title: Jury trial

text: Juries have granted acquittals in 15–20% of cases, compared with less than 1% in cases decided by judges. Juries may be dismissed and skeptical juries have been dismissed on the verge of verdicts, and acquittals are frequently overturned by higher courts.


title: Jury trial

text: Trial by jury was first introduced in the Russian Empire as a result of the Judicial reform of Alexander II in 1864, and abolished after the October Revolution in 1917. They were reintroduced in the Russian Federation in 1993, and extended to another 69 regions in 2003. Its reintroduction was opposed by the Prosecutor General.


title: Jury trial

text: Singapore fully abolished the jury system in 1969, though jury trials for non-capital offenses had already been abolished a decade earlier. Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, a former trial lawyer, explained why he supported the policy to the BBC and in his memoirs, saying, "I had no faith in a system that allowed the superstition, ignorance, biases, and prejudices of seven jurymen to determine guilt or innocence."


title: Jury trial

text: The jury system was abolished in South Africa in 1969 by the Abolition of Juries Act, 1969. The last jury trial to be heard was in the District of Kimberley. Some judicial experts had argued that a system of whites-only juries (as was the system at that time) was inherently prejudicial to 'non-white' defendants (the introduction of nonracial juries would have been a political impossibility at that time). More recently it has been argued that, apart from being a racially divided country, South African society was, and still is, characterised by significant class differences and disparities of income and wealth that could make re-introducing the jury system problematic. Arguments for and against the re-introduction of a jury system have been discussed by South African constitutional expert Professor Pierre de Vos in the article "Do we need a jury system?" On 28 March 2014, the Oscar Pistorius trial was adjourned due to the illness of one of the two assessors that assist the judge on questions of fact (rather than law), in place of the jury, to reach a verdict. The legal system in the UK sees no reason to block extradition on this, as witnessed in the Shrien Dewani case.


title: Jury trial

text: In Sweden, juries are uncommon; the public is represented in the courts by means of lay judges (nämndemän). However, the defendant has the right to a jury trial in the lower court (tingsrätt) when accused of an offence against the fundamental laws on freedom of expression and freedom of the press. If a person is accused of e.g. libel or incitement to ethnic or racial hatred, in a medium covered by the fundamental laws (e.g. a printed paper or a radio programme), she has the right to have the accusation tried by a jury of nine jurors. This applies also in civil (tort) cases under the fundamental laws. A majority of at least six jurors must find that the defendant has committed the alleged crime. If it does not, the defendant is acquitted or, in a civil case, held not liable. If such a majority of the jurors hold that said crime has in fact been committed, this finding is not legally binding for the court; thus, the court (three judges) can still acquit the defendant or find him/her not liable. A jury acquittal may not be overruled after appeal. In Swedish civil process, the "English rule" applies to court costs. Earlier, a court disagreeing with a jury acquittal could, when deciding on the matter of such costs, set aside the English rule, and instead use the "American rule", that each party bears its own expense of litigation. This practice was declared to violate the rule of presumption of innocence according to article 6.2. of the European Convention on Human Rights, by the Supreme Court of Sweden, in 2012.


title: Jury trial

text: As of 2008, only the code of criminal procedure of the Canton of Geneva provides for genuine jury trials. Several other cantons—Vaud, Neuchâtel, Zürich and Ticino—provide for courts composed of both professional judges and laymen ("Schöffengerichte" / "tribunaux d'échevins"). Because the unified Swiss Code of Criminal Procedure (set to enter into force in 2011) does not provide for jury trials or lay judges, however, they are likely to be abolished in the near future.


title: Jury trial

text: The judiciary of Ukraine allows jury trials for criminal cases where the sentence can reach life imprisonment if the accused so wishes. But this seldom happens. A jury is not formed from random citizens, but only from those who have previously applied for this role who do meet certain criteria.


title: Jury trial

text: The United Kingdom consists of three separate legal jurisdictions, but there are some features common to all of them. In particular there is seldom anything like the U.S. voir dire system; jurors are usually just accepted without question. Controversially, in England there has been some screening in sensitive security cases, but the Scottish courts have firmly set themselves against any form of jury vetting.


title: Jury trial

text: In England and Wales (which have the same legal system), everyone accused of an offence which carries more than six months' imprisonment has a right to trial by jury. Minor ("summary") criminal cases are heard without a jury in the Magistrates' Courts. Middle-ranking ("triable either way") offences may be tried by magistrates or the defendant may elect trial by jury in the Crown Court. Serious ("indictable-only") offences, however, must be tried before a jury in the Crown Court. Juries sit in few civil cases, being restricted to false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and civil fraud (unless ordered otherwise by a judge). Juries also sit in coroner's courts for more contentious inquests. All criminal juries consist of 12 jurors, those in a County Court having 8 jurors and Coroner's Court juries having between 7 and 11 members. Jurors must be between 18 and 75 years of age, and are selected at random from the register of voters. In the past a unanimous verdict was required. This has been changed so that, if the jury fails to agree after a given period, at the discretion of the judge they may reach a verdict by a 10–2 majority. This was designed to make it more difficult for jury tampering to succeed.


title: Jury trial

text: In 1999 the then Home Secretary Jack Straw introduced a controversial bill to limit the right to trial by jury. This became the Criminal Justice Act 2003, which sought to remove the right to trial by jury for cases involving jury tampering or complex fraud. The provision for trial without jury to circumvent jury tampering succeeded and came into force in 2007; the provision for complex fraud cases was defeated. Lord Goldsmith, the then Attorney General, then pressed forward with the Fraud (Trials Without a Jury) Bill in Parliament, which sought to abolish jury trials in major criminal fraud trials. The Bill was subject to sharp criticism from both sides of the House of Commons before passing its second Commons reading in November 2006, but was defeated in the Lords in March 2007.


title: Jury trial

text: The trial for the first serious offence to be tried without a jury for 350 years was allowed to go ahead in 2009. Three previous trials of the defendants had been halted because of jury tampering, and the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Judge, cited cost and the additional burden on the jurors as reasons to proceed without a jury. Previously in cases where jury tampering was a concern the jurors were sometimes closeted in a hotel for the duration of the trial. However, Liberty director of policy Isabella Sankey said that "This is a dangerous precedent. The right to jury trial isn't just a hallowed principle but a practice that ensures that one class of people don't sit in judgement over another and the public have confidence in an open and representative justice system."


title: Jury trial

text: The trial started in 2010, with the four defendants convicted on the 31 March 2010 by Mr Justice Treacy at the Old Bailey.


title: Jury trial

text: In Scots law the jury system has some similarities with England but some important differences; in particular, there are juries of 15 in criminal trials, with verdicts by simple majority.


title: Jury trial

text: In Northern Ireland, the role of the jury trial is roughly similar to England and Wales, except that jury trials have been replaced in cases of alleged terrorist offences by courts where the judge sits alone, known as "Diplock courts". Diplock courts are common in Northern Ireland for crimes connected to terrorism.


title: Jury trial

text: Diplock courts were created in the 1970s during The Troubles, to phase out Operation Demetrius internments, and because of the argument that juries were intimidated, though this is disputed. The Diplock courts were shut in 2007, but between 1 August 2008 and 31 July 2009, 13 non-jury trials were held, down from 29 in the previous year, and 300 trials per year at their peak.


title: Jury trial

text: The availability of a trial by jury in American jurisdictions varies. Because the United States legal system separated from that of the English one at the time of the American Revolution, the types of proceedings that use juries depends on whether such cases were tried by jury under English common law at that time rather than the methods used in English courts now. For example, at the time, English "courts of law" tried cases of torts or private law for monetary damages using juries, but "courts of equity" that tried civil cases seeking an injunction or another form of non-monetary relief did not. As a result, this practice continues in American civil laws, but in modern English law, only criminal proceedings and some inquests are likely to be heard by a jury.


title: Jury trial

text: A distinctive feature of jury trials in the United States is that verdicts in criminal cases must usually be unanimous.


title: Jury trial

text: Every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutionally protected right to a trial by jury, which arises in federal court from Article Three of the United States Constitution, which states in part, "The Trial of all Crimes...shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed." The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states in part, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed." Both provisions were made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Most states' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters, though most have abrogated that right in offenses punishable by fine only. The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less, trial by jury is not required, meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases. Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial, he may waive his right to have a jury, but both the government (prosecution) and court must consent to the waiver. Several states require jury trials for all crimes, "petty" or not.


title: Jury trial

text: In the cases "Apprendi v. New Jersey", , and "Blakely v. Washington", , the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on "a preponderance of evidence", where enhancement could be based on the judge's findings alone. Depending upon the state, a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision. A hung jury results in the defendants release, however charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses.


title: Jury trial

text: Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers' license lists. A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship, disabilities, ability to understand the English language, and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror. If they are deemed qualified, a summons is issued.


title: Jury trial

text: English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury.


title: Jury trial

text: In the United States, it is understood that juries usually weigh the evidence and testimony to determine questions of fact, while judges usually rule on questions of law, although the dissenting justices in the Supreme Court case "Sparf et al. v. U.S. 156 U.S. 51 (1895)", generally considered the pivotal case concerning the rights and powers of the jury, declared: "It is our deep and settled conviction, confirmed by a re-examination of the authorities that the jury, upon the general issue of guilty or not guilty in a criminal case, have the right, as well as the power, to decide, according to their own judgment and consciences, all questions, whether of law or of fact, involved in that issue." Jury determination of questions of law, sometimes called jury nullification, cannot be overturned by a judge if doing so would violate legal protections against double jeopardy. Although a judge can throw out a guilty verdict if it was not supported by the evidence, a jurist has no authority to override a verdict that favors a defendant.


title: Jury trial

text: It was established in Bushel's Case that a judge cannot order the jury to convict, no matter how strong the evidence is. In civil cases a special verdict can be given, but in criminal cases a general verdict is rendered, because requiring a special verdict could apply pressure to the jury, and because of the jury's historic function of tempering rules of law by common sense brought to bear upon the facts of a specific case. For this reason, Justice Black and Justice Douglas indicated their disapproval of special interrogatories even in civil cases.


title: Jury trial

text: There has been much debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the jury system, the competence or lack thereof of jurors as fact-finders, and the uniformity or capriciousness of the justice they administer. The jury has been described by one author as "an exciting and gallant experiment in the conduct of serious human affairs". Because they are fact-finders, juries are sometimes expected to perform a role similar to a lie detector, especially when presented with testimony from witnesses.


title: Jury trial

text: A civil jury is typically made up of 6 to 12 persons. In a civil case, the role of the jury is to listen to the evidence presented at a trial, to decide whether the defendant injured the plaintiff or otherwise failed to fulfill a legal duty to the plaintiff, and to determine what the compensation or penalty should be.


title: Jury trial

text: A criminal jury is usually made up of 12 members, though fewer may sit on cases involving lesser offenses. Criminal juries decide whether the defendant committed the crime as charged. In several southern states, the jury sets punishment, while in most states and at the federal level, it is set by the judge.


title: Jury trial

text: Prior to 2020, under most states' laws, verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous with the exception of Oregon and Louisiana. In Oregon, a 10–2 majority was required for conviction, except for capital crimes which require unanimous verdicts for guilty in any murder case. In Oregon, unlike any other state, a Not Guilty verdict may be reached in any case (murder included) by a vote of 10 to 2 or 11 to 1. Louisiana also did not require unanimous juries in serious felony cases until passage of a state constitutional amendment going into effect for crimes committed on or after January 1, 2019. However, in "Ramos v. Louisiana", decided in April 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that felony convictions must be a unanimous vote from the jury, overturning Oregon's and Louisiana's prior allowances for split decisions.


title: Jury trial

text: A jury's deliberations are conducted in private, out of sight and hearing of the judge, litigants, witnesses, and others in the courtroom.


title: Jury trial

text: Not every case is eligible for a jury trial. For example, in the majority of U.S. states there is no right to a jury trial in family law actions not involving a termination of parental rights, such as divorce and custody modifications. As of 1978, eleven U.S. states allow juries in any aspect of divorce litigation, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin. Most of these limit the right to a jury to try issues regarding grounds or entitlement for divorce only. Texas provides jury trial rights most broadly, including even the right to a jury trial on questions regarding child custody. However, anyone who is charged with a criminal offense, breach of contract or federal offence has a Constitutional right to a trial by jury.


title: Jury trial

text: The right to trial by jury in a civil case in federal court is addressed by the Seventh Amendment. Importantly, however, the Seventh Amendment does not guarantee a right to a civil jury trial in state courts (although most state constitutions guarantee such a right). The Seventh Amendment provides: "In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law." In Joseph Story's 1833 treatise "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States", he wrote, "[I]t is a most important and valuable amendment; and places upon the high ground of constitutional right the inestimable privilege of a trial by jury in civil cases, a privilege scarcely inferior to that in criminal cases, which is conceded by all to be essential to political and civil liberty."


title: Jury trial

text: The Seventh Amendment does not guarantee or create any right to a jury trial; rather, it preserves the right to jury trial in the federal courts that existed in 1791 at common law. In this context, common law means the legal environment the United States inherited from England. In England in 1791, civil actions were divided into actions at law and actions in equity. Actions at law had a right to a jury, actions in equity did not. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 2 says "[t]here is one form of action—the civil action", which abolishes the legal/equity distinction. Today, in actions that would have been "at law" in 1791, there is a right to a jury; in actions that would have been "in equity" in 1791, there is no right to a jury. However, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 39(c) allows a court to use one at its discretion. To determine whether the action would have been legal or equitable in 1791, one must first look at the type of action and whether such an action was considered "legal" or "equitable" at that time. Next, the relief being sought must be examined. Monetary damages alone were purely a legal remedy, and thus entitled to a jury. Non-monetary remedies such as injunctions, rescission, and specific performance were all equitable remedies, and thus up to the judge's discretion, not a jury. In "Beacon Theaters, Inc. v. Westover", , the US Supreme Court discussed the right to a jury, holding that when both equitable and legal claims are brought, the right to a jury trial still exists for the legal claim, which would be decided by a jury before the judge ruled on the equitable claim.


title: Jury trial

text: There is not a United States constitutional right under the Seventh Amendment to a jury trial in state courts, but in practice, almost every state except Louisiana, which has a civil law legal tradition, permits jury trials in civil cases in state courts on substantially the same basis that they are allowed under the Seventh Amendment in federal court. The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states, except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right, of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part.


title: Jury trial

text: The court determines the right to jury based on all claims by all parties involved. If the plaintiff brings only equitable claims but the defendant asserts counterclaims of law, the court grants a jury trial. In accordance with Beacon Theaters, the jury first determines the facts, then the judge enter judgment on the equitable claims.


title: Jury trial

text: Following the English tradition, U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors, and the jury's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous. However, in many jurisdictions, the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number (such as five or six) by legislative enactment, or by agreement of both sides. Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one, two, or three jurors.


title: Jury trial

text: The vast majority of U.S. criminal cases are not concluded with a jury verdict, but rather by plea bargain. Both prosecutors and defendants often have a strong interest in resolving the criminal case by negotiation resulting in a plea bargain. If the defendant waives a jury trial, a bench trial is held.


title: Jury trial

text: For civil cases, a jury trial must be demanded within a certain period of time per Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 38.


title: Jury trial

text: In United States Federal courts, there is no absolute right to waive a jury trial. Per Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 23(a), only if the prosecution and the court consent may a defendant waive a jury trial for criminal cases. However, most states give the defendant the absolute right to waive a jury trial, and it has become commonplace to find such a waiver in routine contracts as a 2004 "Wall Street Journal" article states:


title: Jury trial

text: In the years since this 2004 article, this practice has become pervasive in the US and, especially in online agreements, it has become commonplace to include such waivers to trial by jury in everything from user agreements attached to software downloads to merely browsing a website. This practice, however, means that while such waivers may have legal force in one jurisdiction—in this case the United States—in the jurisdiction where a verdict is sought in the absence of jury trial (or indeed the presence of a defendant, or any legal representation "in absentia") may well run directly counter to law in the jurisdiction—such as the United Kingdom—where the defendant resides, thus:


title: Jury trial

text: The judgment on "R v Jones" [2002] UKHL 5 issued by the United Kingdom's House of Lords states (in part, in Item 55) "the issue has to be determined by looking at the way in which the courts handled the problem under English criminal procedure and by deciding whether, in the result, the appellant can be said to have had a fair hearing."


title: Jury trial

text: Only five of the 50 states require or permit jury trials for cases where the state is seeking to legally sever a parent-child relationship. Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. In Virginia, the jury is called an "advisory jury". The remaining 46 jurisdictions have case law or statutes or local court rules or common practice that specifically prohibits a jury trial in termination of parental rights cases. The fate of a family is exclusively placed in the hands of a single judge when there is no jury trial.


title: Seetimaarr

text: Seetimaarr () is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language sports masala film written and directed by Sampath Nandi, and produced by Srinivasaa Silver Screen. The film stars Gopichand and Tamannaah.


title: Seetimaarr

text: It features music by Mani Sharma and cinematography by Soundararajan. The film's production and released were deferred due to COVID-19 pandemic. "Seetimaarr" was theatrically released on 10 September 2021, coinciding with Vinayaka Chaviti where it received positive reviews and was a commercial success at the box office.


title: Seetimaarr

text: Karthik is an assistant bank manager in Kadiyam, Rajamundry whose purpose is to coach the women's Kabbadi team to fulfill his father's dream of opening a sports academy. His goal is to represent Andhra Pradesh state at the Women Kabaddi National Championship and trains the girls from the village, where they leave for Delhi. They meet Jwala Reddy, Karthik's classmate from the sports academy, who represents Telangana for the championship. Karthik's team are selected for the final, but Jwala Reddy's team lost to Punjab. Karthik clears the misunderstanding between him and Jwala Reddy and them renews their relationship.


title: Seetimaarr

text: Karthik visits his brother-in-law Aravind and sister Bhoomi for Aravind's birthday party, where an assassin tries to kill Aravind and Bhoomi, but Karthik subdues the assassin, who kills him under Aravind's request. At the training session, Karthik's team is kidnapped by a person named Makhan Singh, who tells Karthik to finish Aravind. With Jwala Reddy's help, Karthik captures one of Makhan Singh's accomplices where he learns that Makhan Singh was an ex-CI, who joined the IPS to organize a crime network with the help of his brother Trilok Singh, a human trafficker and other moles from the police department, who also helps them escape from the law by eradicating evidence against him. Aravind, who is the SP of Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh eradicates Maakhan Singh's accomplices and chases Makhan Singh, who reluctantly surrenders and is arrested. Makhan Singh is out for vengeance against Aravind and Karthik when they killed Trilok Singh (the assassin who tried to kill Bhoomi and Aravind).


title: Seetimaarr

text: Makhan Singh sends a video of the girls where Karthik learns about the truck and catches the driver, but the driver is shot dead by Makhan Singh's henchmen. Makhan Singh is released from prison and slits Shailu, who is the captain of the team, but Karthik manages to save Shailu and takes her to the medics, who survive. Aravind, who was spying on Karthik learns about the incident and confronts Maakhan Singh, where he gets beaten and stabbed by Makhan Singh. Karthik arrives and saves Aravind and the girls where he kills Makhan Singh. The final begins when Karthik's team wins against Punjab. The film ends with Karthik and his family, along with Jwala Reddy and their respective teams, inaugurating Karthik's father's sports academy.


title: Seetimaarr

text: Initially Sampath Nandi narrated a story, which is based on the education in India. The film was officially announced in September 2019 and was launched in October 2019, with a formal pooja ceremony.


title: Seetimaarr

text: Tamannaah was announced to be part of the cast, in September 2019. Sampath has auditioned over 700 girls, after which two teams of 24 players were cast. In an interview to "Deccan Chronicle", director Sampath Nandi told: "I have hired four national players, and trained them in acting. And it was with great difficulty that I finally managed to select the rest of the players," adding that “We all underwent training for three months on the basics of the sport, the rules, techniques, and strategies." In January 2020, Bhumika Chawla joined the production. It was reported that she will be playing the role of Gopichand's sister. Digangana Suryavanshi was cast to a play a news journalist.


title: Seetimaarr

text: Principal photography of the film began in December 2019. In the same month 15 days of first schedule of filming was done. Then the second schedule began in January 2020 and lasted till March 2020, before the production stopped due to the first lockdown in India due to COVID-19 pandemic. As of August 2020, 60% of the filming was completed. After pausing the filming due to COVID-19 pandemic in India, it was announced that the filming will be resumed in the second week of August 2020. Later, it was again postponed and resumed in Hyderabad in November 2020. The film was in the final schedule of the filming, with the crew moving to Jaisalmer, Rajasthan in February to shoot a few scenes. After wrapping the shoot in Jaisalmer, the team returned to Hyderabad in the same month, for filming the song "Jwala Reddy". Filming was wrapped up in March 2021.


title: Seetimaarr

text: Tamannaah completed her part of dubbing for the film in March 2021. Sound design of the film was completed in August 2021.


title: Seetimaarr

text: The first single "Seetimaarr Title Song" was released on 2 March 2021 by Aditya Music. The second single "Jwala Reddy" was released on 12 March 2021. Third single "Pepsi Aunty" was released on 20 March 2021. Last single "Kabaddi Anthem" was released on 24 August 2021. The soundtrack album (jukebox) was released on 8 September 2021. The entire score was composed by Mani Sharma.


title: Seetimaarr

text: The filmmakers planned a release in mid 2020, but production was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Initially scheduled to release on 2 April 2021, it was postponed to 3 September 2021, due to delay in the post-production work. Later, it was again rescheduled and theatrically released on 10 September 2021 coinciding with the festival of Vinayaka Chaviti. It lasted 138 minutes and was certified CBFC U/A.


title: Seetimaarr

text: The film was released on Disney+ Hotstar on 15 October 2021. and satellite rights were sold to Gemini TV.


title: Seetimaarr

text: Ram Venkat Srikar of "Cinema Express" called "Seetimaarr" a "fairly enjoyable potboiler." He said that though the film was filled with masala film tropes like unrestrained heroism, unabashed action sequences and problematic politics, the narrative style in the second half was rather fresh. "The Times of India" critic Thadhagath Pathi also shared a similar opinion, writing "The mass masalaness of it all truly make us ignore the many flaws in "Seetimaarr" which have nothing to do with the fact that there's a strong script backing it. This film is a "paisa vasool" () one in this OTT era."


title: Seetimaarr

text: In another positive review, "The Hindu" critic Y. Sunita Chowdhary wrote: "The crime elements and kabbadi portions blend well with good writing and performances, to deliver an action-packed entertainer." She praised Nandi's direction and his handling of production design, music and cinematography. Chowdhary, however, found Tamannaah Telangana dialect "unsettling" and felt that someone else could have dubbed for her. A reviewer from "The Hans India" stated: "Despite having a regular story, the director has succeeded in grabbing the attention with the entertainment. Though the second half and pre-climax are not up to the mark, the film delivers a good message in an entertaining way."


title: Seetimaarr

text: Appreciating the performances of Gopichand and Tamannaah, Anji Shetty of "Sakshi" rated the film stars out of 5. He said that barring over-the-top action sequences, Nandi has succeeded in making an engaging sports film with a message. A reviewer from "Eenadu" also appreciated the cast, particularly Tamannaah's diction of Telangana dialect. While praising the music, cinematography and production, they felt that the screenplay could have been better.


title: Seetimaarr

text: The film was made on a budget of ₹25 crore. Theatrical rights of the film were sold for crore. The film grossed crore worldwide in 8 days, earning distributors a share of crore.


title: Seetimaarr

text: It has grossed ₹4.75 crore on its opening day in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, with a distributors' collection of ₹2.98 crore. In contrast, trade analyst Kaushik LM reported that the film has collected a distributors' share of ₹3.5 crore, on its opening day.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors. PIR sensors are commonly used in security alarms and automatic lighting applications.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: PIR sensors detect general movement, but do not give information on who or what moved. For that purpose, an imaging IR sensor is required.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: PIR sensors are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive infrared detector". The term "passive" refers to the fact that PIR devices do not radiate energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared radiation (radiant heat) emitted by or reflected from objects.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Usually this radiation isn't visible to the human eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other objects. They are commonly used in burglar alarms and automatically activated lighting systems.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: A PIR sensor can detect changes in the amount of infrared radiation impinging upon it, which varies depending on the temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in front of the sensor. When an object, such as a person, passes in front of the background, such as a wall, the temperature at that point in the sensor's field of view will rise from room temperature to body temperature, and then back again. The sensor converts the resulting change in the incoming infrared radiation into a change in the output voltage, and this triggers the detection. Objects of similar temperature but different surface characteristics may also have a different infrared emission pattern, and thus moving them with respect to the background may trigger the detector as well.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The most common models have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments, an effective range of about 10 meters (30 feet), and a field of view less than 180°. Models with wider fields of view, including 360°, are available, typically designed to mount on a ceiling. Some larger PIRs are made with single segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared energy over 30 meters (100 feet) from the PIR. There are also PIRs designed with reversible orientation mirrors which allow either broad coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain" coverage, or with individually selectable segments to "shape" the coverage.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: Pairs of sensor elements may be wired as opposite inputs to a differential amplifier. In such a configuration, the PIR measurements cancel each other so that the average temperature of the field of view is removed from the electrical signal; an increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-cancelling and will not trigger the device. This allows the device to resist false indications of change in the event of being exposed to brief flashes of light or field-wide illumination. (Continuous high energy exposure may still be able to saturate the sensor materials and render the sensor unable to register further information.) At the same time, this differential arrangement minimizes common-mode interference, allowing the device to resist triggering due to nearby electric fields. However, a differential pair of sensors cannot measure temperature in this configuration, and therefore is only useful for motion detection.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: When a PIR sensor is configured in a differential mode, it specifically becomes applicable as a motion detector device. In this mode, when a movement is detected within the "line of sight" of the sensor, a pair of complementary pulses are processed at the output pin of the sensor. In order to implement this output signal for a practical triggering of a load such as a relay or a data logger, or an Alarm device alarm, the differential signal is rectified using a bridge rectifier and fed to a transistorized relay driver circuit. The contacts of this relay close and open in response to the signals from the PIR, activating the attached load across its contacts, acknowledging the detection of a person within the predetermined restricted area.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: The PIR sensor is typically mounted on a printed circuit board containing the necessary electronics required to interpret the signals from the sensor itself. The complete assembly is usually contained within a housing, mounted in a location where the sensor can cover the area to be monitored.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: The plastic window covering may have multiple facets molded into it, to focus the infrared energy onto the sensor. Each individual facet is a Fresnel lens.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: Some PIRs are manufactured with internal, segmented parabolic mirrors to focus the infrared energy. Where mirrors are used, the plastic window cover generally has no Fresnel lenses molded into it.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: As a result of the focussing, the detector view is actually a beam pattern. Under certain angles (zones), the PIR sensor receives almost no radiation energy and under other angles the PIR receives concentrated amounts of infrared energy. This separation helps the motion detector to discriminate between field-wide illumination and moving objects.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: When a person walks from one angle (beam) to another, the detector will only intermittently see the moving person. This results in a rapidly changing sensor signal which is used by the electronics to trigger an alarm or to turn on lighting. A slowly changing signal will be ignored by the electronics.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: The number, shape, distribution and sensitivity of these zones are determined by the lens and/or mirror. Manufacturers do their best to create the optimal sensitivity beam pattern for each application.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: When used as part of a lighting system, the electronics in the PIR typically control an integral relay capable of switching mains voltage. This means the PIR can be set up to turn on lights that are connected to the PIR when movement is detected. This is most commonly used in outdoor scenarios either to deter criminals (security lighting) or for practical uses like the front door light turning on so you can find your keys in the dark.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: Additional uses can be in public toilets, walk-in pantries, hallways or anywhere that automatic control of lights is useful. This can provide energy savings as the lights are only turned on when they are needed and there is no reliance on users remembering to turn the lights off when they leave the area.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: When used as part of a security system, the electronics in the PIR typically control a small relay. This relay completes the circuit across a pair of electrical contacts connected to a detection input zone of the burglar alarm control panel. The system is usually designed such that if no motion is being detected, the relay contact is closed—a 'normally closed' (NC) relay. If motion is detected, the relay will open the circuit, triggering the alarm; or, if a wire is disconnected, the alarm will also operate.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: Manufacturers recommend careful placement of their products to prevent false alarms (i.e., any detection not caused by an intruder).


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: They suggest mounting the PIRs in such a way that the PIR cannot "see" out of a window. Although the wavelength of infrared radiation to which the chips are sensitive does not penetrate glass very well, a strong infrared source (such as from a vehicle headlight or sunlight) can overload the sensor and cause a false alarm. A person moving on the other side of the glass would not be "seen" by the PID. That may be good for a window facing a public sidewalk, or bad for a window in an interior partition.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: It is also recommended that the PIR not be placed in such a position that an HVAC vent would blow hot or cold air onto the surface of the plastic which covers the housing's window. Although air has very low emissivity (emits very small amounts of infrared energy), the air blowing on the plastic window cover could change the plastic's temperature enough to trigger a false alarm.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: Sensors are also often designed to "ignore" domestic pets, such as dogs or cats, by setting a higher sensitivity threshold, or by ensuring that the floor of the room remains out of focus.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: Since PIR sensors have ranges of up to 10 meters (30 feet), a single detector placed near the entrance is typically all that is necessary for rooms with only a single entrance. PIR-based security systems are also viable in outdoor security and motion-sensitive lighting; one advantage is their low power draw, which allows them to be solar-powered.


title: Passive infrared sensor

text: Designs have been implemented in which a PIR circuit measures the temperature of a remote object. In such a circuit, a non-differential PIR output is used. The output signal is evaluated according to a calibration for the IR spectrum of a specific type of matter to be observed. By this means, relatively accurate and precise temperature measurements may be obtained remotely. Without calibration to the type of material being observed, a PIR thermometer device is able to measure changes in IR emission which correspond directly to temperature changes, but the actual temperature values cannot be calculated.


title: Mark Goddard

text: Mark Goddard (born Charles Harvey Goddard; July 24, 1936) is an American actor who has starred in a number of television programs. He is probably best known for portraying Major Don West in the CBS series "Lost in Space" (1965–1968). He also played Detective Sgt. Chris Ballard, in "The Detectives", starring Robert Taylor.


title: Mark Goddard

text: Charles Harvey Goddard was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, the youngest of five children, and grew up in Scituate. He was raised Catholic.


title: Mark Goddard

text: He led both his high school baseball and basketball teams to the state championship finals. Goddard dreamed of becoming a basketball player, but eventually turned to acting. He originally attended Holy Cross College after high school, but he then transferred and studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City. After two years, he moved to Los Angeles.


title: Mark Goddard

text: In 1959, after just three weeks in Hollywood, he landed a role in the CBS Four Star Television series "Johnny Ringo", having played the character of Cully, the deputy to Don Durant's character of Ringo. At this time, he changed his name to Mark Goddard at the suggestion of his friend and mentor Chuck Connors of "The Rifleman". Goddard appeared as Norman Tabor in the 1960 episode "Surprise Party" of the CBS anthology series "The DuPont Show with June Allyson". He was cast as Sheldon Hollingsworth in the 1960 episode "To See the Elephant" of the ABC Western series "The Rebel", starring Nick Adams. He played Tod Rowland in the 1960 episode "The Mormons" on "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre".


title: Mark Goddard

text: "The Detectives", another production of Four Star Television, was a hit series which ran on ABC and NBC from 1958 to 1961;


title: Mark Goddard

text: Goddard was signed for a role lasting three years (64 episodes). In 1963, Goddard appeared as Roy Mooney on the "Perry Mason" episode "The Case of the Potted Planter". In 1964 Goddard appeared as Richard on "The Virginian" in the episode titled "The Secret of Brynmar Hall." That same year he guest starred as a wild killer named “Boyd” in the episode “Journey For Three” on the TV Western series "Gunsmoke" (S9E36).


title: Mark Goddard

text: In 1965, he played Lester Crawford in another "Perry Mason", "The Case of the Frustrated Folk Singer". He also appeared with Keir Dullea as sparring college roommates in an episode of ABC's drama series "Channing", costarring Jason Evers and Henry Jones. He was featured in the 1965 film "A Rage to Live", starring Suzanne Pleshette. From 1964 to 1965, Goddard starred in "Many Happy Returns," in which he portrayed Bob Randall, the young husband of Joan Randall, played by Elinor Donahue.


title: Mark Goddard

text: Goddard's next role was Major Don West on "Lost in Space" (1965–1968). A blossoming romance initially existed between West and Judy, the elder daughter of the Robinson family, but by the middle of the second season, West maintained an adversarial relationship with the hapless, sociopathic Dr. Zachary Smith.


title: Mark Goddard

text: On October 16, 1997, Goddard and the rest of the surviving cast appeared on the inside cover of "TV Guide" to promote the feature film of "Lost in Space". Goddard, along with Harris and the rest of his cast, were planning in 2002 for the movie "Lost in Space: The Journey Home" to air on NBC, which never came to fruition.


title: Mark Goddard

text: Goddard guest-starred on three ABC series, "The Fugitive", "The Mod Squad", and "The Fall Guy" and for a while, moonlighted as a Hollywood agent. In 1976, he starred as politician Edward Fleming in the movie "Blue Sunshine". In 1970, Goddard co-starred with Kent McCord and Martin Milner in an episode of "Adam-12", in which he plays a friend of Pete Malloy (Milner), who is killed in the line of duty. The episode was entitled "Elegy for a Pig" (so titled and announced by Jack Webb himself).


title: Mark Goddard

text: In 1979, Goddard was in the disco movie "Roller Boogie" featuring Linda Blair and Jim Bray and starred as Ted Clayton on "One Life to Live" and Lt. Paul Reed on "The Doctors". Later, he starred as Derek Barrington on "General Hospital". He made a cameo appearance in the reboot film "Lost in Space" (1998) as the general in charge of the Jupiter Mission and superior officer to his former character Major Don West.


title: Mark Goddard

text: Goddard finished college 30 years after beginning his studies and received his master's degree in education from Bridgewater State College. From 1991 through at least 2009, he served as a special education teacher at the F.L. Chamberlain School in Middleboro, Massachusetts, where he taught an acting class. In 2009, he released an autobiographical memoir "To Space and Back". While at Bridgewater State College, he met his third wife, English professor Evelyn Pezzulich. The couple has one child, John. His second wife, actress Susan Anspach, brought two children to their marriage. Goddard's first marriage was to Marcia Rogers in 1960 lasting until their divorce in 1968, and the couple had two children, Melissa and Michael.


title: Barrett MRAD

text: The Barrett MRAD (Multi-role Adaptive Design) is a bolt-action sniper rifle designed by Barrett to meet the requirements of the SOCOM PSR. The MRAD is based on the Barrett 98B and includes a number of modifications and improvements. The Barrett MRAD was named the 2012 Rifle of the Year by the NRA.


title: Barrett MRAD

text: After the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) announced their desire for a new precision sniper rifle in December 2009, Barrett created the MRAD in accordance with the specifications laid out by SOCOM. Building off of the successful Barrett 98B, the MRAD features multiple improvements such as a folding stock which allows the rifle to be transported more easily. When folded, the stock latches around the bolt handle which increases the security of transporting the rifle without increasing the width when it is unfolded. A major MRAD feature (and requirement of the military PSR solicitation) is a field-changeable barrel/caliber capability. Loosening two Torx screws in the receiver allows the removal of the barrel from the front of the receiver/handguard. With only a bolt face change, and in some cases a magazine change, caliber may be changed. The factory headspaced bolt face is provided with each barrel. Barrel/caliber change can occur in less than two minutes. In addition to the typical military requested calibers of .338 Lapua Magnum, .300 Winchester Magnum, and .308 Winchester calibers, Barrett also offers caliber conversion kits in .338 and .300 NORMA Magnum, 7mm Remington Magnum, .260 Remington, and 6.5mm Creedmoor. Barrel lengths are offered in 17" to 26", but not in all calibers. Barrels are available in fluted and heavy profiles. The trigger module can be removed without tools, providing access to user-adjustable trigger pull weight and over travel, and making cleaning easier. Additional features of the MRAD include a single-button length-of-pull adjustment, adjustable cheek rest height, a polymer bolt guide which acts as a dust cover to reduce debris entering the action, a user reversible AR-15 style safety, an ambidextrous magazine release, and the ability to accept standard M16/AR15 style pistol grips. Early MRADs had 30 MOA slope full length 21.75" standard 1913 Picatinny rail on top of the receiver/handguard. Current MRADs feature 20 MOA slope rail. Shorter 2"-4" Picatinny rails sections may be user positioned at 3, 6, and 9 o'clock at several fore/aft positions along the handguard. MRADs are offered in several Cerakote colors.


title: Barrett MRAD

text: Similar to the M16/AR15, the MRAD upper and lower receivers can be separated by pushing out rear and front two take-down pins. Pushing out only the rear take-down pin allows the upper receiver to tilt on its front take-down pin like an AR-15 to allow for maintenance in the field.


title: Barrett MRAD

text: With match grade .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition the MRAD is capable of 0.5 MOA (minute of angle) accuracy at distances of up to 1500 meters. With standard ammunition, the accuracy drops to 0.75 MOA, which is still sub-MOA.


title: Barrett MRAD

text: The particular model of the MRAD that was submitted for US SOCOM's MK21 PSR (Precision Sniper Rifle) trial was fitted with a barrel, and weighed (without an optic). In 2013 the Remington Modular Sniper Rifle was selected as the winner of the PSR competition.


title: Barrett MRAD

text: However, in 2018 it was decided that the MK21 did not conform to SOCOM requirements at the time, and the program was re-competed as the MK22 ASR (Advanced Sniper Rifle).


title: Barrett MRAD

text: MK 22 MOD 0 ASR (Advanced Sniper Rifle) is the designation for the Barrett MRAD variant ordered by USSOCOM. In 2019, U.S. Special Operations Command awarded Barrett Manufacturing a US$50 million contract for the ASR (Advanced Sniper Rifle) contract, ordering the Barrett MRAD with the ability to convert chambering between 7.62x51mm, .300 Norma Magnum, and .338 Norma Magnum. The MK 22 ASR is issued with Barrett's AML 338 suppressor and paired with the Precision Variable Power Scopes (P-VPS) SU-295/PVS Nightforce ATACR 5-25×56 and SU-295/PVS Nightforce ATACR 7-35×56.


title: Barrett MRAD

text: MK 22 PSR (Precision Sniper Rifle) is the designation for the Barrett MRAD variant ordered by the US Army. In 2021, the US Army awarded Barrett a US49.9 million contract for delivery of 2,800 MK22 PSR rifles, while the Marine Corps planned to ordered 250. The MK 22 PSR will have conversion kits for .338 Norma Magnum, .300 Norma Magnum, and 7.62×51mm NATO. However, unlike the MK 22 ASR, it is issued with a Leupold Mark 5HD 5-25x56mm scope. The Army plans for the MK 22 to replace the currently in use M107 and M2010 sniper rifles. The Marine Corps intends to have the MK 22 to replace all M40A6 and MK 13 MOD 7 sniper rifles.<ref name="usmc plan replace m40/mk 13 (2022)"></ref>


title: Bolivia national football team

text: The Bolivia national football team (), also known as "La Verde", has represented Bolivia in international football since 1926. Organized by the Bolivian Football Federation (FBF), it is one of the ten members of FIFA's South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL).


title: Bolivia national football team

text: After playing in the 1930 and 1950 World Cups, they have qualified just once, in 1994, where they were eliminated in the group stage. Bolivia have never advanced past the first round of any World Cup, and have only scored one goal, in 1994. Despite their World Cup performances, Bolivia won the Copa América at home in 1963, and finished runners-up in 1997, which they also hosted. At the 2015 Copa América in Chile, they advanced to the quarter-finals for the first time since 1997, after defeating Ecuador 3–2. This also ended a winless streak in the Copa América, with their last win being on 28 June 1997, when they defeated Mexico 1–0 in the semi-finals.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: Bolivia debuted in international football in 1926, one year after the Bolivian Football Federation was founded, and joined FIFA that same year. As participants at the 1926 South American Championship in Chile, Bolivia played their first match against the hosts on 12 October 1926, and even ended up scoring first against them, but wound up being defeated by the Chileans 7–1. Bolivia also lost their following three matches: 0–5 against Argentina, 1–6 against Paraguay and 0–6 against Uruguay.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: In 1930, Bolivia was one of the teams invited to the inaugural edition of the World Cup, held in Uruguay. Drawn in Group 2 of the 1930 World Cup, Bolivia lost both its games 4–0, first to Yugoslavia at the Estadio Parque Central, and then to Brazil in the Estadio Centenario. The match versus the Yugoslavs would be the last match against non-South American opposition for Bolivia until 1972 – when they again met Yugoslavia. They returned for the 1950 World Cup, where Argentina's withdrawal from the qualifiers gave Bolivia an automatic berth. With three teams declining to play in Brazil, Bolivia was put in a group of two along with Uruguay. The Bolivians' only game was an 8–0 defeat to Uruguay at the Estádio Independência in Belo Horizonte.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: Bolivia's greatest football achievement was the 1963 South American Championship title, which they hosted and won after placing first out of 7 countries, including being undefeated, with five wins and one draw. The only draw for Bolivia in the tournament was a 4–4 draw against Ecuador in the opening match. They also had the advantage of being better accustomed to higher altitudes. In the following edition, the 1967 South American Championship, held in Uruguay, Bolivia finished last out of six teams, with one draw and four losses, which was far below what the public expected, as Bolivia had been the defending champion.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: Afterwards, the country only started to resurge at an international level with the creation of the Academia Tahuichi Aguilera in Santa Cruz de la Sierra in 1978, a football school that developed players such as Marco Etcheverry, Erwin Sánchez and Luis Cristaldo.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: Under Spanish coach Xabier Azkargorta and featuring nine players from Tahuichi, Bolivia surprisingly became the first team to beat Brazil in the 1994 World Cup qualifiers while playing them in La Paz, with a 2–0 win, and qualified for the 1994 World Cup by finishing second in Group B behind the Brazilians themselves, which included record 7–0 and 7–1 wins over Venezuela during their qualification campaign.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: Bolivia was drawn into the tournament's Group C, and played defending champions Germany in the tournament's opening match at Soldier Field. Bolivia played a great first half, outplaying Germany. In the second half, Lothar Matthäus took a 40-yard run and struck Marco "El Diablo" Etcheverry with a high elbow to his jaw. Etcheverry retaliated by fouling Matthäus and was sent off. Eventually, Bolivia lost on a controversial offside goal by Jürgen Klinsmann. Following a goalless draw with South Korea at Foxboro Stadium, where Bolivia was forced to play with ten men again after Cristaldo's red card, Bolivia returned to Chicago and lost 3–1 to Spain, with Sánchez scoring the first ever Bolivian goal in a World Cup.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: Following the World Cup, Bolivia participated in the 1995 Copa América held in Uruguay, with Antonio Lopez Habas as manager, where they made the quarter-finals for the first time since winning the competition in 1963, with one win, one draw, and one loss. In the quarter-finals, the nation lost to hosts Uruguay 2–1. Despite the decent performance the team displayed during the tournament, Lopez Habas left his post shortly before the 1997 Copa America, being replaced by Dušan Drašković. The 1997 edition was the second time Bolivia held the tournament. The team reached the final, as had happened last time Bolivia was the host, but this time they finished runner-up to reigning world champion Brazil after losing 3–1 in the final.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: With their runner-up finish at the previous Copa America, Bolivia made their first and only FIFA Confederations Cup appearance in the 1999 edition, this time under new Argentine manager Héctor Veira. Bolivia was placed in group A along with hosts Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. Their campaign started with a 2–2 draw against Egypt. Their next match was a 0–0 draw against Saudi Arabia. For their last match in the group, they had to play hosts Mexico, in which Bolivia lost 0–1 with a goal from Francisco Palencia. Bolivia finished third in the group with two draws and a loss, being eliminated from the tournament in the first stage.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: In the 2015 Copa América in Chile, under Bolivian manager Mauricio Soria, Bolivia were placed in Group A, with Chile, Mexico, and Ecuador. In their match against Mexico, Bolivia drew 0–0. However, against Ecuador, Bolivia won 3–2, with goals from Raldes, Smedberg-Dalence, and Moreno. From this victory against Ecuador, Bolivia made it to the next round, the quarter-finals, for the first time since the 1997 tournament, which they hosted. Bolivia were defeated by Peru 1–3 in the quarter-finals of the tournament, and Bolivia's only goal of the game was a penalty in the last minutes of the match scored by Marcelo Moreno.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: Bolivia plays their home matches at Estadio Hernando Siles, which has an altitude of above sea level, making it one of the highest football stadiums in the world. Many visiting teams have protested that the altitude gives Bolivia an unfair advantage against opponents. On 27 May 2007, FIFA declared that no World Cup Qualifying matches could be played in stadiums above 8,200 feet (2,500 m) above sea level. However, FIFA raised the altitude limit to 3,000 meters a month later after negative feedback against the ban, and included a special exception for La Paz, thus allowing the stadium to continue holding World Cup qualifying matches. A year after the original ban, in May 2008, FIFA removed the altitude limit entirely.


title: Bolivia national football team

text: Bolivia's first uniforms were all white. In the 1930 FIFA World Cup, before the match with Yugoslavia, Bolivia painted one of the letters in "Viva Uruguay" in each of the eleven starters' jerseys to please the local crowd. In the following game with Brazil, given the adversary also wore white, Bolivia instead borrowed Uruguay's own blue uniform to play. Bolivia again painted a message to the hosts in the 1945 South American Championship, with the players' jerseys reading "Viva Chile". In 1946, Bolivia changed their jersey colors to black and white stripes, like the colors of the Cochabamba region. FBF reverted to white the following year. In 1957, FBF decided to use one of the colors in the Flag of Bolivia. Given red and yellow were used by many of the other South Americans, green became the primary color, leading to the nickname "La Verde" ("The Green").


title: Bolivia national football team

text: The following players have been called up during the last twelve months. Retired players are not included.


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: Nicholas D'Agosto (born April 17, 1980) is an American actor, best known for featuring in "Final Destination 5", "Heroes" and "The Office". He starred in the Showtime series "Masters of Sex" and the Fox series "Gotham".


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: D'Agosto was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Deanna Rae (née Vellinga) and Alan D'Agosto, Omaha's major Arby's restaurant franchisee. His mother is from Sioux City, Iowa, while his father is from Omaha.


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: D'Agosto was raised Catholic and selected Genesius of Rome, the patron saint of actors, as his confirmation name. D'Agosto said that he wanted to be a priest when he was young, then when he was 10 years old he started getting into improv.


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: D'Agosto was very involved in drama and theatre growing up, acting in many different plays and musicals. He participated in competitive forensics speech tournaments during sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. He graduated from Creighton Preparatory School in 1998 and attended Marquette University, where he graduated cum laude in 2002 with a double major in history and theatre.


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: D'Agosto's big break came when he was cast as the ethical committee chairman Larry Fouch in the dark teenage comedy "Election" (1999), while he was still a senior at Creighton Prep. The film was written and directed by Alexander Payne, another alumnus of Creighton Prep. D'Agosto starred in the film "Psycho Beach Party" (2000) while still in college. In 2002, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue a full-time acting career.


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: He landed guest appearances on primetime television series such as "Boston Public", "ER", "Six Feet Under", "Cold Case", "House", "Supernatural", and "Without a Trace". He appeared in three episodes of "The Office". He also played West Rosen on the series "Heroes".


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: To prepare for the film "Fired Up!," D'Agosto spent three weeks at a cheer camp and worked with a professional choreographer. He also starred in "From Prada to Nada" with Camilla Belle, which is loosely based on Jane Austen's "Sense and Sensibility." In 2011, he starred as Sam Lawton in "Final Destination 5".


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: As of 2013, D'Agosto co-starred in Showtime's "Masters of Sex" as obstetrician Dr. Ethan Haas, fictional protégé of pioneering sex researcher Dr. William H. Masters (of Masters and Johnson fame). His character is a composite of two of Masters' actual associates.


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: To prepare for the part of Dr. Haas, in addition to reading the biography that "Masters of Sex" is based on, D'Agosto read "The Fifties" by David Halberstam. He also watched movies from the 1950s and documentaries on journalist Edward R. Murrow, which had a lot of "individual footage of interviews with these sort of everyday people from that time period."


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: In late 2014 he appeared on Grey's Anatomy playing the OB/GYN surgical resident Graham Maddox. He left the show late November 2014 in the episode 'Risk'


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: D'Agosto was cast in early October 2015 in the role of Harvey Dent in the television series "Gotham".


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: In 2017, D'Agosto starred in the lead role in NBC's mockumentary legal comedy series, "Trial & Error". Season 2 wrapped in August 2018.


title: Nicholas D'Agosto

text: In November 2022, D'Agosto has a recurring role as Deputy Director Doug Bailey in "Criminal Minds: Evolution".


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang Dong-gun (born March 7, 1972) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the films "Friend" (2001) and "Taegukgi: The Brotherhood of War" (2004).


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang is one of the highest-paid actors and celebrity endorsers in Korea, consistently topping surveys by industry insiders of most bankable stars.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang Dong-gun spent his childhood in Yongsan District, Seoul, and later went on to study at the Korea National University of Arts School of Drama, though he dropped out before obtaining a degree.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang first entered the entertainment world in a talent contest in 1992. He began by acting in TV dramas such as "Iljimae", "The Last Match", co-starring Shim Eun-ha,


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: By the late 1990s he had become quite popular in Korea, but he also became one of the first Korean stars to garner a fan following in other parts of Asia, after several of his TV dramas were screened there in the late nineties. In 1999, after acting in the critically acclaimed "Nowhere to Hide" as Park Joong-hoon's younger partner, Jang moved on to star in a feature that was filmed on location in Shanghai. Titled "Anarchists", this tale of five young terrorists from 1930s China helped to elevate his status even further.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang's breakout came in early 2001 in "Friend", which smashed the box office record set by "Shiri" to become (at the time) the biggest Korean film of all time. After playing the nice guy in almost all his previous roles, this portrayal of a tough-talking gangster from Busan led him to local stardom.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: The following year he starred in the popular action blockbuster "2009 Lost Memories" set in a futuristic Great Japan, and appeared in the low-budget film "The Coast Guard" by controversial director Kim Ki-duk.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: In 2004, Jang took the lead role in Kang Je-gyu's "", an epic film about two brothers set during the Korean War. The film broke "Friend"'s record with an astounding 11 million tickets sold. By this time, Jang's name had become known widely throughout Asia.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang followed this up with "The Promise", a $30 million pan-Asian production by Chinese director Chen Kaige in which he played opposite Hong Kong star Cecilia Cheung. Meanwhile, he was cast in "Typhoon" as a modern-day pirate who has been betrayed by both North and South Korea. Directed by "Friend"'s Kwak Kyung-taek, "Typhoon" set a new record in 2005 for the highest production budget in Korean film history at $15 million.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: For the next four years, Jang kept a low profile in the Korean entertainment sphere as he worked on his Hollywood debut "The Warrior's Way", also starring Kate Bosworth and Geoffrey Rush. The film encountered problems with post-production and distribution, and was only released in 2010.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: He returned to the silver screen in 2009 as the nation's youngest (and most eligible) head of state in Jang Jin's comedy "Good Morning, President".


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: He reunited with director Kang Je-gyu in "My Way", a film set during World War II based on the true story of a Korean soldier who is drafted by the Japanese army and eventually is present at the Battle of Normandy. A large-scale, ambitious pan-Asian collaboration co-starring Japanese actor Joe Odagiri and Chinese actress Fan Bingbing, "My Way" was the most expensive Korean movie to date (with an estimated budget of ), But despite being simultaneously released in Korea and Japan in December 2011, the film flopped at the box office.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang made his highly anticipated return to television dramas in "A Gentleman's Dignity", saying he was drawn to the romantic comedy tale of 40-something-year-old men struggling to grow up and mend and forge lasting relationships. After the series ended, Jang and co-star Kim Min-jong visited refugees in the Republic of the Congo on a mission trip sponsored by UNICEF, UNHCR and World Food Programme. It was televised on SBS documentary program "Hope TV".


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: His 2012 film "Dangerous Liaisons" was a Chinese adaptation of the French literature classic set in 1930s Shanghai, directed by Hur Jin-ho and co-starring Zhang Ziyi and Cecilia Cheung.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang next starred in "No Tears for the Dead", an action thriller directed by Lee Jeong-beom. He played a Korean-born American hitman who feels conflicted about killing his last target (played by Kim Min-hee).


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: In 2015, Jang was cast in the film "Seven Years of Night", a revenge thriller based on the novel of the same name by Jung Yoo-jung. He plays a character who takes revenge on his daughter's murderer, by killing his son. The film premiered in 2018.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: In 2016, Jang was cast in his first Chinese drama, "Once Loved You Distressed Forever" alongside actress Tang Yixin. He was then cast in the espionage noir thriller "VIP", which premiered in 2017.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang returned to the small screen after five years, starring in the Korean remake of the popular American legal drama series "Suits" (2018). The same year, Jung starred in Kim Sung-hoon's period zombie action film "Rampant" alongside close friend Hyun Bin.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Jang is a practicing Buddhist, having first explored Buddhist reading while hospitalized in high school, after undergoing chest surgery.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: He enjoys playing baseball and is a member of the celebrity amateur baseball team "Playboys" with Lee Jong-hyuk, Hyun Bin, Kim Seung-woo, Hwang Jung-min, Ji Jin-hee, and other actors.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: The famously private actor surprised the country in November 2009 when he went public with his two-year romance with Ko So-young. Since co-starring together in the 1999 film "Love Wind Love Song", rumors about Jang and Ko had spread several times in the past, but both had consistently denied them. The announcement immediately sparked speculation of an impending marriage although it wasn't until March 2010 that Jang officially told his fans at a fan meeting that he would be marrying Ko in May. After months of media frenzy leading up to their nuptials, the two tied the knot on May 2, 2010 in an extravagant wedding ceremony at Seoul's Shilla Hotel which was attended by their A-list celebrity friends, reporters and fans from around the world.


title: Jang Dong-gun

text: Their son, Jang Min-joon, was born on October 4, 2010. Their second child, a daughter, was born on February 25, 2014.


title: Devi Shetty

text: Devi Prasad Shetty FRCS (born 8 May 1953) is an Indian entrepreneur and cardiac surgeon who is the chairman and founder of Narayana Health, a chain of 21 medical centers in India. He has performed more than 16,000 heart operations. In 2004 he was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2012, the third highest civilian award by the Government of India for his contribution to the field of affordable healthcare. There is an episode about his life and work on the Netflix TV series "The Surgeon's Cut" (episode 4).


title: Devi Shetty

text: Shetty was born in Kinnigoli, a village in the Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India. The eighth of nine children, he decided to become a heart surgeon when he was a school student after hearing about Christiaan Barnard, a South African surgeon who had just performed the world's first heart transplant.


title: Devi Shetty

text: He was educated at St. Aloysius School, Mangaluru. He completed his MBBS in 1979, and post-graduate work in General Surgery from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Later he completed FRCS from Royal College of Surgeons, England.


title: Devi Shetty

text: He returned to India in 1989 and initially worked at B.M. Birla Hospital in Kolkata. He successfully performed the first neonatal heart surgery in the country in 1992, on a 21-day-old baby Ronnie. In Kolkata he operated on Mother Teresa after she had a heart attack, and subsequently served as her personal physician. After some time, he moved to Bangalore and started the Manipal Heart Foundation at Manipal Hospitals, Bangalore. Financial contribution for the construction of the hospital was provided by Shetty's father-in-law.


title: Devi Shetty

text: In 2001, Shetty founded Narayana Hrudayalaya (NH), a multi-specialty hospital in Bommasandra on the outskirts of Bangalore. He believes that the cost of healthcare can be reduced by 50 percent in the next 5–10 years if hospitals adopt the idea of economies of scale. Apart from cardiac surgery, NH also has cardiology, neurosurgery, paediatric surgery, haematology and transplant services, and nephrology among various others. The heart hospital is the largest in the world with 1000 beds performing over 30 major heart surgeries a day. The land on which the health city was built, was previously a marshland which was reclaimed for this purpose. The Health City intends to cater to about 15,000 outpatients every day.


title: Devi Shetty

text: In August 2012 Shetty announced an agreement with TriMedx, a subsidiary of Ascension Health, to create a joint venture for a chain of hospitals in India. In the past Narayana Hrudayalaya has collaborated with Ascension Health to set up a health care city in the Cayman Islands, planned to eventually have 2,000 beds.


title: Devi Shetty

text: Shetty also founded Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS) in Kolkata, and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Karnataka Government to build 5,000-bed specialty hospital near Bangalore International Airport. His company signed a MOU with the Government of Gujarat, to set up a 5,000-bed hospital at Ahmedabad.


title: Devi Shetty

text: He was a part of the seven-member panel of Board of Governors which replaced the MCI and served for a period of one year before it was further reconstituted.


title: Devi Shetty

text: Shetty aims for his hospitals to use economies of scale, to allow them to complete heart surgeries at a lower cost than in the United States. In 2009 "The Wall Street Journal" newspaper described him as "the Henry Ford of heart surgery". Six additional hospitals were subsequently planned on the Narayana Hrudayalaya model at several cities in India, with plans to expand to 30,000 beds with hospitals in India, Africa and other countries in Asia. Shetty aims to trim costs with such measures as buying cheaper scrubs and using cross ventilation instead of air conditioning. That has cut the price of coronary bypass surgery to 95,000 rupees ($1,583), half of what it was 20 years ago. In 2013 he aimed to get the price down to $800 within a decade. The same procedure costs $106,385 at Ohio's Cleveland Clinic. He has also eliminated many pre-ops testing and innovated in patient care such as "drafting and training patients' family members to administer after-surgical care". Surgeons in his hospitals perform 30 to 35 surgeries a day compared to one or two in a US hospital. His hospitals also provide substantial free care especially for poor children. Whereas urban India calls him "Henry Ford" for his assembly line approach to heart surgeries, rural Indians calls him "Bypasswale Baba" as attested by thousands of sources such as the Deccan Herald, the English newspaper with the largest circulation in Karnataka, Shetty's home state. This is because, like a saint (or Rishi in Indian mythology), anybody who comes to Devi Shetty's Ashram/hospital gets a bypass if he or she dreams of it.


title: Devi Shetty

text: Shetty and his family have a 75 percent stake in Narayana Hridayalaya which he plans to preserve. Shetty has also pioneered low-cost diagnostic services. He was appointed as chairman of the COVID-19 task force in Karnataka which was criticised by global health doctors as being a cardiac surgeon, he did not have the epidemiological approach to COVID-19 management.


title: Devi Shetty

text: Yeshasvini is a low-cost health insurance scheme, designed by Shetty and the Government of Karnataka for the poor farmers of the state, with 4 million people currently covered. Aortic type b dissection is not covered in the scheme.


title: Devi Shetty

text: Shetty stars in the fourth (and last) episode of Netflix's docuseries "The Surgeon's Cut", which was released globally on 9 December 2020. The episode follows Shetty's treatment of patients, mostly children and babies, prioritizing low-cost and affordable healthcare while performing with his team more than thirty surgeries a day.


title: Ab urbe condita

text: Ab urbe condita ( 'from the founding of the City'), or anno urbis conditae (; 'in the year since the city's founding'), abbreviated as AUC or AVC, expresses a date in years since 753 BC, the traditional founding of Rome. It is an expression used in antiquity and by classical historians to refer to a given year in Ancient Rome. In reference to the traditional year of the foundation of Rome, the year 1 BC would be written AUC 753, whereas AD 1 would be AUC 754. The foundation of the Roman Empire in 27 BC would be AUC 727.


title: Ab urbe condita

text: Usage of the term was more common during the Renaissance, when editors sometimes added AUC to Roman manuscripts they published, giving the false impression that the convention was commonly used in antiquity. In reality, the dominant method of identifying years in Roman times was to name the two consuls who held office that year. In late antiquity, regnal years were also in use, as in Roman Egypt during the Diocletian era after AD 293, and in the Byzantine Empire from AD 537, following a decree by Justinian.


title: Ab urbe condita

text: The traditional date for the founding of Rome, 21 April 753 BC, is due to Marcus Terentius Varro (1st century BC). Varro may have used the consular list (with its mistakes) and called the year of the first consuls ""ab Urbe condita" 245," accepting the 244-year interval from Dionysius of Halicarnassus for the kings after the foundation of Rome. The correctness of this calculation has not been confirmed, but it is still used worldwide.


title: Ab urbe condita

text: From the time of Claudius (fl. AD 41 to AD 54) onward, this calculation superseded other contemporary calculations. Celebrating the anniversary of the city became part of imperial propaganda. Claudius was the first to hold magnificent celebrations in honor of the anniversary of the city, in AD 48, the eight hundredth year from the founding of the city. Hadrian, in AD 121, and Antoninus Pius, in AD 147 and AD 148, held similar celebrations respectively.


title: Ab urbe condita

text: In AD 248, Philip the Arab celebrated Rome's first millennium, together with Ludi saeculares for Rome's alleged tenth saeculum. Coins from his reign commemorate the celebrations. A coin by a contender for the imperial throne, Pacatianus, explicitly states "[y]ear one thousand and first," which is an indication that the citizens of the empire had a sense of the beginning of a new era, a "Sæculum Novum".


title: Ab urbe condita

text: The Anno Domini (AD) year numbering was developed by a monk named Dionysius Exiguus in Rome in AD 525, as a result of his work on calculating the date of Easter. Dionysius did not use the AUC convention, but instead based his calculations on the Diocletian era. This convention had been in use since AD 293, the year of the tetrarchy, as it became impractical to use regnal years of the current emperor. In his Easter table, the year AD 532 was equated with the 248th regnal year of Diocletian. The table counted the years starting from the presumed birth of Christ, rather than the accession of the emperor Diocletian on 20 November AD 284 or, as stated by Dionysius: ""sed magis elegimus ab incarnatione Domini nostri Jesu Christi annorum tempora praenotare"" ("but rather we choose to name the times of the years from the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ"). Blackburn and Holford-Strevens review interpretations of Dionysius which place the Incarnation in 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1.


title: Dan Ariely

text: Dan Ariely (; born April 29, 1967) is an Israeli-American professor and author. He serves as a James B. Duke Professor of psychology and behavioral economics at Duke University. Ariely is the founder of the research institution The Center for Advanced Hindsight, as well as the co-founder of several companies implementing insights from behavioral science. Ariely's TED talks have been viewed over 15 million times. Ariely is the author of the three "New York Times" best sellers "Predictably Irrational", "The Upside of Irrationality", and "The Honest Truth about Dishonesty", as well as the books "Dollars and Sense", "Irrationally Yours" – a collection of his "The Wall Street Journal" advice column "Ask Ariely"; and "Payoff", a short TED book. Ariely appeared in several documentary films, including "" and produced and participated in "".


title: Dan Ariely

text: Dan Ariely was born to Yoram and Dafna Ariely in New York City while his father was studying for an MBA degree at Columbia University. He has two sisters. The family emigrated to Israel when he was three. He grew up in Ramat Hasharon and attended Makif Hasharon High School.


title: Dan Ariely

text: In his senior year of high school, Ariely was active in Hanoar Haoved Vehalomed, an Israeli youth movement. While he was preparing a "" (fire inscription) for a traditional nighttime ceremony, the flammable materials he was mixing exploded, causing third-degree burns over 70 percent of his body. In his writings entitled “Painful Lessons,” Ariely described his hospitalization and treatments, detailing how that experience led to his research on "how to better deliver painful and unavoidable treatments to patients."


title: Dan Ariely

text: Ariely was a physics and mathematics major at Tel Aviv University but transferred to philosophy and psychology. However, in his last year he dropped philosophy and concentrated solely on psychology, graduating in 1991. In 1994 he earned a masters in cognitive psychology, and in 1996 he earned a Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Ariely completed a second Ph.D. in Business Administration at Duke University in 1998, at the urging of Daniel Kahneman, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.


title: Dan Ariely

text: Ariely taught at MIT between 1998 and 2008, where he was formerly the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Behavioral Economics at MIT Sloan School of Management and at the MIT Media Lab.


title: Dan Ariely

text: In 2008, Ariely returned to Duke University as James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Ariely's laboratory at Duke University, the Center for Advanced Hindsight, pursues research in subjects like the psychology of money, decision making by physicians and patients, cheating, and social justice.


title: Dan Ariely

text: In 2010, Ariely told NPR in an interview that data from Delta Dental, an insurance provider, showed that dentists frequently (with a probability of "about 50 percent") misdiagnosed cavities when analyzing X-rays, and speculated that this might happen so that dentists could charge more money. A Delta Dental spokesperson later stated that they do not collect data that could support such a conclusion.


title: Dan Ariely

text: In July 2021, the journal "Psychological Science" issued an Expression of Concern regarding a 2004 paper by James Heyman and Dan Ariely, "prompted by some uncertainty regarding the values of statistical tests reported in the article and the analytic approach taken to the data". Due to the five year data retention standard, the authors were unable to resolve the ambiguities. In August 2021, a 2012 PNAS paper by Lisa L. Shu, Nina Mazar, Francesca Gino, Dan Ariely, and Max H. Bazerman was reanalyzed by the blog Data Colada. The blog proposed that study data was potentially manipulated. The paper was retracted.


title: Dan Ariely

text: Later in August 2021, the online news journal Hamakom reported that while Ariely was at MIT, he ran an experiment involving electrical shock without prior required ethics approval, regarding the value of placebos ("Commercial Features of Placebo and Therapeutic Efficacy"). One of the participants complained, and MIT's Institutional Review Board (IRB) only granted a human experiment approval (with modifications) after the experiment was concluded. The ethics committee decided to forbid Ariely to run experiments for a year, after which he moved to Duke University. Ariely confirmed that he was suspended and said it was a misunderstanding between him and the IRB.


title: Dan Ariely

text: In November 2022, a TV investigation show Hamakor (Channel 13) aired an episode questioning a number of Ariely's studies that were not reproducible or that there are significant doubts about their reliability - the way they were carried out, the data collected or in general the very fact that they were carried out. For example, Ariely claimed that data for his "Ten Commandments" study (Amir, Mazar, and Ariely, 2008) was collected at UCLA with the assistance of Professor Aimee Drolet. However, Drolet denies that she ran the study as the authors describe. UCLA confirmed that the study was not conducted at UCLA.


title: Dan Ariely

text: In 2010, Ariely co-founded BEworks, a management consulting firm dedicated to applying behavioral science to business and policy challenges. BEworks was acquired by kyu Collective in January 2017. In 2012, he co-founded, with Yuval Shoham and Jacob Bank, Timeful, a technology company aiming to help people manage their time. Timeful was acquired by Google in 2015. In 2013, he co-founded, with Doron Marco and Ayelet Carasso, Genie, a kitchen appliance designed to cook personalized healthy dishes in about a minute.


title: Dan Ariely

text: In 2015, Ariely was named chief behavioral economist for Qapital. Ariely, who has also invested in the company, uses his access to the app's platform and database to assist him in independent research on consumer saving and spending behavior. In turn, Qapital can access Ariely's research to test technologies and ideas for use in the app. In 2016, Ariely was named Chief Behavioral Officer for Lemonade, an insurance company, to integrate aspects of behavioral economics into Lemonade's insurance model and help them align incentives between the insurer and insured.


title: Dan Ariely

text: In 2017, he co-founded, with Nati Lavi, Shapa, a health monitoring and encouraging company. In 2018, he co-founded the company Kayma, which uses behavioral economics and original research methods. The company works on projects for the Israeli government's Ministry of Finance.


title: Dan Ariely

text: Ariely is the author of the books "Dollars and Sense: How We Misthink Money and How to Spend Smarter", "Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions", "The Upside of Irrationality: The Unexpected Benefits of Defying Logic at Work and at Home" and "The Honest Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone – Especially Ourselves".


title: Dan Ariely

text: He explains the impetus for his first book: When asked whether reading "Predictably Irrational" and understanding one's irrational behaviors could make a person's life worse (such as by defeating the benefits of a placebo), Ariely responded that there could be a short-term cost, but that there would also likely be long-term benefits, and that reading his book would not make a person worse off.


title: Dan Ariely

text: In 2008 Ariely, along with his co-authors, Rebecca Waber, Ziv Carmon and Baba Shiv, was awarded an Ig Nobel Prize in medicine for their research demonstrating that "high-priced fake medicine is more effective than low-priced fake medicine."


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsoft's event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6.0 built into most desktop Microsoft Office applications. Although based on pre-.NET Visual Basic, which is no longer supported or updated by Microsoft, the VBA implementation in Office continues to be updated to support new Office features. VBA is used for professional and end-user development due to its perceived ease-of-use, Office's vast installed userbase, and extensive legacy in business.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: Visual Basic for Applications enables building user-defined functions (UDFs), automating processes and accessing Windows API and other low-level functionality through dynamic-link libraries (DLLs). It supersedes and expands on the abilities of earlier application-specific macro programming languages such as Word's WordBASIC. It can be used to control many aspects of the host application, including manipulating user interface features, such as menus and toolbars, and working with custom user forms or dialog boxes.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: As its name suggests, VBA is closely related to Visual Basic and uses the Visual Basic Runtime Library. However, VBA code normally can only run within a host application, rather than as a standalone program. VBA can, however, control one application from another using OLE Automation. For example, VBA can automatically create a Microsoft Word report from Microsoft Excel data that Excel collects automatically from polled sensors. VBA can use, but not create, ActiveX/COM DLLs, and later versions add support for class modules.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: VBA is built into most Microsoft Office applications, including Office for Mac OS X (except version 2008), and other Microsoft applications, including Microsoft MapPoint and Microsoft Visio. VBA is also implemented, at least partially, in applications published by companies other than Microsoft, including ArcGIS, AutoCAD, CorelDraw, Kingsoft Office, LibreOffice, Reflection, SolidWorks, WordPerfect, and UNICOM System Architect (which supports VBA 7.1).


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: Code written in VBA is compiled to Microsoft P-Code (pseudo-code), a proprietary intermediate language, which the host applications (Access, Excel, Word, Outlook, and PowerPoint) store as a separate stream in COM Structured Storage files (e.g., codice_1 or codice_2) independent of the document streams. The intermediate code is then executed by a virtual machine (hosted by the host application). Despite its resemblance to many old BASIC dialects (particularly Microsoft BASIC, from which it is indirectly derived), VBA is incompatible with any of them except Visual Basic, where source code of VBA modules and classes can be directly imported, and which shares the same library and virtual machine. Compatibility ends with Visual Basic version 6; VBA is incompatible with Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET). VBA is proprietary to Microsoft and, apart from the COM interface, is not an open standard.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: Interaction with the host application uses OLE Automation. Typically, the host application provides a type library and application programming interface (API) documentation which document how VBA programs can interact with the application. This documentation can be examined from inside the VBA development environment using its Object Browser.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: Visual Basic for Applications programs which are written to use the OLE Automation interface of one application cannot be used to automate a different application, even if that application hosts the Visual Basic runtime, because the OLE Automation interfaces will be different. For example, a VBA program written to automate Microsoft Word cannot be used with a different word processor, even if that word processor hosts VBA.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: Conversely, multiple applications can be automated from the one host by creating Application objects within the VBA code. References to the different libraries must be created within the VBA client before any of the methods, objects, etc. become available to use in the application. This is achieved through what is referred to as Early or Late Binding. These application objects create the OLE link to the application when they are first created. Commands to the different applications must be done explicitly through these application objects in order to work correctly.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: As an example, VBA code written in Microsoft Access can establish references to the Excel, Word and Outlook libraries; this allows creating an application that – for instance – runs a query in Access, exports the results to Excel and analyzes them, and then formats the output as tables in a Word document or sends them as an Outlook email.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: VBA programs can be attached to a menu button, a macro, a keyboard shortcut, or an OLE/COM event, such as the opening of a document in the application. The language provides a user interface in the form of UserForms, which can host ActiveX controls for added functionality.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: Inter-process communication automation includes the Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) and RealTimeData (RTD) which allows calling a Component Object Model (COM) automation server for dynamic or realtime financial or scientific data.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: As with any common programming language, VBA macros can be created with malicious intent. Using VBA, most of the security features lie in the hands of the user, not the author. The VBA host application options are accessible to the user. The user who runs any document containing VBA macros can preset the software with user preferences. End-users can protect themselves from attack by disabling macros from running in an application or by granting permission for a document to run VBA code only if they are sure that the source of the document can be trusted.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: In February 2022, Microsoft announced its plan to block VBA macros in files downloaded from the Internet by default in a variety of Office apps due to their widespread use to spread malware.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: As of July 1, 2007, Microsoft no longer offers VBA distribution licenses to new customers. Microsoft intended to add .NET-based languages to the current version of VBA ever since the release of the .NET Framework, of which versions 1.0 and 1.1 included a scripting runtime technology named "Script for the .NET Framework". Visual Studio .NET 2002 and 2003 SDK contained a separate scripting IDE called "Visual Studio for Applications" (VSA) that supported VB.NET. One of its significant features was that the interfaces to the technology were available via Active Scripting (VBScript and JScript), allowing even .NET-unaware applications to be scripted via .NET languages. However, VSA was deprecated in version 2.0 of the .NET Framework, leaving no clear upgrade path for applications desiring Active Scripting support (although "scripts" can be created in C#, VBScript, and other .NET languages, which can be compiled and executed at run-time via libraries installed as part of the standard .NET runtime).


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: Microsoft dropped VBA support for Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac. VBA was restored in Microsoft Office for Mac 2011. Microsoft said that it has no plan to remove VBA from the Windows version of Office.


title: Visual Basic for Applications

text: With Office 2010, Microsoft introduced VBA7, which contains a true pointer data type: LongPtr. This allows referencing 64-bit address space. The 64-bit install of Office 2010 does not support common controls of MSComCtl (TabStrip, Toolbar, StatusBar, ProgressBar, TreeView, ListViews, ImageList, Slider, ImageComboBox) or MSComCt2 (Animation, UpDown, MonthView, DateTimePicker, FlatScrollBar), so legacy 32-bit code ported to 64-bit VBA code that depends on these common controls will not function. This did not affect the 32-bit version Office 2010. Microsoft eventually released a 64-bit version of MSComCtl with the July 27th, 2017 update to Office 2016.


title: FC Lokomotiv Moscow

text: FC Lokomotiv Moscow ("FC Lokomotiv Moskva", , ) is a Russian professional football club based in Moscow. Lokomotiv have won the Russian Premier League on three occasions; the Soviet Cup twice; and the Russian Cup a record nine times. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Club Association suspended the team.


title: FC Lokomotiv Moscow

text: Lokomotiv was founded as Kazanka (Moskovsko-Kazanskaya Zh.D) in 1922. In 1924, the club brought together the strongest football players of several lines of the Moscow railway system as KOR ("Club of the October Revolution"). In 1931, the club was again renamed to Kazanka (Moskovskaya-Kazanskaya Zh.D) and in 1936, it was eventually renamed to as it is known today, Lokomotiv (the name means "Locomotive"). During the Communist rule, Lokomotiv Moscow club was a part of the Lokomotiv Voluntary Sports Society and was owned by the Soviet Ministry of Transportation through the Russian Railways.


title: FC Lokomotiv Moscow

text: When the Lokomotiv Voluntary Sports Society was created in 1936, its football team featured the best players of "Kazanka", and a number of strong Soviet footballers of that time such as Valentin Granatkin, Nikolay llyin, Alexey Sokolov, Pyotr Terenkov, Mikhail Zhukov, llya Gvozdkov and Ivan Andreev. Lokomotiv debuted in the first-ever Soviet football club championship with a game against Dynamo Leningrad on 22 May 1936. In the first two seasonal championships (spring and autumn), Lokomotiv finished fifth and fourth respectively. The first Lokomotiv success arrived shortly as in 1936, the railwaymen rose up to the occasion to beat Dynamo Tbilisi 2–0 in the Soviet Cup Final, thus winning the first Soviet Cup.