment and $10,000 in fines after protests about jobs and housing.


title: Flag desecration

text: The Penal Code (Código Penal) on its Article 222 criminalizes the public desecration of the national flag, coat of arms, national anthem, or any provincial symbol, imposing from 1 to 4 years of imprisonment.


title: Flag desecration

text: Flag desecration is not, in itself, illegal in Australia. However, flag desecration must be compliant with the law.


title: Flag desecration

text: In "Coleman v Kinbacher & Anor (Qld Police)", Coleman was successfully prosecuted for flag burning, not because of its political nature, but because given the size of the flag, the use of petrol as an accelerant, and the fact that it was in an open park area, many members of the public experienced "concern, fright and anger", and in these circumstances flag burning could be considered disorderly conduct.


title: Flag desecration

text: There have been several attempts to pass bills making flag burning illegal in Australia, none of which have yet been successful. In 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992, National Party MP Michael Cobb introduced bills making it an offence to desecrate, dishonour, burn, mutilate or destroy the Australian national flag. On each occasion, the bill failed. As of May 2016, the most recent bill which attempted to ban flag burning was the "Flags Amendment (Protecting Australian Flags) Bill 2016", which was introduced by National Party MP George Christensen but lapsed in April 2016.


title: Flag desecration

text: During the 2005 Cronulla riots, a Lebanese-Australian youth, whose name has been kept secret, climbed a Returned and Services League (RSL) club building and tore down its flag before setting it on fire. The youth was sentenced to 12 months probation not for flag desecration but for the destruction of property of the RSL. In October of that year the youth accepted an invitation from the RSL to carry the Australian flag along with war veterans in the Anzac Day march the following year. However, the RSL was forced to withdraw this invitation as it received phone calls from people threatening to pelt the youth with missiles on the day. The head of the New South Wales RSL was quoted as saying that "the people who made these threats ought to be bloody ashamed of themselves".


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2006, Australian contemporary artist Azlan McLennan burnt an Australian flag and displayed it on a billboard outside the Trocadero artspace in Footscray, Victoria. He called the artpiece "Proudly UnAustralian".


title: Flag desecration

text: The socialist youth group Resistance marketed "flag-burning kits"inspired by, and to protest, the censorship of Azlan McLennan's artto university students.


title: Flag desecration

text: Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre worker Adam Thompson burned the Australian flag on the week of Australia Day (2008) celebrations in Launceston's City Park to the cheers of about 100 people, who were rallying against what they call "Invasion Day".


title: Flag desecration

text: Tent embassy activists burned the Australian flag on 27 January 2012 at the entrance to Canberra's Parliament House as they called for Aboriginal sovereignty over Australia.


title: Flag desecration

text: In Austria flag desecration is illegal under §248 Strafgesetzbuch. Offenders can be fined or punished with up to 6 months of imprisonment. Under §317 Strafgesetzbuch desecration of flags of foreign states or international organizations can be punished if Austria maintains diplomatic relations with them or belongs to the respective organization.


title: Flag desecration

text: Flag desecration is not forbidden by Belgian law. Flemish nationalists have burned Belgian flags on at least one occasion.


title: Flag desecration

text: Article 30 states that, when in the flag is being marched or paraded (for example, when the national anthem is being played), everyone present must take a respectful attitude, standing in silence. Males must remove any head coverings. Military personnel must salute or present arms according to their corps' internal regulations.


title: Flag desecration

text: Article 32 states that flags in a bad condition must be sent to the nearest military unit for incineration on Flag Day according to ceremonial procedures.


title: Flag desecration

text: Article 33 states that, except at diplomatic missions such as embassies and consulates, no foreign flag may be flown without a Brazilian flag of the same size in a prominent position alongside it.


title: Flag desecration

text: Chapter VI of the law states, in article 35, that the act of a civilian breaking this law is considered a misdemeanor, punished with a fine of one to four times the highest reference value active in the country, doubled in repeated infringement cases. In the Brazilian Armed Forces' Military Penal Code, article 161, a soldier, airman or seaman who disrespects any national symbol is punished with one to two years' detention; officers may be declared unsuitable for their rank.


title: Flag desecration

text: Canada has no laws prohibiting flag burning or desecration. Acts of this nature are forms of expression protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 1990, during heated political times around the Meech Lake Accord, the flag of Quebec was desecrated by protestors in Brockville, Ontario opposed to Quebec's language laws after the Canadian flag had been burnt in protests in Quebec. Televised images of individuals stepping on the Quebec flag were played in Quebec and contributed to the deterioration in relations between Quebec and English Canada. The incident, seen as a metaphor of Canada's perceived rejection of Quebec (and of Quebec's distinctiveness in the demise of the Meech Lake Accord) was invoked by Quebec nationalists during the run-up to the 1995 referendum on Quebec independence and is still remembered today.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 1999, members of the Westboro Baptist Church from the United States staged a burning of the Canadian Flag outside of the Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. This was to protest legalization of same-sex marriage which was being adjudicated by the Canadian court.


title: Flag desecration

text: The "Ley de Seguridad Interior del Estado", articles 6 and 7, defines as a crime the public desecration of the national flag, coat of arms, the name of the country or the national hymn, and imposes a period of imprisonment, relegation or estrangement for a period between 541 days and three years.


title: Flag desecration

text: Flag desecration is prohibited in China. The penal code provides for imprisonment up to three years, criminal detention, public surveillance, or deprivation of political rights for "whoever desecrates the National Flag or the National Emblem of the People's Republic of China by intentionally burning, mutilating, scrawling on, defiling or trampling upon it in a public place".


title: Flag desecration

text: Chinese laws concerning flag desecration were incorporated into Hong Kong law as the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance in 1997 as required by Annex III of the territory's constitution. The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance is the equivalent statute in respect of the Hong Kong flag. Both ordinances ban desecration of the Chinese flag and Hong Kong flag, respectively, through methods including "burning, mutilating, scrawling on, defiling or trampling".


title: Flag desecration

text: In 1999, two individuals were convicted for desecration of the Regional Flag of Hong Kong and the Chinese flag. They were found guilty by a magistrate, had the conviction overturned in the High Court but the convictions were restored by the Court of Final Appeal. They were bound over to keep the peace on their own recognisance of $2,000 for 12 months for each of the two charges. In the judgement, Chief Justice Andrew Li said although the Basic Law of Hong Kong guarantees freedom of speech, flag desecration is not legal because there are other protest methods.


title: Flag desecration

text: Social activist Koo Sze-yiu has been convicted several times of flag desecration. He was sentenced to a nine-month prison term in 2013 for the offence. However, the sentence was reduced to four months and two weeks after an appeal. In March 2016 he was sentenced to a six-week prison term for burning the regional flag in Wanchai on HKSAR Establishment Day in 2015. Koo responded that "he is happy to be punished as being jailed is part of the life of an activist, and he would continue to protest against the Beijing and Hong Kong governments and fight for democracy." In January 2021, Koo was again jailed, this time for four months, for displaying an inverted Chinese flag with slogans written on it in July 2020.


title: Flag desecration

text: In October 2016, some miniature Chinese and Hong Kong flags that had been placed by pro-Beijing legislators in the Legislative Council chamber were flipped upside down by lawmaker Cheng Chung-tai, who regarded them as "cheap patriotic acts". In April 2017 he was charged with flag desecration. He alleged that the arrest was part of a "general cleansing" of dissenting voices ahead of Carrie Lam's inauguration as new chief executive. On 29 September 2017, the Eastern Magistrates' Court found Cheng guilty and fined him $5,000.


title: Flag desecration

text: In December 2019, a 13-year-old girl was sentenced to 12 months probation for flag desecration during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. She received a curfew as well as a criminal record; the act was described as "rash" by magistrate Kelly Shui. Government intervention was on the basis of "(Maliciously) challenging the national sovereignty".


title: Flag desecration

text: Croatian history recalls the burning of the flag of the Kingdom of Hungary during the 1895 visit of Emperor Franz Joseph to Zagreb. Two people involved in the incident, Stjepan Radić and Vladimir Vidrić, later pursued notable careers in politics and literature, respectively. In modern Croatia it is illegal to desecrate any flag or to treat any flag in a disrespectful manner. Offenders are punishable with up to one year of imprisonment.


title: Flag desecration

text: In Denmark, it is legal to burn or desecrate the national flag, the Dannebrog. It is illegal to publicly burn or desecrate the flags of foreign countries, the United Nations and Council of Europe according to section 110(e) of the Danish penal code because Parliament has decided that burning or desecrating these is a matter of foreign relations, as it could be construed as a threat. This law is rarely enforced; the last conviction was in 1936.


title: Flag desecration

text: According to Danish tradition, burning is the proper way to dispose of a worn Dannebrog flag. According to tradition, care must be observed to ensure that a flag never touches the ground, i.e., even when being disposed of, it should be placed on top of a fire. Flying the flag after sundown is also inappropriate behaviour.


title: Flag desecration

text: According to the Faroese flag law the Faroese flag, "Merkið", may not be desecrated, "neither by words or by deeds".


title: Flag desecration

text: According to the law on the Finnish flag, it is illegal to desecrate the flag, treat it in disrespecting manner, or remove it from a public place without permission.


title: Flag desecration

text: According to French law, a person outraging the French national anthem or the French flag during an event organized or regulated by public authorities is liable to a fine of €7,500, and six months' imprisonment if performed in a gathering. The law targets "outrageous behaviour" during public ceremonies and major sports events.


title: Flag desecration

text: This clause was added as an amendment to a large bill dealing with internal security, in reaction to a football match during which there had been whistles against "La Marseillaise", but also to similar actions during public ceremonies. The amendment initially prohibited such behaviour regardless of the context, but a parliamentary commission later restricted its scope to events organized or regulated by public authorities, which is to be understood, according to the ruling of the Constitutional Council, as events organized by public authorities, mass sport matches and other mass events taking place in enclosures, but not private speech, literary or artistic works, or speech during events not organized or regulated by public authorities.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2006, a man who had publicly burnt a French flag stolen from the façade of the city hall of Aurillac during a public festival, organized and regulated by public authorities, was fined €300.


title: Flag desecration

text: A July 2010 law makes it a crime to desecrate the French national flag in a public place, but also to distribute images of a flag desecration, even when done in a private setting, if the objective is to create trouble in public space. On 22 December 2010, an Algerian national was the first person to be convicted under the new status, and ordered to pay a €750 after breaking the pole of a flag hung in the Alpes-Maritimes prefecture a day prior.


title: Flag desecration

text: Under the German criminal code (§90a Strafgesetzbuch (StGB)), it is illegal to revile or damage the German federal flag as well as any flags of its states in public. Offenders can be fined or sentenced to a maximum of three years in prison, or fined or sentenced to a maximum of five years in prison if the act was intentionally used to support the eradication of the Federal Republic of Germany or to violate constitutional rights. Actual convictions because of a violation of the criminal code need to be balanced against the constitutional right of the freedom of expression, as ruled multiple times by Germany's constitutional court.


title: Flag desecration

text: Since 2020, it is also punishable by up to three years of imprisonment to damage or revile any flag of a foreign country (§104 StGB). Until then, only flags that were shown publicly by tradition, event, or routinely by representatives of an official foreign entity were protected. The legislative reform to include also unofficially or privately used flags was an explicit reaction to the repeated burning of Israeli flags during anti-Israeli protests.


title: Flag desecration

text: As part of that reform, a newly formed §90c StGB was introduced that extends the scope of protection to the flag and anthem of the European Union.


title: Flag desecration

text: After the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, many East Germans cut out the emblem from their national flag in support for a reunified, democratic Germany. This flag is now used by the Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship.


title: Flag desecration

text: Under article 188 of Greece's Penal code, flag desecration, along with desecration of other Greek symbols, is illegal and punishable with prison time of up to 2 years, or a fine.


title: Flag desecration

text: During a demonstration at the beginning of the Hungarian revolution of 1956 someone in the crowd cut out the communist coat of arms from the Hungarian flag, leaving a distinctive hole, and others quickly followed suit. The "flag with a hole" became a symbol of the Hungarian resistance. The practice of cutting out the communist coat of arms was also followed by other Eastern Bloc countries, such as Romania, especially during the Revolutions of 1989.


title: Flag desecration

text: The Indian Flag Code is a set of laws that govern the usage of the Flag of India. The Bureau of Indian Standards is in charge of the enforcement of the manufacture of the flag according to the guidelines.


title: Flag desecration

text: Violation of the code may invite severe punishments and penalties. The code was written in 2002 and merged the following acts: provisions of the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 (No.12 of 1950) and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 (No. 69 of 1971).


title: Flag desecration

text: The Indian Flag Code was often criticized for being too rigid and prevented ordinary citizens from displaying the flag on homes and other buildings. For many years, only government officials and other government buildings could unfurl the flag. That changed in 2001 when Naveen Jindal won a court case in the Supreme Court of India to give Indians the right to unfurl the flag publicly. The Indian cricket batsman Sachin Tendulkar was accused of sporting the flag on his cricket helmet below the BCCI emblem. He later changed it and placed the flag above BCCI emblem. The flag code was updated in 2005; some new provisions include that the flag cannot be worn under the waist or on undergarments.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2004, many copies of the proposed new flag for Iraq were burnt (see flag of Iraq). There were no such examples of burning the current Iraqi national flags, even by political opponents, as both contain the words "Allahu Akbar" (God is great), so this would be seen as a religious insult.


title: Flag desecration

text: The Department of the Taoiseach's guide to the flag of Ireland includes a list of "practices to avoid". This states in part "The National Flag should never be defaced by placing slogans, logos, lettering or pictures of any kind on it, for example at sporting events." A tricolour inscribed "Davy Keogh says hello" waved continually since 1981 has given its eponymous bearer a modicum of fame among Republic of Ireland soccer supporters. Guinness ran a promotion before the 2002 FIFA World Cup distributing Irish flags to supporters in pubs, on which the tricolour's white band was defaced with Guinness's harp logo (which is similar to, but different from, the harp on the Irish coat of arms). Guinness apologised after public criticism. Cecilia Keaveney said in a subsequent Dáil debate, "It may not be possible to address defacing the flag through legislation, but the House must issue a strong message that this is unacceptable."


title: Flag desecration

text: Seán O'Casey's 1926 play "The Plough and the Stars" attracted controversy for its critical view of the Easter Rising, in particular a scene in which a tricolour is brought into a pub frequented by a prostitute. On 7 May 1945, the day before V-E Day, celebrating unionist students in Trinity College Dublin raised the flags of the victorious Allies over the college; when onlookers in College Green began jeering, some took down the flag of neutral Ireland, set fire to it and tossed it away, provoking a small riot. In response, nationalist students from University College Dublin, including future Taoiseach Charles Haughey, burned the British flag in Grafton Street. The Provost of Trinity College apologised for the incident, which was not reported in Irish newspapers owing to wartime censorship.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2007 six teenagers in the South Tel Aviv suburb of Bat Yam were arrested for burning an Israeli flag. This incident was considered serious by the police and others since the youths were suspected in other acts of vandalism and claimed to be Satanists.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2016, Israel passed an amendment, meaning those convicted of deliberately burning an Israeli flag, or the flag of any allied country, face up to three years in prison.


title: Flag desecration

text: In Italy, desecration of any Italian or foreign nation's national flag ("vilipendio alla bandiera") is prohibited by law (Article 292 of the Italian Penal Code) and punished with fines (between and euros) for verbal desecration and with reclusion (up to two years) for physical damage or destruction.


title: Flag desecration

text: In Japan, under Chapter 4, Article 92 of the Criminal Code, any desecration of a recognized foreign nation's national flag and symbol to dishonour that particular nation is prohibited and punishable by fine or penal labour, but only on complaint by the foreign government.


title: Flag desecration

text: In May 1958, the flag of the People's Republic of China, the "Wǔ Xīng Hóngqí", at a postage stamp convention was pulled down and damaged, but as Japan did not recognize the PRC at the time, the law was not applied. In February 2011, Japanese ultra-rightists held a protest over the Kuril islands dispute outside of the Russian embassy in Tokyo, during which they dragged a Russian flag on the ground; Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov stated that his ministry had asked the Japanese government to launch a criminal case over the incident.


title: Flag desecration

text: However, there has never been a law explicitly prohibiting desecration of the Japanese flag, the "Hinomaru". Absent such law, the act of desecration is implicitly protected by Article 21 covering freedom of speech in the Constitution of Japan.


title: Flag desecration

text: On 26 October 1987, an Okinawan supermarket owner burned the "Hinomaru", before the start of the National Sports Festival of Japan. The flag burner, Shōichi Chibana, burned the national flag not only to show opposition to atrocities committed by the wartime Japanese army and the continued Japanese-requested presence of U.S. forces, but also to prevent it from being displayed in public. Other incidents in Okinawa included the flag being torn down during school ceremonies and students refusing to honor the flag as it was being raised to the sounds of "Kimigayo".


title: Flag desecration

text: In late January 2021, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party announced its intention to pass a law in the Diet to prohibit the desecration of the "Hinomaru".


title: Flag desecration

text: While Malaysia does not have specific legislation regarding flag desecration, legal action can be taken against those who show disrespect towards the national flag Jalur Gemilang under the Penal Code (Act 574), Sedition Act 1948 (Act 15) and the Emblems & Names (Prevention of Control of Improper Use) 1963 (Act 193). In October 2013, the Law Minister Nancy Shukri announced that the Government would be removing the proposed Clause 5 amendment to the Penal Code, which proposed fining or jailing anyone charged with desecrating the Jalur Gemilang or a foreign flag for a term of between five and fifteen years. She clarified that provisions for safeguarding the national flag would be added under the proposed National Harmony Act.


title: Flag desecration

text: Nine Australian men, the 'Budgie Nine', were arrested after celebrating the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix by stripping to their 'budgie smuggler' swimming trunks, decorated with the Malaysian flag. After three days in custody they were charged with public nuisance and released. The briefs had been made in Australia, not Malaysia.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2013, a group of Chinese Malaysian students in Taiwan, were photographed with an upside-down national flag, and claimed the action was "to express their dissatisfaction of the just-concluded general election that they alleged was carried out in an undemocratic way". In another incident, a Chinese Malaysian businessman Lee Kim Yew was reported to have dishonoring the national flag by changing its white stripes to black in an online post. The image, which has since been removed, was uploaded along with a post by Lee highlighting his recent blog entry on the inclusion of khat writing lessons in Bahasa Malaysia textbooks for Year 4 students. His action drew widespread online criticism and Lee's Facebook account appeared to have been deactivated later on.


title: Flag desecration

text: The use of the National Symbols (Coat of Arms, Anthem, and National Flag) in Mexico is protected by law. In Mexico the desecration of the flag is illegal. Although punishment is not sought often and are usually not harsh, there are a few instances; for example, in 2008 a federal judge convicted an individual for 'desecrating the flag' in a poem. The ministry that oversees the use of national symbols requested four years in jail, but the judge only issued a small fine and a public warning.


title: Flag desecration

text: In New Zealand, under the Flags, Emblems and Names Protection Act 1981 it is illegal to destroy the New Zealand flag with the intent of dishonouring it. In 2003, Paul Hopkinson, a Wellington schoolteacher, burned the national flag of New Zealand as part of a protest in Parliament grounds at the New Zealand Government's hosting of the Prime Minister of Australia, against the background of Australia's support of the United States in the Iraq War. Hopkinson was initially convicted under Flags, Emblems and Names Protection Act 1981 of destroying a New Zealand flag with intent to dishonour it, but appealed against his conviction. On appeal, his conviction was overturned on the grounds that the law had to be read consistently with the right to freedom of expression under the Bill of Rights. This meant that his actions were not unlawful because the word dishonour in the Flags, Emblems and Names Protection Act had many shades of meaning, and when the least restrictive meaning of that word was adopted Hopkinson's actions did not meet that standard. This somewhat unusual result was due in part to the fact that the Bill of Rights does not overrule other laws ("Hopkinson v Police").


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2007, activist Valerie Morse had burned the New Zealand flag during an ANZAC Day dawn service in Wellington. She was fined NZ$500 by the Wellington District Court and her conviction was upheld by the High Court and the Court of Appeal. After Morse's lawyers appealed the conviction on the grounds that she was being punished for expressing ideas, the New Zealand Supreme Court ruled in 2011 that the previous rulings had misinterpreted the meaning of "offensive behavior" in the Summary Offences Act.


title: Flag desecration

text: Desecration of the national flag, coat of arms or anthem and international flags, coat of arms or anthems is banned under Articles 178 and 181 in the Criminal Code of North Macedonia.


title: Flag desecration

text: It is questionable if these laws are enforced as there have been many instances where the national and foreign flags were set on fire.


title: Flag desecration

text: Desecration of foreign countries' flags or national coats of arms was previously banned according to the General Civil Penal Code §95. The ban had, however, rarely been practiced, and was eventually lifted in 2008.


title: Flag desecration

text: During the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Norwegian flags were burned in demonstrations in various Muslim countries.


title: Flag desecration

text: Pakistan's flag comes under the strict protection of various constitutional clauses. However, the statutes governing the topic consist only of Pakistan Flag Protocols and are unclear as with regards to legal status of the offender and the punishment under the Pakistan Penal Code.


title: Flag desecration

text: On 9 January 1964, a dispute broke out between Panamanian students and Americans living in the Panama Canal Zone over the right of the flag of Panama to be raised next to the flag of the United States, as the Canal Zone was then a disputed territory between the two nations. During the scuffle a Panamanian flag carried by Panamanian students was torn. This sparked four days of riots that ended with 22 Panamanians and four Americans dead and with Panama breaking diplomatic relations with the United States. This event is considered very important in the decision to negotiate and sign the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, by whose terms the Panama Canal administration was handed over to the Panamanian Government on 31 December 1999. 9 January is known as Martyrs' Day and is commemorated in Panama as a day of mourning.


title: Flag desecration

text: The precise law in Peru is unclear, but such acts are clearly capable of causing outrage. In 2008 the dancer, model and actress Leysi Suárez appeared naked photographed using Peru's flag as a saddle while mounted on a horse. The country's defence minister said she would face charges that could put her in jail for up to four years for offending patriotic symbols". However, the case was closed in 2010.


title: Flag desecration

text: Section 34a of the 1998 Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines declares that it is a prohibited act "to mutilate, deface, defile, trample on or cast contempt or commit any act or omission casting dishonor or ridicule upon the flag or over its surface;"


title: Flag desecration

text: Section 50 meanwhile declares, "Any person or judicial entity which violates any of the provisions of this Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not less than five thousand pesos (₱5,000.00) not more than twenty thousand pesos (₱20,000.00), or by imprisonment for not more than one (1) year, or both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court: Provided, That for any second and additional offenses, both fine and imprisonment shall always be imposed: Provided, That in case the violation is committed by a juridical person, its President or Chief Executive Officer thereof shall be liable."


title: Flag desecration

text: A crucial point of etiquette for the Philippine flag is that flying it upside-down (i.e., red field over blue), or vertically hanging it with the red to the viewer's left, makes it the national war standard. Outside of an official state of war, Filipinos consider this a major "faux-pas" or a highly offensive act: several instances of this incorrect display (usually by foreigners) have attracted online backlash, prompting official apologies.


title: Flag desecration

text: Article 137. § 1. "Whoever publicly insults, destroys, damages or removes an emblem, banner, standard, flag, ensign or other symbol of the State shall be subject to a fine, the penalty of restriction of liberty or the penalty of deprivation of liberty for up to one year." § 2. "The same punishment shall be imposed on anyone, who on the territory of the Republic of Poland publicly insults, destroys, damages or removes an emblem, banner, standard, flag, ensign or other symbol of another State, publicly displayed by a mission of this State or upon an order of a Polish authority." Article 138. § 1. "The provisions of Articles 136 and 137 § 2 shall apply, when the foreign country ensures reciprocity."


title: Flag desecration

text: Currently, according to article 332 of the Penal Code, "Who publicly, by means of words, gestures or print publication, or by other means of public communication, insults the Republic, the Flag or the National Anthem, the coats of arms or the symbols of Portuguese sovereignty, or fails to show the respect they are entitled to, shall be punished with up to two years' imprisonment or a fine of up to 240 days". In the case of the regional symbols, the person shall be punished with up to one year's imprisonment or a fine of up to 120 days (fines are calculated based on the defendant's income).


title: Flag desecration

text: The Portuguese Penal Code (article 323) also forbids the desecration of foreign symbols: "Who publicly, by means of words, gestures or print publication, or by other means of public communication, insults the official flag or other symbol of sovereignty of a foreign State or of an international organization of which Portugal is a member shall be punished with up to one year imprisonment or a fine of up to 120 days." This article applies under two conditions (article 324): that Portugal maintains diplomatic relations with the insulted country, and that there is reciprocity (i.e., that the insulted country would also punish any insult against Portuguese symbols of sovereignty, should they occur there).


title: Flag desecration

text: On 5 October 2012, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, then-President of the Republic, during the celebration of the 102 years of the Portuguese Republic, mistakenly flew the national flag upside down, which generated much controversy, with the Portuguese people regarding it as a "joke" and as a sign of disrespect.


title: Flag desecration

text: The Romanian Criminal Code no longer prohibits flag desecration (as it was the case with the previous criminal code). Several laws attempting to reinstate punishments for manifestations which express contempt for the Romanian symbols (according to the constitution, these are the flag, national day, anthem and coat-of-arms) have not been approved.


title: Flag desecration

text: During the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Communist era flag was flown with the coat of arms cut out, leaving a hole.


title: Flag desecration

text: In February 2011, Japanese ultra-rightists held a protest over the Kuril islands dispute outside of the Russian embassy in Tokyo, during which they dragged a Russian flag on the ground; Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov stated that his ministry had asked the Japanese government to launch a criminal case over the incident.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2013, the U.S. rock band Bloodhound Gang desecrated a Russian flag during a concert in Ukraine. In response, Vladimir Markin of the Investigative Committee of Russia said that his department was prepared to file criminal charges if prosecutors thought they had a case.


title: Flag desecration

text: The flag of Saudi Arabia bears the "shahada" (Islamic declaration of faith). Because the "shahada" is considered holy, even the slightest disrespect amounts to not only desecration but blasphemy. This has led to several incidents of controversy. In 1994, McDonald's printed carry-out bags bearing the flags of all nations participating in the FIFA World Cup (with a green flag with Saudi Arabia's coat of arms superimposed, rather than the Saudi flag), while Coca-Cola did the same on cans of soda. Because of Saudi Arabian objections, the companies stopped producing those items. Also during the FIFA World Cup, in 2002, Saudi Arabian officials protested against printing the flag on a soccer ball on the belief that kicking the creed with the foot was unacceptable.


title: Flag desecration

text: During the apartheid era, protesters would burn the (now former) South African flag in protest against the apartheid policies of the South African government. In one example, Americans opposed to apartheid burned the then-South African flag at an anti-apartheid protest in the U.S. state of Massachusetts during the mid-1980s. South Africans opposed to minority rule also burned the (now former) South African flag, viewing it as a symbol of the country's government at the time.


title: Flag desecration

text: Even the current South African flag designed and adopted in 1994 has been the subject of desecration. In early 1994, white supremacists from the "Afrikaner Volksfront" organization burned the then-new South African flag in Bloemfontein in protest against the country's pending democratization.


title: Flag desecration

text: The South Korean "Criminal Act" punishes flag desecration, of both domestic and foreign, in various ways:


title: Flag desecration

text: The flag of the Soviet Union was burned many times by protestors against its government's policies, for instance in Brazil by those protesting the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia of 1968, and in New York City in 1985 by protesters against the Soviet–Afghan War. The Soviet flag was burned or otherwise desecrated during the Euromaidan in Ukraine.


title: Flag desecration

text: The desecration of national was decriminalized in 1971. However public desecration of the flag may still be punishable under the provisions regarding the disorderly conduct "förargelseväckande beteende" under the chapter 16 § 16 of the criminal code. In 1997 a man was fined SEK 500 for waving a defaced Swedish flag during an event celebrating the National Day. The royal family being present, the event being part of Lycksele 50 year jubilee celebrations, and the presence of a large audience, were all seen as factors in the sentence.


title: Flag desecration

text: Destruction, removal, or desecration of national emblems installed by a public authority (i.e., the Swiss flag, the Swiss coat of arms, the cantonal or municipal flags and coats of arms) is punishable by a monetary penalty or imprisonment of up to three years according to the Swiss federal penal code. The destruction or desecration of privately owned flags or coats of arms is legal.


title: Flag desecration

text: Under Articles 118 and 160 of the Criminal Law of Taiwan, it is a criminal offence to insult either the national flag or the national emblem of any country. If it is a national flag or emblem of a foreign country being insulted, the name of the offence would be ‘obstructing state diplomacy’; if it is the ones of Taiwan, the offence would be ‘disturbing the order’. Besides, insulting or damaging the portrait of Sun Yat-sen is also punishable as ‘disturbing the order’. The penalty can be either incarceration for one year or less, or a fine of $9,000 NTD or less.


title: Flag desecration

text: In October 2018, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha ordered the Foreign Ministry to investigate fashion footwear in Paris that incorporates the colours of the Thai national flag. Photos of the shoes, shown on the "Vogue Paris" Facebook page taken during Paris Fashion Week, outraged Thai social media users, some of whom demanded apologies and jail sentences for the perpetrators. As was pointed out in the Bangkok daily, "The Nation", "The combination of the Thai flag and human feet is a contentious cultural cocktail for Thais."


title: Flag desecration

text: The designers are immune from prosecution as the shoes were made and displayed outside Thailand. Were the offence committed in Thailand, those responsible could face a 2,000 baht fine or a year in jail.


title: Flag desecration

text: A spokesman at the Thai National Flag Museum commented that no one has a copyright on the flag's colours or the order in which they are presented.


title: Flag desecration

text: Under the 1983 Turkish flag law, burning the flag is strictly forbidden, punishable by a prison sentence of three years. Displaying or pulling a torn or discolored flag to flagpole is also illegal. Taking down the flag is prohibited and punishable by a prison sentence of eighteen years.


title: Flag desecration

text: In Ukraine, desecration of national symbols, including the national flag, is a crime punishable by up to three years in jail.


title: Flag desecration

text: In May 1998, in a protest by 2,000 former prisoners of war, a Burma Railway veteran torched the Rising Sun banner before both Emperor Akihito and Queen Elizabeth. Police were persuaded by the crowd not to arrest him. A year later, two "committed socialists" threw a burning British flag in the direction of the Queen's motor vehicle. They were arrested for a breach of the peace offence, subsequently pleaded guilty and were fined a total of £450. In 2001 at RAF Feltwell, home of United States Air Force's 5th Space Surveillance Squadron, a protester desecrated a U.S. flag with the words "Stop Star Wars" before stepping in front of a vehicle and stomping on the flag. Her conviction under S5 Public Order Act 1986 was overturned as incompatible with Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2011, a group of approximately 20–30 students at King's College, Cambridge influenced the burning of a large British flag, the centerpiece of the Student Union's decorations to celebrate the royal wedding. King's College Student Union condemned the action as a "needlessly divisive and violent way to make a political point... [the] Union flag is a symbol and therefore can mean different things to different people in different contexts."


title: Flag desecration

text: The Union Flag has also been burned by Argentine nationalists protesting British sovereignty of the Falkland Islands.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2006, to allow greater police control over extremist protesters, 17 MPs signed a House of Commons motion calling for burning of the British flag to be made a criminal offence.


title: Flag desecration

text: Unlike the rest of the United Kingdom, the law in Northern Ireland has varied since its foundation in 1921. The British flag, the former flag of Northern Ireland, and the Irish flag are often desecrated or burnt in Northern Ireland by various groups as a political statement/provocation or in protest.


title: Flag desecration

text: Also in Northern Ireland, Ulster loyalists have sometimes mistakenly desecrated the Ivorian flag, erroneously mistaking it for the Irish one as the two are somewhat similar in appearance. In some cases, Ivorian flags displayed in Northern Ireland have signs explicitly labeling them as such displayed nearby to avoid having them desecrated by Ulster loyalists mistaking them for Irish ones.


title: Flag desecration

text: The flag of the United States is sometimes burned as a cultural or political statement, in protest of the policies of the U.S. government, or for other reasons, both within the U.S. and abroad. The United States Supreme Court in "Texas v. Johnson", , and reaffirmed in "U.S. v. Eichman", , has ruled that due to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, it is unconstitutional for a government (whether federal, state, or municipal) to prohibit the desecration of a flag, due to its status as "symbolic speech." However, content-neutral restrictions may still be imposed to regulate the time, place, and manner of such expression. If the flag that was burned was someone else's property (as it was in the "Johnson" case, since Johnson had stolen the flag from a Texas bank's flagpole), the offender could be charged with petty larceny (a flag usually sells at retail for less than US$20), or with destruction of private property, or possibly both. Desecration of a flag representing a minority group may also be charged as a hate crime in some jurisdictions.


title: Flag desecration

text: In the American Civil War, the U.S. flag was flown by the Union against the Confederacy. Union Army general Benjamin Franklin Butler ordered the 1862 execution for treason of William B. Mumford, who had removed a Union flag in occupied New Orleans. An apocryphal tale of Barbara Fritchie preventing Confederate soldiers dishonoring her Union flag was propagated by John Greenleaf Whittier's 1863 poem "", which contains the famous lines:


title: Flag desecration

text: During the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War, American flags were sometimes burned during war protest demonstrations.


title: Flag desecration

text: After the "Johnson" decision, the Flag Protection Act was passed, protecting flags from anyone who "mutilates, defaces, physically defiles, burns, maintains on the floor or ground, or tramples upon any flag". This decision was later struck down in the "Eichman" decision. After that case, several flag burning amendments to the Constitution were proposed. On June 22, 2005, a Flag Desecration Amendment was passed by the House with the needed two-thirds majority. On June 27, 2006, another attempt to pass a ban on flag burning was rejected by the Senate in a close vote of 66 in favor and 34 opposed, one vote short of the two-thirds majority needed to send the amendment to be voted on by the states.


title: Flag desecration

text: There have been several proposed Flag Desecration Amendments to the Constitution of the United States that would allow Congress to enact laws to prohibit flag desecration:


title: Flag desecration

text: During a rally in June 2020, President Donald Trump told supporters that he thinks flag burning should be punishable by one year in prison.


title: Flag desecration

text: In common usage, the phrase "flag burning" refers only to burning a flag as an act of protest. However, the United States Flag Code states that "the flag, when it is in such condition that it is no longer a fitting emblem for display (for example, the flag being faded or torn), should be destroyed in a dignified way, preferably by burning."


title: Flag desecration

text: Displaying a U.S. flag upside down is "a signal of dire distress in instances of extreme danger to life or property." It has been used by extension to make a statement about distress in civic, political, or other areas. It is most often meant as political protest, and is usually interpreted as such. The musical group Rage Against the Machine, a group known for songs expressing revolutionary political views, displayed two upside-down American flags from their amplifiers on the April 13, 1996 episode of "Saturday Night Live". This was intended to indicate protest about the host, billionaire businessman Steve Forbes. The flags were ripped down by stagehands about 20 seconds before the group's performance of "Bulls on Parade". Afterward, show officials asked band members to leave the building as they were waiting in their dressing room to perform "Bullet in the Head" later in the show.


title: Flag desecration

text: In 2020, as protests spread across the U.S. demanding an end to police brutality, some U.S. citizens chose to fly their flags upside down as part of the protests.


title: Flag desecration

text: The Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia, commonly referred to as the Confederate flag, has sometimes been burned in protest as well. In 2000, protesters from the Jewish Defense League burned Confederate and Nazi flags to protest an arson attempt against a Reno, Nevada synagogue. This was criticized by a representative of the Anti-Defamation League, who said that it was more effective to work with the police and other authorities rather than to engage in "tactics which inflame and exacerbate situations."


title: Flag desecration

text: Of the states which continue to have laws against flag burning, in spite of them being ruled unconstitutional, five afford this protection to the Virginian battle flag as well: Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina.


title: Flag desecration

text: Desecration of the national flag of Uruguay is forbidden, and desecration of the national flag by an Uruguayan citizen is regarded as mischief of loyalty; improper manipulation or adulteration of national symbols is prohibited.


title: Flag desecration

text: Article 28 law 9.943 of July 20, 1940 and reglementary decrees of December 19 of that year and May 26, June 10 and 1 July 1943 say


title: Flag desecration

text: ″Every citizen, legal or natural, is obligated to swear a loyal oath at the National Flag, by means of public and solemn act.″


title: Flag desecration

text: The Oath to the flag has to be taken by citizens at least once in life, the formal act is given on special celebration at a 19 June at every educational institute, defection contrives plenty granting of citizenship rights.


title: Flag desecration

text: Since the demonstrations against the refusal by the government to renew the broadcasting license of RCTV (a major TV network), the upside-down flag of Venezuela has been adopted as a symbol of protest for this and other alleged threats to civil liberties. Demonstrators claim that it is a sign of distress and a call for help. However, government and ruling-party officials insist that these demonstrators are desecrating the flag. An official video sharply criticizing this practice as disrespectful was produced. Globovisión prepended to the video a statement denouncing the message as violative of the Law on Social Responsibility on Radio and Television, "for constituting anonymous official propaganda".


title: CrossfireX

text: CrossfireX is a first-person shooter video game released for the Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on February 10, 2022. It is the third installment in the "Crossfire" series. Remedy Entertainment worked on the game's single-player campaign, which is also available as "Crossfire HD" on PC in China, while Smilegate Entertainment led the development of the game's free-to-play multiplayer portion. The game received generally negative reviews from critics.


title: CrossfireX

text: "CrossfireX" is a first-person shooter and the console version of "Crossfire" (2007). The free-to-play multiplayer component is similar to "", which sees two opposing teams, representing two hostile private military factions, compete in game modes to complete objectives. Classic mode sees the attacking team attempting to plant a bomb while the defending team has to stop them. All players are equipped with standard weapons. The Spectre mode is a variation of the classic mode, though the attacking players are spectres, who are only equipped with knives but they can stay invisible when they are not moving. There is also a Modern mode, in which the two teams need to fight for maintaining control over two objective points in a map.


title: CrossfireX

text: The single-player portion, which is also found on "Crossfire HD" on PC in China, which would not be free-to-play, consists of several operations. Each operation includes several episodes. At launch, there would be two operations available. The story explores a global conflict between Black List and Global Risk, two private military factions.


title: CrossfireX

text: The first campaign follows a team of Global Risk Soldiers in the country of Azkharzia who are sent in to find and kill Black List officer Alexander Steiner. The Global Risk team is led by Major Cavanaugh and consists of Captain Hall, Specialist Randall, and Private First Class Moralez. The team assault an abandoned hotel where Steiner is supposedly staying but soon find out they've instead killed Steiner's body double. Although the team manage to fight their way out of the hotel, Cavanaugh and Hall deduce that they were set up as Black List was well prepared for their arrival. Cavanaugh is shot shortly afterwards and Hall is knocked unconscious by an unseen assailant. While unconscious, Hall has an unsettling vision of being in his own house through the eyes of someone else. Hall is soon reawakened by Moralez and takes command of the team.


title: CrossfireX

text: With their extraction aircraft shot down and Cavanaugh's long range radio missing, Hall plans to use a nearby communications tower to call for extraction despite Morelez's insistence on heading towards the rally point instead. While making his way up the tower, Hall is captured and interrogated by Steiner who reveals that Cavanaugh is alive and demands his location. After breaking free with the help of his team, Hall plans to head towards mines where Cavanaugh is supposedly being held and manages to capture Steiner along the way. However the team is soon ambushed by Black List soldiers led by the ambitious Commander Fontaine and soon Moralez who has secretly been contracted by Fontaine to sell out the team. Moralez soon kills Steiner under Fontaine's orders but refuses to kill Hall and Randall as it wasn't part of their deal, leading Fontaine to kills Moralez instead while Hall and Randall manage to escape.


title: CrossfireX

text: Despite being out numbered, the survivors continue deeper into the mines where they find a facility housing a super computer known as Catalyst which is capable of predicting the future through human memories. It is soon revealed that Fontaine plans to use Cavanaugh's future memories to wipeout Global Risk, although Hall manages to shoot her before the machine kills him and the team soon manage to escape via helicopter.


title: CrossfireX

text: In the year 2022, Black List contractor Lieutenant Logan Brewer (played by Anderson Davis) raids a Global Risk train heading for its headquarters in an attempt to assassinate Cavanaugh before Global Risk could test their re-engineered Catalyst technologies. The mission is a failure, partly thanks to the intervention by the highly skilled and aggressive Global Risk General Maddox, but Logan successfully extracts some intel and passes it along to Cora Windsor, his teammate and technology expert. Based on that intel, Logan, Cora, and Specialist Nicholas Kamara (played by Jamel King) rescue Luis Torres (played by Louis Boyer), an orphan teenage petty thief, from Global Risk soldiers led by Maddox who has placed a kill on sight order on Torres's head. Torres is mortally injured during the ensuing chase but saved by a now crippled Fontaine, who injects an experimental technology called Nanodyne into him. Fontaine states that Nanodyne will turn him into a Ghost, a "weapon" with enhanced physical capabilities that is a future threat to the Global Risk and the reason why the PMC seeks to pre-emptively eliminate him, but will kill him if not stabilized by a device called EOE within the next few weeks. Torres is thus forced to work for Black List in order to gain a venue to such a device.


title: CrossfireX

text: Later on the Black List team raids a Global Risk facility in the Hoover Dam for its cache of EOEs, but the first EOE they encounter is remotely overloaded, alerting the Global Risk troops and leading to the team getting captured. Torres manages to free himself and proceeds to rescue his teammates, but Cora betrays and shoots Torres, revealing that she has been secretly sabotaging the mission and reveals that the future she actually saw. Cora explains that Fontaine has withheld the knowledge that Nanodyne will eventually reduce Ghosts to mindless killing machines, resulting in Ghosts turning against Black List as well as Humanity as a whole in the future.


title: CrossfireX

text: Torres nonetheless survives, steals a prototype cloaking battle suit, and returns to Black List headquarters with his team (minus Cora, who deserts the team after shooting Torres), only to find the headquarters on the verge of being overrun by Global Risk forces. Nicholas seemingly dies when the tiltrotor used by the team is shot down, and Logan is killed soon afterwards by mortar fires. Enraged by the loss of his recently bonded friends, Torres decides to embrace his new identity as a Ghost and fully activates his nanotech augmentations. Declaring his loyalty to be with Black List rather than Fontaine herself, Torres later finds Nicholas to still be alive and, at his behest, reaches the abandoned base control center to reactivate automated defense guns. He succeeds, resulting in much of Global Risk's air support being neutralized before a siege mecha piloted by Maddox directly bombards the control center, disabling the defenses once again. Torres proceeds to sneak up on the mecha and breaches its cockpit, forcing Maddox to fight him hand-to-hand. Torres ends up besting and killing Maddox, throwing Global Risk forces into disarray and allowing Black List survivors to stand their ground. In the epilogue narration, Cora laments that Ghosts have become a reality as foretold and will in time become a threat to the whole world, rendering the feud between Black List and Global Risk irrelevant. Six months later, Torres is seen raiding a Global Risk facility, joined by more people implied to be Ghosts like him.


title: CrossfireX

text: The original "Crossfire", developed by Smilegate Entertainment, is an extremely popular free-to-play multiplayer game for personal computers in the East. The team wanted to expand the narrative of the franchise and introduce it to a broader audience. Therefore, the team partnered with Microsoft to create a console version and entrusted Remedy Entertainment, a Finnish video game developer, to create a single-player campaign for the game, alongside a PC version of the campaign for "Crossfire HD" in China. As Remedy at that time was exploring the idea of working on a first-person shooter, and planned on developing multiple projects at once, the team agreed to help Smilegate. Remedy had been working on the single-player portion since 2016. The single-player portion will be powered by Remedy's own Northlight engine, which was used previously in "Quantum Break" and "Control". Remedy was chosen due to the team's expertise in creating memorable fictional worlds and characters. Inspired by "Metal Gear Solid" and "Resident Evil", the team hoped to create characters that are "larger-than-life".


title: CrossfireX

text: An open beta was available for Xbox Insiders from June 25 to June 28, 2020. In November 2020, Smilegate Entertainment announced that the game would be delayed to 2021. The game was eventually released on February 10, 2022, for Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S consoles.


title: CrossfireX

text: "CrossfireX" received "generally unfavorable" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. Metacritic listed "CrossfireX" as the second-worst game of 2022.


title: CrossfireX

text: "IGN" criticized the storytelling, calling the characters bland while describing the multiplayer as having "atrocious gunplay and controls". "Polygon" criticized the pacing of the game.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: John Davison Rockefeller III (March 21, 1906 – July 10, 1978) was an American philanthropist. Rockefeller was the eldest son and second child of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller as well as a grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. He was engaged in a wide range of philanthropic projects, many of which his family had launched, as well as supporting organizations related to East Asian affairs. Rockefeller was also a major supporter of the Population Council, and the committee that created the Lincoln Center in Manhattan.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: On March 21, 1906, John Davison Rockefeller III was born in New York City, New York. His parents were John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (1874–1960) and Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich (1874–1948), philanthropists. He had four younger brothers, Nelson, Winthrop, Laurance and David, and an elder sister, Abby. Through his father, he was a grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman. Through his mother, he was a grandson of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman "Abby" Chapman. He received his preparatory education at the Browning School in New York City and the Loomis Chaffee School, Windsor, Connecticut, in 1925. He went to Princeton University where he received high honors in economics and graduated in 1929 with the degree of Bachelor of Science, choosing industrial relations as the subject of his senior thesis. His interest in industrial relations stemmed from the family's role in the Ludlow Massacre, in which strikebreakers and security guards killed women and children of miners striking against the Rockefeller-controlled Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. Rockefeller's father worked to restore the family's public reputation by championing industrial relations and the work of William Lyon Mackenzie King, a pioneer in the field.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: Commencing a lifelong commitment to international relations, he undertook a world tour after graduating from college, which concluded with assignments for the Institute of Pacific Relations conference in Japan.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: John III was the next Rockefeller manager for all family undertakings of social relevance. Since 1929, in total he sat on twenty boards of various institutions, most of which were family-related. The more notable of these were:


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: John III was at one time a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Foreign Policy Association and the Institute of Pacific Relations, as well as being on the board of directors of Princeton University. In late 1950, he accompanied secretary of state John Foster Dulles and Douglas MacArthur on a trip to Japan to conclude a peace treaty, during which time he consulted with many Japanese leaders in practically every important sphere of that country's life.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: He was a prominent third-generation family philanthropist in his own right and founder of the Asia Society, the major institution he established in 1956 to foster greater cooperation between Asia and the United States. He also founded the Population Council in 1952, and a reconstituted Japan Society. In addition, he set up the United Negro College Fund for the ongoing education of African Americans, carrying on the family tradition in this area with his grandfather's funding of the education of black women at Spelman College in Atlanta.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: He was on his father's Advisory Committee in the family office, Room 5600. He was also president of the family's principal philanthropy run by family members, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, from its inception in 1940 to 1956. In 1929, he joined the family's renowned Rockefeller Foundation; elected to the board in 1931 he subsequently became chairman of this major philanthropic organization for twenty years and was responsible for changing the focus of the institution.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: The principal philanthropic institution he created was the JDR III Fund in 1963, its major program being the Asian Cultural Program, created in 1967 to encourage East-West cultural exchange. The Fund was wound-up upon his death in 1979, but the Cultural Program continued as the Asian Cultural Council, which has provided grant assistance to more than 4,000 Asians and Americans in the area of the arts. Funding for its programs is derived from a combination of endowment income and contributions from individuals, foundations and corporations in the United States and Asia.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: In the mid-1950s, John III assumed the leadership of the Exploratory Committee for a Musical Arts Center, a committee of civic leaders who were working to create what would become Lincoln Center. He was the key figure in the fund-raising efforts and in forging a consensus among the civic leaders and others who were essential to its success. The Center itself was built over a period from 1959 to 1969. He was its first president, commencing in 1956, and he became its chairman in 1961. He was chairman until 1970 when he was duly elected honorary chairman.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: In the late 1960s, Rockefeller III was responsible for the creation of the Commission on Foundations and Private Philanthropy (usually known as the Peterson Commission, headed by Peter G. Peterson) and the Commission on Private Philanthropy and Public Needs (usually known as the Filer Commission). He established the Rockefeller Public Service Awards in 1958. In 1959, he received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York". In 1976, he received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: Rockefeller III was chairman of the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, which was created to provide recommendations to the United States government regarding population growth and its social consequences. The Commission was established by Congress in 1970 and submitted its final recommendations in 1972.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: The John D. Rockefeller III National Tournament of Elementary School State Champions, an annual national-championship chess tournament run by US Chess, was named in his honor in 2020.


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: On November 11, 1932, he married the socially connected Blanchette Ferry Hooker (1909–1992), who was to serve as chairman of the Asian Cultural Council from 1980 to 1990, and who established the Blanchette H. Rockefeller Fellowship Fund, in Japan. They had one son and three daughters:


title: John D. Rockefeller III

text: Rockefeller was killed in an automobile accident in Mount Pleasant, New York, (near the Rockefeller family estate in Pocantico), on July 10, 1978, at the age of 72. He was buried at the Rockefeller Family Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.


title: Philip Winchester

text: Philip Charles Winchester (born March 24, 1981) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in "The Patriot", "The Hi-Line", "LD 50 Lethal Dose", "Thunderbirds", "", "King Lear", "Strike Back", "Flyboys", "In My Sleep", "The Heart of the Earth" and "Shaking Dream Land". He is also known for his role as in "Chicago Justice" and "".


title: Philip Winchester

text: Winchester was born on March 24, 1981 in Belgrade, Montana. He graduated from Belgrade High School in 1999. He then lived and worked in London, England (his mother's home country), and attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA).


title: Philip Winchester

text: Winchester's acting career started with a small role in the 1998 film "The Patriot", which was filmed in and around the towns of Bozeman and Ennis, Montana. After graduating from high school, he began to take roles in plays, including that of Edmund in "King Lear" opposite Ian McKellen, in the 2007 Royal Shakespeare Company production.


title: Philip Winchester

text: In 2003, he starred in the independent film "The Telephone", which was filmed in Bristol and produced by Robert Finlay. In 2008, he was cast as Robinson Crusoe in the NBC action TV series "Crusoe". In 2009, he was cast in "Maneater", a two-part Lifetime miniseries starring Sarah Chalke.


title: Philip Winchester

text: Winchester has also appeared in the films "In My Sleep" (as the lead), and "Solomon Kane" (as a former member of the title character's crew, turned freedom-fighter) and the Syfy TV mini-series "Alice".


title: Philip Winchester

text: From 2010, he has played the role of Frank Stanton, parallel universe fiance of Olivia Dunham, in the Fox TV series "Fringe". From 2011, he has appeared as Leontes in the Starz series "Camelot".


title: Philip Winchester

text: Other credits include the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of "Strike Back". The series follows the adventures of two Section 20 agents, Sgt. Michael Stonebridge (Winchester) and American former Delta Force officer Damien Scott (Sullivan Stapleton). He also starred with Wesley Snipes and Charity Wakefield in the NBC drama "The Player". He also starred in "Chicago Justice" as lead prosecutor . This character then became the Assistant District Attorney (ADA) on "" during season 19 after the previous ADA Rafael Barba (Raúl Esparza) resigned. In March 2019, Winchester announced that he would be leaving "SVU" ahead of its twenty-first season, making his last on the show.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: "The City on the Edge of Forever" is the twenty-eighth and penultimate episode of the of the American science fiction television series "". Written by Harlan Ellison, contributors and/or editors to the script included Steven W. Carabatsos, D. C. Fontana and Gene L. Coon. Gene Roddenberry made the final re-write. The episode was directed by Joseph Pevney and first aired on NBC on April 6, 1967.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: In the episode, Doctor Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley) accidentally overdoses himself with a dangerous drug. While not in his right mind, McCoy transports himself down to a mysterious planet and travels back in time through the Guardian of Forever, after which he changes history to such an extent that the Federation of Planets no longer exists, though the landing party itself isn't affected. Captain Kirk (William Shatner) and Spock (Leonard Nimoy) follow McCoy to 1930 New York City and attempt to discover how he changed history and restore their timeline. While in the past, Kirk falls in love with social worker Edith Keeler (Joan Collins) and is shocked when he and Spock realize that, in order to save the future, he must allow Keeler to die in a traffic accident.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: The episode received widespread critical acclaim and has been frequently stated to be the best episode of the entire "Star Trek" franchise. Elements such as the tragic ending were highlighted by several reviewers. It won several awards, including the Writers Guild of America Award for (Ellison, 1967) and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (Ellison and Pevney, 1968).


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: While the USS "Enterprise" orbits a mysterious planet causing time distortions, Chief Medical Officer Leonard McCoy is treating an injured Lt. Sulu when the "Enterprise" is rocked by another time wave and McCoy accidentally injects himself with an overdose of cordrazine, a dangerous drug. Delusional and paranoid, McCoy flees from the bridge and beams himself down to the planet. Captain James T. Kirk follows with a search party that includes first officer Mr. Spock, chief engineer Mr. Scott, and communications officer Lt. Uhura. On the planet's surface, they come across an ancient glowing archway which turns out to be a sentient object called the "Guardian of Forever", a portal capable of sending them to any time and place. The Guardian offers to send them back to Earth's past and plays a series of images of historical times which Spock records on his tricorder for research purposes. While the others are distracted, the still-delusional Dr. McCoy bursts out from his hiding place and jumps through the portal. The landing party instantly loses contact with the "Enterprise", and the Guardian explains that McCoy has altered the past to such an extent that the "Enterprise" and the reality they knew no longer exists.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: The Guardian says that it's possible to fix the damage, so Kirk requests that it replay the historical period it was showing when McCoy passed through. He and Spock attempt to jump through at a point in time just before McCoy's arrival and find themselves in New York City during the Great Depression. They steal clothes from a fire escape to blend in, and while fleeing from a policeman, hide in the basement of the 21st Street Mission. There they meet the soup kitchen's operator, Edith Keeler (guest star Joan Collins). She senses something odd about the intruders but nevertheless offers to pay them to clean up the basement and finds them a place to stay. Later, Spock attempts to discover how McCoy changed history by accessing the recordings on his tricorder. This is a difficult task using the available technology of 1930, which Spock likens to "stone knives and bear skins". While Spock works on the engineering problem, Kirk pays their expenses by doing odd jobs at the 21st Street Mission, where he falls in love with Edith Keeler.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: Unknown to Kirk and Spock, McCoy finally arrives in a highly agitated state and stumbles into the mission, where Keeler nurses him back to health. Spock completes his work and discovers that Keeler was supposed to die in a traffic accident but was somehow saved by the arrival of McCoy, creating an altered timeline in which she founded a pacifist movement on the eve of World War II. This causes the United States to delay its entrance into the war, allowing Nazi Germany time to develop the first atomic bomb and use it to conquer the world. Kirk is shaken by this revelation and admits his love for Keeler, to which Spock responds that she must die to prevent millions of deaths and restore the future.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: While walking to a movie with Kirk the next evening, Keeler casually mentions McCoy. Shocked, Kirk tells her to stay right there while he runs to tell Spock the news. McCoy happens to emerge from the mission at the same time, and the trio reunite on the sidewalk. Observing this, Keeler begins to cross the street to join them and does not notice an oncoming truck. Kirk instinctively turns to save her, but a shout from Spock freezes him in his tracks, and Kirk grabs McCoy so he can't save her, either. Keeler is struck and killed, and a stunned McCoy asks Kirk if he knows what he just did. "He knows, doctor," replies Spock, "He knows."


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: With history restored, Kirk, Spock, and McCoy return through the Guardian and rejoin the landing party. Mr. Scott is taken aback, explaining that for him and the rest of the landing party, Spock and Kirk had only left "a moment ago" even though the two spent several weeks in the past. A grim-looking Kirk ignores questions about what happened, and when the Guardian declares that "many such journeys are possible", he simply states, "Let's get the hell out of here," and the landing party beams up to the "Enterprise".


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: The writing of this episode took over ten months, from the initial pitch by Harlan Ellison to the final re-write by Gene Roddenberry. Steven W. Carabatsos and D. C. Fontana, both story editors on the show, undertook re-writes of the teleplay, and changes have also been attributed to producer Gene L. Coon. The experience led to animosity between Ellison and Roddenberry for the rest of the latter's life, in particular over a claim by Roddenberry that Ellison had the character Scotty dealing drugs in one version of the script. The episode went over budget by more than $50,000 and overran the production schedule. Mistakes were made in the set design with an instruction for "runes" misconstrued as a request for "ruins". With Matt Jefferies ill, Rolland Brooks designed the set and the Guardian of Forever, to the surprise of Jefferies on his return.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: Harlan Ellison was one of the first writers recruited by Gene Roddenberry for "". Roddenberry was aiming to have the best science fiction writers produce scripts for the show, and had identified Ellison immediately; at the time, Ellison had been nominated for the 1965 Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Script for a Television Anthology with his script for "The Outer Limits" episode "Demon with a Glass Hand"; he went on to win. Rather than being assigned a pre-written premise, Ellison was allowed to develop his own and propose it in a 10-page outline. Ellison had read a biography of evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, and thought that it would be an interesting idea to have Kirk travel back in time and fall in love with a similar woman of good intent, but someone who must die in order to preserve the future. Ellison considered that it would have a heartrending effect on Kirk.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: In March 1966, Ellison pitched the idea to Roddenberry, who accepted it. A week later, he turned in his first script treatment. Producer Robert H. Justman later recalled that he thought it was brilliant. When writing it, Ellison did not have as many restrictions as some of the later writers; he was hired prior to the series bible being created. The first version introduced Lieutenant Richard Beckwith, who is sentenced to death after he kills a fellow crewman when he is threatened with the exposure of his involvement in the illegal drug trade. Ellison had included this element, since he expected the starship to be like any other military unit, having at least some unlawful people. Beckwith is then escorted to the surface of a nearby planet alongside Kirk, with Spock to carry out the execution by firing squad. Because of the planet's atmosphere, they have to wear environmental suits. On arriving, they find an ancient civilization and the remains of a city — this was Ellison's "city on the edge of forever". It is inhabited by several men, the Guardians of Forever, who protect an ancient time machine.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: Kirk then asks to see the history of the United States on the machine, and as it reaches the Great Depression of the 1930s, Beckwith dives into the projection and vanishes. The guardians inform Kirk that history has been altered, and upon returning to the "Enterprise", they discover that the vessel is now crewed by renegades. They fight their way back to the transporter room and return to the planet, where the Guardians allow Kirk and Spock to pursue Beckwith into the past. They are informed by the Guardians that Beckwith prevented the death of Edith Koestler, and as in the final version, Kirk falls in love with her; in this version, however, he does so knowing that she must die in the end. Emotionally, he cannot stop Beckwith from attempting to save Koestler — Spock has to do it. Roddenberry had asked for the ship specifically to be placed in danger, and so Ellison added the renegade element in response. Beckwith is captured but again escapes into the projection and ends up in a endless loop of a exploding Nova sun-he screams; and dies forever without end.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: Roddenberry disagreed with some of Kirk's actions in the first draft, and he asked Ellison to rewrite the treatment without pay. The redraft took a further five weeks, after which Roddenberry gave more notes and Ellison took another two weeks to respond. There were still plans to film the episode in the first half of the season at that point, as a version included Yeoman Janice Rand (Grace Lee Whitney). When a version was received on May 13, Roddenberry and the executives at Desilu and NBC were all relieved—there had been concerns over the amount of time taken, as scripts were being pitched, written, and approved in the time taken for Ellison to revise his outline. This version dropped the environmental suits due to cost, and rewrote the information given to Kirk by the Guardians, making it more general and less Earth-specific. It also changed Edith Kostler's surname to Keeler. However, the majority of the plot points were unchanged.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: Justman registered immediate concerns over the potential cost of attempting to film the treatment. He had particular concerns about a time portal effect, a scene involving a mammoth and the number of exterior and night shoots that would be required. Despite this, Roddenberry asked Ellison to turn it into a shooting script and set aside a desk for him in the assistant director's room, expecting him to attend the office every day until he finished it. Ellison ended up with a smaller office of his own at his request but disliked it sufficiently that he spent the majority of his time on set. He would play loud rock and roll music in the office, and then leave it for the set. On one occasion story editor John D. F. Black caught him on set during the filming of "Mudd's Women" and had him escorted back to the office. The music went on, and Black went back to tell Ellison to turn it down, but the writer had already climbed out the window and left. On other occasions, he worked late into the night and slept on the couch in Justman's office. As the delays added up, the slots assigned to "The City on the Edge of Forever" were reallocated to other episodes. Although this period was later claimed to be of various lengths, Ellison completed the first draft teleplay in three weeks, handing it to Justman on June 7. Black later said that Ellison always had "40 things going" in reference to him doing multiple assignments at once. In response, Ellison said that doing multiple assignments at the same time was simply how screenwriters earned a living in the 1960s.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: Justman's initial glee at receiving the script was short-lived. He realized quickly that it was unfilmable due to cost, and the characters were not behaving as per the writer's guide. One such exchange between Kirk and Spock had the Vulcan character accusing humans of being barbaric, while Kirk saying Spock was ungrateful because humans were more advanced than Vulcans. Justman thought it was a good script, but could never be re-written and filmed in time for the first season. Ellison was asked to revise it once more, with the problems blamed on requests from NBC, and submitted a further version a week later. The production team was starting to lose patience, as he was not revising it in accordance to their requests, and he began arguing with Justman over the budget difficulties. On August 15 Ellison turned in a second revised draft to Justman, titled "final draft" on the front cover. Justman wrote a memo immediately to fellow producer Gene L. Coon, saying that after five months, Ellison had failed to reduce the budget requirements for the episode to something that could be filmed.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: Roddenberry and Justman both spoke to Ellison, seeking further changes, but failed to convince him. William Shatner was sent to Ellison's house to try to get the writer to reconcile. He claimed he was shouted at and thrown off the property, but Ellison said that Shatner had read the script through while sitting on a couch and had left to tell Roddenberry that he liked it. Ellison suggested that Shatner had a personal interest in having the script revised because Leonard Nimoy had more lines than he did in Ellison's version, and had spent the time on the couch counting lines. Meanwhile, Steve Carabatsos replaced Black as story editor on the show and was told by Coon to fix the script. Carabatsos replaced the new characters with an accident involving McCoy and an overdose of adrenalin and removed the Guardians of Forever, replacing them with a time travel portal. Ellison subsequently accused him of "taking a chainsaw" to the script. Roddenberry disliked the new version sufficiently that he convinced Ellison to come back and rewrite it again.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: On December 19 Ellison submitted a further revised teleplay, dated December 1. Justman suggested in a memo that Roddenberry might be able to rewrite the latest version to one that could be usable. He said that although it was a "fine story" and Ellison was an "extremely talented writer", he felt that it needed to be either rewritten by someone else or scrapped altogether. Taking this advice in hand, Roddenberry rewrote the script over the Christmas–New Year period, handing in a new version on January 9, 1967. His changes included the elimination of the evil version of the "Enterprise" and the addition of some comedy elements. Justman was pleased with Roddenberry's changes and told Coon that it was close to being filmable but that he still expected it to exceed the budget for a single episode.


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: Dorothy Fontana was hired as a new story editor, replacing Carabatsos. She had previously been Roddenberry's secretary and was well aware of the script's problems from reading the previous versions. When she arrived at work for her first day in her new role, Roddenberry gave her a copy of his revision and told her to try rewriting it. She later referred to that day as "walking into a hornets' nest", and the script itself as a "live grenade". Among the changes in her version was the introduction of the drug cordrazine. Ellison specifically criticized this change, as his most recent version of the script called for an alien creature's venom to cause the symptoms in McCoy. He said that "Gene [Roddenberry] preferred having an accomplished surgeon act in such a boneheaded manner that he injects himself with a deadly drug!"


title: The City on the Edge of Forever

text: Justman praised Fontana's version, saying that it was the version that was most likely to be shot. But he suggested that it had now lost the "beauty and mystery inherent in the screenplay as Harlan originally wrote it". He said that he felt bad, because if he had not seen Ellison's earlier versions then he would probably have been "thrilled" with Fontana's version. Still unsatisfied with the script, Roddenberry set about rewriting it once more, titling the result, dated February 1, the final draft. Ellison later called elements of the dialogue in this version "precisely the kind of dopey Utopian bullshit that Roddenberry loved", and added that Roddenberry had "about as much writing ability as the lowest industry hack". Shatner later came to believe that it was actually re-written by Gene L. Coon and only supervised by Roddenberry. Ellison requested via his agent that he be credited on the script only as Cordwainer Bird. In response, Roddenberry threatened to have Ellison blacklisted by the Writers Guild of America, and the writer was eventually convinced to be credited by name. None of the other writers involved in the work chose to seek credit for the script, since they agreed with Roddenberry that it was important for "Star Trek" to be associated with writers such as Ellison.