title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: Baudelaire's section "Tableaux Parisiens", added in the second edition (1861), is considered one of the most formidable criticisms of 19th-century French modernity. This section contains 18 poems, most of which were written during Haussmann's renovation of Paris. Together, the poems in "Tableaux Parisiens" act as 24-hour cycle of Paris, starting with the second poem Le Soleil (The Sun) and ending with the second to last poem Le Crépuscule du Matin (Morning Twilight). The poems featured in this cycle of Paris all deal with the feelings of anonymity and estrangement from a newly modernized city. Baudelaire is critical of the clean and geometrically laid out streets of Paris which alienate the unsung anti-heroes of Paris who serve as inspiration for the poet: the beggar, the blind, the industrial worker, the gambler, the prostitute, the old and the victim of imperialism. These characters whom Baudelaire once praised as the backbone of Paris are now eulogized in his nostalgic poems. For Baudelaire, the city has been transformed into an anthill of identical bourgeois that reflect the new identical structures that litter a Paris he once called home but can now no longer recognize.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: The author and the publisher were prosecuted under the regime of the Second Empire as an "outrage aux bonnes mœurs" ("an insult to public decency"). As a consequence of this prosecution, Baudelaire was fined 300 francs. Six poems from the work were suppressed and the ban on their publication was not lifted in France until 1949. These poems were "Lesbos"; "Femmes damnées (À la pâle clarté)" (or "Women Doomed (In the pale glimmer...)"); "Le Léthé" (or "Lethe"); "À celle qui est trop gaie" (or "To Her Who Is Too Joyful"); "Les Bijoux" (or "The Jewels"); and "Les Métamorphoses du Vampire" (or "The Vampire's Metamorphoses"). These were later published in Brussels in a small volume titled "Les Épaves" ("Scraps" or "Jetsam").


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: On the other hand, upon reading "The Swan" (or ""Le Cygne"") from "Les Fleurs du mal", Victor Hugo announced that Baudelaire had created ""un nouveau frisson" (a new shudder, a new thrill) in literature.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: In the wake of the prosecution, a second edition was issued in 1861 which added 35 new poems, removed the six suppressed poems, and added a new section titled "Tableaux Parisiens". Among the new poems was the widely-studied "L'albatros" ("The Albatross").


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: A posthumous third edition, with a preface by Théophile Gautier and including 14 previously unpublished poems, was issued in 1868.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: Alban Berg's "Der Wein" (1929) is a concert aria setting Stefan George's translation of three poems from "Le Vin".


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: In 1969, American composer Ruth White released the album "Flowers of Evil". It features electroacoustic composition with Baudelaire's poetry recited over it. The album was published by Limelight Records.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: French avant-garde rock band Etron Fou Leloublan used the poem from "Les Fleurs du Mal" <nowiki>"La Musique" as lyrics for their song "La Musique"</nowiki> from their third studio album Les Poumons Gonflés which is named after a verse from it.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: Rock band Buck-Tick named their 1990 album "Aku no Hana", as well as its title track, after "Les Fleurs du mal".


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: Avant-Garde music group Naked City named a track on their 1993 album Absinthe, which is inspired by 19th Century France in general, after "Les Fleurs du Mal"


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: "Baudelaire's Flowers Of Evil (Les Fleurs Du Mal)" is a 1968 recording by Yvette Mimieux and Ali Akbar Khan originally issued on LP by Connoisseur Society. Mimeux reads excerpts of Cyril Scott's 1909 translation with original music by Khan.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: Henri Dutilleux's "Tout un monde lointain..." for cello and orchestra (1970) is strongly influenced by "Les Fleurs du Mal". Each of its five movements is prefaced by a quotation from the volume and the title itself comes from one of its poems, "XXIII. La Chevelure".


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: French Black Metal band Peste Noire used poems as lyrics for their songs "Le mort joyeux" and "Spleen" from their album "La Sanie des siècles – Panégyrique de la dégénérescence"


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: French songwriter and musician Neige used poems from "Les Fleurs du mal" as lyrics for several songs that he wrote with different bands. "Élévation" (with Alcest) "Recueillement" (with Amesoeurs) "Le revenant" and "Ciel brouillé" (with Mortifera)


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: Industrial metal band Marilyn Manson released a song titled "The Flowers of Evil" on their 2012 album "Born Villain".


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: The Swedish folk singer Sofia Karlsson (alongside Alex Landart, Negro Malick, Hugo Voy, Benjamin Coquille and Logan Pischedda) sang versions of "Le vin des amants" and "Moesta et errabunda", translated by the poet Dan Andersson, on her 2007 album "Visor från vinden" (Songs from the wind).


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: The 1945 film The Picture of Dorian Gray opens with Lord Henry Wotton reading the book during a hansom cab ride to Basil Hallward's home. A voice-over describing Lord Henry's amoral approach to life concludes: “…He diverted himself by exercising a subtle influence over the lives of others.” Telling the cabbie to wait, he tosses the book up to him.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: The movie "Immortal" (2004, Dominique Brunner); In the scene on the Eiffel Tower, Jill (Linda Hardy) is reading from the book "Les Fleurs Du Mal". She recites the third stanza from the poem "XLIX. Le Poison".


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: In a January 1997 episode of the sitcom Friends titled "The One with All the Jealousy", Monica (Courtney Cox) asks her coworker Julio about his book. He says it's ""Flowers of Evil" by Baudelaire" and when Monica asks if he enjoyed it he replies "I thought I would, but the translation's no good."


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: An episode of the television show "The Batman" was named "Fleurs du Mal" in reference to the poem. In addition to this, a florist's shop in the episode is named Baudelaire's.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: In episode 13 of "Saving Hope"s first season (2012), a copy of "The Flowers of Evil" is among the personal effects of a patient. Later in the episode a doctor briefly discusses Baudelaire and a phrase from the book with that patient.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: In Jean-Luc Godard's 1965 film Pierrot le Fou, central character Ferdinand attends a dinner party, where he ends up having a conversation with the American filmmaker Samuel Fuller (played by himself). Fuller explains that he is there in Paris to film a movie titled "The Flowers of Evil." Ferdinand recognizes the reference to Baudelaire, and goes on to engage the filmmaker on the subject of cinema.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: Chicago-based artistic collective Theater Oobleck produced a series of cantastoria using Baudelaire's "Les Fleurs du Mal" as text.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: T.S. Eliot's poem "The Waste Land" (1922) references "Au Lecteur" with the line: "You! hypocrite lecteur!—mon semblable,—mon frère!"


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: In Roger Zelazny's book "Roadmarks" the protagonist Red Dorakeen travels with a sentient speaking computer disguised as a cybernetic extension of the book "Les Fleurs du mal" named "Flowers of Evil". It befriends another computer which has disguised itself as "Leaves of Grass" by Walt Whitman.


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: Geographer and political economist David Harvey includes the poem "The Eyes of the Poor" in a book chapter called "The Political Economy of Public Space".


title: Les Fleurs du mal

text: The 2009 manga "Aku no Hana" is named after "Les Fleurs du mal". The main character, Takao Kasuga, is enamored with the book and the adult depravity that it represents.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: The Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (previously the Swearingen Metro and later Fairchild Aerospace Metro) is a 19-seat, pressurized, twin-turboprop airliner first produced by Swearingen Aircraft and later by Fairchild Aircraft at a plant in San Antonio, Texas.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: The Metroliner was an evolution of the Swearingen Merlin turboprop-powered business aircraft. Ed Swearingen, a Texas fixed-base operator (FBO), started the developments that led to the Metro through gradual modifications to the Beechcraft Twin Bonanza and Queen Air business aircraft, which he dubbed Excalibur.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: A new fuselage (but with a similar nose) and vertical fin were then developed, married to salvaged and rebuilt (wet) Queen Air wings and horizontal tails, and Twin Bonanza landing gear; this became the SA26 Merlin, more or less a pressurized Excalibur. Through successive models (the SA26-T Merlin IIA and SA26-AT Merlin IIB) the engines were changed to Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6, then Garrett TPE331 turboprops. These were marketed as business aircraft seating eight to ten passengers.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: An all-new aircraft was built and named the SA226-T Merlin III with a new nose, wings, landing gear, cruciform horizontal tail and inverted inlet Garrett engines. Ultimately a stretch of the Merlin III was designed, sized to seat 22 passengers and called the SA226-TC Metro. Because FAA regulations limited an airliner to no more than 19 seats if no flight attendant was to be carried, the aircraft was optimized for that number of passengers. The standard engines offered were two TPE331-3UW turboprops driving three-bladed propellers. A corporate version called the SA226-AT Merlin IVA was also marketed and initially sales of this version were roughly double that of the Metro.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: Prototype construction of the Metro began in 1968 and the first flight was on August 26, 1969. Swearingen Aircraft encountered financial difficulties at this stage, and late in 1971 Fairchild (which was marketing the Metro and building its wings and engine nacelles), bought 90% of Swearingen and the company was renamed Swearingen Aviation Corporation. It was at this point that the previously cash-strapped company was able to put the Metro into production.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: In 1974, the original Metro models were replaced by the SA226-TC Metro II after about 20 Metros and about 30 Merlin IVAs had been built. Among the changes made were larger, squared-oval windows and optional provision for a small Rocket-Assisted Take Off (RATO) rocket in the tail cone, this being offered to improve takeoff performance out of "hot & high" airfields in the event of an engine failure.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: The Metro and Metro II were limited to a maximum weight of 12,500 pounds (5,670 kg) in the US and countries using imperial units, and 5,700 kg in countries using SI units. When this restriction was lifted the Metro II was re-certified as the Metro IIA in 1980 with a maximum weight of 13,100 pounds (5,941 kg) and the Metro II's TPE331-3 engines replaced by -10 engines of increased power.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: The SA227-AC Metro III followed, also initially certified in 1980 for up to 14,000 pounds (6,350 kg), this increasing to 14,500 pounds (6,577 kg) as engines and structures were upgraded. An option to go as high as 16,000 pounds (7,257 kg) was offered. Externally, improvements incorporated into the Metro III were a 10 ft (3.05 m) increase in wing span, four-bladed props, redesigned "quick-access" engine cowlings and numerous drag-reducing airframe modifications, including landing gear doors that closed after the gear was extended.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: Once again a corporate version was offered as the Merlin IVC (the model name was chosen to align with the contemporaneous short-fuselage Merlin IIIC). A version with strengthened floors and the high gross weight option was offered as a cargo aircraft known as the Expediter. Both the Expediter and the Merlin IVC were designated the SA227-AT. Finally, due to reliability problems with Garrett engines in the second half of the 1980s, the Metro IIIA was offered with two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-45R turboprops in place of the Garrett units; however none were actually delivered. A special model was the SA227-BC Metro III built for Mexican airline AeroLitoral, which took delivery of 15 of the 18 of this model that were produced.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: Improvements beyond the Metro III provided better systems, more power and a further increase in takeoff weight. This design effort resulted in the SA227 CC (for Commuter Category) and SA227-DC models, initially called the Metro IV then renamed Metro 23, so named as they were designed for certification under FAR Part 23 (Amendment 34) standards. A Metro 23 EF with an external pod under the lower fuselage for greater baggage capacity was also offered as well as an Expediter 23 and Merlin 23. The SA227-CC was an interim model with TPE331-11U engines and only a handful were built.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: In the 1960s, Swearingen Aircraft developed a prototype SA-28T eight-seat jet aircraft with a flapless delta wing. It shared the tail and cockpit with the Merlin/Metro. The two engines were to be Garrett TFE731 turbofans then in development; they were originally to be mounted on the aft fuselage, however during the course of design work their location was moved to under the high-mounted wing. Early flights were to be undertaken with General Electric CJ610 engines fitted. Development continued after Fairchild acquired the company, but the project was shut down nine weeks from first flight. It was later cut up as scrap and the fuselage used as a Metro display at trade shows.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: At the 1987 Paris Air Show, Fairchild released details of proposed developments of the Metro designated the Metro V and Metro VI. These versions would have featured a longer fuselage with a taller "stand-up" cabin providing 69 in (180 cm) of interior height for passengers; a redesigned, longer wing; engines moved further out on the wing from the fuselage; a "T-tail" and various system improvements. A Merlin V corporate version of the Metro V was also planned. The Metro V was to be fitted with the same engines as the Metro 23 and the Metro VI was to be fitted with more powerful TPE331-14 engines. The Metro VI was shelved within months of being announced due to a lack of customer interest, but Fairchild did not proceed with the Metro V either.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: One version that did see the light of day was the Metro 25, which featured an increased passenger capacity of 25 at the expense of the baggage space found in earlier models; the deletion of the left rear cargo door, the addition of a passenger door on the right-hand rear fuselage, and a belly pod for baggage. A Metro III was converted as a Metro 25 demonstrator, it flew in this configuration in October 1989. Also mooted but not built was the Metro 25J, which would have been another jet-powered aircraft with TFE731s in over-wing pods.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: Two of the original Metro model were delivered in 1972 to Société Minière de Bakwanga (MIBA) in Kinshasa, Zaire, the first customer to put the Metro into service. The first airline to put them into service was Commuter Airlines in January 1973, followed shortly after by Air Wisconsin.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: At least one Metro IIA flies in Canada with Perimeter Aviation. Two SA227-CCs are today registered with Canadian operator Bearskin Lake Air Service Ltd., while another two are operating in New Zealand. A fifth also flew with Bearskin Airlines, but was destroyed in a mid-air collision in 1995.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: In service with Perimeter Aviation in Canada, this long-term operator of the Metro II and III made a number of modifications to suit its use in northern and remote Canadian sites where rudimentary gravel "strips" were common. Some of the many innovative changes to the design of the Metro allowed the aircraft to fly more efficiently, as well as cutting down on the "noise factor" that was attributed to the early models. The airline installed Garrett engines with quieter and more efficient four-bladed Hartzell propellers. More recently, in 2016, 5-blade composite propellers are being installed, further enhancing performance and reducing noise levels. Their Metros are also all equipped with modern avionics suites, including the recent installation of Garmin 950 glass cockpits and GPS satellite tracking.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: Many of the improvements resulting in the Metro 23 came about during work to produce the military C-26B model for the United States Air Force.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: A Metro III aircraft was modified for the Colombian Air Force for counternarcotics reconnaissance purposes. The Colombian National Police also operates several Metro 23 aircraft for counternarcotics reconnaissance purposes. In addition, the Peruvian Air Force operates a Metro 23 and the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard operates a Metro III, both similarly configured. A "Regional Security System" Metro III with a large belly radome has been seen in the Caribbean.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: In civilian service the type has proved to be popular, with sales in the 19-seat airliner market rivalled only by the Beechcraft 1900. It is especially popular in Australia. Since the first example (a Merlin IVA) arrived in 1975, almost 20% of the fleet has operated there, and, as of December 2008, 61 Metros and Expediters are registered in Australia, more than all of its market rivals combined.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: Metro production ended in 1998; however, by this time, regional jets were in vogue and turboprop types were out of favour with airlines. At the time, several airframes remained unsold at the factory. In 2001, the last aircraft, Metro 23 c/n DC-904B, was finally delivered to National Jet Aviation Services of Zelienople, Pennsylvania, an air charter operator. A total of 703 Metro, Expediter, Merlin IV series and C-26 series aircraft were built. In addition, 158 other SA226- and SA227-series aircraft were built as short-fuselage Merlin IIIs, IIIAs and IIIBs.


title: Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner

text: In July 2019, 196 Metroliners were in airline service; airline operators with three or more aircraft were:


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The Cadillac Gage Commando, frequently denoted as the M706 in U.S. military service, is an American armored car designed to be amphibious. It was engineered by Cadillac Gage specifically for the United States Military Police Corps during the Vietnam War as an armed convoy escort vehicle. The Commando was one of the first vehicles to combine the traditionally separate roles of an armored personnel carrier and a conventional armored car, much like the Soviet BTR-40. Its notable height, amphibious capability, and waterproofed engine allowed American crews to fight effectively in the jungles of Vietnam by observing their opponents over thick vegetation and fording the country's deep rivers.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The Commando was eventually produced in three distinct marks: the V-100, V-150, and V-200, all of which were modified for a number of diverse battlefield roles. An unlicensed copy of the Commando series, the Bravia Chaimite, was also manufactured in Portugal. After the American military disengagement from Vietnam, the Commando series was gradually retired from active U.S. service. It was superseded in the Military Police Corps by the derivative M1117 Armored Security Vehicle during the 1990s.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The V-100 series of vehicles was developed in the early 1960s by the Terra-Space division of the Cadillac Gage company of Warren, Michigan. By 1962 a patent was filed and received by Terra-Space for a vehicle then only known as the Commando. The first prototype emerged in 1963, and the production variants entered service in 1964.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The vehicle is equipped with four-wheel drive and uses axles similar to the ones used in the M34 series of trucks. The engine is a gasoline-powered 360-cubic-inch Chrysler V8, same as in the early gas models of the M113 armored personnel carriers. Its 5-speed manual transmission allows it to traverse relatively rough terrain. The M706 has a road speed of , and can travel across water at .


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: A Commando's armor consists of high hardness alloy steel called Cadaloy, which protects against projectiles up to 7.62×51mm. Partly because of its armor, the M706 has an unloaded mass of over 7 tons. As a result, a common problem with the vehicle is rear axle failure caused by the extreme weight. However, because the armor also provides the monocoque structural framework, it can be lighter than a soft vehicle to which armor has been added, and the angle of the armor also helps protect against hits and mine blasts.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The V-100 was available in turret and open-top models. Factory prototype turret options included the T-60, T-70, and T-90. The T-60 featured a combination of either two .50 caliber machine guns, two .30 caliber machine guns, or one of each, and had manual traverse.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The specific .30 caliber machine gun options were extremely varied, with from factory configurations including the M1919A4E1, M37, M73, M219, and MG42. Later the M60 and FN MAG were also added to the list of options. The Cadillac Gage company also intended to use the solenoid trigger equipped fixed machine gun version of the Stoner 63 weapon system, but this was dropped after tests showed the smaller caliber cartridge to be unsuited to this role.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The T-90 featured a single 20 mm cannon with power traverse. The T-70, developed for police use, featured 4 tear gas launchers, vision blocks all around the turret for 360-degree vision, and no other weapons. The T-70 and T-90 were not put into mass production; instead, a modified T-60—with the guns centrally mounted, rather than along the outer edges—became the standard. A variant of this turret featuring the 7.62 mm General Electric Minigun was also developed.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: In addition an open-topped variant with a central parapet was developed. The intended usage of this variant was to be a mortar portee, but a total of five machine gun mounts could also be fitted. There were 2 in front, one in the rear all three M2 Browning or Mk 19 capable and one folding pintle point on each side capable of mounting any .30 caliber machine gun such as the M1919 Browning machine gun, M60 or any other machine gun of that class. An enclosed raised superstructure "pod" was also developed for converting the V-100 into either a command vehicle or for police use. The variants for police work featured special elongated firing ports for better angles of fire for tear gas grenade launchers.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: Relatively large-gunned variants of the V-100 began appearing in 1964, when Cadillac Gage marketed the Commando against the Alvis Saladin and Panhard AML-90 for a Royal Saudi Army requirement specifying a wheeled armoured vehicle equipped with a large semi-automatic cannon. A number of V-150s were later successfully tested and offered with a Mecar low-pressure 90mm smoothbore gun. With the new turret and gun, the V-150 was manned by a crew of three, although it retained enough space for eight additional passengers if no additional shell racks were added.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: At maximum capacity its hull could store up to thirty-nine rounds of 90mm ammunition and still seat four additional passengers. Subsequent V-150 models incorporated a slightly larger turret armed with a much more powerful Cockerill Mk.III 90mm gun, the same as that carried by the EE-9 Cascavel. A third fire support option involved the retrofitting of the Commando chassis with the complete turret and 76mm L23A1 gun of the British FV101 Scorpion tracked reconnaissance vehicle.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: In 2010, Federal Defense Industries announced that they entered into an agreement with Textron Marine & Land Systems in order to provide authorized aftermarket parts, support and other types of assistance for the V-100/150/200 since FDI maintains a technical library for spare parts.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: In 2011, Napco entered into an agreement with Textron to provide authorized aftermarket parts, support and other types of assistance for the V-100/150.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The Commando was originally deployed to South Vietnam in September 1963 for use by the U.S. Army Military Police, United States Air Force, United States Marine Corps and allied forces including the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). It was introduced in Vietnam as the XM706 Commando first to the ARVN who loaned the first examples to the U.S. Army in June 1967. By the end of 1968, the U.S. Army had purchased its own version of the armored car, the XM706E1, later standardized as the M706. Within the U.S. Army it was affectionately known as "the Duck", or "the V".


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The main differences between the XM706 and XM706E1/M706 were in the design of the gas tank fill port covers, side windows, front vision blocks, and most importantly in the weaponry. The XM706 featured two .30-06 caliber M37 machine guns, while the XM706E1/M706 for the U.S. Army featured two 7.62mm NATO M73 machine guns for better ammunition commonality with existing weapons. The ARVN, on the other hand, were still using a variety of weapons in the .30-06 caliber and had relevant ammunition in their supply train.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: In practice, the ARVN found the standard two-gun armament to be lacking and often mounted an additional M1919A4 machine gun on a standard tripod mount at the rear radio operator's hatch. A number of their V-100s were also refitted with the combination turret armament of one M37 and one .50 BMG-caliber M2HB machine gun. The V-100 in with the ARVN mainly saw service in armored car elements of armored cavalry units, but also as part of the mechanized platoons of the South Vietnamese Regional Forces. Compared to the American counterparts ARVN V-100 units had larger crews, including a commander riding shotgun, and a radio operator outside the rear hatch.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: Another model, the XM706E2, was supplied to the U.S. Air Force for base protection purposes, post-attack reconnaissance against munitions and EOD use. The XM706E2 featured no turret and an open-topped center parapet. In practice a variety of weapons were mounted on USAF XM706E2s, but the most common configuration was one M2HB machine gun and one M60 machine gun. Other equipment included the XM174 40 mm grenade launcher and searchlights.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The 3rd Security Police Group of the United States Air Force at Clark Air Base Republic of the Philippines was still operating the "Duck" as a Fire-Team vehicle until it received M1026 HMMWVs in the fall of 1988. The vehicles were then semi-retired, and occasionally used as "steel" bunkers at the gates, because of the difficulty in keeping the 20-year-old vehicles running.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The V-100 carries a maximum crew of two with up to 10 passengers. In road patrol, convoy duty and base defense use by the U.S. Army's Military Police, it usually had a crew of two: driver and gunner. Additional armament often included two or three top-mounted M2 or M60 machine guns. Other weapons such as M134 Miniguns were also sometimes used. Passengers could also use their personal weapons to fire through the vehicle's various gun ports.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: In spite of its effectiveness during the Vietnam War, the U.S. military made limited use of the V-100s after the war, deploying only small units of the armored cars with U.S. Army Military Police platoons at the Herlong Army Depot in California during the 1970s, or other related sites across the country. The remaining V-100s were expended as "hard targets" for tank and machinegun ranges throughout various military installations.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: Survivors remain in service with various smaller forces, such as the People's Army of Vietnam, Royal Thai Army, Republic of China Military Police, the Philippine Army, Marine Corps, and Special Action Force of the Philippine National Police, the Lebanese Armed Forces, the Army of Venezuela and the Jamaica Defence Force. It was used by the Malaysian Army in Second Malayan Emergency (now retired) and Royal Malaysian Police (GOF- Pasukan Gerakan Am) until now. The vehicle is also used by many SWAT units in the U.S. and gendarmerie forces overseas. The V-100 is the predecessor of the M1117 Armored Security Vehicle which is being used by the U.S. Army for convoy protection and other duties in Iraq and Afghanistan.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: For many years the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) had used 2 V-100s and used them for high risk warrant arrests. They pioneered the first SWAT teams and were the first to use the V-100 as a law enforcement vehicle. Typically a court issued warrant was required to use them, however the LAPD had deployed them outside of that requirement. On a moment's notice the LAPD Metropolitan Division could have a V-100 (nicknamed the "tank") in the field for shooting scenarios as well as officer assistance calls. Instead of outfitting these vehicles with guns the LAPD would attach a battering ram. The battering ram's flat end was decorated with a smiley face and captioned "Have a nice day." The LAPD has retired the V-100 vehicles.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: Today some SWAT teams around the nation have similar V-100s. On the A&E TV show "Detroit SWAT" a V-100 with a battering ram is often seen being used by the Detroit SWAT team. Most SWAT operations now are more updated with better equipped APCs and armored vans. However, when needed, the V-100 continues to be a valuable tool for making a tactical entrance on a building, residence, etc.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: Cadillac Gage's basic V-100 vehicle spawned an entire series of vehicles. This development was continued even after the production and further development of the system was passed to Marine and Land Division of the Textron company. These included updated 4×4 vehicles, but also expanded 6×6 vehicles utilizing a similar design and some basic components.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The V-150 was a hybrid variant which actually came after the V-200 and was based on the V-200 but had some V-100 features. It could be equipped with diesel or gasoline engines and most were produced for the Saudi Arabian National Guard as the "V-150S". The V-150 was initially fitted with the same Chrysler V8 gasoline engine and three-speed transmission as the V-100, but these were later superseded by a Cummins six-cylinder engine and a four-speed automatic transmission.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: Unlike the V-200, all V-150s retained the same size and dimensions of the earlier V-100s; however, they were manufactured with heavier axles and modified suspension units. The V-150's hull was also designed specifically to carry heavier weapons systems, such as large smoothbore guns for fire support and anti-tank purposes.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: In the 1980s Portugal updated its Chaimites (originally built between 1967 and 1974) with a 90 mm turret (V-400), but the Portuguese Army also bought 15 examples of the U.S.-made V-150 Commando.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The Philippine Army continue to use their V-150s in 2017, when several photos appeared on social media of a vehicle with heavy wooden planks and flattened ammunition crates were applied as improvised armour against ISIL insurgents in the southern islands. The effectiveness of the improvised vehicle armour against proper rocket-propelled grenades is doubtful, but it has been judged to reduce some of the RPG's damage.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The HMV-150 is a modernized and upgraded variant of the V-150 created by Thailand in 2017. Locally designed by Panus Assembly, the HMV-150 has a new design to respond to new threats and especially to offer more protection against mines and IEDs. The internal layout of the vehicle is also modified to offer more internal space, giving a capacity to carry up to ten military personnel.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The original V-150 only had the capacity to transport five people. The vehicle is fitted with a new 8.9 liter Cummins ISL engine Euro 3 developing 350 hp. coupled to a new Allison 4500 automatic transmission with six gears. The HMV-150 can achieve a maximum road speed of .


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: An unknown amount of HMV-150s have been delivered. Currently they are being operated by the Royal Thai Armed Forces, most especially the Royal Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Marine Corps.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The V-200 was essentially an enlarged version of the V-100 and utilized many components of the U.S. Army's 5-ton trucks. This version was designed to the specifications of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and entered service in 1968. It was fitted with a custom diesel engine and was notably heavier than the V-100. ST Kinetics upgraded the Singaporean fleet of V-200 vehicles in 2002 with electric turret drives and made some detail improvements to both the engine and transmission. The Singapore Army continued to hold two hundred V-200s in reserve until 2015, when they were formally retired and replaced by the Peacekeeper Protected Response Vehicle (PRV).


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: Fifty V-200s were operated by the Republic of Singapore Air Force for on-base security and equipped with Swedish-manufactured RBS 70 surface to air missiles in a turret mount. It is unclear whether these were retired in 2015 as well.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: Originally named as the V-300, the LAV-300 is a 6×6 variant originally designed for a heavy weapons support role.


title: Cadillac Gage Commando

text: The V-600 is a much heavier version of the V-300 and was intended to fulfill heavier weapons support. The primary version is equipped with a 105 mm turret.


title: Mandy Smith

text: Amanda Louise Smith (born 17 July 1970) is an English former pop singer and model. She became known in the mid-1980s for her romantic relationship with, and subsequent marriage to, Rolling Stones bassist Bill Wyman, who is 33 years her senior.


title: Mandy Smith

text: Mandy Smith lived in Tottenham as a child. She met Rolling Stones bassist Bill Wyman when she attended the BPI Awards with her older sister Nicola in 1984, while she was 13 years old. Wyman was 47, but wrote in his 1990 autobiography: "She took my breath away... she was a woman at thirteen." The relationship only became public two-and-a-half years later, when she reached the age of 16 (the legal age of consent in the United Kingdom), and resulted in a firestorm of publicity.


title: Mandy Smith

text: In 1986, Smith was to be interviewed on Irish television show "Saturday Live", but cancelled when broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) decided she would be interviewed from a seat in the audience rather than on the set. RTÉ said she was "not important enough" and that she might "give a bad example to young teenage girls".


title: Mandy Smith

text: Smith and Wyman married on 2 June 1989 in a civil ceremony on his Suffolk estate; she was 18 and he 52. Smith had by this time developed health issues which she blamed on being on birth control pills since the age of 14, when she said her relationship with Wyman was illegally consummated; not long after the wedding, she weighed only . Wyman reportedly grew impatient with her health problems and she moved out only weeks after they wed; the marriage officially ended in divorce after 23 months. Smith won a settlement then worth a reported US$880,000.


title: Mandy Smith

text: The story took another surprising turn in 1993, when Wyman's 30-year-old son from his first marriage, Stephen, married Smith's mother, Patsy, then aged 46. They split after a two-year marriage.


title: Mandy Smith

text: On 19 June 1993, Smith married footballer Pat Van Den Hauwe, but this marriage also lasted only two years. She published a best-selling autobiography, "It's All Over Now", in 1993. In 2001, she was briefly engaged to "Vanity Fair" fashion model Ian Mosby with whom she had a son, Max Harrison Mosby.


title: Mandy Smith

text: Smith later moved to Manchester to run a local public-relations company with her sister Nicola. In 2005, she returned to the Catholicism of her childhood after one of her former schoolteachers, a nun, "told me Jesus does not look at the mistakes I have made or the times I have ignored him". She stated in 2010 that she was celibate at the age of 40 and had begun working with and counselling troubled teenagers.


title: Mandy Smith

text: In 2010, Smith publicly called for the age of consent in the United Kingdom to be raised from 16 to 18, saying "People will find that odd coming from me. But I think I do know what I'm talking about here. You are still a child—even at 16. You can never get that part of your life, your childhood, back. I never could."


title: Mandy Smith

text: While still dating Wyman, Smith signed with songwriting/producing trio Stock Aitken Waterman (SAW), after Pete Burns from Dead or Alive recommended her to pop impresario Pete Waterman. Smith was the first artist signed to Waterman's PWL Records — later the UK home of Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan — after the producer's expectations of a £500,000 deal with a major label failed to materialise.


title: Mandy Smith

text: Smith recorded a Hi-NRG cover of Twinkle's 1964 hit, "Terry", but the highly publicised project was scrapped at the last minute in favour of an original composition, "I Just Can't Wait". The song failed to make an impression on the UK pop charts, a result the producers blamed on the hostility of the British media, but it proved a substantial hit in a number of European counties. While the song was a commercial disappointment in her home country, the track's Balearic beat version, the "Cool and Breezy Jazz Mix", was critically well received, and has been called "one of the coolest records SAW ever made". "Smash Hits Australia" slated the song as "awful [and] mildly suggestive", though songwriter Mike Stock denied that the title was a reference to the scandal surrounding Smith's underage relationship with Bill Wyman.


title: Mandy Smith

text: Smith's lead vocals were augmented by PWL backing singer Suzanne Rhatigan, who says she was contracted to be a ghost singer for the project after Smith struggled with the material. An album, "Mandy", was released in 1988 and spawned more hits in European countries with songs like "Positive Reaction" and "Boys and Girls". Success at home in the UK, however, continued to elude Smith.


title: Mandy Smith

text: Promotion for her final single, a cover of the Human League hit, "Don't You Want Me", was cut short just as the track rose to be her highest-charting UK single, after Smith became seriously ill. Referring to the lingering trauma of Smith's underage sex scandal and the intense tabloid scrutiny that followed the young star, former PWL Records engineer Karen Hewitt noted of her escalating health crisis, "She got really sick and couldn't continue; she just couldn't physically work".


title: For loop

text: In [[computer science]] a for-loop or for loop is a [[control flow]] [[statement (programming)|statement]] for specifying [[iteration]]. Specifically, a for loop functions by running a section of code repeatedly until a certain condition has been satisfied.


title: For loop

text: For-loops have two parts: a header and a body. The header defines the iteration and the body is the code that is executed once per iteration. The header often declares an explicit [[For loop#Loop counters|loop counter]] or loop [[Variable (computer science)|variable]]. This allows the body to know which iteration is being executed. For-loops are typically used when the number of iterations is known before entering the loop. For-loops can be thought of as shorthands for while-loops which increment and test a loop variable.


title: For loop

text: Various keywords are used to indicate the usage of a for loop: descendants of [[ALGOL]] use "for", while descendants of [[Fortran]] use "do". There are other possibilities, for example [[COBOL]] which uses "PERFORM VARYING".


title: For loop

text: The name "for-loop" comes from the word [[Wiktionary:for|for]]. For is used as the [[Keyword (computing)|keyword]] in many programming languages to introduce a for-loop. The term in English dates to [[ALGOL 58]] and was popularized in [[ALGOL 60]]. It is the direct translation of the earlier German and was used in [[Superplan]] (1949–1951) by [[Heinz Rutishauser]]. Rutishauser was involved in defining ALGOL 58 and ALGOL 60. The loop body is executed "for" the given values of the loop variable. This is more explicit in [[ALGOL]] versions of the for statement where a list of possible values and increments can be specified.


title: For loop

text: In Fortran and [[PL/I]], the keyword "DO" is used for the same thing and it is called a do-loop; this is different from a [[do while loop|do-while loop]].


title: For loop

text: A for-loop statement is available in most [[imperative programming]] languages. Even ignoring minor differences in [[syntax]] there are many differences in how these statements work and the level of expressiveness they support. Generally, for-loops fall into one of the following categories:


title: For loop

text: The for-loop of languages like [[ALGOL]], [[Simula]], [[BASIC]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Modula]], [[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]], [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], [[Matlab]], [[Ocaml]], [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]], and so on, requires a [[Control variable (programming)|control variable]] with start- and end-values, which looks something like this:


title: For loop

text: Depending on the language, an explicit [[Assignment (computer science)|assignment]] sign may be used in place of the [[equal sign]] (and some languages require the word even in the numerical case). An optional step-value (an increment or decrement ≠ 1) may also be included, although the exact syntaxes used for this differs a bit more between the languages. Some languages require a separate declaration of the control variable, some do not.


title: For loop

text: Another form was popularized by the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]]. It requires 3 parts: the [[Declaration (computer programming)|initialization]] ([[loop variant]]), the [[Boolean algebra|condition]], and the advancement to the next iteration. All these three parts are optional. This type of "semicolon loops" came from [[B (programming language)|B programming language]] and it was originally invented by [[Stephen C. Johnson|Stephen Johnson]].


title: For loop

text: In the initialization part, any variables needed are declared (and usually assigned values). If multiple variables are declared, they should all be of the same type. The condition part checks a certain condition and exits the loop if false, even if the loop is never executed. If the condition is true, then the lines of code inside the loop are executed. The advancement to the next iteration part is performed exactly once every time the loop ends. The loop is then repeated if the condition evaluates to true.


title: For loop

text: These loops are also sometimes called "numeric for-loops" when contrasted with foreach loops (see below).


title: For loop

text: This type of for-loop is a generalisation of the numeric range type of for-loop, as it allows for the enumeration of sets of items other than number sequences. It is usually characterized by the use of an implicit or explicit [[iterator]], in which the loop variable takes on each of the values in a sequence or other data collection. A representative example in [[Python (programming language)|Python]] is:


title: For loop

text: Where is either a data collection that supports implicit iteration (like a list of employee's names), or may in fact be an iterator itself. Some languages have this in addition to another for-loop syntax; notably, PHP has this type of loop under the name , as well as a three-expression for-loop (see below) under the name .


title: For loop

text: Some languages offer a for-loop that acts as if processing all iterations [[Automatic vectorization|in parallel]], such as the keyword in [[FORTRAN 95]] which has the interpretation that "all" [[Sides of an equation|right-hand-side]] expressions are evaluated before "any" assignments are made, as distinct from the explicit iteration form. For example, in the statement in the following pseudocode fragment, when calculating the new value for , except for the first (with ) the reference to will obtain the new value that had been placed there in the previous step. In the version, however, each calculation refers only to the original, unaltered .


title: For loop

text: Some languages (such as FORTRAN 95, PL/I) also offer array assignment statements, that enable many for-loops to be omitted. Thus pseudocode such as would set all elements of array A to zero, no matter its size or dimensionality. The example loop could be rendered as


title: For loop

text: But whether that would be rendered in the style of the for-loop or the for all-loop or something else may not be clearly described in the compiler manual.


title: For loop

text: Introduced with [[ALGOL 68]] and followed by PL/I, this allows the iteration of a loop to be compounded with a test, as in


title: For loop

text: That is, a value is assigned to the loop variable "i" and only if the "while expression" is true will the loop body be executed. If the result were false the for-loop's execution stops short. Granted that the loop variable's value "is" defined after the termination of the loop, then the above statement will find the first non-positive element in array "A" (and if no such, its value will be "N + 1"), or, with suitable variations, the first non-blank character in a string, and so on.


title: For loop

text: In [[computer programming]], a loop counter is a control variable that controls the iterations of a loop (a computer [[programming language]] construct). It is so named because most uses of this construct result in the variable taking on a range of integer values in some orderly sequences (example., starting at 0 and end at 10 in increments of 1)


title: For loop

text: Loop counters change with each iteration of a loop, providing a unique value for each individual iteration. The loop counter is used to decide when the loop should terminate and for the program flow to continue to the next [[instruction (computer science)|instruction]] after the loop.


title: For loop

text: A common [[identifier naming convention]] is for the loop counter to use the variable names i, j, and k (and so on if needed), where i would be the most outer loop, j the next inner loop, etc. The reverse order is also used by some programmers. This style is generally agreed to have originated from the early programming of Fortran, where these variable names beginning with these letters were implicitly declared as having an integer type, and so were obvious choices for loop counters that were only temporarily required. The practice dates back further to [[mathematical notation]] where [[index notation|indices]] for [[summation|sums]] and [[multiplication]]s are often i, j, etc. A variant convention is the use of reduplicated letters for the index, ii, jj, and kk, as this allows easier searching and search-replacing than using a single letter.


title: For loop

text: This C-style for-loop is commonly the source of an [[infinite loop]] since the fundamental steps of iteration are completely in the control of the programmer. In fact, when infinite loops are intended, this type of for-loop can be used (with empty expressions), such as:


title: For loop

text: This style is used instead of infinite loops to avoid a type conversion warning in some C/C++ compilers. Some programmers prefer the more succinct form over the semantically equivalent but more verbose form.


title: For loop

text: Some languages may also provide other supporting statements, which when present can alter how the for-loop iteration proceeds.


title: For loop

text: Common among these are the [[break statement|break]] and [[Control flow#Continuation with next iteration|continue]] statements found in C and its derivatives.


title: For loop

text: The continue statement will move at once to the next iteration without further progress through the loop body for the current iteration.


title: For loop

text: A for statement also terminates when a break, goto, or return statement within the statement body is executed. [Wells]


title: For loop

text: Other languages may have similar statements or otherwise provide means to alter the for-loop progress; for example in FORTRAN 95:


title: For loop

text: Some languages offer further facilities such as naming the various loop statements so that with multiple nested loops there is no doubt as to which loop is involved. Fortran 95, for example:


title: For loop

text: Thus, when "trouble" is detected in the inner loop, the CYCLE X1 (not X2) means that the skip will be to the next iteration for I, "not" J. The compiler will also be checking that each END DO has the appropriate label for its position: this is not just a documentation aid. The programmer must still code the problem correctly, but some possible blunders will be blocked.


title: For loop

text: Different languages specify different rules for what value the loop variable will hold on termination of its loop, and indeed some hold that it "becomes undefined". This permits a [[compiler]] to generate code that leaves any value in the loop variable, or perhaps even leaves it unchanged because the loop value was held in a register and never stored to memory. Actual behaviour may even vary according to the compiler's optimization settings, as with the Honywell Fortran66 compiler.


title: For loop

text: In some languages (not [[C (language)|C]] or [[C++]]) the loop variable is [[Immutable object|immutable]] within the scope of the loop body, with any attempt to modify its value being regarded as a semantic error. Such modifications are sometimes a consequence of a programmer error, which can be very difficult to identify once made. However, only overt changes are likely to be detected by the compiler. Situations where the address of the loop variable is passed as an argument to a [[subroutine]] make it very difficult to check, because the routine's behavior is in general unknowable to the compiler. Some examples in the style of Fortran:


title: For loop

text: A common approach is to calculate the iteration count at the start of a loop (with careful attention to overflow as in in sixteen-bit integer arithmetic) and with each iteration decrement this count while also adjusting the value of : double counting results. However, adjustments to the value of within the loop will not change the number of iterations executed.


title: For loop

text: Still another possibility is that the code generated may employ an auxiliary variable as the loop variable, possibly held in a machine register, whose value may or may not be copied to on each iteration. Again, modifications of would not affect the control of the loop, but now a disjunction is possible: within the loop, references to the value of might be to the (possibly altered) current value of or to the auxiliary variable (held safe from improper modification) and confusing results are guaranteed. For instance, within the loop a reference to element of an array would likely employ the auxiliary variable (especially if it were held in a machine register), but if is a parameter to some routine (for instance, a "print"-statement to reveal its value), it would likely be a reference to the proper variable instead. It is best to avoid such possibilities.


title: For loop

text: Just as the index variable might be modified within a for-loop, so also may its bounds and direction. But to uncertain effect. A compiler may prevent such attempts, they may have no effect, or they might even work properly - though many would declare that to do so would be wrong. Consider a statement such as


title: For loop

text: If the approach to compiling such a loop was to be the evaluation of , and and the calculation of an iteration count via something like once only at the start, then if those items were simple variables and their values were somehow adjusted during the iterations, this would have no effect on the iteration count even if the element selected for division by changed.


title: For loop

text: PL/I and Algol 68, allows loops in which the loop variable is iterated over a list of ranges of values instead of a single range. The following PL/I example will execute the loop with six values of i: 1, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15:


title: For loop

text: Given an action that must be repeated, for instance, five times, different languages' for-loops will be written differently. The syntax for a three-expression for-loop is nearly identical in all languages that have it, after accounting for different styles of block termination and so on.


title: For loop

text: initializing the counter variable to 1, incrementing by 1 each iteration of the loop and stopping at five (inclusive).


title: For loop

text: Spaces are irrelevant in fixed-form Fortran statements, thus is the same as . In the modern free-form Fortran style, blanks are significant.


title: For loop

text: COBOL was formalized in late 1959 and has had many elaborations. It uses the PERFORM verb which has many options. Originally all loops had to be out-of-line with the iterated code occupying a separate paragraph. Ignoring the need for declaring and initialising variables, the COBOL equivalent of a "for"-loop would be.


title: For loop

text: In the 1980s the addition of in-line loops and "structured" statements such as END-PERFORM resulted in a "for"-loop with a more familiar structure.


title: For loop

text: If the PERFORM verb has the optional clause TEST AFTER, the resulting loop is slightly different: the loop body is executed at least once, before any test.


title: For loop

text: Notice that the end-loop marker specifies the name of the index variable, which must correspond to the name of the index variable in the start of the for-loop. Some languages (PL/I, FORTRAN 95 and later) allow a statement label on the start of a for-loop that can be matched by the compiler against the same text on the corresponding end-loop statement. Fortran also allows the and statements to name this text; in a nest of loops this makes clear which loop is intended. However, in these languages the labels must be unique, so successive loops involving the same index variable cannot use the same text nor can a label be the same as the name of a variable, such as the index variable for the loop.


title: For loop

text: The statement may be used to exit the loop. Loops can be labeled, and "leave" may leave a specific labeled loop in a group of nested loops. Some PL/I dialects include the statement to terminate the current loop iteration and begin the next.


title: For loop

text: Further, the single iteration range could be replaced by a list of such ranges. There are several unusual aspects of the construct


title: For loop

text: Subsequent "extensions" to the standard Algol68 allowed the syntactic element to be replaced with and to achieve a small optimization. The same compilers also incorporated:


title: For loop

text: The ISO/IEC 9899:1999 publication (commonly known as [[C99]]) also allows initial declarations in loops. All the three sections in the for loop are optional, with an empty condition equivalent to true.


title: For loop

text: Contrary to other languages, in [[Smalltalk]] a for-loop is not a [[language construct]] but defined in the class Number as a method with two parameters, the end value and a [[Closure (computer science)|closure]], using self as start value.


title: For loop

text: The "exit" statement may be used to exit the loop. Loops can be labeled, and "exit" may leave a specifically labeled loop in a group of nested loops:


title: For loop

text: Maple has two forms of for-loop, one for iterating of a range of values, and the other for iterating over the contents of a container. The value range form is as follows:


title: For loop

text: All parts except codice_1 and codice_2 are optional. The codice_3 part, if present, must come first. The remaining parts (codice_4, codice_5, codice_6, codice_7) can appear in any order.


title: For loop

text: The codice_8 clause specifies the container, which may be a list, set, sum, product, unevaluated function, array, or an object implementing an iterator.


title: For loop

text: The for-loop, written as initialises an internal variable, executes the body as long as the internal variable is not more than limit (or not less, if increment is negative) and, at the end of each iteration, increments the internal variable. Before each iteration, the value of the internal variable is pushed onto the stack.


title: For loop

text: The built-in imperative "forM_" maps a [[monad (functional programming)|monadic]] expression into a list, as


title: For loop

text: Note that in the original Oberon language the for-loop was omitted in favor of the more general Oberon loop construct. The for-loop was reintroduced in Oberon-2.


title: For loop

text: Python does not contain the classical for loop, rather a codice_12 loop is used to iterate over the output of the built-in codice_13 function which returns an iterable sequence of integers.


title: For loop

text: You can also iterate through a list of items, similar to what you can do with arrays in other languages:


title: For loop

text: You may also use to exit a loop at any time. Unlike other languages, AppleScript does not currently have any command to continue to the next iteration of a loop.


title: For loop

text: For-loops can also loop through a table using ipairs() to iterate numerically through arrays and pairs() to iterate randomly through dictionaries.


title: For loop

text: [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]] has a codice_12-type loop and various operations for creating iterators.


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: Jack Frost is a 1998 American Christmas fantasy comedy film starring Michael Keaton and Kelly Preston. Keaton plays the title character, a father and musician killed in a car accident, only to be brought back to life in the form of a snowman via a magical harmonica. It received mixed to negative reviews and became a box-office bomb, grossing just $34 million against a budget of $40–85 million.


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: Three of Frank Zappa's four children, Dweezil Zappa, Ahmet Zappa, and Moon Unit Zappa, appear in the film.


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: Jack Frost (Keaton) is the lead singer in a rock band based in the fictional town of Medford, Colorado. His focus on his music and his hopes that the band will sign a record deal leads him to neglect his family, including his 11-year-old son Charlie.


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: Charlie gets into a snowball fight with local bully Rory Buck. Charlie and Jack build a snowman together, and Jack gives Charlie his best harmonica, which he got the day Charlie was born. He jokingly tells Charlie that it's magical, and that Jack will be able to hear it wherever he is. Jack promises his wife Gabby that he will attend Charlie's hockey game, but misses it in favor of recording a new hit song "Don't Lose Your Faith". To make up for it, Jack then promises to take his family on a Christmas trip to the mountains, but is then called in on a gig that could make or break his career. On his way to the gig, Jack realizes his mistake and borrows his best friend (and the band's keyboardist) Mac MacArthur's car to go to the mountains to meet his family. Unfortunately, Jack encounters a bad snowstorm, crashes the car, and is killed instantly (off-screen).


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: A year later, Charlie has fallen into depression over his father's death. One night, he makes another snowman that bears as much of a resemblance to Jack as he can remember and plays Jack's harmonica just before going to sleep. The harmonica turns out to be magical after all, as it revives Jack (who was telling the truth), transferring his spirit into the snowman. Jack attempts to greet Charlie, but ends up terrifying him instead. When Charlie winds up in the snowball battlefield, Jack pelts Rory and the other children with snowballs and escapes with Charlie on a sled. After Jack uses his nickname "Charlie boy", Charlie realizes that the snowman is his father. Jack reconnects with Charlie and teaches him the values that he never got to teach him when he was alive. Jack convinces Charlie to rejoin his hockey team instead of continuing to grieve over his death; Charlie becomes their best player. In the meantime, Mac continues to be a friend of the family, while also becoming a father figure to Charlie at Gabby's suggestion.


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: As winter approaches its end, Jack begins melting and struggles to get to Charlie's hockey game, but is successful in doing so. Afterwards, Charlie decides to take Jack to the mountains where it is colder, but has a difficult time convincing Gabby to do so. Charlie comes across Rory, and, after Jack speaks in front of Rory, Rory sympathizes with Charlie not having a father and helps him sneak Jack onto a truck en route to the mountains. Jack and Charlie arrive at the isolated cabin that the family was going to stay at for Christmas before Jack's death. Jack calls Gabby, nonchalantly asking her to come to the cabin to pick up Charlie; Gabby is shocked, but recognizes his voice and obliges. Jack tells a disheartened Charlie that he has to leave. When Gabby arrives, the snowman shell dissipates without the scarf, gloves, and hat, revealing Jack in an ethereal form. Jack tells Charlie he will be with him wherever he goes and, after saying farewell and giving his love to both his wife and son, returns to the afterlife.


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: In the closing moments of the film, Charlie plays hockey with his group of friends (which now includes Rory), while Gabby happily watches and Mac plays music on the piano. The final street scene shows that all the front lawns have snowmen on them.


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: The costume for Jack Frost's snowman form was created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. George Clooney was originally set to star as Jack Frost and Jim Henson's Creature Shop made the character look like Clooney before Clooney left the project. Sam Raimi was originally attached to direct the film but when Clooney dropped out he dropped out as well.


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: John Travolta was also considered for the lead role and Billy Bob Thornton was in talks for the role of Mac MacArthur.


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 19% based on 57 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Sentimental schmaltz and uninspired storytelling sink this film."


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: On Metacritic it has a score of 45% based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Jack Frost (1998 film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film one out of four stars, writing, "It's possible for the Jim Henson folks and Industrial Light and Magic to put their heads together and come up with the most repulsive single creature in the history of special effects, and I am not forgetting the Chucky doll or the desert intestine from "Star Wars"." Ben Falk of "Empire Magazine" gave the film a three out of five stars, saying, "Despite an astoundingly dodgy-looking central character, this is a children's flick that doesn't apologise for being so and in an environment where even cartoons are stuffed full of gags purely for the grown-ups, that's remarkably refreshing." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" gave the film a positive review, saying: "As one more Hollywood effort to look on the sunny side of fatality, "Jack Frost" is so sugarcoated that it makes other recent efforts in this genre look blisteringly honest. On the other hand, it's just cheerful and bogus enough to keep children reasonably entertained."


title: San Mateo County, California

text: San Mateo County ( ), officially the County of San Mateo, is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 764,442. Redwood City is the county seat, and the third most populated city following Daly City and San Mateo. San Mateo County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA MSA (metropolitan statistical area), Silicon Valley, and is part of the San Francisco Bay Area, the nine counties bordering San Francisco Bay. It covers most of the San Francisco Peninsula. San Francisco International Airport is located in the northeastern area of the county and is approximately 7 miles south of the city and county limits of San Francisco, even though the airport itself is assigned a San Francisco postal address. The county's built-up areas are mostly suburban, and are home to several corporate campuses.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: San Mateo County was formed in 1856 upon the division of San Francisco County, one of the state's 18 original counties established at California statehood in 1850. Until 1856, San Francisco's city limits extended west to Divisadero Street and Castro Street, and south to 20th Street. In 1856, the California state government divided the county. A straight line was then drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of San Bruno Mountain. Everything south of the line became the new San Mateo County while everything north of the line became the new consolidated City and County of San Francisco.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: San Mateo County was officially organized on April 18, 1857 under a bill introduced by Senator T.G. Phelps. The 1857 bill defined the southern boundary of San Mateo County as following the south branch of San Francisquito Creek to its source in the Santa Cruz Mountains and thence due west to the Pacific Ocean, and named Redwood City as the county seat. San Mateo County then annexed part of northern Santa Cruz County in March 1868, including Pescadero and Pigeon Point.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: Although the formation bill named Redwood City the county seat, a May 1856 election marked by "unblushing frauds perpetuated on an unorganized and wholly unprotected community by thugs and ballot stuffers from San Francisco" named Belmont the county seat. The election results were declared illegal and the county government was moved to Redwood City, with land being donated from the original Pulgas Grant for the county government on February 27, 1858. Redwood City's status as county seat was upheld in two successive elections in May 1861 and December 9, 1873, defeating San Mateo and Belmont. Another election in May 1874 named San Mateo the county seat, but the state supreme court overturned that election on February 24, 1875, and the county seat has remained at Redwood City ever since.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: San Mateo County bears the Spanish name for Saint Matthew. As a place name, San Mateo appears as early as 1776 in the diaries of Anza and Font. Several local geographic features were also designated San Mateo on early maps including variously: a settlement, an arroyo, a headland jutting into the Pacific (Point Montara), and a large land holding (Rancho San Mateo). Until about 1850, the name appeared as "San Matheo".


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The Japanese first arrived in San Mateo County and were part of a group guided by Ambassador Tomomi Iwakura in 1872. A number of male Japanese students came to San Mateo to learn English and many other helpful skills to bring back to Japan. These students were also some of the first Japanese to join American students in the Belmont School for Boys. These students had to work for their housing and food before classes and in the evenings. Many of the first Japanese immigrants were able to find jobs as gardeners and landscapers In San Mateo. Most of them had a good educational background from their homelands, but their lack of knowledge of the English language made it difficult for them to find other jobs in the beginning.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (40%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in California by land area. A number of bayside watercourses drain the eastern part of the county including San Bruno Creek and Colma Creek. Streams draining the western county include Frenchmans Creek, Pilarcitos Creek, Naples Creek, Arroyo de en Medio, and Denniston Creek. These streams originate along the northern spur of the Santa Cruz Mountains that run through the county. The northern and eastern parts of the county are very heavy densely populated with largely urban and suburban areas, with many of its cities as edge-cities for the Bay Area, while the deep south and the west-central parts of the county are less densely populated with more rural environment and coastal beaches areas.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: San Mateo County straddles the San Francisco Peninsula, with the Santa Cruz Mountains running its entire length. The county encompasses a variety of habitats, including estuarine, marine, oak woodland, redwood forest, coastal scrub and oak savannah. There are numerous species of wildlife present, especially along the San Francisco Bay estuarine shoreline, San Bruno Mountain, Fitzgerald Marine Reserve and the forests on the Montara Mountain block. Several creeks discharge to the San Francisco Bay, including San Mateo Creek and Laurel Creek, and several coastal streams discharge to the Pacific Ocean, such as Frenchmans Creek and San Vicente Creek.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: Año Nuevo State Marine Conservation Area and Greyhound Rock State Marine Conservation Area are two adjoining marine protected areas off the coast of San Mateo County. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The county is home to several endangered species including the San Francisco garter snake and the San Bruno elfin butterfly, both of which are endemic to San Mateo County. The endangered Ridgway's Rail is also found on the shores of San Francisco Bay, in the cities of Belmont and San Mateo. The endangered wildflower Hickman's potentilla is found near the Pacific Ocean on the lower slopes of Montara Mountain. The endangered wildflowers White-rayed pentachaeta, "Pentachaeta bellidiflora", San Mateo Woolly Sunflower, "Eriophyllum latilobum", Marin Dwarf Flax, "Hesperolinon congestum" and the San Mateo Thornmint, "Acanthomintha duttonii", are found in the vicinity of the Crystal Springs Reservoir.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: In May 2014, a California condor was spotted near Pescadero, a coastal community south of San Francisco—it was the first California condor spotted in San Mateo County since 1904. The condor, tagged with the number "597", and also known as "Lupine", is one of 439 condors living in the wild or captivity in California, Baja California and Arizona. The three-year-old female flew more than north from Pinnacles National Park, in San Benito County, on May 30, and landed on a private, forested property near Pescadero, on the San Mateo County Coast, where it was photographed by a motion-activated wildlife camera. Harold Heath, Professor Emeritus, of Stanford University was responsible for the 1904 sighting, west of the University campus.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: Tule elk ("Cervus canadensis nannodes") were native to San Mateo County and among the "favored foods" of the Ohlone people based on ethnohistoric and archeological evidence there. The discovery of two elk specimens made news in 1962, one a royal elk (royal elk bulls have six tines per antler) from a peat bog excavated in Pacifica's historic Laguna Alta, and now in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection. These may date from the time of Spanish settlement. Laguna Alta lay just south of the Interstate 280 and Skyline Boulevard intersection, east of Mussel Rock. The California Academy of Sciences also has an elk skull fragment collected one mile inland from the mouth of Purisima Creek in 1951. Additional coastal elk remains dating from the Middle and Late Periods in Northern California were found in at least five more late Holocene archeological sites in San Mateo County: SMA-115 (Montara State Beach site), SMA-118 (Bean Hollow State Beach site), SMA-244 (Butano Ridge site), SMA-97 (Año Nuevo Creek site) and SMA-218 (Año Nuevo State Reserve site). On the eastern side of the San Francisco Peninsula, elk remains were also unearthed at multiple archaeological sites along San Francisquito Creek.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The County of San Mateo Parks Department operates 22 parks, trails, and historic sites spread throughout the county:


title: San Mateo County, California

text: Prior to the rebuilding of the San Mateo Bridge that began in 1996, the county had also operated Werder Pier for fishermen; it had been the western segment of the original 1929 vertical-lift bridge.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: In addition to the county-operated parks, San Mateo County voters created the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District in 1972, administered by the Peninsula Open Space Trust, which owns several protected spaces within San Mateo County (as well as within Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties). San Mateo County protected spaces administered by POST include:


title: San Mateo County, California

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: San Mateo County, California

text: As of 2012, San Mateo County had one of the largest Tongan communities outside of Tonga, with an estimated 13,000 Tongan Americans.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that San Mateo County had a population of 718,451. The racial makeup of San Mateo County was 383,535 (53.4%) White, 20,436 (2.8%) African American, 3,306 (0.5%) Native American, 178,118 (24.8%) Asian (9.8% Filipino, 9.0% Chinese, 1.9% Indian, 1.2% Japanese, 0.8% Korean, 0.5% Vietnamese, 0.3% Burmese, 0.1% Pakistani), 10,317 (1.4%) Pacific Islander (0.6% Tongan, 0.3% Samoan, 0.2% Fijian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 84,529 (11.8%) from other races, and 38,210 (5.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 182,502 persons (25.4%); 15.7% of San Mateo County is Mexican, 2.7% Salvadoran, 1.2% Guatemalan, 1.2% Nicaraguan, 0.7% Peruvian, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Colombian, and 0.2% Cuban.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: As of the census of 2009, there were 714,936 people, 258,648 households, and 174,582 families residing in the county. The population density was 2,753/sq mi (825/km). There were 284,471 housing units at an average density of . 7.4% were of Italian, 7.1% Irish, 7.0% German and 5.3% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 46.9% spoke English, 28.4% Spanish, 6.2% Tagalog, 4.0% Chinese or Mandarin and 1.1% Cantonese, and other language 4.2%, as their first language from estimate census 2009.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: There were 258,648 households, out of which 30% had children under the age of 18, 48.6% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.79 and the average family size was 4.44.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 15.9% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 21% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The median income for a household in the county was $69,306, and the median income for a family was $77,737. Males had a median income of $48,342 versus $45,383 for females. The per capita income for the county was $36,045. About 6.42% of families and 9.51% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.01% of those under age 18 and 8.52% of those age 65 or over.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: San Mateo County has a five-member Board of Supervisors, representing five geographic districts, elected at-large until November 2012. On November 6, 2012, Measure B passed to amend the San Mateo County Charter so that each member of the Board of Supervisors will cease to be elected by an at-large vote of all the voters in the County, but is instead elected only by the voters of his or her district.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: San Mateo County is split between California's 14th and 18th congressional districts, represented by and , respectively.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: In the California State Senate, San Mateo is split between the 11th and 13th districts, represented by and , respectively.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The California Secretary of State, as of February 2019, reports that San Mateo County has 404,958 registered voters. Of those voters, 202,341 (50%) are registered Democratic, 60,045 (14.3%) are registered Republican, 15,834 (3.9%) are registered with other political parties, and 126,738 (31.3%) declined to state a political party preference. Every city, town, and unincorporated area of San Mateo County has more registered Democrats than Republicans.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: On November 4, 2008, San Mateo County voted 61.8% against Proposition 8, which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: A July 2013 "Wall Street Journal" article identified the Facebook initial public offering (IPO) as the cause of a change in the U.S.' national economic statistics, as San Mateo County—the home of the company—became the top wage-earning county in the country after the fourth quarter of 2012. The article revealed that the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the average weekly wage in the county was $3,240, which is 107% higher than the previous year: "That’s the equivalent of $168,000 a year, and more than 50% higher than the next highest county, New York County (better known as Manhattan), which came in at $2,107 a week, or roughly $110,000 a year."


title: San Mateo County, California

text: As of the fourth quarter of 2021, the median value of homes in San Mateo County was $1,247,070, an increase of 11% from the prior year. It ranked fourth in the US for counties with highest median home value, behind Nantucket, Manhattan, and Santa Clara.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: Additionally, San Mateo County hosts the headquarters of Visa Inc, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Electronic Arts, YouTube, Genentech, GoPro, and Gilead Sciences, as well as a hub of venture capital firms in Menlo Park and several other technology-related companies.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: In 2016, Peninsula Clean Energy began providing electricity to 20 percent of residential customers, all municipalities, and all small- to mid-size businesses in the county, as a Community Choice Aggregation program, an alternative to Pacific Gas and Electric.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The people of San Mateo County may use the services of San Mateo County Libraries along with the Peninsula Library System and its dozens of branches, bookmobile and Library-a-Go-Go machine at the Millbrae BART/Caltrain station.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The county is divided into several public school districts and is also served by the local Catholic diocese and many other private parochial and secular schools. The San Mateo County Board of Education oversees early education, special education, and the court and community schools program in the county, as well as serves as an appeal board for the adjudication of expulsion appeals, interdistrict attendance appeals, and charter schools.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: Some students in San Mateo County's public schools attend outdoor education in La Honda. San Mateo Outdoor Education is a residential school that teaches major concepts of ecology via exploration of forest, pond, garden, tidepool, wetland, and sandy shore habitats. The center's mascot is the banana slug, a large yellow gastropod. The school uses songs from the famous Banana Slug String Band.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: SamTrans (San Mateo County Transit District) provides local bus service within San Mateo County. Local and commuter bus routes also operate into San Francisco.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: Caltrain, the commuter rail system, traverses the county from north to south, running alongside the Highway 101 corridor for most of the way.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) trains serve San Francisco International Airport and the northern portion of the county, terminating at Millbrae.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: San Francisco International Airport is geographically located in San Mateo County, but it is owned and operated by the City and County of San Francisco.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: San Mateo County does own two general aviation airports: Half Moon Bay Airport and San Carlos Airport.


title: San Mateo County, California

text: The only deepwater port in South San Francisco Bay is the Port of Redwood City, situated along Redwood Creek, originally created as a lumber embarcadero in 1850. The San Mateo Harbor Harbor District manages the Pillar Point Harbor and Oyster Point Marina. Ferry connections connect Oyster Point to Jack London Square in Oakland and the Alameda Ferry Terminal in Alameda.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: The Who Sell Out is the third studio album by the British rock band the Who. It was released on 15 December 1967 by Track Records in the UK and Decca Records in the US.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: A concept album, "The Who Sell Out" is structured as a collection of unrelated songs interspersed with fake commercials and public service announcements, including the second track "Heinz Baked Beans". The album purports to be a broadcast by pirate radio station Radio London. The reference to "selling out" was an intended irony, as the Who had been making real commercials during that period of their career, some of which are included as bonus tracks on the remastered CD.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: The album was primarily written by guitarist Pete Townshend, though three tracks were penned by bassist John Entwistle and one by Thunderclap Newman vocalist Speedy Keen, who also sings. Townshend and Entwistle are joined by vocalist Roger Daltrey and drummer Keith Moon, and organist Al Kooper makes a guest appearance on two tracks. The album was produced by the band's manager Kit Lambert.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: The album's release was reportedly followed by lawsuits due to the mention of real-world commercial interests in the "faux" commercials and on the album covers, and by the makers of the real jingles (Radio London jingles), who claimed the Who used them without permission. (The jingles were produced by PAMS Productions of Dallas, Texas, which created thousands of station ID jingles in the 1960s and 1970s.) The deodorant company Odorono took offence that Chris Stamp made a request for endorsement dollars. "I Can See for Miles" was released as a single and peaked at number 10 in the UK and number 9 in the US.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: "The Who Sell Out" has received widespread acclaim from critics, some of whom viewed it as the Who's best record. It has also frequently been featured on all-time lists of the best albums, including "Rolling Stone" magazine's "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". However, it was the band's lowest-charting album on the UK Albums Chart, where it peaked at number 13.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: In his book "Maximum R & B", Who confidant Richard Barnes claims to have come up with the idea of the band recording commercial jingles after their cover of the "Batman" theme appeared on the "Ready Steady Who" EP. Barnes posited the idea to Roger Daltrey, whose similar suggestions to Pete Townshend were allegedly met with derision.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: Initially, the band's follow-up to "A Quick One" was to be titled "Who's Lily" after their recent single "Pictures of Lily." Early cuts such as a cover of "Summertime Blues," the Coke jingles, and the instrumental "Sodding About," showed the influence of Track Records label-mate Jimi Hendrix on Townshend's guitar playing.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: Even before the group had formed, the members of the Who had been profoundly influenced by rock 'n' roll appearing on the radio. The BBC did not broadcast much contemporary music at the time, which was left to stations like Radio Luxembourg and then pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline, Radio Scotland and Wonderful Radio London. By the end of 1966, the Who had achieved commercial success owing to the mod movement that made up a significant section of the group's early audience. However, the movement was fading, and the TV show "Ready, Steady, Go" that had boosted the group to fame had been cancelled. The group started touring the US the following year, and started to achieve success with their live act. In summer 1967, the group's managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp suggested the band could create a concept album based on pirate radio and structure it in the same manner as that, or a typical US AM radio station. As pirate radio had been influential to mods, it was felt particularly appropriate to pay tribute to it. As well as the music, the inter-song announcements and jingles were a key component of radio, so it was decided to include a selection of humorous asides on the album. The Marine Broadcasting Offences Act came into effect at midnight on 14 August 1967, outlawing all pirate stations (except for Radio Caroline (North And South)) and strengthening the album's effect as a tribute. The aspect separated the Who from their contemporaries in the developing underground rock scene, both musically and stylistically.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: The first song to be written specifically for the concept was "Jaguar", paying tribute to the car, which was quickly followed by an instrumental the group had recorded for Coca-Cola. "Armenia City in the Sky" was written by a friend of the band, John "Speedy" Keen. According to music critic Richie Unterberger, "The Who Sell Out" featured "jubilant" psychedelic pop music that veers between "melodic mod pop and powerful instrumentation", while Edna Gundersen from "USA Today" said the album's style was power pop.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: Having finished touring the US, including an appearance at the Monterey Pop Festival, the group returned to the UK on 16 September 1967 to start recording. They made progress on the album for the next three weeks; the first song to be completed was the single, "I Can See for Miles", released the following month. By October, the group had also completed "Armenia City in the Sky", "Early Morning Cold Taxi" and "Girl's Eyes". "Heinz Baked Beans", "Odorono" and "Top Gear" had been completed mid-month, along with a series of linking adverts and jingles mostly recorded by Entwistle and Moon. "Tattoo", "Odorono" and "Rael" were completed by 20 October, while most of the remainder of the album was recorded in between live shows at the end of the month. "Sunrise", a solo Townshend piece, was the last to be recorded on 2 November. The album was mixed by Lambert and Damon Lyon-Shaw intermittently throughout November, coming up with a finished master on the 20th.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: The cover is divided into panels featuring a photograph by David Montgomery of each of the band members, two on the front and two on the back. On the front is Pete Townshend applying Odorono brand deodorant from an oversized stick, and Roger Daltrey sitting in a bathtub full of Heinz baked beans (holding an oversized tin can of the same). Daltrey variously claimed that he had either caught pneumonia, the flu, or "the worst cold that [he had] had in [his] lifetime" after sitting for a prolonged period in the bathtub, as the beans had just come out of the fridge, and were "freezing cold". On the back is Keith Moon applying Medac (an acne ointment) from an oversized tube to an oversized pimple, and John Entwistle in a leopard-skin "Tarzan" suit, squeezing a blonde model in a leopard-skin bikini with one arm and a teddy bear with the other (an ad for the Charles Atlas exercise course mentioned in one of the album's fake commercials).


title: The Who Sell Out

text: The album was released in the UK on 15 December 1967. It reached number 13 in the charts. The original release date of 17 November had been pushed back due to arguments about the running order. It was released almost concurrently in the US, reaching number 48. The concept of the album hampered its commercial performance despite positive reviews, as its irony sat awkwardly with the serious ambitions of the underground music scene, and it was too specific to the mod scene's background for many younger pop fans.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: In a contemporary review for "Rolling Stone", Jann Wenner called "The Who Sell Out" "fantastic" and praised its "exquisite" sense of humor and the Who's "consummate" musicianship, which includes "wholly original" instrumentation and cleverly placed electronic sounds. Robert Christgau, writing in "Esquire", said the album establishes the band as "the third best not just in Britain but the world", while citing "Tattoo" as the best song Townshend has "ever written, worth the price of the album". He later included the album in his "basic record library" of 1960s albums, published in "" (1981). In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger said that, "on strictly musical merits, it's a terrific set of songs that ultimately stands as one of the group's greatest achievements." Sociomusicologist Simon Frith referred to it as a "Pop art pop masterpiece".


title: The Who Sell Out

text: In 1995, "The Who Sell Out" was reissued by MCA Records with numerous outtakes and rejected jingles added to the end of the original album. In the liner notes for the reissue, Dave Marsh called it "the greatest rock and roll album of its era" and "the Who's consummate masterpiece, the work that holds together most tightly as concept and realization". Marsh believed the album's essence is "most tightly linked to the glorious pop insanity that psychedelia and its aftermath destroyed forever." Reviewing the reissue in "The Village Voice", Christgau called it the Who's "only great album", feeling they had yet to "take their pretensions seriously", with nothing but good songs throughout, including the faux-ads and bonus tracks. It was also deemed the band's best work by Todd Hutlock from "Stylus Magazine", while "Melody Maker" said the record was a masterpiece because of its "glorious celebration of pop as useless commodity and a commercially corrupted art form" without degrading itself. "Rolling Stone" called it "the most successful concept album ever" in a 1999 review.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: According to Acclaimed Music, "The Who Sell Out" is the 333rd most ranked record on critics' all-time lists. In 2003, it was placed at number 113 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, 115 in a 2012 revised list, and 316 on the 2020 list. Mark Kemp, writing in "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" (2004), called it Townshend's first and best concept album and said that he "successfully does what he would overdo" in "Tommy" and "Quadrophenia": "There's no fixed narrative to take away from the music. And the music is sensational". In 2007, "Rolling Stone" included it on their list of the 40 essential albums of 1967 and stated, "the Who's finest album exemplifies how pop this famously psychedelic year was." The album was reissued in 2009 as a two-disc deluxe edition, which Danny Kelly of "Uncut" magazine said was the "definitive" release of the Who's most "entertaining" and "endearing" album. In his review for eMusic, Lenny Kaye said that "The Who Sell Out" is a "classic of prophetic pop art" because of "the concept of branding that has taken the place of record label patronage these days".


title: The Who Sell Out

text: On April 23, 2021, The album was re-released as a new Super Deluxe Edition Set, featuring 112 tracks on 5 CDs: "The Original Mono Album," "The Original Stereo Album," a Disc of "Pete Townshend's Demos," a Disc of "The Who's Studio Sessions," a Disc called "The Road To Tommy," 48 tracks previously unreleased, two 7" Singles, posters, memorabilia, and new liner notes from Pete Townshend.


title: The Who Sell Out

text: All songs written by Pete Townshend, except where noted. The between song jingles apparently have no official titles and are not listed anywhere on the original album packaging (although they are listed in the inner booklet of the 1995 remaster).


title: The Who Sell Out

text: This edition contains the original album in stereo on disc one, the mono mix on disc two, and bonus tracks on both discs.


title: Filth (film)

text: Filth is a 2013 black comedy crime film written and directed by Jon S. Baird, based on Irvine Welsh's 1998 novel "Filth". The film was released on 27 September 2013 in Scotland, 4 October 2013 elsewhere in the United Kingdom and in Ireland, and on 30 May 2014 in the United States. It stars James McAvoy, Jamie Bell, and Jim Broadbent.


title: Filth (film)

text: Detective Sergeant Bruce Robertson, a scheming, manipulative, misanthropic bully, spends his free time indulging in drugs, alcohol, abusive sexual relationships, and "the games" — his euphemism for vindictive plots he hatches to cause trouble for people he dislikes, including many of his colleagues in the Edinburgh police force.


title: Filth (film)

text: Bruce also delights in bullying and taking advantage of his mild-mannered friend Clifford Blades, a member of Bruce's masonic lodge, whose wife, Bunty, is the target of his repeated obscene phone calls. He only shows genuine warmth to Mary and her young son, the widowed wife and child of a man whom he tries and fails to resuscitate after he suffers a heart attack in the street.


title: Filth (film)

text: As the story begins, Bruce's main goal is to gain a promotion to become Detective Inspector, the path to which appears to open when he is assigned to oversee the investigation into the murder of a Japanese exchange student. However, Bruce slowly loses his grip on reality as he works the case and has more and more vivid hallucinations.


title: Filth (film)

text: It is ultimately revealed through dream-like exchanges with Dr. Rossi, Bruce's psychiatrist, that he is on medication for bipolar disorder and has repressed immense feelings of guilt over a childhood accident that led to the death of his younger brother. We learn his wife Carole has left him and is denying him access to his daughter Stacey.


title: Filth (film)

text: These domestic issues sparked his desperate bid for promotion, played a part in his unusual displays of kindness toward Mary and her son, and have also led him to start cross-dressing as his wife when off duty in order to "keep her close" to him.


title: Filth (film)

text: While wandering the streets on such an occasion, Bruce is kidnapped by a street gang led by the thuggish Gorman — who are responsible for the murder — and badly beaten. However, he manages to kill Gorman by throwing him through a window and is found by his colleagues. Bruce not only misses out on the promotion as a result of the events, but is in fact demoted to Constable and is reassigned to uniform, while rookie Ray Lennox is promoted to Detective Inspector.


title: Filth (film)

text: Afterwards, Blades receives a tape of Bruce apologising. Bruce then prepares to commit suicide by hanging, but is interrupted at the last moment by Mary and her son knocking at his front door. He then breaks the fourth wall and addresses the audience repeating his catchphrase — "same rules apply" — and laughs as the chair slips from under him.


title: Filth (film)

text: Welsh's novel was published in 1998, but over the following years the project was passed between producers and acquired a reputation of being "un-filmable".


title: Filth (film)

text: The film earned £250,000 in the box office revenue during its opening weekend in Scotland, reaching number one in the charts. It grossed £842,167 ($1.4m) in the following weekend, when it went on general release throughout the United Kingdom. The film ultimately ended up grossing $9.1 million worldwide.


title: Filth (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 97 reviews and an average rating of 6.20/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Warped, grimy and enthusiastically unpleasant, "Filth" lives up to its title splendidly." The film also has a score of 56 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".