title: Experience

text: A great variety of experiences is discussed in the academic literature besides the types mentioned so far. The term "flow", for example, refers to experiences in which the agent is fully immersed in a certain activity. This type of experience has various characteristic features, including a clear sense of the activity's goal, immediate feedback on how one is doing and a good balance between one's skills and the difficulty of the task. A diverse group of activities can lead to flow experiences, like art, sports and computer games. Flow is of particular interest to positive psychology because its experience is pleasurable.


title: Experience

text: Aesthetic experience is a central concept in the psychology of art and experimental aesthetics. It refers to the experience of aesthetic objects, in particular, concerning beauty and art. There is no general agreement on the fundamental features common to all aesthetic experiences. Some accounts focus on features like a fascination with an aesthetic object, a feeling of unity and intensity, whereas others emphasize a certain psychological distance from the aesthetic object in the sense that the aesthetic experience is disconnected from practical concerns.


title: Experience

text: Transformative experiences are experiences involving a radical transformation that leaves the experiencer a different person from who they were before. Examples of transformative experiences include having a child, fighting in a war, or undergoing a religious conversion. They involve fundamental changes both in one's beliefs and in one's core preferences. It has been argued that transformative experiences constitute counterexamples to rational choice theory because the person deciding for or against undergoing a transformative experience cannot know what it will be like until afterward. It also may be because it is not clear whether the decision should be grounded in the preferences before or after the transformation.


title: Experience

text: Phenomenology is the science of the structure and contents of experience. It studies phenomena, i.e. the appearances of things from the first-person perspective. A great variety of experiences is investigated this way, including perception, memory, imagination, thought, desire, emotion and agency. According to traditional phenomenology, one important structure found in all the different types of experience is intentionality, meaning that all experience is "experience of something". In this sense, experience is always directed at certain objects by means of its representational contents. Experiences are in an important sense different from the objects of experience since experiences are not just presented but one lives through them. Phenomenology is also concerned with the study of the conditions of possibility of phenomena that may shape experience differently for different people. These conditions include embodiment, culture, language and social background.


title: Experience

text: There are various different forms of phenomenology, which employ different methods. Central to traditional phenomenology associated with Edmund Husserl is the so-called epoché, also referred to as bracketing. In it, the researcher suspends their judgment about the external existence of the experienced objects in order to focus exclusively on the structure of the experience itself, i.e. on how these objects are presented. An important method for studying the contents of experience is called eidetic variation. It aims at discerning their essence by imagining the object in question, varying its features and assessing whether the object can survive this imaginary change. Only features that cannot be changed this way belong to the object's essence. Hermeneutic phenomenology, by contrast, gives more importance to our pre-existing familiarity with experience. It tries to comprehend how this pre-understanding brings with it various forms of interpretation that shape experience and may introduce distortions into it. Neurophenomenology, on the other hand, aims at bridging the gap between the first-person perspective of traditional phenomenology and the third-person approach favored by the natural sciences. This happens by looking for connections between subjective experience and objective brain processes, for example, with the help of brain scans.


title: Experience

text: Experience, when understood in terms of sensation, is of special interest to epistemology. Knowledge based on this form of experience is termed "empirical knowledge" or "knowledge a posteriori". Empiricism is the thesis that all knowledge is empirical knowledge, i.e. that there is no knowledge that does not ultimately rest on sensory experience. Traditionally, this view is opposed by rationalists, who accept that sensory experience can ground knowledge but also allow other sources of knowledge. For example, some rationalists claim that humans either have innate or intuitive knowledge of mathematics that does not rest on generalizations based on sensory experiences.


title: Experience

text: Another problem is to understand how it is possible for sensory experiences to justify beliefs. According to one view, sensory experiences are themselves belief-like in the sense that they involve the affirmation of propositional contents. On this view, seeing white snow involves, among other things, the affirmation of the proposition "snow is white". Given this assumption, experiences can justify beliefs in the same way as beliefs can justify other beliefs: because their propositional contents stand in the appropriate logical and explanatory relations to each other. But this assumption has many opponents who argue that sensations are non-conceptual and therefore non-propositional. On such a view, the affirmation that snow is white is already something added to the sensory experience, which in itself may not amount to much more than the presentation of a patch of whiteness. One problem for this non-conceptualist approach to perceptual experience is that it faces difficulties in explaining how sensory experiences can justify beliefs, as they apparently do. One way to avoid this problem is to deny this appearance by holding that they do not justify beliefs but only cause beliefs. On the coherence theory of justification, these beliefs may still be justified, not because of the experiences responsible for them, but because of the way they cohere with the rest of the person's beliefs.


title: Experience

text: Because of its relation to justification and knowledge, experience plays a central role for empirical rationality. Whether it is rational for someone to believe a certain claim depends, among other things, on the experiences this person has made. For example, a teacher may be justified in believing that a certain student will pass an exam based on the teacher's experience with the student in the classroom. But the same belief would not be justified for a stranger lacking these experiences. Rationality is relative to experience in this sense. This implies that it may be rational for one person to accept a certain claim while another person may rationally reject the same claim.


title: Experience

text: Closely related to the role of experience in epistemology is its role in science. It is often argued that observational experience is central to scientific experiments. The evidence obtained in this manner is then used to confirm or disconfirm scientific theories. In this way, experience acts as a neutral arbiter between competing theories. For example, astronomical observations made by Galileo Galilei concerning the orbits of planets were used as evidence in the Copernican Revolution, in which the traditional geocentric model was rejected in favor of the heliocentric model. One problem for this view is that it is essential for scientific evidence to be public and uncontroversial. The reason for this is that different scientists should be able to share the same evidence in order to come to an agreement about which hypothesis is correct. But experience is usually understood as a private mental state, not as a publicly observable phenomenon, thereby putting its role as scientific evidence into question.


title: Experience

text: A central problem in metaphysics is the mind-body problem. It involves the question of how to conceive the relation between body and mind. Understood in its widest sense, it concerns not only experience but any form of mind, including unconscious mental states. But it has been argued that experience has special relevance here since experience is often seen as the paradigmatic form of mind. The idea that there is a "problem" to begin with is often traced back to how different matter and experience seem to be. Physical properties, like size, shape and weight, are public and are ascribed to objects. Experiences, on the other hand, are private and are ascribed to subjects. Another important distinctive feature is that experiences are intentional, i.e. that they are directed at objects different from themselves. But despite these differences, body and mind seem to causally interact with each other, referred to as psycho-physical causation. This concerns both the way how physical events, like a rock falling on someone's foot, cause experiences, like a sharp pain, and how experiences, like the intention to make the pain stop, cause physical events, like pulling the foot from under the rock.


title: Experience

text: Various solutions to the mind-body problem have been presented. Dualism is a traditionally important approach. It states that bodies and minds belong to distinct ontological categories and exist independently of each other. A central problem for dualists is to give a plausible explanation of how their interaction is possible or of why they seem to be interacting. Monists, on the other hand, deny this type of ontological bifurcation. Instead, they argue that, on the most fundamental level, only one type of entity exists. According to materialism, everything is ultimately material. On this view, minds either do not exist or exist as material aspects of bodies. According to idealism, everything is ultimately mental. On this view, material objects only exist in the form of ideas and depend thereby on experience and other mental states. Monists are faced with the problem of explaining how two types of entities that seem to be so different can belong to the same ontological category.


title: Experience

text: The hard problem of consciousness is a closely related issue. It is concerned with explaining why some physical events, like brain processes, are accompanied by conscious experience, i.e. that undergoing them feels a certain way to the subject. This is especially relevant from the perspective of the natural sciences since it seems to be possible, at least in principle, to explain human behavior and cognition without reference to experience. Such an explanation can happen in relation to the processing of information in the form of electrical signals. In this sense, the hard problem of consciousness points to an explanatory gap between the physical world and conscious experience. There is significant overlap between the solutions proposed to the mind-body problem and the solutions proposed to the hard problem of consciousness.


title: Experience

text: Another disagreement between empiricists and rationalists besides their epistemological dispute concerns the role of experience in the formation of concepts. Concepts are general notions that constitute the fundamental building blocks of thought. Some empiricists hold that all concepts are learned from experience. This is sometimes explained by claiming that concepts just constitute generalizations, abstractions or copies of the original contents of experience. Logical empiricists, for example, have used this idea in an effort to reduce the content of all empirical propositions to protocol sentences recording nothing but the scientists' immediate experiences. This idea is convincing for some concepts, like the concept of "red" or of "dog", which seem to be acquired through experience with their instances. But it is controversial whether this is true for all concepts. Immanuel Kant, for example, defends a rationalist position by holding that experience requires certain concepts so basic that it would not be possible without them. These concepts, the so-called categories, cannot be acquired through experience since they are the "conditions of the possibility of experience", according to Kant.


title: Ben Hollingsworth (actor)

text: Benjamin Allen Nicolas Hollingsworth (born September 7, 1984) is a Canadian actor. He is perhaps best known for his role on the CBS television series "Code Black" (2015–2018).


title: Ben Hollingsworth (actor)

text: Hollingsworth was born in Brockville, Ontario. He enrolled at the National Theatre School of Canada, where he graduated in 2006.


title: Ben Hollingsworth (actor)

text: Hollingsworth has appeared in various television shows, most notably "Suits" as Mike Ross's rival, Kyle Durant.


title: Ben Hollingsworth (actor)

text: Hollingsworth married lingerie designer and Bar Method teacher, Nila Myers, on November 10, 2012, after two years of dating. The couple have two sons, born on July 3, 2016 and March 16, 2018 and a daughter born on October 15, 2020.


title: Ben Hollingsworth (actor)

text: Hollingsworth was in a relationship with fellow Canadian actress Nina Dobrev from 2006 to 2009. They were previously roommates before they dated.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: Kapil Sibal (born 8 August 1948) is an Indian lawyer and politician. Sibal has represented several high-profile cases in the Supreme Court of India and is widely regarded as one of the famous lawyers of India. He is a Member of Parliament, in Rajya Sabha.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: A University of Delhi and Harvard University graduate, Sibal has practiced law in Wall Street and held several important posts relating to law and administration including Additional Solicitor General, and President of Supreme Court Bar Association. Sibal first entered Rajya Sabha in 1998 to represent Bihar. Before that, he had unsuccessfully contested for the Lok Sabha against Sushma Swaraj. He later contested from Chandni Chowk and won in 2004 and 2009.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: As a senior Indian National Congress member then, Sibal served under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as a minister holding various portfolios over the years. As minister, he headed delegations of India in high-profile international forums. His actions in official capacity were controversial multiple times including when he undertook to regulate internet content. Sibal often was portrayed as an intellectual face of the Congress who batted for the party on television and in regular columns.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: In the Supreme Court of India, he usually represented the Congress. He left the Indian National Congress in 2022 to file his nomination for the Rajya Sabha independently but backed by Samajwadi Party.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: Sibal was born on 8 August 1948 in Jalandhar in Punjab. His family migrated to India during the partition in 1947. Kapil Sibal moved to Delhi in 1964. After his schooling from St John's High School, he joined St. Stephen's College, Delhi for his B.A. He earned his LL.B. degree from the prestigious Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, and later an M.A. in history from St. Stephen's College, Delhi. He joined the bar association in 1972. In the year 1973, he qualified for Indian Administrative Services and was offered an appointment. But he declined the offer and decided to set up his own law practice. Afterwards, he attended the Harvard Law School where he enrolled for an LL.M. which he completed in 1977. He was designated as senior lawyer in 1983.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: In 1989, he was appointed the Additional Solicitor General of India. In 1994, he appeared in the Parliament as a lawyer and successfully defended V. Ramaswami during impeachment proceedings. The impeachment motion was placed in the assembly for debate and voting on 10 May 1993. Of 401 members present in the assembly that day, there were 196 votes for impeachment and no votes against and 205 abstentions by ruling Congress and its allies. He had served as the President of the Supreme Court Bar association on three occasions, i.e. 1995–1996, 1997–1998 and 2001–2002.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: Kapil Sibal joined the Bar association in 1972. He decided to set up his own law practice. He was designated as a Senior Lawyer in 1983. He was the Additional Solicitor General of India between 1989 and 1990, as well.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: Over the years, he has held several important positions in the Government of India and the Society, such as: Additional Solicitor General of India (December 1989 – 1990); Member, Board of Management, Indira Gandhi National Open University (1993); President, Supreme Court Bar Association (1995–96, 1997–98 and 2001–2002); Member, Rajya Sabha (July 1998); Member, Executive Council, Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies (July, 2001); Member, Business Advisory Committee (August, 2001); Member, Committee on Home Affairs (January, 2002); Co-chairman, Indo-US Parliamentary Forum (2002); Member, Board of International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (2002); Member, Programme Board of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Indian AIDS initiative (2003); Member, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention set up by the Human Rights Commission, Geneva.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: In the 2004 general elections, Sibal became an MP by winning the Chandni Chowk constituency against TV actor Smriti Irani of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the National Capital Territory representing the Congress Party and was inducted into the Cabinet under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as Union Minister for Science, Technology and Earth Sciences. He won the constituency of Chandni Chowk for the second time for the Indian National Congress in the Lok Sabha elections of 2009.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: During his tenure as Telecom Minister his comment about the loss in the 2G spectrum case being only notional and causing "zero loss" created a public outcry and he had to clarify it later. Kapil Sibal was indicted by CAG for favoring M/S Phoenix Rose LLC by overlooking rules and regulations and handpicking that company for creating a database for over 500,000 working professionals of People of Indian Origin settled in the US. CAG's report said that the project's cost was $ but three years after the initiation, the company has dumped the networking site, completing just over 16% of the targeted work.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: Also during his time in that office, his move to regulate internet content was criticized across many social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and Google+.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: He represented India in the Annual Meetings of the World Economic Forum in 2005 and 2009 held at Davos, Switzerland. He led the Indian delegation to the Annapolis Conference, USA, held to gather International support for establishment of a Palestinian state and the realization of Israeli–Palestinian peace during November 2007. He led the Indian delegation to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at Bali in December 2007.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: Sibal approved the creation of an Indian Institute of Technology Muddenahalli as part of the 11th 5-year plan.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: He is also the person who introduced the Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) system in India for Class IX and Class X and he has also started the changes in the IIT JEE pattern. He has laid the foundation stone for IIT Patna.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: After the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Sibal announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami were likely along the India southern coast and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, even though was no sign of turbulence in the region. The announcement was a false alarm and the Home Affairs minister withdrew their announcement. Three days after the announcement, Indian National Congress president Sonia Gandhi called Science & Technology minister Kapil Sibal to express her concern about Sibal's 30 December public warning being "hogwash".


title: Kapil Sibal

text: On 25 May 2022, he filed his nomination for Rajya Sabha elections as an independent candidate with support of Samajwadi Party. Samajwadi Party chief Akhilesh Yadav had accompanied him while he filed his nominations. Subsequently, he broke to the media that he had resigned from the Indian National Congress on 16 May.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: In 2011 Sibal has also announced a touchscreen tablet computer to be co-developed with private partnership. It was to be available to students for . Satish Jha, chairman of OLPC India, the leading competitor to this venture, questioned his claim that a $35 laptop could be created in a year. Five state Chief Ministers endorsed the OLPC initiative and the Chief Minister of Rajasthan himself inaugurated the project on the day Sibal showcased his future laptop. The event was attended by two members of the Union Cabinet. This also lead to an open letter by Nicholas Negroponte offering him complete access to MIT and OLPC technologies to help realise India's dream to create a laptop of its own.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: The computer was eventually released online as the UbiSlate7C1 tablet PC at and the Ubislate7C+ tablet PC at As of February 2012, Datawind had over 1,400,000 pre-orders, but had only shipped 10,000 units - 0.7% of orders. As of November 2012, many customers who put in orders still had not received their computers and were offered refunds.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: An anthology of Kapil Sibal's poems titled "I Witness: Partial Observation" was published by Roli Books, New Delhi, in August 2008.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: Kapil Sibal has penned down the lyrics of the songs "Tere bina" and "Mast hawa" for 2016 Hindi film "Shorgul".


title: Kapil Sibal

text: Kapil Sibal's father was Hira Lall Sibal, a renowned advocate, his family migrated to India during the partition in 1947. In 1994, H.L. Sibal was named a "Living Legend of the Law" by the International Bar Association and in 2006, the Government of India honoured him with the 'Padma Bhushan' award for his distinguished services in the field of Public Affairs.


title: Kapil Sibal

text: He married Nina Sibal in 1973, who died of breast cancer in 2000. Amit and Akhil, Sibal's two sons from his first marriage, are both lawyers. In 2005, Sibal married Promila Sibal. His brother is Kanwal Sibal, a retired top diplomat of the Indian Foreign Service, and a former foreign secretary of India.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: Simranjit Singh Mann (born 20 May 1945) is a separatist politician and an MP representing the constituency of Sangrur since 2022. He is the president of the political party Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar). Mann is a three-time MP; once from Taran Tarn between 1989 and 1991, and twice in Sangrur between 1999-2004 and since 2022.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: Born in Shimla on 20 May 1945. His father Joginder Singh Mann, was a speaker of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha in 1967. He is married to Geetinder Kaur Mann. Mann's wife and Punjab Former CM Amarinder Singh's wife Preneet Kaur are sisters.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: He was educated at the Bishop Cotton School, Shimla and Government College Chandigarh. He was a gold medalist in the subjects of "History", "Punjabi", "Religion" and "Political Science".


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: He had appeared for Central Civil Services Examination in 1966, and subsequently joined the Indian Police Service in 1967, and served in the Punjab Cadre of the Service.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: He served as Aide-de-camp ADC to Governor of Punjab. He was posted as a police officer in several districts. He served in several positions, including ASP Ludhiana, SSP Ferozepur, SSP Faridkot, AIG GRP Punjab-Patiala division, deputy director of Vigilance Bureau Chandigarh, Commandant of Punjab Armed Police and Group Commandant of CISF, Bombay.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: He resigned from Indian Police Service on 18 June 1984 in protest of the Operation Blue Star. In July 1984 he was dismissed from IPS.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: He was charged with the conspiracy to assassinate Indira Gandhi. He was arrested on 29 November 1984 and spent five years in Bhagalpur prison.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: Due to his 1984 Political involvements he won 1989 Lok sabha elections from Tarn Taran (Lok Sabha constituency) in absentia with their 6 other candidates on Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) ticket and 3 other candidates also won backed by them.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: Afterwards he won 1999 Lok Sabha elections from Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency. He also won 1996, 2004 SGPC elections from Bassi Pathana.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: He was elected "in absentia" to the Lok Sabha representing the constituency of Tarn Taran by an overwhelming majority, and unconditionally released "in the interests of the State" in November 1989, with all charges dropped. By this time he had spent five years in prison.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: In 1990, Mann insisted on bearing his Kirpan (small sword) into the Parliament session, a religious rite in the Sikh Faith. The security regulations of the Parliament did not allow arms into the house. Accordingly, was denied entry into the Sansad Bhavan (Parliament house) with the weapon. Mann decided to not attend the Parliament. He subsequently resigned his seat in protest.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: On 3 November 1999, after Mann was elected to the Lok Sabha by winning in the Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency, the Punjab and Haryana High Court ordered the Government of India and the Passport Office in Chandigarh to issue a passport to him.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: On 23 March 2004, Prakash Singh Badal accused Mann of running derogatory ads against him and indulging in character assassination.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: He contested for re-election in the 2004 Indian general election from Sangrur constituency but lost the election and came on third position.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: He remained the president of the SAD (Amritsar) party for eighteen years. In the 2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election SAD (Amritsar) contested on 60 seats. Radical organization Dal Khalsa (International) had supported candidates of SAD (Amritsar). Mann had contested from Dhanaula Assembly constituency and his son Emaan Singh Mann contested from Sirhind. All the 60 candidates including Mann lost the election with big margins. Most candidates of SAD (Amritsar) had lost their security deposit in the election. Mann offered to resign after his party's poor performance.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: In the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, he lost to Jaswant Singh Gajjanmajra of the Aam Aadmi Party in the Amargarh Assembly Constituency.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: In June 2022, he won the by-poll for the Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency vacated by then MP, Bhagwant Mann, who went to become Chief Minister of Punjab, Mann won the election by a margin of 5,822 votes. During the election he campaigned for the release of Sikh prisoners.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: In August 2022, he objected to President Droupadi Murmu being referred to as the name "Rashtrapati". He said, "I strongly believe Rashtrapati word is an insult to a woman President." His comments were expunged from the records of the parliament. He asked for elections in the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), the apex religious body of Sikhs.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: Mann is a proponent of Sikh nation state Khalistan. Under his leadership, his party SAD (A) continued its position of creating Khalistan as a buffer state between India and Pakistan. Under him, SAD (A) continued spreading the ideology of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: Every year his supporters gather in the sacred Golden Temple and raise pro-Khalistan slogans. He dedicated his 2022 Lok Sabha election victory to the Khalistan separatist leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: In 2007, Mann had called freedom fighter Bhagat Singh, a "petty terrorist". A lawsuit was filed against him, but the prosecution failed to prove its case and he was acquitted by the civil court in 2013. After his release, Mann said, "My acquittal has vindicated my words that Bhagat Singh was a terrorist and not a martyr."


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: In 2015, he objected to naming the Chandigarh airport after Bhagat Singh and called him a terrorist. He had said, "Bhagat Singh is neither a martyr nor a national hero. He is a terrorist. We are against the naming of Chandigarh International airport as Shaheed-E-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh Airport."


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: In 2022, he called Bhagat Singh "a terrorist" involved in "terror activities in pre-Independent India". AAP leaders condemned the statement and asked him to apologize. Residents of Khatkar Kalan, Bhagat Singh's native village protested near the Bhagat Singh Museum, shouted slogans of "Death to Simranjit Singh Mann", hit his effigy with shoes and burnt it.


title: Simranjit Singh Mann

text: In 1919, after General Reginald Dyer's Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Mann's maternal grandfather Arur Singh, then sarbarah (in-charge) of the Golden Temple had honoured General Dyer with a "siropa" at Akal Takht. Singh was a British government appointee. Arur Singh's act hurt Sikh psyche and is considered a "Black chapter" in Sikh history. In July 2022, Mann defended the act of his grandfather saying he did it to pacify Dyer's anger.


title: Michael Gladis

text: Michael Gladis (born August 30, 1977) is an American actor. He played Paul Kinsey in the television series "Mad Men"; he appeared in the series' first three seasons, and as a guest star in the show's fifth season.


title: Michael Gladis

text: Gladis grew up in Farmington, Connecticut, graduating from Farmington High School in 1995. Inspiration for a life of acting originated from the time he spent volunteering for theater productions at Miss Porter's School, the internationally known all-girls school in town, where he knew male actors were needed.


title: Michael Gladis

text: He started his college career at the SUNY School of Art Design at Alfred University before transferring to State University of New York at New Paltz, from which he earned a B.A. in theatre in 1999.


title: Michael Gladis

text: Prior to "Mad Men", he played Eugene Rossi in four episodes of "Third Watch". He formerly starred in the Adult Swim comedy "Eagleheart". Gladis appeared in an episode of "" titled "Branded" and in an episode of "Leverage" titled "The 15 Minute Job".


title: Michael Gladis

text: He provided the voice and MotionScan of Dudley Lynch in the game "L.A. Noire" and was Senior Seaman Yevgeny Borzenkov in the 2002 film "". In 2015, he portrayed Lieutenant Matias in the science fiction action film "Terminator Genisys".


title: Michael Gladis

text: As of July 10, 2016, Gladis was engaged to actress Beth Behrs. On July 21, 2018, they married at Moose Creek Ranch in Victor, Idaho, just outside Jackson Hole. On June 13, 2022, Behrs announced their birth of their daughter, Emma George Gladis. The date of birth was not revealed.


title: Lassi

text: Lassi () is a regional name for buttermilk, the traditional dahi (yogurt)–based drink, consumed in the South Asian region. Lassi is a blend of yogurt, water, spices, and sometimes fruit. Salty lassi is similar to doogh, while modern sweet lassi is like milkshake. Lassi may be infused with cannabis in the form of bhang.


title: Lassi

text: Lassi is derived from the Sanskrit word "Lasika" () meaning serous or saliva like.Alternatively, it is also spelled as "Lāsī" "(Laasi)." Lassi originated in Punjab.


title: Lassi

text: Lassi is prepared by blending yogurt, water, and other spices. However, variations of lassi can be prepared in different ways. Cumin and cardamom are the most common spices added to lassi. Lassi is traditionally served in a clay cup known as "kulhar".


title: Lassi

text: Sweet lassi is a form of lassi flavoured with sugar, rosewater or lemon, strawberry or other fruit juices. Saffron lassis, which are particularly rich, are a specialty of Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Gujarat in India and Sindh province of Pakistan. "Makkhaniya lassi" is simply lassi with lumps of butter in it. It is usually creamy like a milkshake.


title: Lassi

text: The traditional namkeen (or salty) form of lassi is more common in the Indian subcontinent. It is prepared by blending dahi (yogurt) with water with added salt. The resulting beverage is known as salted lassi. In Pakistan, it is known as "Namkeen Lassi", which is sometimes called Ayran by Pashtun and other Iranian and Dardic groups.


title: Lassi

text: Bhang lassi is a cannabis-infused drink that contains bhang, a liquid derivative of cannabis, which has effects similar to other eaten forms of cannabis. It is legal in many parts of India and mainly sold during Holi, when pakoras containing bhang are also sometimes eaten. Uttar Pradesh is known to have licensed bhang shops, and in many places, one can buy bhang products and drink bhang lassis.


title: Lassi

text: A 2008 print and television ad campaign for HSBC, written by Jeffree Benet of JWT Hong Kong, tells the tale of a Polish washing machine manufacturer's representative sent to India to discover why their sales are so high there. On arriving, the representative investigates a lassi parlor, where he is warmly welcomed, and finds several washing machines being used to mix it. The owner tells him he is able to "make ten times as much lassi as I used to!"


title: Lassi

text: On his "" television program, celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain visited a "government authorised" "bhang" shop in Jaisalmer Fort, Rajasthan. The proprietor offered him three varieties of "bhang" lassi: normally strong; super duper strong; and "full power, 24 hours, no toilet, no shower".


title: Lassi

text: In 2013, Kshitij, the annual techno-management fest of IIT Kharagpur, launched a campaign to name the 'L' version of the mobile operating system Android, Lassi.


title: Kiely Williams

text: Kiely Alexis Williams (born July 9, 1986) is an American singer, dancer and actress. She is known for her membership in the girl groups 3LW, the Cheetah Girls and BluPrint.


title: Kiely Williams

text: In 1999, Williams along with Adrienne Bailon and Naturi Naughton formed the girl group 3LW. The initial formation of the 3LW was pulled together by Williams' mother, who also managed the group. 3LW was signed to Epic Records and work on their debut album began in 1999. Their first single, "No More (Baby I'ma Do Right)", was released in the fall of 2000. "No More" was a chart success, and was followed by "Playas Gon' Play" in early 2001.


title: Kiely Williams

text: The group's self-titled debut album, 3LW was released on December 5, 2000. The album went on to be certified platinum by the RIAA, selling 1.3 million copies in the US.


title: Kiely Williams

text: In the summer of 2001, the group embarked on the MTV "Total Request Live" tour along with Destiny's Child, Dream, Nelly, Eve, and Jessica Simpson. In 2001, 3LW recorded a song with various artists including Michael Jackson, Usher, Beyoncé, Luther Vandross, Celine Dion and Mariah Carey in response to the 9/11 attacks called "What More Can I Give". In late 2001 they collaborated with Lil' Romeo and Nick Cannon for "Parents Just Don't Understand" on the "Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius" soundtrack. Also in 2001, Williams appeared on an episode of "Taina" called "Blue Mascara" by playing her character named Lia where the main titled character (Christina Vidal) is overjoyed to join the most popular all-female singing group at school until they tell her to ditch her best friend named Renee (Khalia Adams). Williams played herself in an episode of "The Jersey" called "Speaking of Coleman" where after freaking out at a debate competition, Coleman Galloway (played by Jermaine Williams) gets a lesson in handling stage fright as he uses a magical jersey by jumping into her body backstage during a half-time show.


title: Kiely Williams

text: 3LW spent the first half of 2002 in the studio, recording an album tentatively titled "Same Game, Different Rules". The album and its intended lead single "Uh Oh" were presented to the label, who felt it did not have enough urban radio appeal. The tracks from "Same Game, Different Rules" were leaked to the Internet in MP3 format, and Epic considered dropping the girls. A fan support campaign for 3LW named 'Never Let Go of 3LW' after their song "Never Let Go" spread to the radio, and the act was retained, despite the album loss. Recording a new set of tracks, the group returned in the summer of 2002 with the P. Diddy-produced single "I Do (Wanna Get Close To You)", featuring Loon. That same summer, the group performed a concert special on Nickelodeon titled "Live on Sunset". By August, the group was set to release its newest LP, "A Girl Can Mack", when member Naughton had left the group for good after heated arguments. The album's release date was pushed back a month, but sales were still disappointing debuting at No. 15 on the Billboard 200 with a disappointing 53,000 copies sold in the first week. Naughton alleged that she had a number of conflicts and arguments with Bailon, Williams, and their management.


title: Kiely Williams

text: Williams and Bailon continued as a duo while using the "3LW" name, causing the press to jokingly refer to them as "2LW". According to a cover story for the October 2002 issue of "Sister 2 Sister" magazine, Kiely & Adrienne said they received death threats and that they had to beef up security. The departure of Naturi greatly affected the group's popularity and album sales. After the second single released from the album, "Neva Get Enuf", underperformed, auditions were held across the country for a new third member. Jessica Benson made the cut and joined 3LW in early 2003. Without Jessica, the group might have had to split due to "bankruptcy". Jessica's first performance was on "Live with Regis & Kelly", followed by a performance on "Soul Train". In fall 2003, 3LW departed from Epic, signing with Jermaine Dupri's So So Def label. The group then began working on their fourth studio album.


title: Kiely Williams

text: While working on the album, both Bailon and Williams signed on to star in the Disney Channel film "The Cheetah Girls". They starred as two of four members of a female girl group named after the film, with Raven-Symoné and Sabrina Bryan portraying the final two members. The movie was released in August 2003 and was a ratings success. The Cheetah Girls soundtrack debuted at No. 33 on the "Billboard" 200 and was later certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA. Walt Disney Records soon created a real-life girl group, composed of Adrienne, Kiely, and Sabrina. Raven was offered a spot in the group but declined, opting to focus on her solo career and her television series "That's So Raven". The trio began working on their first studio album, later revealed to be a Christmas album. The album, titled "Cheetah-licious Christmas", was released that year, and they soon left Walt Disney and signed to Hollywood Records in 2006.


title: Kiely Williams

text: The Cheetah Girls later returned to film the sequel "The Cheetah Girls 2". Though she was absent from the main group, Raven-Symoné did return to film the sequel. The movie premiered on August 25, 2006, and brought a total of 8.1 million viewers, becoming the highest rated Disney Channel original movie and beating the premiere of the first of the "High School Musical" films. The soundtrack to the movie released on August 15, 2006, and debuted at No. 5 on the charts and was certified platinum by the end of the year. The Cheetah Girls began work on their second studio album in January 2006. "We'll be making a real album, not a soundtrack", Bailon said. Their debut album "TCG" was released on September 25, 2007, and featured the single "Fuego", which charted on Hot Dance Club Play's chart and had its video played in heavy rotation on Disney Channel and "MTV Tr3s".


title: Kiely Williams

text: Though they were heavily involved with the Cheetah Girls, Kiely and Adrienne were still members of 3LW, though progress on their fourth album had halted due to their work with the Cheetah Girls. The group's fourth studio album was originally called "Phoenix Rising", but was renamed "Point of No Return". The lead-off single, "Feelin' You", was added on radio stations July 12, 2006. The album was supposed to be released later that year but was pushed back to a 2007 release because of Adrienne and Kiely's involvement with Disney's Cheetah Girls franchise, and eventually fell off the release schedule. The album delays were caused by image conflicts between both groups. As a result, the album was never released. In early 2007, Bailon stated in Girls Life magazine that 3LW was on hold because of the Cheetah Girls project. However, rumors were finally put to rest by Bailon in an interview with Jonathon Jackson in 2008 when Bailon confirmed that 3LW officially disbanded after they were removed from the So So Def roster. Bailon and Williams decided to then pursue the Cheetah Girls franchise full-time.


title: Kiely Williams

text: In 2008, work on the third film in the Cheetah Girls franchise, titled "" was in works. According to Disney, the plot would involve the Cheetah Girls going to India to star in a Bollywood production. Like "The Cheetah Girls 2", it was filmed on location in a foreign country. In an interview, Bailon stated the movie would film for a three-month period, in India, and that she had been doing research for the film. However, Raven-Symoné later confirmed that she would not return for this film. The movie premiered to over 6.2 million viewers, and reached 7 million viewers in its final half-hour. This still failed to meet the ratings of the first two and was the series' lowest-rated premiere. In the UK, its premiere night scored 412,000 on Disney Channel UK, making it No. 1 of the week, and received 182,000 on Disney Channel UK +1, also No. 1 on that channel for the week, totalling 594,000. Williams recorded a solo song for the film's , entitled "Circle Game".


title: Kiely Williams

text: In November 2008, Williams confirmed in an interview with In Touch Weekly that the group had officially disbanded to pursue solo careers in both acting and singing. Bailon and Bryan later confirmed the statement. As of 2012, the group is still disbanded, though all three members have stated they are "open" to working with one another again.


title: Kiely Williams

text: During the summer of 2008, Williams began quietly working on a solo singing project separate from work in the Cheetah Girls. Following the breakup of the Cheetah Girls, she filmed the music video for her song "Make Me a Drink" in New York City in November 2008.


title: Kiely Williams

text: In August 2009, a preview of what was expected to be Williams debut solo single "Make Me a Drink" (which was written by Young Money Entertainment recording artist Shanell) appeared on YouTube, "Make Me A Drink" but never officially released, and leaked to the internet in late 2018.


title: Kiely Williams

text: She completed a starring role in the independent film "". In late 2009, Kiely began work on "". The role of Kandi Kane, in Elle, required Kiely to record several songs for the film and the accompanying soundtrack and learn extensive choreography. "Stomp the Yard: Homecoming" and "Elle" were both released in 2010.


title: Kiely Williams

text: On October 28, 2009, Williams official website released the instrumentals of her first single, titled "Spectacular", a song written by Williams and produced by Mike City. The single was released exclusively to club DJs the first week on November. The single was released to the public on January 15, 2010, and the accompanying music video was released to YouTube on April 5, 2010, to mostly negative reviews. The video caused so much controversy that Williams opted to respond to its negative YouTube reviews on her website as well as on "" on HLN.


title: Kiely Williams

text: Kiely Williams and Sabrina Bryan co-starred on the web series "Dinner With Friends", "March Moms", and "Bad Sex With Good People". Following the finale of Bad Sex with Good People, Williams moved behind the scenes to work as a creative director and in new artist development.


title: Kiely Williams

text: In 2021, she starred in which documented the formation of R&B supergroup "BluPrint" alongside Shamari Devoe of Blaque, and Fallon and Felisha King of Cherish. Their eponymous debut EP was released August 11, 2021.


title: Kiely Williams

text: Williams married Brandon Cox in December 2016, in Fort Worth, Texas. Sabrina Bryan served as a bridesmaid. The couple announced they were expecting their first child in October 2017. Their child, a daughter, was born in March 2018. They welcomed their second daughter on March 29, 2022.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: Darrell Kurt Rambis (born February 25, 1958) is a Greek-American former professional basketball player and coach who is a senior basketball adviser for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a player, he won four NBA championships while playing power forward for the Lakers. Rambis was a key member of the Showtime era Lakers and was extremely popular for his hard-nosed blue collar play. With his trademark black horn-rimmed glasses, Rambis complemented the flashy Hollywood style of the Showtime era Lakers.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: Rambis played college basketball for the Santa Clara Broncos. As a senior in 1980, he was named the player of the year in the West Coast Conference (WCC). Rambis was selected by the New York Knicks in the third round of the 1980 NBA draft, but began his career in Greece with AEK Athens before joining the Lakers. He also played for the Charlotte Hornets, Phoenix Suns, and Sacramento Kings. Rambis became a coach and has served as head coach for the Lakers, Minnesota Timberwolves, and the Knicks. He also won two league championships as an assistant coach with the Lakers.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: Rambis was born in Terre Haute, Indiana. His family moved to Cupertino, California in his preschool years; his number is retired at Cupertino High School. He graduated from Santa Clara University, where he played from 1976 to 1980, becoming its second-leading rebounder and all-time leading scorer with 1,736 points. During his Santa Clara years, he was awarded the WCC Freshman of the Year and Conference Player of the Year as a senior. His jersey #34 was retired on December 29, 2008.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: Rambis was drafted by the New York Knicks as the 58th pick in the 1980 NBA draft, but he was subsequently waived by the Knicks. He played in Greece in the Greek League for the club AEK Athens, under the name Kyriakos Rambidis. Being of Greek descent, he also acquired Greek citizenship. AEK won the Greek Cup in 1981.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: He was re-signed by the Knicks in 1981 but never played a game for them. His success as an NBA player started when he was signed as a free agent by the Los Angeles Lakers in 1981. Rambis spent most of his 14 seasons in the NBA with the Lakers, winning championships in 1982, 1985, 1987, and 1988 as part of their Showtime teams.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: During his playing days, Rambis was a favorite among the Lakers fans because of his status as an overachieving underdog and ultimate team player. Known for his defensive and rebounding skills, he was remembered in Los Angeles for his all-out effort and willingness to do the "dirty work" that many players do not embrace. Rambis usually wore a thick moustache and thick-rimmed black glasses, prompting Lakers announcer Chick Hearn to nickname him "Superman" (in reference to the character's alter ego, Clark Kent). At the Lakers home arena a "Superman" fan club (also known as Rambis youth) was formed where the courtside spectators wore glasses styled similar to the ones used by Rambis. Lakers head coach Pat Riley once complained to a reporter "Other guys have sharp Adidas bags. [Rambis]'s got this black satchel, like the kind you would have a bowling ball in. And it's, like, vinyl. He doesn't ever bring a garment bag or a suitcase. That's all he ever brings, could be a week."


title: Kurt Rambis

text: Rambis also played for the Charlotte Hornets, Phoenix Suns, and Sacramento Kings before returning to the Lakers for the 1993–94 season. He retired as a player with the Lakers in 1995.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: Rambis began working as a special assistant coach for the Lakers in 1994 but eventually returned to the active playing roster in February 1995. He was waived at the beginning of the 1995–96 season and resumed his role as an assistant. He served as head coach of the Lakers during the 1999 "lockout season" after coach Del Harris was fired. He achieved moderate success, registering a 24–13 record in the regular season before being swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the 1999 Western Conference Semifinals. When Phil Jackson was hired as head coach, Rambis served as the Lakers' assistant general manager. He later became an assistant coach under Jackson between 2001 and 2004, helping the Lakers reach the 2002 and the 2004 NBA Finals, with Los Angeles winning a title in the former series. He was hired again as an assistant in 2005, along with former player Brian Shaw, helping the Lakers to another pair of finals in 2008 and 2009. The Lakers won in the latter attempt.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: In 2007, Rambis interviewed for the Sacramento Kings' coaching job. He was a finalist again in 2009 to coach the Kings, and after serious discussions, he was offered the job, but he wanted more than a two-year contract and more money than was offered, so he turned down the job.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: On August 8, 2009, Rambis was announced as the new head coach for the Minnesota Timberwolves, agreeing to a contract believed to be for 4 years and worth $8 million. Rambis succeeded Kevin McHale, infamous for taking him down in Game 4 of the 1984 NBA Finals.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: On July 12, 2011, Rambis was fired as coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves after compiling a 32–132 record in two seasons with the team.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: On July 7, 2014, the Knicks announced they had hired Rambis to be the assistant head coach of the team under head coach Derek Fisher. On February 8, 2016, Rambis was named the interim head coach after Fisher was fired. After going 9-19 under Rambis, and finishing the season 32–50 overall, the Knicks decided to hire Jeff Hornacek as the team's new head coach, while Rambis was retained as associate head coach. On April 12, 2018, Rambis was fired along with Hornacek, who went 60–104 over two seasons with the Knicks.


title: Kurt Rambis

text: In September 2018, Rambis rejoined the Lakers as a senior basketball adviser. Rambis has become "one of the most influential members of the organization since returning to the franchise in 2017." Kurt Rambis's wife, Linda Rambis, serves as the Lakers Executive Director of Special Projects and is one of Jeanie Buss's longtime friends. Alongside Rob Pelinka, the couple has been described as "a pillar of the club’s four-pronged brain trust alongside [Jeanie] Buss."


title: Kurt Rambis

text: Rambis also had a recurring role as Coach Cleary in the family drama "7th Heaven". He also guest-starred in season one of "Sweet Valley High" in episode thirteen "Club X" as a friend of Elizabeth and an episode of "The Commish" as a basketball player. He appeared in the "Going Places" episode (as himself) of "It's Garry Shandling's Show". Rambis also made a cameo appearance in an episode of "Malcolm & Eddie".


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: Familia is the third studio album by Cuban-American singer and songwriter Camila Cabello, released on April 8, 2022, through Epic Records. Cabello wrote the album during the COVID-19 pandemic between 2020 and 2021 with producers such as Mike Sabath, Ricky Reed, Edgar Barrera and Cheche Alara. The album was inspired by the "manifest collective joy" Cabello felt with her family during the pandemic and is about connecting with the singer's Latin American roots. "Familia" features guest vocals from Ed Sheeran, Willow, María Becerra and Yotuel.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: Two singles preceded the album: the lead single "Don't Go Yet", which entered the charts in various countries, reaching number 42 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and 28 on the "Billboard" Global 200. It was followed by "Bam Bam", which peaked at number 21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number 7 on the UK Singles Chart, number 4 on the Canadian Hot 100, and number 5 on the "Billboard" Global 200. To promote the album, Cabello headlined a virtual TikTok concert, titled Familia: Welcome to the Family, on April 7, 2022. The album debuted and peaked at number ten on the US "Billboard" 200, and number six in Canada.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: In December 2019, Cabello released her second studio album, "Romance", which mainly focuses on the theme of falling in love. It debuted at number three on the "Billboard" 200 and number one in Canada. She released collaborative songs with other artists in the same year, such as Shawn Mendes' "Señorita" and "My Oh My" featuring DaBaby. On July 14, 2021, Cabello first teased new music, using her Instagram account by sharing a close-up of her face along with the caption, "listos?" which translates from Spanish to English as "Ready?". On July 16, 2021, Camila announced via her social media accounts that the lead single from the album, "Don't Go Yet" would be released on July 23. On the same day, she confirmed the album title.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: During a YouTube series "Released" the singer revealed that a track, titled "Celia", features vocals from her cousin, Caro. During an exclusive interview with Enrique Santos, Camila teased a track called "Lola" that features Cuban singer Yotuel. During a July 2021 interview with Los 40, the singer revealed there are songs on this record "that are only in Spanish and that have a completely different sound" than her previous work. On February 21, 2022, Cabello announced the record's second single, "Bam Bam" featuring Ed Sheeran, to be released on March 4. On March 3, she confirmed that "Familia" would be released on April 8, 2022. A week prior to the album release, on March 31, Cabello revealed the album's track list on her social media.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Familia" means "family" in the Spanish-language. According to Cabello, the album is about connecting with her roots. It was influenced by the "manifest collective joy" she felt during the COVID-19 pandemic, stemming from the "similar experiences of connecting" she has with her family. During a July 2021 interview with Apple Music, the singer explained that the concept of the album involves "a similar theme of being together with loved ones" and that she came up with the theme after being isolated at home due to the pandemic in 2020. Throughout the pandemic, Cabello "has gotten closer to her roots and has prioritized her family". Camila wanted to manifest it to be "that kind of family affair selfishly, because it would make me happy" and "would make my life better and that's what I want". In November 2021, Camila explained to "Billboard", that a lot of the album was inspired by her relationships: "my relationships to my family, my relationship to my friends, my relationship to my partner... it's all about connections with other people".


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: According to Cabello, "Familia" started with her and Scott Harris writing a multitude of songs in her bedroom in Miami. They travelled to Los Angeles, where they met Mike Sabath and Ricky Reed, both who ended up producing the album with Cheche Alara. The making of the album has been referenced by Cabello as "definitely the most honest and unfiltered that I've been", presenting the singer's experiences in the past years that she "hasn't really experienced or said any of these things before". Cabello didn't know if she was going to create an album inspired by Latin music, as "Familia" was originally conceived as pop music. However, meeting Alara and Edgar Barrera "made it felt natural". One of the first songs the singer wrote for the album was "Hasta los Dientes", followed by "La Buena Vida" and "Bam Bam". She described the process as "an evolution of [her] feelings and [her] life". Cabello was able to "take the time to do it and write it over a period of a year and a half, where [she] was in a relationship and then [she] wasn't". "Quiet" was the last song to be included on the tracklist, as when looking at Familia's final line-up, Scott Harris and Cabello felt inspired to finish the song to ensure it was included.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Lola" was written while the San Isidro Movement was taking place in Cuba. The song pays homage to the movement where people protested in the streets of Cuba against the dictatorship that has existed there since 1953. Cabello contacted the "Patria y Vida" singer Yotuel, who wrote his part of "Lola" and sent it to Cabello. While recording the song, she thought about "that situation in [her] life, and how different it would have been if [she] had stayed there". While recording "Psychofreak", Cabello had feelings of vulnerability and embarrassment. She felt "very anxious" in the studio and improvised a lyric. When she finished recording the track, she felt "terrible and embarrassed", but she later stated it was one of her favorites. The song is based on the singer's anxiety and the struggle of trying to be present despite feeling paranoid or insecure.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: The standard edition of "Familia" consists of 12 tracks. Willow, Ed Sheeran, María Becerra and Yotuel provide guest vocals on "Psychofreak", "Bam Bam", "Hasta los Dientes" and "Lola", respectively.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: The first track, "Familia", is a 17-second trumpet opening. "Celia", the second track, is sung in Spanish, and features Cabello's cousin on background vocals and a dusky, minor-key groove. The song is about a boy falling in love with both a Cuban girl and her Latin culture, and it's titled after Cuban-American singer Celia Cruz. The third song, "Psychofreak", an electropop and trip-hop track, features Willow, and covers the topics of mental health and dissociation; the song contains references to Cabello's split from Fifth Harmony in 2016. The fourth track, "Bam Bam", featuring Ed Sheeran, is a tropical-inspired pop and Latin-pop song over a salsa-infused and reggaeton production.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "La Buena Vida" ("The Good Life"), the fifth track, is a mariachi track based on feelings of loneliness while in a long-distance relationship. The sixth song, "Quiet", is a synth-pop song that talks about how physical closeness with a romantic partner helps dealing with anxiety. In "Boys Don't Cry", a slow R&B ballad, Cabello comforts her lover while helping him reconcile with his own masculinity. "Hasta los Dientes" ("Even the Teeth"), the eighth track, is a nu-disco and reggaeton-disco song that features María Becerra and focuses on an all-consuming, obsessive love. The ninth song, "No Doubt", is a Latin-influenced song that has a topic of sexual jealousy and the anxieties that come with a relationship.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: The tenth track and lead single "Don't Go Yet" is a Latin pop, pop and tropical love song about being together with someone and never wanting to be apart from them. The song is accompanied by a Latin influenced production consisting of strings, maracas, drums, trumpets, flamenco guitar and handclapping overlapping as beats. The eleventh song, "Lola", features Yotuel, and is a Latin jazz, R&B and folk ballad narrating the story of the eponymous Cuban girl Lola and the struggles of growing up with a lack of resources and opportunities. The closing track, "Everyone at this Party", is an acoustic ballad detailing the aftermath of a breakup.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: While celebrating her 25th birthday on March 3, 2022, Cabello confirmed that the album would be released on April 8, and posted its cover artwork on the same day. Preorders for the album began the same day. On March 11, the singer posted handwritten notes and photos fashioned in a scrapbook-style booklet from the journal that is included on the deluxe version of "Familia". In it, Cabello details her journey with anxiety, something that therapy helped her work through. On March 28 and 29, Cabello posted snippets of two songs from the album on her social media.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: The album was released on April 8, 2022, via retail stores, digital music and streaming platforms, as well as on Cabello's website. The alternative cover version CDs with a poster were made exclusive to Target in US. The limited deluxe softpack version with an autographed photo was made available on Cabello's webstore globally. Vinyl LPs from the album was released on July 12, 2022.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: Cabello gave interviews to iHeartRadio's Enrique Santos and Zane Lowe from Apple Music, Los 40 and sang "Bam Bam" on "The Late Late Show with James Corden". She appeared on the magazine cover of "Bustle" in August 2021 and talked about the album, and embraced the Mexico version of "Vogue" in March 2022 as well"." Cabello appeared on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" show on April 8, as well as "Saturday Night Live" as the musical guest on April 9. Cabello also appeared on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" in a Carpool Karaoke segment on April 18.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: The cover artwork of "Familia" depicts barefoot Cabello against a room with green door, while wearing a sequined black dress with a multicolored ruffled skirt and hugging a smiling young girl in her arms. The insert of the CD shows Cabello in an orange dress fanned out around her, against the backdrop of some plants and trees. In the alternative cover available for the Target-exclusive edition of the album, the singer is seen lying in pink clothes on a green carpet next to two green armchairs.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Don't Go Yet" served as the lead single of "Familia". It was accompanied by a music video posted to YouTube, directed by Philippa Price and Pilar Zeta. Both were released on July 23, 2021. It was serviced to US pop and adult pop radio formats on July 27. The song debuted and peaked at number 42 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, 28 on the "Billboard" Global 200 and 37 on the UK Singles Chart, marking Cabello's 12th UK Top 40 hit.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Bam Bam" featuring English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran, was announced as the second single on February 21, 2022, and was released on March 4, 2022, a day after Cabello's 25th birthday. The accompanying music video directed by Mia Barnes, premiered on the same day. On the "Billboard" Global 200, it marked Cabello's first top ten song, debuting at number 10, before peaking at number 5, Cabello's highest peaking song ever. It debuted at number 23 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 before rising to a new peak of 21 in its eighth week. and entered at number 10 on the Canadian Hot 100, before rising to number 4, Cabello's 3rd Top 5 hit. In the UK, "Bam Bam" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 22, before rising in the next weeks to number 7, marking Cabello's fifth top 10 entry.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Psychofreak" featuring Willow, was teased on TikTok by Cabello on February 15, 2022 and announced as the third single on April 7, 2022, the music video was released on 8, April 2022 and was directed by Charlotte Rutherford, the music video was aired on the day of Familia's release. Psychofreak debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 73, marking Cabello's 22nd entry on the chart. Psychofreak peaked at 50 on the "Billboard" Global 200, and 75 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, marking Cabello's milestone 20th entry.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Hasta los Dientes" featuring Maria Becerra was teased prior to "Familia's" release on TikTok. A music video for the song was released on May 13, 2022. Hasta los Dientes charted modestly across South America, reaching a peak of 28 on the Argentinian Singles Chart, marking Cabello's second Top 30 hit ever and 2nd highest peaking song on the charts.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: On July 23, 2021, Cabello performed "Don't Go Yet" for the first time on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". For the performance, Cabello was joined onstage by a group of dancers, dressed in '80s costumes. The same day, she sang the song in a bar in New York City. On September 7, 2021, Cabello performed the song on BBC Radio One in the Live Lounge, accompanied with Cheche Alara playing the accordion. On September 12, Cabello went on to perform it at the 2021 MTV Video Music Awards in a Carmen Miranda inspired costume, with a Brazilian music inspired dance break produced and arranged by Cheche Alara. On September 23, Cabello performed it at the 2021 "Billboard" Latin Music Awards, with a new high energy music production and arrangement by Alara. On October 15, 2021, Cabello performed "Dont Go Yet" and "La Buena Vida" at NPR's Tiny Desk for Hispanic Heritage Month with an 'El Tiny' takeover of the concert series performed at home. On March 4, 2022, Cabello made a debut performance of "Bam Bam" on "The Late Late Show with James Corden". On March 29, the singer and Sheeran performed the song for the first time together at the "Concert for Ukraine" benefit concert at Resorts World Arena in Birmingham. Cabello performed Bam Bam and psychofreak on "Saturday Night Live" on April 9, . On April 12, Cabello performed "Bam Bam", "Psychofreak" and debuted "Boys Don't Cry" at The Today Show concert. Cabello performed as the headliner of the UEFA Champions League Final on May 28, 2022 and performed songs from Familia including "Bam Bam" and "Don't Go Yet".


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: On March 15, Camila Cabello announced a TikTok concert, titled Familia: Welcome to the Family, to celebrate the release of "Familia". The singer played on the video platform on April 7. The show featured debut performances of tracks from the album. The online performance was described as an "immersive and inventive music experience" and utilized XR, which helped create a virtual world for each song to "complement the event's choreography, changing sets and costumes".


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Familia" was met with positive reviews upon release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 76, based on nine reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: Reviewing positively for "NME", Nick Levine called the album "[Cabello's] richest and most compelling album yet", having delved into her heritage and psyche. In a similar review, "Rolling Stone" critic Tomás Mier wrote that the album is "an imperfect yet revealing mosaic of Cabello's Cuban-Mexican heritage". While noting the multiple changes in style as quite disorienting, Mier complimented the album's raw and honest lyrics, comparing it to reading Cabello's diary. In a review for "The Guardian," Alim Kheraj praised the album's vibrant Latin motifs—"honest and humming with artistic intent"—and noted the recurring theme of "self-sabotage and paranoia".


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Clash Magazine" reviewed positively, saying "‘"Familia"’ is Cabello revitalised, marking a shift in sound much closer to home. This album truly feels like a love letter to Cabello’s Cuban roots, luxuriating in the vibrancy of latin pop and allowing it’s bright, joyous flow to melt away the heartbreak." "Stereo Gum" said, "Cabello processes the last 10 years of her life — on her raw third album, "Familia", which she has called her best album so far. Honestly, I agree with her" and with ("Familia") "Cabello is on a solid path in her growth from a radio-friendly singles artist to a cohesive albums artist."


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: Writing for "Pitchfork", Olivia Horn commended Cabello for embarking on a "more immersive exploration of her musical heritage" on "Familia" and "abandoning the revolving-door approach" of her two previous albums in favor of working with a smaller group of "Latin pop veterans". On Cabello's vocals Horn wrote that "even when she's mad, Camila sounds like she's having fun", producing an album that "swings big and often hits".


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: In their mid-year review "Rolling Stone" included "Familia" on their Best Albums of 2022 So Far, commenting, "this album’s Latin-pop banger “Hasta los Dientes,” and lead single, “Don’t Go Yet,” showcase Cabello’s natural ability to make the sounds of her culture accessible to any audience, regardless of language. At times, the stylistic shifts can give the record a bit of a mod-podge feel, but the artist holds it together by keeping us engaged with her story".


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Familia" debuted at number 10 on the US "Billboard" 200 dated April 23, 2022 with 27,500 equivalent album units earned, with 11,500 pure sales, 14,500 stream-equivalent sales (resulting from 20.26 million on demand streams) and 1,500 track-equivalent sales. "Familia" spent 11 non-consecutive weeks charting on the US "Billboard" 200 before departing. "Familia" peaked at number 23 on the US Vinyl Albums Chart, her second entry onto the chart.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: In Canada, "Familia" debuted at number six on the Canadian Albums Chart, marking Cabello's third top-10 debut, and charted for 19 weeks.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: In the UK, "Familia" debuted at number nine on the UK Albums Chart, surpassing Cabello's previous album "Romance", which peaked at number 14. Elsewhere in Europe, "Familia" reached the top 10 in the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and Scotland and debuted at number four on the Spanish Albums Chart, making it Cabello's second-highest debut there.


title: Familia (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Familia" also became Cabello's first album to chart on the Uruguay Albums Chart, peaking at Number 13.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus is a lossy audio coding format developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation and standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force, designed to efficiently code speech and general audio in a single format, while remaining low-latency enough for real-time interactive communication and low-complexity enough for low-end embedded processors. Opus replaces both Vorbis and Speex for new applications, and several blind listening tests have ranked it higher-quality than any other standard audio format at any given bitrate until transparency is reached, including MP3, AAC, and HE-AAC.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus combines the speech-oriented LPC-based SILK algorithm and the lower-latency MDCT-based CELT algorithm, switching between or combining them as needed for maximal efficiency. Bitrate, audio bandwidth, complexity, and algorithm can all be adjusted seamlessly in each frame. Opus has the low algorithmic delay (26.5 ms by default) necessary for use as part of a real-time communication link, networked music performances, and live lip sync; by trading-off quality or bitrate, the delay can be reduced down to 5 ms. Its delay is exceptionally low compared to competing codecs, which require well over 100 ms, yet Opus performs very competitively with these formats in terms of quality per bitrate.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: As an open format standardized through RFC 6716, a reference implementation called libopus is available under the New BSD License. The reference has both fixed-point and floating-point optimizations for low- and high-end devices, with SIMD optimizations on platforms that support them. All known software patents that cover Opus are licensed under royalty-free terms. Opus is widely used as the voice over IP (VoIP) codec in applications such as Discord, WhatsApp, and the PlayStation 4.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus supports constant and variable bitrate encoding from 6 kbit/s to 510 kbit/s (or up to 256 kbit/s per channel for multi-channel tracks), frame sizes from 2.5 ms to 60 ms, and five sampling rates from 8 kHz (with 4 kHz bandwidth) to 48 kHz (with 20 kHz bandwidth, the human hearing range). An Opus stream can support up to 255 audio channels, and it allows channel coupling between channels in groups of two using mid-side coding.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus has very short latency (26.5 ms using the default 20 ms frames and default application setting), which makes it suitable for real-time applications such as telephony, Voice over IP and videoconferencing; research by Xiph led to the CELT codec, which allows the highest quality while maintaining low delay. In any Opus stream, the bitrate, bandwidth, and delay can be continually varied without introducing any distortion or discontinuity; even mixing packets from different streams will cause a smooth change, rather than the distortion common in other codecs. Unlike Vorbis, Opus does not require large codebooks for each individual file, making it more efficient for short clips of audio and more resilient.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The Opus format is based on a combination of the full-bandwidth CELT format and the speech-oriented SILK format, both heavily modified: CELT is based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) that most music codecs use, using CELP techniques in the frequency domain for better prediction, while SILK uses linear predictive coding (LPC) and an optional Long-Term Prediction filter to model speech. In Opus, both were modified to support more frame sizes, as well as further algorithmic improvements and integration, such as using CELT's range encoder for both types. To minimize overhead at low bitrates, if latency is not as pressing, SILK has support for packing multiple 20 ms frames together, sharing context and headers; SILK also allows Low Bit-Rate Redundancy (LBRR) frames, allowing low-quality packet loss recovery. CELT includes both spectral replication and noise generation, similar to AAC's SBR and PNS, and can further save bits by filtering out all harmonics of tonal sounds entirely, then replicating them in the decoder. Better tone detection is an ongoing project to improve quality.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The format has three different modes: speech, hybrid, and CELT. When compressing speech, SILK is used for audio frequencies up to 8 kHz. If wider bandwidth is desired, a hybrid mode uses CELT to encode the frequency range above 8 kHz. The third mode is pure-CELT, designed for general audio. SILK is inherently VBR and cannot hit a bitrate target, while CELT can always be encoded to any specific number of bytes, enabling hybrid and CELT mode when CBR is required.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: SILK supports frame sizes of 10, 20, 40 and 60 ms. CELT supports frame sizes of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 ms. Thus, hybrid mode only supports frame sizes of 10 and 20 ms; frames shorter than 10 ms will always use CELT mode. A typical Opus packet contains a single frame, but packets of up to 120 ms are produced by combining multiple frames per packet. Opus can transparently switch between modes, frame sizes, bandwidths, and channel counts on a per-packet basis, although specific applications may choose to limit this.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The reference implementation is written in C and compiles on hardware architectures with or without a floating-point unit, although floating-point is currently required for audio bandwidth detection (dynamic switching between SILK, CELT, and hybrid encoding) and most speed optimizations.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus packets are not self-delimiting, but are designed to be used inside a container of some sort which supplies the decoder with each packet's length. Opus was originally specified for encapsulation in Ogg containers, specified as codice_1, and for Ogg Opus files the codice_2 filename extension is recommended. Opus streams are also supported in Matroska, WebM, MPEG-TS, and MP4.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Alternatively, each Opus packet may be wrapped in a network packet which supplies the packet length. Opus packets may be sent over an ordered datagram protocol such as RTP.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: An optional self-delimited packet format is defined in an appendix to the specification. This uses one or two additional bytes per packet to encode the packet length, allowing packets to be concatenated without encapsulation.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus allows the following bandwidths during encoding. Opus compression does not depend on the input sample rate; timestamps are measured in 48 kHz units even if the full bandwidth is not used. Likewise, the output sample rate may be freely chosen. For example, audio can be input at 16 kHz yet be set to encode only narrowband audio.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus was proposed for the standardization of a new audio format at the IETF, which was eventually accepted and granted by the "codec" working group. It is based on two initially separate standard proposals from the Xiph.Org Foundation and Skype Technologies S.A. (now Microsoft). Its main developers are Jean-Marc Valin (Xiph.Org, Octasic, Mozilla Corporation), Koen Vos (Skype), and Timothy B. Terriberry (Xiph.Org, Mozilla Corporation). Among others, Juin-Hwey (Raymond) Chen (Broadcom), Gregory Maxwell (Xiph.Org, Wikimedia), and Christopher Montgomery (Xiph.Org) were also involved.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The development of the CELT part of the format goes back to thoughts on a successor for Vorbis under the working name "Ghost". As a newer speech codec from the Xiph.Org Foundation, Opus replaces Xiph's older speech codec Speex, an earlier project of Jean-Marc Valin. CELT has been worked on since November 2007.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The SILK part has been under development at Skype since January 2007 as the successor of their SVOPC, an internal project to make the company independent from third-party codecs like iSAC and iLBC and respective license payments.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: In March 2009, Skype suggested the development and standardization of a wideband audio format within the IETF. Nearly a year passed with much debate on the formation of an appropriate working group. Representatives of several companies which were taking part in the standardization of patent-encumbered competing format, including Polycom and Ericsson—the creators and licensors of G.719—as well as France Télécom, Huawei and the Orange Labs (department of France Télécom), which were involved in the creation of G.718, stated objections against the start of the standardization process for a royalty-free format. (Some of the opponents would later claim patent rights that Xiph dismissed; see below.) The working group finally formed in February 2010, and even the corresponding Study Group 16 from the ITU-T pledged to support its work.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: In July 2010, a prototype of a hybrid format was presented that combined the two proposed format candidates SILK and CELT. In September 2010, Opus was submitted to the IETF as proposal for standardization. For a short time the format went under the name of "Harmony" before it got its present name in October 2010. At the beginning of February 2011, the bitstream format was tentatively frozen, subject to last changes. Near the end of July 2011, Jean-Marc Valin was hired by the Mozilla Corporation to continue working on Opus.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: In November 2011, the working group issued the last call for changes on the bitstream format. The bitstream has been frozen since January 8, 2012. On July 2, 2012, Opus was approved by the IETF for standardization. The reference software entered release candidate state on August 8, 2012. The final specification was released as RFC 6716 on September 10, 2012. and versions 1.0 and 1.0.1 of the reference implementation libopus were released the day after.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: On July 11, 2013, libopus 1.0.3 brought bug fixes and a new Surround sound API that improves channel allocation and quality, especially for LFE.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: On December 5, 2013, libopus 1.1 was released, incorporating overall speed improvements and significant encoder quality improvements: Tonality estimation boosts bitrate and quality for previously problematic samples, like harpsichords; automated speech/music detection improves quality in mixed audio; mid-side stereo reduces the bitrate needs of many songs; band precision boosting for improved transients; and DC rejection below 3 Hz. Two new VBR modes were added: unconstrained for more consistent quality, and temporal VBR that boosts louder frames and generally improves quality.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: libopus 1.1.1 was released on November 26, 2015, and 1.1.2 on January 12, 2016, both adding speed optimizations and bug fixes. July 15, 2016 saw the release of version 1.1.3 and includes bug fixes, optimizations, documentation updates and experimental Ambisonics work.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: libopus 1.2 Beta was released on May 24, 2017. libopus 1.2 was released on June 20, 2017. Improvements brought in 1.2 allow it to create fullband music at bit rates as low as 32 kbit/s, and wideband speech at just 12 kbit/s.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: libopus 1.2 includes optional support for the decoder specification changes made in drafts of <nowiki>RFC 8251</nowiki>, improving the quality of output from such low-rate streams.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: libopus 1.3 was released on October 18, 2018. The Opus 1.3 major release again brings quality improvements, new features, and bug fixes. Changes since 1.2.x include:


title: Opus (audio format)

text: libopus 1.3.1 was released on April 12, 2019. This Opus 1.3.1 minor release fixes an issue with the analysis on files with digital silence (all zeros), especially on x87 builds (mostly affects 32-bit builds). It also includes two new features:


title: Opus (audio format)

text: In listening tests around 64 kbit/s, Opus shows superior quality compared to HE-AAC codecs, which were previously dominant due to their use of the patented spectral band replication (SBR) technology. In listening tests around 96 kbit/s, Opus shows slightly superior quality compared to AAC and significantly better quality compared to Vorbis and MP3.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus has very low algorithmic delay, a necessity for use as part of a low-audio-latency communication link, which can permit natural conversation, networked music performances, or lip sync at live events. Total algorithmic delay for an audio format is the sum of delays that must be incurred in the encoder and the decoder of a live audio stream regardless of processing speed and transmission speed, such as buffering audio samples into blocks or frames, allowing for window overlap and possibly allowing for noise-shaping look-ahead in a decoder and any other forms of look-ahead, or for an MP3 encoder, the use of bit reservoir.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Total one-way latency below 150 ms is the preferred target of most VoIP systems, to enable natural conversation with turn-taking little affected by delay. Musicians typically feel in-time with up to around 30 ms audio latency, roughly in accord with the fusion time of the Haas effect, though matching playback delay of each user's own instrument to the round-trip latency can also help. It is suggested for lip sync that around 45–100 ms audio latency may be acceptable.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus permits trading-off reduced quality or increased bitrate to achieve an even smaller algorithmic delay (5.0 ms minimum). While the reference implementation's default Opus frame is 20.0 ms long, the SILK layer requires a further 5.0 ms lookahead plus 1.5 ms for resampling, giving a default delay of 26.5 ms. When the CELT layer is active, it requires 2.5 ms lookahead for window overlap to which a matching delay of 4.0 ms is added by default to synchronize with the SILK layer. If the encoder is instantiated in the special "restricted low delay" mode, the 4.0 ms matching delay is removed and the SILK layer is disabled, permitting the minimal algorithmic delay of 5.0 ms.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The format and algorithms are openly documented and the reference implementation is published as free software. Xiph's reference implementation is called "libopus" and a package called "opus-tools" provides command-line encoder and decoder utilities. It is published under the terms of a BSD-like license. It is written in C and can be compiled for hardware architectures with or without a floating-point unit. The accompanying diagnostic tool "opusinfo" reports detailed technical information about Opus files, including information on the standard compliance of the bitstream format. It is based on "ogginfo" from the "vorbis-tools" and therefore — unlike the encoder and decoder — is available under the terms of version 2 of the GPL.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: contains a complete source code for an older version of the reference implementation written in C. RFC contains errata. Libopus is the more up-to-date but non-normative branch of the reference implementation.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The libopus reference library has been ported to both C# and Java as part of a project called Concentus. These ports sacrifice performance for the sake of being easily integrated into cross-platform applications.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Digital Radio Mondiale – a digital radio format for AM frequencies – can broadcast and receive Opus audio (albeit not recognised in official standard) using Dream software-defined radio.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The Wikimedia Foundation sponsored a free and open source online JavaScript Opus encoder for browsers supporting the required HTML5 features.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: A list of radio stations that stream using Opus audio codec can be found on the Xiph.Org Foundation Icecast directory.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: In late 2014 and 2015, Google's video platform YouTube started offering Opus audio along with VP9 video in the WebM file format, through DASH streaming.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: In 2018, SoundCloud switched from MP3 to Opus, reducing half of its required bandwidth for music streaming.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: In 2021, the Danish journalism website Zetland switched from MP3 to Opus for its articles' audio recordings, which attained a 35 percent reduction in bandwidth and reduced climate footprint.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Most end-user software relies on multimedia frameworks provided by the operating system. Native Opus codec support is implemented in most major multimedia frameworks for Unix-like operating systems, including GStreamer, FFmpeg, and Libav libraries.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The WebM container codice_3 is mostly used on online video platforms (e.g. YouTube), and is usually treated as a video file by operating systems & media players. Even if a WebM file contains only Opus audio and no video, some music players do not recognize WebM files as audio files and do not support reading of file metadata.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The Ogg container codice_2 is preferred for audio-only files, and most media players have support for audio file metadata tagged in the Vorbis comment format.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Google added native support for Opus audio playback in Android 5.0 "Lollipop". However, it was limited to Opus audio encapsulated in Matroska and WebM containers, such as codice_5, codice_6 and codice_3 files. Android 7.0 "Nougat" introduced support for Opus audio encapsulated in Ogg containers. Android 10 finally added native support for codice_2 extensions.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Due to the addition of WebRTC support in Apple's WebKit rendering engine, macOS High Sierra and iOS 11 come with native playback support for Opus audio encapsulated in Core Audio Format containers.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: On Windows 10, version 1607, Microsoft provided native support for Opus audio encapsulated in Matroska and WebM containers. On version 1709, support for Opus audio encapsulated in Ogg containers was made available through a pre-installed add-on called Web Media Extensions. On Windows 10 version 1903, native support for the codice_2 extension was added. On Windows 8.1 and older, third-party decoders, such as LAV Filters, are available to provide support for the format.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: While support in multimedia frameworks automatically enables Opus support in software which is built on top of such frameworks, several applications developers made additional efforts for supporting the Opus audio format in their software. Such support was added to AIMP, Amarok, cmus, Music Player Daemon, foobar2000, Mpxplay, MusicBee, SMplayer, VLC media player, Winamp and Xmplay audio players; Icecast, Airtime (software) audio streaming software; and Asunder audio CD ripper, CDBurnerXP CD burner, FFmpeg, Libav and MediaCoder media encoding tools. Streaming Icecast radio trials are live since September 2012 and January 2013. SteamOS uses Opus or Vorbis for streaming audio.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus support is mandatory for WebRTC implementations. Opus is supported in Mozilla Firefox, Chromium and Google Chrome, Blink-based Opera, as well as all browsers for Unix-like systems relying on GStreamer for multimedia formats support. Although Internet Explorer will not provide Opus playback natively, support for the format is built into the Edge browser, along with VP9, for full WebM support. Safari supports Opus as of iOS 11 and macOS High Sierra.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Due to its abilities, Opus gained early interest from voice over IP (VoIP) software vendors. Several SIP clients, including Acrobits Softphone, CSipSimple (via additional plug-in), Empathy (via GStreamer), Jitsi, Tuenti, Line2 (currently only on iOS), Linphone, Phoner and PhonerLite, SFLphone, Telephone, Mumble, Discord and TeamSpeak 3 voice chat software also support Opus. TrueConf supports Opus in its VoIP products. Asterisk lacked builtin Opus support for legal reasons, but a third-party patch was available for download and official support via a binary blob was added in September 2016. Tox P2P videoconferencing software uses Opus exclusively. Classified-ads distributed messaging app sends raw opus frames inside TLS socket in its VoIP implementation.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Opus is widely used as the voice codec in WhatsApp, which has over 1.5billion users worldwide. WhatsApp uses Opus at 816 kHz sampling rates, with the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). The PlayStation 4 video game console also uses the CELT/Opus codec for its PlayStation Network system party chat. It is also used in the Zoom videoconferencing app.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: Since version 3.13, Rockbox enables Opus playback on supported portable media players, including some products from the iPod series by Apple, devices made by iriver, Archos and Sandisk, and on Android devices using "Rockbox as an Application". All recent Grandstream IP phones support Opus audio both for encoding and decoding. OBihai OBi1062, OBi1032 and OBi1022 IP phones all support Opus. Recent BlueSound wireless speakers support Opus playback. Devices running Hiby OS, like the Hiby R3, are capable of decoding Opus files natively.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: The Sony PlayStation 5 supports capturing 1080p and 2160p footage using VP9 video and Opus audio in a WebM container.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: As an open standard, the algorithms are openly documented, and a reference implementation (including the source code) is published. Broadcom and the Xiph.Org Foundation own software patents on some of the CELT algorithms, and Skype Technologies/Microsoft own some on the SILK algorithms; each offers a royalty-free perpetual for use with Opus, reserving only the right to make use of their patents to defend against infringement suits of third parties. Qualcomm, Huawei, France Telecom, and Ericsson have claimed that their patents may apply, which Xiph's legal counsel denies, and none have pursued any legal action. The Opus license automatically and retroactively terminates for any entity that attempts to file a patent suit.


title: Opus (audio format)

text: In September of 2022, UK-based Vectis IP Ltd announced the formation of a patent pool for Opus. Members of the pools included Dolby International AB, Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation, and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. A list of patents will be published soon after an evaluation. However, the program makes an exception for open-source software, applications, or content that developers or providers distribute separate from hardware devices (i.e. PCs, smartphones, IP phones, smart TVs).


title: Thievery Corporation

text: Thievery Corporation is an American electronic music duo consisting of Rob Garza and Eric Hilton. Their musical style mixes elements of dub, acid jazz, reggae, Indian classical, Middle Eastern music, hip hop and Brazilian music, including bossa nova.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: Thievery Corporation was formed in the summer of 1995 at Washington D.C.'s Eighteenth Street Lounge. Rob Garza and Lounge co-owner Eric Hilton were drawn together over their mutual love of club life, as well as dub, bossa nova and jazz records. They decided to see what would come of mixing all these in a recording studio, and from this, in 1996 the duo started their Eighteenth Street Lounge Music record label.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: The duo drew attention with their first two 12-inch offerings, "Shaolin Satellite" and "2001: a Spliff Odyssey", and with their 1996 debut LP, "Sounds from the Thievery Hi-Fi".


title: Thievery Corporation

text: In 2001, they released "Sounds From The Verve Hi-Fi", a "best of" compilation of 1960s–1970s material of Verve Records that includes Jazz, Bossa Nova and Latin Jazz works from artists like Cal Tjader, Wes Montgomery, Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66, Luiz Bonfá, among others.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: In 2002 they released "The Richest Man in Babylon" on their ESL label. This fifteen-track album is similar in sound and timbre to their earlier 2000 release, "The Mirror Conspiracy", and features performances by vocalists Notch, Emilíana Torrini, Pam Bricker, and Loulou.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: In 2004, they released "The Cosmic Game", which has a darker, more psychedelic sound than "The Richest Man in Babylon". The album also featured more high-profile guest singers on it, including Perry Farrell, David Byrne, and Wayne Coyne of The Flaming Lips.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: In 2006, the group released "Versions", a selection of remixes by Thievery Corporation for other artists. They toured around the United States, playing at Lollapalooza. The tour was photographed by Rob Myers, Thievery Corporation's sitar and guitar player, in the Blurb photo book "Thievery Corporation 2006". In 2006, the band also recorded "Sol Tapado" for the AIDS benefit album " Redux" produced by the Red Hot Organization. As well, in the 2006 release of "Tiger Woods PGA Tour" for Xbox, their music was featured as the soundtrack to the game. Also in 2006, Puma Ptah, then known as Ras Puma, joined and toured with Thievery Corporation and continues to tour with them today.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: The group released their fifth studio album, "Radio Retaliation", on September 23, 2008. It was nominated for the Grammy for best recording package. Thievery Corporation's tour started out with five consecutive sold-out shows at the in Washington, DC.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: On July 27, 2010, "Babylon Central", the cinematic directorial debut of founding member Eric Hilton, was released. Set (and shot) in Washington, D.C., the film follows tripwire events in the interconnected lives of its characters, each influencing power brokers' schemes to manipulate international currencies.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: In June 2011, Thievery Corporation released their sixth album, "Culture of Fear," which also featured the vocal stylings of Puma Ptah, then known as Ras Puma, on the tracks: "Overstand" and "False Flag Dub."


title: Thievery Corporation

text: In January 2012, Thievery Corporation launched a remixes contest in conjunction with Dubspot. The same year, Eric Hilton from Thievery Corporation produced the debut album, "Archives", for Washington D.C. based reggae band "The Archives."


title: Thievery Corporation

text: On January 11, 2017, the band released the song "Ghetto Matrix" from their album "The Temple of I & I", which was released on February 10, 2017, again via their own ESL Music label.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: Throughout their career, the duo has repeatedly expressed their fondness for Brazilian culture in interviews and liner notes of their releases, especially of the 1960s Bossa Nova music movement. Some of their earlier recordings were accompanied by artwork paying specific homage to classic releases by bossa nova artists like João Gilberto (his self-titled 1973 album) or Tom Jobim ("Stone Flower"). Their 1997 debut album is also dedicated to the memory of Brazilian musician Antonio Carlos Jobim, who died three years earlier.


title: Thievery Corporation

text: The language of the group's lyrics throughout their career include English, Spanish, French, Italian, Persian, Portuguese, Romanian and Hindi. This reflects the group's world music influences.