title: Jamaal Wilkes

text: Wilkes made his feature-film debut as Nathaniel "Cornbread" Hamilton in the 1975 basketball-themed drama, "Cornbread, Earl and Me".


title: Jamaal Wilkes

text: Wilkes converted to Islam and legally changed his name to Jamaal Abdul-Lateef in 1975, but he continued to use his birth surname only for purposes of public recognition.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: Robert Alan Altman (February 23, 1947February 3, 2021) was an American lawyer and video game executive. He worked as a lawyer in Washington, D.C. and was involved in a scandal surrounding the Bank of Credit and Commerce International. In 1999, he and Christopher Weaver founded ZeniMax Media as the parent holding company for Bethesda Softworks, a video game developer Weaver had founded earlier. Altman served as ZeniMax Media's chief executive officer and chairman until his death. He was also a member of the advisory board of the George Washington University Law School.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: Robert Alan Altman was born in Washington, D.C., on February 23, 1947. His father, Norman S. Altman (–1997), was a graduate of Harvard Law School, a real estate lawyer and investor, a government lawyer during the New Deal, and a co-founder of the law firm Krooth and Altman. His mother, Sophie B. Altman (née Robinson; –2008), was a graduate of Yale Law School, a television producer, and created the program "It's Academic" in 1961. Robert A. Altman had three sisters: Janet R. Spragens (–2006), Susan Altman, and Nancy Altman.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: Robert A. Altman was raised in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington, D.C., and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School. He obtained a bachelor's degree in political science at the University of Wisconsin in 1968 and returned to D.C. to attend George Washington University Law School, where he was editor of its law review and earned a Juris Doctor degree in 1971.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: Altman practiced law for many years in Washington, D.C. as a partner of Clark Clifford, a former United States Secretary of Defense in the law firm of Clifford and Warnke. Altman later opened his own law firm, the Law Offices of Robert Altman where Clifford was of counsel. As a Washington, D.C. attorney, Altman represented major companies before federal regulatory agencies, before Congress, or in litigation.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: From 1978 to 1982, Altman and Clifford represented a group of wealthy Arab businessmen, including members of the royal family from Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia in their efforts to acquire a multi-state bank holding company, Financial General Bankshares. The Arab investors used a British bank, Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) as their financial advisor in this transaction. Following the acquisition, Altman became President of Financial General which was renamed First American Corporation.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: In 1991, it was alleged that BCCI, the financial adviser to the Arab shareholders and their "communications link" had acquired by means of offshore loans that were in default, the shares of the Arab investors in First American. Questions were raised whether the Arab investors had falsely represented to bank regulators the true ownership of First American. During the ensuing investigations, Altman and Clifford testified at length before Congress, federal and state grand juries, and the Federal Reserve. Audits of First American by the Federal Reserve, Office of the Comptroller, and state banking agencies confirmed that the bank had been operated under Altman's management without any BCCI influence.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: In 1992, Clifford and Altman were charged in indictments by the New York District Attorney and the Department of Justice, as well as being named in a civil suit by the Federal Reserve. Clifford, then in poor health, was severed from the case as he was physically unable to go to trial. Altman maintained his innocence, refused offers of a plea to resolve the cases, and insisted on going to trial. In the summer of 1993, after a five-month trial, the court dismissed the central count in the indictment of bribery, saying no evidence had been presented by the government to support it. Altman declined to present a defense case and was acquitted by the jury of all remaining charges. The Department of Justice dismissed the companion federal indictment. The civil suit by the Federal Reserve was settled with Altman agreeing to be banned permanently from banking. He was defended by the famous white-collar criminal defense lawyer Gustave Newman.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: Altman and Clifford's BCCI defense cost was $10 million. The cost of the BCCI investigation by the government was $20 million.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: After the BCCI trial, Altman resumed his Washington, D.C. legal practice. In 1999, he co-founded ZeniMax Media with Bethesda Softworks founder Christopher Weaver as a new parent company of Bethesda. Altman was brought in as CEO with Weaver serving as CTO. Weaver was pushed out of an operational role in 2002, and he filed a related lawsuit that was settled out of court.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: Altman being the partner of Clark Clifford used his connections as a lawyer to stack ZeniMax's Advisory board with such high profile political figures like Terry McAuliffe, George J. Mitchell and Tony Coelho with McAuliffe and Mitchell joining the advisory board in 2000 while Coelho joined in 2001.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: Altman was Jewish. On January 29, 1984, he married former "Wonder Woman" actress Lynda Carter. Together they had two children: Jessica and James. They lived in Potomac, Maryland. James Altman worked at his father's ZeniMax subsidiary Bethesda Softworks as the Director of Publishing Operations.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: In 2015, both Robert Altman and his wife endorsed Hillary Clinton for president. Altman and Carter have been family friends with the Clintons since 1983/1984.


title: Robert A. Altman

text: On February 3, 2021, Altman died at a hospital in Baltimore of myelofibrosis, a rare type of leukemia, at the age of 73. Bethesda Softworks announced his death the day after.


title: Izium

text: Izium or Izyum (, ; ) is a city on the Donets River in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. It serves as the administrative center of Izium Raion (district). Izium hosts the administration of Izium urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It is about southeast of the oblast capital, Kharkiv. Izium had a population of


title: Izium

text: In 1681, a Cossack fortress was built within a small settlement, which marks the foundation date of Izium. It grew to be an important defense against Tatar invasions of the region. In 1684 the five-domed Baroque cathedral of the Saviour's Transfiguration was built. The cathedral was renovated in 1902 and restored in 1955.


title: Izium

text: In 1765, Izium became a city, and in 1780 became an administrative center of Izyumsky Uyezd, one of the subdivisions of the Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire.


title: Izium

text: The churches of Ascension (1819–21) and of St. Nicholas (1809–23) rank among the finest Neoclassical buildings in the region. In the second half of the 19th century, the city's main exports were wool, sold to Kharkiv and Poltava, and building materials sold to Taganrog.


title: Izium

text: During World War II, Izium was the site of numerous important battles. A Red Army salient was cut off by counterattacking German forces (during the Second Battle of Kharkiv) and was eliminated in one of the most expensive learning errors for the Red Army. Izium was occupied by the German Army from 24 June 1942 until it was liberated on 5 February 1943. The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city.


title: Izium

text: Izium expanded rapidly in the 20th century due to its importance as a junction between Kharkiv and the Donets Basin. In January 1989 the population was 64,334 people, up from 12,000 in 1926.


title: Izium

text: To comply with decommunization laws, the local "Lenin Square" was renamed "John Lennon Square" in February 2016.


title: Izium

text: Until 18 July 2020, Izium was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Izium Raion, though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, the city of Izium was merged into Izium Raion, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven.


title: Izium

text: Izium was the site of sporadic fighting during the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in 2014. The Sloviansk-Izium highway was referred to as the "highway of death" by locals during the summer of 2014. Large-scale fighting halted once Ukrainian forces liberated Sloviansk.


title: Izium

text: In May 2022, Russian forces attempted to cross the Siverskyi Donets River and advance south. Ukrainian forces rebuffed the attempted river crossing with substantial Russian losses. However, after the Battle of Izium Russia gained control of the city.


title: Izium

text: Ukraine began a counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region in early September 2022, during which Izium was liberated. After liberation from the Russian invaders, local police officers found a mass grave of 440 bodies. More than 80% of the town infrastructure is destroyed; about 70% of multi-storey buildings are destroyed. The town administration estimates that all in all, about 1,000 people lost their lives under the Russian occupation.


title: Izium

text: The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb", warm summer continental climate.


title: Productivity

text: Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or services expressed by some measure. Measurements of productivity are often expressed as a ratio of an aggregate output to a single input or an aggregate input used in a production process, i.e. output per unit of input, typically over a specific period of time. The most common example is the (aggregate) labour productivity measure, one example of which is GDP per worker. There are many different definitions of productivity (including those that are not defined as ratios of output to input) and the choice among them depends on the purpose of the productivity measurement and/or data availability. The key source of difference between various productivity measures is also usually related (directly or indirectly) to how the outputs and the inputs are aggregated to obtain such a ratio-type measure of productivity.


title: Productivity

text: Productivity is a crucial factor in the production performance of firms and nations. Increasing national productivity can raise living standards because more real income improves people's ability to purchase goods and services, enjoy leisure, improve housing and education and contribute to social and environmental programs. Productivity growth can also help businesses to be more profitable.


title: Productivity

text: Productivity measures that use one class of inputs or factors, but not multiple factors, are called partial productivities. In practice, measurement in production means measures of partial productivity. Interpreted correctly, these components are indicative of productivity development, and approximate the efficiency with which inputs are used in an economy to produce goods and services. However, productivity is only measured partially – or approximately. In a way, the measurements are defective because they do not measure everything, but it is possible to interpret correctly the results of partial productivity and to benefit from them in practical situations. At the company level, typical partial productivity measures are such things as worker hours, materials or energy used per unit of production.


title: Productivity

text: Before the widespread use of computer networks, partial productivity was tracked in tabular form and with hand-drawn graphs. Tabulating machines for data processing began being widely used in the 1920s and 1930s and remained in use until mainframe computers became widespread in the late 1960s through the 1970s. By the late 1970s inexpensive computers allowed industrial operations to perform process control and track productivity. Today data collection is largely computerized and almost any variable can be viewed graphically in real time or retrieved for selected time periods.


title: Productivity

text: In macroeconomics, a common partial productivity measure is labour productivity. Labour productivity is a revealing indicator of several economic indicators as it offers a dynamic measure of economic growth, competitiveness, and living standards within an economy. It is the measure of labour productivity (and all that this measure takes into account) which helps explain the principal economic foundations that are necessary for both economic growth and social development. In general labour productivity is equal to the ratio between a measure of output volume (gross domestic product or gross value added) and a measure of input use (the total number of hours worked or total employment).


title: Productivity

text: The output measure is typically net output, more specifically the value added by the process under consideration, i.e. the value of outputs minus the value of intermediate inputs. This is done in order to avoid double-counting when an output of one firm is used as an input by another in the same measurement. In macroeconomics the most well-known and used measure of value-added is the gross domestic product or GDP. Increases in it are widely used as a measure of the economic growth of nations and industries. GDP is the income available for paying capital costs, labor compensation, taxes and profits. Some economists instead use gross value added (GVA); there is normally a strong correlation between GDP and GVA.


title: Productivity

text: The measure of input use reflects the time, effort and skills of the workforce. The denominator of the ratio of labour productivity, the input measure is the most important factor that influences the measure of labour productivity. Labour input is measured either by the total number of hours worked of all persons employed or total employment (head count). There are both advantages and disadvantages associated with the different input measures that are used in the calculation of labour productivity. It is generally accepted that the total number of hours worked is the most appropriate measure of labour input because a simple headcount of employed persons can hide changes in average hours worked and has difficulties accounting for variations in work such as a part-time contract, paid leave, overtime, or shifts in normal hours. However, the quality of hours-worked estimates is not always clear. In particular, statistical establishment and household surveys are difficult to use because of their varying quality of hours-worked estimates and their varying degree of international comparability.


title: Productivity

text: GDP per capita is a rough measure of average living standards or economic well-being and is one of the core indicators of economic performance. GDP is, for this purpose, only a very rough measure. Maximizing GDP, in principle, also allows maximizing capital usage. For this reason, GDP is systematically biased in favour of capital intensive production at the expense of knowledge and labour-intensive production. The use of capital in the GDP-measure is considered to be as valuable as the production's ability to pay taxes, profits and labor compensation. The bias of the GDP is actually the difference between the GDP and the producer income.


title: Productivity

text: Another labour productivity measure, output per worker, is often seen as a proper measure of labour productivity, as here: "Productivity isn't everything, but in the long run it is almost everything. A country's ability to improve its standard of living over time depends almost entirely on its ability to raise its output per worker." This measure (output per worker) is, however, more problematic than the GDP or even invalid because this measure allows maximizing all supplied inputs, i.e. materials, services, energy and capital at the expense of producer income.


title: Productivity

text: When multiple inputs are considered, the measure is called multi-factor productivity or MFP. Multi-factor productivity is typically estimated using growth accounting. If the inputs specifically are labor and capital, and the outputs are value added intermediate outputs, the measure is called total factor productivity (TFP]. TFP measures the residual growth that cannot be explained by the rate of change in the services of labour and capital. MFP replaced the term TFP used in the earlier literature, and both terms continue in use (usually interchangeably).


title: Productivity

text: TFP is often interpreted as a rough average measure of productivity, more specifically the contribution to economic growth made by factors such as technical and organisational innovation. The most famous description is that of Robert Solow's (1957): "I am using the phrase 'technical change' as a shorthand expression for any kind of shift in the production function. Thus slowdowns, speed ups, improvements in the education of the labor force and all sorts of things will appear as 'technical change' ." The original MFP model involves several assumptions: that there is a stable functional relation between inputs and output at the economy-wide level of aggregation, that this function has neoclassical smoothness and curvature properties, that inputs are paid the value of their marginal product, that the function exhibits constant returns to scale, and that technical change has the Hicks’n neutral form. In practice, TFP is "a measure of our ignorance", as put it, precisely because it is a residual. This ignorance covers many components, some wanted (like the effects of technical and organizational innovation), others unwanted (measurement error, omitted variables, aggregation bias, model misspecification) Hence the relationship between TFP and productivity remains unclear.


title: Productivity

text: When all outputs and inputs are included in the productivity measure it is called total productivity. A valid measurement of total productivity necessitates considering all production inputs. If we omit an input in productivity (or income accounting) this means that the omitted input can be used unlimitedly in production without any impact on accounting results. Because total productivity includes all production inputs, it is used as an integrated variable when we want to explain income formation of the production process.


title: Productivity

text: Davis has considered the phenomenon of productivity, measurement of productivity, distribution of productivity gains, and how to measure such gains. He refers to an article suggesting that the measurement of productivity shall be developed so that it ”will indicate increases or decreases in the productivity of the company and also the distribution of the ’fruits of production’ among all parties at interest”. According to Davis, the price system is a mechanism through which productivity gains are distributed, and besides the business enterprise, receiving parties may consist of its customers, staff and the suppliers of production inputs.


title: Productivity

text: In the main article is presented the role of total productivity as a variable when explaining how income formation of production is always a balance between income generation and income distribution. The income change created by production function is always distributed to the stakeholders as economic values within the review period.


title: Productivity

text: Productivity growth is a crucial source of growth in living standards. Productivity growth means more value is added in production and this means more income is available to be distributed.


title: Productivity

text: At a firm or industry level, the benefits of productivity growth can be distributed in a number of different ways:


title: Productivity

text: Productivity growth is important to the firm because it means that it can meet its (perhaps growing) obligations to workers, shareholders, and governments (taxes and regulation), and still remain competitive or even improve its competitiveness in the market place. Adding more inputs will not increase the income earned per unit of input (unless there are increasing returns to scale). In fact, it is likely to mean lower average wages and lower rates of profit. But, when there is productivity growth, even the existing commitment of resources generates more output and income. Income generated per unit of input increases. Additional resources are also attracted into production and can be profitably employed.


title: Productivity

text: In the most immediate sense, productivity is determined by the available technology or know-how for converting resources into outputs, and the way in which resources are organized to produce goods and services. Historically, productivity has improved through evolution as processes with poor productivity performance are abandoned and newer forms are exploited. Process improvements may include organizational structures (e.g. core functions and supplier relationships), management systems, work arrangements, manufacturing techniques, and changing market structure. A famous example is the assembly line and the process of mass production that appeared in the decade following commercial introduction of the automobile.


title: Productivity

text: Mass production dramatically reduced the labor in producing parts for and assembling the automobile, but after its widespread adoption productivity gains in automobile production were much lower. A similar pattern was observed with electrification, which saw the highest productivity gains in the early decades after introduction. Many other industries show similar patterns. The pattern was again followed by the computer, information and communications industries in the late 1990s when much of the national productivity gains occurred in these industries.


title: Productivity

text: There is a general understanding of the main determinants or drivers of productivity growth. Certain factors are critical for determining productivity growth. The Office for National Statistics (UK) identifies five drivers that interact to underlie long-term productivity performance: investment, innovation, skills, enterprise and competition.


title: Productivity

text: Technology has enabled massive personal productivity gains—computers, spreadsheets, email, and other advances have made it possible for a knowledge worker to seemingly produce more in a day than was previously possible in a year. Environmental factors such as sleep and leisure play a significant role in work productivity and received wage.


title: Productivity

text: Drivers of productivity growth for creative and knowledge workers include improved or intensified exchange with peers or co-workers, as more productive peers have a stimulating effect on one's own productivity. Productivity is influenced by effective supervision and job satisfaction. An effective or knowledgeable supervisor (for example a supervisor who uses the Management by objectives method) has an easier time motivating their employees to produce more in quantity and quality. An employee who has an effective supervisor, motivating them to be more productive is likely to experience a new level of job satisfaction thereby becoming a driver of productivity itself. There is also considerable evidence to support improved productivity through operant conditioning reinforcement, successful gamification engagement, research-based recommendations on principles and implementation guidelines for using monetary rewards effectively, and recognition, based on social cognitive theory, which builds upon self-efficacy.


title: Productivity

text: Workplace bullying results in a loss of productivity, as measured by self-rated job performance. Over time, targets of bullying will spend more time protecting themselves against harassment by bullies and less time fulfilling their duties. Workplace incivility has also been associated with diminished productivity in terms of quality and quantity of work.


title: Productivity

text: A toxic workplace is a workplace that is marked by significant drama and infighting, where personal battles often harm productivity. While employees are distracted by this, they cannot devote time and attention to the achievement of business goals. When toxic employees leave the workplace, it can improve the culture overall because the remaining staff become more engaged and productive. The presence of a workplace psychopath may have a serious detrimental impact on productivity in an organisation.


title: Productivity

text: In companies where the traditional hierarchy has been removed in favor of an egalitarian, team-based setup, the employees are often happier, and individual productivity is improved (as they themselves are better placed to increase the efficiency of the workfloor). Companies that have these hierarchies removed and have their employees work more in teams are called liberated companies or "Freedom Inc.'s". The Kaizen system of bottom-up, continuous improvement was first practiced by Japanese manufacturers after World War II, most notably as part of The Toyota Way.


title: Productivity

text: Productivity is one of the main concerns of business management and engineering. Many companies have formal programs for continuously improving productivity, such as a production assurance program. Whether they have a formal program or not, companies are constantly looking for ways to improve quality, reduce downtime and inputs of labor, materials, energy and purchased services. Often simple changes to operating methods or processes increase productivity, but the biggest gains are normally from adopting new technologies, which may require capital expenditures for new equipment, computers or software. Modern productivity science owes much to formal investigations that are associated with scientific management. Although from an individual management perspective, employees may be doing their jobs well and with high levels of individual productivity, from an organizational perspective their productivity may in fact be zero or effectively negative if they are dedicated to redundant or value destroying activities. In office buildings and service-centred companies, productivity is largely influenced and affected by operational byproducts—meetings. The past few years have seen a positive uptick in the number of software solutions focused on improving office productivity. In truth, proper planning and procedures are more likely to help than anything else.


title: Productivity

text: Overall productivity growth was relatively slow from the 1970s through the early 1990s, and again from the 2000s to 2020s. Although several possible causes for the slowdown have been proposed there is no consensus. The matter is subject to a continuing debate that has grown beyond questioning whether just computers can significantly increase productivity to whether the potential to increase productivity is becoming exhausted.


title: Productivity

text: In order to measure the productivity of a nation or an industry, it is necessary to operationalize the same concept of productivity as in a production unit or a company, yet, the object of modelling is substantially wider and the information more aggregate. The calculations of productivity of a nation or an industry are based on the time series of the SNA, System of National Accounts. National accounting is a system based on the recommendations of the UN (SNA 93) to measure the total production and total income of a nation and how they are used.


title: Productivity

text: International or national productivity growth stems from a complex interaction of factors. Some of the most important immediate factors include technological change, organizational change, industry restructuring and resource reallocation, as well as economies of scale and scope. A nation's average productivity level can also be affected by the movement of resources from low-productivity to high-productivity industries and activities. Over time, other factors such as research and development and innovative effort, the development of human capital through education, and incentives from stronger competition promote the search for productivity improvements and the ability to achieve them. Ultimately, many policy, institutional and cultural factors determine a nation's success in improving productivity.


title: Productivity

text: At the national level, productivity growth raises living standards because more real income improves people's ability to purchase goods and services (whether they are necessities or luxuries), enjoy leisure, improve housing and education and contribute to social and environmental programs. Some have suggested that the UK's 'productivity puzzle' is an urgent issue for policy makers and businesses to address in order to sustain growth. Over long periods of time, small differences in rates of productivity growth compound, like interest in a bank account, and can make an enormous difference to a society's prosperity. Nothing contributes more to reduction of poverty, to increases in leisure, and to the country's ability to finance education, public health, environment and the arts’.


title: Productivity

text: Productivity is considered basic statistical information for many international comparisons and country performance assessments and there is strong interest in comparing them internationally. The OECD publishes an annual Compendium of Productivity Indicators that includes both labor and multi-factor measures of productivity.


title: STS-107

text: STS-107 was the 113th flight of the Space Shuttle program, and the 28th and final flight of Space Shuttle "Columbia". The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on January 16, 2003, and during its 15 days, 22 hours, 20 minutes, 32 seconds in orbit conducted a multitude of international scientific experiments. It was also the 88th post-Challenger disaster mission.


title: STS-107

text: An in-flight break up during reentry into the atmosphere on February 1 killed all seven crew members and disintegrated "Columbia". Immediately after the disaster, NASA convened the "Columbia" accident Investigation Board to determine the cause of the disintegration. The source of the failure was determined to have been caused by a piece of foam that broke off during launch and damaged the thermal protection system (reinforced carbon-carbon panels and thermal protection tiles) on the leading edge of the orbiter's left wing. During re-entry the damaged wing slowly overheated and came apart, eventually leading to loss of control and disintegration of the vehicle. The cockpit window frame is now exhibited in a memorial inside the Space Shuttle "Atlantis" Pavilion at the Kennedy Space Center.


title: STS-107

text: The damage to the thermal protection system on the wing was similar to that "Atlantis" had sustained in 1988 during STS-27, the second mission after the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster. However, the damage on STS-27 occurred at a spot that had more robust metal (a thin steel plate near the landing gear), and that mission survived the re-entry.


title: STS-107

text: STS-107 carried the SPACEHAB Double Research Module on its inaugural flight, the Freestar experiment (mounted on a Hitchhiker Program rack), and the Extended Duration Orbiter pallet. SPACEHAB was first flown on STS-57.


title: STS-107

text: One of the experiments, a video taken to study atmospheric dust, may have detected a new atmospheric phenomenon, dubbed a "TIGER" (Transient Ionospheric Glow Emission in Red).


title: STS-107

text: On board "Columbia" was a by Petr Ginz, the editor-in-chief of the magazine "Vedem", who depicted what he imagined the Earth looked like from the Moon when he was a 14-year-old prisoner in the Terezín concentration camp. The copy was in the possession of Ilan Ramon and was lost in the disintegration. Ramon also traveled with a dollar bill received from the Lubavitcher Rebbe.


title: STS-107

text: An Australian experiment, created by students from Glen Waverley Secondary College, was designed to test the reaction of zero gravity on the web formation of the Australian garden orb weaver spider.


title: STS-107

text: Because much of the data was transmitted during the mission, there was still large return on the mission objectives even though it was lost on re-entry. NASA estimated that 30% of the total science data was saved and collected through telemetry back to ground stations. Around 5-10% more data was saved and collected through recovering samples and hard drives intact on the ground after the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster, increasing the total data of saved experiments despite the disaster from 30% to 35-40%.


title: STS-107

text: About 5-6 "Columbia" payloads encompassing many experiments were successfully recovered in the debris field. Scientists and engineers were able to recover 99% of the data for one of the six FREESTAR experiments, Critical Viscosity of Xenon-2 (CVX-2), that flew unpressurized in the payload bay during the mission after recovering the viscometer and hard drive damaged but fully intact in the debris field in Texas. NASA recovered a commercial payload, Commercial Instrumentation Technology Associates (ITA) Biomedical Experiments-2 (CIBX-2), and ITA was able to increase the total data saved from STS-107 from 0% to 50% for this payload. This experiment studied treatments for cancer, and the micro-encapsulation experiment part of the payload was completely recovered, increasing from 0% data to 90% data after recovering the samples fully intact for this experiment. In this same payload were numerous crystal-forming experiments by hundreds of elementary and middle school students from all across the United States. Miraculously most of their experiments were found intact in CIBX-2, increasing from 0% data to 100% fully recovered data. The BRIC-14 (moss growth experiment) and BRIC-60 (Caenorhabditis elegans ringworm experiment) samples were found intact in the debris field within a radius in east Texas. 80-87% of these live organisms survived the catastrophe. The moss and ringworms experiments' original primary mission was not nominal due to the lack of having the samples immediately after landing in its original state (they were discovered many months after the crash), but these samples helped the scientific community greatly in the field of astrobiology and helped form new theories about microorganisms surviving a long trip in outer space while traveling on meteorites or asteroids.


title: STS-107

text: "Columbia" began re-entry as planned, but the heat shield was compromised due to damage sustained during the initial ascent. The heat of re-entry was free to spread into the damaged portion of the orbiter, ultimately causing its disintegration and the loss of all hands.


title: STS-107

text: The accident triggered a 7-month investigation and a search for debris, and over 85,000 pieces were collected over the course of the initial investigation. This amounted to roughly 38 percent of the orbiter vehicle.


title: STS-107

text: The mission insignia itself is the only patch of the shuttle program that is entirely shaped in the orbiter's outline. The central element of the patch is the microgravity symbol, "µg", flowing into the rays of the astronaut symbol.


title: STS-107

text: The mission inclination is portrayed by the 39-degree angle of the astronaut symbol to the Earth's horizon. The sunrise is representative of the numerous experiments that are the dawn of a new era for continued microgravity research on the International Space Station and beyond. The breadth of science and the exploration of space is illustrated by the Earth and stars. The constellation Columba (the dove) was chosen to symbolize peace on Earth and the Space Shuttle "Columbia". The seven stars also represent the mission crew members and honor the original astronauts who paved the way to make research in space possible. Six stars have five points, the seventh has six points like a Star of David, symbolizing the Israeli Space Agency's contributions to the mission.


title: STS-107

text: An Israeli flag is adjacent to the name of Payload Specialist Ramon, who was the first Israeli in space. The crew insignia or 'patch' design was initiated by crew members Dr. Laurel Clark and Dr. Kalpana Chawla. First-time crew member Clark provided most of the design concepts as Chawla led the design of her maiden voyage STS-87 insignia. Clark also pointed out that the dove in the Columba constellation was mythologically connected to the explorers the Argonauts who released the dove.


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. The most prominent example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone. At the critical point, defined by a "critical temperature" "T" and a "critical pressure" "p", phase boundaries vanish. Other examples include the liquid–liquid critical points in mixtures, and the ferromagnet–paramagnet transition (Curie temperature) in the absence of an external magnetic field.


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: For simplicity and clarity, the generic notion of "critical point" is best introduced by discussing a specific example, the vapor–liquid critical point. This was the first critical point to be discovered, and it is still the best known and most studied one.


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: The figure to the right shows the schematic PT diagram of a "pure substance" (as opposed to mixtures, which have additional state variables and richer phase diagrams, discussed below). The commonly known phases "solid", "liquid" and "vapor" are separated by phase boundaries, i.e. pressure–temperature combinations where two phases can coexist. At the triple point, all three phases can coexist. However, the liquid–vapor boundary terminates in an endpoint at some "critical temperature" "T" and "critical pressure" "p". This is the "critical point".


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: In the "vicinity" of the critical point, the physical properties of the liquid and the vapor change dramatically, with both phases becoming even more similar. For instance, liquid water under normal conditions is nearly incompressible, has a low thermal expansion coefficient, has a high dielectric constant, and is an excellent solvent for electrolytes. Near the critical point, all these properties change into the exact opposite: water becomes compressible, expandable, a poor dielectric, a bad solvent for electrolytes, and prefers to mix with nonpolar gases and organic molecules.


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: "At" the critical point, only one phase exists. The heat of vaporization is zero. There is a stationary inflection point in the constant-temperature line ("critical isotherm") on a PV diagram. This means that at the critical point:


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: "Above" the critical point there exists a state of matter that is continuously connected with (can be transformed without phase transition into) both the liquid and the gaseous state. It is called supercritical fluid. The common textbook knowledge that all distinction between liquid and vapor disappears beyond the critical point has been challenged by Fisher and Widom, who identified a "p"–"T" line that separates states with different asymptotic statistical properties (Fisher–Widom line).


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: Sometimes the critical point does not manifest in most thermodynamic or mechanical properties, but is "hidden" and reveals itself in the onset of inhomogeneities in elastic moduli, marked changes in the appearance and local properties of non-affine droplets, and a sudden enhancement in defect pair concentration.


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: The existence of a critical point was first discovered by Charles Cagniard de la Tour in 1822 and named by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1860 and Thomas Andrews in 1869. Cagniard showed that CO could be liquefied at 31 °C at a pressure of 73 atm, but not at a slightly higher temperature, even under pressures as high as 3000 atm.


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: Solving the above condition formula_3 for the van der Waals equation, one can compute the critical point as


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: However, the van der Waals equation, based on a mean-field theory, does not hold near the critical point. In particular, it predicts wrong scaling laws.


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: To analyse properties of fluids near the critical point, reduced state variables are sometimes defined relative to the critical properties


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: The principle of corresponding states indicates that substances at equal reduced pressures and temperatures have equal reduced volumes. This relationship is approximately true for many substances, but becomes increasingly inaccurate for large values of "p".


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: For some gases, there is an additional correction factor, called "Newton's correction", added to the critical temperature and critical pressure calculated in this manner. These are empirically derived values and vary with the pressure range of interest.


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: The liquid–liquid critical point of a solution, which occurs at the "critical solution temperature", occurs at the limit of the two-phase region of the phase diagram. In other words, it is the point at which an infinitesimal change in some thermodynamic variable (such as temperature or pressure) leads to separation of the mixture into two distinct liquid phases, as shown in the polymer–solvent phase diagram to the right. Two types of liquid–liquid critical points are the upper critical solution temperature (UCST), which is the hottest point at which cooling induces phase separation, and the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), which is the coldest point at which heating induces phase separation.


title: Critical point (thermodynamics)

text: From a theoretical standpoint, the liquid–liquid critical point represents the temperature–concentration extremum of the spinodal curve (as can be seen in the figure to the right). Thus, the liquid–liquid critical point in a two-component system must satisfy two conditions: the condition of the spinodal curve (the "second" derivative of the free energy with respect to concentration must equal zero), and the extremum condition (the "third" derivative of the free energy with respect to concentration must also equal zero or the derivative of the spinodal temperature with respect to concentration must equal zero).


title: For Those About to Rock We Salute You

text: For Those About to Rock (We Salute You) (referred to as For Those About to Rock on its cover) is the eighth studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released on 20 November 1981 for the United States, 27 November 1981 for the United Kingdom, 7 December 1981 for Australia and 19 December 1981 for Japan.


title: For Those About to Rock We Salute You

text: The album is a follow-up to their highly successful album "Back in Black". "For Those About to Rock" has sold over four million copies in the US. It would be AC/DC's first and only No. 1 album in the U.S. until the release of "Black Ice" in October 2008. In their original 1981 review, "Rolling Stone" magazine declared it to be their best album. In Australia, the album peaked at No. 3 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart.


title: For Those About to Rock We Salute You

text: The album, recorded in Paris, was the third and final AC/DC collaboration with producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange. The album was re-released in 2003 as part of the "AC/DC Remasters" series.


title: For Those About to Rock We Salute You

text: The album was re-released in 1985 on CD format mastered by Barry Diament from the original master tapes. In 1994 it was reissued after being digitally remastered from the original master tapes with significantly more compression than the 1987 release.


title: For Those About to Rock We Salute You

text: "For Those About to Rock" became the first AC/DC album to ever hit No. 1 in the US on the "Billboard" chart and stayed on the top for three weeks. To date, in the US, it has achieved sales. In the UK, the album's two singles, "Let's Get It Up" and "For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)", made it to No. 13 and No. 15, respectively. The album has sold an estimated seven million copies worldwide, making it one of the highest sold AC/DC albums worldwide. However it marks a major drop-off in sales in the United States, only selling 4 million as follow-up to the 25× platinum "Back in Black". In a 2008 "Rolling Stone" cover story, David Fricke singled out the title track for praise, noting its "unusual stop-start effect that hooks you just as hard as their usual railroad drive."


title: For Those About to Rock We Salute You

text: According to the official AC/DC website, the second track is "Put the Finger on You", while on some versions of the album the title is shown as "I Put the Finger on You".


title: Fear of Music

text: Fear of Music is the third studio album by American rock band Talking Heads, released on August 3, 1979, by Sire Records. It was recorded at locations in New York City during April and May 1979 and was produced by Brian Eno and Talking Heads. The album reached number 21 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 33 on the UK Albums Chart. It spawned the singles "Life During Wartime", "I Zimbra", and "Cities".


title: Fear of Music

text: "Fear of Music" received favorable reviews from critics. Praise centered on its unconventional rhythms and frontman David Byrne's lyrical performances. The album is often considered one of Talking Heads' best releases and has been featured in several publications' lists of the best albums of all time.


title: Fear of Music

text: Talking Heads' second album "More Songs About Buildings and Food", released in 1978, expanded the band's sonic palette. The record included a hit single, a cover of Al Green's "Take Me to the River", which gained the quartet commercial exposure. In March 1979, the band members played the song on nationwide U.S. music show "American Bandstand". In the days after the performance, they decided they did not want to be regarded simply as "a singles machine".


title: Fear of Music

text: Talking Heads entered a New York City studio without a producer in the spring of 1979 and rehearsed demo tracks. Musically, the band wanted to expand on the "subtly disguised" disco rhythms present in "More Songs About Buildings and Food" by making them more prominent in the mixes of new songs. The recording plans were shelved after the quartet was not pleased with the results during the sessions. A decision was taken to rehearse in drummer Chris Frantz's and bassist Tina Weymouth's loft, where the band members had played before they signed to a record label in the mid-1970s. Brian Eno, who had produced their previous full-length release, was called in to help.


title: Fear of Music

text: On April 22 and May 6, 1979, a sound engineering crew in a Record Plant van parked outside Frantz's and Weymouth's apartment building and ran cables through their loft window. On these two days, Talking Heads recorded the basic tracks with Eno.


title: Fear of Music

text: Weymouth later stated that Byrne's sense of rhythm is "insane but fantastic" and that he was key to the band's recording drive during the home sessions. As songs evolved, the performances became easier for the band members. Eno was instrumental in shaping both their sound and recording confidence, and worked on electronic treatments of tracks once they were all crafted. With the song "Mind", Byrne introduced his first use of double-tracking of vocals on an album.


title: Fear of Music

text: "Fear of Music" is largely built on an eclectic mix of disco rhythms, cinematic soundscapes, and conventional rock music elements.


title: Fear of Music

text: Byrne credits the inspiration for the album, especially "Life During Wartime", to life on Avenue A in the East Village. Instead of incorporating characters in society, as he did on "More Songs About Buildings and Food", Byrne decided to place them alone in dystopian situations. Weymouth was initially skeptical of Byrne's new compositions, but the frontman managed to persuade her.


title: Fear of Music

text: Album opener "I Zimbra" is an African-influenced disco track and includes background chanting from assistant recording engineer Julie Last. The lyrics are based on a nonsensical poem by Dadaist writer Hugo Ball. The sound of the lyrics, combined with the tribal sound of the song (enhanced by guesting guitar virtuoso Robert Fripp), gave it an "ethnic" style; band member Jerry Harrison has said that this song influenced what the band was to do on their next album, "Remain in Light" (1980).


title: Fear of Music

text: "Cities" details a search for the perfect urban settlement to live in and was born out of Talking Heads' preferences for urban homes, especially in Manhattan. "Paper" compares a love affair with a simple piece of paper. In "Life During Wartime", Byrne cast himself an "unheroic urban guerrilla", who renounced parties, survived on basic supplies like peanut butter, and heard rumors about weapons shipments and impromptu graveyards. The character is only connected to the imminent collapse of his civilization. Byrne considered the persona "believable and plausible". "Air" is a protest song against the atmosphere, an idea Byrne does not consider "a joke". Inspired by "The Threepenny Opera", the lyricist wanted to create a melancholic and touching track about a person who feels so depressed that even breathing feels painful.


title: Fear of Music

text: The LP sleeve was designed by Harrison. It is completely black and embossed with a pattern that resembles the appearance and texture of diamond plate metal flooring, reflecting the album's urban subject matter. The rest of the artwork was crafted by Byrne and includes heat-sensitive photography created by Jimmy Garcia with the help of Doctor Philip Strax. The final design was one of the nominees for the 1980 Grammy Award for Best Recording Package. Harrison suggested the "ludicrous" title to the band. According to Weymouth, it was accepted because it "fit" with the album's themes and the fact that the quartet was under a lot of stress and pressure when making it.


title: Fear of Music

text: After completing "Fear of Music", Talking Heads embarked on their first Pacific region tour in June 1979 and played concerts in New Zealand, Australia, Japan, and Hawaii. The album was released worldwide on August 3.


title: Fear of Music

text: A U.S. tour to showcase the new material was completed during August 1979. At the time, Byrne told "Rolling Stone", "We're in a funny position. It wouldn't please us to make music that's impossible to listen to, but we don't want to compromise for the sake of popularity." The band shared the headliner slots with Van Morrison and the Chieftains at the Edinburgh Festival in September and embarked on a promotional European tour until the end of the year.


title: Fear of Music

text: The album was well received by reviewers. Jon Pareles, writing in "Rolling Stone", was impressed with its "unswerving rhythms" and Byrne's lyrical evocations; he concluded, ""Fear of Music" is often deliberately, brilliantly disorienting. Like its black, corrugated packaging (which resembles a manhole cover), the album is foreboding, inescapably urban and obsessed with texture." John Rockwell of "The New York Times" suggested that the record was not a conventional rock release, while Stephanie Pleet of the "Daily Collegian" commented that it showed a positive progression in Talking Heads' musical style. Robert Christgau, writing in "The Village Voice", praised the album's "gritty weirdness", but noted that "a little sweetening might help". Richard Cromelin of the "Los Angeles Times" was impressed with Byrne's "awesome vocal performance" and its nuances and called "Fear of Music" "a quantum leap" for the band. Tom Bentkowski of "New York" concluded, "But what makes the record so successful, perhaps, is a genuinely felt anti-elitism. Talking Heads was clever enough to make the intellectual infectious and even danceable."


title: Fear of Music

text: In retrospective reviews, AllMusic's William Ruhlmann felt that "Fear of Music" was "an uneven, transitional album", but nonetheless stated that it includes songs that match the quality of the band's best works. In the 1995 "Spin Alternative Record Guide", Jeff Salamon called it Talking Heads' most musically varied offering. In a 2003 review, Chris Smith of "Stylus Magazine" praised Byrne's personas and Eno's stylized production techniques. In "The Rough Guide to Rock" published the same year, Andy Smith concluded that the album is a strong candidate for the best LP of the 1970s because it is "bristling with hooks, riffs and killer lines".


title: Fear of Music

text: "Fear of Music" was certified Gold by Recording Industry Association of America on September 17, 1985, after more than 500,000 copies were sold in the U.S.


title: Fear of Music

text: "Fear of Music" was named as the best album of 1979 by "NME", "Melody Maker", and the "Los Angeles Times". "The New York Times" included it on its unnumbered shortlist of the 10 best records issued that year. "Sounds" placed the album at number two on its "Best of 1979" staff list, behind the Specials' eponymous release. It placed fourth in the 1979 Pazz & Jop critics' poll run by "The Village Voice", which aggregates the votes of hundreds of prominent reviewers.


title: Fear of Music

text: In 1985, "NME" placed "Fear of Music" at number 68 on its writers' list of the "All Time 100 Albums". In 1987, "Rolling Stone" placed it at number 94 on its list of the best albums of the previous 20 years. In 1999, it was included at number 33 on "The Guardian"s list of the "Top 100 Albums That Don't Appear in All the Other Top 100 Albums of All Time". In 2004, "Pitchfork" featured the record at number 31 on its "Top 100 Albums of the 1970s" list, while in 2005, Channel 4 ranked it at number 76 during its "100 Greatest Albums" countdown. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: Ram Teri Ganga Maili () is a 1985 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Raj Kapoor. The film stars Mandakini and Rajiv Kapoor in lead roles. Music director Ravindra Jain received a Filmfare Award for this film.


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: The film generated controversy because of Mandakini's bold scenes of breastfeeding and bathing in a transparent saree, which wasn't something the conservative Indian Film Certification Board allowed then. Yet, it had a U (Universal) age rating, which was later amended to U/A. It was the last film directed by Kapoor.


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: "Ram Teri Ganga Maili" is included in the 'All-Time Blockbusters' list of Indian Cinema. It was certified Diamond Jubilee in Mumbai and Golden Jubilee in other major cities. The film was the year's highest-grossing film. It was also one of the highest-grossing films of the 1980s, alongside "Kranti" (1981) and "Maine Pyar Kiya" (1989).


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: Narendra Sahay a.k.a. "Naren" is the son of Jeeva Sahay. He is a rich politician in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Naren visits Gangotri to study the source of the holy river Ganga, and to get some holy water for his wheelchair-bound paternal grandma. There he meets a very pretty girl named Ganga Singh (played by Mandakini). Ganga lives near Gangotri with her brother, Karam. Very soon, they fell in love with each other and decided to get married. They are happily married but all of a sudden Naren has to go back to Calcutta as he wanted to convince his parents about Ganga. While leaving for Calcutta, he promised that very soon he will come back to her. But in actual he could not do so because of some unavoidable circumstances.


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: Ganga became pregnant at the time of his leaving and soon, she becomes mother of a child. She faces many problems at her place because of her child and her beauty. Ganga was alone and no one was there to look after her; finally she decides to go to her husband, Naren. Ganga travels from her place, Gangotri to Calcutta to find her husband. At Rishikesh, she was exploited by two women and a man. Then at Benaras, she was molested by a Pandit, rescued by the police and given a ticket to Calcutta. She fell into the clutches of Manilal who lured her to a brothel near Benaras. At the end she meets her husband when he was getting married to another girl. His father fixes his marriage with Radha Choudhary (played by Divya Rana), who is the daughter of his friend, Bhagwat Choudhary (played by Raza Murad). Naren was being informed that Ganga is dead. So, he decided to marry according to his father's wish. On the other hand, Ganga is invited to dance on her husband's marriage. But lastly, love wins and Naren recognizes his wife Ganga. They try to go away from there with their son but Jeeva, who never loses to anyone, cannot take it and shoots Ganga. But eventually hurts his own son Naren. Naren understands the real scenario of his father's game and goes away with Ganga forever.


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: According to Padmini Kolhapure, she was the initial choice for the female lead role but declined because the script had a kissing scene. Mandakini, who ultimately played the role, disputed Kolhapure's claims. She said Raj Kapoor wanted only a new face, rather than an established actress, as he believed he could not "make someone pure Ganga if they have an established image". Mandakini also stated that she did not breastfeed despite popular belief, but the scene was shot in a way to suggest that.


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: According to Philip Lutgendorf, the movie is an allegory that "synthesizes classical and mythic narrative, soft-core political and social commentary (here condemning the corruption of politicians and capitalists and championing the nascent environmental initiatives of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi). The narrative recapitulates the Abhijñānaśākuntalam story that first appeared in the epic Mahabharata and then was reworked, some six hundred years later, by the poet Kalidasa."


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: The final song sequence "Ek Radha ek Meera" brings Raj Kapoor's personal experiences with filmdom and reality. This song sequence is the climax of the plot where the bride-to-be is face-to-face with the other "saut", the culturally "polluted" dancer who has made that journey from the pure source of the Himalayas to the ever-flowing and ever-absorbing Ganges with all of the human impurities. It also differentiates between the love of Radha and Meera and reconnects the movie back to the Krishna Leelas.


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: The movie was a hit, and it earned Mandakini a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress. The film also caused a stir because of two scenes: one in which Mandakini bathes under a waterfall wearing only a flimsy white saree through which her breasts are clearly visible and another in which she is shown breast-feeding a child. Some critics claimed that the scenes were vulgar and exploitative, and were used to get around the Censor Board's stringent rules against nudity. Kapoor defended the inclusion of the scenes stating that they were tasteful.


title: Ram Teri Ganga Maili

text: Music of this movie was given by late Ravindra Jain, who won Fimfare Award for Best Music Director for this.


title: Survivor: Samoa

text: Survivor: Samoa is the nineteenth season of the American CBS competitive reality television series "Survivor". The season premiered on Thursday, September 17, 2009. Participant applications were due by January 14, 2009. Approximately 800 were invited to be interviewed in several states. Following this, approximately 48 semi-finalists were invited to Los Angeles in April 2009 for final interviews with the producers. From there, 20 finalists were selected to be contestants in the show, which was scheduled to occur between mid June and mid-July 2009 in Samoa. Similar to "", the minimum age requirement for this season was 18 for most states.


title: Survivor: Samoa

text: In the end, Natalie White defeated Russell Hantz and Mick Trimming with a vote of 7–2–0. Hantz ended up winning the "Sprint Player of the Season" Award, earning the fans' vote over the next highest vote getters, Shannon "Shambo" Waters and Brett Clouser. This was the first season when the tribes merged at 12 players with nine people on the jury.


title: Survivor: Samoa

text: The 20 contestants were initially split into two teams of ten: Foa Foa and Galu, both meaning "trumpet shell" and "wave" in Samoan respectively. On day 19, the merged tribe Aiga means "family" in Samoan which was first suggested by contestant Erik Cardona. Mike Borassi was originally cast for the previous season "", but had to pull out due to having high blood pressure.


title: Survivor: Samoa

text: Russell Hantz later competed on "", "", and "Australian Survivor: Champions vs. Contenders". Russell Swan competed on "". Laura Morett competed on "" alongside her daughter Ciera Eastin. Monica Padilla returned for "". John Fincher later married "" winner Parvati Shallow and appeared on "" as part of the loved ones visit.


title: Survivor: Samoa

text: The 20 contestants were assigned tribes at the start of the game and, based only on appearances, were instructed to elect a leader who would make critical decisions at challenges for the first half of the game. The leader of the tribe that won the reward challenge would also choose a member of their tribe to observe the other tribe for a day, receiving a clue to the hidden immunity idol at the other tribe's camp. Mick was chosen as Foa Foa's leader, and Russell S. as Galu's.


title: Survivor: Samoa

text: At Foa Foa, Russell H. attempted to make living conditions harsher for his tribe by dumping water out of canteens and burning socks, leading to Foa Foa losing nearly every challenge. Russell H. managed to find his tribe's hidden immunity idol at his own camp and, after making alliances with virtually all of his tribe mates, amassed a huge amount of influence among the members of his tribe. Galu's winning streak led to a relaxed state at the camp, a condition that Shambo resented, putting her at odds with the tribe. After Galu won a reward challenge, Russell S. opted to send Shambo over to Foa Foa for one night, where she found the tribe had a strong work ethic and welcomed her. Russell S. was removed from the game due to fatigue, and Galu elected Shambo as their new leader in order to gain her loyalty.


title: Survivor: Samoa

text: The two tribes merged with twelve players left: four from Foa Foa and eight from Galu. Natalie from Foa Foa was able to convince the Galu women to vote off one of their own, Erik. At this vote, Russell H. had played his hidden immunity idol, but it was all for naught as Erik was eliminated. Russell H. managed to find the idol in its new location before the next tribal council. He played his new idol there, saving himself from being voted off as he was targeted by every Galu member. With ten players remaining, Shambo decided to align with the Foa Foa alliance, which led to a 5-5 tie. John from the Galu alliance, paranoid that he would get eliminated from the game by a random rock draw, switched his vote on the tiebreaker to send off a Galu. This put the Foa Foa alliance in the majority. Foa Foa systematically eliminated the former Galu members. However, their plans were halted when Brett (the final member of the Galu alliance) won three immunity challenges in a row. Perceived as physically drained, and unlikely to beat Brett in the coming immunity challenges, Shambo and Jaison were voted out. With four players remaining, Russell H. ended Brett's immunity streak in the final four immunity contest. Brett was the final player voted out.


title: Survivor: Samoa

text: Russell H., Mick, and Natalie were the final three. At the Final Tribal Council, Mick was ignored by the jury, given his lack of leadership when assigned that role and his seemingly lackluster enthusiasm for the game. Though Russell H. felt confident that Natalie would be viewed by the jury as a coattail rider while he would be seen as a topnotch player, the jury lambasted his poor social connections, whilst Natalie was praised for her quieter, adaptive gameplay. Natalie was ultimately named the Sole Survivor over Russell H. and Mick by a vote of 7–2–0.


title: Survivor: Samoa

text: "Survivor: Samoa" has received wildly polarizing opinions from both fans and critics. The primary criticism is aimed at the perceived overexposure of contestant Russell Hantz. Critics believe this was done to an extent that it rendered many of the other contestants, including winner Natalie White, unmemorable due to their lack of screen time. However, not all opinions of the season were negative. The gameplay of Hantz, which was seen as very unorthodox compared to other "Survivor" players, garnered high praise from fans, allowing him to win the Fan Favorite Award for the season. Hantz's cutthroat attitude and ability to find hidden immunity idols without a clue propelled him into becoming one of the most infamous villains in the show's history. Dalton Ross of "Entertainment Weekly" ranked this season 15th out of 40. In 2015, a poll by "Rob Has a Podcast" ranked this season 15th out of 30, with Rob Cesternino ranking this season 8th. This was updated in 2021 during Cesternino's podcast, "Survivor All-Time Top 40 Rankings", ranking 25th out of 40. The Purple Rock Survivor Podcast listed "Samoa" as the twenty-second best season out of 40. They claim the season is, "incredibly divisive, and understandably so. It is impossible to think of this season without thinking of one specific player, and your feelings about that player will likely determine how you rate this season." "Inside Survivor" listed the season as the twenty-sixth best out of 40, claiming that, "if "Survivor" was going to continue into its second decade, it needed a kick up the ass—something to revitalize the format and push it forward into a new generation. "Survivor: Samoa" was the start of that, in large part thanks to a trilby-wearing oil company owner named Russell Hantz." In 2014, "The Wire" ranked the season as the third-worst of the series (only ahead of "" and "").


title: Bhramam

text: Bhramam () is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language black comedy film directed and filmed by Ravi K. Chandran. The film stars Prithviraj Sukumaran, Unni Mukundan, Mamta Mohandas, Raashii Khanna, Shankar and Jagadish. It is a remake of the 2018 Hindi film "Andhadhun".The film released on Amazon Prime Video in India and in theatres elsewhere on 7 October 2021. Bharatanatyam dancer, Leela Samson made her Malayalam debut.


title: Bhramam

text: The story starts with a hunter out on his way to shoot down a boar when the title is shown written with a sound of a freaky car accident.


title: Bhramam

text: The scene then shifts to Ray Mathews, an upcoming, blind pianist who lives alone in a rented house. He uses to go to orphanages and church to perform his piano tunes which indeed impress everyone. Uday Kumar, a famous yesteryear celebrity lives with his wife Simi. They have a beautiful time together. However, Uday gets a call regarding an urgent programme of closing a 10 Crore deal in Chennai. Later, Ray happens to meet Anna when her scooter hits him accidentally which make him fall. She and takes him to her diner where her father and herself get impressed with his piano tunes. Anna drops Ray to his home. However after reaching his home it is then seen that he is faking his blindness. He removes his lenses and clearly watches Anna moving on with her scooter.


title: Bhramam

text: A couple of hours later, Anna again visits Ray's house and both again go to hear diner where he perform his melody Munthiripoovo and this impress Uday who wishes a best to him and their photo been clicked by Anna. That night, Anna drops him home and gives him some money wishing him a best future ahead. After she leave, a boy watches him counting the money and began to suspect if he is not blind. Anna and Ray develop romantic relationship. Uday tells to Simi that he need to go to Chennai to close the deal even though it was their wedding anniversary. Ray and Anna spend a night in Ray's house. The next morning, Ray visits Uday's flat as per the request of Uday to perform a melody of his film song but is welcomed by a Simi in absence of Uday. As Ray began playing the piano, to his shock, he saw the dead body of Uday. At the bathroom he finds Dinesh Prabhakar, Simi's paramour who had a gun with him. He watches the entire scenario of Dinesh and Simi taking Uday's body and stuffing it in a suitcase. However he is forced to feign ignorance and later leaves.


title: Bhramam

text: Later, Ray rushes to the police station to inform them that he had witnessed a murder. SI Saijo tells Ray to see the superior officer. To his shock, Ray finds that Dinesh is a CI. As Ray and Dinesh leave for Ray's home, he is blocked by his wife Swapna for not coming home for lunch together with her parents. At Ray's home he finds many things to make him suspicious about his blindness. Uday Kumar's murder spread into the social media and news channels leading to the arrival of his heartbroken daughter Prabha, who goes to the police station with Simi where Ray signs a consent about Uday's reason for death. Then funeral procession goes on with Ray's songs and the speeches of Simi and Uday's yesteryear co-star Menaka. Uday's neighbor Irene Dicotta, informs Saijo that she recognized Dinesh and Uday before Ray's arrival on the day of murder. However Saijo tells this to Simi. Ray is on the way to Uday's flat to take part in pooja function. He is stopped by Anna as she is not satisfied with Ray's initial behavior. Later, Simi pushes down Irene from the top of the building, killing her. This is also witnessed by Ray. However he reaches back his home fast and is visited by Simi who gives him a sweet which she added drug. Then she tests his blindness by making him drink the coffee he made as she drops the poison into it in front of him as he knew that he is faking blindness. Ray snatches the gun from her to make her surrender. However he feels unconscious as the drug she gave him made him permanently blind. By the time Anna realizes that Ray was faking his blindness and tells Simi (without knowing her real face) that he was faking his blindness as she thought that they both were spending the time together. This infuriates Anna, breaking her relationship with Ray. Unfortunately at this point everyone learns that Ray faked his blindness.


title: Bhramam

text: However, Dinesh decided to kill Ray as his words might be a witness against Dinesh and Simi. Ray calls Anna to console her to which she refuse. Dinesh tries to hang Ray but tactically escapes and on the way to catch him Dinesh is hit by an auto. He is taken to a clinic by two organ traffickers Martha and Lopez where Dr Swamy, also an organ trafficker decides to take his kidneys, but he offers them 1 crore to which they change their mind and help him. Ray goes to Uday's house where Prabha tells him that Simi is out for work. He calls Simi and threatens her to follow his path as she fears him a lot as a witness. He demands 15 lakhs from her for his expenses for ticket to London and for his eye surgery. Simi informs about his threat to Dinesh they both drives to a final destination to kill Ray. On the way Simi is chloroformed by Martha and she taken to Swamy's custody. Ray calls Swapna and tells that Simi had an affair with Dinesh and sends the photo of them together. This angers Swapna and she loses faith in him but later cools down. After watching a news regarding the disappearance of Ray and Simi, Anna suspects if they eloped somewhere else. At Swamy's clinic an impatient Simi exposes the truth about what had happened as her eyes where tied with a cloth. Unknown to her, Martha and Lopez had attached a camera to the wall thereby recording whatever she said in a video. Ray and Swamy demand her 1 crore if she is to be released from their hideout.


title: Bhramam

text: Dinesh is called to building construction site where Lopez, plans takes the cash and flee with Ray and Swamy. But Dinesh reaches at the top and after a long chase, Lopez is shot down by Dinesh as he falls down and eventually dies as the elevator falls on him. Lopez is hospitalized and later dies due to excessive blood loss. Later, Ray and Swamy knocked Simi unconscious and puts her up into the car boot space and both leave to the police station after Swamy says his future plans to Ray after suggesting him to transfer Simi's cornea to Ray's so as to gain sight.


title: Bhramam

text: Two years later at a gig in London, Anna meets Ray after his music concert. Ray tells her his story. As Ray and Swamy drive on their way, Swamy advice Ray to take his sight back using Simi's cornea. As he gets out to knock out Simi, he gets killed by her. Ray, still thinking that Swamy is driving, tells that he don't want Simi's fake eyes to see the world. Simi tells Ray to get out the car and drives away. Still infuriated, she drives the car at the high speed towards Ray to kill him as he is the last witness against her. It is then we see that the boar hunter we saw first shot the boar but it jumped to the over speeding car and Simi gets into an accident and dies as the car explodes while Ray stood on the road.


title: Bhramam

text: After hearing the story Anna feels sympathetic for him and tells him he should have accepted Dr. Swamy's offer and to restore his sight. Ray tells that he is enjoying his world of music in the blindness and happy with his life. The film ends as he walks away by knocking a soda can with his stick indicating his recovery.


title: Bhramam

text: The success of Sriram Raghavan's Hindi film "Andhadhun" prompted regional film makers to remake the film in several Indian regional languages. The official announcement of the film being remade in Tamil as "Andhagan", in Telugu as "Maestro", and in Malayalam as "Bhramam" happened almost at the same time. AJ International signed actors Prithviraj Sukumaran, Mamta Mohandas, Raashi Khanna, Unni Mukundan and Shankar to do the roles of Ayushmann Khurrana, Tabu, Radhika Apte, Manav Vij and Anil Dhawan's roles respectively for the Malayalam version to be directed by cinematographer Ravi K. Chandran.


title: Bhramam

text: Principal photography began on 27 January 2021 with all cast joining the schedule. On 8 February, R. Rahul, an assistant director who was working on the film was found dead at his hotel room in Maradu in Kochi, Kerala. As per news reports, local police suspect suicide as he was found hanging. Principal photography wrapped in early March.


title: Bhramam

text: The music and background scores of the film is arranged by Jakes Bejoy. The song "Munthiripoovo" from the movie which was sung by Jakes Bejoy and penned by B.K.Harinaraynan was released on 22 September 2021.


title: Bhramam

text: The film was released through Amazon Prime Video only in India and in theatres worldwide (except India) on 7 October 2021.


title: Bhramam

text: The Film Received Mixed Reviews.Vishal Menon of "Film Companion" wrote, "Apart from the meta touches, the other way the film works for people who’ve seen the original is how it gets a lot of its casting right."


title: Steins;Gate 0 (TV series)

text: The series was directed by Kenichi Kawamura, and written by Jukki Hanada, who also wrote the original "Steins;Gate" anime; the voice cast from previous "Steins;Gate" anime and games also reprised their roles. The series is licensed by Crunchyroll in North America, Madman Entertainment in Australia and Manga Entertainment in the United Kingdom.


title: Steins;Gate 0 (TV series)

text: The series is a final iteration of Rintaro Okabe's experiences in the beta world line after the iterations depicted in the "Steins;Gate 0" visual novel. It takes place in an alternative world line from the original "Steins;Gate" where Rintaro Okabe fails to save Kurisu Makise and doesn't receive any guidance from his future self nor encouragement from Mayuri Shiina. After failing to save Kurisu Makise in order to prevent a future war over time machines, Rintaro Okabe, traumatized over his experiences of meddling with the past with his Reading Steiner ability, accepts his life in the beta world line where Kurisu stays dead. After several months have passed, Rintaro meets Maho Hiyajo and Alexis Leskinen, two of Kurisu's former colleagues who have been working on Amadeus, an artificial intelligence system using Kurisu's memories from before her death. Rintaro accepts a request to help out with Amadeus' development by becoming a tester, conversing with the Amadeus Kurisu through his phone.


title: Steins;Gate 0 (TV series)

text: "Steins;Gate 0" was produced by White Fox, and partially adapts the 2015 video game of the same name. The game is a sequel to "Steins;Gate", which was also adapted into an anime by White Fox in 2011. While the game's story is composed of multiple routes, the anime reconstructs the story into one single route. The series was directed by Kenichi Kawamura and written by Jukki Hanada, the writer for the "Steins;Gate" anime, while Tomoshige Inayoshi, an episode animation director for the "Steins;Gate" anime, adapted Huke's character designs from the game for animation, and Takeshi Kodaka served as art director. The music was composed by Takeshi Abo, Nobuaki Nobusawa, and Moe Hyūga. The voice cast reprised their roles from previous "Steins;Gate" media. The opening theme is by Kanako Itō, and the ending themes are "Last Game" by Zwei for the first half of the series and "World-Line" by Imai for the second half; the first episode used Itō's song "Amadeus" from the "Steins;Gate 0" game as the ending theme, however. Itō created "Fátima" as a lyrical continuation of "Hacking to the Gate", the opening theme to the first "Steins;Gate" anime, and said that the fast pace was an important aspect as she wanted the theme to be exhilarating.


title: Steins;Gate 0 (TV series)

text: The anime was originally announced in March 2015, together with the "Steins;Gate 0" game. It was re-revealed with a trailer and key art in July 2017 as part of the "Steins;Gate World Line 2017–2018 Project", which also includes other media based on the "Steins;Gate 0" game; at this point, the series had gone into production. The 23-episode series aired in Japan between April 12 and September 27, 2018. It was broadcast on Tokyo MX, TVA, KBS, SUN, TVQ, AT-X, BS11, and GYT, and is streamed through Abema TV in Japan. The series was simulcast by Crunchyroll outside of Asia and Australasia, by AnimeLab in Australia and New Zealand, and by Aniplus Asia in Southeast Asia, and an English dub began streaming through Funimation in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland on April 30, 2018. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the dub was moved to Crunchyroll.


title: Steins;Gate 0 (TV series)

text: The series was released across six Blu-ray and DVD volumes in Japan from June 27 to December 21, 2018, of which the last one includes an additional, unaired episode. The English dub was directed by Cris George and written by Jeramey Kraatz. When adapting the series, they encountered a problem they had not dealt with before: In the first episode, Leskinen gives a speech in English, which Maho live interprets in Japanese, and because all characters in the dub speak English they were initially not sure how to portray the situation. They eventually settled on setting the stage by having Maho's dialogue start in Japanese, before switching to English. Ashly Burch, Mayuri's voice actor in the dub, was unable to play the character for the entirety of the simulcast dub due to personal reasons and time constraints; on August 1, 2018, Funimation announced that Megan Shipman would take over the role for the remaining episodes of the simulcast dub, and that they would announce how the role would be handled in the home video release of the series at a later date.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Alexander Selkirk (167613 December 1721) was a Scottish privateer and Royal Navy officer who spent four years and four months as a castaway (1704–1709) after being marooned by his captain, initially at his request, on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific Ocean. He survived that ordeal but died from tropical illness years later while serving as a Lieutenant aboard off West Africa.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Selkirk was an unruly youth and joined buccaneering voyages to the South Pacific during the War of the Spanish Succession. One such expedition was on "Cinque Ports", captained by Thomas Stradling under the overall command of William Dampier. Stradling's ship stopped to resupply at the uninhabited Juan Fernández Islands, west of South America, and Selkirk judged correctly that the craft was unseaworthy and asked to be left there. Selkirk's suspicions were soon justified, as "Cinque Ports" foundered near Malpelo Island 400  km (250  mi) from the coast of what is now Colombia.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: By the time he was eventually rescued by English privateer Woodes Rogers, who was accompanied by Dampier, Selkirk had become adept at hunting and making use of the resources that he found on the island. His story of survival was widely publicized after his return to England, becoming one of the sources of inspiration for a writer Daniel Defoe's fictional character Robinson Crusoe.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Alexander Selkirk was the son of a shoemaker and tanner in Lower Largo, Fife, Scotland, born in 1676. In his youth he displayed a quarrelsome and unruly disposition. He was summoned before the Kirk Session in August 1693 for his "indecent conduct in church", but he "did not appear, being gone to sea". He was back at Largo in 1701 when he again came to the attention of church authorities for assaulting his brothers.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Early on, he was engaged in buccaneering. In 1703, he joined an expedition of English privateer and explorer William Dampier to the South Pacific Ocean, setting sail from Kinsale in Ireland on 11 September. They carried letters of marque from the Lord High Admiral authorizing their armed merchant ships to attack foreign enemies as the War of the Spanish Succession was then going on between England and Spain. Dampier was captain of "St George" and Selkirk served on "Cinque Ports", "St George"s companionship, as sailing master under Captain Thomas Stradling. By this time, Selkirk must have had considerable experience at sea.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: In February 1704, following a stormy passage around Cape Horn, the privateers fought a long battle with a well-armed French vessel, "St Joseph", only to have it escape to warn its Spanish allies of their arrival in the Pacific. A raid on the Panamanian gold mining town of Santa María failed when their landing party was ambushed. The easy capture of "Asunción", a heavily laden merchantman, revived the men's hopes of plunder, and Selkirk was put in charge of the prize ship. Dampier took off some much-needed provisions of wine, brandy, sugar, and flour, then abruptly set the ship free, arguing that the gain was not worth the effort. In May 1704, Stradling decided to abandon Dampier and strike out on his own.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: In September 1704, after parting ways with Dampier, Captain Stradling brought "Cinque Ports" to an island known to the Spanish as Más a Tierra located in the uninhabited Juan Fernández archipelago off the coast of Chile for a mid-expedition restocking of fresh water and supplies.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Selkirk had grave concerns about the seaworthiness of their vessel and wanted to make the necessary repairs before going any further. He declared that he would rather stay on Juan Fernández than continue in a dangerously leaky ship. Stradling took him up on the offer and landed Selkirk on the island with a musket, a hatchet, a knife, a cooking pot, a Bible, bedding and some clothes. Selkirk immediately regretted his rashness, but Stradling refused to let him back on board.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: "Cinque Ports" did indeed later founder off the coast of what is now Colombia. Stradling and some of his crew survived the loss of their ship but were forced to surrender to the Spanish. The survivors were taken to Lima, Peru, where they endured a harsh imprisonment.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: At first, Selkirk remained along the shoreline of Más a Tierra. During this time he ate spiny lobsters and scanned the ocean daily for rescue, suffering all the while from loneliness, misery, and remorse. Hordes of raucous sea lions, gathered on the beach for the mating season, eventually drove him to the island's interior. Once inland, his way of life took a turn for the better. More foods were available there: feral goats—introduced by earlier sailors—provided him with meat and milk, while wild turnips, the leaves of the indigenous cabbage tree and dried Schinus fruits (pink peppercorns) offered him variety and spice. Rats would attack him at night, but he was able to sleep soundly and in safety by domesticating and living near feral cats.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Selkirk proved resourceful in using materials that he found on the island: he forged a new knife out of barrel hoops left on the beach, he built two huts out of pepper trees, one of which he used for cooking and the other for sleeping, and he employed his musket to hunt goats and his knife to clean their carcasses. As his gunpowder dwindled, he had to chase prey on foot. During one such chase, he was badly injured when he tumbled from a cliff, lying helpless and unable to move for about a day. His prey had cushioned his fall, probably sparing him a broken back.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Childhood lessons learned from his father, a tanner, now served him well. For example, when his clothes wore out, he made new ones from hair-covered goatskins using a nail for sewing. As his shoes became unusable, he did not need to replace them, since his toughened, calloused feet made protection unnecessary. He sang psalms and read from the Bible, finding it a comfort in his situation and a prop for his English.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: During his sojourn on the island, two vessels came to anchor. Unfortunately for Selkirk, both were Spanish. As a Scotsman and a privateer, he would have faced a grim fate if captured and therefore did his best to hide. Once, he was spotted and chased by a group of Spanish sailors from one of the ships. His pursuers urinated beneath the tree in which he was hiding but failed to notice him. The would-be captors then gave up and sailed away.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Selkirk's long-awaited deliverance came on 2 February 1709 by way of "Duke", a privateering ship piloted by William Dampier, and its sailing companion "Duchess". Thomas Dover led the landing party that met Selkirk. After four years and four months without human company, Selkirk was almost incoherent with joy. The "Duke" captain and leader of the expedition was Woodes Rogers, who wryly referred to Selkirk as the governor of the island. The agile castaway caught two or three goats a day and helped restore the health of Rogers' men, who had developed scurvy.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Captain Rogers was impressed by Selkirk's physical vigor, but also by the peace of mind that he had attained while living on the island, observing: "One may see that solitude and retirement from the world is not such an insufferable state of life as most men imagine, especially when people are fairly called or thrown into it unavoidably, as this man was." He made Selkirk "Duke"s second mate, later giving him command of one of their prize ships, "Increase", before it was ransomed by the Spanish.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Selkirk returned to privateering with a vengeance. At Guayaquil in present-day Ecuador, he led a boat crew up the Guayas River were several wealthy Spanish ladies had fled and looted the gold and jewels they had hidden inside their clothing. His part in the hunt for treasure galleons along the coast of Mexico resulted in the capture of "Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación y Desengaño", renamed "Bachelor", on which he served as sailing master under Captain Dover to the Dutch East Indies. Selkirk completed the around-the-world voyage by the Cape of Good Hope as the sailing master of "Duke", arriving at the Downs off the English coast on 1 October 1711. He had been away for eight years.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Selkirk's experience as a castaway aroused a great deal of attention in England. Fellow crewman Edward Cooke mentioned Selkirk's ordeal in a book chronicling their privateering expedition, "A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the World" (1712). A more detailed recounting was published by the expedition's leader, Rogers, within months. The following year, prominent essayist Richard Steele wrote an article about him for "The Englishman" newspaper. Selkirk appeared set to enjoy a life of ease and celebrity, claiming his share of "Duke" plundered wealth—about £800 (equivalent to £ today). However, legal disputes made the amount of any payment uncertain.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: After a few months in London, he began to seem more like his former self again. But he still missed his secluded and solitary moments, "I am now worth eight hundred pounds, but shall never be as "happy" as when I was not worth a farthing." In September 1713, he was charged with assaulting a shipwright in Bristol and may have been kept in confinement for two years. He returned to Lower Largo, where he met Sophia Bruce, a young dairymaid. They eloped to London early and married on 4 March 1717. He was soon off to sea again, having enlisted in the Royal Navy. While on a visit to Plymouth in 1720, he married a widowed innkeeper named Frances Candis. He was serving as an officer on board , engaged in an anti-piracy patrol off the west coast of Africa. The ship lingered near the mouth of the River Gambia to resupply. However, the natives took several of their number hostages and ransomed them off for food. As the ship sailed down the coast of West Africa, men began to contract yellow fever from the swarms of mosquitoes that followed them. Selkirk became sick with the disease in early December. He died on 13 December 1721, along with shipmate William King. Both were buried at sea.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: When Daniel Defoe published "The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" (1719), few readers could have missed the resemblance to Selkirk. An illustration on the first page of the novel shows "a rather melancholy-looking man standing on the shore of an island, gazing inland", in the words of modern explorer Tim Severin. He is dressed in the familiar hirsute goatskins, his feet and shins bare. Yet Crusoe's island is located not in the mid-latitudes of the South Pacific but away in the Caribbean, where the furry attire would hardly be comfortable in the tropical heat. This incongruity supports the popular belief that Selkirk was a model for the fictional character, though most literary scholars now accept that he was "just one of many survival narratives that Defoe knew about".


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: "Selkirk, the Real Robinson Crusoe" is a stop motion film by Walter Tournier based on Selkirk's life. It premièred simultaneously in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay on 2 February 2012, distributed by The Walt Disney Company. It was the first full-length animated feature to be produced in Uruguay.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: Selkirk has been memorialized in his Scottish birthplace. Lord Aberdeen delivered a speech on 11 December 1885, after which his wife, Lady Aberdeen, unveiled a bronze statue and plaque in memory of Selkirk outside a house on the site of his original home on the Main Street of Lower Largo. David Gillies of Cardy House, Lower Largo, a descendant of the Selkirks, donated the statue created by Thomas Stuart Burnett.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: The Scotsman is also remembered in his former island home. In 1869 the crew of placed a bronze tablet at a spot called Selkirk's Lookout on a mountain of Más a Tierra, Juan Fernández Islands, to mark his stay. On 1 January 1966 Chilean president Eduardo Frei Montalva renamed Más a Tierra Robinson Crusoe Island after Defoe's fictional character to attract tourists. The largest of the Juan Fernández Islands, known as Más Afuera, became Alejandro Selkirk Island, although Selkirk probably never saw that island since it is located to the west.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: An archaeological expedition to the Juan Fernández Islands in February 2005 found part of a nautical instrument that likely belonged to Selkirk. It was "a fragment of copper alloy identified as being from a pair of navigational dividers" dating from the early 18th (or late 17th) century. Selkirk is the only person known to have been on the island at that time who is likely to have had dividers and was even said by Rogers to have had such instruments in his possession. The artifact was discovered while excavating a site not far from Selkirk's Lookout where the famous castaway is believed to have lived.


title: Alexander Selkirk

text: In 1825, during John Howell's research of Alexander Selkirk's biography, his ""flip-can"" was in the possession of his great-grand-nephew John Selkirk, and Alexander's musket was "in the possession of Major Lumsden of Lathallan."


title: General Santos

text: General Santos, officially the City of General Santos, and abbreviated as GenSan, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the region of Soccsksargen, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 697,315 people.


title: General Santos

text: It is located on the island of Mindanao, it is the southernmost and 15th-most populous city in the Philippines. It is the regional center for commerce and industry of the Soccsksargen region, and is geographically located within the province of South Cotabato but administered independently of it.


title: General Santos

text: Formerly known as Dadiangas, the city was named after Gen. Paulino Santos, a former Commanding General of the Philippine Army and the settlement's leading pioneer.


title: General Santos

text: The nomadic Blaan people are the original inhabitants of General Santos, and traces of their early settlement of the area are found in the city's place names, which are derived from their vocabulary. Their name for the city, "Dadiangas", is from the thorny "Ziziphus spina-christi" tree that was once abundant in the area and is now a protected species under Republic Act 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Right Act of 2007. The B'laan tribe now lives alongside the city's new generation of settlers and other immigrants.


title: General Santos

text: Beforehand, the Blaan people would then be forced to move to the hills after the Muslims settle in the area under the rule of the Sultanate of Maguindanao.


title: General Santos

text: After the fall of Maguindanao as a great power in Mindanao, Datu Uto of Buayan expanded his domain towards Sarangani Bay. Dadiangas would fall under the Sultanate of Buayan until the American era.


title: General Santos

text: Organized under the National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) of the Commonwealth Government headed by President Manuel L. Quezon, General Paulino Santos led the relocation of 62 Christian settlers from Luzon to the shores of Sarangani Bay aboard the steam ship “Basilan” of "Compañia Maritima" on February 27, 1939. The 62 pioneers, mostly agricultural and trade graduates, were the first large batch of settlers to land in the area with the mission to industriously cultivate the region. After this first influx of pioneers, thousands more Christians from the Visayas and Luzon have subsequently moved into the area, gradually driving some of the resident B'laan to the mountains, who have lost their livelihood and somewhat displaced Maguindanaon living in the area.


title: General Santos

text: In March 1939, the first formal settlement in the city was established in Alagao, which is now known as Barangay Lagao. Lagao district was known then as the "Municipal District of Buayan" under the jurisdiction of the deputy governor of the Municipal District of Glan. Until it officially became an independent Municipal District of Buayan on October 1, 1940, appointing Datu Sharif Zainal Abedin—an Arab "mestizo" married to a daughter of a very influential "datu" of lower Buayan—as the first district municipal mayor.


title: General Santos

text: During World War II, the Municipal District of Buayan become one of the last frontiers between the combined American and Filipino forces and troops from the Empire of Japan. Retreating Imperial Japanese forces made Klaja Karsts Land their last ground for defence, constructing round cement bunkers and tunnels. These bunkers can still be seen at Sitio Guadalupe; most of the tunnels, however, have since been damaged and even destroyed by treasure hunters and land developers.


title: General Santos

text: A year after the Philippines regained full sovereignty from the United States on July 4, 1946, the Municipality of Buayan became a 4th class regular municipality by virtue of the Executive Order Number 82, dated August 18, 1947, by President Manuel Roxas, absorbing the Municipal District of Glan, whose low income bracket at the time disqualified it for the honour. Dadiangas was the seat of government for the Municipality of Buayan electing Irineo Santiago as its first Municipal Mayor on a local election that was held on November 11, 1947. Mayor Santiago was formally inducted on January 1, 1948.


title: General Santos

text: Six years later, in June 1954, the Municipality of Buayan was renamed General Santos as a tribute to the leading pioneer via Act No. 1107 authored by Congressman Luminog Mangelen of Cotabato Province.