title: Martin Brodeur

text: In the 2002 Olympics at Salt Lake City, Utah, Brodeur was initially named the backup behind Curtis Joseph. But following Joseph's losing the tournament opener against Sweden, Brodeur was named the starting goaltender the rest of the way, and won gold for Canada. He went undefeated in the tournament, stopping 31 of 33 shots in the gold-medal victory over Team USA.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: Brodeur then led Team Canada to a World Cup of Hockey championship in 2004, allowing only five goals in five games. He led all goaltenders in GAA and save percentage while going undefeated. He had another impressive performance for the team at the world hockey championships in the following year. After this, "The Sports Forecaster 2005–06" said the following:


title: Martin Brodeur

text: Brodeur was selected as Team Canada's starter in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. He started in 4 games, but Canada failed to win a medal after losing to Russia in the quarterfinals.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: He was one of the three goaltenders on Team Canada for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He registered a shootout win against Switzerland and a loss to the United States. After the loss to the US, he was benched for the remainder of the 2010 Games in favour of Roberto Luongo.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: Brodeur married Melanie Dubois (a native of Saint-Liboire, Quebec) in August 1995 with whom he has four children: Anthony, born in 1995; twin sons, William and Jeremy, born in 1996; and Anabelle Antoinette, 2002. Melanie filed for divorce during the 2003 playoffs amid reports that Brodeur was having an affair with Genevieve Nault, the wife of Melanie's brother. The incident was referred to by opposing fans during the playoffs. The reports proved to be true, as he and Genevieve married in June 2008. Their first child together, Maxime Philippe Brodeur, was born in November 2009.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: Brodeur is regarded as an engaging raconteur in his spare time. He has hosted a street hockey tournament in his hometown of Saint-Leonard, Quebec, for each of the Devils' Stanley Cup championships, where he played as a forward. His oldest brother, Denis Jr., is a photographer like their father, and his other older brother, Claude, was a minor league baseball pitcher in the Montreal Expos' organization. He has two sisters, Line and Sylvie.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: In 2005, Brodeur began co-authoring his autobiography, "Brodeur: Beyond the Crease", with long-time "Toronto Star" columnist and ESPN contributor Damien Cox, which was released in October 2006. Some of the things Brodeur talks about in the book are player salaries and contracts, NHL marketing, Lou Lamoriello, and the Devils' new arena in Newark, the Prudential Center. Brodeur also includes his views on the "new NHL" after the lockout, and how it affected his career.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: Brodeur co-owns a business called La Pizzeria Etc. with former teammate Sheldon Souray. The idea came about after Souray was traded to play in Montreal, the city in which the business now operates.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: Brodeur resides in New Jersey, and became a naturalized United States citizen on December 1, 2009, but per IIHF rules would only be able to compete for Canada.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: On June 30, 2013, the Devils traded for the 208th pick in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft and Brodeur was asked to make the announcement to select his son, Anthony. In August 2015, Anthony signed with the Penticton Vees of the British Columbia Hockey League.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: Fans picked Brodeur to appear on the cover of the video game "NHL 14", choosing him in a series of votes that included 60 players. He was the first goaltender to have his image on the cover since John Vanbiesbrouck on "NHL 97".


title: Martin Brodeur

text: During his NHL career, Brodeur set numerous league records. He ended his career with 691 wins, 140 more than Roy, who is second on the NHL's all-time list. Brodeur extended his record shutout total to 125, 22 more than second-place Sawchuk. After his final season, he had played in 1,266 regular season games, a total more than 200 above that of any other goaltender. In nine seasons, Brodeur was the NHL wins leader, and in five other seasons he was among the top five goaltenders in the category. Brodeur's honors include four Vezina Trophy wins as the top goaltender in the NHL, and the 1993–94 Calder Trophy as rookie of the year. His total of five Jennings Trophies is tied for the most in NHL history, matching Roy's record. In postseason play, he had the most shutouts of any NHL goaltender (24), and his 113 playoff wins ranks second all-time.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: Sportswriters and players have called Brodeur one of the greatest goaltenders in NHL history. "USA Today"'s Kevin Allen placed Brodeur in a group including Roy and Sawchuk as the leading NHL goaltender, noting that Brodeur had the advantage in wins. Writer Steve Politi noted Brodeur's longevity as an advantage on other top all-time goaltenders such as Roy; Brodeur played 70 or more games in 12 seasons, compared to 0 for Roy. Sportsnet's Chris Boyle, after running a statistical analysis, placed Brodeur eighth in his all-time goaltending list; he offered the rationale that Brodeur's teammates helped him achieve his major records, while goaltenders such as Roy and Hašek had superior stats in their best seasons.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: Brodeur is remembered for his playing style: writer Katie Strang called him "one of the most innovative [goalies] ever to play the game", due to his "superior puck-handling skills". Scott Gomez, a former teammate of Brodeur in New Jersey, considered his goaltender to be the equivalent of an extra defenceman. A rule disallowing goaltenders from handling the puck outside a trapezoid shaped area behind the net is called "The Brodeur Rule" by some who believe his tendency to play the puck in the corners inspired the rule. His playing style proved uncommon among goaltenders of his era, as most of his competitors used a butterfly style exclusively.


title: Martin Brodeur

text: "The Salute", a bronze statue of Martin Brodeur by Jon Krawczyk, was installed outside Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey in 2016. On June 26, 2018, it was announced that Brodeur would be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.


title: Marielle Heller

text: Marielle Stiles Heller (born October 1, 1979) is an American writer, director, and actress. She is best known for directing the films "The Diary of a Teenage Girl" (2015), "Can You Ever Forgive Me?" (2018), and "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood" (2019), as well as acting in "The Queen’s Gambit" (2020).


title: Marielle Heller

text: Marielle Stiles Heller was born in Marin County, California, to Steve Heller, a chiropractor, and Annie Stiles-Heller, an artist and art teacher. She grew up in nearby Alameda, along with her younger brother and sister, Nate and Emily. Her father hails from a Jewish family in New York. Heller started off as an actor, calling acting her "first love." She was part of the Alameda Children's Musical Theater, where she participated in as many as four plays a year, including the roles of Rabbit in "Winnie the Pooh", Templeton the rat in "Charlotte’s Web", and Polly in "The Magician's Nephew".


title: Marielle Heller

text: With time, she graduated to community theater, as well as productions at Saint Joseph Notre Dame High School. She graduated in 1997. She studied theatre at UCLA and then at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Additionally, she was honored with a Lynn Auerbach Screenwriting Fellowship and The Maryland Film Festival Fellowship.


title: Marielle Heller

text: After returning to the US, she worked as an actor at the Magic Theatre, the American Conservatory Theater, Berkeley Repertory Theatre, and the La Jolla Playhouse. She was in the world premiere of David Edgar’s "Continental Divide" directed by Tony Taccone. She also acted in shows "Spin City" and "Single Dads"."


title: Marielle Heller

text: "The Diary of a Teenage Girl" was Heller's debut film, that she both wrote and directed. It is based on the 2002 graphic novel titled "" by Phoebe Gloeckner, which she received as a Christmas present from her sister in 2006. The story's protagonist, Minnie, is a 15-year-old girl living in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1976 who begins an affair with her mother's 35-year-old boyfriend, Monroe. Heller was taken with Minnie's character, a young woman who is confident in her sexuality and, noting the lack of films that represent young women in such a way, she set to adapting the graphic novel to play. With Gloeckner's blessing, she worked the script into a screenplay. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2015, and later received a limited release in August 2015. The film stars Bel Powley as Minnie. Previously, Heller was selected as a 2012 Sundance Screenwriting Fellow and 2012 Sundance Directing Fellow, where she had submitted the script for the Sundance writer and director workshop. She then proceeded to direct a teaser for the film using grant money from the writer's workshop. The film received critical acclaim at Sundance, and was in competition in the U.S. Dramatic category. The film also won the Grand Prix of the Generation 14plus at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2015. In 2016, the film was named best first feature at the Independent Spirit Awards.


title: Marielle Heller

text: Heller's writing credits include screenplays, theatrical plays, and pilots for ABC and 20th Century Fox, such as the ABC pilot "The Big Apple" and a film for Disney, titled "Renegade X."


title: Marielle Heller

text: Heller next directed "Can You Ever Forgive Me?" about literary forger and writer Lee Israel, based on the author's memoir. She teamed up again with Archer Gray, who she first worked with on "Diary". With a limited budget, filming a movie set in the 1990s was a challenge. She cast Melissa McCarthy in the title role based on the actress's performance in the 2014 film "St. Vincent". They shot on location in bookstores where Israel had sold her forgeries, including the Argosy Bookstore and Westsider Rare & Used Books. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018. It was released on October 19, 2018 by Fox Searchlight.


title: Marielle Heller

text: In January 2018, it was announced that Heller would direct "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood", a film that chronicles an interview Tom Junod conducted with child entertainer Fred Rogers for "Esquire" magazine, and how the encounter impacted the journalist's life. The screenplay was written by Emmy-nominated producers Micah Fitzerman-Blue and Noah Harpster. Tom Hanks, who portrays Mr. Rogers, agreed to join the project once Heller signed on as director, as they had met previously through Hanks' son, Colin. It was filmed in Pittsburgh.


title: Marielle Heller

text: Heller played a breakout acting role in the hit Netflix show "The Queen's Gambit" as Alma Wheatley. Heller is friends with the director Scott Frank and was going to play the part of Beth's biological mother, until the original actress fell out.


title: Marielle Heller

text: Heller has said she is drawn to stories about people "trying to talk about something that people are uncomfortable talking about" and "human beings trying to navigate through the world." Drawn to storytelling, she progressed from an actor, to a writer, finally beginning to direct when she dreaded turning her screenplay for "Diary" to someone else. She has said that becoming a mother made her change the kind of stories she tells, because she wants "to do good in the world".


title: Marielle Heller

text: In 2020, she was listed, among others, as one of the several female directors snubbed for Academy Awards and Golden Globes nominations for Best Directing, as only men were nominated. Fellow director Greta Gerwig, who also was not nominated, included Heller in her list of women who could have been competing for the Golden Globe. Actress Natalie Portman, as a sign of protest, wore a dress embroidered with the names of these women, including Heller, on the 2020 Oscars red carpet.


title: Marielle Heller

text: Filming days for "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood" adhered to a shooting schedule of 10-hour days that did not break for lunch so that Heller and other cast and crew members could potentially still have nights with their children. She believes sustainable working hours on film sets will allow more female directors to continue working after they have families.


title: Marielle Heller

text: Heller is married to comedian Jorma Taccone, having met at UCLA while studying acting. Together they have a son, Wylie Red Heller Taccone, born in December 2014. They live in Brooklyn, New York.


title: Marielle Heller

text: Heller's brother, Nate, is a musician who composed the scores for all three of her feature films. Her sister, Emily Heller, is a stand-up comic, as well as a producer and writer for the HBO comedy series "Barry". Her brother-in-law, Asa Taccone, is the lead singer of the band Electric Guest, and her father-in-law, Tony Taccone, is a theater director. When asked about her greatest source of inspiration, she answered, "Every member of my family, each of whom is completely their own person, and works on being thoughtful and creative every day. And I find inspiration in all of my friends, and my husband, all of whom are working toward living life as an artist every day."


title: Recurrence relation

text: In mathematics, a recurrence relation is an equation according to which the formula_1th term of a sequence of numbers is equal to some combination of the previous terms. Often, only formula_2 previous terms of the sequence appear in the equation, for a parameter formula_2 that is independent of formula_1; this number formula_2 is called the "order" of the relation. If the values of the first formula_2 numbers in the sequence have been given, the rest of the sequence can be calculated by repeatedly applying the equation.


title: Recurrence relation

text: In "linear recurrences", the th term is equated to a linear function of the formula_2 previous terms. A famous example is the recurrence for the Fibonacci numbers,


title: Recurrence relation

text: where the order formula_2 is two and the linear function merely adds the two previous terms. This example is a linear recurrence with constant coefficients, because the coefficients of the linear function (1 and 1) are constants that do not depend on formula_1. For these recurrences, one can express the general term of the sequence as a closed-form expression of formula_1. As well, linear recurrences with polynomial coefficients depending on formula_1 are also important, because many common elementary and special functions have a Taylor series whose coefficients satisfy such a recurrence relation (see holonomic function).


title: Recurrence relation

text: Solving a recurrence relation means obtaining a closed-form solution: a non-recursive function of formula_1.


title: Recurrence relation

text: The concept of a recurrence relation can be extended to multidimensional arrays, that is, indexed families that are indexed by tuples of natural numbers.


title: Recurrence relation

text: A "recurrence relation" is an equation that expresses each element of a sequence as a function of the preceding ones. More precisely, in the case where only the immediately preceding element is involved, a recurrence relation has the form


title: Recurrence relation

text: is a function, where is a set to which the elements of a sequence must belong. For any formula_16, this defines a unique sequence with formula_17 as its first element, called the "initial value".


title: Recurrence relation

text: It is easy to modify the definition for getting sequences starting from the term of index 1 or higher.


title: Recurrence relation

text: This is an example of a "linear recurrence with polynomial coefficients" of order 1, with the simple polynomial


title: Recurrence relation

text: with a given constant formula_24; given the initial term formula_25 each subsequent term is determined by this relation.


title: Recurrence relation

text: The recurrence of order two satisfied by the Fibonacci numbers is the canonical example of a homogeneous linear recurrence relation with constant coefficients (see below). The Fibonacci sequence is defined using the recurrence


title: Recurrence relation

text: The recurrence can be solved by methods described below yielding Binet's formula, which involves powers of the two roots of the characteristic polynomial formula_32; the generating function of the sequence is the rational function


title: Recurrence relation

text: A simple example of a multidimensional recurrence relation is given by the binomial coefficients formula_34, which count the ways of selecting formula_2 elements out of a set of formula_1 elements.


title: Recurrence relation

text: with the base cases formula_38. Using this formula to compute the values of all binomial coefficients generates an infinite array called Pascal's triangle. The same values can also be computed directly by a different formula that is not a recurrence, but uses factorials, multiplication and division, not just additions:


title: Recurrence relation

text: with the initial value formula_41 (The division is not displayed as a fraction for emphasizing that it must be computed after the multiplication, for not introducing fractional numbers).


title: Recurrence relation

text: This recurrence is widely used in computers because it does not require to build a table as does the bi-dimensional recurrence, and does involve very large integers as does the formula with factorials (if one uses formula_42 all involved integers are smaller than the final result).


title: Recurrence relation

text: The is an operator that maps sequences to sequences, and, more generally, functions to functions. It is commonly denoted formula_43 and is defined, in functional notation, as


title: Recurrence relation

text: The parentheses around formula_46 and formula_47 are generally omitted, and formula_48 must be understood as the term of index in the sequence formula_49 and not formula_50 applied to the element formula_51


title: Recurrence relation

text: A of order is an equation that involves the first differences of a sequence or a function, in the same way as a differential equation of order relates the first derivatives of a function.


title: Recurrence relation

text: The two above relations allow transforming a recurrence relation of order into a difference equation of order , and, conversely, a difference equation of order into recurrence relation of order . Each transformation is the inverse of the other, and the sequences that are solution of the difference equation are exactly those that satisfies the recurrence relation.


title: Recurrence relation

text: As it is equivalent for a sequence to satisfy a recurrence relation or to be the solution of a difference equation, the two terms "recurrence relation" and "difference equation" are sometimes used interchangeably. See Rational difference equation and Matrix difference equation for example of uses of "difference equation" instead of "recurrence relation"


title: Recurrence relation

text: Difference equations resemble to differential equations, and this resemblance is often used to mimic methods for solving differentiable equations to apply to solving difference equations, and therefore recurrence relations.


title: Recurrence relation

text: Summation equations relate to difference equations as integral equations relate to differential equations. See time scale calculus for a unification of the theory of difference equations with that of differential equations.


title: Recurrence relation

text: Single-variable or one-dimensional recurrence relations are about sequences (i.e. functions defined on one-dimensional grids). Multi-variable or n-dimensional recurrence relations are about formula_1-dimensional grids. Functions defined on formula_1-grids can also be studied with partial difference equations.


title: Recurrence relation

text: Moreover, for the general first-order non-homogeneous linear recurrence relation with variable coefficients:


title: Recurrence relation

text: If we apply the formula to formula_72 and take the limit formula_73, we get the formula for first order linear differential equations with variable coefficients; the sum becomes an integral, and the product becomes the exponential function of an integral.


title: Recurrence relation

text: Many homogeneous linear recurrence relations may be solved by means of the generalized hypergeometric series. Special cases of these lead to recurrence relations for the orthogonal polynomials, and many special functions. For example, the solution to


title: Recurrence relation

text: the confluent hypergeometric series. Sequences which are the solutions of linear difference equations with polynomial coefficients are called P-recursive. For these specific recurrence equations algorithms are known which find polynomial, rational or hypergeometric solutions.


title: Recurrence relation

text: A first order rational difference equation has the form formula_78. Such an equation can be solved by writing formula_79 as a nonlinear transformation of another variable formula_80 which itself evolves linearly. Then standard methods can be used to solve the linear difference equation in formula_80.


title: Recurrence relation

text: The recurrence is stable, meaning that the iterates converge asymptotically to a fixed value, if and only if the eigenvalues (i.e., the roots of the characteristic equation), whether real or complex, are all less than unity in absolute value.


title: Recurrence relation

text: with state vector formula_86 and transition matrix formula_87, formula_86 converges asymptotically to the steady state vector formula_89 if and only if all eigenvalues of the transition matrix formula_87 (whether real or complex) have an absolute value which is less than 1.


title: Recurrence relation

text: This recurrence is locally stable, meaning that it converges to a fixed point formula_89 from points sufficiently close to formula_89, if the slope of formula_94 in the neighborhood of formula_89 is smaller than unity in absolute value: that is,


title: Recurrence relation

text: A nonlinear recurrence could have multiple fixed points, in which case some fixed points may be locally stable and others locally unstable; for continuous "f" two adjacent fixed points cannot both be locally stable.


title: Recurrence relation

text: A nonlinear recurrence relation could also have a cycle of period formula_2 for formula_98. Such a cycle is stable, meaning that it attracts a set of initial conditions of positive measure, if the composite function


title: Recurrence relation

text: In a chaotic recurrence relation, the variable formula_86 stays in a bounded region but never converges to a fixed point or an attracting cycle; any fixed points or cycles of the equation are unstable. See also logistic map, dyadic transformation, and tent map.


title: Recurrence relation

text: When solving an ordinary differential equation numerically, one typically encounters a recurrence relation. For example, when solving the initial value problem


title: Recurrence relation

text: Systems of linear first order differential equations can be discretized exactly analytically using the methods shown in the discretization article.


title: Recurrence relation

text: Some of the best-known difference equations have their origins in the attempt to model population dynamics. For example, the Fibonacci numbers were once used as a model for the growth of a rabbit population.


title: Recurrence relation

text: The logistic map is used either directly to model population growth, or as a starting point for more detailed models of population dynamics. In this context, coupled difference equations are often used to model the interaction of two or more populations. For example, the Nicholson–Bailey model for a host-parasite interaction is given by


title: Recurrence relation

text: Integrodifference equations are a form of recurrence relation important to spatial ecology. These and other difference equations are particularly suited to modeling univoltine populations.


title: Recurrence relation

text: Recurrence relations are also of fundamental importance in analysis of algorithms. If an algorithm is designed so that it will break a problem into smaller subproblems (divide and conquer), its running time is described by a recurrence relation.


title: Recurrence relation

text: A simple example is the time an algorithm takes to find an element in an ordered vector with formula_1 elements, in the worst case.


title: Recurrence relation

text: A naive algorithm will search from left to right, one element at a time. The worst possible scenario is when the required element is the last, so the number of comparisons is formula_1.


title: Recurrence relation

text: A better algorithm is called binary search. However, it requires a sorted vector. It will first check if the element is at the middle of the vector. If not, then it will check if the middle element is greater or lesser than the sought element. At this point, half of the vector can be discarded, and the algorithm can be run again on the other half. The number of comparisons will be given by


title: Recurrence relation

text: In digital signal processing, recurrence relations can model feedback in a system, where outputs at one time become inputs for future time. They thus arise in infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters.


title: Recurrence relation

text: where formula_80 is the input at time formula_113, formula_123 is the output at time formula_113, and formula_125 controls how much of the delayed signal is fed back into the output. From this we can see that


title: Recurrence relation

text: Recurrence relations, especially linear recurrence relations, are used extensively in both theoretical and empirical economics. In particular, in macroeconomics one might develop a model of various broad sectors of the economy (the financial sector, the goods sector, the labor market, etc.) in which some agents' actions depend on lagged variables. The model would then be solved for current values of key variables (interest rate, real GDP, etc.) in terms of past and current values of other variables.


title: Filo

text: Filo or phyllo is a very thin unleavened dough used for making pastries such as baklava and börek in Middle Eastern and Balkan cuisines. Filo-based pastries are made by layering many sheets of filo brushed with oil or butter; the pastry is then baked.


title: Filo

text: The name "filo" (phonetic) or "phyllo" (transliteration) comes from Greek 'leaf'. In Turkish, it is called "" 'thin', a word which is also used for a kind of thin unleavened bread. In Arabic, it is called "reqaqot"; in Morocco, warqa (). The Albanian flia also may be named for "fije"/"fli" 'sheet, leaf'.


title: Filo

text: The origin of the practice of stretching raw dough into paper-thin sheets is unclear, with many cultures claiming credit.


title: Filo

text: Some claim it may be derived from the Greeks; Homer's "Odyssey", written around 800 BC, mentions thin breads sweetened with walnuts and honey. In the fifth century BC, Philoxenos states in his poem "Dinner" that, in the final drinking course of a meal, hosts would prepare and serve cheesecake made with milk and honey that was baked into a pie.


title: Filo

text: Others claim it originates with the Turks; the 11th-century "Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk" by Mahmud Kashgari records the meaning of "yurgha", an archaic term for "yufka", as "pleated or folded bread". Filo is documented in the Topkapı Palace in the Ottoman period.


title: Filo

text: Filo dough is made with flour, water and a small amount of oil. Homemade filo takes time and skill, requiring progressive rolling and stretching to a single thin and very large sheet. A very big table is used, preferably with a marble top. If the dough is stretched by hand, a long, thin rolling pin is used, with continual flouring between layers to prevent the sheets from sticking to one another. In modern times, mechanical rollers are also used. Prior to World War I, households in Istanbul typically had two filo makers to prepare razor thin sheets for baklava, and the relatively thicker sheets used for börek. Fresh and frozen versions are prepared for commercial markets.


title: Filo

text: When using filo to make pastries, the thin layers are made by first rolling out the sheets of dough to the final thickness, then brushing them with oil, or melted butter for some desserts, and stacking them. This contrasts with puff pastry and croissant doughs, where the layers are stacked into a thick layer of dough, then folded and rolled out multiple times to produce a laminated dough containing thin layers of dough and fat.


title: Czech First League

text: The Czech First League, known as the Fortuna liga for sponsorship reasons, is a Czech professional league for football clubs. At the top of the Czech football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. Seasons typically run from August to May, most games are played on Saturdays and Sundays with few games played on Fridays. All Fortuna liga clubs qualify for the Czech Cup.


title: Czech First League

text: The history of the Czech football league began with its reorganization for the 1993–94 season following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and therefore the league became the successor of the Czechoslovak League. Thirty-five clubs have competed in the Fortuna liga since its founding. Sparta Prague has won the title 12 times, the most among Czech clubs. Other clubs that were crowned as champions are Slavia Prague, Slovan Liberec, Baník Ostrava and Viktoria Plzeň, who are the reigning champions.


title: Czech First League

text: Based on performances in European competitions over the past five years, the league is ranked 17th in the UEFA league rankings for the 2021–22 season.


title: Czech First League

text: In the inaugural season, two points were awarded for a win, before switching to three points for a win in 1994. Teams are ranked by total points, in the case of two or more teams finishing with equal points, the head-to-head record between the teams is used for ranking, counting points in relevant games, then goal difference and then goals scored.


title: Czech First League

text: There were 16 clubs in the league. During the course of a season, which lasted from August to May, each club played the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 30 games.


title: Czech First League

text: The 2018–19 season was the first season played with the new competition format. After the regular season, which lasts from July to April and involves each team playing every other team home and away, the teams are divided into three groups. The top six teams enter the championship group, with the first-placed team being named champions. The teams play against each other only once, playing total of five additional matches. Points earned are added to the points from the regular season.


title: Czech First League

text: The teams 7th–10th position after 30 games take part in the Europa League play-offs. The best of them play against the fourth-placed or fifth-placed (it depends on the result of the Czech Cup and on the Czech coefficient rankings between European football leagues) of the championship group to determine who will participate in the Europa League.


title: Czech First League

text: The teams from 11th–16th position play in the same format as the championship group. The team finishing in 16th position is relegated directly to the Czech National Football League, while teams in 15th and 14th places play relegation play-offs against teams finishing 2nd and 3rd in the Czech National Football League.


title: Czech First League

text: The league announced that due to time pressure the relegation group will remain unfinished and as a consequence, no team can be relegated and the winner of the second league should be promoted. To avoid playing the 2020–21 season with odd number of teams, the automatic promotion was granted to the second placed team as well. There were 18 clubs in the league, each club plays the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 34 games. The three lowest placed teams were relegated to the second tier (Czech National Football League). From the 2021–22 season, the system returns to its previous format.


title: Czech First League

text: In 1997 the league started a sponsorship deal with Plzeňský Prazdroj, a. s. and became known as the Gambrinus liga (after the company's Gambrinus beer). In 2008, the sponsorship was extended until the end of the 2013–14 season.


title: Czech First League

text: In May 2014, the league announced a four-year sponsorship deal with betting firm Synot, becoming the Synot liga. However, in January 2016 the company announced that their deal would conclude at the end of the 2015–16 season.


title: Czech First League

text: In July 2016 a new two-year sponsorship deal was announced, with the league partnering ePojisteni.cz, an online insurance company. The league subsequently became known as the ePojisteni.cz liga. Due to a government subsidy scandal and the arrest of FAČR chairman , ePojisteni.cz terminated the contract prematurely in May 2017. The league was then renamed HET liga for the 2017–18 season, after paint manufacturer HET.


title: Czech First League

text: In October 2016 FAČR, League Football Association and Czech betting company Fortuna a.s. signed a 6-year partnership deal. In accordance with this deal, the Czech First League will be called Fortuna liga from the 2018–19 season.


title: Czech First League

text: The table counts all the seasons since the Czech First League was founded in 1993. Highlighted teams will be competing in the 2022–23 Czech First League.


title: STANAG magazine

text: A STANAG magazine or NATO magazine is a type of detachable firearm magazine proposed by NATO in October 1980. Shortly after NATO's acceptance of the 5.56×45mm NATO rifle cartridge, Draft Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 4179 was proposed in order to allow NATO members to easily share rifle ammunition and magazines down to the individual soldier level. The U.S. M16 rifle's magazine proportions were proposed for standardization. Many NATO members, but not all, subsequently developed or purchased rifles with the ability to accept this type of magazine. However, the standard was never ratified and remains a "Draft STANAG".


title: STANAG magazine

text: The STANAG magazine concept is only an interface, dimensional and controls (magazine latch, bolt stop, etc.) requirement. Therefore, it not only allows one type of magazine to interface with various weapon systems, but also allows STANAG magazines to be made in various configurations and capacities. The standard capacities of STANAG-compatible magazines are 20 or 30 rounds of 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. There are also 5-, 10-, 40- and 50-round box magazines, as well as 60- and 100-round casket magazines, 90-round snail-drum magazines, and 100-round drum magazines. There has also been a 150-round drum magazine produced.


title: STANAG magazine

text: The STANAG magazine, while relatively compact compared to other types of 5.56×45mm NATO box magazines, has often been criticized for a perceived lack of durability and a tendency to malfunction unless treated with a level of care that may not be practical under combat conditions. Because STANAG 4179 is only a dimensional standard, production quality from manufacturer to manufacturer is not uniform. Magazines have been manufactured with lightweight aluminum or plastic bodies and other inexpensive materials in order to keep costs down, or to meet requirements that treat the magazine more as a disposable piece of equipment than one that is supposed to stand up to repeated combat use.


title: STANAG magazine

text: As a result, in March 2009, the U.S. military began to accept delivery of improved STANAG magazines. To increase reliability, these magazines incorporate heavier, more corrosion resistant springs and new tan-colored anti-tilt followers. In addition, many commercial magazine manufacturers now offer improved STANAG-compatible magazines. These magazines are made from high-grade stainless steel bodies, rust- and set-resistant chrome-silicon springs, and anti-tilt followers. There are also highly reliable polymer magazines, some with view windows, others are translucent.


title: STANAG magazine

text: ARDEC began development of a new magazine design in July 2013 to address feeding issues of older designs with the new M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round. It was first made public in 2014 and completed development in mid-2016 as the Enhanced Performance Magazine. The magazine uses a blue follower and a tan body which presents the rounds with a better angle to the weapon's feedway, preventing the hardened steel tip of the EPR from contacting the aluminum feed ramp of the M4 carbine, increasing mean rounds between stoppage by 300%.


title: STANAG magazine

text: Loading a STANAG magazine, particularly one with a large capacity and a corresponding high spring pressure pushing the rounds to the top of the magazine, can be quite difficult. A number of devices are available to make this task simpler. These are sometimes called speedloaders but are more commonly known as magazine loaders, stripper clips, spoons, or stripper clip guides. There are a wide range of both commercial and military type loading tools available for STANAG magazines. For example; draft STANAG 4181 is a type of stripper clip and guide tool proposed for standardization based on the USGI M16 rifle stripper clips and guide tools.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The Second Italian War of Independence, also called the Franco-Austrian War, the Austro-Sardinian War or Italian War of 1859 (; ), was fought by the Second French Empire and the Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of Italian Unification.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: A year prior to the war, in the Plombières Agreement, France agreed to support Sardinia's efforts to expel Austria from Italy in return for territorial compensation in the form of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice. The two states signed a military alliance in January 1859. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859, and Austria mobilized on 9 April.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: On 23 April, Austria delivered an ultimatum to Sardinia demanding its demobilization. Upon Sardinia's refusal, the war began on 26 April. Austria invaded Sardinia three days later, and France declared war on Austria on 3 May.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The Austrian invasion was stopped by the arrival of French troops in Piedmont that had begun in late April. The Austrians were defeated at the Battle of Magenta on 4 June and pushed back to Lombardy, where the Franco-Sardinian victory at the Battle of Solferino on 24 June resulted in the end of the war and the signing of the Armistice of Villafranca on 12 July.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: Austria ceded Lombardy to France, which, in turn, gave it to Sardinia. Exploiting the collapse of Austrian power in Italy, Sardinia annexed the United Provinces of Central Italy, consisting of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal Legations, on 22 March 1860. Two days later, Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France at the Treaty of Turin as compensation for its assistance.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The Piedmontese, following their defeat by Austria in the First Italian War of Independence, recognized their need for allies. That led Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour to attempt to establish relations with other European powers, partially through Piedmont's participation in the Crimean War. In the peace conference at Paris after the Crimean War, Cavour attempted to bring attention to efforts for Italian unification. He found Britain and France to be sympathetic but refusing to go against Austrian wishes, as any movement towards Italian independence would threaten Austria's territory of Lombardy–Venetia. Private talks between Napoleon III and Cavour after the conference identified Napoleon as the most likely candidate to aid Italy although he was still uncommitted.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: On 14 January 1858, Felice Orsini, an Italian, led an attempt on Napoleon III's life. The assassination attempt brought widespread sympathy for the Italian unity and had a profound effect on Napoleon III himself, who now was determined to help Piedmont against Austria to defuse the wider revolutionary activities, which governments in Italy might later allow to happen. After a covert meeting at Plombières on 21 July 1858, Napoleon III and Cavour on 28 January 1859 signed a secret treaty of alliance against Austria.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: France would help Sardinia-Piedmont, if attacked, to fight against Austria if Sardinia-Piedmont gave Nice and Savoy to France in return. The secret alliance served both countries by helping with the Sardinian-Piedmontese plan of unification of the Italian Peninsula under the House of Savoy. It also weakened Austria, a fiery adversary of Napoleon III's French Second Empire.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: Cavour, being unable to get French help unless the Austrians attacked first, provoked Vienna by a series of military maneuvers close to the border. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859. Austria mobilised on 9 April 1859 and issued an ultimatum on 23 April demanding the complete demobilisation of the Sardinian Army. When it was not heeded, Austria started a war against Sardinia on 26 April.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The French Army for the Italian campaign had 170,000 soldiers, 2,000 horsemen and 312 guns, half of the whole French army. The army, under the command of Napoleon III, divided into five corps: the I Corps, led by Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers; the II Corps, led by Patrice de MacMahon; the III Corps, led by François Certain de Canrobert, the IV Corps; led by Adolphe Niel, and the V Corps, led by prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte. The Imperial Guard was commanded by Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: Napoleon III participated in the war and showed up on the battlefield in the belief that it would motivate the French people during the war. That would prove successful.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The Sardinian Army had about 70,000 soldiers, 4,000 horsemen and 90 guns. It was divided into five divisions, led by Castelbrugo, Manfredo Fanti, Giovanni Durando, Enrico Cialdini and Domenico Cucchiari. Two volunteer formations, the Cacciatori delle Alpi and the Cacciatori degli Appennini, were also present. It was led by Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, supported by Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The Austrian Army fielded more men with 220,000 soldiers, 824 guns and 22,000 horsemen. It was led by Field Marshal Ferenc "Graf" Gyulay.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The newly-formed United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia also supported the Franco-Italian alliance. Their ruler, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, was given 10,000 rifles and ammunition by Napoleon III. Napoleon III, with his unwavering and very genuine sympathy, also sent a military mission to Bucharest. Encouraged, Cuza formed a new military camp at Ploiești. As a result, Austria had to keep 30,000 troops in Transylvania, which could ill be spared from Italy.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The French Army, under Marshal François Certain Canrobert, moved into Piedmont in the first massive military use of railways. The Austrian forces counted on a swift victory over the weaker Sardinian Army before French forces could arrive in Piedmont. However, Count Gyulai, the commander of the Austrian troops in Lombardy, was very cautious and marched around the Ticino River in no specific direction until he crossed it to begin the offensive. Unfortunately for him, very heavy rains began to fall, which allowed the Piedmontese to flood the rice fields in front of his advance and slowed his army's march to a crawl.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The Austrians, under Gyulai, captured Novara on 30 April and Vercelli on 2 May and advanced on Turin from 7 May onward. The Franco-Sardinian move to strengthen the Alessandria and Po River bridges around Casale Monferrato forced the Austrians to halt their advance on 9 May and to fall back on 10 May. Napoleon III left Paris on 10 May, landed at Genoa on 12 May and arrived in Alessandria on 14 May. He took the command of the operations of the war, whose first major clash was at Montebello on 20 May, a battle between an Austrian Corps under Stadion and a single division of the French I Corps, under Forey. Although the Austrian contingent was three times as large, the French were victorious, which made Gyulai still more cautious. In early June, Gyulai had advanced to the rail centre of Magenta and left his army spread out. Napoleon III attacked Ticino head on with part of his force and sent many other troops to the north to flank the Austrians. The plan worked and caused Gyulai to retreat east to the quadrilateral fortresses in Lombardy, where he was relieved of his post as commander.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: Replacing Gyulai was Emperor Franz Josef I, who planned to defend the well-fortified Austrian territory behind the Mincio River. The Piedmontese-French army had taken Milan and slowly marched further east to finish off Austria in the war before Prussia could get involved. The Austrians found out that the French had halted at Brescia and decided that they should counterattack along the river Chiese. The two armies met accidentally around Solferino, which precipitated a confused series of battles.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: A French corps held off three Austrian corps all day at Medole and kept them from joining the larger battle around Solferino, where, after a day-long battle, the French broke through. Ludwig von Benedek with the Austrian VIII Corps was separated from the main force and defended Pozzolengo against the Piedmontese part of the opposing army. It was successful, but the entire Austrian army retreated after the breakthrough at Solferino and withdrew back into the Quadrilateral.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: Meanwhile, in the north of Lombardy, the Italian volunteers of Giuseppe Garibaldi's "Hunters of the Alps" defeated the Austrians at Varese and Como, and the Piedmontese-French Navy landed 3,000 soldiers and conquered the islands of Losinj (Lussino) and Cres (Cherso), in Dalmatia.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: Napoleon III signed the Villafranca Armistice with Austria in Villafranca for a combination of reasons. The Austrians had retreated to the Quadrilateral, which would be very costly to overrun. His absence in France had made the country vulnerable to attack. His actions in Italy were being criticised in France. He did not want Cavour and Piedmont to gain too much power, mostly at the expense of his men. He feared involvement of the German states. Most of Lombardy, with its capital, Milan, except only the Austrian fortresses of Mantua and Legnago and the surrounding territory, was transferred from Austria to France, which would immediately cede the territories to Sardinia. The rulers of Central Italy, who had been expelled by revolution shortly after the beginning of the war, were to be restored.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The agreement, made by Napoleon behind the backs of his Sardinian allies, led to great outrage in Sardinia-Piedmont, and Cavour resigned in protest. However, the terms of Villafranca were never to come into effect. Although they were reaffirmed by the final Treaty of Zürich in November, the agreement had become a dead letter. The Central Italian states were occupied by the Piedmontese, who showed no willingness to restore the previous rulers, and the French showed no willingness to force them to abide by the terms of the treaty.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The Austrians were left to look on in frustration at the French failure to carry out the terms of the treaty. Austria had emerged triumphantly after the suppression of liberal movements in 1849, but its status as a great power on the European scene was now seriously challenged and its influence in Italy severely weakened.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: The next year, with French and British approval, the Central Italian states (Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Papal States) were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia, and France would take its deferred rewards of Savoy and Nice. The last move was vehemently opposed by Italian national hero Garibaldi, a native of Nice, and directly led to Garibaldi's expedition to Sicily, which would complete the preliminary Unification of Italy.


title: Second Italian War of Independence

text: During the war, Prussia had also mobilised 132,000 men in 1859 but never joined the fighting. The weaknesses laid bare during the mobilisation caused the Prussian Army to initiate military reforms, which were the base for its superiority and rapid victories against Austria in 1866 and France in 1870-71, which led to a united Germany under Prussian dominance.


title: Jason Witten

text: Christopher Jason Witten (born May 6, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end for 17 seasons, primarily for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Tennessee, and was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round of the 2003 NFL Draft. Witten ranks second in all-time career receptions and receiving yards by an NFL tight end, trailing only Tony Gonzalez. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest tight ends of all time.


title: Jason Witten

text: Initially retiring in 2018, he became a color analyst for ESPN's "Monday Night Football". After working as an ESPN color analyst for the 2018 season, Witten returned to the NFL for the 2019 season, reuniting with the Cowboys. Witten then joined the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 season. Witten afterward retired again but signed a one-day contract to retire as a member of the Cowboys.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten has one cousin, Triston Witten, two older brothers, Ryan and Shawn who were raised in Washington D.C., but attended Elizabethton High School in Elizabethton, Tennessee. Witten's father, a 6'8", 300 lb. mailman, became addicted to alcohol and drugs when Witten was 6 and became abusive toward Witten's mother, Kim, and Witten's older brothers. When Witten was 11, he moved to Elizabethton to live with his grandparents. His grandfather, Dave Rider, was the coach of the football team where Witten was a two-way player, playing linebacker and tight end.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten became a three-year starter playing both linebacker and tight end, while helping his team reach the state semi-finals three times. As a senior linebacker, he finished the season with 163 tackles (registering a career school record 450), nine sacks, two interceptions, five forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries, and two blocked kicks. That year, he received several accolades: All-American, All-State (also as a junior), USA Today Player of the Year for Tennessee, East Tennessee Player of the Year, Region Defensive Player of the Year and runner-up for the Mr. Football award. He had 26 receptions and 14 touchdowns on offense. He also played basketball, where he averaged 15 points and 12 rebounds per game.


title: Jason Witten

text: In 2000, Witten accepted a scholarship to the University of Tennessee, with the promise from head coach Phillip Fulmer that he would be played at defensive end. Witten began his first year playing special teams and also saw time as a second-string defensive end.


title: Jason Witten

text: After injuries impacted the depth at the tight end position, he was moved to the offensive side midway through the season. Although Witten did not agree with the change and even considered transferring, he eventually came around and was used primarily as a blocker while he learned the position. He also started in his first two games. As a freshman, he appeared in 12 games and recorded one reception on the season, which went for 11 yards in a 70–3 victory over Louisiana–Monroe.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten appeared in all 13 games as a sophomore, catching 28 passes for 293 yards and two touchdowns. He scored his first collegiate touchdown in a 35–24 victory over Alabama in their annual rivalry game. Witten had 125 receiving yards and a touchdown in Tennessee's Citrus Bowl victory over Michigan. Witten's performance in the 45–17 victory marked the third most receiving yards in a bowl game in Tennessee history.


title: Jason Witten

text: As a junior, he had a breakout year, setting school records for a tight end in receptions (39) and receiving yards (493) with five touchdowns, including one of the most memorable receptions in school history, a game-winning touchdown in the sixth overtime against Arkansas. He received All-SEC (SEC) and Academic All-SEC honors after leading the conference's tight ends in receptions and receiving yards. He was a semifinalist for the John Mackey Tight End Award.


title: Jason Witten

text: Even though he decided to enter the NFL Draft after his junior season and had played the position in only 20 games, Witten left ranked third all-time among the school's tight ends with 68 career receptions and fourth all-time with 797 receiving yards.


title: Jason Witten

text: Following the 2017 college football season, Witten's name was placed on a college football award. The Jason Witten Collegiate Man of the Year award honors a player who shows strong leadership qualities on and off the field.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round with the 69th overall pick in the 2003 NFL Draft. He was the fifth tight end selected that year. Although the Cowboys had a first-round grade on him, when their turn came in the first and second rounds, they selected cornerback Terrence Newman and Al Johnson based on team needs. Undrafted free agent Tony Romo was another rookie who also arrived in Dallas in 2003 and would go on to become Witten's teammate throughout their careers, as well as his roommate during future team training camps and travel games.


title: Jason Witten

text: Entering the league as a 20-year-old rookie, one of the youngest players in the NFL, Witten started seven of the 15 games he played in. On September 7, he made his NFL debut in a 27–13 loss to the Atlanta Falcons, where he had one reception for 13 yards. He broke his jaw against the Arizona Cardinals, after being hit by Ronald McKinnon and Ray Thompson, which required surgery to have three plates inserted to help the healing. He only missed one game and continued to play through the injury. Head coach Bill Parcells complimented Witten on his toughness. Witten was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team for the 2003 season.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten finished his rookie year with 35 receptions for 347 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown. He made his playoff debut in the against the Carolina Panthers. He had four receptions for 30 yards in the 29–10 loss.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten had a breakout season in 2004, finishing with 87 receptions for 980 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns. His 87 receptions led the NFC and were the 11th most in NFL history by a tight end and a Cowboys team record for the position. In Week 7, against the Green Bay Packers, he had eight receptions for 112 receiving yards and one touchdown in the 41–20 loss. On November 15, against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had nine receptions for 133 yards and two touchdowns in Week 10. He was selected to his first Pro Bowl.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten finished sixth in the NFL among tight ends with 66 receptions and became the first Cowboys tight end to have at least 65 receptions in consecutive seasons. He had 66 receptions for 757 receiving yards and six touchdown receptions for the 9–7 Cowboys in 2005. As a result of his successful season, he was named to his second Pro Bowl.


title: Jason Witten

text: At the end of the 2006 season, Witten became just the tenth tight end in NFL history to post three consecutive seasons with at least 60 receptions. He registered 64 receptions for 754 yards and one touchdown, while being named to his third Pro Bowl in as many seasons.


title: Jason Witten

text: On July 22, Witten signed a six-year, $29 million contract extension through 2012. The deal contained $12 million guaranteed, including a $6 million signing bonus and a $6 million option bonus in the second year.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten had a career year in 2007, breaking his own single-season Cowboys tight end record for receptions with 96 and becoming the first franchise tight end to reach 1,000 receiving yards in a season. He became the third tight end in NFL history with 96 or more catches. He started the season off strong with six receptions for 116 receiving yards and a touchdown in a 45–35 victory over the New York Giants in Week 1. In the Week 9 game on November 4, while playing on the road against the Philadelphia Eagles, he made a 53-yard reception after losing his helmet. On December 9 against the Detroit Lions in Week 14, Witten's 15 receptions tied an NFL record held by Hall of Famer Kellen Winslow Sr., for most receptions in a game by a tight end in NFL history. In the following game against the Eagles in Week 15, Witten became the first Dallas tight end ever to gain over 1,000 receiving yards in a season. Witten was also one of the NFL-record 13 Cowboys players selected to the Pro Bowl. He was named as a First-team All-Pro for the 2007 season. Witten was nominated for the 2007 Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award, which was won by Jason Taylor.


title: Jason Witten

text: The Cowboys made the playoffs with a 13–3 record. In the against the New York Giants, he had seven receptions for 81 yards in the 21–17 loss.


title: Jason Witten

text: In Week 2, Witten recorded seven receptions for 110 receiving yards in the 41–37 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. Witten made his 400th NFL reception in the Cowboys' Thanksgiving Day game against the Seattle Seahawks in Week 13 as part of a nine-reception, 115-yard, one-touchdown performance. On December 28, against the Eagles in Week 17, he completed a 42-yard pass to Terrell Owens for the first pass of his NFL career. Witten posted 81 receptions, which ranked 13th in the NFL for 2008, 952 yards, four touchdowns, and was named a starter for the 2008 Pro Bowl.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten recorded his first 100-yard game of the 2009 season in Week 12 against the Oakland Raiders. In the 24–7 victory, he had five receptions for 107 receiving yards. In the following game, against the New York Giants, he had 14 receptions for 156 receiving yards in the 31–24 loss. In Week 16, against the Washington Redskins, he had six receptions for 117 receiving yards in the 17–0 victory. Overall, Witten recorded another Pro Bowl season, making 94 receptions for 1,030 yards and two touchdowns while starting all 16 games. He was given the NFL Iron Man Award.


title: Jason Witten

text: The Cowboys finished with a 11–5 record and made the playoffs. In the against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had four receptions for 27 receiving yards in the 34–14 victory. In the against the Minnesota Vikings, he had ten receptions for 98 receiving yards in the 34–3 loss.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten banged his head on the turf after making a catch in a Week 2 loss against the Chicago Bears. He was forced to miss the rest of the game with a concussion.


title: Jason Witten

text: In a Week 15 game against the Washington Redskins, Witten became the fastest tight end to make 600 receptions (125 games). He accomplished this with a 10-catch, 140-yard, one-touchdown day at home. He received his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection when he was named as the starting tight end for the NFC.


title: Jason Witten

text: Overall, Witten finished the 2010 season with 94 receptions for 1,002 yards and nine touchdowns. He was named as a First-team All-Pro for the second time in his career. He was ranked No. 36 by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten started the 2011 season with consecutive 100-yard receiving games in a loss to the New York Jets and a victory over San Francisco 49ers. On November 13, in Week 10 against the Buffalo Bills, Witten surpassed Ozzie Newsome to become the tight end with the third most receptions in NFL history with 663. Witten finished the season with 79 receptions for 942 receiving yards and five touchdowns playing in all 16 games. He was ranked 75th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.


title: Jason Witten

text: On August 13, 2012, Witten suffered a lacerated spleen in the preseason opener against the Oakland Raiders and missed the rest of the preseason. There was talk that the seriousness of the injury could keep him out of action for a considerable time.


title: Jason Witten

text: On September 5, Witten battled back and was able to play in the season opener, catching two passes for 10 yards in a 24–17 victory over the New York Giants. Witten's availability for the game was in question due to the spleen injury he suffered during the preseason, but he was active for the game after being medically cleared to play.


title: Jason Witten

text: During Week 2 against the Seattle Seahawks, Witten caught four passes for 58 yards. He finished the game with 702 career receptions to become just the second player in franchise history to reach 700 catches and the third tight end in NFL history to do so. Witten became the fastest tight end to reach 700 catches, reaching the milestone in 145 games. Witten became the youngest wide receiver/tight end to reach 700 catches at 30 years and 133 days. This record was later broken in Week 3 by Cardinals' wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald who totaled 707 career catches with 29 years, 23 days. His 58-yard performance gave him 7,977 receiving yards for his career passing former Cowboy Jackie Smith for fourth all-time in receiving yards among tight ends.


title: Jason Witten

text: After Week 3, Witten passed Ozzie Newsome for third place all-time in receiving yards among tight ends. In Week 8, a 29–24 loss to the New York Giants, Witten caught a career-high 18 passes for a career-high 167 yards. This is also a record for receptions by a tight end; the previous record of 15 receptions was set by Kellen Winslow in 1984.


title: Jason Witten

text: On November 4, in Week 9 against the Atlanta Falcons, Witten set the Cowboys' all-time receptions record of 754, surpassing Michael Irvin's previous record of 750.


title: Jason Witten

text: On December 23, in Week 16 against the New Orleans Saints, Witten set the NFL single-season record for receptions by a tight end (103), barely breaking the previous record of 102 receptions, which had been set by Tony Gonzalez in 2004. He extended the record to 110 in the season finale.


title: Jason Witten

text: On December 26, Witten was selected to his eighth Pro Bowl. For the second time in his career, Witten was nominated for the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, this time winning the award and the $25,000 donation to his charity. Overall, he finished the 2012 season with 110 receptions for 1,039 yards and three touchdowns. His 110 receptions ranked fifth in the NFL for the season. He was ranked 41st among his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.


title: Jason Witten

text: In the regular season opener against the New York Giants, Witten had two receiving touchdowns in the 36–31 victory. In Week 2 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Witten surpassed Shannon Sharpe with the second most receptions as a tight end in NFL history. His three catches during the game brought his career total to 817. In Week 5, against the Denver Broncos, he had seven receptions for 121 receiving yards and one touchdown in the 51–48 shootout loss. In Week 12, in the second divisional game against the Giants, he added two more receiving touchdowns in the 24–21 victory. In the season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had 12 receptions for 135 yards in the 24–22 loss. He finished the 2013 season with starts in all 16 games. He recorded 73 receptions for 851 yards and eight touchdowns. He was named to the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career. He was ranked 98th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.


title: Jason Witten

text: In a Week 5 game against the Houston Texans on October 5, Witten became only the third tight end with 10,000 career receiving yards, joining Shannon Sharpe and Tony Gonzalez.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten became the all-time leader for consecutive starts by a tight end after he started against the Seattle Seahawks in Week 6. In that same game, he also became the second tight end in NFL history to reach 900 receptions.


title: Jason Witten

text: In Week 7, Witten had 27 yards against the New York Giants to move his career receiving yards to 10,065 to pass Shannon Sharpe (10,060) for the second-most receiving yards by an NFL tight end. In Week 16, Witten sprained his knee against the Indianapolis Colts but was still able to play in the season finale against the Washington Redskins.


title: Jason Witten

text: That season, the Cowboys emphasized the running game and although his receiving production declined, his blocking was noticed while helping DeMarco Murray lead the NFL in rushing. Witten finished with 60 receptions for 654 yards and five touchdowns. He was named to his tenth career Pro Bowl for his 2014 season. He was ranked 93rd by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: Jason Witten

text: In the regular season opener against the New York Giants, Witten had eight receptions for 60 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 27–26 victory. In Week 2 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Witten suffered a right knee injury and two sprained ankles but was able to only miss a play and a half. On November 22, against the Miami Dolphins he became the franchise's iron man, playing his 196th consecutive game and surpassing Bob Lilly. Two weeks later, in a "Monday Night Football" game against the Washington Redskins, Witten became the 12th player and second tight end in NFL history to reach 1,000 receptions. The only other tight end with 1,000 or more catches is Tony Gonzalez. On December 27, in Week 16 against the Buffalo Bills, he set the Cowboys record with his 118th consecutive game with a reception, passing Michael Irvin.


title: Jason Witten

text: During the 2015 season, Witten was asked to be more involved in the blocking than usual, because of the team playing with four different starting quarterbacks with varying degrees of knowledge of the offense. He started all 16 games and led the Cowboys with 77 receptions for 713 yards and three touchdowns.


title: Jason Witten

text: Against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 8, Witten caught the game-winning touchdown in overtime, making him the first player in franchise history to score in 14 seasons. In Week 9, against the Cleveland Browns, he had eight receptions for 134 receiving yards and one touchdown in the 35–10 victory. He finished the season 16 receiving yards shy of Michael Irvin's all-time franchise record. Overall, Witten started all 16 games and finished the regular season with 69 receptions for 673 receiving yards and three touchdowns. He caught his first career post-season touchdown from Dak Prescott in the Cowboys' 34–31 loss to the Green Bay Packers.


title: Jason Witten

text: On March 28, 2017, Witten signed a four-year contract extension with the Cowboys through the 2021 season.


title: Jason Witten

text: During a Week 1 19–3 victory against the New York Giants on "Sunday Night Football", Witten recorded the Cowboys' lone touchdown. In addition, he passed Michael Irvin for most career receiving yards in franchise history and also became the third player in NFL history to have at least 150 catches against one team, joining Jerry Rice and Larry Fitzgerald. On September 17, in Week 2 against the Denver Broncos, Witten had ten receptions for 97 yards and a touchdown in the 42–17 defeat. He started all 16 games and finished the season with 63 receptions for 560 yards and five touchdowns, on his way to his 11th Pro Bowl, which tied a Cowboys record with Bob Lilly.


title: Jason Witten

text: On April 26, 2018, reports surfaced that Witten was going to retire and accept a position as the lead analyst for ESPN's "Monday Night Football" telecasts. A week later, Witten officially announced his retirement and confirmed he would be joining "Monday Night Football" for the 2018 season.


title: Jason Witten

text: On February 28, 2019, ESPN announced that Witten will return to the Cowboys on a one-year, $4.5 million deal, and leave his "Monday Night Football" position at the company. In his return to the gridiron, Witten had three receptions for 15 yards and a receiving touchdown in the 35–17 victory over the New York Giants in the Cowboys' 2019 regular season opener. Overall, in the 2019 season, Witten started all 16 games and recorded 63 receptions for 529 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns.


title: Jason Witten

text: On March 25, 2020, Witten signed a one-year contract with the Las Vegas Raiders. In Week 4, against the Buffalo Bills, he had his first touchdown as a Raider on a three-yard reception from quarterback Derek Carr. He was fined by the NFL on October 5, 2020, for attending a maskless charity event hosted by teammate Darren Waller during the COVID-19 pandemic in violation of the NFL's COVID-19 protocols for the 2020 season. In the 2020 season, he started seven games and recorded 13 receptions for 69 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Jason Witten

text: On January 27, 2021, Witten once again announced his retirement from the NFL and stated his intention to sign a one-day contract to retire as a member of the Cowboys.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten resides in Westlake, Texas, located in the Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex, with his wife Michelle, an emergency room nurse at Dallas's Parkland Memorial Hospital, and their four children, C.J., Cooper, Landry, and Hadley Grace.


title: Jason Witten

text: Witten wrote an opinion piece for ESPN, titled "How Twitter has become NFL locker room poison" in which he detailed the potential negative impact social media can have, particularly on younger players, from his personal experiences.


title: Jason Witten

text: In 2021 and just days after his retirement from the NFL, Witten spurned the overtures of several NFL and college teams to coach and was named the head football coach at Liberty Christian School in Argyle, Texas.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: Old School RuneScape is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed and published by Jagex. The game was released on 22 February 2013. When "Old School RuneScape" launched, it began as an August 2007 version of the game "RuneScape," which was highly popular prior to the launch of RuneScape 3. The game has since received engine improvements, new content, and quality of life updates largely decided by in-game polls. Despite having a smaller development team and a slower relative update schedule, "Old School RuneScape" has a larger player-base than "RuneScape". A mobile version for Android and iOS was released in October 2018.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: "Old School RuneScape" is an MMORPG with adventure elements. It features a persistent world in which players can interact with each other and the environment. The basic mechanics are largely the same as "RuneScape" on 10 August 2007. The player controls a single (human) character and can interact with NPCs, objects, and entities in the game world by left-clicking, or selecting an option from the object's right-click menu, since many objects can offer more than one interaction option. Users can gain experience points (exp.) and level up individual skills, making their playable character more powerful or more capable of using that skill.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: There is a large selection of skills, grouped mainly between three different categories: combat, gathering, and artisan. Combat skills aid the player in defeating enemy monsters or other players, with skills such as strength, range, and magic, among others. The gathering skills, such as mining, fishing, and woodcutting allow the player to gather in game resources. The artisan skills include skills such as cooking, crafting, and smithing. The input mechanics are mainly point-and-click. The game runs on a tick-based system where the game state refreshes every 600 milliseconds.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: Features that were not released on "RuneScape" until after 2007 have since been released to "Old School RuneScape" such as the God Wars Dungeon and the Soul Wars minigame. Content exclusive to "Old School RuneScape" has been added too including new areas such as Fossil Island and Great Kourend, minigames such as The Inferno, quests such as Dragon Slayer 2 and Song of the Elves, and bosses such as the Nightmare of Ashihama. and skilling activities. Players can obtain one-off pets that follow them around the game world. Players can together defeat new powerful enemies in raids such as the Chambers of Xeric and the Theatre of Blood. Players can also join clans.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: "Old School RuneScape" also offers an "Ironman" game mode, where players are completely barred from economic interaction with other players, and they must be self-sufficient. Ironman mode players cannot take items that other players have dropped or sold to stores, or pick up items dropped by players killed in PvP situations. First introduced in October 2014, this is often considered one of the most difficult ways to play the game, as many late-game items only come from high level bosses and have a small chance of being obtained. Although these accounts can still use all the game's chat features, the game mode is often touted as a "single-player" experience due to the necessity of solo exploration of the game world for progression. The game features several variations of the normal Ironman mode, including an "Ultimate Ironman Mode" that cannot use the in-game banks and a "Hardcore Ironman Mode" that turns into a normal Ironman account after dying for the first time.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: "Old School RuneScape" largely takes place in the fictional realm of Gielinor, a planet filled with multiple environments and climates. It is divided into kingdoms and is inhabited by humans, vampyres, elves, monkeys, dwarves, fairies, gnomes, goblins, trolls, ogres and other races.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: Gielinor's basic history is told in five Ages. Guthix, the god of balance, shaped Gielinor in the First Age. In the Second Age, Guthix went into slumber, and many other gods established power on Gielinor. The mortal Zamorak apotheosised into the god of chaos after slaying the god Zaros. This act provoked the Third Age - the Cataclysmic God Wars, in which all the gods of Gielinor waged war on each other. The God Wars ended when the Forinthry region was destroyed by the fighting, rendering it as the inhospitable Wilderness, and in turn awakening Guthix; Whom, angered by the conflict, banished all the other Gods from Gielinor. In the Fourth Age, mortal races fought and competed until human mages discovered how to create runestones. By the Fifth Age, humans became the dominant race.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: In response to the declining player base and negative update reception of the original and then-current version of "RuneScape", Jagex CEO Mark Gerhard officially announced a poll for the creation of "Old School RuneScape" in a news article in February 2013. The article explained that an August 2007 backup of "RuneScape" was located in the company's backup archives. The company admitted that the game had changed a lot and that the backup could be used to create a separate version of the game if the players desired. In the article, Jagex explained the goals of the poll, and what each number bracket would unlock for the player community. In two weeks, it received enough votes for the game to be released. The ending total vote count was 449,351, which fell short of the 500,000 mass reward tier. Jagex did however incorporate three of the five incentives of the highest tier by approving vote based polls on all content, upgraded bot protection, and no additional fees for this game mode.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: "Old School RuneScape" was released for Windows, macOS on 22 February 2013. Upon release, the game was only playable for accounts that had a membership subscription. The option for non-members to play in the limited free-to-play areas was granted in February 2015.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: Although "Old School RuneScape" has a small team of developers relative to that of the live version of "RuneScape", it receives regular patches and new content of that of a flagship product. Most updates and changes are polled, and can be voted on in-game. The proposed updates are voted on by players, and are only implemented if 70 percent of paying players accept them. Poll results used to be visible to everyone before casting their votes, but after April 2019, poll results became hidden until the conclusion of the polls. Suggestions made by fans on Reddit have been polled and added to the game.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: A mobile port of the game was previewed at the Game Developers Conference in March 2018. It was released for Android and iOS devices was released on 30 October 2018. In under two weeks, it became the most downloaded mobile game in eight different countries, surpassing a million downloads.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: In October 2020, following the release of RuneScape 3 on Steam, it was announced that Old School Runescape would arrive on the platform in 2021. Old School RuneScape released on Steam on 24 February 2021.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: Deadman Mode is a separate incarnation of "Old School RuneScape" released on 29 October 2015, which features open-world player versus player combat and accelerated experience rates. If one player kills another, the victor receives a key to a chest letting them loot items from their victim's account. Players who engage other players in combat will be marked with a skull icon – "skulled" players come under attack from NPCs if they try to enter safe cities, and the number of keys they are holding will be visible to other players making them an obvious target. Players who die in Deadman Mode will lose a significant portion of their experience points in all but five skills of the player's choice.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: At RuneFest 2019, Jagex announced a special new high-speed gamemode with similarities to Deadman Mode called "Old School Runescape Leagues". Leagues contrast with the original servers in that they, much like Deadman Mode, will exist as a separate game instance and only exist for a short amount of time. Each league is intended to run for two months. Players in this gamemode compete with others to progress faster and farther before the two month deadline is over. Players that join select game servers will start anew, have vastly increased experience rates, and have the ability to unlock special permanent perks that add further multipliers to rewards and experience.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: The first iteration of Leagues was entitled the "Twisted League" and ran from 14 November 2019 until 16 January 2020. In this League, players were restricted to the regions of the Kebos Lowlands and Great Kourend. The second iteration, "Trailblazer League", began on 28 October 2020. Shortly after, the game reached an all time record of 157,000 players playing at one time.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: At various times during the year, "Old School RuneScape" launches temporary holiday events, where players can complete seasonal quests to earn special rewards. Currently, there are four annual holiday events: Easter, Halloween, Christmas and the "birthday event".


title: Old School RuneScape

text: An esports tournament "Wilderness Wars" was held at the 61st Insomnia Gaming Festival on 26 August 2017.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: Additionally, Jagex hosts separate, recurring "Deadman Tournaments" where players can qualify for a final elimination round, incentivized by monetary prizes. The esports company ESL organized the fourth Deadman competition. The Autumn Finals of September 2018 boasted a 20,000 grand prize. For most major events, tournament coverage is done by a selection of dedicated esports organizations and personnel who provide on-site commentary, analysis, and player interviews surrounding the event in progress, similar to traditional sporting events. The primary medium for professional coverage is through the live streaming platform Twitch.tv.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: Professional reviews have been generally positive. Most critics have praised the game for introducing new features while still maintaining the traditional gameplay of "RuneScape". Austin Wood of "PC Gamer" gave "Old School RuneScape" a score of 77 out of 100.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: Writing for "PC World", John Gaudiosi called it a "nostalgic experience". Steven Messner of Rock, Paper, Shotgun wrote "there’s something lovely about a company being just as enthusiastic about where their game is headed as where it came from". In "The Cambridge News", Matt Gooding wrote "since its resurrection, the game has continued to embrace, celebrate, and expand on its origins to provide a truly nostalgic PvP experience for its growing legions of players." Eli Becht of Heavy.com wrote "there’s a sense of nostalgia to OSRS that keeps people playing and it features the loved “player killing” aspect of the game that was removed for a period of time." Christopher Dring of GamesIndustry.biz wrote "it is easy to dismiss its popularity as something that simply taps into that nostalgia for old-school games, but the fact it is now four years old and still growing every year suggests that there is more to it than that."


title: Old School RuneScape

text: The game was nominated for the "Heritage" and "Best Role-Playing Game" awards at The Independent Game Developers' Association Awards 2018 and 2019, and won the award for "EE Mobile Game of the Year" at the 15th British Academy Games Awards. In addition, it won the award for "Best Mobile Game" at the Develop:Star Awards, whereas its other nomination was for "Best Innovation". It was also nominated for "Game of the Year" and "Best Live Ops" at the "Pocket Gamer" Mobile Games Awards.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: "Old School RuneScape", like "RuneScape", has a free-to-play (F2P) mode of the game with limited in-game content, making its money through membership subscriptions from pay-to-play (P2P) players who have access to the full game. Membership can be bought from Jagex either directly or in the form of Bonds. Bonds can be redeemed by players for membership, or sold to other players for in game currency.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: "Old School Runescape" has a larger player-base than "RuneScape 3". It hit a million users in October 2013.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: In June 2017, the addition of an LGBT pride-themed holiday event, in which players were tasked with finding the pieces to create a rainbow scarf, caused controversy among players for being seen as political and out of place. Jagex responded, "There’s no political statement here. Our only aim is to acknowledge and honour an event that promotes empathy, acceptance and love."


title: Old School RuneScape

text: The Rules of "RuneScape" prohibit players from engaging in the real-world sale or purchase of items, gold, or services. Despite the repercussions for gold farming, including the banning of suspected accounts, players continue to amass "Old School RuneScape" gold with the intention of selling it for real-life currency on third party websites. Gold farming has also become the primary source of real-world income for many Venezuelan players, due to the ongoing economic crisis in the country. In 2019, for every 1 million in-game gold coins, a worker would earn about . This has been met with mixed reactions from the game community; some are sympathetic to their situation, while others emphasize the negative impact of gold farming on the game economy and community. Venezuelan and Spanish-speaking players have been subjected to increased prejudice within the community due to their perceived role in gold farming.


title: Old School RuneScape

text: Fan-made YouTube Let's Plays of the game's Ironman mode, with additional self-imposed handicaps or challenges, are popular.


title: Linezolid

text: Linezolid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. Linezolid is active against most Gram-positive bacteria that cause disease, including streptococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA). The main uses are infections of the skin and pneumonia although it may be used for a variety of other infections including drug-resistant tuberculosis. It is used either by injection into a vein or by mouth.


title: Linezolid

text: When given for short periods, linezolid is a relatively safe antibiotic. It can be used in people of all ages and in people with liver disease or poor kidney function. Common side effects with short-term use include headache, diarrhea, rash, and nausea. Serious side effects may include serotonin syndrome, bone marrow suppression, and high blood lactate levels, particularly when used for more than two weeks. If used for longer periods it may cause nerve damage, including optic nerve damage, which may be irreversible.


title: Linezolid

text: As a protein synthesis inhibitor, linezolid works by suppressing bacterial protein production. This either stops growth or results in bacterial death. Although many antibiotics work this way, the exact mechanism of action of linezolid appears to be unique in that it blocks the initiation of protein production, rather than one of the later steps. As of 2014, bacterial resistance to linezolid has remained low. Linezolid is a member of the oxazolidinone class of medications.


title: Linezolid

text: Linezolid was discovered in the mid-1990s, and was approved for commercial use in 2000. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies linezolid as critically important for human medicine. Linezolid is available as a generic medication.


title: Linezolid

text: The main use of linezolid is the treatment of severe infections caused by aerobic Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics; it should not be used against bacteria that are sensitive to drugs with a narrower spectrum of activity, such as penicillins and cephalosporins. In both the popular press and the scientific literature, linezolid has been called a "reserve antibiotic"—one that should be used sparingly so that it will remain effective as a drug of last resort against potentially intractable infections.


title: Linezolid

text: In the United States, the indications for linezolid use approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are the treatment of vancomycin-resistant "Enterococcus" "faecium" infections, with or without bacterial invasion of the bloodstream; nosocomial pneumonia (hospital-acquired) and community-acquired pneumonia caused by "S. aureus" or "S. pneumoniae"; complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) caused by susceptible bacteria, including diabetic foot infection, unless complicated by osteomyelitis (infection of the bone and bone marrow); and "uncomplicated" skin and soft tissue infections caused by "S. pyogenes" or "S. aureus". The manufacturer advises against the use of linezolid for community-acquired pneumonia or "uncomplicated" skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA. In the United Kingdom, pneumonia and cSSSIs are the only indications noted in the product labeling.


title: Linezolid

text: A large meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found linezolid to be more effective than glycopeptide antibiotics (such as vancomycin and teicoplanin) and beta-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) caused by Gram-positive bacteria, and smaller studies appear to confirm its superiority over teicoplanin in the treatment of all serious Gram-positive infections.


title: Linezolid

text: In the treatment of diabetic foot infections, linezolid appears to be cheaper and more effective than vancomycin. In a 2004 open-label study, it was as effective as ampicillin/sulbactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and far superior in patients with foot ulcers and no osteomyelitis, but with significantly higher rates of adverse effects. A 2008 meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials, however, found that linezolid treatment failed as often as other antibiotics, regardless of whether patients had osteomyelitis.


title: Linezolid

text: Some authors have recommended that combinations of cheaper or more cost-effective drugs (such as co-trimoxazole with rifampicin or clindamycin) be tried before linezolid in the treatment of SSTIs when susceptibility of the causative organism allows it.


title: Linezolid

text: No significant difference appears in treatment success rates between linezolid, glycopeptides, or appropriate beta-lactam antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonia. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia developed by the American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend that linezolid be reserved for cases in which MRSA has been confirmed as the causative organism, or when MRSA infection is suspected based on the clinical presentation. The guidelines of the British Thoracic Society do not recommend it as first-line treatment, but rather as an alternative to vancomycin. Linezolid is also an acceptable second-line treatment for community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia when penicillin resistance is present.


title: Linezolid

text: U.S. guidelines recommend either linezolid or vancomycin as the first-line treatment for hospital-acquired (nosocomial) MRSA pneumonia. Some studies have suggested that linezolid is better than vancomycin against nosocomial pneumonia, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by MRSA, perhaps because the penetration of linezolid into bronchial fluids is much higher than that of vancomycin. Several issues in study design have been raised, however, calling into question results that suggest the superiority of linezolid. Regardless, linezolid's advantages include its high oral bioavailability—which allows easy switching to oral therapy—and the fact that poor kidney function is not an obstacle to use. In contrast, achieving the correct dosage of vancomycin in patients with kidney failure is very difficult.


title: Linezolid

text: It is traditionally believed that so-called "deep" infections—such as osteomyelitis or infective endocarditis—should be treated with bactericidal antibiotics, not bacteriostatic ones. Nevertheless, preclinical studies were conducted to assess the efficacy of linezolid for these infections, and the drug has been used successfully to treat them in clinical practice. Linezolid appears to be a reasonable therapeutic option for infective endocarditis caused by multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, despite a lack of high-quality evidence to support this use. Results in the treatment of enterococcal endocarditis have varied, with some cases treated successfully and others not responding to therapy. Low- to medium-quality evidence is also mounting for its use in bone and joint infections, including chronic osteomyelitis, although adverse effects are a significant concern when long-term use is necessary.


title: Linezolid

text: In combination with other drugs, linezolid has been used to treat tuberculosis. The optimal dose for this purpose has not been established. In adults, daily and twice-daily dosing have been used to good effect. Many months of treatment are often required, and the rate of adverse effects is high regardless of dosage. There is not enough reliable evidence of efficacy and safety to support this indication as a routine use.


title: Linezolid

text: Linezolid has been studied as an alternative to vancomycin in the treatment of febrile neutropenia in cancer patients when Gram-positive infection is suspected. It is also one of few antibiotics that diffuse into the vitreous humor, and may therefore be effective in treating endophthalmitis (inflammation of the inner linings and cavities of the eye) caused by susceptible bacteria. Again, there is little evidence for its use in this setting, as infectious endophthalmitis is treated widely and effectively with vancomycin injected directly into the eye.


title: Linezolid

text: In animal studies of meningitis caused by "Streptococcus pneumoniae", linezolid was found to penetrate well into cerebrospinal fluid, but its effectiveness was inferior to that of other antibiotics. There does not appear to be enough high-quality evidence to support the routine use of linezolid to treat bacterial meningitis. Nonetheless, it has been used successfully in many cases of central nervous system infection—including meningitis—caused by susceptible bacteria, and has also been suggested as a reasonable choice for this indication when treatment options are limited or when other antibiotics have failed. The guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend linezolid as the first-line drug of choice for VRE meningitis, and as an alternative to vancomycin for MRSA meningitis. Linezolid appears superior to vancomycin in treating community-acquired MRSA infections of the central nervous system, although very few cases of such infections have been published ().


title: Linezolid

text: In March 2007, the FDA reported the results of a randomized, open-label, phase III clinical trial comparing linezolid to vancomycin in the treatment of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Patients treated with vancomycin could be switched to oxacillin or dicloxacillin if the bacteria that caused their infection was found to be susceptible, and patients in both groups (linezolid and vancomycin) could receive specific treatment against Gram-negative bacteria if necessary. The study itself was published in January 2009.


title: Linezolid

text: Linezolid was associated with significantly greater mortality than the comparator antibiotics. When data from all participants were pooled, the study found that 21.5% of those given linezolid died, compared to 16% of those not receiving it. The difference was found to be due to the inferiority of linezolid in the treatment of Gram-negative infections alone or mixed Gram-negative/Gram-positive infections. In participants whose infection was due to Gram-positive bacteria alone, linezolid was as safe and effective as vancomycin. In light of these results, the FDA issued an alert reminding healthcare professionals that linezolid is not approved for the treatment of catheter-related infections or infections caused by Gram-negative organisms, and that more appropriate therapy should be instituted whenever a Gram-negative infection is confirmed or suspected.


title: Linezolid

text: In adults and children over the age of 12, linezolid is usually given every 12 hours, whether orally or intravenously. In younger children and infants, it is given every eight hours. No dosage adjustments are required in the elderly, in people with mild-to-moderate liver failure, or in those with impaired kidney function. In people requiring hemodialysis, care should be taken to give linezolid after a session, because dialysis removes 30–40% of a dose from the body; no dosage adjustments are needed in people undergoing continuous hemofiltration, although more frequent administration may be warranted in some cases. According to one study, linezolid may need to be given more frequently than normal in people with burns affecting more than 20% of body area, due to increased nonrenal clearance of the drug.


title: Linezolid

text: Linezolid is in U.S. pregnancy category C, meaning there have been no adequate studies of its safety when used by pregnant women, and although animal studies have shown mild toxicity to the fetus, the benefits of using the drug may outweigh its risks. It also passes into breast milk, although the clinical significance of this (if any) is unknown.


title: Linezolid

text: Linezolid is effective against all clinically important Gram-positive bacteria—those whose cell wall contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan and no outer membrane—notably "Enterococcus faecium" and "Enterococcus faecalis" (including vancomycin-resistant enterococci), "Staphylococcus aureus" (including methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus", MRSA), "Streptococcus agalactiae", "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "Streptococcus pyogenes", the "viridans" group streptococci, "Listeria monocytogenes", and "Corynebacterium" species (the latter being among the most susceptible to linezolid, with minimum inhibitory concentrations routinely below 0.5 mg/L). Linezolid is also highly active "in vitro" against several mycobacteria. It appears to be very effective against "Nocardia", but because of high cost and potentially serious adverse effects, authors have recommended that it be combined with other antibiotics or reserved for cases that have failed traditional treatment.