title: Tom Daschle

text: Daschle co-wrote the 2008 book "Critical: What We Can Do About the Health-Care Crisis" . He and his co-authors point out that "most of the world’s highest-ranking health-care systems employ some kind of 'single-payer' strategy – that is, the government, directly or through insurers, is responsible for paying doctors, hospitals, and other health-care providers." They argue that a single-payer approach is simple, equitable, provides everyone with the same benefits, and saves billions of dollars through economies of scale and simplified administration. They concede that implementing a single-payer system in the United States would be "politically problematic" even though some polls show more satisfaction with the single-payer Medicare system than private insurance.


title: Tom Daschle

text: A key element of the single-payer plan that Daschle and his co-authors propose in the book is a new "Federal Health Board" that would establish the framework and fill in the details. The board would somehow be simultaneously "insulated from political pressure" and "accountable to elected officials and the American people." The board would "promote 'high-value' medical care by recommending coverage of those drugs and procedures backed by solid evidence." This proposal has been criticized by conservatives and libertarians who argue that such a board will lead to rationing of health care, and by progressives who believe the board will, as one writer put it, "get defanged by lobbyists immediately."


title: Tom Daschle

text: One of Daschle's co-authors, Jeanne Lambrew, had been slated before his withdrawal to serve as his deputy in the White House Office of Health Reform.


title: Tom Daschle

text: Daschle also served as a panelist on the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense, a body that recommended changes to U.S. policy to strengthen national biodefense. In order to address biological threats facing the nation, the Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense created a 33 step initiative for the U.S. Government to implement. Headed by former senator Joe Lieberman and former governor Tom Ridge, the Study Panel assembled in Washington, D.C., for four meetings concerning current biodefense programs. The Study Panel concluded that the federal government had little to no defense mechanisms in case of a biological event. The Study Panel's final report, "The National Blueprint for Biodefense", proposes a string of solutions and recommendations for the U.S. Government to take, including items such as giving the vice president authority over biodefense responsibilities and merging the entire biodefense budget. These solutions represent the Panel's call to action in order to increase awareness and activity for pandemic related issues.


title: Tom Daschle

text: He told reporters, "the vice president expressed the concern that a review of what happened on September 11 would take resources and personnel away from the effort in the war on terrorism. I acknowledged that concern, and it is for that reason that the Intelligence Committee is going to begin this effort, trying to limit the scope and the overall review of what happened. But clearly, I think the American people are entitled to know what happened and why."


title: Tom Daschle

text: Daschle has been married to Linda Hall, who was Miss Kansas in 1976, since 1984, one year after his marriage to his first wife, Laurie, later-U.S. Ambassador to Denmark, ended in divorce.


title: Tom Daschle

text: Hall was acting administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration in the Clinton administration; she is now a Washington lobbyist. Her lobbying clients have included American Airlines, Lockheed Martin, and Boeing, Senate lobbying records show.


title: Tom Daschle

text: Tom Daschle has three children from his first marriage: Kelly, Nathan, and Lindsay. Nathan is the CEO of Ruck.us and former executive director of the Democratic Governors Association.


title: Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1973

text: This is a list of "Billboard" magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1973. The Top 100, as revealed in the year-end edition of "Billboard" dated December 29, 1973, is based on Hot 100 charts from the issue dates of November 25, 1972 through November 17, 1973.


title: Jacqueline Toboni

text: Jacqueline Rose Driscoll Toboni (born February 18, 1992) is an American actress, known for her role as Theresa Rubel "Trubel" in ‘’Grimm’’ (2014-2017).


title: Jacqueline Toboni

text: Toboni is the youngest of five children. Her sister Gianna Toboni is a correspondent and producer with Vice Media.


title: Jacqueline Toboni

text: She graduated from St. Ignatius College Preparatory in San Francisco in 2010 and from the University of Michigan in 2014. In addition, she studied at many theatre programs including the Williamstown Theatre Festival as an apprentice, the Movement Theatre Studio in New York, and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Her father is of Italian descent. Her mother is of Irish ancestry.


title: Jacqueline Toboni

text: In 2017, she appeared in the sixteenth season of "Hell's Kitchen" as a guest for episode eleven's dinner service that honored the contributors from Stand Up to Cancer.


title: Jacqueline Toboni

text: In 2019, it was announced that she will star in "", a sequel of the hit series "The L Word". Her lesbian character Sarah Finley is an executive assistant who works for Alice.


title: Jacqueline Toboni

text: On August 18, 2021, Toboni announced her engagement to Australian actress Kassandra Clementi. However, as of August 7, 2022 Kassandra confirmed via an Instagram comment that she and Jacqueline had "separated awhile ago, amicably".


title: The Last Legion

text: The Last Legion is a 2007 historical action adventure film directed by Doug Lefler and produced by Dino De Laurentiis. It is based on the 2002 novel of the same name by Valerio Massimo Manfredi. It stars Colin Firth, Ben Kingsley, Aishwarya Rai, Thomas Brodie-Sangster, Peter Mullan, Kevin McKidd, John Hannah, and Iain Glen. It premiered in Abu Dhabi on 6 April 2007.


title: The Last Legion

text: The film is loosely inspired by the events of 5th-century European history, notably the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. This is coupled with other facts and legends from the history of Britain and fantastic elements from the legend of King Arthur to provide a basis for the Arthurian legend.


title: The Last Legion

text: Shortly before the coronation of Romulus Augustulus as Emperor in AD 475, Ambrosinus, a Druid and part of a secret brotherhood protecting the sword of Julius Caesar, has become the tutor to the young Romulus Augustulus. He at times gives the impression he is a magician, but his "magic" is usually revealed to be simple trickery. Romulus' father Orestes rules Rome but is not Emperor himself. On the day before Romulus' coronation, Odoacer, commander of the barbarian Goths allied with Rome, demands a third of Italy from Orestes, but is rebuffed. The same day, Romulus meets the general of the Nova Invicta Legion, Aurelius.


title: The Last Legion

text: The night after the coronation, Rome is attacked by the Goths in the Battle of Ravenna. Most of Aurelius' men are killed, and Aurelius is stunned and left for dead. Orestes and his wife are killed by Odoacer's lieutenant, Wulfila, who captures Romulus. The next day, Odoacer, now the ruler of the Western Roman Empire, plans to have Romulus killed. Ambrosinus convinces Odoacer to spare him and Romulus is exiled to Capri along with Ambrosinus, guarded by Wulfila and his men. His prison is a villa constructed more than four centuries earlier by the emperor Tiberius.


title: The Last Legion

text: With Ambrosinus' help, Romulus discovers a hidden chamber within the villa. He comes across a statue of Caesar holding his sword, forged by a Chalybian smith after his military campaigns in Britain. Writing near the statue's feet proclaims the sword was made for "he who is destined to rule". This is interpreted as a prophecy and Romulus keeps the weapon.


title: The Last Legion

text: Ambosinus and Romulus are rescued from Capri by Aurelius and three surviving legionaries, Vatrenus, Batiatus and Demetrius, accompanied by Mira, a female Indian agent of the Eastern Roman Empire. They take Romulus to a seaport where the Eastern Roman Empire has promised safe passage to Constantinople. They barely escape after they learn the Senate and the Eastern Empire have betrayed them and sided with Odoacer.


title: The Last Legion

text: Ambrosinus persuades Romulus to seek refuge in Britain, where the Legio IX Hispana (Ninth Legion) may remain loyal, being far from the events. They are followed by Wulfila and the Goths, who covet Caesar's sword after learning of the prophecy. Crossing the Alps and the English Channel, the party travels to Hadrian's Wall and initially find no evidence of the legion until a farmer reveals he was its commanding general. With the collapse of Roman support of Britain, the legion had decided to disband and settle as farmers. Most of the men in the legion had married and had families and did not want to antagonise the region's powerful warlord, Vortgyn. During their stay in the small Celtic village, Romulus meets and befriends a young girl named Igraine, who is unaware of Romulus' true identity.


title: The Last Legion

text: Vortgyn, revealed to be an old enemy of Ambrosinus, desires Caesar's sword as he aspires to rule the whole of Britain and he allies with the Goths. Vortgyn confronts Igraine outside the village and makes her tell the village to surrender Romulus, killing the village blacksmith's family in a show of force. When Igraine tells the villagers of what has happened, Aurelius confesses that Romulus is the Roman emperor. The blacksmith demands revenge for his family, and Aurelius and his men decide to lead an army to Hadrian's Wall to face Vortgyn's armies in a final battle.


title: The Last Legion

text: Before leaving the village, Igraine gives Romulus a suit of Roman armour which belonged to her brother, which he has since outgrown. At Hadrian's Wall, Aurelius, wielding Caesar's sword, leads his men and a group of Celtic warriors against Vortgyn's forces. Vortgyn's forces begin to overwhelm Romulus' forces until the rest of the Ninth Legion, having taken up their old Roman arms and uniforms, arrive to help. The two warring sides cease their hostilities upon seeing Ambrosinus holding Vortgyn's golden mask, after burning him alive at a sanctuary of his secret brotherhood. After having fought and severely injured Aurelius, Wulfila is confronted by Romulus, who stabs Wulfila in the chest with Caesar's sword, killing him. Repulsed by the deaths in the battle, Romulus disposes of his sword, lodging it in a large stone.


title: The Last Legion

text: Many years later, Ambrosinus, now known by his Druid name, Merlin, takes a young boy to the battlefield to describe the legendary events. Merlin, who has visibly aged little since the battle, says that Aurelius married Mira and the two raised Romulus as their own son. He became a wise ruler, took Igraine as his wife and adopted the name "Pendragon". The boy, Arthur, recognises Romulus as his father and Igraine as his mother. In a final scene, Caesar's sword is shown embedded in the stone, covering the original Latin inscription, now only reading "E S CALIBVR".


title: The Last Legion

text: The film's producers include Dino De Laurentiis, Martha, his second wife, and Raffaella, his daughter by his first wife. Raffaella suggested director Doug Lefler due to his work on "", which she produced. Filming took place in Tunisia and at Spiš Castle in eastern Slovakia in 2005.


title: The Last Legion

text: Valerio Massimo Manfredi helped adapt his novel to the screen. In an interview, he states at least four hours of footage was shot but ultimately shortened or cut, including scenes of the heroes' journey through the Alps and the English Channel.


title: The Last Legion

text: For the role of Aurelius, executive producer Harvey Weinstein suggested Colin Firth, known for playing Fitzwilliam Darcy in "Pride and Prejudice" (1995) and more recently, Mark Darcy in the "Bridget Jones" films. Firth accepted the role due to the story, which he liked, and that it was very different from previous roles.


title: The Last Legion

text: Thomas Sangster (Romulus) was one of the last to be cast. He had previously worked with Firth in "Love Actually" (2003) and "Nanny McPhee" (2006), and their familiarity with each other benefited both.


title: The Last Legion

text: Sir Ben Kingsley was cast as Ambrosinus/Merlin after one meeting with Lefler. Kingsley was drawn to the mystique of the character, whom Lefler describes as a "warrior shaman". Kingsley also found the story interesting.


title: The Last Legion

text: Aishwarya Rai was cast as Mira after the filmmakers decided "somebody that had a rare beauty... who could move very well", in Lefler's words, was ideal for the role. Lefler touted Rai's training in dance as an asset for her fight scenes. Like Firth, Rai took the role as a change of pace from her previous work.


title: The Last Legion

text: The film's costumes were designed by Paolo Scalabrino, who had worked on "Gangs of New York" and "Troy".


title: The Last Legion

text: Lefler wanted each character to have a unique fighting style. Richard Ryan served as the film's sword master, helping him plan the fight scenes; he had worked on "Troy" and would work on "Stardust" as such.


title: The Last Legion

text: , the film had an average score of 37 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 12 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 15% approval rating, based on 55 reviews with an average rating of 4.02/10. The site's consensus reads, "With miscast leads and unoriginal, uninspired dialogue, "The Last Legion" pales in comparison to the recent cinematic epics it invokes."


title: Carlos Condit

text: Carlos Joseph Condit (born April 26, 1984) is an American former professional mixed martial artist. He formerly competed in the Welterweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he was the former Interim UFC Welterweight Champion. Condit formerly fought in the UFC's sister promotion, World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC), where he was the final Welterweight Champion. Condit has also competed for both Shootboxing and Pancrase in Japan.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit has launched business ventures, including a coffee shop and a line of custom jeans with Los Angeles brand Sene.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit was born on April 26, 1984, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and is of Austrian, German, Native American, and Mexican descent. Condit's father, Brian, was the Chief of Staff for former New Mexico governor and Democratic presidential candidate Bill Richardson. Condit attended Cibola High School on Albuquerque's West Side. He began wrestling at the age of nine and continued throughout high school, and started training in Gaidojutsu under Greg Jackson at fifteen.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit turned professional at eighteen years old, taking less than a minute to submit Nick Roscorta with a rear-naked choke in his debut in Juárez, Mexico on September 6, 2002. He also won his next four fights in the first round, with only one going past the one-minute mark, before tasting defeat for the first time, albeit under the shoot boxing ruleset, in his international debut. He faced off with ninety-five fight veteran and Shoot Boxing World Tournament 2002 champion Andy Souwer in Tokyo, Japan on September 23, 2003, losing by technical knockout due to leg kicks with seventeen seconds left of the fight after being knocked down three times in the fifth and final round.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Returning to MMA, Condit continued his impressive run of form in the sport with a further three first round stoppage wins to go 8–0 before he was submitted with a Carlo Prater triangle choke inside the opening round in Albuquerque on September 11, 2004. He rebounded from the loss with a four fight win streak and returned to Japan to fight in Pancrase, losing to Satoru Kitaoka via first round heel hook submission at "Pancrase: Spiral 8" in Yokohama on October 2, 2005. Following this, he had a stint in the Hawaii-based Rumble on the Rock promotion and defeated Ross Ebañez via TKO in his promotional debut before going on to compete in the ROTR Welterweight Tournament. The tournament's quarter-finals were held on January 20, 2006, at "Rumble on the Rock 8" where Condit recorded a seventeen-second TKO stoppage of Renato Verissimo. The semis and the final both took place on the same night, April 21, 2006, at "Rumble on the Rock 9" and Condit submitted Frank Trigg with a triangle armbar to book his place in the final against Jake Shields. Going the distance for the first time in his career, Condit lost by unanimous decision.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit suffered a second consecutive loss in his next outing, submitting to a Pat Healy rear-naked choke in round three of their contest in Oakland, California, before making a return to Pancrase and defeating Koji Oishi via TKO in his sophomore appearance in the promotion. He ended his tenure in Japan with a Kimura submission of Takuya Wada and a particularly violent stomp KO over Tatsunori Tanaka before returning stateside and joining the WEC.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit made his debut for the WEC on January 20, 2007, at WEC 25 where he defeated Kyle Jensen in the first round via submission (Rear Naked Choke).


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit's second fight would be for the vacant WEC Welterweight Championship against John Alessio at . Condit would win this fight in the second round, once again, by Rear Naked Choke and became the WEC Welterweight Champion.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit faced Brock Larson on August 5, 2007, at WEC 29. Condit won the fight via first round submission (armbar).


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit would next face Carlo Prater in a rematch on February 13, 2008, at WEC 32. Condit defeated Prater via submission in the first round.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit faced Hiromitsu Miura on August 3, 2008, at WEC 35. Condit won the back and forth fight via TKO in the fourth round, winning "Fight of the Night" honors.


title: Carlos Condit

text: A rematch with Brock Larson was briefly linked to WEC 39. The pairing was scrapped as both fighters suffered injuries and were eventually rebooked with different opponents as they transferred to the UFC. Condit would be the last WEC Welterweight Champion before the UFC dissolved the title and division. Condit's record in the WEC ended at a perfect 5–0.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit would make the move to UFC after the WEC buyout and he made his debut in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) organization. He made his promotional debut on April 1, 2009, at UFC Fight Night 18 facing Martin Kampmann. Condit lost the back and forth fight via split decision. The fight was close enough that FightMetric ruled the bout a draw.


title: Carlos Condit

text: He was then scheduled to fight Chris Lytle on September 16, 2009, at UFC Fight Night 19, but Lytle had to drop out due to a knee injury. UFC newcomer Jake Ellenberger would step up to replace Lytle. Condit then defeated Ellenberger via split decision to get his first win in the UFC.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit later had to drop out of a scheduled fight at UFC 108 against Paul Daley due to a hand injury.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit defeated Rory MacDonald via third-round TKO at UFC 115 in a bout that earned the "Fight of the Night" award. Although MacDonald seemed to get the better of the first two rounds with effective striking and takedowns, Condit came back with a more aggressive attitude in the final round, finishing MacDonald with a combination of elbows and short punches.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit faced Dan Hardy on October 16, 2010, at UFC 120. In the first round, Condit connected with a powerful left hook during an exchange, which dropped Hardy. Condit then landed two punches to Hardy on the ground before the referee stopped the fight at 4:27 of the first round. This victory made Condit the first and to date only man to defeat Hardy by way of KO and also earned him "Knockout of the Night" honours.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit was expected to face Chris Lytle on February 27, 2011, at UFC 127. However, Condit was forced from the bout after suffering a knee injury while training and he was replaced by promotional newcomer Brian Ebersole.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit faced Dong Hyun Kim on July 2, 2011, at UFC 132. Condit won the fight via first round knockout (flying knee and punches) earning "Knockout of the Night" honors. This fight gave Kim his first professional MMA loss.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit was expected to face B.J. Penn on October 29, 2011, at UFC 137. However, UFC president Dana White announced at the UFC 137 press conference that Condit would no longer face Penn and instead replace Nick Diaz, who had failed to show up for any event related press appearances, and face Georges St-Pierre for the UFC Welterweight Championship at UFC 137. On October 18, 2011, it was announced that St. Pierre had pulled out of the fight due to a knee injury. After conferring with his management and UFC officials, Condit elected not to compete against a replacement fighter at UFC 137, but face St. Pierre in early 2012. However, after Diaz defeated Penn at UFC 137, officials decided to have St. Pierre fight Diaz at UFC 143.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit was expected to face Josh Koscheck on February 4, 2012, at UFC 143. However, due to a knee injury sustained by St. Pierre, Condit faced Diaz at the event, with the winner being awarded an interim UFC Welterweight Championship. Condit defeated Diaz via unanimous decision (48–47, 49–46, and 49–46) to win the UFC Interim Welterweight Championship.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit faced Georges St-Pierre on November 17, 2012, at UFC 154. Condit became only the second man to knock down St. Pierre in the UFC when he dropped him with a head kick early in the third round and swarmed him, but was unable to finish. He ultimately lost the fight via unanimous decision in a back and forth battle which earned both participants "Fight of the Night" honors for their performance. After the bout, St-Pierre stated Condit was the best fighter he had ever fought.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit was expected to face Rory MacDonald in a rematch on March 16, 2013, at UFC 158. However, MacDonald pulled out of the bout citing an injury, and was replaced by Johny Hendricks. While Condit was able to outstrike Hendricks significantly for the majority of the fight, Hendricks was able to score multiple takedowns in each round, earning Hendricks a unanimous decision victory. Their performance earned both participants "Fight of the Night" honors.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit faced Martin Kampmann in a rematch on August 28, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 27. After a first round which saw Kampmann control the action with his wrestling, Condit was able to utilize his more varied arsenal of strikes for the remainder of the bout to get the TKO in the fourth round via a series of punches and knees, avenging his previous loss. The fight also earned Condit his third consecutive (and fourth overall) "Fight of the Night" bonus award.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit was expected to face Matt Brown on December 14, 2013, at UFC on Fox 9. However, in the week leading up to the event, Brown pulled out of the bout citing a back injury. As a result, Condit was removed from the card as well.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit next fought Tyron Woodley in the co-main event at UFC 171. In round two, Woodley landed on Condit's right knee on a takedown. The referee stood the fight up for inactivity, and when Condit tried to step away after Woodley kicked his left knee, his right buckled, causing him to collapse in agony and the referee to award Woodley a TKO. An MRI confirmed that Condit had suffered a torn ACL and partially torn meniscus which would require surgery.


title: Carlos Condit

text: After over a year away from the sport due to his knee injury, Condit returned to face Thiago Alves on May 30, 2015, in the main event at UFC Fight Night 67. Condit was successful in his return, winning the fight via TKO after the cage-side doctor ended the contest between the second and third round due to the amount of damage Alves had taken.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit was expected to face current champion Robbie Lawler on November 15, 2015, at UFC 193. However, the bout was scrapped from the event after Lawler suffered a thumb injury. The fight eventually took place as the headliner at UFC 195 on January 2, 2016. Condit lost the bout by split decision. Condit landed 198 of the 504 strikes he threw to Lawler's respective 78 of 177. Each fighter was credited with one knockdown during the fight, as Condit dropped Lawler in the first round and Lawler floored Condit in the second. 15 of 20 media outlets scored the bout in favor of Condit, 2 of 20 scored a draw and only 3 of 20 scored in favor of Lawler. Despite the controversial loss, both participants were awarded a "Fight of the Night" bonus award.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit returned to the cage eight months later to face Demian Maia in the main event of UFC on Fox 21 on August 27, 2016. He lost the fight via submission in the first round.


title: Carlos Condit

text: After a sixteen month layoff, Condit returned to the UFC and faced Neil Magny on December 30, 2017 at UFC 219. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit was expected to face Matt Brown on April 14, 2018 at UFC on Fox 29. Brown was pulled out from the fight due to a torn Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and was replaced by Alex Oliveira. Condit lost to Oliveira via a guillotine choke.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit faced Michael Chiesa on December 29, 2018 at UFC 232. He lost the fight via submission in the second round.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit was scheduled to face Mickey Gall on December 7, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 7. However, Condit was forced to pull from the event due to a detached retina, thus the bout was subsequently cancelled.


title: Carlos Condit

text: After nearly two years away from the sport, Condit faced Court McGee on October 4, 2020 at . After knocking McGee down in the first round, Condit won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit faced Matt Brown on January 16, 2021 at UFC on ABC 1. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit married his longtime girlfriend, Seager Marie McCullah, in December 2010. The couple welcomed their first child, a son, in March 2010.


title: Carlos Condit

text: Condit partnered with Los Angeles brand Sene to launch a custom denim collaboration in November 2020.


title: Far East Movement

text: Far East Movement (abbreviated FM) is an American hip hop and electronic music group based in Los Angeles. The group formed in 2003 and as of August 2018 consists of Kev Nish (Kevin Nishimura), Prohgress (James Roh), DJ Virman (Virman Coquia), and formerly J-Splif (Jae Chong). Their 2010 single, "Like a G6", featuring pop-rap duo The Cataracs and singer Dev hit number one on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and on the iTunes chart in late October 2010, making them the first Asian-American group to earn a number one hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Among their other chart successes are: "Rocketeer" featuring Ryan Tedder of One Republic, which peaked at number seven on the "Billboard" Hot 100; "Turn Up the Love", which peaked within the top ten of the charts in the United Kingdom, and their 2012 remix of the song "Get Up (Rattle)" by the Bingo Players, which topped the charts in the United Kingdom.


title: Far East Movement

text: The group's latest album, "Identity", is the first release under their own record label Transparent Music. "Identity" focuses on bridging Eastern artists with FM's Western dance music roots. The album received a positive review in "Billboard" magazine; the single "Freal Luv" with Marshmello featuring Tinashe and Chanyeol from the chart topping K-pop group Exo, received 40 million plays on YouTube. Far East Movement has also branched out with a number of collaborations on labels Ministry of Sound, Dim Mak, and Ultra.


title: Far East Movement

text: In 2016, Far East Movement's company, Transparent Arts (TA), moved into artist management. TA manages seven artists of various genres, including Korean-American K-pop superstar Tiffany Young, rappers Dumbfoundead and Year of the Ox, DJ producers Yultron, Autolaser, and singer Satica. The artists have garnered millions of social media plays, sold out national tours, and have released tracks through labels Owsla, Spinnin', Armada, and Universal.


title: Far East Movement

text: FM also has a joint label, BredNButter, with Trap City, a large YouTube dance music channel with more than ten million subscribers. BredNButter's many releases have amassed millions of plays in total in a little over a year of existence.


title: Far East Movement

text: They also founded Identity Festival, a festival celebrating Asian American Heritage with the City of Los Angeles on the steps of City Hall that gathered over 10,000 attendees in 2018 with headliners Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park and K-pop star Jay Park.


title: Far East Movement

text: The three original members of Far East Movement, Kevin Nishimura (Kev Nish), James Roh (Prohgress), and Jae Choung (J-Splif), grew up in the Downtown Los Angeles area. They were close companions in high school and shared a passion for music together. The trio promoted their music online and began performing at local clubs and events in Los Angeles; soon, they began their musical career with the name "Emcees Anonymous" by 2001. However, they later changed it to Far East Movement or FM, originating from a song that they produced with the same name. In 2003, they organised an event called "Movementality" in Koreatown, Los Angeles, featuring ten different performances with all the proceeds sent to a local youth drug rehabilitation center.


title: Far East Movement

text: In 2005, Far East Movement released a mixtape called "Audio-Bio", which was one of their first CDs and contained many of their earliest songs and many songs not available anywhere else. Their first album, titled "Folk Music", was released in early 2006. The single "Round Round" was featured in the film, "", appearing both on the self-titled and video game. This critical breakout was the catalyst that cemented their decision to pursue music as a full-time career. Their songs "Get Offa Me" and "Make Ya Self" were featured in "The Fast and the Furious" video game. They proceeded to perform on two world tours (including USA, South America, Canada, and Asia), and they signed distribution deals in Japan and Korea with Avex Network and JF Productions for their album.


title: Far East Movement

text: In 2007, they were featured in the Sundance Film Festival film called "Finishing the Game", making the song "Satisfaction" for the film. They also released the single "You've Got A Friend" featuring Lil Rob and Baby Bash, which became their first song on major national radio.


title: Far East Movement

text: LA's radio station Power 106 DJ, DJ Virman, came to the group as their official DJ. They released another single titled "Lowridin" that received heavy airplay in 2008. Soon after, they planned on showcasing a second album, releasing "Animal" later on in the same year. "Animal" featured three hit singles that frequently won national radio play: "You’ve Got A Friend", "Lowridin", and the successful "Girls On The Dance Floor". "Girls on the Dance Floor" reached 27 on the Billboard chart for the Latin Rhythm Airplay, which marked their debut on the Billboard's charts.


title: Far East Movement

text: There were several collaborations on the "Animal" album, including The Stereotypes, Lil Rob, Baby Bash, Bruno Mars, Wiz Khalifa, Bionik, 24/8, IZ, DB Tonik, and Jah Free. Their songs from the "Animal" album were featured in major film and television on multiple occasions. FM's single "Girls on the Dance Floor" has been played on MTV's "America's Best Dance Crew" on the Season 4 Finale during a performance with Artistry In Motion, Vogue Evolution and We Are Heroes. It was also featured on "Get Him to the Greek", FOX's "So You Think You Can Dance" and on the 7th episode of "" Season 8. In addition, "Dance Like Michael Jackson" was aired on ABC Family's "Lincoln Heights" on November 10, 2009 and on the "Gossip Girl" episode, "Dan de Fleurette". "I Party" was highlighted on FOX's TV series "Lie To Me" and "Fetish" was on Spike TV's Guy's Choice Awards 2009. "Girls on the Dance Floor" has attained over 5 million hits on Myspace while attracting over 8 million views on YouTube.


title: Far East Movement

text: Streetwear company Orisue teamed up with Far East Movement and helped shoot a music video for "Lowridin". In May 2009, Far East Movement joined the Korean hip hop group Epik High on their "Map the Soul" tour throughout the U.S. Then they held their first headlining concert at the Roxy Theater in Hollywood by July 2009, which resulted in a sold-out show. Together with Wong Fu Productions, FM has established another three sold-out "International Secret Agents" concerts titled as "ISA", hosted in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York in order to promote Asian American artists in the media with performances by Quest Crew, Poreotics, Jay Park, and others.


title: Far East Movement

text: FM's mixtape "Party Animal" was released on the first date of LMFAO's Party Rock Tour. Their two singles, "Girls on the Dance Floor" and "2 is Better w/ Ya Boy", garnered successful radio airplay. They later announced that they were working on a new album with Grammy nominated producers, The Stereotypes, who had produced their hit track, "Girls on the Dance Floor".


title: Far East Movement

text: In February 2010, Far East Movement signed a major record deal with Cherrytree Records, a subsidiary of Interscope Records. They were managed at the time by Ted Chung and Russell Redeaux of Stampede Management.


title: Far East Movement

text: Later in the same year, the group supported Robyn and Kelis on their double headlining tour along with Dan Black, in addition to being announced as the opening act of Lady Gaga's tour on the Japanese leg of The Monster Ball Tour. Furthermore, their previous hit track, "Girls on the Dancefloor" & "Fetish", was featured in "Piranha 3D", yet it was not slotted into the film's soundtrack.


title: Far East Movement

text: Their 2010 "ISA" shows in New York and LA were held on August 28 and September 5 respectively. They performed their songs alongside acts by AJ Rafael, Jay Park, Wong Fu Productions, Poreotics and Quest Crew (both winners from America's Best Dance Crew), David Choi, Jennifer Chung, David Garibaldi, Lydia Paek, and more.


title: Far East Movement

text: From September 13 until mid-October, the group was one of the opening acts for the Up In The Air Tour with Mike Posner, across various cities in North America.


title: Far East Movement

text: "Free Wired", their debut album from Cherrytree/Interscope Records, was released on October 12, 2010. The album includes collaborations with Keri Hilson, Lil Jon, Snoop Dogg (their song co-written by Bruno Mars), Mohombi, Colette Carr, Natalia Kills, Koda Kumi, and Ryan Tedder from OneRepublic.


title: Far East Movement

text: In the October 30, 2010 edition of "Billboard Magazine", their single featuring The Cataracs and Dev titled "Like a G6" peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 as well as iTunes. While gathering success for both their album and single, they were featured in a series of tour dates with their Cherrytree/Interscope Record label mate, La Roux, in November 2010.


title: Far East Movement

text: On November 20, it was confirmed that the group had reached the double Platinum status for "Like a G6", collecting two million in sales. Their second single which was released for airplay as a follow up to "Like A G6" was "Rocketeer", which featured Ryan Tedder.


title: Far East Movement

text: The group toured with Rihanna and Calvin Harris from late February to early March, as part of Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour.


title: Far East Movement

text: Far East Movement toured with Lil Wayne on the I Am Still Music tour. On tour, the group took out a second tour bus to work on their second album under the Cherrytree Records label.


title: Far East Movement

text: Their second major label album, "Dirty Bass", was released on May 18, 2012. The lead single from the album was "Live My Life", featuring Justin Bieber. It was more successful than the original first single "Jello". The single was released on February 28, 2012, with the release of the music video on March 23, 2012. The video was shot on the streets of Amsterdam, and directed by Mickey Finnegan.


title: Far East Movement

text: Far East Movement also worked with producers such as David Guetta, Cherry Cherry Boom Boom (aka Cherrytree founder/president Martin Kierszenbaum), will.i.am and RedOne. In September 2012, the group performed in Charlotte with Perez Hilton as part of the 2012 Democratic National Convention. On October 22, 2012, they released a new single, "For All" which they then performed at then President Barack Obama's re-election inauguration.


title: Far East Movement

text: Far East Movement also performed the official theme song for the first season of the American-Japanese animated series "Monsuno", which airs in the United States on Nicktoons.


title: Far East Movement

text: In January 2013, "Get Up (Rattle)," a song by the Bingo Players on which they were featured, topped the charts in the United Kingdom. It remained at the top of the UK Singles Chart for two weeks before being dethroned by "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis. "Turn Up the Love", a track from "Dirty Bass", reached the top 5 on the overall singles charts in over a dozen countries.


title: Far East Movement

text: On April 29, 2013, Far East Movement released the song "Lovetron", featuring Travis Garland. On June 2, 2013, they released the song "The Illest", featuring Riff Raff. On January 9, 2014, they released the song "Bang It To The Curb", featuring Sidney Samson. Their EP "KTown Riot" was released on October 28, 2014.


title: Far East Movement

text: On September 21, 2016, S.M Entertainment, one of the largest entertainment companies in South Korea, announced that Chanyeol, from popular K-pop band EXO, would be collaborating with Far East Movement in their track "Freal Luv", which also features Tinashe and Marshmello.


title: Far East Movement

text: On October 10, 2016, Starship Entertainment announced that Hyolyn, from K-pop girl-group Sistar, would be featured in a new song titled "Umbrella".


title: Far East Movement

text: Both songs were included in the band's fifth studio album, "Identity", released on October 21. It features various Korean artists, such as Tiffany from Girls' Generation, rappers Yoon Mi-rae, Jay Park, Loco and R&B group Urban Zakapa, along with American singer-songwriter Macy Gray, rapper Soulja Boy and credits from British singer-producer MNEK. "Identity" debuted at #1 on the global iTunes dance charts. The music video for "Freal Luv" was viewed over 30 million times on YouTube.


title: Far East Movement

text: On November 23, 2016, Far East Movement announced that J-Splif had left the group due to family reasons.


title: Far East Movement

text: On October 26, 2018, Far East Movement released a song titled "Bamboo" which features vocals from Jason Zhang and Kina Grannis.


title: Far East Movement

text: On February 8, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Blossoms" which features Troop Brand and Chinese rapper Vava.


title: Far East Movement

text: On April 19, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Paint the Clouds" which features vocals from Tia Ray.


title: Far East Movement

text: On June 21, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Maps", featuring Diamond, Starchild Yeezo, and Rell the Soundbender.


title: Far East Movement

text: On July 26, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Glue", featuring Heize and Shawn Wasabi.


title: Far East Movement

text: DJ Virman joined the group in 2007. Before joining Far East Movement, he was working as a DJ for the Power 106 radio station in Los Angeles.


title: Far East Movement

text: On November 23 2016 , The group announced that J-Splif had left the group due to family reasons and can still be a part of the group sometimes


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: Sverdlovsk Oblast () is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk. Its population is 4,297,747 (according to the 2010 Census).


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: Most of the oblast is spread over the eastern slopes of the Middle and North Urals and the Western Siberian Plain. Only in the southwest does the oblast stretch onto the western slopes of the Ural Mountains.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: The highest mountains all rise in the North Urals, Konzhakovsky Kamen at and Denezhkin Kamen at . The Middle Urals is mostly hilly country with no discernible peaks; the mean elevation is closer to above sea level. Principal rivers include the Tavda, the Tura, the Chusovaya, and the Ufa, the latter two being tributaries of the Kama.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: Sverdlovsk Oblast borders with, clockwise from the west, Perm Krai, the Komi Republic, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Tyumen Oblast, Kurgan, and Chelyabinsk Oblasts, and the Republic of Bashkortostan.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: Rich in natural resources, the oblast is especially famous for metals (iron, copper, gold, platinum), minerals (asbestos, gemstones, talcum), marble and coal. It is mostly here that the bulk of Russian industry was concentrated in the 18th and 19th centuries.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: The area has continental climate patterns, with long cold winters (average temperatures reaching to on the Western Siberian Plain) and short warm summers. Only in the southeast of the oblast do temperatures reach in July.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: The territory of the region has been inhabited since ancient times. Numerous sites of ancient people were discovered, dating from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age. The Upper Paleolithic includes the Garinsky site on the right bank of the Sosva river near the village of Gari, the site in the Shaitansky grotto, and the site in the Bezymyanny cave (X millennium BC). In 1890, the 11 thousand years old (Mesolithic) Shigir idol was discovered.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: A settlement and a burial ground in the Kalmatsky Brod tract are located on the right bank of the Iset river and date back to the Sarmatian time (from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD). They belong to the Kalmak archaeological culture. In the Kalmatsky Brod burial ground, the skeletal skulls were strongly deformed by tight bandaging in early childhood, which indicates the penetration of steppe ethnic elements to the north.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: There are numerous pictograms on the Koptelovsky stone, on the Oblique stone, on the Two-eyed stone, Starichnaya, Serginskaya, the rock paintings of the Bronze Age on the Neyva River, Tagil River (villages Brekhovaya, Gaevaya, Komelskaya), rock carvings on Shaitan-Kamen on the right bank of the Rezh river tied to indigenous Ural population, possibly speakers of a Ugric language. The Gostkovskaya Pisanitsa refers to the Middle Ages.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: Before the first Russian colonists arrived to the region, it was populated by various Turkic and Ugrian tribes. By the 16th century, when the Middle Urals were under influence of various Tatar khanates, the strongest local state was the Vogul Pelym principality with its center in Pelym.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: The Russian conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in the 1550s paved the way further east, which was now free from Tatar depredations (see Yermak Timofeyevich). The first surviving Russian settlements in the area date back to the late 16thearly 17th centuries (Verkhoturye, 1598; Turinsk, 1600; Irbit, 1633; Alapayevsk, 1639). At that time, those small trading posts were governed under Siberian administration in Tobolsk. After the 1708 administrative reform, Verkhoturye, Pelym and Turinsk became a part of the new Siberian Governorate, in 1737 their territories were assigned to the Kazan Governorate.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: During the 18th century, rich resources of iron and coal made Ural an industrial heartland of Russia. After getting control over Ural mines, the Demidov family put the region in the forefront of Russian industrialization. Yekaterinburg, Nevyansk and Tagil ironworks, founded in the 1700s to 1720s, soon joined the ranks of the major producers in Europe. Throughout the 18th and 19th century those newly founded factory towns enjoyed a status of special mining-metallurgical districts allowed to have a certain rate of financial and proprietary autonomy. During the 1781 reform middle Ural finally got its own regional administration in the form of the Perm Governorate.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: When in 1812 the Russian government legalized gold digging for its citizens, Middle Ural became a center of gold mining. Entrepreneurs of the Perm Governorate also started the gold rush in West Siberia, soon Yekaterinburgers began to dominate the Russian market of precious metals and gemstones.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: After the emancipation reform of 1861, major Middle Uralian industries that were heavily dependent on serf labor entered decline, although it also allowed light industry to thrive. In 1878, Perm and Yekaterinburg were connected with a railroad, in 1888, railroads reached Tyumen, and ultimately, in 1897, Yekaterinburg joined the Trans-Siberian network. Emergence of railroad transportation helped to revitalize economy of Ural.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: The Bolsheviks established their power in Yekaterinburg and Perm during the first days of the October Revolution of 1917. In early 1918 the dethroned Czar Nicholas II and his family were transferred under custody to Yekaterinburg. Local Bolsheviks decided autonomously to execute the royal family on July 17, 1918, to prevent its rescue of by the approaching White Army forces. Ten days later Yekaterinburg was captured by the Czechoslovak troops of Sergei Wojciechowski. For the next year the Anti-bolshevik forces took control over the region. On 19 August 1918, Provisional Government of Ural was formed in Yekaterinburg by a coalition of liberal and democratic socialist parties, it was supposed to serve as a buffer between the Komuch and Provisional Siberian governments. After the Kolchak coup d'état in Omsk in November 1918, the Government of Ural was disbanded.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: In July 1919, in the course of the Yekaterinburg offense, Yekaterinburg and the surrounding areas were recaptured by the Red Army forces under command of Vasily Shorin. On the July 15th, the Perm Governorate was split by the Soviets and the east, for the first time in history, became a separate region, the Yekaterinburg Governorate. It was soon abolished and replaced by the Ural Oblast (1923-1934).


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: In the 1930s many industrial enterprises were established and built with the help of forced labour. Local industry received another impetus during World War II, when important producing facilities were relocated here from the European part of Russia to safeguard them from the advancing Germans (for example, IMZ-Ural, Kamensk-Uralsky Metallurgical Works). In the postwar period much of the region was off-limits to foreigners. It was over Sverdlovsk that the American U-2 spy plane pilot Gary Powers was shot down on May 1, 1960, while on a reconnaissance mission.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: In 1979, there was an anthrax outbreak caused by an accident in a facility to develop biological weapons.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: In 1993, Governor Eduard Rossel responded to perceived economic inequality by attempting to create a "Ural Republic." Sverdlovsk led the "Urals Five" (Kurgan Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Sverdlovsk) in a call for greater regional power. They argued that the oblasts deserved as much power as the ethnic homeland republics. The Urals Republic Constitution went into effect on October 27, 1993. Then Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the Urals Republic and the Sverdlovsk Parliament 10 days later (on November 9).


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: There were twenty-one recognized ethnic groups of more than two thousand persons each in the oblast. Residents identified themselves as belonging to a total of 148 different ethnic groups, including:


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: 232,978 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: According to a 2012 survey 43% of the population of Sverdlovsk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are nondenominational Christians (excluding Protestant churches), 3% are Muslims, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any Church or are members of other Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 0.3% are adherents of forms of Hinduism (Vedism, Krishnaism or Tantrism). In addition, 36% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", and 9.7% is atheist.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: The most important institutions of higher education include Ural Federal University, Ural State Medical University, Ural State University of Economics, Ural State Law University, Ural State Mining University and Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts, all located in the capital Yekaterinburg.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: The oblast's Charter, adopted on 17 December 1994, with subsequent amendments, establishes the oblast government. The Governor is the chief executive, who appoints the Government, consisting of ministries and departments. The Chairman of the Government, commonly referred to as the Prime Minister, is appointed with the consent of the lower house of the legislature, a process similar to the appointment of the federal Prime Minister. But the Governor cannot nominate the same candidate more than twice, yet he/she can dismiss the house after three failed attempts to appoint the Premier. The Legislative Assembly consists of the Oblast Duma, the lower house, and the House of Representatives, the upper house. Members of the legislature serve four-year terms. However, half of the Duma is re-elected every two years. The Duma (28 members) is elected by party lists. The 21 members of the House of Representatives are elected in single-seat districts in a first-past-the-post system. The Sverdlovsk Legislative Assembly was the first bicameral legislature outside an autonomous republic, and the first regional legislature in Russia to elect members based on both party lists and single-seat districts.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: Compliance with the Charter is enforced by the Charter Court. The existence of such regional courts in Russia, formed and functioning outside the federal judiciary, although challenged, has been upheld and persisted successfully in most constituent members of the Federation where they were established.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: Until President Putin's reforms of 2004, the Governor was elected by direct vote for terms of four years. Eduard Rossel has been the only elected governor (first elected governor for an oblast in Russia) since 1995 (appointed in 1991 and dismissed in 1993 by President Yeltsin), re-elected in 1999 and 2003.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: Even though it could do with modernizing, the region's industries are quite diverse. 12% of Russia's iron and steel industry is still concentrated in Sverdlovsk oblast. Iron and copper are mined and processed here, the logging industry and wood-processing are important, too.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: The largest companies in the region include Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, UralVagonZavod, Enel Russia, Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel Works, Federal Freight.


title: Sverdlovsk Oblast

text: Yekaterinburg is a prominent road, rail and air hub in the Ural region. As the economic slump subsided, several European airlines started or resumed flights to the city. These include Lufthansa, British Airways, CSA, Turkish Airlines, Austrian Airlines and Finnair. Malév Hungarian Airlines used to be among those carriers but they had to drop their flights to SVX (IATA airport code for Sverdlovsk) after a few months.


title: Volhynia

text: Volhynia (also spelled Volynia) ( ; , , ), is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between south-eastern Poland, south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, but the territory that still carries the name is Volyn Oblast, in western Ukraine. Volhynia has changed hands numerous times throughout history and been divided among competing powers. For centuries it was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the Russian annexation, all of Volhynia was part of the Pale of Settlement designated by Imperial Russia on its south-western-most border.


title: Volhynia

text: Important cities include Lutsk, Rivne, Volodymyr, Ostroh, Ustyluh, Iziaslav, Peresopnytsia, and Novohrad-Volynskyi (Zviahel). After the annexation of Volhynia by the Russian Empire as part of the Partitions of Poland, it also included the cities of Zhytomyr, Ovruch, Korosten. The city of Zviahel was renamed Novograd-Volynsky, and Volodymyr became Vladimir-Volinski.


title: Volhynia

text: The alternative name for the region is Lodomeria after the city of Volodymyr, which was once a political capital of the medieval Volhynian Principality.


title: Volhynia

text: According to some historians, the region is named after a semi-legendary city of "Volin" or "Velin", said to have been located on the Southern Bug River, whose name may come from the Proto-Slavic root 'wet'. In other versions, the city was located over to the west of Volodymyr near the mouth of the River, a tributary of the Western Bug.


title: Volhynia

text: Geographically it occupies northern areas of the Volhynian-Podolian Upland and western areas of Polesian Lowland along the Prypyat valley as part of the vast East European Plain, between the Western Bug in the west and upper streams of Uzh and Teteriv rivers. Before the partitions of Poland, the eastern edge stretched a little west along the right-banks of the Sluch River or just east of it. Within the territory of Volhynia is located Little Polisie, a lowland that actually divides the Volhynian-Podolian Upland into separate Volhynian Upland and northern outskirts of Podolian Upland, the so-called Kremenets Hills. Volhynia is located in the basins of the Western Bug and Prypyat, therefore most of its rivers flow either in a northern or a western direction.


title: Volhynia

text: Relative to other historical regions, it is northeast of Galicia, east of Lesser Poland and northwest of Podolia. The borders of the region are not clearly defined, and it is often considered to overlap a number of other regions, among which are Polesia and Podlasie.


title: Volhynia

text: The territories of historical Volhynia are now part of the Volyn, Rivne and parts of the Zhytomyr, Ternopil and Khmelnytskyi Oblasts of Ukraine, as well as parts of Poland (see Chełm). Major cities include Lutsk, Rivne, Kovel, Volodymyr, Kremenets (Ternopil Oblast) and Starokostiantyniv (Khmelnytskyi Oblast). Before World War II, many Jewish "shtetls" (small towns), such as Trochenbrod and Lozisht, were an integral part of the region. At one time all of Volhynia was part of the Pale of Settlement designated by Imperial Russia on its southwesternmost border.


title: Volhynia

text: The first records can be traced to the Ruthenian chronicles, such as the "Primary Chronicle," which mentions tribes of the Dulebes, Buzhans and Volhynians. The land was mentioned in the works of Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob that in ancient times the "Walitābā" and king "Mājik", which some read as "Walīnānā" and identified with the Volhynians, were "the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured" and dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but due to "dissent" their "original organization was destroyed" and "the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king", implying existence of a Slavic federation which perished after the attack of the Pannonian Avars.


title: Volhynia

text: Volhynia may have been included in (or was in the sphere of influence of) the Grand Duchy of Kyiv (Ruthenia) as early as the tenth century. At that time Princess Olga sent a punitive raid against the Drevlians to avenge the death of her husband Grand Prince Igor (Ingvar Röreksson); she later established pogosts along the Luha River. In the opinion of the Ukrainian historian Yuriy Dyba, the chronicle phrase «и оустави по мьстѣ. погосты и дань. и по лузѣ погосты и дань и ѡброкы» (and established in place pogosts and tribute along Luha), the path of pogosts and tribute reflects the actual route of Olga's raid against the Drevlians further to the west, up to the Western Bug's right tributary Luha River.


title: Volhynia

text: As early as 983, Vladimir the Great appointed his son Vsevolod as the ruler of the Volhynian Principality. In 988, he established the city of Volodymer ("Володимѣръ").


title: Volhynia

text: Volhynia's early history coincides with that of the duchies or principalities of Halych and Volhynia. These two successor states of the Kyivan Rus formed Halych-Volhynia between the 12th and the 14th centuries.


title: Volhynia

text: After the disintegration of the Grand Duchy of Halych-Volhynia circa 1340, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided the region between them, Poland taking Western Volhynia and Lithuania taking Eastern Volhynia (1352–1366). After 1569, Volhynia was organized as a province of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. During this period many Poles and Jews settled in the area. The Roman and Greek Catholic churches became established in the province. In 1375, a Roman Catholic Diocese of Lodomeria was established, but it was suppressed in 1425. Many Orthodox churches joined the latter organization in order to benefit from a more attractive legal status. Records of the first agricultural colonies of Mennonites, Protestants from Germany, date from 1783.


title: Volhynia

text: After the Third partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, Volhynia was annexed as the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire. It covered an area of 71,852.7 square kilometres. Following this annexation, the Russian government greatly changed the religious make-up of the area: it forcibly liquidated the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, transferring all of its buildings to the ownership and control of the Russian Orthodox Church. Many Roman Catholic church buildings were also given to the Russian Church. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk was suppressed by order of Empress Catherine II.


title: Volhynia

text: In 1897, the population amounted to 2,989,482 people (41.7 per square kilometre). It consisted of 73.7 percent East Slavs (predominantly Ukrainians), 13.2 percent Jews, 6.2 percent Poles, and 5.7 percent Germans. Most of the German settlers had immigrated from Congress Poland. A small number of Czech settlers also had migrated here. Although economically the area was developing rather quickly, upon the eve of the First World War it was still the most rural province in Western Russia.


title: Volhynia

text: After the February Revolution and the formation of the Russian Provisional Government, Ukrainian nationalists declared the autonomous Ukrainian People's Republic. The territory of Volhynia was split in half by a frontline just west of the city of Lutsk. Due to an invasion of the Bolsheviks, the government of Ukraine was forced to retreat to Volhynia after the sack of Kyiv. Military aid from the Central Powers as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk brought peace in the region and some degree of stability. Until the end of the war, the area saw a revival of Ukrainian culture after years of Russian oppression and the denial of Ukrainian traditions. After German troops were withdrawn, the whole region was engulfed by a new wave of military actions by Poles and Russians competing for control of the territory. The Ukrainian People's Army was forced to fight on three fronts: Bolsheviks, Poles and a Volunteer Army of Imperial Russia.


title: Volhynia

text: In 1921, after the end of the Polish–Soviet War, the treaty known as the Peace of Riga divided the Volhynian Governorate between Poland and the Soviet Union. Poland took the larger part and established Volhynian Voivodeship.


title: Volhynia

text: Most of eastern Volhynian Governorate became part of the Ukrainian SSR, eventually being split into smaller districts. During that period, a number of national districts were formed within the Soviet Ukraine as part of cultural liberalization. The policies of Polonization in Poland led to formations of various resistance movements in West Ukraine and West Belarus, including Volhynia. In 1931, the Vatican of the Roman Catholic Church established a Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Volhynia, Polesia and Pidliashia ("Wolhynien, Polissia und Pidliashia" in German), where the congregation practiced the Byzantine Rite in Ukrainian language.


title: Volhynia

text: From 1935 to 1938, the government of the Soviet Union deported numerous nationals from Volhynia in a population transfer to Siberia and Central Asia, as part of the dekulakization, an effort to suppress peasant farmers in the region. These people included Poles of Eastern Volhynia (see Population transfer in the Soviet Union).


title: Volhynia

text: Following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, and the subsequent invasion and division of Polish territories between the Reich and the USSR, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied the Polish part of Volhynia. In the course of the Nazi–Soviet population transfers which followed this (temporary) German-Soviet alliance, most of the ethnic German-minority population of Volhynia were transferred to those Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany. Following the mass deportations and arrests carried out by the NKVD, and repressive actions against Poles taken by Germany, including deportation to the Reich to forced labour camps, arrests, detention in camps and mass executions, by 1943 ethnic Poles constituted only 10–12% of the entire population of Volhynia.


title: Volhynia

text: During the German invasion, around 50,000–100,000 Polish people (mostly women and children) in Volhynia were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. The number of Ukrainian victims of Polish retaliatory attacks until the spring of 1945 is estimated at approx. 2,000−3,000 in Volhynia. In 1945, Soviet Ukraine expelled ethnic Germans from Volhynia following the end of the war, claiming that Nazi Germany had used ethnic Germans in eastern Europe as part of an alleged Generalplan Ost. The expulsion of Germans from eastern Europe was part of broader mass population transfers after the war.


title: Volhynia

text: The Soviet Union annexed Volhynia to Ukraine after the end of World War II. In 1944, the communists in Volyhnia suppressed the Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate. Most of the remaining ethnic Polish population were expelled to Poland in 1945. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, Volhynia has been an integral part of Ukraine.


title: Terence Beesley

text: Born in London to Irish parents, he studied at the City Lit in London in 1980, and then trained as an actor at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.


title: Terence Beesley

text: His television work included "Cadfael", "The Bill", "Where the Heart Is", "Heartbeat", "Midsomer Murders", "EastEnders" (as Derek Branning in 1996), "Casualty", "Down to Earth", "Plotlands",


title: Terence Beesley

text: "Agatha Christie's Poirot", "She's Out" and "What Remains". He starred in Peter Kosminsky's "15, The Life and Death of Phillip Knight", and played General Bennigsen in the BBC adaptation of "War and Peace".


title: Terence Beesley

text: His stage work included British theatre performances as the title role in Shakespeare's "Richard III" (1995) and as the Vicomte de Valmont in "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" (1994) for multi Barrymore award winner director Mark Clements and his own adaptation (with Colin Wakefield) of Nikolai Gogol's "Diary of a Madman" (as a one-man play) at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester. Along with Jonathan Church and Jules Melvin, he was a founder of the Triptych Theatre Company. Their first production, Jack Shepherd's "In Lambeth" at the Lyric Studio, received much critical acclaim.


title: Terence Beesley

text: He met actress Ashley Jensen in 1999 when they were appearing in a production of "King Lear" at the Manchester Royal Exchange, and they married in Big Sur, California in 2007. Their son, Francis Jonathan Beesley, was born on 20 October 2009.


title: Terence Beesley

text: Beesley died at the family home in Camerton, Somerset on 30 November 2017, aged 60, having been found unconscious in a car in his garage. An inquest in February 2018 ruled that he took his own life by carbon monoxide poisoning.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: A cable-stayed bridge has one or more "towers" (or "pylons"), from which cables support the bridge deck. A distinctive feature are the cables or stays, which run directly from the tower to the deck, normally forming a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines. This is in contrast to the modern suspension bridge, where the cables supporting the deck are suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge and running between the towers. The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the range within which cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier, and suspension bridge cabling would be more costly.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: Cable-stayed bridges were being designed and constructed by the late 16th century, and the form found wide use in the late 19th century. Early examples, including the Brooklyn Bridge, often combined features from both the cable-stayed and suspension designs. Cable-stayed designs fell from favor in the early 20th century as larger gaps were bridged using pure suspension designs, and shorter ones using various systems built of reinforced concrete. It returned to prominence in the later 20th century when the combination of new materials, larger construction machinery, and the need to replace older bridges all lowered the relative price of these designs.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: Cable-stayed bridges date back to 1595, where designs were found in "Machinae Novae", a book by Croatian-Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio. Many early suspension bridges were cable-stayed construction, including the 1817 footbridge Dryburgh Abbey Bridge, James Dredge's patented Victoria Bridge, Bath (1836), and the later Albert Bridge (1872) and Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge. John A. Roebling took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: The earliest known surviving example of a true cable-stayed bridge in the United States is E.E. Runyon's largely intact steel or iron Bluff Dale Suspension bridge with wooden stringers and decking in Bluff Dale, Texas (1890), or his weeks earlier but ruined Barton Creek Bridge between Huckabay, Texas and Gordon, Texas (1889 or 1890). In the twentieth century, early examples of cable-stayed bridges included A. Gisclard's unusual Cassagnes bridge (1899), in which the horizontal part of the cable forces is balanced by a separate horizontal tie cable, preventing significant compression in the deck, and G. Leinekugel le Coq's bridge at Lézardrieux in Brittany (1924). Eduardo Torroja designed a cable-stayed aqueduct at Tempul in 1926. Albert Caquot's 1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge over the Donzère-Mondragon canal at Pierrelatte is one of the first of the modern type, but had little influence on later development. The steel-decked Strömsund Bridge designed by Franz Dischinger (1955) is, therefore, more often cited as the first modern cable-stayed bridge.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: Other key pioneers included Fabrizio de Miranda, Riccardo Morandi, and Fritz Leonhardt. Early bridges from this period used very few stay cables, as in the Theodor Heuss Bridge (1958). However, this involves substantial erection costs, and more modern structures tend to use many more cables to ensure greater economy.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to suspension bridges, but they are quite different in principle and construction. In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and are anchored at each end to the ground. This can be difficult to implement when ground conditions are poor. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the live load of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by downwards compression on the towers.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: In cable-stayed bridges, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures that transmit the bridge loads to the ground. A cantilever approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. That has the disadvantage, unlike for the suspension bridge, that the cables pull to the sides as opposed to directly up, which requires the bridge deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal compression loads, but it has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist the horizontal pull of the main cables of the suspension bridge. By design, all static horizontal forces of the cable-stayed bridge are balanced so that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide and so must only resist horizontal forces from the live loads.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: There are also seven main arrangements for support columns: "single", "double", "portal", "A-shaped", "H-shaped", "inverted Y" and "M-shaped". The last three are hybrid arrangements that combine two arrangements into one.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: Depending on the design, the columns may be vertical or angled or curved relative to the bridge deck.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: A side-spar cable-stayed bridge uses a central tower supported only on one side. This design allows the construction of a curved bridge.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: Far more radical in its structure, the Puente del Alamillo (1992) uses a single cantilever spar on one side of the span, with cables on one side only to support the bridge deck. Unlike other cable-stayed types, this bridge exerts considerable overturning force upon its foundation and the spar must resist the bending caused by the cables, as the cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The spar of this particular bridge forms the gnomon of a large garden sundial. Related bridges by the architect Santiago Calatrava include the Puente de la Mujer (2001), Sundial Bridge (2004), Chords Bridge (2008), and Assut de l'Or Bridge (2008).


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: Cable-stayed bridges with more than three spans involve significantly more challenging designs than do 2-span or 3-span structures.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: In a 2-span or 3-span cable-stayed bridge, the loads from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end abutments by stays in the end spans. For more spans, this is not the case and the bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create difficulties in both the design of the deck and the pylons.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: Examples of multiple-span structures in which this is the case include Ting Kau Bridge, where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise the pylons; Millau Viaduct and Mezcala Bridge, where twin-legged towers are used; and General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A similar situation with a suspension bridge is found at both the Great Seto Bridge and San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of three suspension spans – this solution can also be adapted for cable-stayed bridges.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: An extradosed bridge is a cable-stayed bridge with a more substantial bridge deck that, being stiffer and stronger, allows the cables to be omitted close to the tower and for the towers to be lower in proportion to the span. The first extradosed bridges were the Ganter Bridge and Sunniberg Bridge in Switzerland. The first extradosed bridge in the United States, the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge was built to carry I-95 across the Quinnipiac River in New Haven, Connecticut, opening in June 2012.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: A cradle system carries the strands within the stays from the bridge deck to bridge deck, as a continuous element, eliminating anchorages in the pylons. Each epoxy-coated steel strand is carried inside the cradle in a one-inch (2.54 cm) steel tube. Each strand acts independently, allowing for removal, inspection, and replacement of individual strands. The first two such bridges are the Penobscot Narrows Bridge, completed in 2006, and the Veterans' Glass City Skyway, completed in 2007.


title: Cable-stayed bridge

text: A self-anchored suspension bridge has some similarity in principle to the cable-stayed type in that tension forces that prevent the deck from dropping are converted into compression forces vertically in the tower and horizontally along the deck structure. It is also related to the suspension bridge in having arcuate main cables with suspender cables, although the self-anchored type lacks the heavy cable anchorages of the ordinary suspension bridge. Unlike either a cable-stayed bridge or a suspension bridge, the self-anchored suspension bridge must be supported by falsework during construction and so it is more expensive to construct.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The Royal Malaysia Police (often abbreviated RMP) (), is a (primarily) uniformed national and federal police force in Malaysia. The force is a centralised organisation. Its headquarters are located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur. The police force is led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP) who, , is Acryl Sani Abdullah Sani.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The constitution, control, employment, recruitment, funding, discipline, duties and powers of the police force are specified and governed by the Police Act 1967. In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular RMP is also assisted by a support group of Extra Police Constables, Police Volunteer Reserves, Auxiliary Police, Police Cadets and a civilian service element.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The RMP constantly co-operates with police forces worldwide, including from those six neighbouring countries Malaysia shares a border with: Indonesian National Police, Philippine National Police, Royal Brunei Police Force, Royal Thai Police, Singapore Police Force and Vietnam People's Public Security.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Police misconduct within the RMP has been highlighted as a problem. Issues of police brutality, police corruption, and enforced disappearances have been linked to inadequate oversight.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: A police force has been in existence in Malaysia since the days of the Malacca Sultanate. Malacca's canonical law created what was essentially a police force in Malaysia in the fifteenth century, through the institution of the "Temenggung" and "Hulubalang", or royal warriors. During the Sultan of Malacca's absence, the "Bendahara", or Prime Minister, held absolute authority, with the power to hand out sentences, but it was the "Temenggung" who acted as the Police Chief or Inspector General of Police. His tasks were to arrest criminals, build jails and implement sentences. Apart from the "Temenggung", there were a number of "Penghulu" or village chiefs who had the duty of policing their respective villages. Their main tasks included tax collection, law enforcement and preserving village security. These Malacca police systems ended when, on 10 August 1511, a Portuguese fleet led by Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca for the Portuguese crown. Police duties were then largely performed by the Portuguese soldiers.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: During the sixteenth century, Malaysia became a cosmopolitan society and the Portuguese government introduced the Kapitan administration. On 14 January 1641, however, the Portuguese lost Malacca to the Dutch Empire, when the Dutch invaded with the help of soldiers from Johor state, at a time when the Portuguese were at war with the Sultanate of Acheh. The Dutch retained the Kapitan system, but when the growing number of Europeans in Malaysia made change necessary, a police force known as the 'Burgher Guard' was established. The Burgher Guard was controlled by the Dutch, but their subordinates were made up of the local citizens. Village leaders continued to assume the duties of policemen under Dutch rule, as they had since before the Portuguese arrived.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Following the assimilation of Malacca into the British Empire in 1795, a modern police organisation in Malaysia was formed, on 25 March 1807, after the Charter of Justice in Penang was granted, with Penang being the first to form a police force. 25 March is today marked as Police Day in Malaysia. Most of the officers were of British origin. Later, this organisation was developed in the Straits Settlements and other Malay states, particularly the Federated Malay States. At that time, independent police forces were established for each respective state. Only after World War II was a central police organisation formed, known as the Civil Affairs Police Force. This organisation was formed in Malaya and led by a British colonial, H.B. Longworthy, who had to stabilise the police forces after the anarchy of Japanese occupation. One of the immediate problems faced by the police at this time was the rebellion of the communist party. During the confrontation between Malaysia and Indonesia, which lasted from 1963 to 1965, the police force, along with military forces, fought against the infiltration of Indonesian forces into the states of Johor and Sabah.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Almost a year after Independence Day, on 24 July 1958, the King of Malaysia, Tuanku Abdul Rahman Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhamad, bestowed the title "Royal" to the Federation of Malaya Police Force. In 1963, the Royal Federation of Malayan Police (RFMP), the North Borneo Armed Constabulary and the Sarawak Constabulary were merged to form the Royal Malaysia Police. The Singapore Police Force became a component unit of the RMP until Singapore's independence in 1965.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The flag and insignia of the Royal Malaysia Police has a blue-coloured background which symbolises the Malaysian masses. In the centre of the flag is the PDRM symbol coloured silver or white. The police symbol is made up of an intersected Kris and Ilang / Klewang machete. Above the PDRM symbol, there is a tiger head in a garland of Paddy flowers, with a scroll underneath bearing the name Polis Diraja Malaysia. Arabic lettering in the Crown includes the words Allah on the right and Muhammad on the left.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The crown, depicted on the Royal Malaysia Police insignia, is a panegyric reference to the King of Malaysia, bestowing the "Royal" title to its name. The words "Allah" and "Muhammad" in Arabic, which respectively symbolize Allah the Almighty and Muhammad as the Messenger, signifies Islam as the official religion and faith of RMP personnel are willing to uphold justice and the security of the people of Malaysia.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The Kris is an important symbol of the Malay Peninsula. This particular weapon was used by Malay warriors in the past. According to Frey (2003), who concluded from Sir Stamford Raffles' (1817) study of the Candi Sukuh, the kris came into existence around AD 1361. Others believe that early forms were inspired by the daggers of the Dong-Son in Vietnam (circa 300 BC). In the temples of Borobudur (825 CE) and Prambanan (850CE), renderings of the Kris have been found.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The traditional machete, Ilang or Klewang symbolises the states of Sarawak and Sabah in East Malaysia and it represents the spirit of heroism of a multitude of ethnic tribes such as the Dayak, Dusun, Bajau and Kadazan.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The tiger head symbolises courage, strength and spirits of RMP. Previously, RMP used a lion head as the symbol of courage from 16 September 1963, after the formation of Malaysia, until 15 May 1994, when it was replaced with the tiger head by an official order of Malaysian government. The former lion head also symbolised the states of Singapore (until 1965) and Sabah.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Paddy flower is a reference to paddy and rice, the staple food for Malaysians and it signifies national prosperity.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The PDRM flag is called the Blue Perennial or "Sang Saka Biru"; each colour has its own distinctive meaning and the flag symbolises the force's pride and integrity.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Section 20 (3) Police Act 1967 stipulates that the duties of the Royal Malaysia Police personnel are as follows:


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Lower ranks of police officers apart from Sub-Inspectors wear their rank insignia on the right sleeve of their uniforms. Sub-Inspectors and higher ranks wear their rank insignia on epaulettes on both shoulders.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Apart from the three departments involved in the administration: the Management Department and the Logistics & Technology Department and Integrity and Standards Compliance Department, RMP has seven departments involved in crime prevention: Criminal Investigation Department, Narcotics Criminal Investigation Department, Internal Security and Public Order Department, Special Branch, Crime Prevention and Community Safety Department, Commercial Crime Investigation Department and Traffic Enforcement and Investigation Department. All departments are led by the directors with the rank of Commissioner of Police (Army Equivalent rank of Three Stars General or Lieutenant-General).


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The Management Department is tasked with the routine of management and administration affairs of the RMP. This department is also the "nerve centre" of the RMP and acts as the support services platform for the rest of the force.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: This department deals with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of both violent crimes such as murder, robbery, rape etc., and less serious crimes such as theft and house-breaking. This department also specialises in investigating gambling, vice and secret societies (triads).


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The Criminal Investigation Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP). The Unit Tindakan Cepat is attached to CID and based at all police contingent headquarters.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: This department's function is to fight against dangerous drugs by enforcing the law to stop and reduce the demand and supply of dangerous drugs.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: This department is tasked with the maintenance of public security and order. It is responsible for traffic control and search & rescue (SAR) operations. In this role, this department cooperates with other agencies, such as the Malaysian Armed Forces and Army / Navy Maritime Patrol to prevent piracy and to secure the national borders.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The Internal Security and Public Order Department is led by a Commissioner of Police, CP Dato' Salleh.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The Police Field Force (PFF), organised in battalions, was once the para-military units of the Royal Malaysia Police. The force, which was also known as the Jungle Squad ("Pasukan Polis Hutan" (PPH) in Malay) was tasked to operate in the jungle fringes in counter-insurgency roles during the Malayan Emergency, Indonesia–Malaysia confrontations and later Communist guerrilla insurgencies along the Malaysian-Thai border and in the jungles of Sabah and Sarawak. When the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and Clandestine Communist Organisation (CCO) finally gave up their armed struggle in 1989 and 1990, PFF was reorganised as the General Operations Force (GOF) in 1997. The GOF has 19 battalions and the 19th Special Battalion is tasked to provide VIP security.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: When established in 1948, the PFF had 19 battalions of which two were made up of indigenous people. These battalions were known as Senoi Praaq Battalions. One battalion was a Special Security Battalion.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The 19 battalions are organised into five brigades, each headed by a Superintendent of Police. The North Brigade and Sabah Brigade have four battalions each, the Central Brigade has five battalions, and South-East Brigade and Sarawak Brigade have three battalions each.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: It all began in the year 1948, when several communist activists killed three European farmers in Perak, in response to the massacre of unarmed labour activists by the British colonial occupation. Sir Edward Gent declared an emergency on 7 July 1948 in all Malaya Federations, starting with Perak on 16 June 1948 and Johor on 19 June 1948. To deal with the rebellion and to quash the Communist guerrillas in the jungle, a military based team was formed in 1948. It was named the Flying Squad and later renamed the Jungle Squad, with its main mission to fight against the Communists. The first Jungle Squad unit was established at Sik, Kedah in 1949. Training centres were opened in Sungai Buluh, Selangor and in Dusun Tua, Hulu Langat, Selangor which was known as Field Force Special Training Centre (SLPPH). In 1964, SLPPH was transferred to Kroh, Perak then changed to Kentonmen, Ulu Kinta, Perak. After being renamed the General Operations Force or "Pasukan Gerakan Am" in 1997, SLPPH is now known as "Sekolah Latihan Pasukan Gerakan Am" (General Operations Force Training Centre, SLPGA).


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: So far, there are two Senoi Praaq battalions specialising in search and rescue operations. After VAT 69 was absorbed into Pasukan Gerakan Khas, along with anti-terrorist police force and Special Action Unit (UTK – Unit Tindakan Khas), a special platoon of PGA, Tiger Platoon was established.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: When the threat of terrorism started to increase after the 11 September terrorist attack in United States, followed up by a series of bombings in Bali and Jakarta, Indonesia and in Malaysia, the RMP has formed 2 anti-terrorism corps. These two elite forces are known as Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK) and Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN).


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Pasukan Gerakan Khas is a major elite force in the Royal Malaysia Police, which is composed of 69 Commando (VAT 69) and Special Actions Unit (UTK).


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: This team was first merged in 1997 and became known as the Maroon Berets. However, this integration did not last and in 2003 it was separated. The VAT 69 changed to the Sandy Brown Berets, honoured by British 22nd Special Air Service (SAS). However, both units serve under the Pasukan Gerakan Khas and are under the command of a Senior Assistant Commissioner II.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: This special counter-terrorism police team is also involved in some operations within Malaysia, including military operations with Malaysian Army 22nd Commando Regiment Grup Gerak Khas against the Al-Ma'unah organisation formed in Bukit Jenalik, Sauk, Perak. This team also served under the United Nations in Timor Leste and in the search and rescue operation of 700 officers and members of Indonesian National Police BRIMOB (Brigade Mobil) that were lost and trapped during the tsunami incident in Aceh, Indonesia at the end of 2005. This team also cooperated with Criminal Investigation Division to fight against dangerous crimes, such as when the PGK successfully tracked down the notorious 'Gang M16' which comprised several ethnic Chinese criminals, including the group leader who was an ex-serviceman of Singapore, and the leader Gang 13 (Mat Komando), as well as other operations. The motto of VAT 69 is WARISAN DARAH PERWIRA (Literal meaning: "INHERITANCE OF THE BLOOD OF WARRIORS"), while for the UTK it is TANGKAS BANTERAS GANAS (Literal meaning: "QUICK TO OVERCOME TERROR").


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) ("Marine Combat Unit") was established in 2006 and it was fully operational by the end of 2007 with the first name as the "Unit Selam Tempur" due to the pressing need to suppress the pirate attacks alongside the coastal area of Malacca Straits and open sea area of South China Sea which were continuously widespread from time to time despite various efforts done to overcome the problem. The members received special training from the United States after realising the need to form a special unit to secure the national waters and river fronts from any untoward incidents. This unit is placed under formation Marine Police Branch which is based in the Marine Police Base at Kampung Aceh, Sitiawan, Perak and Lahad Datu, Sabah. It has a big role in handling threats from pirates, robbery, kidnapping and hijacking of ships and terrorist attacks in national waters. The 30 members of UNGERIN are trained by instructors from US Navy SEALs and US Coast Guard in Langkawi and Kota Kinabalu and are armed with special weaponry, such as Glock 19, MP5 and Colt M4A1 (possibly supported by the United States) and utilise maritime anti-terrorist tactics employed by the units of United States Navy commandos. For the unit's restructuring, the name of UST was changed to Unit Gempur Marin or UNGERIN in the year 2008. Its eventual goal is to have 200 operators on standby with UNGERIN.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: In the first phase, the 30-personnel strong candidates is to undergo training in Langkawi and Kota Kinabalu, by instructors from Navy SEALs. Besides the basic diving training, they will be trained with other basic training, including tactical warfare, marksmanship, sniping, bomb disposal, direct action, sabotage, counter-terrorism, and intelligence gathering and paramedic training, along with special missions which are normally handled by special forces.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The Federal Reserve Unit () is better known with the abbreviation FRU. Their role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief and rescue, as well as special operations assistance. Established on 5 December 1955, it consisted of only 3 troops then. The FRU played a role in resolving some high-profile riots, including the racial riots of 13 May 1969 and in the combined operations to catch Ibrahim Libya in the Memali Incident of Baling, Kedah which ended with 16 deaths including Ibrahim and 3 police officers.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The FRU is directly under the Inspector-General of Police. This unit is independent and is able to be rapidly deployed.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: As the premiere public order unit of the RMP, the FRU is designed, equipped and specially trained for duties in suppressing and dismissing riots and illegal assemblies. Aside from the stated roles above, the unit is also tasked with the following functions:


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The FRU is led by a Commander, and assisted by a Deputy Commander. They report to the Director of Public Order. They are aided by a few Staff Officers and known as Commanding Headquarters. FRU each in led by one Commanding Officer. Every FRU troops in led by one Troop Officer. FRU training centre presided by a Commandant. Per unit and FRU training centre has a membership to aid the administration and known as group headquarters unit.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: FRU was awarded a pennant flags in year 1971 and further replaced in year 1997. These pennants are given by King of Malaysia as an appreciate charity service and FRU service during a unit establishment for maintain a national public order. During official ceremonies where the FRU affect as a parent body or detachment; such as Guard of Honour, Mess Night of FRU or Parade in conjunction with Police Anniversaries and FRU Anniversaries, FRU banner may be issued and am being marched by directing and IGP approval, Internal Security and Public Order Director or FRU Commander.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: C4-i Implementation System "(abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications, Computer-Integrated)" unit is based at Police Control Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia. This unit is assigned to patrol the city and the suburbs. This unit was first established in Bukit Aman and Kuala Lumpur is the first contingent to implement this system. This unit is equipped with the CCTV system which is installed in different parts of the city and monitored by the Contingent Control Centre and each patrol car is also equipped with C4-i's system connected to a laptop. The C-4i also plays a role in forming Rakan Cops in 2006 to foster closer ties with the civilian community. Since then, the crime rates in major towns have decreased and brought about good reviews on the C4-i's and Rakan Cops implementation.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Problems in Malaysia began in the late 1920s when motorised vehicles began to hover on the road that used to be covered only by bicycle, tricycle, rickshaw and bullock carts. This situation creates a new task for the police forces, which is to maintain and control the traffic. In 1928 and 1929, the traffic branch was established in big cities, which is Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh and Seremban. Singapore, which at that time was part of Strait States have set up traffic branch earlier, which is in 1918. In other cities, the task of controlling the traffic falls on regular general duty policemen.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Because of the increasingly serious traffic problems due to the addition of vehicles, the traffic branch was set up in each state and other big cities gradually. In 1976, the central traffic branch was set up at the Bukit Aman. It is responsible for reviewing, designing and conducting research on traffic branch enforcement, training, engineering, records management and traffic law. In 2016, Traffic Branch was officially independent from Internal Security and Public Order Department.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Mounted Police Unit was formed in 1882 by Captain R.S.F Walker when he was appointed as Deputy Commissioner of Perak Police. At the beginning of its formation, this unit has been given the responsibility to eliminate the rampant robbers in Segenting Kamunting, Perak. In 1915, this unit expanded its role as a Personal Guard to DYMM Sultan of Perak. Members of the Mounted Police Unit at that time consisted of those seconded from the Malay States Guides Force.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: The Marine Operations Force or is the Marine Police division tasked with maintaining law and order and co-ordinating search and rescue operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas. Its responsibility was to maintain security at the parts in Penang and the Straits of Johor. On 6 February 2009, the name of Malaysian Marine Police was changed and known as Pasukan Gerakan Marin "(English: Marine Operations Force)." The rename of the organisation was launched by the Minister of Home Affair, Dato' Seri Syed Hamid Albar at PULAMAR (Abbreviation of "Pusat Latihan Marin" or "Marine Police Training Centre"), Tampoi, Johor Bahru and witness by Tan Sri Musa Hassan, the Inspector General of Police and all senior police officers and the media.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: It operates from five regional bases around the peninsula and East Malaysia. Each of these regional bases are organised similarly to the Neighbourhood Police Centres of the land divisions, and conduct patrols within their maritime sectors. The PGM conducts round-the-clock patrols in Malaysian territorial waters from its five regional bases, in an area of more than 142, 393 km and 450, 233 km for EEZ as well as 4490 km for the coastlines. It is also responsible for maintaining law and order on most of Malaysia's islands. The PGM use 15 PZ class patrol boats, 33 PX class, 68 PA/PT/PC/PLC and 4 PSC/PGR/PAR class patrol boats. The branch have five main bases, 11 small bases and 24 forward bases.


title: Royal Malaysia Police

text: Royal Malaysia Police Air Operations Force or "Pasukan Gerakan Udara (PGU)" is a special aviation unit of Royal Malaysia Police. It has a vital role in maintaining national security with thorough surveillance and patrol from the air. Established on 1 February 1979. The commander of the unit was known as Air Wing Chief initially. Started police operations with 4 Cessna CU 206G officially on 7 April 1980 with operations focused in Peninsula of Malaysia. Now, PGU owns 10 helicopters AS355 F2 and N series, 6 CE 208 Caravan, 5 Pilatus PC-6 Porter, 4 Cessna 172Sp, and 5 Beechcraft KingAir 350 (KingAir 350 is an advanced aircraft with latest Proline-21 avionics system). Police Air Unit has 4 bases in Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (Subang Airport), PLUUP (Ipoh Airport), Sarawak Base (Kuching International Airport) and Sabah Base (Kota Kinabalu International Airport).