title: Cadence

text: Cadences are strong indicators of the tonic or central pitch of a passage or piece. The musicologist Edward Lowinsky proposed that the cadence was the "cradle of tonality".


title: Cadence

text: Cadences are divided into four main types, according to their harmonic progression: "authentic" (typically "perfect authentic" or "imperfect authentic"), "half", "plagal", and "deceptive". Typically, phrases end on authentic or half cadences, and the terms "plagal" and "deceptive" refer to motion that avoids or follows a phrase-ending cadence. Each cadence can be described using the Roman numeral system of naming chords.


title: Cadence

text: An authentic cadence is a cadence from the dominant chord (V) to the root chord (I). A seventh above the root may be added to create a dominant seventh chord (V), and the dominant chord may be preceded by a cadential chord. "The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians" says, "This cadence is a microcosm of the tonal system, and is the most direct means of establishing a pitch as tonic. It is virtually obligatory as the final structural cadence of a tonal work." Authentic cadences are generally classified as either "perfect" or "imperfect". The phrase "perfect cadence" is sometimes used as a synonym for "authentic cadence" but can also have a more precise meaning depending on the chord voicing.


title: Cadence

text: In a perfect authentic cadence (PAC), the chords are in root position – that is, the roots of both chords are in the bass – and the tonic is in the highest voice of the final chord. This is generally considered the strongest type of cadence and often found at structurally defining moments. Music theorist William Caplin writes that the perfect authentic cadence "achieves complete harmonic and melodic closure."


title: Cadence

text: An evaded cadence moves from a dominant seventh third inversion chord (V) to a first inversion tonic chord (I). Because the seventh must fall stepwise, it forces the cadence to resolve to the less stable first inversion chord. To achieve this, a root position V usually changes to a V right before resolution, thereby "evading" the cadence. (See also inverted cadence below.)


title: Cadence

text: A half cadence (also called an "imperfect cadence" or "semicadence") is any cadence ending on V, whether preceded by II (V of V), ii, vi, IV, or I—or any other chord. Because it sounds incomplete or suspended, the half cadence is considered a weak cadence that calls for continuation.


title: Cadence

text: A Phrygian half cadence is a half cadence iv–V in minor, so named because the semitonal motion in the bass (sixth degree to fifth degree) resembles the half-step heard in the ii–I of the 15th-century cadence in the Phrygian mode. Due to its being a survival from modal Renaissance harmony this cadence gives an archaic sound, especially when preceded by v (v–iv–V). A characteristic gesture in Baroque music, the Phrygian cadence often concluded a slow movement immediately followed by a faster one. With the addition of motion in the upper part to the sixth degree, it becomes the Landini cadence.


title: Cadence

text: A Lydian cadence is similar to the Phrygian half cadence, involving iv–V in the minor. The difference is that in the Lydian cadence, the whole iv is raised by a half step. In other words, the Phrygian half cadence begins with the first chord built on scale degree , while the Lydian half cadence is built on the scale degree .


title: Cadence

text: Burgundian cadences became popular in Burgundian music. Note the parallel fourths between the upper voices.


title: Cadence

text: The rare plagal half cadence involves a I–IV progression. Like an authentic cadence (V–I), the plagal half cadence involves an ascending fourth (or, by inversion, a descending fifth). The plagal half cadence is a weak cadence, ordinarily at the ending of an antecedent phrase, after which a consequent phrase commences. One example of this use is in "Auld Lang Syne". But in one very unusual occurrence – the end of the exposition of the first movement of Brahms' Clarinet Trio, Op. 114—it is used to complete not just a musical phrase but an entire section of a movement.


title: Cadence

text: A plagal cadence is a cadence from IV to I. It is also known as the "Amen cadence" because of its frequent setting to the text "Amen" in hymns.


title: Cadence

text: A minor plagal cadence, also known as a perfect plagal cadence, uses the minor iv instead of a major IV. With a very similar voice leading to a perfect cadence, the minor plagal cadence is a strong resolution to the tonic.


title: Cadence

text: The Moravian cadence, which can be found in the works of Leoš Janáček and Bohuslav Martinů amongst others, is a form of plagal cadence in which the outer notes of the first chord each move inwards by a tone to the second. (IV → I). An early suggestion of the Moravian cadence in classical music occurs in Antonín Dvořák’s "New World" Symphony.


title: Cadence

text: "A cadence is called 'interrupted', 'deceptive' or 'false' where the penultimate, dominant chord is not followed by the expected tonic, but by another one, often the submediant." This is the most important irregular resolution, most commonly V–vi (or V–VI) in major or V–VI in minor. This is considered a weak cadence because of the "hanging" (suspended) feeling it invokes.


title: Cadence

text: At the beginning of the final movement of Gustav Mahler's 9th Symphony, the listener hears a string of many deceptive cadences progressing from V to IV.


title: Cadence

text: One of the most striking uses of this cadence is in the A-minor section at the end of the exposition in the first movement of Brahms' Third Symphony. The music progresses to an implied E minor dominant (B) with a rapid chromatic scale upwards but suddenly sidesteps to C major. The same device is used again in the recapitulation; this time the sidestep is—as one would expect—to F major, the tonic key of the whole Symphony.


title: Cadence

text: The interrupted cadence is also frequently used in popular music. For example, the Pink Floyd song "Bring the Boys Back Home" ends with such a cadence (at approximately 0:45–50).


title: Cadence

text: An inverted cadence (also called a "medial cadence") inverts the last chord. It may be restricted only to the perfect and imperfect cadence, or only to the perfect cadence, or it may apply to cadences of all types. To distinguish them from this form, the other, more common forms of cadences listed above are known as "radical cadences".


title: Cadence

text: Metrically accented cadences are considered stronger and are generally of greater structural significance. In the past, the terms "masculine" and "feminine" were sometimes used to describe rhythmically "strong" or "weak" cadences, but this terminology is no longer acceptable to some. Susan McClary has written extensively on the gendered terminology of music and music theory in her book "Feminine Endings."


title: Cadence

text: The example below shows a metrically unaccented cadence (IV–V–I). The final chord is postponed to fall on a weak beat.


title: Cadence

text: A Picardy third (or Picardy cadence) is a harmonic device that originated in Western music in the Renaissance era. It refers to the use of a major chord of the tonic at the end of a musical section that is either modal or in a minor key. The example below shows a picardy third in the final chord, from J.S. Bach's "Jesu, meine Freude" (Jesus, My Joy), mm. 12–13.


title: Cadence

text: The example below shows a cadence featuring an upper leading-tone from a well-known 16th-century lamentation, the debate over which was documented in Rome c. 1540. The final three written notes in the upper voice are B–C–D, in which case a trill on C produces D. However, convention implied a C, and a cadential trill of a whole tone on the second to last note produces D/E, the upper leading-tone of D. Presumably, the debate was over whether to use C–D or C–D for the trill.


title: Cadence

text: Medieval and Renaissance cadences are based upon dyads rather than chords. The first theoretical mention of cadences comes from Guido of Arezzo's description of the "occursus" in his Micrologus, where he uses the term to mean where the two lines of a two-part polyphonic phrase end in a unison.


title: Cadence

text: A clausula or clausula vera ("true close") is a dyadic or intervallic, rather than chordal or harmonic, cadence. In a clausula vera, two voices approach an octave or unison through stepwise motion in contrary motion.


title: Cadence

text: In three voices, the third voice often adds a falling fifth creating a cadence similar to the authentic cadence in tonal music.


title: Cadence

text: According to Carl Dahlhaus, "as late as the 13th century the half step was experienced as a problematic interval not easily understood, as the remainder between the perfect fourth and the ditone:


title: Cadence

text: In a melodic half step, listeners of the time perceived no tendency of the lower tone toward the upper, or the upper toward the lower. The second tone was not the 'goal' of the first. Instead, musicians avoided the half step in clausulas because, to their ears, it lacked clarity as an interval. Beginning in the 13th century, cadences begin to require motion in one voice by half step and the other a whole step in contrary motion.


title: Cadence

text: A plagal cadence was found occasionally as an interior cadence, with the lower voice in two-part writing moving up a perfect fifth or down a perfect fourth.


title: Cadence

text: A pause in one voice may also be used as a weak interior cadence. The example below, Lassus's "Qui vult venire post me", mm. 3–5, shows a pause in the third measure.


title: Cadence

text: In counterpoint, an evaded cadence is one where one of the voices in a suspension does not resolve as expected, and the voices together resolved to a consonance other than an octave or unison (a perfect fifth, a sixth, or a third).


title: Cadence

text: The Corelli cadence, or Corelli clash, named for its association with the violin music of the Corelli school, is a cadence characterized by a major and/or minor second clash between the tonic and the leading-tone or the tonic and supertonic. An example is shown below.


title: Cadence

text: Another "clash cadence", the English cadence, is a contrapuntal pattern particular to the authentic or perfect cadence. It features the blue seventh against the dominant chord, which in the key of C would be B and G–B–D. Popular with English composers of the High Renaissance and Restoration periods in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English cadence is described as sounding archaic or old-fashioned. It was first given its name in the 20th century.


title: Cadence

text: The hallmark of this device is the dissonant augmented octave (compound augmented unison) produced by a false relation between the split seventh scale degree, as shown below in an excerpt from "O sacrum convivium" by Thomas Tallis. The courtesy accidental on the tenor's G is editorial.


title: Cadence

text: A Landini cadence (also known as a "Landini sixth", "Landini sixth cadence", or "under-third cadence") is a cadence that was used extensively in the 14th and early 15th century. It is named after Francesco Landini, a composer who used them profusely. Similar to a clausula vera, it includes an escape tone in the upper voice, which briefly narrows the interval to a perfect fifth before the octave.


title: Cadence

text: The classical and romantic periods of musical history provide many examples of the way the different cadences are used in context.


title: Cadence

text: Mozart’s Romanze from his Piano Concerto No. 20 follows a familiar pattern of a pair of phrases, one ending with a half (imperfect) cadence and the other with an authentic cadence:The presto movement from Beethoven’s String Quartet Op 130 follows the same pattern, but in a minor key:


title: Cadence

text: The Hallelujah Chorus from Handel’s "Messiah" culminates powerfully with an iterated plagal cadence:Debussy’s prelude ‘La Fille aux Cheveux de Lin’ contains a plagal cadence in its 2nd and 3rd bars : One of the most famous endings in all music is found in the concluding bars of Wagner’s opera "Tristan und Isolde", where the dissonant chord in the opening phrase of the opera is finally resolved "three enormous acts and five hours later" in the form of a minor plagal cadence:


title: Cadence

text: In Bach's harmonization of the chorale ‘Wachet auf’, a phrase ending in a deceptive cadence repeats with the cadence changed to an authentic one: The exposition of the first movement of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 21 (The Waldstein Sonata), Op. 53 features a minor key passage where an authentic (perfect) cadence precedes a deceptive (interrupted) one:


title: Cadence

text: Dvořák’s Slavonic Dance, Op. 72, No. 2 features deceptive (interrupted), half (imperfect) and authentic (perfect) cadences within its first sixteen bars:


title: Cadence

text: Debussy's Prelude “La fille aux cheveux de lin” (see also above) concludes with a passage featuring a deceptive (interrupted) cadence that progresses, not from V–VI, but from V–IV:


title: Cadence

text: Some varieties of deceptive cadence that go beyond the usual V–VI pattern lead to some startling effects. For example, a particularly dramatic and abrupt deceptive cadence occurs in the second Presto movement of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 30, Op. 109, bars 97–112, "a striking passage that used to pre-occupy [music] theorists". The music at this point is in B minor, and carries the expectation is that the chord of F sharp (Chord V) will be followed by the tonic chord of B. However, "Dynamics become softer and softer; dominant and tonic chords of B minor appear isolated on the first beat of a bar, separated by silences: until in sudden fortissimo ... the recapitulation bursts on us in the tonic E minor, the B minor dominants left unresolved."


title: Cadence

text: According to Richard Taruskin, in this Toccata, "the already much-delayed resolution is thwarted (m204) by what was the most spectacular 'deceptive cadence' anyone had composed as of the second decade of the eighteenth century ... producing an especially pungent effect." Hermann Keller describes the effect of this cadence as follows: "the splendour of the end with the famous third inversion of the seventh chord, who would not be enthralled by that?"


title: Cadence

text: A deceptive cadence is a useful means for extending a musical narrative. In the closing passage of Bach’s Prelude in F minor from Book II of the "Well-Tempered Clavier", the opening theme returns and seems headed towards a possible final resolution on an authentic (perfect) cadence. What the listener may expect is:


title: Cadence

text: Instead, at bar 60, Bach inserts a deceptive cadence (V–VI in F minor), leading to a lengthy digression of some dozen bars before reaching resolution on the final (V–I) cadence.


title: Cadence

text: In jazz, a cadence is often referred to as a "turnaround", chord progressions that lead back and resolve to the tonic (for example, the ii-V-I turnaround). Turnarounds may be used at any point and not solely before the tonic.


title: Cadence

text: Half-step cadences are common in jazz if not cliché. For example, the ascending diminished seventh chord half-step cadence, which—using a secondary diminished seventh chord—creates momentum between two chords a major second apart (with the diminished seventh in between).


title: Cadence

text: Rhythmic cadences often feature a final note longer than the prevailing note values and this often follows a characteristic rhythmic pattern repeated at the end of the phrase. The example below shows a characteristic rhythmic cadence at the end of the first phrase of J.S. Bach's "Brandenburg Concerto" No. 3 in G major, BMV 1048, mvmt. I, mm. 1–2:


title: Belly (film)

text: Belly is a 1998 American crime drama film written and directed by music video director Hype Williams, in his feature film directing debut. Filmed in New York City, the film stars rappers Nas and DMX in their film debut, alongside Taral Hicks, Method Man, and R&B singer T-Boz.


title: Belly (film)

text: In 1999 Queens, New York City, young street criminals Tommy "Buns" Brown and Sincere ("Sin"), along with associates Mark and Black, murder five people during a violent nightclub robbery. After celebrating with the gang, Sincere returns home to his girlfriend Tionne and infant daughter Kenya.


title: Belly (film)

text: The following morning, Tommy asks Sincere to help him sell a new form of heroin. Sincere, who has begun having second thoughts about his life of crime, reluctantly agrees. Tommy then visits Ox, a wealthy Jamaican drug lord, who agrees to obtain the heroin on the condition that Tommy repay him with a favor at a later date.


title: Belly (film)

text: In Mark's grandmother's basement, the gang convenes to discuss the nascent drug operation; one of Tommy's associates, Knowledge, will be involved in the operation. Knowledge tells Tommy over the phone that Black had been talking about robbing Sincere to get his larger share of the loot from the nightclub. Enraged, Tommy forces Black to strip naked in front of the others, firing warning shots with a handgun wildly into the floor to force him to strip naked or else the next shot would not be a warning shot.


title: Belly (film)

text: The gang begins transporting heroin from Queens to Omaha, Nebraska, where they begin to overrun the local drug business. Big Head Rico, an Omaha dealer, informs the police of their activities. The resulting raid at their stash-house ends with Mark's death and Knowledge's arrest. Knowledge angrily realizes that Tommy will not bail him out of jail, and calls Shameek, a.k.a. Father Sha, to both infiltrate Rico's gang and kill Tommy. Shameek drinks shots that Rico spikes with some sort of powder and Shameek tells Rico that he was sent by Knowledge to look after Rico and his henchmen blowing his cover causing Rico to get up and inform his henchmen at a strip club, but is gunned down by Shameek when he tries to flee. Shameek is shot by the bartender and stumbles out of the club. He shoots at and evades the police.


title: Belly (film)

text: Tommy travels to Jamaica and repays Ox by killing Sosa, the son of a local drug lord. Back home, Tommy's girlfriend Keisha is arrested by police and later bailed out by Tionne. Tommy finds out about the raid and leaves town. Pelpa, a close friend of Sosa, finds out that Ox ordered the hit on Sosa. Pelpa sends a hit squad to kill Ox in his home. Ox kills most of the hitmen before dying at the hands of a female assassin.


title: Belly (film)

text: Sincere prepares to leave the drug trade and move his family to Africa, planning to leave on New Year's Day 2000. Meanwhile, while laying low in Atlanta, Tommy instigates an argument between Wise and LaKid, two marijuana dealers, which ends with both men to drawing their guns and LaKid shooting Wise. After being arrested over the shooting, Tommy is coerced by a shadowy organization with unclear motives into assassinating a Black Muslim leader, Rev. Saviour, during a sermon on New Year's Eve. Tionne comes home and finds herself confronted by Shameek and his henchmen, who had already broken into the home in hopes of finding Sincere, but were unsuccessful, so they waited until someone came home and Tionne came home and Shameek and the henchmen attempt to interrogate and demand the whereabouts of Sincere and Tommy.


title: Belly (film)

text: While Sincere talks to a friend who is his barber outside a barbershop, Black shoots him in the leg as revenge for his earlier humiliation. Sincere and his barber kill Black and his accomplice in self-defense before fleeing the scene. On New Year's Eve, Tommy confronts Rev. Saviour before his scheduled speech and points his gun at him. Saviour convinces Tommy not to go through with his mission, even though this will put his life at risk.


title: Belly (film)

text: A tearful Tommy agrees, and the two men embrace. Shameek breaks into one of Tommy's homes, (but in this case the home is Tommy's main home) where Keisha is living, in the hopes of finding Tommy there. He interrogates and assaults Keisha, who manages to turn the tables and get a hold of Shameek's gun and shoots him in the face. Sincere, now in Africa with his family, reflects on recent events and is happy to start a new life.


title: Belly (film)

text: While filming "Belly", the production was mired by frequent clashes between Williams and the producers, budget constraints, and cast members showing up drunk, high, or late. Much of the $3 million budget was used up on the film's opening scene, which was filmed in the former Tunnel nightclub in New York City. The film's costume designer, June Ambrose, recalled that Williams wanted the film's "shiny look" to "forecast what the hip-hop genre's gonna look like in the millennium." Williams revealed that Jay-Z was considered for the film's title role.


title: Belly (film)

text: When "Belly" was released in the United States in November 1998, some critics condemned it for its demeaning depictions of young Black or African American men. Furthermore, the Magic Johnson Theatres, a film theater chain then owned by the former basketball player Magic Johnson, banned the film from being shown on its screens due to "negative and violent depictions of African Americans."


title: Belly (film)

text: The film was poorly received by critics, scoring a 20% on Rotten Tomatoes from 20 reviews. Although it was generally praised for its highly stylized "noir-like" visual design and cinematography, it was criticized for what was seen as a weak plot.


title: Belly (film)

text: The film has since developed a cult following. Clayton Purdom of "The A.V. Club" described "Belly" as a "far from a perfect film, but it radiates talent, both from Williams and the musicians he captured at their commercial and artistic peak." Khris Davenport of "Complex" doubled down on the film's legacy and influence, writing that Williams "blazed a trail in black cinema that some filmmakers are only just now starting to understand and build upon."


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Mark Andrews (born September 6, 1995) is an American football tight end for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma and was drafted by the Ravens in the third round of the 2018 NFL Draft. Andrews has been elected to the Pro Bowl twice and was named to the 2021 All-Pro Team after setting the Ravens' single-season record for receptions and receiving yards.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Andrews was born in Scottsdale, Arizona to Paul and Martha Andrews. His father is a urologist and his mother works in real estate. He has two brothers and a sister.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Andrews was diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes when he was nine years old, but has been unhindered by the disease throughout his career.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Andrews attended Desert Mountain High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. He played wide receiver in high school and had 68 receptions for 1,122 yards and 17 touchdowns as a senior, 81 receptions for 1,494 yards and 21 touchdowns as a junior and 58 receptions for 1,058 yards and 10 touchdowns as a sophomore. His quarterback in high school was Kyle Allen. He held the Arizona high school record for career receptions, before Kade Warner, the son of Kurt Warner, broke his record. Andrews committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Andrews switched from wide receiver to tight end at Oklahoma. After redshirting his first year in 2014, he played in all 13 games with one start in 2015 and had 19 receptions for 318 yards and seven touchdowns. In 2016, Andrews started 11 of 13 games, recording 31 receptions for 489 yards and seven touchdowns. He was the recipient of the 2017 John Mackey Award. In early January 2018, it was announced that Andrews would forgo his senior year at Oklahoma in favor of the 2018 NFL Draft. Andrews finished his three years at Oklahoma with the sixth most touchdown receptions (22) by any receiver and had the most receiving yards (1,765) by a tight end.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: On January 4, 2018, Andrews announced his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL Draft. Andrews attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed all of the combine and positional drills. His overall performance was described as solid by scouts and analysts. On March 14, 2018, Andrews participated at Oklahoma's pro day, but chose to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Andrews was projected to be a second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the fourth best tight end prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com, Scouts Inc., NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and "Sports Illustrated".


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: The Baltimore Ravens selected Andrews in the third round (86th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. Andrews was the fourth tight end drafted in 2018 and was the second tight end drafted by the Ravens, after Hayden Hurst (25th overall).


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: On May 16, 2018, the Baltimore Ravens signed Andrews to a four-year, $3.45 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $836,660.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Throughout training camp, Andrews competed to be a starting tight end against Hayden Hurst, Nick Boyle, and Maxx Williams. Head coach John Harbaugh named Andrews the fourth tight end to start the regular season, behind Hurst, Williams, and Boyle.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: In the season opener against the Buffalo Bills, Andrews made his NFL debut and had three receptions for 31 yards in the 47–3 victory. On September 13, Andrews scored his first-career touchdown in the 23–34 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Andrews closed out the 2018 regular season with 34 receptions for 552 yards and three touchdowns. He was responsible for two of the Ravens longest passing plays that season. The first was a 74-yard catch-and-run against the Oakland Raiders on November 25 and the second was a 68-yard touchdown against the Los Angeles Chargers on December 22. He led all rookie tight ends in receiving yards and finished third in receptions.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: In Week 1 against the Miami Dolphins, Andrews had eight catches for 108 yards and one touchdown as the Ravens won 59–10. In Week 2 against the Arizona Cardinals, Andrews caught eight passes for 112 yards and one touchdown as the Ravens won 23–17. In Week 16 against the Cleveland Browns, Andrews caught six passes for 93 yards and two touchdowns during the 31–15 win. Overall, Andrews finished the 2019 season with 64 receptions for 852 receiving yards and ten receiving touchdowns. His ten receiving touchdowns led the league among tight ends and tied with Cooper Kupp for second in the league among all positions. He was named to his first Pro Bowl for his efforts in the 2019 season.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Andrews started the 2020 season off with five catches for 58 yards and two receiving touchdowns in the Ravens' 38–6 victory over the Cleveland Browns. In Week 3 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Andrews caught three of his eight targets and dropped a potential touchdown pass in the end zone during the 20–34 loss. Andrews rebounded in the following week’s game against the Washington Football Team, catching three passes for 57 yards and two touchdowns during the 31–17 win. In Week 11 against the Tennessee Titans, Andrews recorded five catches for 96 yards and a touchdown during the 24–30 overtime loss. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on November 30, 2020, and activated on December 9. Andrews finished the 2020 season with 58 receptions for 701 receiving yards and seven receiving touchdowns.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: On September 6, 2021, the Ravens signed Andrews to a four-year, $56 million extension including $37.6 million guaranteed. In Week 3 against the Detroit Lions, Andrews had five receptions for 109 yards in a 19–17 comeback win. It was Andrews' first 100-yard game since Week 2 of the 2019 season. In Week 5 against the Indianapolis Colts, Andrews caught 11 of 13 targets for 147 yards and two touchdowns as well as two two-point conversion receptions (all career-highs), helping the Ravens to rally and win in overtime 31–25. Later that season, Andrews recorded three straight 100-yard receiving games between Weeks 14–16. In Week 14, Andrews recorded 11 receptions (tying his career-high from earlier in the season) for 115 yards and a touchdown in a 22–24 loss to the Cleveland Browns. The next week, he had 10 receptions for 136 yards and two touchdowns in a 30–31 loss to the Green Bay Packers. In Week 16, he had eight receptions for 125 yards and a touchdown in 21–41 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Andrews would go on to finish the season setting a career high in receptions (107) and receiving yards (1,361) to go along with 9 receiving touchdowns in 17 games played. At the end of the season, Andrews was voted into his second Pro Bowl and was named First-team All-Pro by the Associated Press. He was ranked 32nd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Andrews entered the 2022 season as a full-time starter for the first time in his career. In a Week 2 38–42 loss to the Miami Dolphins, he had his first 100-yard receiving game of the season with nine receptions for 104 yards and a touchdown along with a three yard rush. The next week against the New England Patriots, he eight receptions for 89 yards and two touchdowns in the 37–26 win. Andrews recorded his second 100-yard performance in a Week 6 20–24 loss to the New York Giants, finishing the game with seven receptions for 106 yards and a touchdown.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: Because of his Type 1 diabetes, Andrews wears an insulin pump, except when he plays football. He serves as a spokesperson for those with diabetes and speaks with young people about its effects and ways to live with diabetes.


title: Mark Andrews (American football)

text: His brother Jack is a urologist, his sister Annie is a dentist, and his other brother, Charlie, works in real estate.


title: Vatican Museums

text: The Vatican Museums (; ) are the public museums of the Vatican City. They display works from the immense collection amassed by the Catholic Church and the papacy throughout the centuries, including several of the most well-known Roman sculptures and most important masterpieces of Renaissance art in the world. The museums contain roughly 70,000 works, of which 20,000 are on display, and currently employ 640 people who work in 40 different administrative, scholarly, and restoration departments.


title: Vatican Museums

text: Pope Julius II founded the museums in the early 16th century. The Sistine Chapel, with its ceiling and altar wall decorated by Michelangelo, and the Stanze di Raffaello (decorated by Raphael) are on the visitor route through the Vatican Museums.


title: Vatican Museums

text: In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Vatican Museums were visited by only 1,300,000 persons, a drop of 81 percent from the number of visitors in 2019, but still enough to rank the museums fourth among the most-visited art museums in the world.


title: Vatican Museums

text: There are 24 galleries, or rooms, in total, with the Sistine Chapel, notably, being the last room visited within the Museum.


title: Vatican Museums

text: The Vatican Museums trace their origin to one marble sculpture, purchased in the 16th century: "Laocoön and His Sons" was discovered on 14 January 1506, in a vineyard near the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. Pope Julius II sent Giuliano da Sangallo and Michelangelo, who were working at the Vatican, to examine the discovery. On their recommendation, the Pope immediately purchased the sculpture from the vineyard owner. The Pope put the sculpture, which represents the Trojan priest Laocoön and his two sons, Antiphantes and Thymbraeus being attacked by giant serpents, on public display at the Vatican exactly one month after its discovery.


title: Vatican Museums

text: Benedict XIV founded the "Museum Christianum", and some of the Vatican collections formed the Lateran Museum, which Pius IX founded by decree in 1854.


title: Vatican Museums

text: The museums celebrated their 500th anniversary in October 2006 by permanently opening the excavations of a Vatican Hill necropolis to the public.


title: Vatican Museums

text: On 1 January 2017, Barbara Jatta became the Director of the Vatican Museums, replacing Antonio Paolucci who had been director since 2007.


title: Vatican Museums

text: The art gallery was housed in the Borgia Apartment until Pius XI ordered construction of a dedicated building. The new building, designed by Luca Beltrami, was inaugurated on 27 October 1932. The museum's paintings include:


title: Vatican Museums

text: The Collection of Modern Religious Art was added in 1973 and houses paintings and sculptures from such artists as Carlo Carrà, Giorgio de Chirico, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Marc Chagall, Paul Klee, Salvador Dalí, and Pablo Picasso.


title: Vatican Museums

text: The group of museums includes several sculpture museums surrounding the Cortile del Belvedere. These are the Museo Gregoriano Profano, with classical sculpture, and others as below:


title: Vatican Museums

text: The museum takes its name from two popes: Clement XIV, who established the museum, and Pius VI, who brought it to completion. Clement XIV came up with the idea of creating a new museum in Innocent VIII's Belvedere Palace and started the refurbishment work.


title: Vatican Museums

text: Clement XIV founded the Museo Pio-Clementino in 1771; it originally contained artworks of antiquity and the Renaissance. The museum and collection were enlarged by Clement's successor Pius VI. Today, the museum houses works of Greek and Roman sculpture. Some notable galleries are as follows:


title: Vatican Museums

text: This museum was founded in the early 19th century by Pius VII, whose surname before his election as Pope was Chiaramonti. The museum consists of a large arched gallery in which are exhibited several statues, sarcophagi and friezes. The New Wing, or Braccio Nuovo, built by Raffaele Stern, houses statues including the Augustus of Prima Porta, the "Doryphoros", and "The River Nile". It is in the Neoclassical style and has a wide arched roof with skylights. The Galleria Lapidaria forms part of the Museo Chiaramonti, and contains over 3,000 stone tablets and inscriptions. It is accessible only with special permission, usually for the purpose of academic study.


title: Vatican Museums

text: Founded by Gregory XVI in 1837, this museum has nine galleries and houses Etruscan pieces, coming from archaeological excavations in the territory of the Papal State as well as other works already held in the Vatican. The collection include vases, sarcophagus, bronzes, terracotta, ceramics as well as works from the Falcioni and Guglielmi Collections.


title: Vatican Museums

text: This museum houses a large collection of artifacts from Ancient Egypt and also many Egyptian works of Roman production in nine rooms. The Carlo Grassi Collection of bronzes is part of the collection. Such material includes papyruses, sarcophagi, mummies, sculptures and reproductions of the "Book of the Dead".


title: Vatican Museums

text: The Vatican Historical Museum () was founded in 1973 at the behest of Paul VI, and was initially hosted in environments under the Square Garden. In 1987, it moved to the main floor of the Lateran Palace, where it opened in March 1991.


title: Ryan Hurd

text: Ryan James Hurd (born November 2, 1986) is an American country music singer and songwriter. In addition to writing No. 1 singles for Blake Shelton, Lady A, and Luke Bryan, Hurd has recorded for RCA Records Nashville.


title: Ryan Hurd

text: Hurd was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Kalamazoo, Michigan before moving to Nashville, Tennessee. Hurd met his future wife Maren Morris while writing the ballad “Last Turn Home” for Tim McGraw.


title: Ryan Hurd

text: In 2014, Hurd co-wrote the song "Intoxicated" with the band Hinder, the song was released as the third single from their 2015 album "When the Smoke Clears and debuted #8 on the US Active Rock Chart.


title: Ryan Hurd

text: In 2015, Hurd wrote "Lonely Tonight", a No 1 Country Airplay single for Blake Shelton and Ashley Monroe.


title: Ryan Hurd

text: Hurd was featured on Rolling Stone Country's "Artists You Need to Know" list. and CMT named him one of their "Listen Up" Artists of 2016. Hurd has also toured with Chase Rice, Thomas Rhett, Florida Georgia Line, and Morris. Hurd's debut single was "Love in a Bar". In January 2020, he embarked on a tour in support of his "Platonic" EP with Adam Doleac and Niko Moon.


title: Ryan Hurd

text: In 2021, Hurd released his most successful single. "Chasing After You", the first duet he recorded with his wife Maren Morris. The song is his first top 10 hit on the country charts, and reached No. 23 on the Hot 100. The song is the lead single from his album "Pelago", which was released on October 15, 2021.


title: Ryan Hurd

text: Hurd and Maren Morris were married on March 24, 2018, in Nashville, Tennessee. On March 23, 2020, Morris gave birth to their son.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Sinf-e-Aahan () is a Pakistani television series produced by Next Level Entertainment and Six Sigma Plus in collaboration with ISPR. It is directed by Nadeem Baig and written by Umera Ahmad. The serial stars Sajal Aly, Kubra Khan, Yumna Zaidi, Ramsha Khan and Syra Yousuf.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Sinf-e-Aahan is the story of seven girls from different backgrounds whose lives change after joining the army. The serial aired weekly Saturday night Prime Time television on ARY Digital from 27 November 2021 to 7 May 2022.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Seven girls from different backgrounds and walks of life abandon routine female duties to achieve something greater than themselves and the expectations of their families by responding to their country's call to duty. Though all are extremely competent both academically (all having been educated to Masters Level) and socially, they find that there is more to life than what the world thinks of women to be. Taking it upon themselves to go through all the trials and tribulations that constitute the forging of an army officer, we see how they are transformed from soft rose-petal-like shy timid girls to women of steel 'Sinf-e-Aahan' as the name suggests by going through the same rigours and furnaces as their male counterparts in order to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with men in the service of their nation.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: The story begins as we see the main characters enter the stage. Arzoo Daniel (Syra Yousuf) is a Catholic girl from Youhana Bagh neighbourhood of Lahore who lives with her parents, two sisters & brother in a relatively hostile area where girls are jeered upon and ridiculed. They live on rent in a house owned by Naurez’s (Asad Siddiqui) family. Naurez & Arzoo like each other. Second, Mahjabeen Mastaan (Kubra Khan) – an Overseas Pakistani businessman’s aristocratic minded daughter who has nothing but fashion on her mind, but idolizes the great women of Pakistan who have made their mark in the country’s history – especially Lt. Gen. Nigar Johar. She has a very strained relationship with her parents and spends most of her time out with friends. She is very close to one of her cousins Kumail (Ali Rehman Khan) and the latter sees her as a possible life partner. Third, Pariwesh Jamal (Ramsha Khan), the daughter of a labouring farmer under the yoke of the local landlord who has kept her father’s land on mortgage against a loan with which Jamal has educated his daughter to Masters Level. Fourth, Rabia Safeer (Sajal Aly), an upper middle class pampered girl who aspires to do something else with her life apart from baking & entertaining guests, some of whom come for her hand in marriage, Fifth, Shaista Khanzada (Yumna Zaidi) a Patthan from Waziristan who is an artist. She joins the army to run away from home (especially from the grasp of her Hitler-like grandmother), but her fiancé cousin, Kaamil (Junaid Jamshed) who has a soft corner for her, is always protective of her. Sixth, Syeda Sidra Batool (Dananeer Mobeen), the comic member of the group who seemingly joins the Army to ‘Have a Good Time.’ The first 5 episodes open the canvas to show how each of these girls break the chains of normal ‘girl life’ and go through the rigours of the Pakistan Armed Forces selection process and meet first time at their nearest ISSB Testing Centre. At their selection, each is overjoyed to run away from home. At the ISSB selection centre, as these girls spend close to 5 days under close evaluation for their physical, mental and psychological skills, each of them disclose their strengths and weaknesses in the personality interview. At the end of the 5 days at the ISSB selection centre, our six main characters receive their appointment letters and, due to them all being post grads in their respective field of study, they are inducted directly at the rank of Captain.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: As each of these 6 girls arrive at PMA, they say goodbye to their parents and family members. Jamal comes to drop Pariwesh but is afraid of his daughter’s future, as his landlord’s son Subuk is also at PMA and (to Jamal’s thinking) Subuk may be a hindrance to Pariwesh’s career. To settle this, the Commandant consoles Jamal and meets the landlord to congratulate him on giving permission for Pariwesh to join Pakistan Army. This increases the respect the landlord has in his heart for Jamal & Pariwesh.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: As the story now moves for the first time to Kandy, Sri Lanka, we see our 7th main character, Nathmy Pereira (Yehali Tashiya Kalidasa) as she comes home from Lankan Military Academy with a ‘letter of attachment’ with Pakistan Military Academy (PMA). Nathmy’s mother is overjoyed at this news that her daughter is going to follow in her father’s footsteps by going for training with PMA. As Nathmy thinks of her possible future there, her mother removes from her closet a much treasured memory of Nathmy’s father’s days at PMA with a photograph of Nathmy’s father, Lankan Army Officer Tehaan Pereira and his platoon mates with (especially his best friend) Mujahid Saleem. Her mother also hands over an item of Mujahid Saleem’s personal possession which needs to be returned to him (if Nathmy gets a chance to meet him – that is). During this time, Nathmy has been polishing her command over the Urdu language so as to feel comfortable during her time in her second home.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: The beginning of Episode 6 continues in Kandy, Sri Lanka, where Nathmy Pereira who is selected for attachment to Pakistan Military Academy (PMA), an institution which is in no way alien to her, to her father & to the Republic of Sri Lanka from where cadets have been inducted for several years into PMA is getting ready to leave for Pakistan. We are told that Nathmy's father trained at PMA. We see Nathmy prepare for her departure to PMA, as do all the other six girls. We also get to know that Nathmy’s father, Tehaan Pereira had a dear friend from his days at PMA (Col. Mujahid Saleem) and who served with him during the Sri Lankan Army’s joint coalition with Pak Army against the LTTE during 2008-2009 Terrorist Attacks, in which Nathmy’s father was martyred.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Our attention turns to a new cast member who joins to head the battalion command of the ladies wing at PMA - SSG Commando, Major Usama, (Sheheryar Munawar) and his wife, Kiran (Sonia Mishal) & their daughter. As Nathmy arrives in Pakistan, she receives a warm welcome by the representatives of Pak Army who are to escort her from Islamabad International Airport to PMA Kakul, Abbottabad. All Lady Cadets arrive at PMA and are heartily welcomed at the inaugural gala dinner where Nathmy meets a young Gentleman Cadet (GC) Shehryar, who relates his family link to the Sri Lankan culture and Sri Lankan Army via his father (later to see that he is the son of the same Col. Mujahid Saleem who was Nathmy’s father’s comrade in the Pak - Lankan Military coalition against the LTTE.) While all other lady Cadets marvel at the facilities, Mahjabeen is not amused. The mere thought of being tied down by rules immediately ignites an inner hostility against PMA's system, and she vows to run away the moment any pressure of compliance is placed upon her. Suddenly Mahjabeen sees Rabia’s brother who was once her love interest, but chooses to ignore him. When the lady Cadets (LCs) enter the company lines, their luggage is checked and all useless stuff is instructed to be sent back home. This meant that all flashy lady-like makeup / dresses / paraphernalia brought by Mahjabeen and spiritual items like amulets, rosaries, and talismans and the like brought by others were all impermissible.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: The girls’ first company 'fall-in' left a lot to be desired and it was clear that this LCs batch would require the equivalent of a mountain to be climbed. For issues ranging from attitude, agility, stamina, mental tuning, motivation & overall military bearing, they had a long road ahead of them. It was clear that the next six months for them would be nothing short of ‘hell on earth’. The LC’s ‘iron tough’ platoon commander Maj. Samia (real Maj. Samia Rahman) is seen in her private life as a tender mother of an ailing son, thus revealing the other side of her personality. The girls console each other as they are all home-sick and even wipe each other’s tears. As Maj. Usama takes command of the LCs unit, he remembers his own days at PMA with his best friend Capt. Taimur.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: At the early morning PT drill & 'fall-in', the girls are introduced to a literal meaning & paraphrase of each couplet in the Pakistan National Anthem to make their sense of commitment to their country even stronger. We are made to witness the beginning of the many rigours that these ‘rose petal- like’ flimsy girls would require in order to turn them into ‘Women of Steel’. At the end of each tough day they take turns in massaging one other’s bruises & blisters. We are shown some of the mischief that the girls get up to – being girls. Major Usama watches the girls going through their drills and as they grunt, whimper & moan during which his mind wanders back to his own days along with Taimur. We see Usama’s wife’s own flashbacks of her first marriage with Usama’s best friend Taimur. Pariwesh’s father Jamal gets into trouble as his landlord finds out that without his permission, Jamal sent his daughter to enrol in the Pakistan Military Academy, but then the landlord, is internally glad at Jamal’s desire for progress. At the end of the first week each LC writes a letter home which their department will dispatch.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: As each of the LCs write to their parents and family members, we – the viewers get a good insight to how good or otherwise their communication is with their families. For example, Mahjabeen who perhaps was writing to her parents for the first time, made not only her parents cry but also the viewers about how life - as she knew it - has turned on its head as she learned for the first time perhaps – what it means to be a complete Pakistani with purpose in life. By now the rest of the platoon have been able to understand that there is a strong sense of bad blood between Rabia & Mahjabeen, and they all in their own way try to ease the tension between the two. Meanwhile, Kiran’s friend discusses with her husband possible reasons for the change in Kiran’s manner after the death of her first husband Taimur. Shaista Khanzada, the second LC, writes to her grandma about her experiences and how she has become the disciplined young woman her grandma and parents wanted her to be. As the girls platoon change roommates, Nathmy moves in with Rabia who figures out that Nathmy can not only understand Urdu but can speak Urdu to considerable proficiency (because Nathmy’s father served with the Pakistan Army and in turn taught her and her mother). The other LCs now are at ease in communicating with Nathmy in Urdu. As Rabia writes home to her brother, she shares the fact that no matter how strong she ever becomes after being trained by PMA, she will always remain his baby sister who is afraid of mice, and gets upset about the fact that the ladies may only get to serve Pak Army in support services – not in the front line combat zones or on the battlefield.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: As Usama watches the LCs during their drill again, and he thinks back to all the goof-ups he and Taimur used to be involved in, and that he too found the training at PMA unbearable at times. When we see Pariwesh writing home, she mentions more of her aspirations once she becomes a full-fledged soldier, the fact that she will send her salary home to pay off the mortgage on her father’s land instead of using it. She tells her father that all the lessons of rifle shooting & marksmanship which she learnt as a child are now coming in handy. As the LCs are at the shooting range, Nathmy holding her rifle thinks back to when her father returned from PMA and taught her how to fire a pistol. Her present ability to wield a weapon and use it made her think back to when her father lay mortally wounded, shouting for her to hand over the pistol – but she stood there frozen, and watched him being shot to death as he lay on the ground and also that (had her father been alive today) he would have indeed marvelled at her abilities & achievement.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Usama notices Kiran melancholy and in grief, but Kiran refuses to share the pain of Taimur’s death and to discuss anything with him in that regard. In sympathy, all Usama can do is wait till she is ready to open up to him. Yet Kiran takes pride in watching Usama become the father to her daughter that she always wanted Taimur to be. The LCs get ready for a speech competition and Pariwesh is petrified, but Mahjabeen helps her to prepare. Arzoo writes home to tell her family that now she is old enough to uphold the household financial responsibilities. She has now found her life’s objective, which is not to get married to her landlord’s son, Naurez.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: The LCs go for their first assessment – the marching & saluting test. All LCs pass the test except Mahjabeen. All successful LCs are permitted to go home for the mid-term break after the assessment. Rabia asks the platoon commander for permission to take LC Nathmy home with her to Islamabad during the mid-term break. As Nathmy is an overseas cadet, prior approval is required from the Sri Lankan embassy, after which Nathmy is allowed to exit the grounds of PMA. Gladly, the Sri Lankan Embassy agree to allow Nathmy to leave the PMA grounds during vacations. Mahjabeen is heartbroken at her failure to perform and is determined to pass in the next attempt. As Pariwesh goes home, she and Jamal see the landlord awaiting his son, only to find out that GC Subuk has failed his marching & saluting test. Pariwesh request the landlord to return her father’s land if she pays the mortgage from her salary. The landlord says nothing but is surprised at Pariwesh’s sense of dignity & integrity, which he really admires. Shaista is picked up by her cousin and fiancé Kaamil to whom she requests to release her from her engagement commitment in return for the love he has for her, so that she can concentrate wholeheartedly on her Army career.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Arzoo beats up a bunch of hooligans in her neighbourhood showing that she doesn’t tolerate crap from anyone. Nathmy is warmly welcomed at Rabia’s house and she has a good time. Arzoo shows Naurez that she has better commitments with life than a marriage with him and tries to break off all links. As Usama, Kiran & their daughter go for a walk, she thinks about Taimur and how she wanted to be the wife of a commando to live in the most posh of Army neighbourhoods. Little did she know that her wish would one day come true after getting married to Major Usama (who is an SSG Commando). Rabia & Nathmy go shopping and she bumps into her ex fiancé, Captain Nasar (Asim Azhar), who Nathmy beats up thinking he is a street mugger. Mahjabeen passes her marching & saluting test and goes home. When her car breaks down she shows her folks she can fix a car too. Naurez comes to Arzoo’s house to attempt a patch up but she breaks up any remaining links by asking him to leave. Mahjabeen’s friend Kumail also notes the change in her and is happy. Taimur’s mother comes to visit Usama & Kiran and she treats Usama as if he was her own son. Kiran shares her grief with her ex-mother-in-law and the old woman in her wisdom tells her that she is the widow of one national hero and the wife of another. She should shed no tears or else no soldier will ever muster the courage to lay down his life for his country. Nathmy explores the Northern Areas of Pakistan towards Gilgit. As it is time for the LCs to go back to PMA, they all get ready to say goodbye to their families an loved-ones. While coming to say ‘goodbye’ to Mahjabeen, Captain Nasar confronts Mahjabeen for lying to him about Rabia that she is a ‘Bi-polar disordered patient’ thereby breaking up their engagement.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Taimur’s mother at dinner with Usama, Kiran & their daughter Mahnoor, sees how the little girl stresses on the importance of having salad more than the meal itself and it reminds her that Taimur was exactly the same – so his daughter is a ‘chip off the old block’. Every time anyone mentions Taimur (even if it is his mother), Kiran breaks out into tears and thus she tells Usama not to mention Taimur in front of her to his mother, to which Usama says that no one can stop a grieving mother from talking about her martyred son. Room-mates change again at PMA and this time Mahjabeen is paired up with Rabia. Now every time Rabia & Mahjabeen face each other, flashbacks emerge referring to the reason behind their fall out as friends. We are told that since a very long time Rabia had in her mind Mahjabeen (who was her best friend since childhood) as a perfect life partner for her elder brother - SSG Commando Capt. Daniyal (Usman Mukhtar), and it appeared very evidently that Daniyal & Mahjabeen were headed exactly towards this. However, once as Rabiya went to Mahjabeen’s house, she overheard Mahjabeen talking to her cousin Kumail about how much he loves her. That changed Rabia’s decision and she decided that if someone else likes Mahjabeen, then maybe matchmaking her for Daniyal wouldn't be a good idea, so without telling Mahjabeen, Rabia’s family found another suitable match for Daniyal. Mahjabeen found out when she saw the engagement invitation cards. Of course, Mahjabeen felt betrayed and heartbroken, because no matter how aristocratic Mahjabeen was, she would cherish the idea of being her best friend's sister-in-law. So Mahjabeen in revenge made up a phoney story that Rabia was under medical treatment for ‘Bi-polar Disorder’ and she is not suitable for her cousin Capt. Nasar who was already Rabia’s fiancé. Consequently Nasar, after making a decision purely on rumour & hear-say, broke up the engagement.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Four LCs are selected for the upcoming adventure course which includes mountaineering and paragliding. These are Rabia, Sidra, Arzoo & Nathmy. Rabia, Sidra & Arzoo go to the platoon commander and try to bail out of the course by giving the names of three replacement LCs. The platoon commander shuns their request and sends them off to prepare for the exercise. Sidra thinks it to be her last few hours alive, bids farewell to her comrades. After the adventure course, Naurez calls Arzoo and threatens her that if she doesn’t resign from PMA and come back to the way things were before, then he will destroy her credibility by telling PMA that she has illicit relations with neighbourhood boys and would send photos of himself & Arzoo to support a fake claim. This worries Arzoo but she can’t talk about this to anyone. On the next platoon exercise, Mahjabeen violates certain rules & codes of conduct and loses a part of her rifle. She is on the verge of being dismissed from PMA (as this is her 3rd and final warning) just when Rabia finds the missing piece of Mahjabeen’s rifle, consequently saving her career. Mahjabeen vows to repay this kindness with honour, but Rabia couldn’t care less after what Mahjabeen has done by splitting up her & Nasar. After the field exercise, the disturbed Arzoo confides in her platoon commander and turns in her resignation from PMA rather than trash the credibility of PMA by her plight. But Major Samia refuses Arzoo’s resignation and after discussing this issue with Major Usama, they decide to call Naurez to PMA and sort out this issue face to face. Naurez thinks that Arzoo has accepted his terms and comes to meet Arzoo at PMA. There Major Usama catches Naurez by the scruff of the neck and warns him against harassing Arzoo & her family or else be ready to face a prison sentence for attempted assault & mental torture. He takes Naurez’s cell phone full of his & Arzoo’s personal photos (and informs him that the data will be erased and the phone will be dispatched back to him by courier) and then throws him out through the gates of PMA. Maj. Usama & Maj. Samia assure Arzoo that they are willing to go to all lengths to assist her, as she is a valuable asset to the PMA.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Kiran watches a distraught Usama coming back from PMA and asks him what happened to which he doesn’t reply. Usama thinks it is time for him to have a heart-to-heart talk with Kiran about Taimur whether she likes it or not. He relates the entire story of the last military campaign in which he & Taimur were action on the battlefront together, and how having been shot in the chest by terrorists, he breathed his last in Usama’s arms, requesting him to take care of his family as a gesture of his love & friendship for him. After hearing this, Kiran is convinced of Usama’s commitment to her and she lays her arms around him.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Finally come the days of the Annual PMA rifle shooting contest. After each failing shooter is dismissed, the third day begins with only 2 champions – Subuk (Pariwesh’s Village landlord’s son) and Pariwesh herself. After Pariwesh wins the contest, Subuk tells his father (the village landlord) that Jamal’s daughter Pariwesh is in every way superior and better at rifle shooting than himself and that she & her family deserve honour & respect. When the LCs return home after the rifle shooting contest, the village landlord visits Jamal’s house to meet Pariwesh. The landlord praises Pariwesh & returns the ownership deed of Jamal’s land back to Pariwesh as a symbol of the respect & honour she has gained in his eyes. He also rewards her with an assault rifle as a gift.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: After coming back home, Rabia talks to her brother about what could have been (the match between Daniyal & Mahjabeen and also the one between Nasar & herself) and says that life has gone too far forward and it is not possible to turn back the clock. On the other side, Shaista - seeing the good in her cousin Kaamil, re-affirms their engagement and the two smile at each other.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: The LCs now embark on their final big exercise training mission called ‘Exercise Annihilation’ in which they are to put into practice and implement all gained theoretical knowledge as if they were on a real military combat mission. An overall test of physical & mental endurance, teamwork & sense of responsibility and motivation are to be closely evaluated and intensively tested. They take turns in cooking, guard duty, security & vigilance and of course shooting and destroying stationery and moving targets. As they are deeply involved in each exercise, all what they learned at PMA comes into play including camouflage, stealth and espionage skills. During one of their navigation exercises Nathmy seemingly goes missing and, unknown to her platoon, she falls down a steep hill and injures herself. While lying there, helpless and unable to move, she remembers how her father Tehaan Pereira must have felt during the last moments of his life. Unable to bear the pain of her injury she passes out. Meanwhile the entire platoon go out in search of Nathmy, along with the Pakistan Army searchlight helicopter. Daring to go down that steep grassy hill, Arzoo finds an unconscious Nathmy while the rest of the platoon including Maj. Samia & Maj. Usama follow and who call for the air ambulance to carry Nathmy by stretcher on to the air ambulance and straight to Abbottabad CMH. The intensity of Nathmy’s back injury required her to take rest for a few days. During this time, as a surprise from Maj. Usama & Maj. Samia, she is visited in hospital by the one person she has been wanting to meet for more than ten years – her father’s wartime comrade, Col. Mujahid Saleem. Her delight to meet him was indescribable and they talked as though they were father & daughter. However, the battle scars of the LTTE Terrorist Attack were clearly seen on Col. Mujahid also, as he lost both his lower limbs and was permanently on a wheelchair. After a few days, a recovered Nathmy returns to PMA among her platoon-mates who are delighted to have her back.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: That evening, out on the PMA grounds, the LC platoon gather around a campfire and turn by turn relate their experiences of their time at PMA as their training is almost complete.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: A few days later, the Award Ceremony, Nathmy (though Sri Lankan) sang an Urdu song on stage with Arzoo. The LC platoon won an award in almost all the award categories and each one of our main seven LCs (except for Syeda Sidra Batool) won an accolade in one particular area of accomplishment. The LCs now imagined going back into their world as stronger, more polished individuals with a new found determination and truly as 'Women of Steel'. At the mess table, they are visited by the PMA Commandant and in a sudden fear of having to repeat a scene from ISPR’s 1990’s serial Sunehray Din, Sidra fears having to drink a glass full of water & curry cocktail.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Standing out in the PMA gardens, the LCs are all talking to their families on the phone and confirming their attendance for the ‘Passing Out’ ceremony. Then during the tea-time get-together in the common room as the TV is on, a news reel pops up in which there is information of military unrest in Waziristan and Rabia’s brother SSG Commando Captain Daniyal is very badly wounded in action. Rabia loses control and forgets that she has to keep herself mentally intact to lead the parade during the ‘Passing Out’ Ceremony. Trying to confirm the extent of her brother’s injuries she is given the option of leaving PMA and going to see her brother in hospital instead of leading the parade. In her place, Mahjabeen is selected to lead. But Mahjabeen simply cannot side-line Rabia a second time as she is already paying the price of her betrayal the first time. So she builds up Rabia’s mental composure, self-esteem and courage and encourages her to lead the platoon. They mend fences and go back to being as close as they had always been since childhood. However, at one point during this entire emotional scene, Rabia was on the verge of telling Mahjabeen that one of the reasons why Rabia’s parents didn’t finalize the match between Daniyal & Mahjabeen is that – deep inside Daniyal only had 'brother-sister' like feelings for Mahjabeen (and never looked upon her from the viewpoint of being a possible life-partner.) But had Rabia told this to Mahjabeen – she would have been even more heart broken.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: On the Parade day, Rabia leads the LCs on the ground and wins the ‘Sword Of Honour’ as the best student of PMA. As all the LCs have their families and friends at the ceremony, Nathmy meets and congratulates Shehryar Mujahid and his family for his passing out too. The LCs write their ‘farewell’ notes on the Dorms notice-board along with their photos in uniform. After the ceremony, Rabia hurries to CMH Rawalpindi to see her brother who is already half healed after seeing a strong ‘Captain Rabia’. He is delighted to see her so confident. Nasar sees her and congratulates her on her achievement and offers to drive her back to PMA.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: We are made to witness each LC’s welcome home coming. We witness each one leaving the stage almost in the same order as we saw them enter the stage one by one with Arzoo being the first and Nathmy the last. And as each one salutes her people on behalf of the Pakistan Army, they each mention that they are the first female Army Officer in their community. Shaista returns home to see that her fiancé Kaamil has opened a girls school in her name; Pariwesh gets a lavish welcome by her Tribal leader and landlord and witnesses her rifle-shooting & marksmanship skills first hand in front of the entire clan. Mahjabeen arrives home to a lavish aristocratic party as she walks in wearing her all-black Pakistan Army Ceremonial Attire. Lastly, Nathmy Pereira is seen off at Islamabad Airport to go home to Sri Lanka by the family of her dear ‘Uncle’ Col. Mujahid Saleem.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Time has flown past a further one year and now we see Kiran walking the grounds of PMA residential areas with an 8 or 9 year-old girl and wheeling a pram carrying new born ‘Taimur’. (Usama & Kiran’s own child).


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Like several predecessors of its kind produced by the ISPR of the Pakistan Army, it upholds its honourable position by projecting the passion, the dignity, the professional attitude and the dedication to service which is the hallmark of the Pakistan Army. Not only that, but it also shows the respect and honour granted to overseas officers from other countries given by the Pakistan Army, in all, projecting the fact that not only is the Pakistan Army thoroughly professional in service to the nation, but one of the most caring and hospitable institutions of the world. This is clearly evident in the way that a Sri Lankan Lady Cadet is heartily welcomed and treated as one of their own, a role that was very readily accepted not only by the Sri Lankan actress who played it, but also the willingness of the Sri Lankan nation to allow her to undertake such an interesting and demanding assignment. It also shows the extent of strong and friendly brotherly relations Pakistan shares with Sri Lanka.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: Producers first announced the project on 29 June 2021 along with cast revelation. The poster of the serial along with first teaser was released on 10 November 2021.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: During filming, the lead cast received military training and participated in physical and mental training.


title: Sinf-e-Aahan

text: The soundtrack of the drama has been composed by Asim Azhar and has been sung by Azhar along with Zeb Bangash. The lyrics have been penned by Hassan Ali, Ahsan Talish and Asim Azhar.


title: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

text: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (born March 19, 1944) is the elder daughter of the 36th U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and former First Lady Lady Bird Johnson. She served as chairwoman of the Board of Reading is Fundamental, the nation's largest children's literacy organization, as well as chairwoman of the President's Advisory Committee for Women. She is a magazine editor who served as First Lady of Virginia from 1982 to 1986, and as Second Lady of Virginia from 1978 to 1982. She is the oldest living child of a U.S. president, following the death of John Eisenhower on December 21, 2013.


title: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

text: When Lynda Bird Johnson was born, her mother Lady Bird had suffered three miscarriages and her doctor spoke pessimistically of her chances of having any more children, so her father suggested that she be named for both her parents. Thus, the name "Lynda Bird".


title: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

text: Johnson was engaged to Bernard Rosenbach before she met the actor George Hamilton, who himself had been engaged to Susan Kohner. In 1966, Johnson and Hamilton began dating. Because of an increase in Secret Service protection of Presidential relatives resulting from the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Hamilton-Johnson couple was one of the first to be protected by Secret Service agents.


title: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

text: Johnson later married U.S. Marine Corps Captain Charles S. Robb, son of Frances Howard (Woolley) and James Spittal Robb, in the East Room of the White House in 1967 in a service celebrated by the Right Reverend Gerald Nicholas McAllister. Her husband served with distinction in Vietnam. Charles Robb was later elected Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (1978–1982), Governor of Virginia (1982–1986), and US Senator from Virginia (1989–2001).


title: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

text: On May 9, 1979, President Jimmy Carter appointed Lynda Bird Johnson Robb to chair the President's Advisory Committee for Women. The committee of 30 worked to carry out Carter's mandate to promote equality for women in the cultural, social, economic, and political life of the United States.


title: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

text: Robb served as chairwoman of the board of Reading is Fundamental (1996–2001), the nation's largest children's literacy organization. She continues to serve the organization as Chairwoman "Emerita". She was a contributing editor to "Ladies Home Journal" magazine (1969–81). She serves on the board of directors of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.


title: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

text: Robb was educated at the National Cathedral School for Girls, graduated from the University of Texas at Austin, and was a member of Zeta Tau Alpha sorority. She also briefly attended Mercy College. She holds an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Washington and Lee University and Norwich University and has been honored with a plethora of civic awards for her public service.


title: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

text: She has three daughters, Lucinda Desha Robb (born 1968), Catherine Lewis Robb (born 1970) and Jennifer Wickliffe Robb (born 1978).


title: Lynda Bird Johnson Robb

text: In 2004, Robb attended the state funeral of President Ronald Reagan, on behalf of her mother, who was unable to attend because of poor health. She again represented her mother at the state funeral of President Gerald Ford, who died December 26, 2006. In 2018, Robb attended the state funeral of George H. W. Bush alongside her husband Charles Robb, her sister Luci Baines Johnson and her brother-in-law Ian Turpin.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion or dissimilar metal corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte. A similar galvanic reaction is exploited in primary cells to generate a useful electrical voltage to power portable devices.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: Dissimilar metals and alloys have different electrode potentials, and when two or more come into contact in an electrolyte, one metal (that's more reactive) acts as anode and the other (that's less reactive) as cathode. The electropotential difference between the reactions at the two electrodes is the driving force for an accelerated attack on the anode metal, which dissolves into the electrolyte. This leads to the metal at the anode corroding more quickly than it otherwise would and corrosion at the cathode being inhibited. The presence of an electrolyte and an electrical conducting path between the metals is essential for galvanic corrosion to occur. The electrolyte provides a means for ion migration whereby ions move to prevent charge build-up that would otherwise stop the reaction. If the electrolyte contains only metal ions that are not easily reduced (such as Na, Ca, K, Mg, or Zn), the cathode reaction is the reduction of dissolved H to H or O to OH.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: In some cases, this type of reaction is intentionally encouraged. For example, low-cost household batteries typically contain carbon-zinc cells. As part of a closed circuit (the electron pathway), the zinc within the cell will corrode preferentially (the ion pathway) as an essential part of the battery producing electricity. Another example is the cathodic protection of buried or submerged structures as well as hot water storage tanks. In this case, sacrificial anodes work as part of a galvanic couple, promoting corrosion of the anode, while protecting the cathode metal.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: In other cases, such as mixed metals in piping (for example, copper, cast iron and other cast metals), galvanic corrosion will contribute to accelerated corrosion of parts of the system. Corrosion inhibitors such as sodium nitrite or sodium molybdate can be injected into these systems to reduce the galvanic potential. However, the application of these corrosion inhibitors must be monitored closely. If the application of corrosion inhibitors increases the conductivity of the water within the system, the galvanic corrosion potential can be greatly increased.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: Acidity or alkalinity (pH) is also a major consideration with regard to closed loop bimetallic circulating systems. Should the pH and corrosion inhibition doses be incorrect, galvanic corrosion will be accelerated. In most HVAC systems, the use of sacrificial anodes and cathodes is not an option, as they would need to be applied within the plumbing of the system and, over time, would corrode and release particles that could cause potential mechanical damage to circulating pumps, heat exchangers, etc.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: A common example of galvanic corrosion occurs in galvanized iron, a sheet of iron or steel covered with a zinc coating. Even when the protective zinc coating is broken, the underlying steel is not attacked. Instead, the zinc is corroded because it is less "noble". Only after it has been consumed can rusting of the base metal occur. By contrast, with a conventional tin can, the opposite of a protective effect occurs: because the tin is more noble than the underlying steel, when the tin coating is broken, the steel beneath is immediately attacked preferentially.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: A spectacular example of galvanic corrosion occurred in the Statue of Liberty when regular maintenance checks in the 1980s revealed that corrosion had taken place between the outer copper skin and the wrought iron support structure. Although the problem had been anticipated when the structure was built by Gustave Eiffel to Frédéric Bartholdi's design in the 1880s, the insulation layer of shellac between the two metals had failed over time and resulted in rusting of the iron supports. An extensive renovation was carried out with replacement of the original insulation with PTFE. The structure was far from unsafe owing to the large number of unaffected connections, but it was regarded as a precautionary measure to preserve a national symbol of the United States.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: In the 17th century, Samuel Pepys (then serving as Admiralty Secretary) agreed to the removal of lead sheathing from English Royal Navy vessels to prevent the mysterious disintegration of their rudder-irons and bolt-heads, though he confessed himself baffled as to the reason the lead caused the corrosion.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: The problem recurred when vessels were sheathed in copper to reduce marine weed accumulation and protect against shipworm. In an experiment, the Royal Navy in 1761 had tried fitting the hull of the frigate HMS "Alarm" with 12-ounce copper plating. Upon her return from a voyage to the West Indies, it was found that although the copper remained in fine condition and had indeed deterred shipworm, it had also become detached from the wooden hull in many places because the iron nails used during its installation "were found dissolved into a kind of rusty Paste". To the surprise of the inspection teams, however, some of the iron nails were virtually undamaged. Closer inspection revealed that water-resistant brown paper trapped under the nail head had inadvertently protected some of the nails: "Where this covering was perfect, the Iron was preserved from Injury". The copper sheathing had been delivered to the dockyard wrapped in the paper which was not always removed before the sheets were nailed to the hull. The conclusion therefore reported to the Admiralty in 1763 was that iron should not be allowed direct contact with copper in sea water.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: Serious galvanic corrosion has been reported on the latest US Navy attack littoral combat vessel the USS "Independence" caused by steel water jet propulsion systems attached to an aluminium hull. Without electrical isolation between the steel and aluminium, the aluminium hull acts as an anode to the stainless steel, resulting in aggressive galvanic corrosion.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: The unexpected fall in 2011 of a heavy light fixture from the ceiling of the Big Dig vehicular tunnel in Boston revealed that corrosion had weakened its support. Improper use of aluminium in contact with stainless steel had caused rapid corrosion in the presence of salt water. The electrochemical potential difference between stainless steel and aluminium is in the range of 0.5 to 1.0V, depending on the exact alloys involved, and can cause considerable corrosion within months under unfavorable conditions. Thousands of failing lights would have to be replaced, at an estimated cost of $54 million.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: A "lasagna cell" is accidentally produced when salty moist food such as lasagna is stored in a steel baking pan and is covered with aluminium foil. After a few hours the foil develops small holes where it touches the lasagna, and the food surface becomes covered with small spots composed of corroded aluminium. In this example, the salty food (lasagna) is the electrolyte, the aluminium foil is the anode, and the steel pan is the cathode. If the aluminium foil touches the electrolyte only in small areas, the galvanic corrosion is concentrated, and corrosion can occur fairly rapidly. If the aluminium foil was not used with a dissimilar metal container, the reaction was probably a chemical one. It is possible for heavy concentrations of salt, vinegar or some other acidic compounds to cause the foil to disintegrate. The product of either of these reactions is an aluminium salt. It does not harm the food, but any deposit may impart an undesired flavor and color.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: The common technique of cleaning silverware by immersion of the silver or sterling silver (or even just silver plated objects) and a piece of aluminium (foil is preferred because of its much greater surface area than that of ingots, although if the foil has a "non-stick" face, this must be removed with steel wool first) in a hot electrolytic bath (usually composed of water and sodium bicarbonate, i.e., household baking soda) is an example of galvanic corrosion. Silver darkens and corrodes in the presence of airborne sulfur molecules, and the copper in sterling silver corrodes under a variety of conditions. These layers of corrosion can be largely removed through the electrochemical reduction of silver sulfide molecules: the presence of aluminium (which is less noble than either silver or copper) in the bath of sodium bicarbonate strips the sulfur atoms off the silver sulfide and transfers them onto and thereby corrodes the piece of aluminium foil (a much more reactive metal), leaving elemental silver behind. No silver is lost in the process.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: All metals can be classified into a galvanic series representing the electrical potential they develop in a given electrolyte against a standard reference electrode. The relative position of two metals on such a series gives a good indication of which metal is more likely to corrode more quickly. However, other factors such as water aeration and flow rate can influence the rate of the process markedly.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: The compatibility of two different metals may be predicted by consideration of their anodic index. This parameter is a measure of the electrochemical voltage that will be developed between the metal and gold. To find the relative voltage of a pair of metals it is only required to subtract their anodic indices.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: To reduce galvanic corrosion for metals stored in normal environments such as storage in warehouses or non-temperature and humidity controlled environments, there should not be more than 0.25V difference in the anodic index of the two metals in contact. For controlled environments in which temperature and humidity are controlled, 0.50V can be tolerated. For harsh environments such as outdoors, high humidity, and salty environments, there should be not more than 0.15V difference in the anodic index. For example: gold and silver have a difference of 0.15V, therefore the two metals will not experience significant corrosion even in a harsh environment.


title: Galvanic corrosion

text: When design considerations require that dissimilar metals come in contact, the difference in anodic index is often managed by finishes and plating. The finishing and plating selected allow the dissimilar materials to be in contact, while protecting the more base materials from corrosion by the more noble. It will always be the metal with the most negative anodic index which will ultimately suffer from corrosion when galvanic incompatibility is in play. This is why sterling silver and stainless steel tableware should never be placed together in a dishwasher at the same time, as the steel items will likely experience corrosion by the end of the cycle (soap and water having served as the chemical electrolyte, and heat having accelerated the process).


title: American Animals

text: American Animals is a 2018 heist film written and directed by Bart Layton. Starring Evan Peters, Barry Keoghan, Blake Jenner, Jared Abrahamson, and Ann Dowd, it follows four college friends who plan a heist of their library. It tells the story of an actual heist which took place at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky in 2004.


title: American Animals

text: "American Animals" premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2018. The film was theatrically released in the United States on June 1, 2018, by The Orchard and MoviePass Ventures. Among other awards the film won the Junior Jury Award at The Montclair Film Festival. It received generally favorable reviews from critics, particularly for its screenplay, acting, use of unreliable narrators, and an unconventional storytelling structure that fused real-life characters and actors representing those characters.


title: American Animals

text: Spencer Reinhard, an art student seeking excitement or tragedy for inspiration, is given a tour of Transylvania University library's rare-book collection; his eye is drawn to a rare first edition of John James Audubon's "Birds of America". He and his friend Warren Lipka, a rebellious student on an athletic scholarship at the University of Kentucky, discuss the possibility of stealing it and other rare books. They note that the collection is guarded by only one librarian, whom they believe they could easily overpower before stealing the books and escaping via the staff elevator. Warren travels to Amsterdam to meet black-market buyers who express interest, informing Spencer they could make millions. They later enlist the help of two friends: Eric Borsuk to provide logistics and Chas Allen as the getaway driver.


title: American Animals

text: They make an appointment for a private viewing of the collection in order to gain access to the room, and arrive disguised as elderly businessmen; but they abort the heist when Warren sees multiple librarians in the room. Spencer wants to abandon the plan, but Warren persuades him and the others to try again the next day. Spencer acts as a lookout as Warren and Eric, without disguises, enter the library. Warren clumsily uses a taser on the librarian, making Eric help restrain her. They blunder to the exit, dropping "The Birds of America", but escape with two books.


title: American Animals

text: The group travels to Christie's auction house in New York to get the authentication of value Warren said the Dutch buyers required. Spencer is told he has to return the next day and leaves his cell phone number with an assistant. Chas berates Spencer for using a phone number that can be identified as his, and they return to Lexington with the books. Shortly after, Spencer realizes the police will also be able to trace the email address they used to make the appointments with Christie's and the library; the FBI eventually does, and they are arrested.


title: American Animals

text: In documentary interviews with the real-life thieves filmed years after they are released from prison, they express regret. Spencer suspects Warren lied about going to Amsterdam in order to convince the others to partake in the heist. Eric and Chas now live in California as a writer and a fitness coach, respectively; Warren studies filmmaking in Philadelphia; and Spencer lives in Lexington as an artist.


title: American Animals

text: Warren Lipka, Spencer Reinhard, Chas Allen, Eric Borsuk and Betty Jean Gooch all appear as themselves, along with Reinhard's parents, Allen's mother, Lipka's father, and one of the culprits' teachers.


title: American Animals

text: Additionally, Gary Basaraba and Lara Grice portray Warren's parents, Jane McNeill portrays Spencer's mother, and Whitney Goin portrays Chas's mother. Wayne Duvall appears as Coach Bill Welton.


title: American Animals

text: Filming began in Charlotte, North Carolina, in February 2017. Many of the scenes were filmed on campus at Davidson College. The title comes from Eric Borsuk's memoir, which derives its name from a passage in "On the Origin of Species", one of the books stolen by the gang, about animals dwelling in the cave systems of Kentucky; this quote is featured at the beginning of the film.


title: American Animals

text: The film blurs elements of fiction and documentary, with the real-life versions of people depicted occasionally appearing alongside the actors in scripted scenes, and different versions of the same scene shown to reflect different accounts of events by the participants.


title: American Animals

text: It premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2018. The film's distribution rights were purchased by The Orchard and MoviePass Ventures for US$3 million. It was released on June 1, 2018.


title: American Animals

text: In its opening weekend the film made US$140,629 from four theaters (an average of US$35,157), finishing 24th. According to their own reports, MoviePass members made up 25–35% of the film's opening weekend audience. Speaking about "American Animals", as well as MoviePass Ventures' other film "Gotti", one independent studio head told "Deadline Hollywood": "It used to be in distribution, we'd all gossip whether a studio was buying tickets to their own movie to goose their opening. But in the case of MoviePass, there's no secret: They're literally buying the tickets to their own movie!"


title: American Animals

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""American Animals" tangles with a number of weighty themes, but never at the expense of delivering a queasily compelling true crime thriller." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: American Animals

text: Layton won the Special Jury Prize at the Deauville American Film Festival and won Best Screenplay from the Writers' Guild of Great Britain. At the British Independent Film Awards, "American Animals" won for Best Debut Screenwriter and Best Editing. At the Montclair Film Festival, the film won the Junior Jury Award. The film also received an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Editing.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden e.V., commonly known as SG Dynamo Dresden or Dynamo Dresden, are a German association football club based in Dresden, Saxony. They were founded on 12 April 1953 as a club affiliated with the East German police and became one of the most popular and successful clubs in East German football, winning eight league titles. After the reunification of Germany, Dynamo played four seasons in the top division Bundesliga from 1991 to 1995, but have since drifted between the second and fourth tiers. The club were relegated from the 2. Bundesliga to the 3. Liga at the end of the 2019–20 season, but earned immediate promotion back to the 2. Bundesliga by winning the 2020–21 3. Liga. Although the club's badge is predominantly red, they use gold and black as their home colours, derived from the official city flag and coat of arms of the city of Dresden.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: The city of Dresden played a significant part in German football before and during World War II. Local football team Dresdner SC won the national championships in 1943 and 1944. The occupying Allied authorities dissolved organizations across Germany, including sports clubs like Dresdner SC, after the war as part of the process of denazification. Dresdner SC was reestablished in 1946 as SG Friedrichstadt. However, the eastern part of Germany, including Dresden, was under Soviet control, and the sports club was considered too bourgeois by authorities.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: SG Friedrichstadt met ZSG Horst Zwickau at the Heinz-Steyer-Stadion in Dresden on 16 April 1950. The match would practically decide which of the two teams that would win the East German championship in the 1949–50 season. The match was attended by 60,000 spectators at the Heinz-Steyer-Stadion. Also the SED First Secretary Walter Ulbricht and his entourage were present. ZSG Horch Zwickau had been founded only one year earlier and embodied the form of organization that the SED and the state leadership wanted to promote for the sports movement they propagated. ZSG Horch Zwickau won the match 1–5 and became East German champions. The match was characterized by a very physical play from ZSG Horch Zwickau and several controversial referee decisions in favor of ZSG Horch Zwickau. The players of SG Friedrichstadt left the pitch without greeting their opponents and thousands of angry Dresden spectators invaded the pitch. East German sports authorities took these events as a pretext to dissolve SG Friedrichstadt and delegate the players to BSG VVB Tabak Dresden.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: The city needed a new, ideologically safe representative in the DDR-Oberliga. BSG VVB Tabak Dresden was planned to take over the place of SG Friedrichstadt in the DDR-Oberliga. However, most players from the former team of SG Friedrichstadt, including player-coach Helmut Schön, did not agree with the move and left Dresden to join Hertha BSC or other clubs under the German football Association (DFB). To save the place in the DDR-Oberliga for Dresden, the place was instead given to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: SV Deutsche Volkzpolizei Dresden was founded as SG Volkspolizei Dresden in October 1948. The sports community was incorporated into the new sports association SV Deutsche Volkspolizei in 1950 and renamed SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden played in the Stadtliga Dresden at the time of the dissolution of SG Fredrichsstadt. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden was thus able to enter DDR-Oberliga without having to progress through divisions. In order to put together a strong team for SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden to the 1950-51 DDR-Oberliga, the 40 best players of the various Volkspolizei teams in East Germany were brought together for a training session in Forst in July 1950. Coaches and picked out 17 players from 11 different cities who were delegated to Dresden to form the team. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam lost its five top-performers to Dresden, including Herbert Schoen, Johannes Matzen and Günter Schröter, and was severely weakened. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden quickly established itself as a force in East German football. The team won its first title in the 1951–52 FDGB-Pokal.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: The new sports association SV Dynamo was founded on 27 March 1953. SV Dynamo was formed from SV Deutsche Volkspolizei and the sports communities of the Secretariat of State Security, commonly known as the Stasi. The president of SV Dynamo was Erich Mielke, at the time deputy head of the Stasi. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei was incorporated into SV Dynamo and reformed as Dynamo Dresden on 12 April 1953. The official founding date of Dynamo Dresden has since been 12 April 1953. Shortly after this, the club claimed its first league title.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: However, success proved to be the club's undoing. The team of Dynamo Dresden was relocated to Berlin in November 1954 to play for the new sports club SC Dynamo Berlin in the DDR-Oberliga. The remainder of Dynamo Dresden was left to regroup in the second-tier DDR-Liga, taking over the place in the DDR-Liga, as well as points and goals, from dissolved SC DHFK Leipzig. Political factors and pressure from Erich Mielke were probably the main reasons behind the relocation of Dynamo Dresden to Berlin. The relocation was meant to provide the capital with a competitive team that could rival Hertha BSC, Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin and Tennis Borussia Berlin, which were still popular in East Berlin and drew football fans to West Berlin.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: Dynamo Dresden were left with a team composed of youth and reserve players, and had dropped to the fourth tier by 1957, playing in the local Bezirksliga. Dynamo Dresden began to climb the divisions, though, and by 1962 they were back in the DDR-Oberliga, and although this first season ended in relegation, they bounced back immediately. They recovered equally well from another relegation in 1968, and remained in the Oberliga from 1969 until its dissolution in 1991. This relegation came after a fourth-place finish in 1967, which enabled Dynamo's first foray into European football – they entered the 1967–68 Fairs Cup, where they were eliminated by Scottish side Rangers in the first round.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: East German football was reorganized during the 1965–66 season. Ten football departments were separated from their sports clubs to create ten dedicated football clubs () (FC). The best talents in the country were meant to be concentrated in the new dedicated football cubs, with the object to bring stability to the game at the top level and to develop players for the national team. It had long been planned to merge Dynamo Dresden with the football department of sports club SC Einheit Dresden, in order concentrate the best footballer in the regional district in one club. This had been done in Leipzig. However, a tug of war developed between Erich Mielke and the SED First secretary in Bezirk Dresden Werner Krolikowski. Erich Mielke did not want to give up Dynamo Dresden, while Krolikowski advocated for the establishment of a civil football club. The stalemate continued for one and a half year. The football department of SC Einheit Dresden was reorganized as FSV Lokomotive Dresden on 12 January 1966. Dynamo Dresden was then declared a regional district center of excellence () in Bezirk Dresden by the district board of the DTSB on 5 August 1968. The club could now draw on the best players in the whole regional district.


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: Dynamo Dresden would enjoy the same funding and the same privileges as a designated football club, although it retained its designation as a "Sports Community" () (SG).


title: Dynamo Dresden

text: During the 1970s, Dynamo established themselves as one of the top teams in East Germany, under the management of Walter Fritzsch. They won five league titles (1971, 1973, 1976, 1977 and 1978), and two cups, (1971 and 1977). They battled with 1. FC Magdeburg for domination of the league, and became the most popular the side in the country, regularly drawing crowds of 25,000, around three times what other clubs were attracting. They also began to establish themselves as a presence in European football – they played in European competition every year during the 1970s, and eliminated some big names – beating FC Porto, Juventus and Benfica on their way to four quarter-final finishes. During this time Dynamo came up against West German opposition for the first time, losing against Bayern Munich 7–6 on aggregate in the last 16 of the 1973–74 European Cup. Dynamo Dresden lost the first leg 4–3 away in Munich and managed a 3–3 draw home at the Dynamo-Stadion. The Stasi had tapped the salon at the Interhotel Newa in Dresden were the Bayern Munich team held their final meeting before the second leg. And a message with information about the line-up of Bayern Munich was quickly sent by motorcycle to the coach of Dynamo Dresden Walter Fritzsch in preparation for the match. On three occasions they were eliminated by English side Liverpool, twice in the UEFA Cup and once in the European Cup, and each time Liverpool went on to win the competition. On three other occasions in the 1970s, Dynamo were eliminated by the team that eventually won the tournament — Leeds United in the 1970-71 Fairs Cup, Ajax in the 1971-72 European Cup, and Bayern Munich in the 1973-74 European Cup. In 1973, Hans-Jürgen Kreische was the first Dynamo Dresden player to be named East German Footballer of the Year, and was followed by Hans-Jürgen Dörner in 1977. Kreische was the league's leading goalscorer on four occasions, and was named in East Germany's squad for the 1974 World Cup, along with teammate Siegmar Wätzlich.