The 2020 United States presidential election in Illinois was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Illinois voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, incumbent President Donald Trump of Florida, and his running mate, Vice President Mike Pence of Indiana, against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden of Delaware, and his running mate, Senator Kamala Harris of California. Illinois has 20 votes in the Electoral College. Prior to the 2020 election, all news organizations predicted Illinois was a state that Biden would win, or otherwise considered a safe blue state.


title: 2020 United States presidential election in Illinois

text: Biden carried the Prairie State, winning 57.54% of the vote to Trump's 40.55%, winning by roughly the same 17-point margin by which Hillary Clinton carried the state in 2016. Libertarian nominee Jo Jorgensen, a native of Grayslake, won 1.1% of the state's vote, with other minor candidates winning less than 1%. Biden's win in Illinois was largely the result of a lopsided 74.3% victory in Cook County, the state's most populous county and the home of Chicago. Per exit polls by the Associated Press, Biden's strength came from a coalition of key Democratic constituencies: he garnered 92% of votes from Blacks; 68% from Latinos, including 67% of Latinos of Mexican heritage; 53% from union households; and 50% of Whites. Biden flipped McLean County (Bloomington-Normal) and Kendall County (in the Chicago metropolitan area), both of which had voted for Barack Obama in 2008, but then for Mitt Romney in 2012 and Trump in 2016. Biden became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 to be elected president without winning formerly Democratic leaning Alexander County, solidifying its rural shift towards Republicans in elections; he also became the first to do so without carrying Fulton, Henderson, Henry, Knox, Mercer, Putnam, Warren, or Whiteside Counties since Jimmy Carter in 1976, as well as the first to do so without carrying Jo Daviess or Carroll Counties since Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996, respectively.


text: Illinois was one of five states in the nation in which Biden's victory margin was larger than 1 million raw votes, the others being California, Maryland, Massachusetts and New York.


text: Illinois held its primary elections as scheduled, despite concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Election officials in Illinois acknowledged that they believed turnout was unusually low.


text: In the state-run primaries (Democratic and Republican), turnout was 28.36%, with 2,279,439 votes cast. The 28.36% turnout marked an 18.2 percentage point decrease from the turnout in the 2016 state-run presidential primaries, but a similar turnout to the 2000, 2004, and 2012 presidential primaries.


text: The state-run primary elections for the Democratic and Republican parties were held on March 17, 2020. The Green Party had organized its own primary on March 14, 2020.


text: The 2020 Illinois Democratic presidential primary was held on March 17, 2020, as one of the Democratic Party's state primaries ahead of the 2020 presidential election. Major candidates included Joe Biden and Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont.


text: The 2020 Illinois Republican presidential primary was held on March 17, 2020, in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Republican Party's state primaries ahead of the 2020 presidential election.


text: Incumbent president Donald Trump won the primary with over 96 percent of the vote. Joe Walsh, a former member of the House of Representatives from Illinois, announced the launch of his campaign in August 2019 and dropped out in February 2020. Rocky De La Fuente, a businessman from California, also challenged Trump, achieving 4% of the vote. Richard Mayers, a 2016 Green Party candidate, was a write-in candidate here.


text: The 2020 Illinois Green Party presidential primary was held from March 14, 2020, in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Green Party's state primaries ahead of the 2020 presidential election. It was run by the Green Party of Illinois.


text: The election was not close with Biden winning by a nearly 17-point margin. Biden only won 14 of the state's 102 counties; however, those 14 counties account for more than half the state's total electorate. Key to Biden's landslide victory was heavily populated Cook County, home of Chicago, which he won with over 74% of the vote. Biden also did well in the suburban (collar) counties of Chicago, winning all of them easily except for McHenry County. Biden also did well in St. Clair County, home of East St. Louis. Biden also managed to flip two counties, Kendall County and McLean County. Biden also made history by earning the most votes ever cast in an Illinois presidential election. Biden received 3,471,915 votes. This is more than then-Senator Obama in 2008 when he received 3,419,348, but less than Senator Dick Durbin's 3,615,844 votes in the 2008 Senate race.


text: On December 14, Illinois's 20 electors met in the Illinois State Capitol to cast their votes for Biden and Harris formally.


title: Brain in a vat

text: In philosophy, the brain in a vat (BIV) is a scenario used in a variety of thought experiments intended to draw out certain features of human conceptions of knowledge, reality, truth, mind, consciousness, and meaning. It is a modern incarnation of René Descartes's evil demon thought experiment, originated by Gilbert Harman. Found in many science fiction stories, it outlines a scenario in which a mad scientist, machine, or other entity might remove a person's brain from the body, suspend it in a vat of life-sustaining liquid, and connect its neurons by wires to a supercomputer that would provide it with electrical impulses identical to those a brain normally receives. According to such stories, the computer would then be simulating reality (including appropriate responses to the brain's own output) and the "disembodied" brain would continue to have perfectly normal conscious experiences, such as those of a person with an embodied brain, without these being related to objects or events in the real world.


title: Brain in a vat

text: The simplest use of brain-in-a-vat scenarios is as an argument for philosophical skepticism and solipsism. A simple version of this runs as follows: since the brain in a vat gives and receives exactly the same impulses as it would if it were in a skull, and since these are its only way of interacting with its environment, then it is not possible to tell, "from the perspective of that brain", whether it is in a skull or a vat. Yet in the first case, most of the person's beliefs may be true (if they believe, say, that they are walking down the street, or eating ice-cream); in the latter case, their beliefs are false. Since the argument says if one cannot know whether one is a brain in a vat, then one cannot know whether most of one's beliefs might be completely false. Since, in principle, it is impossible to rule out oneself being a brain in a vat, there cannot be good grounds for believing any of the things one believes; a skeptical argument would contend that one certainly cannot "know" them, raising issues with the definition of knowledge. Other philosophers have drawn upon sensation and its relationship to meaning in order to question whether brains in vats are really deceived at all, thus raising wider questions concerning perception, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language.


title: Brain in a vat

text: The brain-in-a-vat is a contemporary version of the argument given in Hindu Maya illusion, Plato's Allegory of the Cave, Zhuangzi's "Zhuangzi dreamed he was a butterfly", and the evil demon in René Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy".


title: Brain in a vat

text: Recently, many contemporary philosophers believe that virtual reality will seriously affect human autonomy as a form of brain in a vat. But another view is that VR will not destroy our cognitive structure or take away our connection with reality. On the contrary, VR will allow us to have more new propositions, new insights and new perspectives to see the world.


title: Brain in a vat

text: While the disembodied brain (the brain in a vat) can be seen as a helpful thought experiment, there are several philosophical debates surrounding the plausibility of the thought experiment. If these debates conclude that the thought experiment is implausible, a possible consequence would be that we are no closer to knowledge, truth, consciousness, representation, etc. than we were prior to the experiment.


title: Brain in a vat

text: One argument against the BIV thought experiment derives from the idea that the BIV is not – and cannot be – biologically similar to that of an embodied brain (that is, a brain found in a person). Since the BIV is "dis" embodied, it follows that it does not have similar biology to that of an embodied brain. That is, the BIV lacks the connections from the body to the brain, which renders the BIV neither neuroanatomically nor neurophysiologically similar to that of an embodied brain. If this is the case, we cannot say that it is even possible for the BIV to have similar experiences to the embodied brain, since the brains are not equal. However, it could be counter-argued that the hypothetical machine could be made to also replicate those types of inputs.


title: Brain in a vat

text: A second argument deals directly with the stimuli coming into the brain. This is often referred to as the account from externalism or ultra-externalism. In the BIV, the brain receives stimuli from a machine. In an embodied brain, however, the brain receives the stimuli from the sensors found in the body (via touching, tasting, smelling, etc.) which receive their input from the external environment. This argument oftentimes leads to the conclusion that there is a difference between what the BIV is representing and what the embodied brain is representing. This debate has been hashed out, but remains unresolved, by several philosophers including Uriah Kriegel, Colin McGinn, and Robert D. Rupert, and has ramifications for philosophy of mind discussions on (but not limited to) representation, consciousness, content, cognition, and embodied cognition.


title: Brain in a vat

text: A third argument against BIV comes from a direction of incoherence, which was presented by the philosopher Hilary Putnam. He attempts to demonstrate this through the usage of a transcendental argument, in which he tries to illustrate that the thought experiment's incoherence lies on the basis that it is self-refuting. To do this, Putnam first established a relationship that he refers to as a "causal connection" which is sometimes referred to as "a causal constraint". This relationship is further defined, through a theory of reference that suggested reference can not be assumed, and words are not automatically intrinsically connected with what it represents. This theory of reference would later become known as semantic externalism. This concept is further illustrated when Putnam establishes a scenario in which a monkey types out Hamlet by chance; however, this does not mean that the monkey is referring to the play due to the fact that the monkey has no knowledge of Hamlet and therefore can not refer back to it. He then offers the "Twin Earth" example to demonstrate that two identical individuals, one on our earth and another on a "twin earth", may possess the exact same mental state and thoughts, yet refer to two different things. For instance, when we think of cats, the referent of our thoughts would be the cats that we find here on earth. However, our twins on twin earth, though possessing the same thoughts, would instead be referring not to our cats, but to twin earth's cats. Bearing this in mind, he writes that a "pure" brain in a vat, i.e., one that has never existed outside of the simulation, could not even truthfully say that it was a brain in a vat. This is because the BIV, when it says "brain" and "vat", can only refer to objects within the simulation, not to things outside the simulation it does not have a relationship with. Putnam refers to this relationship as a "causal connection" which is sometimes referred to as "a causal constraint". Therefore, what it says is demonstrably false. Alternatively, if the speaker is not actually a BIV, then the statement is also false. He concludes, then, that the statement "I'm a BIV" is necessarily false and self-refuting. This argument has been explored at length in philosophical literature since its publication. One counter-argument says that, even assuming Putnam's reference theory, a brain on our earth that is "kidnapped", placed into a vat, and subjected to a simulation could still refer to "real" brains and vats, and thus correctly say it is a brain in a vat. However, the notion that the "pure" BIV is incorrect and the reference theory underpinning it remains influential in the philosophy of mind, language and metaphysics.


title: Brain in a vat

text: An issue that has arisen with Putnam's argument is that even if the premises he laid out is assumed to be true, the only proven fact is that when a brain in a vat states 'I am a BIV' it would be false due to the causal theory of reference. This does not necessarily provide proof that we are not brains in vats, rather it is an argument that is primarily focused on externalist semantics. In order to combat this issue, various philosophers have taken on the task of reconstructing Putnam's argument. Some philosophers like Anthony L. Brueckner and Crispin Wright have taken on approaches that utilize disquotational principles. While others like Ted A. Warfield have taken on approaches that focus on the concepts of self-knowledge and priori.


title: Brain in a vat

text: One of the earliest but influential reconstructions of Putnam's transcendental argument was suggested by Anthony L. Brueckner. Brueckner's reconstruction is as follows: "(1) Either I am a BIV (speaking vat-English) or I am a non-BIV (speak- ing English). (2) If I am a BIV (speaking vat-English), then my utterances of 'I am a BIV' are true if I have sense impressions as of being a BIV. (3) If I am a BIV (speaking vat-English), then I do not have sense impressions as of being a BIV. (4) If I am a BIV (speaking vat-English), then my utterances of 'I am a BIV' are false. [(2), (3)] (5) If I am a non-BIV (speaking English), then my utterances of 'I am a BIV' are true if I am a BIV. (6) If I am a non-BIV (speaking English), then my utterances of 'I am a BIV' are false. [(5)] (7) My utterances of 'I am a BIV' are false. [(1), (4), (6)]" A key thing to note is that although these premises further define Putnam's argument, it does not in fact prove ' I am not a BIV', due to the fact that although the premises do lay out the idea that 'I am a BIV' is false, it does not necessarily provide any basis on which false statement the speaker is making. There is no differentiation between the BIV making the statement versus a non-BIV making the statement. Therefore, Brueckner further strengthens his argument by adding a disquotational principle of "My utterances of ‘I am not a BIV’ are true if I am not a BIV."


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: The Jervis Bay Territory (; JBT) is an internal territory of Australia. It was established in 1915 from part of New South Wales (NSW), in order to give the landlocked Australian Capital Territory (ACT) access to the sea.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: It was administered by the Department of the Interior (and later by the Department of the Capital Territory) as if it were part of the ACT, although it has always been a separate Commonwealth territory. The perception that it is part of the ACT stems from the fact that under the terms of the Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915, the laws of the ACT apply to the Jervis Bay Territory.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: In 1989, when the ACT achieved self-government, the Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories took over responsibility for the JBT's administration; it has since been administered by various Commonwealth departments responsible for territories.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: Booderee, the name of the national park that covers the majority of the Jervis Bay Territory, means 'bay of plenty' or 'plenty of fish' in the local Aboriginal language. The Yuin people have a strong and continuing connection to the Jervis Bay area. It was decided in December 2016 to apply for Native Title, to recognise the long and ongoing connection.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: The bay was sighted by Lieutenant James Cook aboard on 25 April 1770 (two days after Saint George's Day) and he named the southern headland Cape St George.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: In August 1791, the bay was entered and named by Lieutenant Richard Bowen aboard the convict transport ship "Atlantic" of the Third Fleet in honour of Admiral John Jervis, under whom he had served. In November 1791 Master Matthew Weatherhead aboard the entered the bay to undertake repairs.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: John Oxley, an English explorer and surveyor, travelled from Sydney by sea to explore the bay in 1819.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: During the negotiations that led to Federation, three major agreements were reached regarding proposed federal territories, including (in particular) the capital city of the proposed federation. Firstly, it was decided that a new, purpose-built city, located within the borders of New South Wales (NSW), should become the federal capital.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: Secondly, to allay fears that such a location would give NSW too much influence on federal politics, it was also agreed that an area including the new city would be exclaved from NSW – to become a small, separate federal territory. Thirdly, it was also considered desirable, at the time, that the responsibilities and powers of the federal government should include direct control of, and jurisdiction over, at least one port and, therefore, an area of coastline.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: Although the site of the capital city was not decided until 1908, most of the proposed sites were relatively long distances from the sea; hence it was also acknowledged (if only implicitly) that the capital and the port would be in separate, non-contiguous areas. In other words, it would have been onerous and unreasonable for NSW to have surrendered a single, contiguous area large enough to accommodate both port and capital. It was decided subsequently that Jervis Bay was the most practical location for a federally-controlled port. Ownership of Crown land in the area was transferred from the New South Wales government to the federal government in 1909 (at the same time that ownership of the site of Canberra and the surrounding area was also relinquished by NSW).


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: In 1915, jurisdiction over the Jervis Bay Territory was also transferred from NSW to the Commonwealth. To reduce the practical difficulties presented by the physical separation of the two territories, although this was never implemented.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: At the , 391 people lived in the territory, the majority working and living at the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) base HMAS "Creswell".


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: The area of land and water owned by the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council in the JBT is approximately , which is about 90% of the land. The remaining land in the JBT is managed by the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities. There is an Aboriginal community at Wreck Bay Village in Booderee National Park. That Council not only holds the majority of land in the Territory, it exercises certain governance and representation functions for its community under the Aboriginal Land Grant (Jervis Bay Territory) Act 1986


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: The Jervis Bay Territory is administered by the federal Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities. However, it is counted as part of the ACT for the purpose of the ACT's representation in the Senate; it forms part of the Division of Fenner for House of Representatives purposes.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: For most purposes, the territory is governed under the laws of the Australian Capital Territory, by the Jervis Bay Administration, which handles matters normally concerned with local or state government. It also provides primary school teachers and Australian Federal Police staffing. Residents have access to the courts of the ACT, but are not separately represented in the ACT Legislative Assembly. Although they are subject to ACT law and some services are contracted by the Australian Government to nearby (New South Wales) councils, Jervis Bay Territory residents have no voting rights at ACT Assembly or NSW local elections. They do however have access to the decision-making process through community organisations. Further, Aboriginal persons who are registered members of the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council have voting rights both at meetings of the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council, and to elect the executive of that Council.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: Section 61 of the Defence Force Discipline Act (DFDA) makes all Australian Defence Force members and "Defence Civilians" subject to the criminal laws of the Jervis Bay Territory regardless of where the offence occurred. This is a legal mechanism that makes Defence personnel subject to the "Crimes Act 1914" (Cth), the "Criminal Code Act 1995" (Cth) and offences against the criminal law of the ACT, as military law, even if the offence is committed elsewhere outside Australia.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: The Commonwealth contracts the ACT government to provide various services like courts, education and welfare, the Government of New South Wales for rural fire services and community health, Shoalhaven City Council for waste collection and library services, and commercial providers for electricity and water supplies.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: Having of land and marine reserve, Jervis Bay Territory is the smallest of all the mainland states and territories of Australia. Jervis Bay is a natural harbour north to south and east to west, opening to the east onto the Pacific Ocean. The bay is situated about south of the city of Sydney, on the southern coast of New South Wales. The nearest city is Nowra, about on the Shoalhaven River to the north. The majority of Jervis Bay embayment is part of Jervis Bay Marine Park (NSW State) but the waters within JB Territory are part of Booderee National Park (Commonwealth). Booderee National Park was formerly known as Jervis Bay National Park (Commonwealth).


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: A wide variety of flora and fauna are native to the Booderee ("Aboriginal: bay of plenty") National Park with approximately 206 species of birds, 27 species of mammals, 15 species of amphibians, 23 species of reptiles and 180 species of fish native to the area. The park itself encompasses approximately 90% of the territory of Jervis Bay and covers the overlap between Australia's northern and southern climatic zones. Ancient sand dunes overlay the sedimentary bedrock formations formed from upheaval of the surrounding marine environment 280–225 million years ago.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: There are three small lakes within the territory: Lake Windermere, the largest, with an area of , Lake Mckenzie, , as well as Blacks Waterhole .


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: Bowen Island, at the entrance to the bay north of Governors Head, is in area. It has rookeries for the little penguin "Eudyptula minor".


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: There are two villages in the Jervis Bay Territory. They are both covered by postcode 2540. Listed from north to south, they are:


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: There are four private leasehold properties in the Jervis Bay Territory, within but not part of Booderee National Park.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: Among these leasehold properties is the historical, heritage-listed Christian's Minde settlement, which was founded in 1880 by the Ellmoos family from Denmark. Christian's Minde was the first guesthouse on the NSW south coast between Port Hacking and Twofold Bay. The properties Christian's Minde, Kullindi and Ellmoos have been consistently inhabited and looked after by descendants and relatives of the first settlers. Many members of the family are buried in a cemetery on a hill, surrounded by dense bush near the settlement.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: Within the Booderee National Park is HMAS Creswell, the Royal Australian Navy College named after Sir William Rooke Creswell, the Director of the Commonwealth Naval Forces which later became the RAN. The Jervis Bay Airfield is adjacent, operated by the RAN to support its BAE Systems Kalkara (Storm Petrel) pilotless target aircraft. Kalkaras are launched from the airfield and later recovered by parachute into the water and thence by boats maintained at HMAS "Creswell", after target-towing exercises off the coast with ships or aircraft. Control equipment is sited at Bherwerre Ridge overlooking the sea to the east.


title: Jervis Bay Territory

text: The territory was once the proposed location for a nuclear power plant. The project, which was to be on the south east corner of the Bay near Murray's Beach, was cancelled in 1971. This was after preparatory excavation and levelling had been done and an access road constructed between the site and the territory border. The levelled area is now the car park for Murray's Beach and its adjacent boat ramp.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The Voice Kids is a German reality talent show created by John de Mol and a junior version of "The Voice of Germany". Based on the original "The Voice Kids of Holland", the show was developed for children between the ages of 7 and 15. It began airing on Sat.1 on April 5, 2013.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: There are five different stages to the show: producers' auditions, blind auditions, battle rounds, sing-offs, and final. There have been ten winners to date: Michèle Bircher (12), Danyiom Mesmer (14), Noah-Levi Korth (13), Lukas Janisch (13), Sofie Thomas (11), Anisa Celik (10), Mimi & Josefin (13 & 15), Lisa-Marie Ramm (15), Egon Werler (15), and Georgia Balke (11).


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: Since its inaugural season, Thore Schölermann has served as host. A second main presenter was introduced in 2015, with Chantal Janzen from 2015 to 2016, Debbie Schippers from 2017 to 2018 and Melissa Khalaj from 2019 onward. Aline von Drateln was a backstage presenter in 2013 and was replaced by Nela Lee in 2014. The coaches for the most recent season were Lena Meyer-Landrut, Álvaro Soler, Wincent Weiss and the duo Michi Beck & Smudo. Other coaches from previous seasons include Stefanie Kloß, Henning Wehland, Tim Bendzko, Johannes Strate, Mark Forster, Sasha Schmitz, the duo Nena & Larissa Kerner, Max Giesinger, the duo The BossHoss and from the band , & .


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: On 25 October 2012, Sat1 announced that they will produce the a children's version of "The Voice of Germany" with Talpa and Schwartzkopff TV Productions. The new show, "The Voice Kids", is based on the format of the original show and focuses on children between the ages of 8 and 15. Performers for the first season had to apply to participate, and about 70 children were cast for the first phase, the "Blind Auditions". The children are onstage with a large, curved curtain around them, effectively concealing their identity from the judges, audience, and viewers. The 3 jury members are sitting in swivel chairs with their backs to the stage. During the performance, they can elect to support a candidate by pressing a buzzer, which will automatically turn their seat towards the stage. At the end of their performance, the curtain drops, revealing the singer who then learns whether any chairs turned for them. If only one judge turns their chair, the candidate is automatically on their team. If more than one chair turns, the candidate chooses who they would like to have as their coach.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The second week of the competition is training week in which the coaches prepare their candidates for the second phase of competition, called the "Battle Round." In the Battle Round three candidates of the same coaching group are chosen to sing the same song as a trio. Each coach then picks one of their three candidates to continue on to the Final round. Starting on Season 9, coaches can steal one losing artist from the battle rounds via "Steal Deal." Also, in the same season, the coaches can send an artist directly to the final via "Fast Pass."


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The winner of "The Voice Kids" receives a training stipend of €15,000 and an optional recording contract. The parents of the victor decide whether they pursue this option or not.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: "The Voice Kids Germany" is the most internationally popular version of "The Voice" concept with a large YouTube audience for its clips with strong audience interest that stretches far beyond fellow Europeans from Brazil to Vietnam, the Philippines and New Zealand. This is in part due to the fact that the contestants often have a multicultural background with one German parent and one immigrant parent or are first generation German born to an immigrant family. This YouTube impact is exemplified by then-13-year-old performer Laura Kamhuber, born in Austria, whose performance of Dolly Parton's classic "I Will Always Love You" (popularized by Whitney Houston) in the blind audition of the first (2013) series has garnered over 200 million views on YouTube (as of April 17), and is the most watched YouTube video by an Austrian artist. However, the channel deleted that video and re-uploaded in July 2021.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The first season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on 5 April 2013 and ended on 10 May on Sat.1. The coaches were Tim Bendzko, Lena Meyer-Landrut and Henning Wehland. The inaugural season was hosted by Thore Schölermann. The winner was Swiss-born Michèle Bircher from Team Henning Wehland.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The second season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on 21 March 2014 and ended on 9 May on Sat.1. Lena Meyer-Landrut and Henning Wehland returned for their second season as coaches. Johannes Strate completed the panel, replacing Tim Bendzko. Thore Schölermann returned for his second season as host. The winner was Danyiom Mesmer from Team Henning Wehland.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The third season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on 27 February 2015 and ended on 24 April on Sat.1. Lena Meyer-Landrut returned for her third season as coach, and Johannes Strate returned for his second season as coach. Mark Forster completed the panel, replacing Henning Wehland. Thore Schölermann returned for his third season as host. The winner was Noah-Levi Korth from team Lena Meyer-Landrut.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The fourth season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on 5 February 2016 and ended on 25 March on Sat.1. Lena Meyer-Landrut returned for her fourth season as coach, and Mark Forster returned for his second season as coach. Sasha Schmitz completed the panel, replacing Johannes Strate. Thore Schölermann returned for his fourth season as host. The winner was Lukas Janisch from team Mark Forster.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The fifth season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on 5 February 2017 and ended on 26 March on Sat.1. Mark Forster returned for his third season as coach, and Sasha Schmitz returned for his second season as coach. Former coach from the adult version, Nena and her daughter Larissa Kerner completed the panel as a duo coach replacing Lena Meyer-Landrut. Thore Schölermann returned for his fifth season as host. The winner was Sofie Thomas from team Nena & Larissa.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The sixth season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on 11 February 2018 and ended on 15 April on Sat.1. Mark Forster returned for his fourth season as coach, while Nena & Larissa Kerner returned for their second season as coaches. "The Voice of Germany" season 1 finalist Max Giesinger joined the panel as a new coach replacing Sascha Schmitz. Thore Schölermann returned for his sixth season as host. The winner was Anisa Celik from team Mark Forster.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The seventh season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on 17 February 2019 on Sat.1. For the first time in the show's history, the coaching panel would consist of four coaches instead of three. Mark Forster was joined by Lena Meyer-Landrut who returned after two seasons of absence, with Stefanie Kloss and The BossHoss joining as new coaches. This is also the first season wherein there are two female coaches in the panel. Thore Schölermann returned for his seventh season as host, with Melissa Khalaj as the new host replacing Debbie Schippers. Iggy Kelly joined as new Backstage-Online. The winners were sisters Mimi & Josefin from Team The BossHoss.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The eighth season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on February 23, 2020 on Sat.1. Lena Meyer-Landrut was joined by Max Giesinger, who last coached in the sixth season, Sasha Schmitz, who last coached two seasons prior, and with the new duo coach & (Deine Freunde). Thore Schölermann returned for his eighth season and Melissa Khalaj returned for her second season as hosts. However, the backstage moderators were new: Last year's winners, the sibling duo Mimi & Josefin, returned to the music show in this function. The winner was Lisa-Marie Ramm from Team Sasha. The live shows were filmed at an empty auditorium following Germany's COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The ninth season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on February 27, 2021 on Sat.1. On November 15, 2020, it was announced that Stefanie Kloss would return for her second season of the series, after one season hiatus. Kloss was joined by former "The Voice of Germany" duo coach Michi & Smudo, and by debutants Álvaro Soler and Wincent Weiss. Hosting, Thore Schölermann returned for his ninth season and Melissa Khalaj returned for her third season. The backstage host for the ninth season was Keanu Rapp, who was as a participant in the third season.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: The tenth season of The Voice Kids in Germany premiered on March 4, 2022 on Sat.1. On October 31, 2021, it was announced that duo coach Michi & Smudo, Álvaro Soler and Wincent Weiss would all return for their second respective seasons, alongside Lena Meyer-Landrut who returned after a one season hiatus. Hosting, Thore Schölermann returned for his tenth season and Melissa Khalaj returned for her fourth season. Keanu Rapp returned as backstage host for the tenth season, alongside season nine winner Egon Werler.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: This season featured "All-Star" performances during the audition phase, including Mike Singer (S1), Chiara Castelli (S2), LOI (S5), and Benicio Bryant (S6). Past coaches Henning and Max appeared as well during the performances of Chiara and Benicio respectively.


title: The Voice Kids (German TV series)

text: This season was also known for multiple concerns resulting in additional quarantines. During the battles phase, coach Lena was only able to prepare via videochat, while coaches Smudo and Alvaro had to appear during the battles themselves via video. Alongside this, a multitude of contestants were unable to participate in the battles due to quarantine, including 2 members of De Breaks, Georgia, Lisa of Lisa & Lucy, Liv, Maiara, and Nina. Georgia, Liv, Maiara and Nina participated in a "Community Ticket" where one would get voted by the public to the finals (won by Georgia), while De Breaks and Lucy had to partake in battles without their remaining group members (where both acts lost their battles). De Breaks and Lisa & Lucy would later perform as full groups during the finals as guests.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: Waterborne diseases are conditions (meaning adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders) caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted in water. These diseases can be spread while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food exposed to contaminated water. They are a pressing issue in rural areas amongst developing countries all over the world. While diarrhea and vomiting are the most commonly reported symptoms of waterborne illness, other symptoms can include skin, ear, respiratory, or eye problems. Lack of clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are major causes for the spread of waterborne diseases in a community. Therefore, reliable access to clean drinking water and sanitation is the main method to prevent waterborne diseases.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: Microorganisms causing diseases that characteristically are waterborne prominently include protozoa and bacteria, many of which are intestinal parasites, or invade the tissues or circulatory system through walls of the digestive tract. Various other waterborne diseases are caused by viruses.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: Yet other important classes of waterborne diseases are caused by metazoan parasites. Typical examples include certain Nematoda, that is to say "roundworms". As an example of waterborne Nematode infections, one important waterborne nematode disease is Dracunculiasis. It is acquired by swallowing water in which certain copepoda occur that act as vectors for the Nematoda. Anyone swallowing a copepod that happens to be infected with Nematode larvae in the genus Dracunculus, becomes liable to infection. The larvae cause guinea worm disease.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: Another class of waterborne metazoan pathogens are certain members of the Schistosomatidae, a family of blood flukes. They usually infect people that make skin contact with the water. Blood flukes are pathogens that cause Schistosomiasis of various forms, more or less seriously affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: The term waterborne disease is reserved largely for infections that predominantly are transmitted through contact with or consumption of microbially polluted water. Many infections may be transmitted by microbes or parasites that accidentally, possibly as a result of exceptional circumstances, have entered the water. However, the fact that there might be an occasional infection need not mean that it is useful to categorize the resulting disease as "waterborne". Nor is it common practice to refer to diseases such as malaria as "waterborne" just because mosquitoes have aquatic phases in their life cycles, or because treating the water they inhabit happens to be an effective strategy in control of the mosquitoes that are the vectors.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: A related term is "water-related disease" which is defined as "any significant or widespread adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders, caused directly or indirectly by the condition, or changes in the quantity or quality of any water". Water-related diseases are grouped according to their transmission mechanism: water borne, water hygiene, water based, water related. The main transmission mode for waterborne diseases is ingestion of contaminated water.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: Lack of clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are major causes for the spread of waterborne diseases in a community. The fecal–oral route is a disease transmission pathway for waterborne diseases. Poverty also increases the risk of communities to be affected by waterborne diseases. For example, the economic level of a community impacts their ability to have access to clean water. Less developed countries might be more at risk for potential outbreaks of waterborne diseases but more developed regions also are at risk to waterborne disease outbreaks.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: Reliable access to clean drinking water and sanitation is the main method to prevent waterborne diseases. The aim is to break the fecal–oral route of disease transmission.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: According to the World Health Organization, waterborne diseases account for an estimated 3.6% of the total DALY (disability- adjusted life year) global burden of disease, and cause about 1.5 million human deaths annually. The World Health Organization estimates that 58% of that burden, or 842,000 deaths per year, is attributable to a lack of safe drinking water supply, sanitation and hygiene (summarized as WASH).


title: Waterborne diseases

text: The Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) is the principal database used to identify the causative agents, deficiencies, water systems, and sources associated with waterborne disease and outbreaks in the United States. Since 1971, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have maintained this surveillance system for collecting and reporting data on "waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water, drinking water, environmental, and undetermined exposures to water." "Data from WBDOSS have supported EPA efforts to develop drinking water regulations and have provided guidance for CDC's recreational water activities."


title: Waterborne diseases

text: WBDOSS relies on complete and accurate data from public health departments in individual states, territories, and other U.S. jurisdictions regarding waterborne disease and outbreak activity. In 2009, reporting to the WBDOSS transitioned from a paper form to the electronic National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS). Annual or biennial surveillance reports of the data collected by the WBDOSS have been published in CDC reports from 1971 to 1984; since 1985, surveillance data have been published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).


title: Waterborne diseases

text: WBDOSS and the public health community work together to look into the causes of contaminated water leading to waterborne disease outbreaks and maintaining those outbreaks. They do so by having the public health community investigating the outbreaks and WBDOSS receiving the reports.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: Waterborne diseases can have a significant impact on the economy. People who are infected by a waterborne disease are usually confronted with related healthcare costs. This is especially the case in developing countries. On average, a family spends about 10% of the monthly households income per person infected.


title: Waterborne diseases

text: Waterborne diseases were once wrongly explained by the miasma theory, the theory that bad air causes the spread of diseases. However, people started to find a correlation between water quality and waterborne diseases, which led to different water purification methods, such as sand filtering and chlorinating their drinking water. Founders of microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, used the newly invented microscope to observe for the first time small material particles that were suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens and waterborne diseases.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: La Femme Nikita (, literally "The Woman Nikita"; called Nikita in Canada) is a Canadian action-drama television series based on the French film "Nikita" by Luc Besson. The series was co-produced by Jay Firestone of Fireworks Entertainment and Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution. It was adapted for television by Joel Surnow. The series was telecast in the United States on the USA Network cable channel on January 13, 1997, and ran for five seasons until March 4, 2001. The series was also aired in Canada on the over-the-air CTV Television Network. "La Femme Nikita" was the highest-rated drama on American basic cable during its first two seasons. It was also distributed in some other countries.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: In the original Luc Besson film (and in the American remake "Point of No Return" (also released as "The Assassin"), also released by Warner Bros.), Nikita is a drug-addicted juvenile delinquent who kills a police officer in cold blood during an attempted robbery of a pharmacy. She is later arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in "Nikita", and to death by lethal injection in "Point of No Return", upon which she was secretly drugged by the government, faking her death. Nikita is then "recruited" by a secret government organization and transformed into a highly skilled assassin who cannot be traced.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: The television series differs from the film versions in one fundamental aspect: Nikita (Peta Wilson) is innocent. She is not a killer, nor a drug user, just a homeless young woman in the wrong place at the wrong time. Section One—an elite, top-secret counter-terrorism organization—sets Nikita up to be accused of murdering a police officer and sentenced to life in prison where she supposedly commits suicide and is brought into Section One. Because Nikita will be killed (or "cancelled") if she fails to comply, she is forced to carry out the organization's ruthless methods of fighting terrorism, while attempting to keep her moral integrity intact. This personal struggle becomes the primary conflict of the series. A key scene in the two theatrical films involves Nikita's first assignment—to murder a VIP in a crowded restaurant. Although the Nikita of the television series eventually does become, by necessity, a ruthless killer, in the television version of this first mission she avoids killing the VIP (whereas the film versions of the character completes the assignment). However, despite the machinations of others in power around her, Nikita retains her compassion and humanity.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Over time, Nikita's secretive and risky romantic involvement with her trainer, the mysterious Michael Samuelle (Roy Dupuis), will become another source of conflict, and the series' most significant relationship. Just before the conclusion of the series, Nikita also learns the truth of why she was recruited into Section One.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Falsely accused of killing a police officer, Nikita is sentenced to life in prison. Soon afterward, she is recruited into Section One when the organization fakes her suicide. As the only truly innocent recruit into Section, her compassion and sympathy constantly conflicts with the often ruthless orders she is given. After spending two years being trained by Michael, Nikita learns to use her beauty as a weapon and becomes an expert in martial arts and ordnance. Initially reluctant to kill (she uses creative measures to avoid having to commit a murder during her first mission), she eventually becomes more efficient at doing so. As field operative level 2, she is used in a wide variety of capacities, from "valentine operative" to assassin, despite her moral qualms, but manages to hold on to her humanity while working for the organization. Eventually, she and Michael become romantically involved, a development that threatens not only their standing in Section One, but their very lives. Their relationship is seen as a threat by Operations and Madeline, and they use a mind-altering method on Nikita to rid her of all emotions. Michael manages to reverse the process, but Nikita's performance takes a more professional tone. In the 5th season, Nikita works directly for Center and evaluates all Section One personnel. Nikita discovers the real reason she was taken into Section One — her father was Mr Jones, the head of Center, the organization that controls Section One. Mr Jones' plan was to make Nikita take over as head of Section One and eventually Center. In the series finale, Mr Jones sacrifices himself to achieve these goals.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Blank-faced, often emotionless and coldly efficient, Michael Samuelle is a former radical student activist whose protest group sparked the Paris Riots of 1984. Not long after being sent to prison, he is recruited into Section One. He graduates nine months early directly as a level 3 operative. He becomes one of their most successful and respected operatives. A few years later, however, the apparent death of his wife, Simone—a fellow Section One operative whom he married against the wishes of Operations and Madeline, affects him greatly but not enough to grant cancellation. He completely shuts down emotionally, becoming almost an automaton. It is not until Nikita enters the organization that he begins to open up emotionally once again. Simone is revealed to still be alive early in the first season and sacrifices her life to exact revenge on her abductor for her years of imprisonment and torture. This time Michael has Nikita to fall back on. Complicating their often difficult relationship is Michael's "blood cover" marriage to Elena Vacek, the daughter of a fearsome terrorist that Section One has pursued for decades. His son, Adam, is a product of that union. After ten years in Section One, Michael is a level 5 field operative and team leader and is most likely to succeed Operations. He is very accurate with firearms, almost never missing a shot, even while performing acrobatics.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Level 9, head of Section One. Accountable only to Oversight. A Vietnam veteran, former Lieutenant Paul L. Wolfe was recruited into Section One against his will just before the fall of Saigon. Shrewd and driven, Operations eventually topples Adrian, the founder and head of Section One, seizing control of the organization. While giving lip service to the aims of Section One —the eradication of terrorists and the protection of the innocent—Operations uses Section One as his own power base, gaining considerable control over dictators in many regions of the globe. This lust for power brings him into direct conflict with George, head of Oversight, who on many levels despises Operations. Eventually, Adrian returns from her forced retirement to mount an unsuccessful coup attempt against Operations. He is also distrustful of Nikita, attempting to kill her on a number of occasions, but is grudgingly forced to accept her success at completing Section One missions. (The same is also true of Operations' relationship to Michael, when he discovers Michael's romantic involvement with Nikita.) Operations and Madeline make for an effective partnership, though it includes a brief romance that sometimes causes complications.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Madeline is the Level 9 executive strategist, second-in-command, chief tactician, and psychologist for Section One. She is Operations' closest ally and confidante. The ultimate personification of Section One's ideals, she is cold and efficient in the execution of her duties, which often involve using torture to extract information from captured terrorist subjects. A master manipulator, she knows the psyche of each Section One operative inside and out, and can push the right buttons to get what she wants from each one each time. This brings her into constant conflict with Nikita, whose independent spirit she grudgingly admires, but overall, views as a threat to her control within the organization. Madeline's "Type One Directive" against Michael's and Nikita's romantic partnership kicked off a chain of events that even Madeline was unable to predict, events that eventually forced her to make choices that had major repercussions on the future of Section One.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Level 4, head of Comm. Seymour Birkoff is Section One's resident genius, his computer abilities are legendary, he supervises Section missions in progress. He and Walter are close friends despite their wide difference in age, and Nikita sees him like a younger brother. Many years later, Birkoff learns he was one of two twin boys born to a Section operative. The boys became the subject of a Section One psychological comparison, in which Birkoff was kept within Section One, while his brother Jason was adopted by the Crawford family outside the organization. This was due to a fateful flip of the coin by Walter, and when Birkoff discovers this, it permanently strains their relationship. Birkoff's new obsession with leaving Section One leads to the creation of an artificial intelligence program to take his place, in order to create more downtime. Unfortunately, the AI becomes self-aware, and Birkoff sacrifices himself in order to stop it. Quinn replaces him as the head of Comm. His brother Jason is later recruited by Section One, upgraded to level 1 and sent to Center.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Level 7, head of Munitions. Walter is the oldest operative in Section One. He is responsible for creating new and necessary gadgets, tools, and weapons for use on Section One operatives' various missions. While he was sexually attracted to Nikita upon her arrival at Section One, Walter becomes her loyal friend and confidante, even participating in a cover-up to hide the ongoing romantic status of Nikita and Michael. Walter's nickname for Nikita, "Sugar", and his bandana were details added by the actor himself. Walter's brief marriage to, and loss of, Belinda, an "abeyance operative" (one who is scheduled to be eliminated or "cancelled" by Section One) -- is ample motivation for his willingness to do anything for revenge for what Walter perceives as Operations' cruelty. However, Operations continues to spare Walter's life, likely because of a long-standing relationship that began in Vietnam and may have included a period where Walter was Operations' Section trainer, though this is informed speculation. In the series finale, after Operations' death, Walter reveals to Quinn that he once saved Operations' life. Operations did not thank him, but also did not cancel him, even though he had many reasons to do so over the years. Walter states: "I guess in the end, we both came out about even".


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Katherine "Kate" Quinn is Seymour Birkoff's replacement as head of Comm, and is markedly different from her predecessor. Arrogant, sharp-tongued and distrustful of all men, she nevertheless is unflappable in the face of danger and capable of manipulating her superiors when necessary. Forced to work alongside the newly recruited Jason Crawford, she shares a number of humorous exchanges when she becomes the focus of his romantic interests. However, her sights are set on Operations, and she apparently seeks to replace Madeline as the woman at his side in charge of Section One. She is later revealed to be working for Mr. Jones.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: "La Femme Nikita" was the number-one drama on basic cable channel USA Network for its first two seasons. It had been "greenlighted" by the network's founder and "cable network pioneer" Kay Koplovitz and nurtured by former USA Network president Rod Perth, a "key player" in its development. But, after Barry Diller assumed control of the network in April 1998, he replaced Perth with Stephen Chao as network president. Heyn observed, "Although both Diller and Chao praised "La Femme Nikita" publicly, it soon became obvious that the series was no longer a priority. The non-stop publicity the series enjoyed under Perth began to dry up, and the only attention that "La Femme Nikita" received was the occasional promo spot, and even the frequency of those began to decline." During "Nikita's" third season, following Chao's "bizarre request that "La Femme Nikita" cast wrestlers in key terrorist roles as a way to cross-promote USA's broadcasts of the World Wrestling Federation" despite evidence that the shows did not have compatible demographics, Chao also began retooling USA Network's successful "Sunday Night Heat" bloc of action dramas, which also included "Pacific Blue" and "Silk Stalkings"; he canceled "Silk Stalkings" and replaced it with a slate of new series that included "The War Next Door", "G vs. E", "Manhattan, Arizona" and "", all of which ultimately failed in the ratings and were also canceled. Consequently, "La Femme Nikita" tumbled in the ratings too, although the series still remained the top-rated drama on USA Network, even during its fourth season, when promotional advertisements for the series all but disappeared. Negotiations to continue "Nikita" for a fifth season and beyond failed owing to "disagreements between USA Network and Warner Bros. over "La Femme Nikita"'s renewal terms[,] [which] spilled out publicly into the pages of [industry trade publications] "Variety" and "The Hollywood Reporter"."


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Following the series' cancellation in 2000, its dedicated viewers mounted an extensive fan campaign to revive it. "Save LFN" was not the first successful fan campaign to use the internet to rally fans and renew a canceled series. "These kinds of efforts had resurrected canceled series before, beginning with the original "" on NBC in 1968 all the way up to UPN's "Roswell" in 2000". However, "Save LFN" is notable for its size and inventiveness, including an "online renewal petition" which led to a full-page advertisement placed in "The Hollywood Reporter" that requested USA Network and Warner Bros. reconsider their decision. The campaign also amassed over 25,000 letters sent to both companies containing everything from dollar bills featuring images of co-star Roy Dupuis to sunglasses (Nikita's signature accessory) to old TVs, VCRs, and remote controls. A group of organizers calling themselves "First Team", based on the term for the lead members of a mission used frequently in the series, coordinated most of these efforts through their "Save LFN" fansite. As a result of these efforts, Stephen Chao announced in September 2000 that "La Femme Nikita" would return for a truncated fifth season of eight new episodes, which began airing in January 2001.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: In La Femme all the episodes had the same number of words in their titles as the series number. All episodes in series 1 had one word titles, in series 2 two word titles and so on.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: On January 28, 2010, it was reported that The CW Television Network would develop a new TV pilot based loosely on the French film "Nikita". The new show, which shares its name with the film, is executive-produced by McG, with Peter Johnson and Craig Silverstein serving as executive producers and writers. It is a joint production with Warner Bros. Studios and Wonderland Productions. On May 18, 2010, it was picked up to series.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: The complete series is available on DVD through Warner Bros. Home Video. The box sets use the USA/international title, "La Femme Nikita".


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: Each DVD boxed set features a solitary image of Peta Wilson on the cover, with the remainder of the cast featured on the interior artwork. Only the covers for seasons one and five feature images of Wilson taken specifically as promotional photographs (for advertising campaigns and later marketing purposes) during those seasons. The DVD cover images for seasons two and three again feature promotional photographs used during the first season, while season four features a promotional photograph from advertisements for the second season.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: An official , released in June 1998, is still available on CD from TVT Records. It features the title theme from composer Mark Snow, as well as numerous songs heard during the first two seasons of the show from artists like Depeche Mode and Afro Celt Sound System. A "promotional release" in a limited run of 2000 CDs of Emmy-award winning composer Sean Callery's selections from his orchestral score for "Nikita" was first made available by Callery during the Close Quarters Standby 4 fan convention in May 2001.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: According to Christopher Heyn, "To many long-time viewers, "La Femme Nikita" had always been a natural for merchandising. Besides the usual array of T-shirts, jackets, coffee mugs, posters and other trinkets, the action content of the series lends itself perfectly to the development of video games, comic books, toys and action figures. Yet, during the entire run of the series, Warner Bros. released only "one" piece of merchandise—the soundtrack CD on TVT Records. Beyond that, there was nothing. This frustrated [former president of USA Network and key player in the series' development] Rod Perth to no end."(20) Heyn quotes Perth as saying: Warner Bros. "never" had an interest in this show ... (20). Nevertheless, Heyn reports, he himself "successfully brokered an official merchandising agreement between the Specialty Products division, a vendor in Toronto that already produced merchandise for the series' cast and crew, and the Sidekicks Society, the organizers of Close Quarters Standby 2", the second in a series of four "La Femme Nikita" fan conventions held in Toronto in October 1999.(Heyn 20) Such items included jackets, T-shirts, coffee mugs, and key chains emblazoned with the series logo and the copyright notice "©1999, Warner Bros." below the logo (photograph in Heyn 21). "Because of a delivery mixup," Heyn's photo caption reads, "most of the coffee mugs and keychains never made it to the convention in time for sale," and he adds, "The remaining boxes of jackets, T-shirts and coffee mugs sold out in less than an hour, leaving many empty-handed attendees frustrated and upset."(21) Moreover, Heyn observes, "That unfortunate outcome only validated Warner Bros.' reticence to merchandise "La Femme Nikita" on a larger scale. The studio lost money on the internet broadcast and made next to nothing from the limited merchandising deal, which echoed their attitude toward the series' financial construction."(Heyn 20)


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: In 2001, a video game based on "Nikita"—featuring dialogue written by "La Femme Nikita" supervising producer Peter Lenkov—was announced for the Xbox system, but the project was later cancelled.


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: On Metacritic, the first season received a score of 68/100 based on 7 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Andrea Higbie, writing for "The New York Times" said, "The show, which has received good reviews in publications including "New York" magazine, "USA Today" and "The New York Times", is like a long MTV video, with few words but lots of music and action." Tom Gliatto, writing for "People", gave the first season a B+, and commented, "Peta Wilson, an Australian actress with the harsh blonde hair, snub nose and oversize, depthless blue eyes of your average mass-produced doll, makes a sexy, amusing Nikita." Todd Everett, writing for "Variety", said, "What was stylish in original version here becomes muddy and confusing attempt at MTV cutting and loud electronic soundtrack, and title may leave many USA watchers, accustomed to more conventional (and arguably superior) "Renegade", "Silk Stalkings" and "The Big Easy", confused. [...] Locations are nondescript, with darkish production design and lighting suggestive of some unnamed European country."


title: La Femme Nikita (TV series)

text: The second season received a 7/10 score from Sergio Non, who wrote for "IGN": "It's dark, esoteric and morbid, offering up one dose of suffering after another. I couldn't stop watching."


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: The hummingbird hawk-moth (Macroglossum stellatarum) is a species of hawk moth found across temperate regions of Eurasia. The species is named for its similarity to hummingbirds, as they feed on the nectar of tube-shaped flowers using their long proboscis while hovering in the air; this resemblance is an example of convergent evolution.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: The hummingbird hawk-moth was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of "Systema Naturae". As of 2018, its entire genome and mitogenome have been sequenced.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: The hummingbird hawk-moth is distributed throughout the northern Old World from Portugal to Japan, but it breeds mainly in warmer climates (southern Europe, North Africa, and points east). Three generations are produced in a year in Spain.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: It is a strong flier, dispersing widely in the summer. However it rarely survives the winter in northern latitudes (e.g. north of the Alps in Europe, north of the Caucasus in Russia).


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: Moths in the genus "Hemaris", also of the family Sphingidae, are known as "hummingbird moths" in the US, and "bee moths" in Europe. This sometimes causes confusion between this species and the North American genus.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: Two or more broods are produced each year. The adult may be encountered at any time of the year, especially in the south of the range, where there may be three or four broods. It overwinters as an adult in a crevice among rocks, trees, and buildings. On very warm days it may emerge to feed in mid-winter. Unlike other moths, they have no sexual dimorphism in the size of their antennal lobes.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: The glossy pale green ova (eggs) are spherical with a diameter. They are said to look like the flower buds of the host plant "Galium", and that is where the female lays them. They hatch 6 to 8 days after laying. Up to 200 eggs may be laid by one female, each on a separate plant.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: Newly hatched larvae are clear yellow, and in the second instar assume their green coloration. The larva is green with two grey stripes bordered in cream along the sides and with a horn at the rear end typical of sphingids. The horn is purplish red, changing to blue with an orange tip in the last instar. They feed fully exposed on the top of the host plant and rest in among a tangle of stems. Although dependent on warmth and sun, the larval stage can be as rapid as 20 days.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: The pupae are pale brownish with a prominent, keeled proboscis, and two sharp spines at the end of the cremaster. They are enclosed in loose silken cocoons among the host plant debris or on the ground among leaf litter.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: The forewings are brown, with black wavy lines across them, while the hindwings are orange with a black edge. The abdomen is quite broad, with a fan-tail of setae at the end. The wingspan is .


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: In the southern parts of its range, the hummingbird hawk-moth is highly active even when temperatures are high, and thoracic temperatures above have been measured. This is among the highest recorded for hawk-moths, and near the limit for insect muscle activity.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: Its long proboscis () and its hovering behavior, accompanied by an audible humming noise, make it look remarkably like a hummingbird while feeding on flowers. Like hummingbirds, it feeds on flowers which have tube-shaped corollae. It should not be confused with the moths called hummingbird moths in North America, genus "Hemaris", members of the same family and with similar appearance and behavior.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: The resemblance to hummingbirds is an example of convergent evolution. It flies during the day, especially in bright sunshine, but also at dusk, dawn, and even in the rain, which is unusual for even diurnal hawkmoths. "M. stellatarum" engages in free hovering flight, which allows more maneuverability and control than fixed-wing flight, despite high energetic cost. Like many large insects, it relies upon Johnston's organs for body positioning information.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: The hummingbird hawkmoth's visual abilities have been studied extensively, and they have demonstrated a relatively good ability to learn colours. They have a trichromatic visual system, and are most sensitive to wavelength in the range of 349-521 nm. They have been shown to discriminate a wavelength difference as small as 1-2 nm between sources. This discrimination is even more precise than "Apis mellifera", or the western honey bee. Among other flower visitors, their visual system is similar to "Papilio xuthus", or the Asian swallowtail butterfly, and "Deilephila elpenor", the nocturnal elephant hawkmoth. Their food preference is based mainly on visual identification, while "D. elpenor" preference relies upon olfactory identification. Compared to "D. elpenor", "M. stellatarum" have a much smaller number of ommatidia, but a larger optic lobe volume to provide more visual processing tissue.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: Hummingbird hawk-moths can be easily seen in gardens, parks, meadows, bushes, and woodland edge, where the preferred food plants grow (honeysuckle, red valerian and many others).


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: Their larvae usually feed on bedstraws or madders ("Rubia") but have been recorded on other Rubiaceae and "Centranthus", "Stellaria", and "Epilobium".


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: Adults are particularly fond of nectar-rich flowers with a long and narrow calyx, since they can then take advantage of their long proboscis and avoid competition from other insects. Flowers with longer tubes typically present the feeding animal a higher nectar reward. Proboscis length is thought to have been evolutionarily impacted by the length of flower feeding tubes. Examples of such plants include "Centranthus", "Jasminum", "Buddleia", "Nicotiana", "Primula", "Viola", "Syringa", "Verbena", "Echium", "Phlox", and "Stachys". They are reported to trap-line, that is, to return to the same flower beds at about the same time each day.


title: Hummingbird hawk-moth

text: Hummingbird hawk-moths have been seen as a lucky omen. In particular, a swarm of the moths was seen flying across the English Channel on D-Day, the day of the Normandy landings in the Second World War. These moths, along with other moths, are in the family Sphingidae because their larvae were thought to resemble the Egyptian Sphinx.


title: Rashmi Gautam

text: Rashmi Gautam is an Indian actress and television presenter who appears in Telugu-language films and TV. She hosts the Telugu television comedy show "Extra Jabardasth" and is a conceptual team leader in reality dance show "Dhee".


title: Rashmi Gautam

text: Gautam was born in a Brahmin family of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh to an Odia-speaking mother, and a father from Uttar Pradesh.


title: Rashmi Gautam

text: After appearing in a supporting role in the Telugu 2010 film, "Prasthanam", Gautam was spotted by actress Sangeetha at a reality dance show and she referred her to Mugil, who subsequently signed her on to play the lead role of Narmada in the 2011 Tamil Film "Kandaen". She also starred in the Kannada film "Guru


title: Kian Egan

text: Kian John Francis Egan (born 29 April 1980) is an Irish pop singer, songwriter and musician, best known as a member of pop group Westlife. Westlife has released twelve albums, embarked on thirteen world tours, and won numerous awards, becoming one of the most successful musical groups of all time. Egan was a judge and coach on "The Voice of Ireland" and won the thirteenth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" in 2013.


title: Kian Egan

text: In his early musical years, Egan was part of a rock band named Skrod. He can play at least five musical instruments, including guitar, piano, and drums. He is a grade 8 pianist and was taught piano by his brother Gavin Egan, a university music graduate and full-time teacher of music in the UK. Before he was in Westlife, Egan was part of a pop group called Six as One, which later changed its name to IOYOU, with fellow Westlife members Mark Feehily and Shane Filan, alongside Graham Keighron, Michael "Miggles" Garrett and Derrick Lacey.


title: Kian Egan

text: After IOUYOU was signed by Louis Walsh, its lineup changed to include Egan, Mark Feehily, Shane Filan and two new members - Nicky Byrne and Brian McFadden. The band's name changed to Westside and later to Westlife. Westlife split up in 2012 after a Greatest Hits Tour.


title: Kian Egan

text: During a year long hiatus from Westlife in 2008, Egan launched a new venture with Louis Walsh to put together and co-manage girlband, Wonderland, which included Jodi Albert, who later became Egan's wife. Wonderland's debut album reached number 6 on the Irish Albums Chart and number 8 on the UK Albums Chart, however, just four months later, they were dropped by Mercury Records and eventually split up.


title: Kian Egan

text: In January 2014, Egan signed with Rhino Records of Warner Music Group and his debut album "Home" was released on March 14 of that year in Ireland and March 17 in the UK. His debut single "Home", a cover of a song by band Daughtry, had its first exclusive play on BBC Radio 2 on lunch time with Terry Wogan's show. The album has peaked at number 2 on the Irish Singles Chart and number 9 on the UK Albums Chart. In May 2014, Egan released the second single from the album, "I'll Be", a cover of the track by Edwin McCain.


title: Kian Egan

text: In October 2018, Westlife announced the group's reunion as a four-piece. In 2019, the group headlined "The 20 Tour", named in honour of Westlife's 20th anniversary since its formation and the release of its first single, "Swear It Again", in 1999. In addition to touring, Westlife also released new music. "Hello My Love", the first single from the group's upcoming album, debuted on "The Graham Norton Show" in January 2019.


title: Kian Egan

text: Egan was one of four coaches on "The Voice of Ireland". However, his dreams of winning the show went to tatters as he threw his lot in with Jim Devine, from Northern Ireland. This immediately put him at a disadvantage to the other contestants as, ahead of the final, viewers in Northern Ireland could not download his single, the tally of which contributed to his vote. Egan was left fuming and in need of support from Sharon Corr as he expressed his opinion on the unfairness of it all and had "huge rows" about it but to no avail.


title: Kian Egan

text: In June 2012, Egan announced in an interview with the Sunday Life that he was "looking at doing a TV show with Sky on surfing". Later reports suggested that the show would be eight episodes long and would broadcast on Sky1 later in the year.


title: Kian Egan

text: In July 2012, Egan presented the British programme "This Morning's Hub" on a regular basis, standing in for the regular hosts. Later that year, every Friday morning in October, he began giving reports on another British programme "This Morning" about the remaining contestants in the ninth series of "The X Factor", before the competition's live shows that weekend.


title: Kian Egan

text: On 21 October 2012, Egan co-presented the revamped version of "Surprise Surprise", but did not return the following year.


title: Kian Egan

text: In 2013, Egan appeared on the thirteenth series of I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here!. He was ultimately crowned King Of The Jungle, which contributed to an invitation to being signed by Rhino Records to create his Home album.


title: Kian Egan

text: Egan was born to Kevin Egan (1945–2009) and Patricia Egan (née Moore). He is the fifth of their seven children. His older siblings are Vivienne, Gavin, Fenella and Thomas, and his younger siblings are Marielle and Colm. He attended Summerhill College secondary school in Sligo, where he met fellow band members Mark Feehily and Shane Filan. He is the cousin of Filan's wife, Gillian Walsh. Before Westlife, he worked at a jeans store.


title: Kian Egan

text: Egan married English actress and Girl Thing and Wonderland member Jodi Albert on 8 May 2009. Due to illness, Egan's father was unable to attend the marriage ceremony after being diagnosed with a rare brain tumour, and died shortly after. On 31 July 2011, the couple announced they were expecting their first child. Westlife's official Facebook page announced that Albert had given birth to a baby boy, Koa, on 20 December 2011. On 15 November 2014, the pair announced they were expecting their second child in the spring. On 21 May 2015, Egan and his wife welcomed a second son, Zekey. Their third son, Cobi, was born 29 September 2017. The family live in Strandhill, County Sligo.


title: Kian Egan

text: Egan spoke of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa but said he would not go after the Republic of Ireland national football team was eliminated from the tournament after Thierry Henry's handball.


title: Kian Egan

text: Egan was ranked number five on Ireland's Sexiest Man of 2014. As of 2017, his net worth is 18 million euros.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: Hero of Alexandria (; , "Heron ho Alexandreus", also known as Heron of Alexandria ; 60 AD) was a Greek mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt. He is often considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity and his work is representative of the Hellenistic scientific tradition.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: Hero published a well-recognized description of a steam-powered device called an "aeolipile" (sometimes called a "Hero engine"). Among his most famous inventions was a windwheel, constituting the earliest instance of wind harnessing on land. He is said to have been a follower of the atomists. In his work "Mechanics", he described pantographs. Some of his ideas were derived from the works of Ctesibius.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: In mathematics he is mostly remembered for Heron's formula, a way to calculate the area of a triangle using only the lengths of its sides.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: Much of Hero's original writings and designs have been lost, but some of his works were preserved including in manuscripts from the Eastern Roman Empire and to a lesser extent, in Latin or Arabic translations.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: Hero's ethnicity may have been either Greek or Hellenized Egyptian. It is almost certain that Hero taught at the Musaeum which included the famous Library of Alexandria, because most of his writings appear as lecture notes for courses in mathematics, mechanics, physics and pneumatics. Although the field was not formalized until the twentieth century, it is thought that the work of Hero, in particular his automated devices, represented some of the first formal research into cybernetics.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: Hero described the construction of the "aeolipile" (a version of which is known as "Hero's engine") which was a rocket-like reaction engine and the first-recorded steam engine (although Vitruvius mentioned the aeolipile in "De Architectura" some 100 years earlier than Hero). It was described almost two millennia before the industrial revolution. Another engine used air from a closed chamber heated by an altar fire to displace water from a sealed vessel; the water was collected and its weight, pulling on a rope, opened temple doors. Some historians have conflated the two inventions to assert that the aeolipile was capable of useful work, which is not entirely false, air containing a trace of water vapor. However, this engine is far from a pure aeolipile.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: Hero described a method (now known as Heron's method), for iteratively computing the square root of a number. Today, however, his name is most closely associated with Heron's formula for finding the area of a triangle from its side lengths. He also devised a method for calculating cube roots. He also designed a shortest path algorithm, that is, given two points A and B on one side of a line, find C a point on the straight line that minimizes AC+BC.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: In solid geometry, the Heronian mean may be used in finding the volume of a frustum of a pyramid or cone.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: The most comprehensive edition of Hero's works was published in five volumes in Leipzig by the publishing house Teubner in 1903.


title: Hero of Alexandria

text: Works that sometimes have been attributed to Hero, but are now thought most likely to have been written by someone else:


title: Vincent Martella

text: Vincent Michael Martella (born October 15, 1992) is an American actor best known for providing the voice of Phineas Flynn in the Disney Channel original animated show "Phineas and Ferb", which ran from 2007 to 2015. He is also known for his role as Greg Wuliger in Chris Rock's hit show "Everybody Hates Chris" (2005–2009), and providing the voice of Hope Estheim in the 2010 video game "Final Fantasy XIII" and its sequels "Final Fantasy XIII-2" (2011) and "" (2013).


title: Vincent Martella

text: Martella was born in Rochester, New York, and is of Italian descent. During his childhood, he moved to central Florida. He graduated from DeLand High School in 2011 and is studying for an online degree in business through the University of Florida.


title: Vincent Martella

text: Martella appeared in the feature film "Role Models" starring Seann William Scott and Paul Rudd. He has a lead role in the film "Bait Shop" along with Bill Engvall and Billy Ray Cyrus. He also played Scoop in the Nickelodeon sitcom "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide" and Greg in the UPN/CW sitcom "Everybody Hates Chris".


title: Vincent Martella

text: He recorded his first album "Time Flies By", playing the piano and singing. The album was written and co-produced by Vincent and is available on iTunes.


title: Vincent Martella

text: Martella became known in the voice acting world by playing the voice of Phineas Flynn in the Disney Channel and Disney XD animated series "Phineas and Ferb". He also provided the English voice of Hope Estheim, a main character in the 2010 video game "Final Fantasy XIII", and reprised his role for "Final Fantasy XIII-2". He did the voice of the teenage Jason Todd / Robin for the animated film "", in which his younger brother, Alexander, provided the voice for the child version of Todd. Martella reprised his role as Jason Todd for "".


title: Vincent Martella

text: Martella is the son of Donna and Michael Martella. His father owns Captain Tony's, a chain of pizzerias.


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: Jeeves and Wooster is a British comedy-drama television series adapted by Clive Exton from P. G. Wodehouse's "Jeeves" stories. It aired on the ITV network from 22 April 1990 to 20 June 1993, with the last series nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series. Set in the UK and the US in an unspecified period between the late 1920s and the 1930s, the series starred Hugh Laurie as Bertie Wooster, an affable young gentleman and member of the idle rich, and Stephen Fry as Jeeves, his highly intelligent and competent valet. Bertie and his friends, who are mainly members of the Drones Club, are extricated from all manner of societal misadventures by the indispensable Jeeves.


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: When Fry and Laurie began the series, they were already a popular comedic double act for their regular appearances on Channel 4's "Saturday Live" and their own show "A Bit of Fry & Laurie" (BBC, 1987–95).


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: In the television documentary "Fry and Laurie Reunited" (2010), the actors, reminiscing about their involvement in the series, revealed that they were initially reluctant to play the parts of Jeeves and Wooster, but eventually decided to do so because the series was going to be made with or without them and they felt no one else would do the parts justice.


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: The series was a collaboration between Brian Eastman of Picture Partnership Productions and Granada Television.


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: The theme (called "Jeeves and Wooster") is an original piece of music in the jazz/swing style written by composer Anne Dudley for the programme. Dudley uses variations of the theme as a basis for all of the episodes' scores and was nominated for a British Academy Television Award for her work on the third series.


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: Many of the programme's supporting roles – including significant characters such as Aunt Agatha, Madeline Bassett and Gussie Fink-Nottle – were played by more than one actor. One prominent character, Aunt Dahlia, was played by a different actress in each of the four series. Francesca Folan played two very different characters: Madeline Bassett in series one and Lady Florence Craye in series four. The character of Stiffy Byng was played by Charlotte Attenborough in series two and by Amanda Harris in series three and then by Attenborough again in series four. Richard Braine, who took over the role of Gussie Fink-Nottle in series three and four, also appeared as the conniving Rupert Steggles in series one.


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: The third series of "Jeeves and Wooster" won a British Academy Television Award for Best Design for Eileen Diss. The final series won a British Academy Television Award for Best Graphics for Derek W. Hayes and was nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series; it also earned a British Academy Television Award for Best Original Television Music for Anne Dudley and a British Academy Television Award for Best Costume Design for Dany Everett.


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: In retrospect, Michael Brooke of BFI Screenonline called screenwriter Clive Exton "the series' real star", saying his "adaptations come surprisingly close to capturing the flavour of the originals" by "retaining many of Wodehouse's most inspired literary similes."


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: Granada Media released all four series on DVD in Region 2 between 2000 and 2002. On 1 September 2008, ITV Studios Home Entertainment released "Jeeves and Wooster: The Complete Collection", an eight-disc box set featuring all 23 episodes of the series.


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: In Region 1, A&E Home Entertainment, under licence from Granada Media Entertainment, released the complete 23-episode collection on DVD in the US and Canada.


title: Jeeves and Wooster

text: In Region 4, Shock Entertainment has released the entire series on DVD in Australia. It was initially released in season sets in 2007/2008, followed by a complete series collection on 4 August 2008.


title: Root canal

text: A root canal is the naturally occurring anatomic space within the root of a tooth. It consists of the pulp chamber (within the coronal part of the tooth), the main canal(s), and more intricate anatomical branches that may connect the root canals to each other or to the surface of the root.


title: Root canal

text: At the center of every tooth is a hollow area that houses soft tissues, such as the nerve, blood vessels, and connective tissue. This hollow area contains a relatively wide space in the coronal portion of the tooth called the pulp chamber. These canals run through the center of the roots, similar to the way graphite runs through a pencil. The pulp receives nutrition through the blood vessels, and sensory nerves carry signals back to the brain. A tooth can be relieved from pain if there is irreversible damage to the pulp, via root canal treatment.


title: Root canal

text: Root canal anatomy consists of the pulp chamber and root canals. Both contain the dental pulp. The smaller branches, referred to as "accessory canals", are most frequently found near the root end (apex), but may be encountered anywhere along the root length. The total number of root canals per tooth depends on the number of the tooth roots ranging from one to four, five or more in some cases. Sometimes there are more than one root canal per root. Some teeth have a more variable internal anatomy than others.


title: Root canal

text: An unusual root canal shape, complex branching (especially the existence of horizontal branches), and multiple root canals are considered as the main causes of root canal treatment failures. (e.g. If a secondary root canal goes unnoticed by the dentist and is not cleaned and sealed, it will remain infected, causing the root canal therapy to fail).


title: Root canal

text: The specific features and complexity of the internal anatomy of the teeth have been thoroughly studied. Using a replica technique on thousands of teeth, Hess made clear as early as 1917 that the internal space of dental roots is often a complex system composed of a central area (root canals with round, oval or irregular cross-sectional shape) and lateral parts (fins, anastomoses and accessory canals). In fact, this lateral component may represent a relatively large volume, which challenges the cleaning phase of the instrumentation procedure in that tissue remnants of the vital or necrotic pulp as well as infectious elements are not easily removed in these areas. Thus, the image of root canals having a smooth, conical shape is generally too idealistic and underestimates the reach of root canal instrumentation.


title: Root canal

text: The space inside the root canals is filled with a highly vascularized, loose connective tissue, called "dental pulp". The dental pulp is the tissue of which the dentin portion of the tooth is composed. The dental pulp helps complete formation of the secondary teeth (adult teeth) one to two years after eruption into the mouth. The dental pulp also nourishes and hydrates the tooth structure, making the tooth more resilient, less brittle and less prone to fracture from chewing hard foods. Additionally, the dental pulp provides a hot and cold sensory function.


title: Root canal

text: Root canals presenting an oval cross-section are found in 50–70% of root canals. In addition, canals with a "tear-shaped" cross section are common when a single root contains two canals (as occurs, for example, with the additional mesial root seen with the lower molars), subtleties that can be more difficult to appreciate on classical radiographs.


title: Root canal

text: Recent studies have shown that use of cone-down CT scans can detect accessory canals that would have been missed in 23% of cases, which can in turn lead to apical periodontitis. The upper molars, in particular, are predisposed to have an occult accessory canal in nearly half of patients.


title: Root canal

text: Root canal is also a colloquial term for a dental operation, endodontic therapy, wherein the pulp is cleaned out, the space disinfected and then filled.


title: Root canal

text: When rotary nickel titanium (NiTi) files are used in canals with flat-oval or tear-shaped cross sections, a circular bore is created due to the rotational action of the metal. Also, small cavities within the canal such as the buccal or lingual recesses may not be instrumented within the tooth, potentially leaving residual disease during disinfection.


title: Root canal

text: Tissue or biofilm remnants along such un-instrumented recesses may lead to failure due to both inadequate disinfection and the inability to properly obturate the root-canal space. Consequently, the biofilm should be removed with a disinfectant, commonly Sodium hypochlorite, during root canal treatment.


title: Akanksha Puri

text: Akanksha Puri is an Indian actress and model, known for her work in Hindi TV shows, also few South Indian movies like Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada besides Bollywood movies. She is best known for her role as Goddess Parvati in "Vighnaharta Ganesh".


title: Akanksha Puri

text: Puri made her Bollywood debut with Madhur Bhandarkar's 2015 drama film "Calendar Girls." In 2017, she was cast as Mata AdiParashakti in Vighnaharta Ganesh.


title: Akanksha Puri

text: Puri took up modelling projects during her short stint as an international cabin crew member. She was then spotted by a big production house in India's south, whence she bagged her first role in a Tamil movie.


title: 4 Vesta

text: Vesta (minor-planet designation: 4 Vesta) is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of . It was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers on 29 March 1807 and is named after Vesta, the virgin goddess of home and hearth from Roman mythology.


title: 4 Vesta

text: Vesta is thought to be the second-largest asteroid, both by mass and by volume, after the dwarf planet Ceres, though in volume it overlaps with the uncertainty in the measurements of 2 Pallas. Measurements give it a nominal volume only slightly larger than that of Pallas (about 5% greater, which is the magnitude of the uncertainties in measurement), but it is 25% to 30% more massive. It constitutes an estimated 9% of the mass of the asteroid belt. Vesta is the only known remaining rocky protoplanet (with a differentiated interior) of the kind that formed the terrestrial planets. Numerous fragments of Vesta were ejected by collisions one and two billion years ago that left two enormous craters occupying much of Vesta's southern hemisphere. Debris from these events has fallen to Earth as howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorites, which have been a rich source of information about Vesta.


title: 4 Vesta

text: Vesta is the brightest asteroid visible from Earth. It is regularly as bright as magnitude 5.1, at which times it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Its maximum distance from the Sun is slightly greater than the minimum distance of Ceres from the Sun, although its orbit lies entirely within that of Ceres.


title: 4 Vesta

text: NASA's "Dawn" spacecraft entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 for a one-year exploration and left the orbit of Vesta on 5 September 2012 en route to its final destination, Ceres. Researchers continue to examine data collected by "Dawn" for additional insights into the formation and history of Vesta.


title: 4 Vesta

text: Heinrich Olbers discovered Pallas in 1802, the year after the discovery of Ceres. He proposed that the two objects were the remnants of a destroyed planet. He sent a letter with his proposal to the British astronomer William Herschel, suggesting that a search near the locations where the orbits of Ceres and Pallas intersected might reveal more fragments. These orbital intersections were located in the constellations of Cetus and Virgo. Olbers commenced his search in 1802, and on 29 March 1807 he discovered Vesta in the constellation Virgo—a coincidence, because Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta are not fragments of a larger body. Because the asteroid Juno had been discovered in 1804, this made Vesta the fourth object to be identified in the region that is now known as the asteroid belt. The discovery was announced in a letter addressed to German astronomer Johann H. Schröter dated 31 March. Because Olbers already had credit for discovering a planet (Pallas; at the time, the asteroids were considered to be planets), he gave the honor of naming his new discovery to German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, whose orbital calculations had enabled astronomers to confirm the existence of Ceres, the first asteroid, and who had computed the orbit of the new planet in the remarkably short time of 10 hours. Gauss decided on the Roman virgin goddess of home and hearth, Vesta.


title: 4 Vesta

text: Vesta was the fourth asteroid to be discovered, hence the number 4 in its formal designation. The name "Vesta", or national variants thereof, is in international use with two exceptions: Greece and China. In Greek, the name adopted was the Hellenic equivalent of Vesta, Hestia (); in English, that name is used for 46 Hestia (Greeks use the name "Hestia" for both, with the minor-planet numbers used for disambiguation). In Chinese, Vesta is called the 'hearth-god(dess) star', "", naming the asteroid for Vesta's role, similar to the Chinese names of Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.


title: 4 Vesta

text: Upon its discovery, Vesta was, like Ceres, Pallas, and Juno before it, classified as a planet and given a planetary symbol. The symbol represented the altar of Vesta with its sacred fire and was designed by Gauss. In Gauss's conception, now obsolete, this was drawn The asteroid symbols were gradually retired from astronomical use after 1852, but the symbols for the first four asteroids were resurrected for astrology in the 1970s. The abbreviated modern astrological variant of the Vesta symbol is .


title: 4 Vesta

text: After the discovery of Vesta, no further objects were discovered for 38 years, and during this time the Solar System was thought to have eleven planets. However, in 1845, new asteroids started being discovered at a rapid pace, and by 1851 there were fifteen, each with its own symbol, in addition to the eight major planets (Neptune had been discovered in 1846). It soon became clear that it would be impractical to continue inventing new planetary symbols indefinitely, and some of the existing ones proved difficult to draw quickly. That year, the problem was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould, who suggested numbering asteroids in their order of discovery, and placing this number in a disk (circle) as the generic symbol of an asteroid. Thus, the fourth asteroid, Vesta, acquired the generic symbol ④. This was soon coupled with the name into an official number–name designation, "④ Vesta", as the number of minor planets increased. By 1858, the circle had been simplified to parentheses, "(4) Vesta", which were easier to typeset. Other punctuation, such as "4) Vesta" and "4, Vesta", was also used, but had more or less completely died out by 1949.


title: 4 Vesta

text: Photometric observations of Vesta were made at the Harvard College Observatory in 1880–1882 and at the Observatoire de Toulouse in 1909. These and other observations allowed the rotation rate of Vesta to be determined by the 1950s. However, the early estimates of the rotation rate came into question because the light curve included variations in both shape and albedo.