title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: Unlike other game modes, the SSE has a team system for the characters, with a limited choice of characters at the beginning of the mode. Others join the team as the game progresses, while some characters may leave the team temporarily. Most characters start off with their own teams, but the teams merge occasionally until they become a unified team by the end of the game. In cooperative multiplayer, once one player loses a life, an ally can take his or her place until the number of lives run out. If there are no lives left and player one is defeated, the game is interrupted, with the choice of quitting or starting again from the previous "door" the player passed through.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: During the development of "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", Sakurai said that this mode would be more "fleshed out" than the single-player modes in previous "Smash Bros." titles. Shigeru Miyamoto has explained that Sakurai always wanted to have a deep single-player game, but he wanted Sakurai to focus more on the multiplayer aspects in the previous titles since there were already many single-player games of this kind. Both were possible with the development time allotted for "Brawl". Sakurai selected Kazushige Nojima, a scenario writer known for his work on the "Final Fantasy" series, to construct a plotline for the mode in cooperation with him.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: "Brawl" allows players to play against distant opponents via the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Online multiplayer games can be played either with registered friends or with randomly selected participants. Additionally, players can converse with up to four phrases that are preset by the player, which appear as speech bubbles when activated. These names and phrases are not displayed in random-player matches. The Spectator mode allows players to watch matches being played between other players, and bet on the outcome using coins earned within the game. The winner of the match earns a jackpot of coins.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: Snapshots may be taken during battles or in certain other modes, which can later be sent to friends or submitted to Nintendo. Video replay footage can be captured in specific game modes, including Brawl and Target Smash! modes, and sent to friends in the same manner. Snapshots, custom stages and replays can be submitted to Nintendo's "Smash Service" for a chance to get the content featured and updated on all Smash Service-enabled Wii consoles. Since "Brawl"s launch, the Smash Service has updated the game's Vault with one user submitted snapshot, custom stage and replay data chosen by Nintendo every day; each new update overwrites the previous. The user can choose to not receive updates from the service through the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection options menu. After June 30, 2009, the Smash Service stopped accepting content from its users. After May 20, 2014, the Nintendo Wi-Fi service for "Brawl" was discontinued.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: Returning from "Melee" are trophies, statues of video game characters and objects that give brief histories or descriptions of their subjects, such as Mario and Link, or other characters and items that appear in their respective series. A minigame, the Coin Launcher, replaces the lottery machine from "Melee" as the primary method of obtaining trophies. The Coin Launcher is a machine that uses coins as projectiles to shoot trophies and counter incoming dangers. Coins can also be used to bet on the victor of online battles via Spectator mode. Trophies unavailable in Coin Launcher mode are obtained by using an item called the Trophy Stand on weakened enemy characters and bosses within The Subspace Emissary. Trophies obtained in this manner may contain information on the backstory of the Subspace Emissary.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: In addition to trophies, players can now collect stickers of video game artwork. Players can place stickers and trophies onto virtual backgrounds and take snapshots, which can be sent to other players via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection. Stickers can be applied to characters to power up their abilities in the Subspace Emissary.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: Other stickers or trophies which cannot be collected through the Coin Launcher minigame, Subspace Emissary, or Vs. matches can be unlocked from the Challenges menu, an interactive display which catalogs unlocked features and items in gridded windows. Once a window has been broken and its contents are unlocked, horizontally adjacent windows display the conditions necessary to unlock them.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: "Brawl" contains demo versions of several Nintendo games, named "Masterpieces", which were originally released for older consoles and feature characters playable in "Brawl". These games use Virtual Console technology to emulate older hardware and have time constraints ranging from thirty seconds to five minutes. Some use save data to allow the player to play a certain scenario or level. Along with Masterpieces comes the inclusion of the Chronicles section, a library of previous Nintendo games which lists games either previously made or published by Nintendo on all of its consoles. New games appear when certain characters, trophies or stickers related to the game are unlocked.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: In the Adventure mode titled "The Subspace Emissary", Mario and Kirby face each other on a stadium located in the "Super Smash Bros." universe. In this world, when a fighter is defeated, they become a trophy which can be revived by touching the base by an active fighter. Suddenly, the Battleship Halberd appears, releasing a stream of purple particles known as Shadow Bugs that form the soldiers of the Subspace Army. The Ancient Minister, the army's cloaked general, arrives and detonates a Subspace Bomb, which can only be detonated by the sacrifice of two R.O.B units, and transports the stadium into Subspace, an alternate dimension where the Subspace Army resides. The Ancient Minister's advance prompts the fighters to join forces and attempt to repel the threat, while villain fighters harvest the power of the allied fighters by using powerful weapons that instantly reduce them to their trophy forms and using the Shadow Bugs on some of them to create evil doppelgängers. King Dedede begins independently gathering some fallen fighters, placing golden brooches on them.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: The Ancient Minister is revealed as a subordinate to Ganondorf, Bowser, and Wario, who are under orders from Master Hand to draw the world into Subspace. Wario, who had kidnapped Ness, is defeated by the Pokémon Trainer and Lucas, and his trophy form is then helplessly sucked into a Subspace Bomb's detonation. Meanwhile, Meta Knight leaves his group to reclaim the Halberd as he allies with Lucario and Snake and neutralizes the source of the Shadow Bugs – Mr. Game & Watch.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: The Ancient Minister's true identity is found to be that of the leading R.O.B. unit, who rebels against Ganondorf to join the fighters when the latter detonates several bombs on its home, the Isle of the Ancients, to create a rift into Subspace large enough to summon the Subspace Army's ultimate weapon – an enormous warship. The three major groups converge and use the Halberd to battle the ship. Although the Halberd is destroyed, all of the characters escape unscathed and Ganondorf and Bowser retreat after Kirby destroys the ship with his Dragoon. After betraying Bowser, Ganondorf discovers that Master Hand was being controlled by the army's actual leader and the embodiment of Subspace, Tabuu, who defeats Ganondorf and Master Hand.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: The fighters confront Tabuu, but the latter annihilates them all with a cataclysmic attack known as "Off Waves" and scatters their trophy forms all throughout his dimension. Dedede's brooches are soon revealed to be a fail-safe against Tabuu's Off Waves and revive Luigi, Dedede, Ness, and Kirby, who rescue the fighters and navigate a gargantuan maze-like amalgamation of the areas that were transported into Subspace where Tabuu is located. As Tabuu is about to use his Off Waves to dispose of the fighters once and for all, he is attacked by Sonic, who weakens him; the fighters then defeat Tabuu and save the day.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: In the final scene, the fighters look at a great luminous cross on the horizon where the Isle of the Ancients once resided.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: At a pre-E3 2005 press conference, Nintendo president Satoru Iwata announced that the next installment of "Super Smash Bros." was soon to be in development for its next console and would be a launch title with Wi-Fi compatibility for online play. The announcement was a surprise to Sakurai, who left HAL Laboratory in 2003. He was not informed of Nintendo's intent to release another "Smash Bros." game, despite the fact that Iwata told Sakurai shortly after his resignation from HAL that if a new "Smash" game were developed, he would want Sakurai to again serve as director. It was not until after the conference that Iwata requested that Sakurai hold a private meeting with him, where he was asked to be involved as "Brawl"s director. Sakurai agreed to become director, and development of the game began in October 2005, when Nintendo opened a new office in Tokyo just for its production. Help from a variety of studios such as Monolith Soft and Paon was enlisted, with Game Arts as the main team in the preliminary development stages. In addition, several "Smash Bros." staff members that resided in the area of the new office joined the project. Altogether, roughly 100 individuals worked on the project full-time, and were given access to all the original material and tools from the development of "Melee", courtesy of HAL Laboratory.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: The game was absent from Nintendo's Wii showing at its pre-E3 2006 press conference. Nintendo officially revealed the game under the name of "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" the next day, May 10, 2006, along with the game's first official trailer during the E3 After-Hours Press Conference. In an interview with IGN, Sakurai said the Wii's motion sensing features might not be included because "[his team] found that trying to implement too much motion-sensory functionality can get in the way of the game". As far as Wi-Fi play is concerned, Sakurai stated his plan was to include Wi-Fi connection compatibility from the start. He goes on to say, "One of the primary reasons "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" was created was that Nintendo, when taking Wii online, wanted to have "Smash Bros." to do that." However, Sakurai stated on the Japanese version of the "Smash Bros." website that there were "hurdles of all sorts that [made] it very difficult" to implement online battles. Furthermore, he said that an online ranking system is unlikely to be implemented. During a test play between Sakurai and Hideo Kojima, Kojima stated that the game felt complete and that Nintendo "could put it out now and it would sell millions of copies". Starting May 22, 2007 and ending April 14, 2008, the game's official site had daily weekday updates, revealing characters, stages, items, music and more.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: At the Nintendo Media Conference at E3 2007, Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé announced that "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" would be released on December 3, 2007, in the Americas. However, just two months before its anticipated December release, the development team asked for more time to work on the game. During the Nintendo Conference on October 10, 2007, President Iwata announced the delay,


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: On October 11, 2007, George Harrison of Nintendo of America stated that "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" would be released on February 10, 2008, in North America. On January 15, 2008, the game's release was delayed one week in Japan to January 31 and nearly a month in the Americas to March 9. On April 24, 2008, Nintendo of Europe confirmed that "Brawl" would be released in Europe on June 27. Similarly, Nintendo Australia announced on May 15, 2008, that the game would be released in that region on June 26, 2008.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" uses a dual-layer disc due to the size of the game data. Nintendo of America has stated that some Wii consoles may have difficulty reading the high-density software due to a contaminated laser lens. Nintendo offered a free repair for owners who experienced this issue.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: Sakurai revealed a list of 36 musicians providing musical arrangements for the game on May 22, 2007. He asked composers such as Koji Kondo, Yasunori Mitsuda, Yoko Shimomura, and Yuzo Koshiro, amongst many others, "to listen to an elite selection of Nintendo music and arrange several of their favorite songs." The game's various stages have multiple musical tracks which players can listen to using the new "My Music" feature, including some pieces taken directly from other games without any modification or special arrangements. This feature allows the player to select how often a piece gets played during a stage. Some of the pieces need to be unlocked by collecting CDs which are awarded via the game's Challenges Mode, or by spawning randomly while playing. The game's original music was composed by Takahiro Nishi, Shogo Sakai, Masaaki Iwasaki, Yutaka Iraha, Keigo Ozaki, and Kentaro Ishizaka, while the main theme was composed by former "Final Fantasy" series composer, Nobuo Uematsu, and arranged by Sakai. The main theme has Latin lyrics that allude to various key aspects of the game, including fighting for glory, rivals becoming companions, and the fame of the characters.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: Sakurai originally stated that he did not want to emphasize Japan-only characters. However, reflecting upon Marth and Roy's inclusion in "Melee", which led to the international release of the "Fire Emblem" series, he became more interested in characters exclusive to Japan-only releases. Sakurai said that third-party characters would amount to two at the most, aside from Snake. The inclusion of Konami-created character Solid Snake may seem to conflict with the "Super Smash Bros." paradigm—to only include characters from games made by Nintendo and its second parties—but Sakurai said that the creator of "Metal Gear" Hideo Kojima "practically begged" him to include Solid Snake in "Melee", which was not feasible as development was too far in for the game. This in turn led to his appearance in the following game instead. Additionally, Lucas from "Mother 3" was supposed to be added in "Melee", but was excluded due to the constant delay and ultimate cancellation of "Mother 3" of the Nintendo 64.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: Japanese fans were asked to submit their desired characters and musical themes via a forum on the game's official Japanese site for possible inclusion. The most requested third-party character, Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog, was announced to be in "Brawl" on October 10, 2007. Shigeru Miyamoto wanted Sonic to be used in "Melee", but Sonic could not be implemented because of time constraints.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: During "Brawl"'s development, Sakurai revealed that he initially considered adding Miis as playable fighters. However, due to concerns that the Miis would not be interesting enough characters and that they could be used for online bullying, Sakurai had to decide against it. Miis would later be integrated into the series as playable characters in "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS" and "Wii U".


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" has received universal acclaim and has been commercially successful worldwide. In the United States, the game sold 874,000 units on launch day and 1.4 million units in its first week to become the fastest-selling video game in Nintendo of America's history, according to Nintendo. According to the NPD Group, it was the best-selling game of March 2008 in Canada and the United States, selling 200,000 and 2.7 million units, respectively; the game is the best-selling game of 2008 in Canada . The game generated $122 million in revenue in March 2008. Electronic Entertainment Design and Research analyst Jesse Divnich attributed the game's strong US sales to it fulfilling "the needs of the casual, social, and sub-13-year-old markets". Upon release in PAL regions, "Brawl" reached number one on both European and Australian sales charts. According to the NPD Group, GfK Chart-Track, and Enterbrain, the game had sold 3.539 million units in the United States, 213,000 in the United Kingdom, and 1.681 million in Japan, respectively, for a total of 5.433 million units . It ultimately received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. It is also the fifth best-selling game of Japan in 2008, selling 1,747,113 copies. It was the fourth best-selling game of 2008 in the United States, selling over 4.17 million copies. By March 31, 2020, the game had sold 13.32 million units worldwide, according to Nintendo.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: The editors of Japanese game magazine "Famitsu", who awarded it a perfect score, praised the variety and depth of the single-player content, the unpredictability of Final Smashes, and the dynamic fighting styles of the characters. Chris Slate of "Nintendo Power" awarded "Brawl" a perfect score in the March 2008 issue, calling it "one of the very best games that Nintendo has ever produced". GameSpot editor Lark Anderson noted that "Brawl"s "simple controls and gameplay make it remarkably accessible to beginners, yet still appealing to veterans", while GameTrailers mentioned the amount of content that gives the game "staying power that few other games possess". Eurogamer praised the game's ability to stay fun in both single-player and multiplayer modes, while "fulfilling its usual role of dominating a willing crowd's evening into the early hours, and now allowing you to sustain that after everyone's gone home". Game Revolution hailed "Brawl"s soundtrack as "spectacular ... spanning a generous swath of gaming history". "Game Informer" highlighted "Brawl"s "finely tuned balance, core fighting mechanics, and local multiplayer modes". "Edge" concluded that, while the "Smash Bros." games have often been "derided as button-mashing", "Brawl" features "one of the most enduringly innovative and deep systems of any fighter".


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: IGN editor Matt Casamassina, however, noted that, although "Brawl" is "completely engrossing and wholly entertaining", it suffers from "long loading times" and "uninspired enemies and locales" in the Subspace Emissary adventure mode. He also described the graphics as "an enhanced version of "Melee"", with backgrounds that lack detail in areas. GameSpy echoed this by equating the quality of the graphics to that of the GameCube. Mitchell Saltzman of Gameworld Network expressed disappointment at the lack of "stat tracking, voice chat, and a mostly lag free environment" in the online mode. "NGamer"s Matthew Castle points to the franchise's lack of innovation with the verdict, ""Smash Bros" risks growing too familiar. It never breeds contempt, but it doesn't quite muster that "Galaxy" magic." Jeff Gerstmann rated the game 4 out of 5 stars on Giant Bomb, saying that players who are not into Nintendo's history or multiplayer "probably won’t understand what all the fuss is about in the first place". 1UP.com, however, suggested that "Brawl" is not directed exclusively towards serious gamers, as it offers "a curious diversion for uninterested gamers" as well.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" won multiple Wii-specific awards from IGN in IGN's 2008 video game awards, including "Best Fighting Game", "Best Local Multiplayer Game" and "Best Original Score". It was also nominated by them for several other Wii-specific awards, including "Best Graphics Technology", "Best Use of Sound", "Best Online Multiplayer Game" and "Game of the Year". The game also won "Best Fighting Game" in GameSpot's Game of the Year awards 2008. The game placed 15th in Official Nintendo Magazine's 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: "Brawl" was ranked by Nintendo Power as the fifth best game of the 2000s released on a Nintendo system.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: "Brawl" is unusually moddable for a console game, due to the "Smash Stack" exploit found within the game's built-in stage builder when loading stages from an SD card. Rather than stage data, a specialized program can be inserted onto the SD card that renders the builder unusable while present, but allows loading of fan-made patches from the card on top of the game's on-disc data. These patches range from simple character skins and balance adjustments to more complex modifications such as whole additional characters and extra stages more complex than the internal stage builder allows.


title: Super Smash Bros. Brawl

text: In 2011, a team of competitive "Super Smash Bros." players, known collectively as the Project M Back Room (PMBR), began development on a mod of "Brawl" titled "Project M". The project was designed to retool "Brawl" to play more like its predecessor, "Super Smash Bros. Melee", in response to complaints about "Brawl"s physics, slower-paced gameplay, use of chance elements, and mechanics of certain attacks compared to "Melee". The mod rebalances each of "Brawl"s playable characters, adds new character costumes and gameplay modes, and adds the characters Mewtwo and Roy, who were present in "Melee" but omitted from "Brawl"s roster. The mod has received praise from many reviewers and fans, with the "Version 3.0" demo having received over 300,000 downloads . The project ceased development on December 1, 2015.


title: Miley Cyrus discography

text: American singer Miley Cyrus has released seven studio albums, three live albums, four extended plays and 37 singles. Popularly referred as the original "Teen Queen", Cyrus has sold 55 million singles and 20 million albums worldwide. According to Recording Industry Association of America, she has sold 32 million singles and 10 million albums in the US. "Billboard" ranked Cyrus as the ninth greatest "Billboard" 200 female artist of all time and the 62nd greatest artist of all time.


title: Miley Cyrus discography

text: In June 2007, the series' second soundtrack and Cyrus' debut studio album were jointly released by Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records as the double album "". The project reached number one in the United States. Its latter disc included the single "See You Again", which became Cyrus' first track to impact the top-ten in the United States, Australia, and Canada. On her debut live album "Best of Both Worlds Concert", released in March 2008, Cyrus performed seven songs as herself and seven tracks as her title character Hannah Montana.


title: Miley Cyrus discography

text: The singer's second studio album "Breakout" was released in July 2008, topping the United States, Australian, and Canadian charts. Its lead single "7 Things" reached the top 10 in the United States, Australia, and Norway. Cyrus' first extended play "The Time of Our Lives" followed in August 2009, and its track "Party in the U.S.A." made the top five in the United States, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. In that same year she released a live album tittled iTunes Live from london. She released her third studio album "Can't Be Tamed" in June 2010, peaking within the top five in the United States, Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and New Zealand. While the title track reached the top 10 in the United States, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, the album was less commercially successful than her past efforts.


title: Miley Cyrus discography

text: Cyrus' fourth studio album "Bangerz" was released through RCA Records in October 2013, topping the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom charts. Its songs "We Can't Stop" and "Wrecking Ball" both reached the summit in the United Kingdom while former also topped the charts in New Zealand and the latter went number one in the United States and Canada. Her fifth album, "Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz", was released via streaming in August 2015 and did not chart. She released her sixth album "Younger Now" in September 2017, which charted within the top five in the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. Its lead single "Malibu" reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Norway, and New Zealand. In 2019, Cyrus released her fourth EP titled "She Is Coming". In 2020, Cyrus released her seventh studio album "Plastic Hearts".


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: Loreena Isobel Irene McKennitt, (born February 17, 1957) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer who writes, records, and performs world music with Celtic and Middle Eastern influences. McKennitt is known for her refined and clear soprano vocals. She has sold more than 14 million records worldwide.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: McKennitt was born in Morden, Manitoba, of Irish and Scottish descent to parents Jack (died 1992) and Irene McKennitt (1931–2011). In Morden, she developed her love for music, influenced, in part, by the musical traditions of the local Mennonite community.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: McKennitt enrolled at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg to become a veterinarian. While in Winnipeg she discovered folk music, including fellow Canadians Neil Young, Joni Mitchell, and Gordon Lightfoot. After performing at the inaugural Winnipeg Folk Festival in 1974, McKennitt developed an interest in Celtic music and visited Ireland to hear it for herself. Developing a passion for Celtic music, she learned to play the Celtic harp and began busking at various places, including St. Lawrence Market in Toronto to earn money to record her first album.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: In 1981, she moved to Stratford, Ontario, to join the Stratford Festival acting company, and still resides there.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: McKennitt's first album, "Elemental", was released in 1985, followed by "To Drive the Cold Winter Away" (1987), "Parallel Dreams" (1989), "The Visit" (1991), "The Mask and Mirror" (1994), "" (1995), and "The Book of Secrets" (1997). All of her work is released under her own label, Quinlan Road.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: In 1990, McKennitt provided the music for the National Film Board of Canada documentary "The Burning Times", a feminist revisionist account of the Early Modern European witchcraft trials. She and the musical team she headed would later re-record the documentary's main theme on her album "The Visit" under the title "Tango to Evora".


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: In 1993, she toured Europe supporting Mike Oldfield. In 1995, her version of the traditional Irish song "Bonny Portmore" was featured in the "Highlander" series, followed by the 1994 film "Highlander 3: The Sorcerer". McKennitt's single "The Mummers' Dance" received airplay in North American markets during the spring of 1997, and was used as the theme song for the short-lived TV series "Legacy". It also saw use in the trailer for a wide-release 1998 Drew Barrymore film "Ever After".


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: Her music appeared in the movies "The Santa Clause", "Soldier". "Jade", "Holy Man", "The Mists of Avalon", and "Tinker Bell". It was also featured in the television series "Roar", "Due South", and "Full Circle (Women and Spirituality)".


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: In July 1998, McKennitt's fiancé Ronald Rees, his brother Richard, and their close friend Gregory Cook drowned in a boating accident on Georgian Bay. She was deeply affected by the event, and she founded the Cook-Rees Memorial Fund for Water Search and Safety in the same year. At the time of the incident, she was working on a live album of two performances called "Live in Paris and Toronto". The proceeds from this album were donated to the newly created memorial fund, totalling some three million dollars.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: After the release of the live album, McKennitt decided that she would substantially reduce the number of her public performances, and she did not release any new recordings until the studio album "An Ancient Muse" in 2006.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: During 2005, McKennitt began work on the album that would become "An Ancient Muse", her seventh full-length studio album, released in November 2006. In September 2006, she performed live at the Alhambra. The performance premiered on PBS and in August 2007 was released on a three-disc DVD/CD set titled "Nights from the Alhambra".


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: In 2008, McKennitt wrote and composed a song she titled "To The Fairies They Draw Near" as the theme song for Disney's direct-to-video animated film "Tinker Bell". She also provided the narration for the film.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: In early 2008, she returned to Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios to record "A Midwinter Night's Dream", an extended version of her 1995 mini-album "". The album was released on October 28, 2008.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: Since the release of "An Ancient Muse", McKennitt has toured consistently, with a European and North American "An Ancient Muse tour" in 2007 and another extensive tour across Canada and United States later in 2007, a tour of Europe in 2008 and a Mediterranean tour in 2009 with stops in Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Hungary and Italy.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: On September 17, 2009, McKennitt announced that she planned to release a two-disc album titled "A Mediterranean Odyssey". The first CD, "From Istanbul to Athens", consisted of 10 new live recordings made during her 2009 Mediterranean tour, including songs she had never before recorded in concert. The second CD, "The Olive and the Cedar", had a Mediterranean theme which McKennitt herself curated. It contained previously released studio recordings created between 1994 and 2006.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: November 16, 2010, saw the US release (November 12 for Europe) of McKennitt's latest studio album, "The Wind That Shakes the Barley". Recorded at the Sharon Temple, Ontario, it consists of nine traditional Celtic songs. "Every once and again there is a pull to return to one's own roots or beginnings, with the perspective of time and experience, to feel the familiar things you once loved and love still", said McKennitt.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: When McKennitt released "The Wind that Shakes the Barley" she visited several countries to help promote the album. During the promotional tour she performed an hour-long concert in the studios of German radio station SWR1, accompanied only by Brian Hughes (guitars) and Caroline Lavelle (cello) who have long been part of her tours and recordings. This live concert was released on CD in 2011. Called "Troubadours on the Rhine", the album was nominated for a 2012 Grammy for Best New Age Album.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: On November 30, 2012, McKennitt lent her support to Kate Winslet's Golden Hat Foundation together with Tim Janis, Sarah McLachlan, Andrea Corr, Hayley Westenra, the Sleepy Man Banjo Boys, Dawn Kenney, Jana Mashonee, Amy Petty, and a choir, along with others, performing on "The American Christmas Carol" concert at Carnegie Hall.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: McKennitt's 10th studio album, "Lost Souls", was released on May 11, 2018. She planned a tour to support the album's release in 2018 and 2019.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: In 2019, McKennitt released the live album "Live at the Royal Albert Hall", recorded earlier that year in London.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: McKennitt's music has generally been classified as World or Celtic music even though it contains aspects and characteristics of music from around the globe and is sometimes classified as folk music in record stores.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: McKennitt is occasionally compared to Enya, but McKennitt's music is more grounded in traditional and classical invocations, using literary works as sources of lyrics and springboards for interpretation such as "The Lady of Shalott" by Lord Tennyson, "Prospero's Speech" (the final soliloquy in William Shakespeare's "The Tempest"), the Northumbrian murder ballad "The Twa Sisters" (which inspired "The Bonny Swans" on "The Mask and Mirror"), "Snow" by Archibald Lampman, "Dark Night of the Soul" by St. John of the Cross, Dante's "Inferno", William Blake's "Lullaby", Yeats' "The Stolen Child," "The English Ladye and the Knight" by Sir Walter Scott, and "The Highwayman" by Alfred Noyes.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: Before McKennitt composes any music, she engages in considerable research on a specific subject which then forms the general concept of the album. Before creating "Elemental" and "Parallel Dreams", she travelled to Ireland for inspiration from the country's history, folklore, geography and culture. The album "The Mask and Mirror" was preceded by research in Spain where she studied Galicia, a Celtic section of Spain, along with its abundant Arabic roots. The result was an album that included elements of Celtic and Arabic music. According to the jacket notes, her album "An Ancient Muse" was inspired by travels among and reading about the various cultures along the Silk Road.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: Late in the 1990s, McKennitt created "No Journey's End", a half-hour documentary, for American television in which she discussed the influences behind her music. "No Journey's End" contained excerpts from several songs from the albums "Parallel Dreams," "The Visit", and "The Mask and Mirror" It also shows live performances of the songs "The Lady of Shalott", "Santiago", and "The Dark Night of the Soul". It was later released on DVD and VHS, the former also containing music videos for "The Mummers' Dance" and "The Bonny Swans." A bonus copy of the DVD was included with the 2004 remastered versions of McKennitt's CDs.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: In 2008, McKennitt released "A Moveable Musical Feast", based on her 2007 "An Ancient Muse" tour. The DVD included interviews with McKennitt, her band, crew, fans and professional colleagues from the Canadian music industry.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: In 2005, McKennitt was involved in an acrimonious court case in England when her former friend and employee, Niema Ash, published a book, "Travels with Loreena McKennitt: My Life as a Friend", that contained intimate details of their friendship. McKennitt argued that much of the book contained confidential personal information that Ash had no right to publish. The English courts found that there had indeed been a breach of confidence and a misuse of McKennitt's private information, and the case set important precedents in the law of England and Wales on the privacy of public figures. The House of Lords affirmed the lower court's decisions in 2007.


title: Loreena McKennitt

text: "Quinlan Road" is an independent record label founded in 1985 and based in Stratford, Ontario, Canada. It is owned and operated by its sole artist, Loreena McKennitt. Quinlan Road started out at McKennitt's home where she sold recordings by mail order. Today Quinlan Road music is distributed internationally by Verve Records, Universal Music Group, Keltia Musique, and SPV GmbH.


title: A Friend of the Family (TV series)

text: A Friend of the Family is an American drama miniseries. Based on true events, it follows Robert Berchtold, a close friend of the Broberg family, who kidnaps Jan Broberg twice over a period of two years. It consists of nine episodes and premiered on Peacock on October 6, 2022. The events depicted in the series were previously covered in the 2017 documentary "Abducted in Plain Sight".


title: A Friend of the Family (TV series)

text: In 1974, Robert Berchtold, a close friend of the Broberg family turned serial child abductor, kidnaps Jan Broberg, age twelve. After she was returned to her parents, he abducts her again at age fourteen in 1976.


title: A Friend of the Family (TV series)

text: In May 2020, it was announced Universal Content Productions was developing a series revolving around Jan Broberg's kidnappings, with Nick Antosca set to write and executive produce the series under his Eat the Cat banner, with Broberg and Mary Ann Broberg set to serve as producers. In February 2022, Peacock gave the series a straight-to-series order, with Eliza Hittman set to direct episodes and executive produce.


title: A Friend of the Family (TV series)

text: In February 2022, Jake Lacy, Anna Paquin, Colin Hanks, and Lio Tipton joined the cast of the series. In March 2022, Hendrix Yancey, and Mckenna Grace joined the cast of the series. In April 2022, Austin Stowell, Patrick Fischler, Bree Elrod, and Philip Ettinger joined the cast of the series. In July 2022, Ella Jay Basco joined the cast of the series.


title: A Friend of the Family (TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91% approval rating with an average rating of 7.8/10, based on 23 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Unspooling like a slow-motion nightmare, "A Friend of the Family" benefits immeasurably from Eliza Hittman's deft direction and Jake Lacy's unflinching portrayal of insidious evil." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 73 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: The Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression (SOGIE, ) Equality Bill, also known as the Anti-Discrimination Bill (ADB), are a series of House and Senate bills that were introduced in the 17th and 18th Congress of the Philippines which aims to set into law measures to prevent various economic and public accommodation-related acts of discrimination against people based on their sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: A senate bill against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity was believed to have been first filed under the 11th Congress of the Philippines in 2000 by then-Senator Miriam Defensor-Santiago. On July 26, 2004 under the 13th Congress of the Philippines, Senator Defensor-Santiago filed the Employment Non-Discrimination bill which aims to prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Similar bills were refiled by her on the 14th (Anti-Discrimination bill of 2007) and 15th congress (Anti-Sexual Orientation Discrimination bill).


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: In the House of Representatives, counterpart house bills were filed continuously by the representatives of Akbayan party-list starting with House Bill 634 filed during the 13th Congress of the Philippines on July 1, 2004 by then party-list Representative Etta Rosales.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: Similar measures continued to be filed by other senators during the 13th to 16th Congress but none have been successful. Example provided below are the first anti-discrimination senate bills from their respective congress:


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: In 2017, the first SOGI house bill of the 17th Congress was filed by Dinagat Island Representative Arlene Bag-ao under House Bill 51. Similar bills were filed by Bataan Representative Geraldine Roman (HB 267), Akbayan Representative Tomas Villarin (HB 3555), and other representatives. These bills were consolidated and substituted by House Bill 4982. HB 4982 made history when it was approved on the third and final reading with no members of the House of Representatives in opposition, becoming the first Anti-Discrimination Bill that was approved in the House of Representatives.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: The counterpart bill in the Senate, filed by Senator Risa Hontiveros (the first Akbayan senator), was in the period of interpolations by May 2018. It was backed by Senators Loren Legarda, Grace Poe, Nancy Binay, Franklin Drilon, Bam Aquino, Chiz Escudero, Ralph Recto, Sonny Angara, JV Ejercito, Francis Pangilinan, Juan Miguel Zubiri, and Leila de Lima, although de Lima is barred from voting on the bill as she is currently in police custody. It was opposed by Senators Tito Sotto, Manny Pacquiao, Cynthia Villar, and Joel Villanueva (who signed up as a co-author of the bill). Other senators such as Win Gatchalian, Koko Pimentel, Antonio Trillanes, Panfilo Lacson, and Richard J. Gordon did not express their support or rejection of the bill. Senator Trillanes is currently facing cases that may put him in jail, which may make him ineligible to vote for the bill like senator de Lima if he is arrested. Additionally, Alan Peter Cayetano and Gregorio Honasan lost their voting rights on Senate measures as they declined to be part of the presidential cabinet. Out of the existing 24 Senate seats: 12 seats can vote and are in support of the bill, 1 seat is in support but cannot vote on the bill, 4 seats can vote and are in opposition to the bill, 5 seats can vote on the bill but have not yet given their positions on it (although the number may be reduced to 5), and 2 seats are "de facto" vacated. For a bill to pass the Senate, it needs more than half the votes in favor of it from all 24 Senate seats. The SOGIE Equality Bill currently is supported by 12 seats that are "allowed to vote" on the measure.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: The bill is also supported by the Catholic student governments of University of the Philippines-Diliman (UPD), Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU), De La Salle University (DLSU)-Manila, De La Salle - College of St. Benilde (CSB), Far Eastern University (FEU), Miriam College (MC), St. Scholastica's College (SSC)-Manila and San Beda University (SBU). The longest running LGBT student organization, UP Babaylan, has also been supporting the bill ever since it was first filed, as well as known celebrities and icons such as Heart Evangelista, Nadine Lustre, Bianca Gonzalez, Iza Calzado, Charo Santos-Concio, Dingdong Dantes, Joey Mead King, Divine Lee, Karen Davila, Chot Reyes, Tootsy Angara, BJ Pascual, Samantha Lee, Christine Bersola-Babao, Rajo Laurel, Tim Yap, Anne Curtis, Mari Jasmine, Laureen Uy, Pia Wurtzbach, Lorenzo Tañada III, Vice Ganda, Arnold Van Opstal, and Chel Diokno.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: In March 2018, a small group of Christians protested at the Senate against the SOGIE bill by calling the proposed legislation an "abomination", adding that homosexuality is a "sin" citing that their hate is justified because it is written in the Bible and that identifying as part of the LGBT community is a lifestyle. The group also claimed that the bill relates to same-sex marriage, which is not found anywhere within the bill. Senators Villanueva, Gatchalian, and Villar spoke against same-sex marriage after the protest. In May 2018, senator Tito Sotto, who opposes the SOGIE bill, became the new Senate President. In an interview, Sotto was asked on the bill's passage, to which he responded, "Not in this congress."


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: In July 2018, various high-profile celebrities rallied for the passage of the SOGIE bill. They also called out senators Sotto, Pacquiao, and Villanueva to end the debates and pass the proposed legislation. In August 2018, at the height of the bill's postponed debates, various discrimination incidents against the Filipino LGBT community surfaced, causing public calling for the passage of the SOGIE Equality Bill in the Senate. Numerous influential personalities, including political allies of the three senators who oppose the bill, sided with the calls to pass the landmark proposal.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: In May 2019, the SOGIE Equality Bill officially became the longest-running bill under the Senate interpellation period in Philippine history. Supporters of the bill have remarked that the prolonged interpellation was intended by the dissenters to block the passage of the historic anti-discrimination bill. The bill's principal author and sponsor in the Senate, senator Risa Hontiveros, called on her Senate colleagues to formally close the question period so that the bill can be open for amendments and voting. In June 2019, with the end of the session of the 17th Congress, the SOGIE Equality Bill prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity or expression—after the lawmakers failed to tackle the bill in this session of the Senate of the Philippines. The Senate version of the bill was first filed on August 11, 2016. It was sponsored by Risa Hontiveros on December 14 of the same year. The bill has become one of the slowest-moving bills in the country's history. The passed House version of the bill would have penalised discrimination with a fine of not less than ₱100,000 but not more than ₱500,000, or imprisonment of not less than one year but not more than six years or both, depending on the court's decision. However, she said the bill had gained new allies and wider acceptance among policy makers and the public and that she is confident the bill will pass in the next Congress. The bill was archived, and the bill must be refiled in the 18th Congress, restarting the one to three-year process of enactment.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: Versions of the SOGIE Equality Bill were refiled in the 18th Congress by Senator Risa Hontiveros, Senator Leila de Lima, Senator Kiko Pangilinan, and Senator Imee Marcos although she is against divorce and same sex marriage stating that its "too complicated". Another similar bill was filed by Senator Sonny Angara. Senators Bong Go, Juan Miguel Zubiri, Ralph Recto, and Franklin Drilon announced their support for the SOGIE Bill. In the House of Representatives, various representatives also filed their versions of the bill, notably, Sol Aragones of Laguna, Geraldine Roman of Bataan, Loren Legarda of Antique, Maria Lourdes Alba of Bukidnon, Jose Belmonte of Quezon city, Bayan Muna representatives Eufemia Cullamat, Carlos Zarate, and Ferdinand Gaite, Kristine Singson of Ilocos Sur, Bagong Henerasyon representative Bernadette Dy, Eric Olivarez of Parañaque city, and Francis Abaya of Cavite. Representatives Sy-Alvarado, De Venecia, Reyes, Taduran, Bordado, Olivarez, and Violago have also signed as co-author of the bill filed by representative Roman, while Gabriela Women's Party representative Arlene Brosas has signed as co-author of the bill filed by Bayan Muna.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: Religious leaders also gave their support for the SOGIE Bill, such as Koko Alviar of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Aglipayan Church) Sister Mary John Mananzan, OSB, executive director of the Institute of Women's Studies of the Catholic St. Scholastica's College, Bishop Solito Toquiero of the National Council of Churches in the Philippines, and Pastor Kakay Pamaran of the Union Theological Seminary. In contrast, representative Eddie Villanueva claimed that the SOGIE Bill is 'imported' and not part of Filipino culture.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: Senate president Tito Sotto expressed dissent against the bill again, adding that the bill "will not pass" in the Senate as long as he is the Senate president. Senator Joel Villanueva also expressed dissent.


title: SOGIE Equality Bill

text: Various personalities announced their support for the SOGIE Bill, namely: Anne Curtis, Heart Evangelista, Catriona Gray, Pia Wurtzbach, Judy Taguiwalo, Iza Calzado, Nadine Lustre, Janine Gutierrez, BJ Pascual, Mari Jasmine, and Samantha Lee. Vice President Leni Robredo also supported the SOGIE Bill, while President Rodrigo Duterte supported "an anti-discrimination law patterned like the one approved in Davao". The government has stated that they will not certify an anti-discrimination bill as "urgent". In September 2020, groups again called to pass the SOGIE bill after President Duterte gave an absolute pardon to a former US Marine who has been convicted of homicide in relation to the killing of trans Filipina Jennifer Laude.


title: Southside (record producer)

text: Joshua Howard Luellen (born February 2, 1989), professionally known as Southside (also known as Sizzle), is an American record producer, songwriter and rapper. He gained recognition in the hip hop industry for producing songs for prominent artists across the American hip hop sphere. In 2010, Southside and fellow 1017 label-mate Lex Luger, established their production and songwriting team 808 Mafia, where Southside currently is at the helm of the group. The basis of his stage name is the place where Luellen grew up, Southside, in Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Southside (record producer)

text: Southside grew up in the Southside region of Atlanta, Georgia. Growing up, he played Little League Baseball but gave up the sport after suffering a concussion when he was hit in the head with a ball. He started making beats when he was 14 years old, when he got his first computer from his uncle.


title: Southside (record producer)

text: It was around his mid-teenage years that Southside decided to start taking music production as a serious career Southside music will make us sizzle TheWhatItDo.com</ref> He was later discovered by then unknown rapper Waka Flocka Flame when he was 17 and through Waka's network, Gucci Mane eventually signed him to his label 1017 Brick Squad Records. At Bricksquad Records, Luellen met Lex Luger, who was another producer for Waka Flocka, and the two started working together to lay the production groundwork for Waka Flocka's debut album.


title: Southside (record producer)

text: Southside's first major release was the song "Fuck the Club Up," which appeared on Waka Flocka's debut album "Flockaveli". In 2011, Southside co-produced the track "Illest Motherfucker Alive", from Kanye West & Jay-Z's critically acclaimed album "Watch the Throne". This helped to boost his career and bring him into the mainstream hip hop scene. He has since worked with artists such as Rick Ross, B.o.B, Wale, Meek Mill, Lil Scrappy, MGK among others.


title: Southside (record producer)

text: Southside was the main producer of Gucci Mane & Waka Flocka's collaboration album "Ferrari Boyz" and on Flocka's sophomore album "".


title: Southside (record producer)

text: In January 2013, Southside produced "Millions" – the lead single from Pusha T's mixtape "Wrath of Caine". The music video for the song was released on February 10. The song sparked controversy when producer Rico Beats was asked to modify Southside's instrumental for the final version of the song. Southside wasn't notified of the changes, which led to the two producers exchanging threats over Twitter. In "Wrath of Caine" official track list, Kanye West is credited as co-producer, instead of Rico Beats. Also in 2013, Southside & TM88 produced the song "Tapout" by Birdman for his album "". The song peaked at number 44 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was certified Gold By The RIAA.


title: Southside (record producer)

text: Throughout the early 2010s, Southside's productions have been featured on numerous mixtapes. Along with 808 Mafia's TM88, the single "Danny Glover" became a breakout in early 2014 for Gucci Mane's protégé Young Thug, produced by Southside. By late 2014, Southside's production continued to catapult into Atlanta's hip hop mainstream when Future's mixtape "Monster" went on to become one of the most well acclaimed rap releases during that year as Southside handled a quarter of the mixtape's entire production. The well received project has seen more than a million combined streams and downloads via the online mixtape site DatPiff. "Monster " standout "Commas" was released as an official commercial single in March 2015 and spent 20 weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 55, simultaneity earning an RIAA gold certification further cementing Southside's career boost.


title: Southside (record producer)

text: In 2015, Southside continued to push his trap sound in the hip hop industry ubiquitously, especially on various songs produced by him and his 808 Mafia collective. Luellen was responsible for producing a significant portion of Future's album, "DS2", as well as being responsible for producing nine of the ten tracks of Future's mixtape, "56 Nights", in which Southside made the entire project's worth of beats in only one night. In addition, Southside also contributed to the production of three tracks on the collaborative mixtape "What a Time to Be Alive" by Future and Drake.


title: Southside (record producer)

text: Southside uses the digital audio workstation, FL Studio along with custom installed VST plugins to compose his beats. Luellen's distinct signature trap sound is gritty, grimy, and thunderous hip hop street sound which is similar to that of his collaborators, Lex Luger and his group 808 Mafia. Despite such similarities, Luellen's sound is distinctly known to be more gangster, bombastic, gritty, rambunctious, and menacing compared to that of his collaborators. Luellen is known for his dark, belligerent, and menacing hip hop sound coupled with hard hitting 808 kicks, crisp snare drums, fast hi-hats, frantic synthesizers, sinister lead instruments, and colorfully layered ominous orchestration of synthesized brass, hits, stringed, woodwind, and keyboard instruments. Like many other producers Southside uses a musical signature tag on many of the songs he has produced. His main tag is a pitched-up voice saying his name. He also uses his team tag, 808 Mafia and more recently, a sample of the Ironside (1967 TV series) theme song produced by Quincy Jones. Back in the beginning of his career, Southside claimed to complete a single beat in 15 to 30 minutes, but as of 2015, he claims to be able to make a single beat in less than 6 minutes and with no sound. He cites Lil Jon as his favorite producer and enjoys the production work made by Pharrell, Shawty Redd, and Drumma Boy. He is also influenced by the production works of Kanye West, Dr. Dre, Timbaland and Swizz Beatz.


title: Southside (record producer)

text: Southside also credits modern technology and internet, particularly through the monetization of music through streaming sites such as SoundCloud, YouTube, Spotify, and Apple Music that help him make a living off of his passion for hip hop music and well as making his own production career possible. Inside the studio, Southside is known for his strong work ethic and strategic marketing acumen when producing beats for artists and getting the finalized track towards the mixtape circuit or for radio play. Since 2013, Southside began to focus on his career as a producer from an entrepreneurial perspective, cultivating talent while learning the ins and outs of the legality in the music production business as well as negotiating deals and making the financial decisions on every track he is responsible for producing.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: "Complicated" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne from her debut album, "Let Go" (2002). The ballad was released as her debut single and the lead single from the album on 11 March 2002 by Arista Records. Lavigne and production team the Matrix (Lauren Christy, Scott Spock, and Graham Edwards) are credited as writers. Production on the song was helmed by the Matrix. According to Lavigne, the song is about being honest with oneself rather than "putting on a face".


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: "Complicated" received positive reviews from music critics, who praised the song as infectious pop rock. "Complicated" peaked at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100, ultimately selling 1.1 million copies in the US. The song also spent a consecutive sixteen weeks at number one on the "Billboard" Adult Top 40 chart, breaking a previous record held by Natalie Imbruglia's "Torn". Internationally, "Complicated" topped the charts in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and Norway, with the song peaking in the top five in over twenty countries. "Complicated" was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: After being signed to Arista Records in November 2000 upon the authorization of the label's CEO, Antonio "L.A." Reid, Lavigne moved to New York with the assistance of Reid. There, she began working on her debut album, "Let Go", collaborating with a host of prime songwriters and producers. For six months, the label set up Lavigne with two co-writers, who worked with her upon Arista's instructions. Reid expected Lavigne to record folk songs because she auditioned to them in a "balladic, 'new country'" type. However, the collective failed to click "with a girl who'd just discovered guitar-based rock". For a year, nothing was working for Lavigne and was on the verge of getting dropped off Arista. The management pitched her songs written by other songwriters, but she declined, insisting she wanted to write songs herself. Lavigne relocated to Los Angeles, where she collaborated with songwriter-producer Clif Magness, who gave her ample creative control in the writing process. Lavigne and Magness wrote "Losing Grip" and "Unwanted", songs that she deemed reflective of her vision for the entire album. However, Arista was not thrilled with the heavy-guitar laden songs that Lavigne was writing, prompting the label to look for other producers to match their demands.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: Lavigne came to the attention of the three-piece production team the Matrix. Arista could not find the right direction for Lavigne, so the team's manager, Sandy Roberton, suggested that they work together. According to member Lauren Christy, they had been listening to Lavigne's early songs and felt they contained "a Faith Hill kind of vibe". As soon as they saw Lavigne coming into their studio, the Matrix felt that her musical direction was incongruous to her image and attitude. After talking to Lavigne for an hour, the singer said she wanted songs with punk rock inclinations. They told her to come back the following day, and in the afternoon during that day, they wrote a song that evolved into "Complicated" and another song called "Falling Down". They played it to Lavigne, inspiring her musical path.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: When Josh Sarubin, the A&R executive who signed Lavigne to the imprint, heard the song, he knew it was right for her. Lavigne presented the song to Reid, who agreed the musical direction Lavigne and the Matrix were taking, and set "Complicated" as the album's lead single.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: Composed in the key of F major, "Complicated" is a pop rock song about how people can feign or pretend in front of others. Lavigne said about the song: "People sometimes bother me how they're not real and how they're just, like, putting on a face and being two-faced". Lavigne stated that she experienced this with both boyfriends and female friends.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: The song received generally positive reviews from critics. In 2009, "Rolling Stone" readers voted "Complicated" as the eighth Top single of the decade. "Complicated" also ranked at number 197 in "Blender" magazine's "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born". In an AOL Radio listener's poll, "Complicated" was voted Lavigne's sixth best song.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the song a B- and said "Avril Lavigne's not kidding about that title, she's the epitome of the blossoming anti-Britney movement". Christina Saraceno of AllMusic described "Complicated" as "a gem of a pop/rock tune with a killer chorus" and noted similarities between it and the Pink's song "Don't Let Me Get Me". Saraceno highlighted the song as a "track pick" in a review of the album, "Let Go".


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: On a more negative note, Sal Cinquemani of "Slant" magazine described 'Complicated' as "infectious" and "more poser than punk". In a review of Lavigne's second album, "Under My Skin", David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" noted that ""Complicated" felt like strung-together bits of Morissette songs".


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: "Complicated" peaked at number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and stayed for 31 weeks on the chart, It was Lavigne's longest charting song on the chart. "Complicated" peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" Adult Top 40 Airplay chart and on the US Mainstream Top 40 Airplay chart, number 13 on the US Adult Contemporary, and number 30 on the US Rhythmic ("Billboard"). The single was certified 3× Platinum in the United States with 3 million copies sold, making it the best selling debut single by a Female Canadian singer. "Billboard" ranked it at number 83 of the 'Top 100 Singles of the Decade'.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Complicated" peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart and was certified Platinum with more than 885,000 copies sold. In Canada, the single peaked at number 21 on the Canadian Singles Chart and was the fourth-most-played song on Canadian radio in 2002, as well as the most-played song of the year by a native artist. In New Zealand, the single peaked at number one for 9 consecutive weeks on the RIANZ Singles Chart chart and was certified Platinum with 10,000 copies sold. "Complicated" also peaked and debuted at number one in Australia, Ireland, and Norway; number two in Austria, Denmark, Europe, Hungary, Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland; and number three in Belgium, Germany, and Poland. It was certified 2× Platinum in Australia with 140,000 copies sold, and Gold in Denmark with 45,000 copies sold. "Complicated" was certified Gold in Austria, Belgium, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and Switzerland and Platinum in Brazil and Norway.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: The video, directed by the Malloys, starts with Lavigne asking her bandmates if they want to "crash" the mall. They respond with enthusiasm, and skateboard there. The video features Lavigne and the band harassing shoppers and employees, generally causing havoc around the mall; for example, Lavigne watches her bandmates try on humorous clothing which is fittingly shown as Lavigne sings the line "You come over unannounced, dressed up like you're something else".


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: This is intercut with footage of Lavigne performing the song at a skatepark while playing the guitar, with her band performing with her. People can be seen skateboarding around Lavigne as she and her band perform the song. As the line "You fall and you crawl..." is sung, a skateboarder can be seen falling over.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: The video was shot at Eagle Rock Plaza, Los Angeles, in 2 days. During the shooting, the mall remained open.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: The music video was ranked at number 41 on "Billboard"s 100 Greatest Music Videos of the 21st Century.


title: Complicated (Avril Lavigne song)

text: Lavigne won Best New Artist in a Video at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards for "Complicated". "Complicated" won in the Single of the Year category at the 2003 Juno Awards. In the United States, the song was nominated at the 2003 Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Song of the Year; it lost both awards to Norah Jones's "Don't Know Why". In Brazil, it was nominated in the category of best international video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Brazil. In April 2020, "Billboard" ranked the track at number two on their list of "The 50 Greatest Minivan Rock Songs".


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The Apennines or Apennine Mountains (; or Ἀπέννινον ὄρος; or  – a singular with plural meaning; ) are a mountain range consisting of parallel smaller chains extending along the length of peninsular Italy. In the northwest they join with the Ligurian Alps at Altare. In the southwest they end at Reggio di Calabria, the coastal city at the tip of the peninsula. Since 2000 the Environment Ministry of Italy, following the recommendations of the Apennines Park of Europe Project, has been defining the Apennines System to include the mountains of north Sicily, for a total distance of . The system forms an arc enclosing the east side of the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The Apennines conserve some intact ecosystems that have survived human intervention. In these are some of the best preserved forests and montane grasslands in Europe, now protected by national parks and, within them, a high diversity of flora and fauna. These mountains are one of the last refuges of the big European predators such as the Italian wolf and the Marsican brown bear, now extinct in the rest of Central Europe.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The mountains lend their name to the Apennine peninsula that forms the major part of Italy. They are mostly verdant, although one side of the highest peak, Corno Grande, is partially covered by Calderone glacier, the only glacier in the Apennines. The eastern slopes down to the Adriatic Sea are steep, while the western slopes form foothills on which most of peninsular Italy's cities are located. The mountains tend to be named from the province or provinces in which they are located; for example, the Ligurian Apennines are in Liguria.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The etymology most frequently repeated, because of its semantic appropriateness, is that it derives from the Celtic "penn", "mountain, summit": which could have been assigned during the Celtic domination of north Italy in the 4th century BC or before. The name originally applied to the north Apennines. However, historical linguists have never found a derivation with which they all agree. Wilhelm Deecke said: is doubtful but some derive it from the Ligurian-Celtish "Pen" or "Ben", which means mountain peak."


title: Apennine Mountains

text: A large number of place names seem to reflect "pen": Penarrig, Penbrynn, Pencoid, Penmon, Pentir, etc. or "ben": Beanach, Benmore, Benabuird, Benan, Bencruachan, etc. In one derivation "Pen/Ben" is cognate with Old Irish "cenn" "head", but an original "*kwen-" would be required, which is typologically not found in languages that feature labio-velars. Windisch and Brugmann reconstructed Indo-European "*kwi-", deriving also the Greek Pindus Mountains from the same root, but "*kwen-" < "*kwi-" is not explained by any rule. By some, English "pin", as well as "pen" and Latin "pinna" or "penna" "feather" (in the sense of the horn of the quill) have been connected to the name. This view has the word originating in Latium inconsistently with the theory of the northern origin. None of these derivations are unquestionably accepted.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: A number of long hiking trails wind through the Apennines. Of note is European walking route E1 coming from northern Europe and traversing the lengths of the northern and central Apennines. The Grand Italian Trail begins in Trieste and after winding through the Alpine arc traverses the entire Apennine system, Sicily and Sardinia.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The northern Apennines consist of three s: the Ligurian (), Tuscan-Emilian (), and Umbrian Apennines ().


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The Ligurian Apennines border the Ligurian Sea in the Gulf of Genoa, from about Savona below the upper Bormida River valley to about La Spezia (La Cisa pass) below the upper Magra River valley. The range follows the Gulf of Genoa separating it from the upper Po Valley. The northwestern border follows the line of the Bormida River to Acqui Terme. There the river continues northeast to Alessandria in the Po Valley, but the mountains bend away to the southeast.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The upper Bormida can be reached by a number of roads proceeding inland at a right angle to the coast southwest of Savona, the chief one being the Autostrada Torino-Savona. They ascend to the Bocchetta di Altare, sometimes called Colle di Cadibona, , the border between the Ligurian Alps along the coast to the west and the Ligurian Apennines. A bronze plaque fixed to a stone marks the top of the pass. In the vicinity are fragments of the old road and three ruins of former fortifications.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: At Carcare, the main roads connect with the upper Bormida valley (Bormida di Mallare) before turning west. The Scrivia, the Trebbia and the Taro, tributaries of the Po River, drain the northeast slopes. The range contains dozens of peaks. Toward the southern end the Aveto Natural Regional Park includes Monte Penna. Nearby is the highest point of Ligurian Apennines, Monte Maggiorasca at .


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The main and only feasible overland route connecting the coastal plain of Liguria to the north Italian plain runs through Bocchetta di Altare. It has always been of strategic importance. Defenders of north Italy have had to control it since ancient times, as the various fortifications placed there testify. Trenitalia, the state railway system, highly developed on the coastal plain, now traverses the mountains routinely through a number of railway tunnels, such as the one at Giovi Pass.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The southeastern border of the Ligurian Apennines is the Fiume Magra, which projects into the Tyrrhenian Sea south of La Spezia, and the Fiume Taro, which runs in the opposite direction to join the Po. The divide between the two upper river valleys is the Cisa Pass. Under it (in two tunnels) runs the Autostrada della Cisa between Spezia and Parma.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Starting at Cisa Pass, the mountain chain turns further to the southeast, to cross the peninsula along the border between the Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany regions. They are named the Tuscan–Emilian Apennines west of the Futa Pass and the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines east of it, or just the Tuscan Apennines. They extend to the upper Tiber River. The highest point is Monte Cimone at .


title: Apennine Mountains

text: A separate branch, the Apuan Alps, goes southwest, bordering the coast south of La Spezia. Whether they are to be considered part of the Apennines is a matter of opinion; certainly, they are part of the Apennine System. Topographically only the valley of the River Serchio, which running parallel to the coast turns and exits into the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Pisa, separates the Apuan Alps from the Apennines; geologically the rock is of a slightly different composition, marble. The Roman marble industry was centered at Luna, and is now active in Carrara.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: As the Tuscan Apennines divide the peninsula between the Po Valley and the plains and hills of Tuscany and Lazio, transportation over them has been used to achieve political and economic unity. Historically the Romans used the Via Flaminia between Rome and Rimini. The montane distance between Florence in Tuscany and Bologna in Emilia-Romagna is shorter, but exploitation of it required the conquest of more rugged terrain, which was not feasible for the ancients. Railway lines were constructed over the mountains in the early 19th century but they were of low capacity and unimprovable.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Since 1856, a series of tunnels have been constructed to conduct "the Bologna-Florence rail line", which is neither a single line nor a single tunnel. The Porrettana Line went into service in 1864, the Direttissima in 1934 and the High Speed in 1996. A few dozen tunnels support the three of them, the longest on the High-Speed Line being the Voglia Tunnel at . The longest is on the Direttissima, the Great Apennine Tunnel, which at is the longest entirely within Italy, although the Simplon Tunnel, which connects Italy and Switzerland, is longer. Automobile traffic is carried by the Autostrada del Sole, Route A1, which goes through numerous shorter tunnels, bypassing an old road, originally Roman, through Futa Pass. In December 2015, a new Route A1 called Variante di Valico was opened after many years of construction consisting of major tunnels (the longest being the new 'Tunel Base') and new overpasses, shortening the traveling time between Florence and Bologna by road. The Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park is in the southern part of the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines. The southern limit of the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines is the Bocca Serriola Pass in northern Umbria, which links Fano and Città di Castello.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The Tiber River at Rome flows from Monte Fumaiolo in the Tuscan-Romagnol Apennine from northeast to southwest, projecting into the Tyrrhenian Sea at right angles to the shore. The upper Tiber, however, flows from northwest to southeast, gradually turning through one right angle clockwise. The northern Tiber valley is deep and separates the Apennines on the left bank from a lesser range, the Tuscan Anti-Apennines (Sub-Apennines) on its right.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The Apennine System forms an irregular arc with centers of curvature located in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The northern and southern segments comprise parallel chains that can be viewed as single overall mountain ridges, such as the Ligurian Mountains. The center, being thicker and more complex, is geologically divided into an inner and an outer arc with regard to the centers of curvature. The geologic definition, however, is not the same as the geographic.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Based on rock type and orogenic incidents, the northern segment of the arc is divided into the Outer Northern Apennines (ONA) and the Inner Northern Apennines (INA). The Central Apennines are divided into the Umbrian–Marchean () or Roman Apennines in the north and the Abruzzi Apennines () in the south. It extends from Bocca Serriola pass in the north to Forlì pass in the south.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The west border of the Umbria-Marche Apennines (or )) runs through Cagli. They extend south to the Tronto River, the south border of the ONA.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The highest peak, Monte Vettore, at , is part of the Monti Sibillini, incorporated into Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini. Further north is the , in which are the Gola della Rossa ("Red Gorge") and Frasassi Caves. Still further north is Parco Sasso Simone e Simoncello. The Italian Park Service calls it the "green heart" of Italy. The region is heavily forested, such as the Riserva Naturale Statale Gola del Furlo, where Furlo Pass on the Via Flaminia is located. Both the Etruscans and the Romans constructed tunnels here.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The Abruzzi Apennines, located in Abruzzo, Molise and southeastern Lazio, contain the highest peaks and most rugged terrain of the Apennines. They are known in history as the territory of the Italic peoples first defeated by the city of Rome. Coincidentally they exist in three parallel folds or chains surviving from the orogeny. These extend in a northwest-southeast direction from the River Tronto to the River Sangro, which drain into the Adriatic. The coastal hills of the east extend between San Benedetto del Tronto in the north and Torino di Sangro in the south.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The eastern chain consists mainly of the southern part of the Monti Sibillini, the Monti della Laga, the Gran Sasso d'Italia Massif and the Majella Massif. Among them are two national parks: Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park and Majella National Park; and the Regional Park of the Monti Simbruini. Gran Sasso contains Corno Grande, the highest peak of the Apennines (2912 m).


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Other features between the western and central ranges are the plain of Rieti, the valley of the Salto, and the Lago Fucino; while between the central and eastern ranges are the valleys of Aquila and Sulmona. The chief rivers on the west are the Nera, with its tributaries the Velino and Salto, and the Aniene, both of which fall into the Tiber. On the east there is at first a succession of small rivers which flow into the Adriatic, from which the highest points of the chain are some 20 km distant, such as the Tronto, Tordino, Vomano and others. The Pescara, which receives the Aterno from the north-west and the Gizio from the south-east, is more important; and so is the Sangro.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The central Apennines are crossed by the railway from Rome to Pescara via Avezzano and Sulmona: the railway from Orte to Terni (and thence to Foligno) follows the Nera valley; while from Terni a line ascends to the plain of Rieti, and thence crosses the central chain to Aquila, whence it follows the valley of the Aterno to Sulmona. In ancient times the Via Salaria, Via Caecilia and Via Tiburtina all ran from Rome to the Adriatic coast. The volcanic mountains of the province of Rome are separated from the Apennines by the Tiber valley, and the Monti Lepini, part of the Volscian chain, by the valleys of the Sacco and Liri.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The southern Apennines can be divided into four major regions: (1) Samnite Apennines, (2) Campanian Apennines, (3) Lucan Apennines and (4) Calabrian Apennines (including the Sicilian Apennines). They extend from Forlì pass towards south.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: In the southern Apennines, to the south of the Sangro valley, the three parallel chains are broken up into smaller groups; among them may be named the Matese, the highest point of which is the Monte Miletto . The chief rivers on the south-west are the Liri or Garigliano with its tributary the Sacco, the Volturno, Sebeto, Sarno, on the north the Trigno, Biferno and Fortore.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Daunian mountains, in Apulia, are connected with the Apennine range, and so are Cilento hills on the west. On the converse the promontory of Mount Gargano, on the east, is completely isolated, and so are the Campanian volcanic arc near Naples. The district is traversed from north-west to south-east by the railway from Sulmona to Benevento and on to Avellino, and from south-west to northeast by the railways from Caianello via Isernia to Campobasso and Termoli, from Caserta to Benevento and Foggia, and from Nocera Inferiore and Avellino to Rocchetta Sant'Antonio, the junction for Foggia, Spinazzola (for Barletta, Bari, and Taranto) and Potenza. Roman roads followed the same lines as the railways: the Via Appia ran from Capua to Benevento, whence the older road went to Venosa and Taranto and so to Brindisi, while the Via Traiana ran nearly to Troia (near Foggia) and thence to Bari.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The valley of the Ofanto, which runs into the Adriatic close to Barletta, marks the northern termination of the first range of the Lucanian Apennines (now Basilicata), which runs from east to west, while south of the valleys of the Sele (on the west) and Basento (on the east)—which form the line followed by the railway from Battipaglia via Potenza to Metaponto—the second range begins to run due north and south as far as the plain of Sibari. The highest point is the Monte Pollino . The chief rivers are the Sele—joined by the Negro and Calore—on the west, and the Bradano, Basento, Agri, Sinni on the east, which flow into the gulf of Taranto; to the south of the last-named river there are only unimportant streams flowing into the sea east and west, inasmuch as here the width of the peninsula diminishes to some .


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The railway running south from Sicignano to Lagonegro, ascending the valley of the Negro, is planned to extend to Cosenza, along the line followed by the ancient Via Popilia, which beyond Cosenza reached the west coast at Terina and thence followed it to Reggio. The Via Herculia, a branch of the Via Traiana, ran from Aequum Tuticum to the ancient Nerulum. At the narrowest point the plain of Sibari, through which the rivers Coscile and Crati flow to the sea, occurs on the east coast, extending halfway across the peninsula. Here the limestone Apennines proper cease and the granite mountains of Calabria begin.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The first group extends as far as the isthmus formed by the gulfs of South Eufemia and Squillace; it is known as the Sila, and the highest point reached is (the Botte Donato). The forests which covered it in ancient times supplied the Greeks and Sicilians with timber for shipbuilding. The railway from South Eufemia to Catanzaro and Catanzaro Marina crosses the isthmus, and an ancient road may have run from Squillace to Monteleone. The second group extends to the south end of the Italian Peninsula, culminating in the Aspromonte () to the east of Reggio di Calabria. In both groups the rivers are quite unimportant. Finally, the Calabrian southern Apennine Mountains extend along the northern coast of Sicily (the Sicilian Apennines, Italian "Appennino siculo")—Pizzo Carbonara () being the highest peak.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The number of vascular plant species in the Apennines has been estimated at 5,599. Of these, 728 (23.6%) are in the treeline ecotone. Hemicryptophytes predominate in the entire Apennine chain.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The tree line ecotone is mainly grasslands of the Montane grasslands and shrublands biome; with Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, and Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub below it. The tree line in the Apennines can be found in the range to . About 5% of the map area covered by the Apennines is at or above the tree line—or in the treeline ecotone. The snow line is at about , leaving the Apennines below it, except for the one remaining glacier. Snow may fall from October to May. Rainfall increases with latitude. The range's climates, depending on elevation and latitude, are the Oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The Apennines were created in the Apennine orogeny beginning in the early Neogene (about 20 mya, the middle Miocene) and continuing today. Geographically they are partially (or appear to be) continuous with the Alpine system. Prior to the explosion of data on the topic from about the year 2000, many authors took the approach that the Apennines had the same origin as the Alps. Even today, some authors use the term Alpine-Apennine system. They are not, however, the same system and did not have the same origin. The Alps were millions of years old before the Apennines rose from the sea.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Both the Alps and the Apennines contain primarily sedimentary rock resulting from sedimentation of the ancient Tethys Sea in the Mesozoic. The northward movement of the African Plate and its collision with the European Plate then caused the Alpine Orogeny, beginning in the late Mesozoic. The band of mountains created extends from Spain to Turkey in a roughly east–west direction and includes the Alps. The Apennines are much younger, extend from northwest to southeast, and are not a displacement of the Alpine chain.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The key evidence of the difference is the geologic behavior of the Po Valley in northern Italy. Compressional forces have been acting from north to south in the Alps and from south to north in the Apennines, but instead of being squeezed into mountains the valley has been subsiding at 1 to per year since about 25 mya, before the Apennines It is now known to be not an erosional feature but is a filled portion of the Adriatic Trench, called the Adriatic foredeep after its function as a subduction zone was discovered. The Alps and the Apennines were always separated by this trench and were never part of the same system.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The Apennine orogeny is a type of mountain-building in which two simpler types are combined in an apparently paradoxical configuration. Sometimes this is referred to as "syn-orogenic extension", but the term implies that the two processes occur simultaneously during time.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Some scientists imagine that this is relatively rare but not unique in mountain building, whereas others imagine that this is fairly common in all mountain belts.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: In essence the east side of Italy features a fold and thrust belt raised by compressional forces acting under the Adriatic Sea. This side has been called the "Apennine-Adriatic Compressional Zone" or the "Apennines Convergence Zone." On the west side of Italy fault-block mountains prevail, created by a spreading or extension of the crust under the Tyrrhenian Sea. This side is called the "Tyrrhenian Extensional Zone." The mountains of Italy are of paradoxical provenience, having to derive from both compression and extension:


title: Apennine Mountains

text: "The paradox of how contraction and extension can occur simultaneously in convergent mountain belts remains a fundamental and largely unresolved problem in continental dynamics."Both the folded and the fault-block systems include parallel mountain chains. In the folded system anticlines erode into the highest and longest massifs of the Apennines.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: According to the older theories (originating from the 1930s to 1970s) of Dutch geologists, including Van Bemmelen, compression and extension can and should occur simultaneously at different depths in a mountain belt. In these theories, these different levels are called "Stockwerke". More recent work in geotectonics and geodynamics of the same school of geoscientists (Utrecht and Amsterdam University) by Vlaar, Wortel, and Cloetingh, and their disciples, extended these concepts even further into a temporal realm. They demonstrated that internal and external forces acting upon the mountain belt (e.g., slab pull and intra-plate stress field modulations due to large scale reorganisations of the tectonic plates) result in both longer episodes and shorter phases of general extension and compression acting both upon and inside mountain belts and tectonic arches (See e.g. for extensive reviews, bibliography and discussions on the literature:


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The gradual subsidence of the Po Valley (including that of Venice) and the folding of the mountains of eastern Italy have been investigated using seismic wave analysis of the "Apennine Subduction System." Along the Adriatic side of Italy the floor of the Adriatic Sea, referred to as the "Adriatic lithosphere" or the "Adriatic plate," terms whose precise meaning is the subject of ongoing research, is dipping under the slab on which the Apennines have been folded by compressional forces.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Subduction occurs along a fault, along which a hanging wall, or overriding slab is thrust over an overridden slab, also called the subducting slab. The fault that acts as the subduction interface is at the bottom of the Apennine wedge, characterized by a deep groove in the surface, typically filled with sediment, as sedimentation here occurs at a much faster rate than subduction. In north Italy the dip of this interface is 30° to 40° at a depth of 80–90 km.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The strike of the Apennine subduction zone forms a long, irregular arc with centers of curvature in the Tyrrhenian Sea following the hanging wall over which the mountains have been raised; i.e., the eastern wall of the mountains. It runs from near the base of the Ligurian Apennines in the Po Valley along the margin of the mountains to the Adriatic, along the coastal deeps of the Adriatic shore, strikes inland at Monte Gargano cutting off Apulia, out to sea again through the Gulf of Taranto, widely around the rest of Italy and Sicily and across inland north Africa. The upper mantle above deep is broken into the "Northern Apennines Arc" and the "Calabrian Arc", with compressional forces acting in different directions radially toward the arcs' centers of curvature. The overall plate tectonics of these events has been modeled in different ways but decisive data is still missing. The tectonics, however, are not the same as those which created the Alps.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The west side of Italy is given to a fault-block system, where the crust – extended by the lengthening mantle below – thinned, broke along roughly parallel fault lines, and the blocks alternatively sank into grabens or were raised by isostasy into horsts. This system prevails from Corsica eastward to the valley of the Tiber River, the last rift valley in that direction. It runs approximately across the direction of extension. In the fault-block system, the ridges are lower and are more steep-sided, since the walls are formed by faults. Geographically they are not considered part of the Apennines proper but are termed Sub-Apennines () or Anti-Apennines () or Pre-Apennines (). These mountains are found mainly in Tuscany, Lazio and Campania.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The terrain of the Apennines (as well as that of the Alps) is to a large degree unstable due to various types of landslides, including falls and slides of rocks and debris, flows of earth and mud, and sink holes. The Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (), a government agency founded in 2008 by combining three older agencies, published in that year a special report, "Landslides in Italy", summarizing the results of the IFFI Project (), the Italian Landslide Inventory (), an extensive survey of historical landslides in Italy undertaken by the government starting in 1997. On December 31, 2007, it had studied and mapped 482,272 landslides over . Its major statistics are the Landslide Index (LI here), the ratio of the landslide area to the total area of a region, the Landslide Index in Mountainous-Hilly Areas (here LIMH) and the Density of Landslides, which is the number per .


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Italy as a whole has a LI of 6.8, a LIMH of 9.1 and a density of 160. Lombardia (LI of 13.9), Emilia-Romagna (11.4), Marches (19.4), Molise (14.0), Valle d'Aosta (16.0) and Piemonte (9.1) are significantly higher. The most unstable terrain in the Apennines when the landslide sites are plotted on the map are in order from most unstable the eastern flanks of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, the Central Apennines and the eastern flank of the southern Apennines. Instability there is comparable to the Alps bordering the Po Valley. The most stable terrain is on the western side: Liguria, Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio. The Apennines are slumping away to the northeast into the Po Valley and the Adriatic foredeep; that is, the zone where the Adriatic floor is being subducted under Italy. Slides with large translational or rotational surface movements are most common; e.g., a whole slope slumps into its valley, placing the population there at risk.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: Glaciers no longer exist in the Apennines outside the Gran Sasso d'Italia massif. However, post-Pliocene moraines have been observed in Basilicata.


title: Apennine Mountains

text: The Apennines include about 21 peaks over , the approximate tree line (counting only the top peak in each massif). Most of these peaks are located in the Central Apennines.


title: Geopolitical zones of Nigeria

text: The Federal Republic of Nigeria is divided into six geopolitical zones, commonly just called zones. They are a type of administrative division grouping the country's states, created during the regime of president General Sani Abacha. Nigerian economic, political, and educational resources are often shared across the zones.


title: Geopolitical zones of Nigeria

text: The six zones were not entirely carved out based on geographic location, but rather states with similar ethnic groups, and/or common political history were classified in the same zone. Nigeria is made up of approximately 400 ethnic groups and 450 languages. There was a need for the government to merge similar groups for effective allocation of resources.


title: Geopolitical zones of Nigeria

text: Many groups and individuals in Nigeria including the Afenifere Renewal Movement through its National Publicity Secretary, Mr. Yinka Odumakin, Ohaneze Ndigbo, its late Secretary General, Chief Ralph Uwechue and Ijaw National Congress through its National President, Mr. Joshua Benameisigha have canvassed that the current six zonal divisions be recognized in Nigeria's constitution and be strengthened to function as federating units in the new structure for Nigeria.


title: Geopolitical zones of Nigeria

text: According to Chief Nengi James, a Niger Delta activist, "for all sections of the country to become one entity, the geopolitical zones must be recognized in the constitution." These groups are pushing for devolution of powers so that the geopolitical zones become autonomous and manage the resources within their territories in a federal Nigeria.


title: Toxic Attraction

text: Toxic Attraction is an American professional wrestling tag team currently performing in WWE on the NXT brand consisting of Gigi Dolin and Jacy Jayne. Dolin and Jayne are former two-time NXT Women's Tag Team Champions, with their first reign being the longest in the title's history. Originally a stable, the team formerly included the leader Mandy Rose, former NXT Women's Champion.


title: Toxic Attraction

text: On the July 13, 2021 episode of "NXT", Rose returned to NXT, and scouted a match between Sarray and Dolin, and witnessed as Sarray defeated Dolin. The following week, Rose appeared at ringside during the match between Jayne and Franky Monet, and watched as Monet defeated Jayne. On the August 10 episode of "NXT", Dolin and Jayne joined forces, as Jayne accompanied Dolin for her match against Amari Miller, in which Dolin emerged victorious.


title: Toxic Attraction

text: On the August 31 episode of "NXT", Dolin and Jayne accompanied Rose for her match against Sarray, in which Rose lost via count-out after she was led away by Dolin and Jayne after Rose was dropkicked by Sarray. The following week, Rose, Dolin and Jayne attacked both NXT Women's Tag Team Champions Io Shirai and Zoey Stark, and Kacy Catanzaro and Kayden Carter, thus establishing themselves as heels. On the debut episode of "NXT 2.0" on September 14, Dolin and Jayne faced Carter and Catanzaro in a tag-team match, which ended in no contest after Rose interfered, during which she debuted a new dark-haired look, and they subsequently wrestled Carter, Catanzaro and Sarray in a six-woman tag team match, in which Rose, Dolin and Jayne emerged victorious. The following week, the trio named themselves "Toxic Attraction" and exclaimed that they were the future of NXT's women's division and they were tired of the disrespect from the fans and wrestlers alike.


title: Toxic Attraction

text: Following this, Rose began feuding with NXT Women's Champion Raquel González, while Dolin and Jayne began feuding with Io Shirai and Zoey Stark over the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship. On the September 28 episode of "NXT 2.0", Dolin and Jayne challenged Shirai and Stark for the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship in a losing effort. However, in the main event post-match, Toxic Attraction would attack The Robert Stone Brand (Jessi Kamea, Robert Stone, and Franky Monet), and González. At , Dolin and Jayne defeated Shirai and Stark, and Indi Hartwell and Persia Pirotta in a Scareway to Hell Ladder triple threat tag team match for the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship, marking the first championships for both Dolin and Jayne in the company. Later that same night, Rose defeated González for the NXT Women's Championship, marking Rose's first title in her career and making Toxic Attraction the first stable to simultaneously hold all the titles in the NXT women's division in one night.


title: Toxic Attraction

text: On January 4, 2022, at , Rose retained her NXT Women's Championship against Cora Jade and Raquel Gonzalez in a triple threat match. On the February 8 episode of NXT, Rose defended her title again, this time against Kay Lee Ray. On NXT Vengeance Day, Dolin and Jayne retained their NXT Women's Tag Team Championships against Indi Hartwell and Persia Pirotta. On the NXT Stand & Deliver Kickoff, Dolin and Jayne lost the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship to Dakota Kai and Raquel González due to Wendy Choo's interference, ending their first reign at 158 days. However, they regained the titles with the help of Rose's distraction 3 days later. Toxic Attraction would then feud with Choo with Dolin and Jayne retaining against Choo and Roxanne Perez on the May 10 episode of NXT and Rose retaining against Choo at NXT In Your House in June. At the same event, Dolin and Jayne retained against Katana Chance and Kayden Carter. At , they would lose the titles to Jade and Perez, ending their second reign at 91 days. The following week, Rose retained the NXT Women's Championship against Perez due to interferences from Toxic Attraction and Cora Jade who turned heel. Two weeks later on the August 2 episode of NXT, Dolin and Jayne failed to win the vacant NXT Women's Tag Team Championship in a fatal four-way elimination match. Dolin and Jayne's final match in NXT would be a losing effort against Raw superstars Nikki ASH and Doudrop.


title: Toxic Attraction

text: On the August 19, 2022 episode of SmackDown, Dolin and Jayne made their main roster debut defeating Natalya and Sonya Deville in a first-round match of the women’s tag team title tournament. However, they were pulled out of the next round due to Dolin's injury. They made their return to "SmackDown" on the September 9 edition, losing to WWE Women's Tag Team Champions Aliyah and Raquel Rodriguez. At the 2022 Worlds Collide event, NXT Women's Champion Mandy Rose defeated NXT UK Women's Champion Meiko Satomura and Blair Davenport in a triple threat match to unify both championships. On the October 11, 2022 edition of "NXT", Sonya Deville, Rose's partner from their previous stable Absolution, helped Dolin and Jayne attack Alba Fyre, briefly allying with the group. At Halloween Havoc on October 22, Rose retained her title against Fyre following interference from Dolin and Jayne. On the November 15 episode of "NXT," Rose retained her title against Fyre in a Last Woman Standing match following interference from the debuting Isla Dawn.


title: Toxic Attraction

text: On December 13, 2022 episode of "NXT", Rose lost her title to Roxanne Perez, ending her 413-day reign. WWE released Rose from her contract the next day due to her social media content.