title: Mars 2020

text: The second campaign shall start with several months of travel towards the "Three Forks" where Perseverance can access geologic locations at the base of the ancient delta of Neretva river, as well as ascend the delta by driving up a valley wall to the northwest.


title: Mars 2020

text: The three major components of the Mars 2020 spacecraft are the cruise stage for travel between Earth and Mars; the Entry, Descent, and Landing System (EDLS) that includes the aeroshell descent vehicle + heat shield; and the (fueled mass) descent stage needed to deliver "Perseverance" and "Ingenuity" safely to the Martian surface. The Descent Stage carries landing propellant for the final soft landing burn after being slowed down by a -wide, parachute. The rover is based on the design of "Curiosity". While there are differences in scientific instruments and the engineering required to support them, the entire landing system (including the descent stage and heat shield) and rover chassis could essentially be recreated without any additional engineering or research. This reduces overall technical risk for the mission, while saving funds and time on development.


title: Mars 2020

text: One of the upgrades is a guidance and control technique called "Terrain Relative Navigation" (TRN) to fine-tune steering in the final moments of landing. This system allowed for a landing accuracy within and avoided obstacles. This is a marked improvement from the Mars Science Laboratory mission that had an elliptical area of . In October 2016, NASA reported using the Xombie rocket to test the Lander Vision System (LVS), as part of the Autonomous Descent and Ascent Powered-flight Testbed (ADAPT) experimental technologies, for the Mars 2020 mission landing, meant to increase the landing accuracy and avoid obstacle hazards.


title: Mars 2020

text: "Perseverance" was designed with help from "Curiosity" engineering team, as both are quite similar and share common hardware. Engineers redesigned "Perseverance" wheels to be more robust than "Curiosity", which, after kilometres of driving on the Martian surface, have shown progressed deterioration. "Perseverance" will have thicker, more durable aluminium wheels, with reduced width and a greater diameter, , than "Curiosity" wheels. The aluminium wheels are covered with cleats for traction and curved titanium spokes for springy support. The combination of the larger instrument suite, new Sampling and Caching System, and modified wheels makes "Perseverance" 14 percent heavier than "Curiosity", at and , respectively. The rover will include a five-jointed robotic arm measuring long. The arm will be used in combination with a turret to analyze geologic samples from the Martian surface.


title: Mars 2020

text: A Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG), left over as a backup part for "Curiosity" during its construction, was integrated onto the rover to supply electrical power. The generator has a mass of and contains of plutonium dioxide as the source of steady supply of heat that is converted to electricity. The electrical power generated is approximately 110 watts at launch with little decrease over the mission time.


title: Mars 2020

text: Two lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are included to meet peak demands of rover activities when the demand temporarily exceeds the MMRTG's steady electrical output levels. The MMRTG offers a 14-year operational lifetime, and it was provided to NASA by the United States Department of Energy. Unlike solar panels, the MMRTG does not rely on the presence of the Sun for power, providing engineers with significant flexibility in operating the rover's instruments even at night and during dust storms, and through the winter season.


title: Mars 2020

text: The Norwegian-developed radar RIMFAX is one of the seven instruments that have been placed on board. The radar has been developed together with FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), led by Principal Investigator Svein-Erik Hamran of FFI, the Norwegian Space Center, and a number of Norwegian companies. Space has also been found for the first time for an uncrewed helicopter, which will be controlled by NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) trained cybernetics engineer Håvard Fjær Grip and his team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Los Angeles.


title: Mars 2020

text: "Ingenuity" is a robotic helicopter that demonstrated the technology for rotorcraft flight in the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars. The aircraft was deployed from the rover's deck, and has flown five times during its 30-day test campaign early in the mission. Each flight took no more than 117 seconds, at altitudes ranging from off the ground, and a maximum distance of . It used autonomous control and communicated with "Perseverance" directly after each landing. It is the first powered flight on another planet, and NASA will be able to build on the design for future Mars missions.


title: Mars 2020

text: The mission will explore Jezero crater, which scientists speculate was a deep lake about 3.9 billion to 3.5 billion years ago. Jezero today features a prominent river delta where water flowing through it deposited much sediment over the eons, which is "extremely good at preserving biosignatures". The sediments in the delta likely include carbonates and hydrated silica, known to preserve microscopic fossils on Earth for billions of years. Prior to the selection of Jezero, eight proposed landing sites for the mission were under consideration by September 2015; Columbia Hills in Gusev crater, Eberswalde crater, Holden crater, Jezero crater, Mawrth Vallis, Northeastern Syrtis Major Planum, Nili Fossae, and Southwestern Melas Chasma.


title: Mars 2020

text: A workshop was held on 8–10 February 2017 in Pasadena, California, to discuss these sites, with the goal of narrowing down the list to three sites for further consideration. The three sites chosen were Jezero crater, Northeastern Syrtis Major Planum, and Columbia Hills. Jezero crater was ultimately selected as the landing site in November 2018. The "fetch rover" for returning the samples is expected to launch in 2026. The landing and surface operations of the "fetch rover" would take place early in 2029. The earliest return to Earth is envisaged for 2031.


title: Mars 2020

text: The launch window, when the positions of Earth and Mars were optimal for traveling to Mars, opened on 17 July 2020 and lasted through 15 August 2020. The rocket was launched on 30 July 2020 at 11:50 UTC, and the rover landed on Mars on 18 February 2021 at 20:55 UTC, with a planned surface mission of at least one Mars year (668 sols or 687 Earth days). NASA was not the only Mars mission to use this window: the United Arab Emirates Space Agency launched its Emirates Mars Mission with the "Hope" orbiter on 20 July 2020, which arrived in Mars orbit on 8 February 2021, and China National Space Administration launched "Tianwen-1" on 23 July 2020, arriving in orbit on 10 February 2021 and successfully soft landed with the Zhurong rover on 14 May 2021.


title: Mars 2020

text: NASA announced that all of the trajectory correction maneuvers (TCM) were a success. The spacecraft fired thrusters to adjust its course toward Mars, shifting the probe's initial post-launch aim point onto the Red Planet.


title: Mars 2020

text: Prior to landing, the Science Team from an earlier NASA lander, InSight, announced that they would attempt to detect the entry, descent and landing (EDL) sequence of the Mars 2020 mission using InSight's seismometers. Despite being more than away from the Mars landing site, the team indicated that there was a possibility that InSight's instruments would be sensitive enough to detect the hypersonic impact of Mars 2020's cruise mass balance devices with the Martian surface.


title: Mars 2020

text: The rover's landing was planned similar to the Mars Science Laboratory used to deploy "Curiosity" on Mars in 2012. The craft from Earth was a carbon fiber capsule that protected the rover and other equipment from heat during entry into the Mars atmosphere and initial guidance towards the planned landing site. Once through, the craft jettisoned the lower heat shield and deployed parachutes from the upper shield to slow the descent to a controlled speed. With the craft moving under and about from the surface, the rover and skycrane assembly detached from the upper shield, and rocket propulsion jets on the skycrane controlled the remaining descent to the planet. As the skycrane moved closer to the surface, it lowered "Perseverance" via cables until it confirmed touchdown, detached the cables, and flew a distance away to avoid damaging the rover.


title: Mars 2020

text: "Perseverance" successfully landed on the surface of Mars with help of the skycrane on 18 February 2021 at 20:55 UTC, to begin its science phase, and began sending images back to Earth. "Ingenuity" reported back to NASA via the communications systems on "Perseverance" the following day, confirming its status. The helicopter was not expected to be deployed for at least 60 days into the mission. NASA also confirmed that the on-board microphone on "Perseverance" had survived entry, descent and landing (EDL), along with other high-end visual recording devices, and released the first audio recorded on the surface of Mars shortly after landing, capturing the sound of a Martian breeze as well as a hum from the rover itself. On 7 May 2021, NASA confirmed that "Perseverance" managed to record both audio and video from "Ingenuity"'s fourth flight which took place on 30 April 2021.


title: Mars 2020

text: NASA plans to expend roughly US$2.8 billion on the Mars 2020 mission over 10 years: almost US$2.2 billion on the development of the "Perseverance" rover, US$80 million on the "Ingenuity" helicopter, US$243 million for launch services, and US$296 million for 2.5 years of mission operations. Adjusted for inflation, Mars 2020 is the sixth-most expensive robotic planetary mission made by NASA and is cheaper than its predecessor, the "Curiosity" rover. As well as using spare hardware, "Perseverance" also used designs from "Curiosity"'s mission without needing to redesign them, which helped save "probably tens of millions, if not 100 million dollars" according to Mars 2020 Deputy Chief Engineer Keith Comeaux.


title: Mars 2020

text: To raise public awareness of the Mars 2020 mission, NASA undertook a "Send Your Name To Mars" campaign, through which people could send their names to Mars on a microchip stored aboard "Perseverance". After registering their names, participants received a digital ticket with details of the mission's launch and destination. There were 10,932,295 names submitted during the registration period. In addition, NASA announced in June 2019 that a student naming contest for the rover would be held in the fall of 2019, with voting on nine finalist names held in January 2020. "Perseverance" was announced to be the winning name on 5 March 2020.


title: Mars 2020

text: In May 2020, NASA attached a small aluminum plate to "Perseverance" to commemorate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and pay "tribute to the perseverance of healthcare workers around the world". The COVID-19 Perseverance Plate features planet Earth above the Rod of Asclepius, with a line showing the trajectory of the Mars 2020 spacecraft departing Earth.


title: Mars 2020

text: A small piece of the wing covering from the Wright brothers' 1903 "Wright Flyer" is attached to a cable underneath "Ingenuity"s solar panel.


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: Kartikeya Vikram Sarabhai (born 27 November 1947) is one of the world's leading environmental educators and a dedicated community builder. He was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2012.


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: Kartikeya Sarabhai was born in Sarabhai family of Ahmedabad, is the grandson of industrialist Ambalal Sarabhai. His father, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, is widely regarded as the father of India's space programme. Both his mother, Mrinalini Sarabhai, and his sister, Mallika Sarabhai, are Bharatanatyam dancers and social activists.


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: Sarabhai was educated at Cambridge, UK, where he acquired a Tripos in Natural Sciences. He then went on to do post-graduate work in development communication at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the USA.


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: He took over as Chairman of Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises Ltd in 1995, a pharmaceutical company set up by his grandfather Ambalal Sarabhai. At the time the Company was financially stressed with a large workforce and major Court issues. Kartikeya Sarabhai developed a plan to restructure the Company and put it back on a growth path. Through monetizing intellectual property and selling some of its land he managed to clear outstanding dues, reduced the large workforce, got one of its company out of BIFR and also cleared the Company's name with the Banks. He got in new technologies in the pharmaceutical and electronics divisions. With patience and perseverance he not only got ASE out of debts but also got independent units working efficiently taking the business ahead. His main concern was to clear all issues and strengthen ASE. Today the Company is on a growth path and the formation of two new joint ventures namely Vovantis and Cosara have brought in exciting new technologies for the future.


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: Sarabhai is the founder and director of the Centre for Environment Education headquartered in Ahmedabad, with offices across India.


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: He is closely involved in the activities of the Nehru Foundation for Development, of VIKSAT and of Ahmedabad's Vikram Sarabhai Community Science Centre. He is also a trustee of the Sabarmati Ashram Preservation and Memorial Trust, and of the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL).


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: He has served on many committees set up by the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India, primarily focusing on the greening of India's formal education system, and initiatives for biodiversity education. He is a member of the Earth Charter International Council and was part of the delegations which represented India at the Earth Summit (1992) in Rio and the Earth Summit 2002 in Johannesburg. He was instrumental in initiating the South and Southeast Asia Network for Environmental Education (SASEANEE). He is currently vice-chairman of the Indian National Commission for the International Union Conservation of Nature (IUCN). He also led the first international conference on the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development in Ahmedabad in 2005, and he is a member of the UNESCO Reference Group for DESD and the International Steering Committee for the end of the Decade Conference. He is a member of the advisory committee of the National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) and the Chair of the Earth Charter International (ECI) Council.


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: Sarabhai was the co-chair of the Global Citizenship Working Group of the Learning Metrics Task Force 2.0 convened by the Centre for Universal Education at Brookings Institution to examine how global citizenship education is measured and make recommendations for new ways of assessing learning. He was the chair-holder of the UNESCO Chair on Education for Sustainable Development and the Human Habitat. He is the editor of the "Journal of Education for Sustainable Development", published by SAGE, and has written and spoken extensively on environment, education, and sustainable development-related subjects in national and international fora.


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: Kartikeya Sarabhai received the "Tree of Learning Award" (1998) from the IUCN in appreciation of his contributions to the field of environmental education and communication. The Indian Institute of Human Rights has presented him with the "World Human Rights Promotion Award" (2005). In 2012 he was conferred the Padma Shri award for his work in Environmental Education by the President of India. In 2013, he was given the Olive Green Crusader award by IAA (International Advertising Association) for his contribution in the field of environmental education and education for sustainable development. The Science Aur Kainat Society of India honored Sarabhai with the Sir C.V. Raman Memorial Award in the field of science and technology popularization and innovation in May 2014. Recipient of 2016 International Brandwein Medal by Brandwein Institute and the IUCN-CEC in recognition of his lifetime work for inspiring new generations, to experience, embrace and love nature first hand. Appointed as the International Wetskill Ambassador by Wetskills Foundation, Netherlands during the Finals of Wetskills-India 2017 at Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2017.


title: Kartikeya Sarabhai

text: Sarabhai is the editor-in-chief of the Journal on Education for Sustainable Development (JESD) He has recently written a book 'Observing Nature in an Urban Forest' A visually engaging publication in which Kartikeya V. Sarabhai shared his observations and photographs of nature and the rich birdlife in the verdant urban estate created by his grandfather Ambalal Sarabhai more than a hundred years ago.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: In computing, scheduling is the action of assigning "resources" to perform "tasks". The "resources" may be processors, network links or expansion cards. The "tasks" may be threads, processes or data flows.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The scheduling activity is carried out by a process called scheduler. Schedulers are often designed so as to keep all computer resources busy (as in load balancing), allow multiple users to share system resources effectively, or to achieve a target quality-of-service.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Scheduling is fundamental to computation itself, and an intrinsic part of the execution model of a computer system; the concept of scheduling makes it possible to have computer multitasking with a single central processing unit (CPU).


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: In practice, these goals often conflict (e.g. throughput versus latency), thus a scheduler will implement a suitable compromise. Preference is measured by any one of the concerns mentioned above, depending upon the user's needs and objectives.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: In real-time environments, such as embedded systems for automatic control in industry (for example robotics), the scheduler also must ensure that processes can meet deadlines; this is crucial for keeping the system stable. Scheduled tasks can also be distributed to remote devices across a network and managed through an administrative back end.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The scheduler is an operating system module that selects the next jobs to be admitted into the system and the next process to run. Operating systems may feature up to three distinct scheduler types: a "long-term scheduler" (also known as an admission scheduler or high-level scheduler), a "mid-term or medium-term scheduler", and a "short-term scheduler". The names suggest the relative frequency with which their functions are performed.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The process scheduler is a part of the operating system that decides which process runs at a certain point in time. It usually has the ability to pause a running process, move it to the back of the running queue and start a new process; such a scheduler is known as a "preemptive scheduler", otherwise it is a "cooperative scheduler".


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: We distinguish between "long-term scheduling", "medium-term scheduling", and "short-term scheduling" based on how often decisions must be made.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The "long-term scheduler", or "admission scheduler", decides which jobs or processes are to be admitted to the ready queue (in main memory); that is, when an attempt is made to execute a program, its admission to the set of currently executing processes is either authorized or delayed by the long-term scheduler. Thus, this scheduler dictates what processes are to run on a system, and the degree of concurrency to be supported at any one time whether many or few processes are to be executed concurrently, and how the split between I/O-intensive and CPU-intensive processes is to be handled. The long-term scheduler is responsible for controlling the degree of multiprogramming.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: In general, most processes can be described as either I/O-bound or CPU-bound. An I/O-bound process is one that spends more of its time doing I/O than it spends doing computations. A CPU-bound process, in contrast, generates I/O requests infrequently, using more of its time doing computations. It is important that a long-term scheduler selects a good process mix of I/O-bound and CPU-bound processes. If all processes are I/O-bound, the ready queue will almost always be empty, and the short-term scheduler will have little to do. On the other hand, if all processes are CPU-bound, the I/O waiting queue will almost always be empty, devices will go unused, and again the system will be unbalanced. The system with the best performance will thus have a combination of CPU-bound and I/O-bound processes. In modern operating systems, this is used to make sure that real-time processes get enough CPU time to finish their tasks.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Long-term scheduling is also important in large-scale systems such as batch processing systems, computer clusters, supercomputers, and render farms. For example, in concurrent systems, coscheduling of interacting processes is often required to prevent them from blocking due to waiting on each other. In these cases, special-purpose job scheduler software is typically used to assist these functions, in addition to any underlying admission scheduling support in the operating system.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Some operating systems only allow new tasks to be added if it is sure all real-time deadlines can still be met.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The specific heuristic algorithm used by an operating system to accept or reject new tasks is the "admission control mechanism".


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The "medium-term scheduler" temporarily removes processes from main memory and places them in secondary memory (such as a hard disk drive) or vice versa, which is commonly referred to as "swapping out" or "swapping in" (also incorrectly as "paging out" or "paging in"). The medium-term scheduler may decide to swap out a process which has not been active for some time, or a process which has a low priority, or a process which is page faulting frequently, or a process which is taking up a large amount of memory in order to free up main memory for other processes, swapping the process back in later when more memory is available, or when the process has been unblocked and is no longer waiting for a resource. [Stallings, 396] [Stallings, 370]


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: In many systems today (those that support mapping virtual address space to secondary storage other than the swap file), the medium-term scheduler may actually perform the role of the long-term scheduler, by treating binaries as "swapped out processes" upon their execution. In this way, when a segment of the binary is required it can be swapped in on demand, or "lazy loaded",[Stallings, 394] also called demand paging.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The "short-term scheduler" (also known as the "CPU scheduler") decides which of the ready, in-memory processes is to be executed (allocated a CPU) after a clock interrupt, an I/O interrupt, an operating system call or another form of signal. Thus the short-term scheduler makes scheduling decisions much more frequently than the long-term or mid-term schedulersa scheduling decision will at a minimum have to be made after every time slice, and these are very short. This scheduler can be preemptive, implying that it is capable of forcibly removing processes from a CPU when it decides to allocate that CPU to another process, or non-preemptive (also known as "voluntary" or "co-operative"), in which case the scheduler is unable to "force" processes off the CPU.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: A preemptive scheduler relies upon a programmable interval timer which invokes an interrupt handler that runs in kernel mode and implements the scheduling function.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Another component that is involved in the CPU-scheduling function is the dispatcher, which is the module that gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler. It receives control in kernel mode as the result of an interrupt or system call. The functions of a dispatcher involve the following:


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The dispatcher should be as fast as possible, since it is invoked during every process switch. During the context switches, the processor is virtually idle for a fraction of time, thus unnecessary context switches should be avoided. The time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another is known as the "dispatch latency".


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: A scheduling discipline (also called scheduling policy or scheduling algorithm) is an algorithm used for distributing resources among parties which simultaneously and asynchronously request them. Scheduling disciplines are used in routers (to handle packet traffic) as well as in operating systems (to share CPU time among both threads and processes), disk drives (I/O scheduling), printers (print spooler), most embedded systems, etc.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The main purposes of scheduling algorithms are to minimize resource starvation and to ensure fairness amongst the parties utilizing the resources. Scheduling deals with the problem of deciding which of the outstanding requests is to be allocated resources. There are many different scheduling algorithms. In this section, we introduce several of them.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: In packet-switched computer networks and other statistical multiplexing, the notion of a scheduling algorithm is used as an alternative to first-come first-served queuing of data packets.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The simplest best-effort scheduling algorithms are round-robin, fair queuing (a max-min fair scheduling algorithm), proportional-fair scheduling and maximum throughput. If differentiated or guaranteed quality of service is offered, as opposed to best-effort communication, weighted fair queuing may be utilized.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: In advanced packet radio wireless networks such as HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) 3.5G cellular system, channel-dependent scheduling may be used to take advantage of channel state information. If the channel conditions are favourable, the throughput and system spectral efficiency may be increased. In even more advanced systems such as LTE, the scheduling is combined by channel-dependent packet-by-packet dynamic channel allocation, or by assigning OFDMA multi-carriers or other frequency-domain equalization components to the users that best can utilize them.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: "First in, first out" (FIFO), also known as "first come, first served" (FCFS), is the simplest scheduling algorithm. FIFO simply queues processes in the order that they arrive in the ready queue. This is commonly used for a , for example as illustrated in this section.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Earliest deadline first (EDF) or "least time to go" is a dynamic scheduling algorithm used in real-time operating systems to place processes in a priority queue. Whenever a scheduling event occurs (a task finishes, new task is released, etc.), the queue will be searched for the process closest to its deadline, which will be the next to be scheduled for execution.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Similar to shortest job first (SJF). With this strategy the scheduler arranges processes with the least estimated processing time remaining to be next in the queue. This requires advanced knowledge or estimations about the time required for a process to complete.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The operating system assigns a fixed priority rank to every process, and the scheduler arranges the processes in the ready queue in order of their priority. Lower-priority processes get interrupted by incoming higher-priority processes.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The scheduler assigns a fixed time unit per process, and cycles through them. If process completes within that time-slice it gets terminated otherwise it is rescheduled after giving a chance to all other processes.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: This is used for situations in which processes are easily divided into different groups. For example, a common division is made between foreground (interactive) processes and background (batch) processes. These two types of processes have different response-time requirements and so may have different scheduling needs. It is very useful for shared memory problems.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: A work-conserving scheduler is a scheduler that always tries to keep the scheduled resources busy, if there are submitted jobs ready to be scheduled. In contrast, a non-work conserving scheduler is a scheduler that, in some cases, may leave the scheduled resources idle despite the presence of jobs ready to be scheduled.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: There are several scheduling problems in which the goal is to decide which job goes to which station at what time, such that the total makespan is minimized:


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: A very common method in embedded systems is to schedule jobs manually. This can for example be done in a time-multiplexed fashion. Sometimes the kernel is divided in three or more parts: Manual scheduling, preemptive and interrupt level. Exact methods for scheduling jobs are often proprietary.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: When designing an operating system, a programmer must consider which scheduling algorithm will perform best for the use the system is going to see. There is no universal "best" scheduling algorithm, and many operating systems use extended or combinations of the scheduling algorithms above.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: For example, Windows NT/XP/Vista uses a multilevel feedback queue, a combination of fixed-priority preemptive scheduling, round-robin, and first in, first out algorithms. In this system, threads can dynamically increase or decrease in priority depending on if it has been serviced already, or if it has been waiting extensively. Every priority level is represented by its own queue, with round-robin scheduling among the high-priority threads and FIFO among the lower-priority ones. In this sense, response time is short for most threads, and short but critical system threads get completed very quickly. Since threads can only use one time unit of the round-robin in the highest-priority queue, starvation can be a problem for longer high-priority threads.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The algorithm used may be as simple as round-robin in which each process is given equal time (for instance 1 ms, usually between 1 ms and 100 ms) in a cycling list. So, process A executes for 1 ms, then process B, then process C, then back to process A.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: More advanced algorithms take into account process priority, or the importance of the process. This allows some processes to use more time than other processes. The kernel always uses whatever resources it needs to ensure proper functioning of the system, and so can be said to have infinite priority. In SMP systems, processor affinity is considered to increase overall system performance, even if it may cause a process itself to run more slowly. This generally improves performance by reducing cache thrashing.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: IBM OS/360 was available with three different schedulers. The differences were such that the variants were often considered three different operating systems:


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Later virtual storage versions of MVS added a "Workload Manager" feature to the scheduler, which schedules processor resources according to an elaborate scheme defined by the installation.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Very early MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows systems were non-multitasking, and as such did not feature a scheduler. Windows 3.1x used a non-preemptive scheduler, meaning that it did not interrupt programs. It relied on the program to end or tell the OS that it didn't need the processor so that it could move on to another process. This is usually called cooperative multitasking. Windows 95 introduced a rudimentary preemptive scheduler; however, for legacy support opted to let 16 bit applications run without preemption.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Windows NT-based operating systems use a multilevel feedback queue. 32 priority levels are defined, 0 through to 31, with priorities 0 through 15 being "normal" priorities and priorities 16 through 31 being soft real-time priorities, requiring privileges to assign. 0 is reserved for the Operating System. User interfaces and APIs work with priority classes for the process and the threads in the process, which are then combined by the system into the absolute priority level.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The kernel may change the priority level of a thread depending on its I/O and CPU usage and whether it is interactive (i.e. accepts and responds to input from humans), raising the priority of interactive and I/O bounded processes and lowering that of CPU bound processes, to increase the responsiveness of interactive applications. The scheduler was modified in Windows Vista to use the cycle counter register of modern processors to keep track of exactly how many CPU cycles a thread has executed, rather than just using an interval-timer interrupt routine. Vista also uses a priority scheduler for the I/O queue so that disk defragmenters and other such programs do not interfere with foreground operations.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Mac OS 9 uses cooperative scheduling for threads, where one process controls multiple cooperative threads, and also provides preemptive scheduling for multiprocessing tasks. The kernel schedules multiprocessing tasks using a preemptive scheduling algorithm. All Process Manager processes run within a special multiprocessing task, called the "blue task". Those processes are scheduled cooperatively, using a round-robin scheduling algorithm; a process yields control of the processor to another process by explicitly calling a blocking function such as codice_1. Each process has its own copy of the Thread Manager that schedules that process's threads cooperatively; a thread yields control of the processor to another thread by calling codice_2 or codice_3.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: macOS uses a multilevel feedback queue, with four priority bands for threadsnormal, system high priority, kernel mode only, and real-time. Threads are scheduled preemptively; macOS also supports cooperatively scheduled threads in its implementation of the Thread Manager in Carbon.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Threads are primarily of interest for applications that currently consist of several asynchronous processes. These applications might impose a lighter load on the system if converted to a multithreaded structure.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: AIX 5 implements the following scheduling policies: FIFO, round robin, and a fair round robin. The FIFO policy has three different implementations: FIFO, FIFO2, and FIFO3. The round robin policy is named SCHED_RR in AIX, and the fair round robin is called SCHED_OTHER.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: In Linux 2.4, an O(n) scheduler with a multilevel feedback queue with priority levels ranging from 0 to 140 was used; 0–99 are reserved for real-time tasks and 100–140 are considered nice task levels. For real-time tasks, the time quantum for switching processes was approximately 200 ms, and for nice tasks approximately 10 ms. The scheduler ran through the run queue of all ready processes, letting the highest priority processes go first and run through their time slices, after which they will be placed in an expired queue. When the active queue is empty the expired queue will become the active queue and vice versa.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: However, some enterprise Linux distributions such as SUSE Linux Enterprise Server replaced this scheduler with a backport of the O(1) scheduler (which was maintained by Alan Cox in his Linux 2.4-ac Kernel series) to the Linux 2.4 kernel used by the distribution.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: In versions 2.6.0 to 2.6.22, the kernel used an O(1) scheduler developed by Ingo Molnar and many other kernel developers during the Linux 2.5 development. For many kernel in time frame, Con Kolivas developed patch sets which improved interactivity with this scheduler or even replaced it with his own schedulers.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Con Kolivas' work, most significantly his implementation of "fair scheduling" named "Rotating Staircase Deadline", inspired Ingo Molnár to develop the Completely Fair Scheduler as a replacement for the earlier O(1) scheduler, crediting Kolivas in his announcement. CFS is the first implementation of a fair queuing process scheduler widely used in a general-purpose operating system.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: The Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) uses a well-studied, classic scheduling algorithm called fair queuing originally invented for packet networks. Fair queuing had been previously applied to CPU scheduling under the name stride scheduling. The fair queuing CFS scheduler has a scheduling complexity of formula_1, where is the number of tasks in the runqueue. Choosing a task can be done in constant time, but reinserting a task after it has run requires formula_1 operations, because the run queue is implemented as a red–black tree.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: FreeBSD uses a multilevel feedback queue with priorities ranging from 0–255. 0–63 are reserved for interrupts, 64–127 for the top half of the kernel, 128–159 for real-time user threads, 160–223 for time-shared user threads, and 224–255 for idle user threads. Also, like Linux, it uses the active queue setup, but it also has an idle queue.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: NetBSD uses a multilevel feedback queue with priorities ranging from 0–223. 0–63 are reserved for time-shared threads (default, SCHED_OTHER policy), 64–95 for user threads which entered kernel space, 96-128 for kernel threads, 128–191 for user real-time threads (SCHED_FIFO and SCHED_RR policies), and 192–223 for software interrupts.


title: Scheduling (computing)

text: Solaris uses a multilevel feedback queue with priorities ranging between 0 and 169. Priorities 0–59 are reserved for time-shared threads, 60–99 for system threads, 100–159 for real-time threads, and 160–169 for low priority interrupts. Unlike Linux, when a process is done using its time quantum, it is given a new priority and put back in the queue. Solaris 9 introduced two new scheduling classes, namely fixed priority class and fair share class. The threads with fixed priority have the same priority range as that of the time-sharing class, but their priorities are not dynamically adjusted. The fair scheduling class uses CPU "shares" to prioritize threads for scheduling decisions. CPU shares indicate the entitlement to CPU resources. They are allocated to a set of processes, which are collectively known as a project.


title: Angela Martin

text: Angela Noelle Schrute (née Martin; formerly Lipton) is a fictional character in the U.S. version of the television sitcom "The Office," portrayed by actress Angela Kinsey. The character is based on Sheila from the original version of "The Office". She is introduced as the senior accountant, head of the Party Planning Committee, and safety officer at the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin. Her character serves as the stuck-up and more professional face of the branch. She begins a relationship with co-worker Dwight Schrute, whom she begins secretly dating in the second season, has a child with in the eighth, and marries in the ninth. This relationship continues during the fourth season while she is engaged to salesman Andy Bernard. She also has a short-lived marriage with Pennsylvania State Senator Robert Lipton, who is initially believed to be the father of her child, Phillip. Dwight often refers to her affectionately as "Monkey."


title: Angela Martin

text: Kinsey initially auditioned for the role of Pam Beesly, which eventually went to Jenna Fischer. The casting director for the show, Allison Jones, said that Kinsey's portrayal of Pam was "too feisty". Sometime later, the casting team offered Kinsey a role written for her named Angela Martin.


title: Angela Martin

text: Angela Martin was born on November 11, 1974, in Dayton, Ohio. She has one sister named Rachael who is her best friend. In the series finale, she and her sister speak in a secret language they created when they were little. During a talking head in the episode "Performance Review", she says that she "enjoys being judged" and that she participated in beauty pageants as a child. In "A Benihana Christmas", Martin tells the documentary crew that she has a sister who she hasn't spoken to in sixteen years due to a small argument, but it is unknown whether this sister was Rachael. Angela has 12 cats over the course of the series, her favorites being Sprinkles (who is killed by Dwight Schrute in "Fun Run"), Princess Lady, and Garbage (who is gifted to her by Dwight as an apology). The other names of her cats are Ember, Milky Way, Diane, Lumpy, Petals, Mr. Ash, Phillip (the inspiration for her son's name), Bandit, and Comstock (aka Sparkles, who she gives away when she realizes her son is allergic to in "New Guys"). Over the series, she is seen to be very close to her cats. During "Lecture Circuit: Part 2", fellow accountants Oscar Martinez and Kevin Malone see her communicating with her pets at her home via nanny cam.


title: Angela Martin

text: Angela is very petite and is constantly mocked by regional manager Michael Scott for it. During the episode "Women's Appreciation", she tells the documentarian that she'll sometimes buy clothes for large, colonial dolls from the "American Girl Doll" store because "the clothes at the "GAP Kids" are too flashy." She later reveals that she is 5'1" at her tallest, and in Stress Relief she says she is eighty-three pounds.In the season one episode "Health Care", Dwight confirms that she has dermatitis. At the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin, she is the senior accountant and was the head of the party planning committee (P.P.C.). She was replaced by Phyllis Vance in the fourth season finale as a use of blackmail. She was also the branch's safety officer until Dwight takes over sometime in the second season. Also in the second season, she begins a secret relationship with Dwight. This is first suspected by Pam Beesly in the episode "Email Surveillance", where Angela is seen buying two candy bars, one for Dwight. It is also noticed by Jim Halpert in the episode "The Negotiation". When at work, Angela and Dwight hook up in a supply closet in the branch's warehouse. She is also engaged to salesman Andy Bernard in the fifth season and married to Pennsylvania State Senator Robert Lipton in the eighth and ninth seasons.


title: Angela Martin

text: Throughout the series, Angela is shown to have very picky taste. While playing a game of Desert Island in the episode "The Fire", she states that the books she would bring to a deserted island would be the Bible, "The Purpose Driven Life", and "The Da Vinci Code" (just so that she could burn it). She is also seen to be a fan of "Will & Grace" (only the scenes with Harry Connick Jr.), the song "The Little Drummer Boy", and posters of young children doing adult-like activities. She also notes that her famous male crush is Boris Becker. During the episode "Office Olympics", she tells the documentarian that she likes playing games with her cats and singing. She dislikes apologizing, Kevin, and the colors green and orange. She is seen driving a first-generation Ford Focus Sedan in the second season and a second-generation Saturn S-Series in the sixth. During the fourth season, Andy offers several locations for their wedding, including EPCOT Center, a "Marriot" Ballroom, and hot-air balloon rides. She turns these all down and eventually requests to be married at "Schrute Farms", Dwight's beet farm. However, when Andy suggests a retirement in Celebration, Florida, she happily agrees. Angela also states several times that she is vegetarian.


title: Angela Martin

text: Angela is first seen in the pilot episode in a corner of the office behind reception, where the accountants work, at the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin Paper. She is later revealed to be the senior account, the head of the Party Planning Committee (first seen in "The Alliance"), and the safety officer (seen in "Basketball"). She is very stuck-up and is a "tight-ass" according to Michael ("The Dundies"). While she has respect for Oscar's intelligence, they often quarrel over who is right in various discussions. She is also disgusted by Kevin, who is constantly filling out worksheets wrong and eating. She also has a power struggle with Dwight, who thinks that he is the safety officer. In a deleted scene from the season two opener, she tells the documentary crew that she is also the branch's designated driver. In the episode "Halloween", she wears a white cat costume, which she is also seen wearing in a photo of her and Sprinkles.


title: Angela Martin

text: During "Email Surveillance", Pam begins to suspect a relationship between Angela and Dwight. Her suspicion is proved to be correct when the two can be seen making out at Jim's party later that night, though Pam doesn't see them. In the next episode, "Christmas Party", Angela plans the branch's annual Christmas party and is given a poster of two toddlers playing jazz instruments by Toby Flenderson. Later that season, Angela and Dwight once again have an argument about who will plan the Michael's birthday party. During "Conflict Resolution", Michael finds that Angela has lodged several complaints against Dwight but that they were all removed six months prior, most likely because of their relationship. In the episode "The Fire", Pam's then-fiancé Roy thoughtlessly states that he would "do" Angela while playing "Who Would You Do?", and it is strongly hinted that Angela is attracted to Roy too, as not only is he the only character to whom Angela never demonstrates any disapproval, she is seemingly unable to restrain herself from describing him glowingly in private as "strong and capable" and possessing of "character".


title: Angela Martin

text: In the second episode of the third season, Dwight and Michael travel to a convention with Dunder Mifflin corporate, and Angela secretly follows to surprise Dwight. The next episode, Dwight confides to Angela that while he is fond of Michael, he would be a better regional manager. Angela agrees, and Dwight secretly meets with Jan Levinson-Gould to discuss the matter. Michael finds out and tricks Dwight into thinking that he is no longer regional manager. Not knowing it's a prank, Dwight promises Angela the position of his right-hand man. At the branch's Christmas party, Angela invites transferred employee Karen Filippelli to join the P.P.C. but quickly removes her, claiming that she has no good ideas. This leads Pam and Karen to form The Committee to Plan Parties, and they create a margarita-karaoke Christmas party. This causes some tension between Angela and Pam, and Angela reveals to the camera that she never likes to apologize. Eventually, they decide to merge the parties, and Angela sings her favorite song, "The Little Drummer Boy", on the karaoke machine for the office. At Phyllis' wedding, Angela and Dwight slow-dance together outside the chapel. After Roy Anderson tries to attack Jim Halpert as revenge for kissing Pam on the office's casino night and Dwight saves Jim with a bottle of mace, Angela asks around the office to hear the story of Dwight's bravery. During "Product Recall", Angela is temporarily in charge of answering phone calls due to an inappropriate watermark on Dunder Mifflin's stationery. When the women of the Scranton branch go to the Steamtown Mall ("Women's Appreciation"), Angela shops at the "American Girl Store" for clothes for "large, colonial dolls", to fit her petite figure.


title: Angela Martin

text: In the season-four opener, Dwight offers to feed Angela's cat, Sprinkles, but ends up killing the cat instead. Though he tries to replace Sprinkles with a farm cat named Garbage (who she later renames Bandit), Angela breaks up with him. In an attempt to win her back, Dwight holds a battle against Dunder Mifflin's new website by trying to make more sales than it within the first hour of being launched. He beats the website's sales, but Angela is unimpressed. At the end of the episode, Andy Bernard asks Angela out by singing "Take a Chance on Me" by ABBA. She accepts, much to Dwight's sadness. In the episode "Dinner Party", Angela and Andy are invited to Michael's condo to have dinner with Pam, Jim, and Jan. Tensions rise at the party, and it only gets worse when Dwight shows up. In the season finale, Andy proposes to Angela in front of his parents, and she reluctantly says yes. However, in the very end of the episode, Phyllis Vance catches Angela and Dwight hooking up in the office. Throughout season five, Angela continues her secret romance with Dwight while engaged to Andy. Meanwhile, Andy spends most of the season trying to find the perfect wedding location, but most of them are turned down by Angela. They eventually settle on "Schrute Farms", Dwight's beet farm. In "The Surplus", Andy and Angela tour the farm and stage a fake wedding so Andy can see what the ceremony will look like. However, Dwight later reveals to her that he actually married her, because they both said "I do." Angela reacts angrily to this and makes him annul it. In the next episode, Phyllis hosts her first Christmas party as head of the P.P.C. Angela gets fed up with Phyllis' demands and allows her to spill the secret about her and Dwight, not thinking Phyllis has the guts. However, Phyllis announces it to the whole office, besides Andy, who was in the annex. Andy soon finds out in the following episode, "The Duel". Andy and Dwight plan a duel in the parking lot after work to decide who will get to keep Angela. In the end, they both realize that neither of them want Angela, and she is left single. Angela soon develops a crush on Charles Miner, a new employee at corporate, and battles with Kelly Kapoor for his attention.


title: Angela Martin

text: In "The Delivery", Dwight sees that Pam and Jim are using their unborn child as a selling point and decides that he would like to do the same. He suggests to Angela that they try to create a child together. Angela is excited by Dwight's sudden attention toward her but realizes that he just wants her to make a baby. In "Happy Hour", Dwight blows off Angela to meet with Pam's cousin, Isabel, which angers Angela. Soon after, Angela hires a mediator to go over the contract she and Dwight signed and realizes that he could be forced to give her $30,000. Knowing he cannot pay this, Angela gives Dwight a "settlement" of attempting to procreate five separate times. He agrees to this and they use a punch-card to keep track. In the third episode of the seventh season, Dwight reveals that he is no longer interested in Angela. However, he still takes her to a play Andy is performing in that evening. After the show, Dwight offers to use one of their five attempts, but Angela clips the punch-card, happy enough with a simple date. In the end of "WUPHF.com", Angela meets Pennsylvania State Senator Robert Lipton at Dwight's hay festival in the office parking lot. They hit it off, and Angela decides to talk with the senator instead of meeting Dwight. In the season finale, Robert proposes to Angela, and she accepts. At the start of the eighth season, Angela is married to the senator and pregnant. While giving a speech at Andy's "Garden Party", Angela reveals the name of her son to be Phillip, named after her favorite cat, and argues with Pam, who is also naming her son Phillip. In "Jury Duty", Angela gives birth to her son, and Dwight believes it to be his, though Angela denies this. In the eighth season finale, "Free Family Portrait Studio", Dwight steals a full diaper from Angela to test Phillip's DNA. During the ninth season, Angela suspects that Robert may be cheating on her and asks Oscar to help her find out, not knowing that Oscar is dating Robert. Oscar takes Angela to her husband's yoga class, where they see Robert flirting with multiple young men. They see him dialing his phone and Oscar's phone rings. Angela finds out the truth and goes to break off her marriage. Several episodes later, Dwight invites Angela to come to his house to help him to take care of his aunt (who raised him). The aunt assumes that are engaged, but Angela says rather sadly, "We are just friends." However, this friendship is ended when Dwight begins to date a beet farmer, just to make her jealous. In "A.A.R.M.", Dwight proposes to Angela and she finally reveals to him that he is indeed the father of Phillip. She accepts the proposal and they are married in the series finale.


title: Angela Martin

text: On "FanSided", Patrick Schmidt describes Angela as "The cold-hearted head of accounting. A petite woman, she views her co-workers mostly as distractions. Angela is definitely not out to make friends. Often she shows open disdain for her co-workers, especially Kevin and Meredith." "Screen Rant" said "While she'll always be known as the rudest one in the office, fans have to admit that she's a different woman by the series finale. She started joining the office shenanigans, made more small-talk with Pam, and dare we say "smiled" more."


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Song Min-ho (; born March 30, 1993), better known by the stage name Mino, is a South Korean rapper, actor and producer. After a stint in the two-year ballad group BoM from 2011 to 2013, he joined YG Entertainment, leading to his debut in 2014 with the boy band Winner, formed through Mnet survival program "WIN: Who Is Next". Alongside label-mate Bobby, he is also part of the hip hop duo MOBB, formed in September 2016.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: As a solo artist, Mino first gained recognition as a contestant in the rap-survival program, "Show Me the Money 4", where he finished as the series runner-up, and became the best-selling artist among the show's history with his single, "Fear" (겁). He made his official solo debut with the studio album, "XX" in November 2018; its lead single, titled "Fiancé", became his first number one hit in South Korea, spawning to number one on Gaon's digital and streaming monthly charts for the month of December. It also became his first single to receive a platinum certification from the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) after achieving sales of 2.5 million digital copies.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In television, he is currently a series regular in tvN variety programs, "New Journey to the West" and "Kang's Kitchen". In addition, he appeared as a judge in a variety show called "Sing Again", which has recently gained popularity.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Song Min-ho was born on March 30, 1993, in Yongin, Gyeonggi Province. He has a sister named Song Dan-ah, who is one year younger than him and was previously a member of the defunct girl group "New F.O." Mino also has a cousin named Song Gun-hee, better known by the stage name "#Gun", a rapper who was under Starship Entertainment. Mino graduated from Hanlim Multi Art School in 2011.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In the early years of his musical career, Mino was an active participant of the Korean underground rap scene, performing under the name Mino or Hugeboy Mino. Among others who would later become well-known, Mino often performed with underground rappers-turned-idols, namely Block B's Zico and P.O, and Phantom's Hanhae. He auditioned and trained under Stardom Entertainment for several years before attaining a position in the line-up for the boy band, Block B alongside trainees Zico, U-Kwon, B-Bomb and Jaehyo. However, due to not being of legal age at the time, his father consulted with the company on his behalf in terms of business regarding the contract and ultimately was unable to reach an agreement. In result, Mino left to pursue his career elsewhere.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Starting from scratch, Mino joined and trained under Y2Y Contents Company for nearly two years before making his debut on July 27, 2011 as a rapper under the stage name "Tagoon" in the ballad boy band BoM. While promoting with the group, despite writing five songs among their releases, the executive of the company did not register nor credit Mino's contributions for copyright and instead forged another person's name to receive royalties. Mino reported that he made as little as ₩10 won ($0.09) during his time at the company. BoM disbanded within two years of their debut in March 2013.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In 2013, YG Entertainment reached out to Mino upon discovering a video of him covering Big Bang's La La La in his March 2012 appearance on Channel A cable drama "The Strongest K-POP Survival". After a successful audition, Mino was accepted by the agency and joined as a trainee. That same year, he appeared on Mnet survival program "WIN: Who Is Next" as a contestant under "Team A". Initially, he was appointed as the leader by Yang Hyun-suk during the first episode of the show, however, due to an injury part-way, he was replaced as leader by Kang Seung-yoon. Seeing the synergy and improvement in performance, Yang Hyun-suk made the change permanent in benefit of the team. On October 25, during the finale episode of the survival program, Team A was announced as the winners of the show. Team A was set to debut under the name, Winner.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Winner officially made their debut on August 17, 2014 with the studio album, "2014 S/S" and the double A-side singles, "Empty" and "Color Ring". The ten-track album also featured Mino's first solo release titled, "I'm Him", which peaked at number 15 on the "Gaon" Digital Chart. Upon their debut, the quintet shot to instantaneous success with "Empty" topping all South Korean charts including Gaon, earning them the title "Monster Rookies". Their unprecedented success earned them multiple awards that year including Top 10 Artist (Bonsang) at the Melon Music Awards and "Most Popular Korean Group" at the Tudou Young Choice Awards. The group also went on to becoming the fastest act to win on a televised music show, within four days through Mnet's "M Countdown".


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In October 2014, Mino was featured in labelmate senior Epik High's lead single "Born Hater" from their studio album "Shoebox", alongside Beenzino, Verbal Jint, and labelmates iKon's B.I and Bobby. The single peaked at number 3 on the "Gaon" Digital Chart, selling almost 1.5 million digital copies. The song was later performed for the first time at the 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards. That same day, he also had a collaborative stage with South Korean singer, IU, performing her single "Friday". In December 2014, Mino co-hosted the 2014 "SBS Gayo Daejeon" alongside South Korean actress, Song Ji-hyo and singers 2PM's Nichkhun, CNBLUE's Yonghwa, Infinite's L and B1A4's Baro.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In April 2015, Mino appeared in the Mnet rap survival program "Show Me the Money 4" as a member of "Team Zipal" competing under Zico and Paloalto. He finished the show as the series runner-up behind rapper Basick. Through the program, Mino released numerous singles including Fear, Turtle Ship, Moneyflow, and Okey Dokey. Namely, the single "Fear", featuring labelmate senior Big Bang's Taeyang, went on to becoming one of the best-selling singles of the year, as well as the best-selling single ever in any "Show Me the Money" series. "Fear" went on to earning Mino the Discovery of the Year (Hip Hop) award at the Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards, and a nomination for the Hot Trend Award at the MelOn Music Awards.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In September 2016, Mino and labelmate Bobby of iKon was formed as the project sub-unit, MOBB. Together, they released a four-track single album titled "The Mobb", with the double A-side singles, "Full House" and "Hit Me" on September 9. The Hip-hop duo's success earned them the Best Hip-Hop/Rap Artist at the Seoul Music Awards. Ahead of their release, Mino also released the digital single, "Body" on September 8. "Body" peaked at number 13 on the Gaon Digital Chart and number 4 on the "Billboard" World Digital Songs Chart.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Through the MBC variety program, "Infinite Challenge", Mino was cast for the show's "Hip hop & History Special" alongside Zico, Bewhy, Dok2, Gaeko and DinDin. He partnered with the comedian Haha to create a single that fused hip hop with the history of South Korea. Ultimately, that collaboration led to the single "Shoot" (쏘아), which peaked at number 3 on the "Gaon" Digital chart.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Outside of music, in January 2017, Mino joined the cast of tvN variety program, "New Journey to the West" alongside Kyuhyun of Super Junior from season 2.5 onward. His appearance on the show marked his first-ever fixed regular appearance on a television series since his debut. Mino went on to obtaining the infamous names "Song Mojiri" and "Song Garak". On December 5, 2017 Mino appeared on tvN cooking variety program, "Kang's Kitchen", a spin-off variety show of New Journey to the West, as a cast member.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Through the release of the second studio album from his group, Winner, titled "Everyday" on April 4, 2018 he released the solo B-side single, "Turn Off the Light" (손만 잡고 자자), which peaked at number 74 on the "Gaon" Digital Chart.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: On July 20, Mino featured and co-wrote on labelmate senior Big Bang Seungri's sub-title track "Where R U From" from his studio album "The Great Seungri". The single went on to peaking at number 84 on the "Gaon" Digital Chart. Mino also made an appearance in the music video, which was later released on July 27, as well as on Seungri's live performance on MBC's "Show! Music Core" and SBS' "Inkigayo" on July 21 and 22 respectively.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Mino made his official solo debut on November 26, 2018 with his first studio album "XX", and the lead single "Fiancé" (아낙네). He described the song as a fusion of trot and hip hop that samples the Korean trot song "소양강 처녀" ("Soyanggang Maiden") from 1969. Fiancé went on to top numerous charts, including the Gaon Monthly Digital Chart for the month of December. The song also garnered Mino several awards on music programs for the number one hit. His single also earned him the Best Hip-Hop Award at the Golden Disc Awards and multiple nominations including Song of the Year (November) at the Gaon Chart Music Awards. He began promotions through his first music show appearance on MBC's "Show! Music Core" on December 1 and later achieved his first solo win on a music show through Mnet's "M Countdown" on December 6.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: On October 30, 2020, Mino released his second self-produced solo album "Take", with the lead single "Run Away" which peaked at number 55 on the "Gaon" Digital Chart. This album includes the first track called “Love and a Boy” which Mino wrote, composed, and arranged entirely by himself.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: On July 16, 2021, AOMG producer Gray posted a video on Instagram of himself and Mino with "#smtm10 #producer" officially announcing that the duo would serve as judges and producers for the tenth season of the popular hip-hop survival show, Show Me the Money. In six years, Mino went from contestant on the fourth season to producer in the tenth season. Gray and Mino's team was named "Team Graynoma" and included contestants Be'O, Mudd the Student, Anandelight, Geegooin, and Unofficialboyy. Several Team Graynoma songs went on to dominate the South Korean music charts including the team's song Breathe (쉬어) (ft. Mino); Be'O's Limousine (리무진) (ft. Mino); and Mudd The Student's Dissonance (불협화음) (ft. AKMU).


title: Mino (rapper)

text: On October 7, 2021, it was announced that Mino will be holding his first ever solo concert, entitled "Maniac" on November 19. The event will be held simultaneously in-person at Seoul's Olympic Hall and online as part of 'YG Palm Stage 2021'. During Mino's solo concert, he shared the stage with Bobby from Ikon and Winner bandmate, Kang Seungyoon. Those in attendance at the concert included Mino's Winner bandmates Jinwoo and Seunghoon, Twice's Jeongyeon, YG labelmates from Treasure and IKon, and Blackpink's Jennie.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: After the concert, Mino announced that he would be releasing his third studio album "To Infinity" and its lead single "Tang!" on December 7, 2021. "To Infinity" topped the iTunes Album charts in 14 countries on the day of its release. Artists featured on the album include ILLBOI, Gaeko, Bobby, sogumm, and sunwoojunga.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: On July 21, 2022, it was announced that Mino would be attending the 'Start Art Fair Seoul 2022' held at The Seoul Lightium, Seongdong-gu, Seoul from September 1-6.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In August, Mino made his debut with the Netflix film "Seoul Vibe", which was Mino's big screen debut.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Mino revealed during his appearance on JTBC's "Human Intelligence" that he was diagnosed with panic disorder in early 2018, further stating that, "I didn't think it was a panic disorder, but many things piled on and it happened. I always need to show a good appearance to the public and always shine, but there are a lot of things I need to deal with and am responsible for behind-the-scenes. I talked a lot with people around me who struggled with panic disorders and eventually got better."


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Initially discovering hip hop through 50 Cent, Mino's love for the genre grew after expanding into the South Korean hip hop scenes through artists including Dynamic Duo, The Movement and Drunken Tiger. In result, his entire discography is predominantly hip hop. Mino has also cited American rapper Kendrick Lamar as a musical role model towards his career. For rap, he fancied the husky and rough voices of rappers such as Dirty South, Young Jeezy and Ja Rule which was embodied in his earlier work. Mino recalled how he used to shout on purpose to lose his voice for a husky musical tone. Citing his appearance on the fourth installment of "Show Me the Money" as a career turning point, from then on he changed his rap tone to something more natural and comfortable.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Mino launched an exhibition in early October 2018 called "Burning Planet" in collaboration with Gentle Monster. Hypebeast praised the exhibition's symbolism, and noted the way it portrayed a "burnout" culture where societies literally work themselves to death. Notably, celebrities such as actor Lee Dong-hwi, Block B's P.O, Li Yi Feng and many others visited the exhibition. The exhibition was held for a month.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In November 2018, Mino was featured along with other professional photographers for “O! Leica, Spirit of the Times” exhibition that was held in S-Factory in Seoul, Korea from November 30 to December 9. Mino continued to expand further into the fashion industry as he teamed up with "Vogue Korea" for the "I AM REAL MINO" spread in the December 2018 issue as guest editor. Along with the spread, a fashion film for the track "Rocket" of his album "XX" is to be released.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In December 2019, Mino made his official debut as a painter at SEEA 2019 exhibition (Special Exhibition for Emerging Artists 2019). The exhibition held at the Seongnam Arts Center's 808 Gallery from December 17 to 25. He submitted three paintings to the fine art show.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In October 2020, Mino's acrylic paintings will be displayed in Saatchi Gallery as part of the Korean Eye 2020: Creativity and Daydream exhibit in the STARTnet art fair from October 21 to 25. He is the first Korean singer to have his work displayed in this famous contemporary art gallery.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Mino alongside Block B's Zico were selected as the models for South Korean mobile game Penta Storm: The Strike Of Kings, owned by the largest South Korean gaming company Netmarble on March 15, 2017. An official from the company mentioned they believed the two fit the games image perfectly as both are influential in the target audience they aim for as well as the two being close friends in reality, further elaborating they wish for users to enjoy with friends anytime and anywhere. Lotte Chilsung, the largest beverage manufacturers in South Korea launched new products dubbed the "Let's Be" Coffee in February 2019. Mino alongside Block B's P.O were chosen as advertising models for the products. A representative from the company revealed their "Fresh and Youthful" image was one of the many key reasons they were chosen. In August 2020, the German personal care brand, Nivea, collaborated with Mino on limited release lip balms, named Red, Blue, and Navy, which included Mino's artwork on the packaging. In November 2021, Mino was selected as the model for the premium vegan brand, d'Alba, and appeared in numerous print and TV ads for the brand. Other brands that have recently collaborated with Mino, and include his artwork, include Scotch whiskey brand Glenfiddich, Italian suit brand Kitson, Danish brand Bang & Olufsen, and camping brand Helinox.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In September 2017, Mino, along with bandmate Lee Seung-hoon, was chosen as influencers most suited to being ambassadors of luxury brand Burberry appointed by previous creative officer Christopher Bailey as they exhibited a "Viktor Horsting & Rolf Snoeren-like approach to haute couture" and named as winning front row looks. The duo got early access to the Spring 2018 collection two days after they landed at Heathrow Airport.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In October 2018, Mino collaborated with brand Gentle Monster in creating the Burning Planet exclusive package that included specialized Peek-a-Boo glasses Burning Planet edition. The package was only available to friends of Mino, and were seen worn by label mates Lisa of Blackpink and Donghyuk of iKon, Kwon twins of YG Hitech dance team, South Korean rapper and producer Code Kunst, and many others.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: On June 20, 2019 Mino made his global runway debut and became the first Korean artist to walk down the runway of Louis Vuitton's Spring 2020 menswear show held in Paris, France, during Paris Fashion Week. He was personally invited to participate by Virgil Abloh, the artistic director of Louis Vuitton's menswear collection.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In February 2021, Mino was named as an ambassador for SONGZIO and became its first-ever ambassador since its creation in 1993. Following the announcement, sales increased by 40% in compared to the previous year for the month of March. Lee Da-nam, a manager from the sales department revealed overall sales for the year have increased by 30% in comparison to the prior year. Mino increased attention on the brand alongside the awareness of Songzio among the younger generation. 'Black Sunflower, Edition 93', a collaboration between the brand and Mino, achieved sales amounting to 60 million won through pre-sales only and became the greatest performance in a collaboration.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: In September 2018, it was reported that Mino donated his entire modelling fee for his appearance in the Balenciaga X Dazed collaboration to the United Nations' World Food Programme, a humanitarian organization that aims for a world without hunger.


title: Mino (rapper)

text: Following the cancellation of contemporary casual clothing brand PLAC's 'by YOU' collection showcase event in collaboration with himself and bandmate Seungyoon due to safety issues in relations to the recent coronavirus pandemic, the funds they raised towards the showcase were used to donate 10,000 masks for low-income children.


title: East Harlem

text: East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem or and historically known as Italian Harlem, is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, New York City, roughly encompassing the area north of the Upper East Side and bounded by 96th Street to the south, Fifth Avenue to the west, and the East and Harlem Rivers to the east and north. Despite its name, it is generally not considered to be a part of Harlem proper, but it is one of the neighborhoods included in Greater Harlem.


title: East Harlem

text: The neighborhood is one of the largest predominantly Hispanic communities in New York City, mostly made up of Puerto Ricans, as well as sizeable numbers of Dominican, Cuban and Mexican immigrants. The community is notable for its contributions to Latin freestyle and salsa music. East Harlem also includes the area formerly known as Italian Harlem, in which the remnants of a once predominantly Italian community remain. The Chinese population has increased dramatically in East Harlem since 2000.


title: East Harlem

text: East Harlem has historically suffered from many social issues, such as a high crime rate, the highest jobless rate in New York City, teenage pregnancy, AIDS, drug abuse, homelessness, and an asthma rate five times the national average. It has the second-highest concentration of public housing in the United States, behind Brownsville, Brooklyn. However, East Harlem is undergoing some gentrification. In February 2016, East Harlem was one of four neighborhoods featured in an article in "The New York Times" about "New Hot Neighborhoods", and the city was considering re-zoning the area.


title: East Harlem

text: East Harlem is part of Manhattan Community District 11, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10029 and 10035. It is patrolled by the 23rd and 25th Precincts of the New York City Police Department.


title: East Harlem

text: The area which became East Harlem was rural for most of the 19th century, but residential settlements northeast of Third Avenue and East 110th Street had developed by the 1860s. The construction of the elevated transit line to Harlem in 1879 and 1880, and the building of the Lexington Avenue subway in 1919, urbanized the area, precipitating the construction of apartment buildings and brownstones. The extension of cable cars up Lexington Avenue into East Harlem was stymied by the incline created by Duffy's Hill at 103rd Street, one of the steepest grades in Manhattan. East Harlem was first populated by poor German, Irish, Scandinavian, and Eastern European Jewish immigrants, with the Jewish population standing at 90,000 around 1917. In the 1870s, Italian immigrants joined the mix after a contractor building trolley tracks on First Avenue imported Italian laborers as strikebreakers. The workers' shantytown along the East River at 106th Street was the beginning of an Italian neighborhood, with 4,000 having arrived by the mid-1880s. As more immigrants arrived, it expanded north to East 115th Street and west to Third Avenue.


title: East Harlem

text: East Harlem consisted of pockets of ethnically-sorted settlements – Italian, German, Irish, and Jewish – which were beginning to press up against each other, with the spaces still between them occupied by "gasworks, stockyards and tar and garbage dumps". In 1895, the Union Settlement Association, one of the oldest settlement houses in New York City, began providing services in the area, offering the immigrant and low-income residents a range of community-based programs, including boys and girls clubs, a sewing school and adult education classes.


title: East Harlem

text: Southern Italians and Sicilians, with a moderate number of Northern Italians, soon predominated, especially in the area east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th Streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th Streets, with each street featuring people from different regions of Italy. The neighborhood became known as "Italian Harlem", the Italian American hub of Manhattan; it was the first part of Manhattan to be referred to as "Little Italy". The first Italians arrived in East Harlem in 1878, from Polla in the province of Salerno, and settled in the vicinity of 115th Street.


title: East Harlem

text: There were many crime syndicates in Italian Harlem from the early Black Hand to the bigger and more organized Italian gangs that formed the Italian-American Mafia. It was the founding location of the Genovese crime family, one of the Five Families that dominated organized crime in New York City. This includes the current 116th Street Crew of the Genovese family. During the 1970s, Italian East Harlem was also home to the Italian-American drug gang and murder-for-hire crew known as the East Harlem Purple Gang.


title: East Harlem

text: In the 1920s and early 1930s, Italian Harlem was represented in Congress by future Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia. After becoming mayor, La Guardia helped plan a large expansion of Thomas Jefferson Park at First Avenue, between 111th and 114th Streets, in the mid-1930s. The neighborhood was represented, in the 1940s, by Italian-American civil rights lawyer, activist, and socialist Vito Marcantonio. The Italian neighborhood approached its peak in the 1930s, with over 110,000 Italian-Americans living in its crowded, run-down apartment buildings. The 1930 census showed that 81 percent of the population of Italian Harlem consisted of first- or second-generation Italian Americans, somewhat less than the concentration of Italian Americans in the Lower East Side's Little Italy with 88 percent; Italian Harlem's total population, however, was three times that of Little Italy.


title: East Harlem

text: The Italian community in East Harlem remained strong into the 1980s, but it has slowly diminished since then. However, Italian inhabitants and vestiges of the old Italian neighborhood remain. The annual Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the "Dancing of the Giglio", the first Italian feast in New York City, is still celebrated there every year on the second weekend of August by the Giglio Society of East Harlem. Italian retail establishments still exist, such as Rao's restaurant, started in 1896, and the original Patsy's Pizzeria which opened in 1933. In May 2011, one of the last remaining Italian retail businesses in the neighborhood, a barbershop owned by Claudio Caponigro on 116th Street, was threatened with closure by a rent increase.


title: East Harlem

text: Puerto Rican and Latin American migration after the First World War established an enclave at the western portion of East Harlem – around 110th Street and Lexington Avenue – which became known as "Spanish Harlem". The area slowly grew to encompass all of East Harlem, including Italian Harlem, as Italians moved out – to the Bronx, Brooklyn, Long Island, upstate New York and New Jersey – and Latinos moved in during another wave of immigration in the 1940s and 1950s. Although in certain areas, particularly around Pleasant Avenue, Italian Harlem lasted through the 1970s, today most of the former Italian population is gone. Most of these predominantly older residents are clustered around Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, mainly from 114th to 118th Streets. According to the 2000 Census, there were only 1,130 Italian-Americans still living in this area.


title: East Harlem

text: The newly dominant Puerto Rican population, which reached 63,000 in 1950, continued to define the neighborhood according to its needs, establishing bodegas and botánicas as it expanded; by the 1930s there was already an enclosed street market underneath the Park Avenue railroad viaduct between 111th and 116th Streets, called "La Marqueta" ("The Market"). Catholic and evangelistic Protestant churches appeared in storefronts. Although "Spanish Harlem" had been in use since at least the 1930s to describe the Latino enclave – along with "Italian Harlem" and "Negro Harlem" – the name began to be used to describe the entire East Harlem neighborhood by the 1950s. Later, the name "El Barrio" ("The Neighborhood") began to be used, especially by residents of the area.


title: East Harlem

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, large sections of East Harlem were leveled for urban renewal projects, and the neighborhood was one of the hardest hit areas in the 1960s and 1970s as New York City struggled with deficits, race riots, urban flight, gang warfare, drug abuse, crime and poverty. Tenements were crowded, poorly maintained, and frequent targets for arson. In 1969 and 1970, a regional chapter of the Young Lords which were reorganized from a neighborhood street gang in Chicago by Jose (Cha-Cha) Jimenez, ran several programs including a Free Breakfast for Children and a Free Health Clinic to help Latino and poor families. The Young Lords came together with the Black Panthers and called for Puerto Rican independence and neighborhood empowerment. Still, as of the early 2000s, the Latin Kings gang remained prevalent in East Harlem.


title: East Harlem

text: By the beginning of the 21st century, East Harlem was a racially diverse neighborhood, with about a third of the population being Puerto Rican. As it has been throughout its history, it is predominantly a working-class neighborhood.


title: East Harlem

text: Until 2006, property values in East Harlem climbed along with those in the rest of New York City, leading to gentrification and changes to area demographics.


title: East Harlem

text: On March 12, 2014, at 9:00 EDT, a large explosion and fire at 1644–1646 Park Avenue killed eight people and injured more than 70.


title: East Harlem

text: The "New York Post" listed one part of the neighborhood – the block of Lexington Avenue between East 123rd and 124th Streets – as one of "the most dangerous blocks in the city" because police crime statistics for 2015 showed that 19 assaults had taken place there, more than for any other city block. The "Post" also reported that there were, according to the Harlem Neighborhood Block Association, "22 drug-treatment programs, four homeless-services providers and four transitional-living facilities" in East Harlem.


title: East Harlem

text: East Harlem has begun to feel the effects of gentrification. In February 2016, an article in "The New York Times" about "New York's Next Hot Neighborhoods" featured East Harlem as one of four such areas. A real-estate broker described it as "one of the few remaining areas in New York City where you can secure a good deal". The article mentioned new luxury developments, access to transportation, the opening of new retail stores, bars and restaurants, and national-brand stores beginning to appear on the outskirts of the neighborhood. Primarily, though, it was the cost of housing in comparison to the rest of Manhattan, which the article noted as the major factor. Beginning in 2016, the New York City government was seeking to rezone East Harlem "to facilitate new residential, commercial, community facility, and manufacturing development". The residents of the neighborhood generated a suggested zoning plan, the "East Harlem Neighborhood Plan", which was offered to the city in February 2017, but in August 2017 residents and the Manhattan Borough President, Gale Brewer, complained that the city had ignored their plan almost entirely.


title: East Harlem

text: In 2019, the oldest portion of the neighborhood, the blocks of East 111th through 120th Streets between Park and Pleasant Avenues, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the East Harlem Historic District.


title: East Harlem

text: The New York City Department of City Planning classifies East Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas: East Harlem North and East Harlem South, divided along 115th Street. The two areas had a combined population of 115,921, an increase of 1,874 (1.4%) from the combined 114,047 in the 2000 Census.


title: East Harlem

text: Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of East Harlem North was 58,019, an increase of 871 (1.5%) from the 57,148 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 6.8% (3,936) White, 35.5% (20,625) African American, 0.2% (128) Native American, 3.0% (1,766) Asian, 0.0% (9) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (185) from other races, and 1.3% (769) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.7% (30,601) of the population.


title: East Harlem

text: Based on data from the 2010 Census, the population of East Harlem South was 57,902, an increase of 1,003 (1.8%) from the 56,899 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 17.4% (10,072) White, 24.6% (14,227) African American, 0.2% (96) Native American, 8.3% (4,802) Asian, 0.1% (55) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (218) from other races, and 1.6% (933) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47.5% (27,499) of the population.


title: East Harlem

text: The most significant changes in the racial composition of East Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the Asian population's increase by 109% (3,427), the White population's increase by 68% (5,689), and the Black population's decrease by 12% (4,625). Although more of the influx of Asian and White residents was in East Harlem South, the greatest percentage growth was in East Harlem North, while the Black population's decrease was evenly split. The Hispanic/Latino population also decreased by 4% (2,485), a decrease almost entirely concentrated in East Harlem South, where it fell from being the majority group to the plurality group. The small population of other races experienced a slight increase of 5% (132).


title: East Harlem

text: The entirety of Manhattan Community District 11, which consists of East Harlem, Randall's Island, and Ward's Island, had 124,323 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 77.3 years. This is 3.9 years lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most residents are children and middle-aged adults: 21% are between the ages of 0–17, while 33% are between 25 and 44, and 23% are between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 13% respectively.


title: East Harlem

text: As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 11 was $36,770. In 2018, an estimated 23% of Community District 11 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in nine residents (11%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 11, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Community District 11 is considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.


title: East Harlem

text: In the 2020 census report, East Harlem's demographics were separated into north and south parts. North East Harlem had between 30,000 to 39,999 Hispanic residents, 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and less than 5000 Asian residents. Meanwhile South East Harlem was more racially diverse with 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents, 10,000 to 19,999 Black residents, 10,000 to 19,999 white residents, and 5,000 to 9,999 Asian residents.


title: East Harlem

text: Community District 11 is a mostly low to middle income area. It is made up of first and second generation Puerto Ricans, African-Americans, Italian-Americans, Asian-Americans, West Indian Americans (especially Dominican Americans and Cuban Americans), and a growing population of Mexican Americans and Salvadoran Americans and other Central American immigrants. It has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in all of New York City. As of 2010, the Puerto Rican population was 27.7% in zip code 10029, and 23.4% in 10035. 10035 also has a large Mexican population, at 10.7%.


title: East Harlem

text: As noted before, the number of Asians in East Harlem more than doubled between 2000 and 2010, largely due to Chinese people moving to East Harlem. Increasing rents in Lower Manhattan's Chinatown have driven many into public and subsidized housing developments in the neighborhood. Advocates have been calling for Chinese language services to be available in the community centers to accommodate the growing number of Chinese residents in the area. In 2000, the Chinese population in the northern portion was less than one percent, but by 2010, it has gone up to being three percent in the area. In the southern part, it rose from 4.6% to 8.4%.


title: East Harlem

text: Social problems, including concentrated poverty, homelessness, overcrowding, substandard housing, language barriers, food insecurity, teen pregnancy, obesity, crime, drug addiction, dropping out of school, and low rates of advanced educational attainment, have long plagued the area. Although crime rates have dropped from the historically high numbers of the crack epidemic, East Harlem suffers from a high violent crime rate, especially in the 25th Precinct above 115th Street. In 2021, the 25th Precinct had the second-highest rates of felony assault and robbery, the sixteenth-highest rate of rape, and the highest rate of murder out of the New York Police Department's 77 precincts.


title: East Harlem

text: East Harlem has the highest concentration of shelters and facilities in Manhattan, with eight homeless shelters, 36 drug and alcohol treatment facilities and 37 mental health treatment facilities. It also has the highest jobless rate in the entire city, as well as the city's second highest cumulative AIDS rate. The asthma rate is also five times higher than national levels. The neighborhood also suffers from a high poverty rate. Union Settlement Association is one of the neighborhood's largest social service agencies, reaching more than 13,000 people annually at 17 locations throughout East Harlem, through a range of programs, including early childhood education, youth development, senior services, job training, the arts, adult education, nutrition, counseling, a farmers' market, community development, and neighborhood cultural events.


title: East Harlem

text: East Harlem is dominated by public housing complexes of various types, with a high concentration of older tenement buildings between these developments. The neighborhood contains the second-highest concentration of public housing in the United States, behind Brownsville, Brooklyn. The total land area is .


title: East Harlem

text: After a wave of arson ravaged the low income communities of New York City throughout the 1970s, many of the residential structures in East Harlem were left seriously damaged or destroyed. By the late 1970s, the city began to rehabilitate many abandoned tenement style buildings and designate them as low income housing. Despite recent gentrification of the neighborhood, large numbers of apartment buildings have been deliberately kept vacant by their owners. Although the businesses on the ground floor are retained, landlords do not want to have the trouble involved in residential tenants. In some cases, landlords are waiting for a revived economy, warehousing the apartments so that they can rent them later at a higher rent.


title: East Harlem

text: In 2007, a survey of Manhattan's buildings found that 1,723 were significantly vacant, three-quarters of them north of 96th Street. A 1998 survey found that one-quarter of low-rise residential buildings on avenues or major cross streets in East Harlem had sealed-up residential floors, despite having commercial businesses on the ground floor.


title: East Harlem

text: There are twenty-four New York City Housing Authority developments located in East Harlem. As of 2013, 93.6% of all housing units were renter-occupied, and over 25% of the population resided in public housing units managed by the NYCHA.


title: East Harlem

text: The neighborhood is home to one of the few major television studios north of midtown, Metropolis at 106th Street and Park Avenue, where shows such as BET's "106 & Park" and "Chappelle's Show" have been produced. PRdream.com, a web site on the history and culture of Puerto Ricans, founded a media gallery and digital film studio called MediaNoche in 2003. It presents technology-based art on Park Avenue and 102nd Street, providing exhibition space and residencies for artists and filmmakers, and webcasting events.


title: East Harlem

text: East Harlem is served by two precincts of the NYPD. The area north of 116th Street is served by the 25th Precinct, located at 120 East 119th Street, while the area south of 116th Street is served by the 23rd Precinct, located at 164 East 102nd Street.


title: East Harlem

text: The 25th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 62.1% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 16 murders, 12 rapes, 242 robberies, 382 felony assaults, 108 burglaries, 401 grand larcenies, and 66 grand larcenies auto in 2012. Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 25th Precinct had a rate of 1,340 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.


title: East Harlem

text: The 23rd Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 69.7% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 8 murders, 16 rapes, 189 robberies, 366 felony assaults, 109 burglaries, 383 grand larcenies, and 60 grand larcenies auto in 2021. Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 23rd Precinct had a rate of 819 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.


title: East Harlem

text: , Community District 11 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 130 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 1,291 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.


title: East Harlem

text: In 2019, the highest concentration of felony assaults in East Harlem was around the intersection of 125th Street and Lexington Avenue, where there were 39 felony assaults. This location is well known as an open-air drug market and hotspot of other crimes. The highest concentration of robberies, on the other hand, was around the intersection of 116th Street and Third Avenue, where there were 21 robberies. The Willis Avenue Bridge which connects East Harlem to the Mott Haven section of the Bronx has long been a hotspot for robbery.


title: East Harlem

text: , preterm births and births to teenage mothers in East Harlem are higher than the city average. In East Harlem, there were 108 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.8 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate was based on a small sample size. East Harlem has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 3%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size.


title: East Harlem

text: The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in East Harlem is , more than the city average. Eighteen percent of East Harlem residents are smokers, which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In East Harlem, 28% of residents are obese, 17% are diabetic, and 34% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 23% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.


title: East Harlem

text: Eighty-four percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 76% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", less than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in East Harlem, there are 17 bodegas.


title: East Harlem

text: Metropolitan Hospital Center and Mount Sinai Hospital are both located in southern East Harlem. North General Hospital, which formerly served the area as well, is now closed. In addition, FDNY EMS Station 10 is located close to Metropolitan Hospital Center.


title: East Harlem

text: A lack of access to healthy food causes serious hardships to citizens of East Harlem, a neighborhood which is considered to be a food desert. According to an April 2008 report prepared by the New York City Department of City Planning, East Harlem is an area of the city with the highest levels of diet-related diseases due to limited opportunities for citizens to purchase fresh foods.


title: East Harlem

text: With a high population density and a lack of nearby supermarkets, the neighborhood has little access to fresh fruit and vegetables and a low consumption of fresh foods. Citizens of East Harlem are likely to buy food from grocery stores that have a limited supply of fruits and vegetables, which are often of poor quality and generally more expensive than the same products sold at supermarkets. Compared to the Upper East Side, supermarkets in Harlem are 30% less common. Without access to affordable produce and meats, East Harlem residents have difficulty eating a healthy diet, which contributes to high rates of obesity and diabetes.