title: Neeraj Vora

text: He first directed "Khiladi 420", which did not fare well. After that he decided to produce movies and took up "Familywala". After writing "Awara Paagal Deewana" and "Deewane Huye Paagal" for Firoz Nadiadwala, they collaborated for "Phir Hera Pheri", which was to be directed by Satish Kaushik, but following the problems with dates, Neeraj Vora got the chance to direct it.


title: Neeraj Vora

text: Vora was slated to direct "Hera Pheri 3", but ultimately was replaced by Ahmed Khan following the departure of actors John Abraham, Abhishek Bachchan and Sunil Shetty, due to conflicts with Vora. Vora was retained as the film's executive producer, but following his stroke in October 2016 and his death in December 2017, it was confirmed on May 11, 2018 that "Hera Pheri 3" will now be directed by Indra Kumar. But now Indra Kumar has left the film and the original director Priyadarshan has confirmed that he will direct the movie with the three original protagonists Akshay Kumar, Sunil Shetty and Paresh Rawal.


title: Neeraj Vora

text: Neeraj Vora, who had been suffering from an illness for a long time, died at the age of 54 on 14 December 2017. The actor-director was reportedly in a coma for 13 months after suffering from a massive heart-attack and brain stroke. He reportedly breathed his last at 4 am at Criti Care hospital in Andheri, Mumbai. Vora had been staying at producer Firoz Nadiadwala’s house since October 2016 after slipping into coma due to a heart-attack followed by a brain stroke. Nadiadwala had brought him to his home and converted a room into a make-shift Intensive Care Unit (ICU).


title: Cinnabon

text: Cinnabon is an American chain of baked goods stores and kiosks, normally found in areas with high pedestrian traffic such as malls, airports and rest stops. The company's signature item is a cinnamon roll. As of December 2017, there are more than 1,200 Cinnabon bakeries operating in 48 countries. Its headquarters are in Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States.


title: Cinnabon

text: The company is co-owned — with Schlotzsky's, Carvel, Moe's Southwest Grill, McAlister's Deli, Jamba, and Auntie Anne's brands — by Focus Brands, an affiliate of private equity firm Roark Capital Group, based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, operating over 5,000 stores.


title: Cinnabon

text: The first Cinnabon opened on December 4, 1985, Federal Way, Washington at SeaTac Mall, now called The Commons at Federal Way. Cinnabon was an offshoot of the Seattle Based Restaurants Unlimited restaurant chain majority owned by Rich Komen with minority partner and CEO Ray Lindstrom at the helm. Komen and Lindstrom wanted to create the perfect cinnamon roll, eventually hiring Jerilyn Brusseau to finalize the recipe since Brusseau was famous for her baking in the Seattle area. The first bakery began by serving only its cinnamon rolls with a sign touting "World Famous Cinnamon Rolls". Cinnabon's first franchise-operated store opened in August 1986 just outside of Philadelphia at the King of Prussia Mall. Cinnabon stores today can also be found in gas stations, universities, rapid transit stations, casinos, and amusement parks.


title: Cinnabon

text: Cinnabon was bought by AFC Enterprises, Inc. in 1998 for $65 million. In 2004, AFC Enterprises, Inc., sold Cinnabon for $30.3 million to FOCUS Brands, Inc., which is owned by the Atlanta-based private equity firm Roark Capital Group. The headquarters moved to Greater Atlanta in 1999. In 2020, British retail group EG Group announced a partnership with Cinnabon to open 150 branded stores in the UK over 5 years.


title: Cinnabon

text: On October 8, 2018, Cinnabon partnered with Pizza Hut to release mini Cinnabon cinnamon rolls, (also known as MiniBons outside of Pizza Hut) labeled "Cinnabon Mini Rolls" in Pizza Hut. These cinnamon rolls have been in Pizza Hut ever since.


title: Cinnabon

text: In 2020, Pizza Hut brought back the Triple Treat Box, containing 2 medium one-topping pizzas, five breadsticks, and ten Cinnabon Mini Rolls.


title: Cinnabon

text: In the AMC television series "Better Call Saul", the main character, Saul Goodman, is shown working at a Cinnabon store in Nebraska as he is a fugitive from justice and living under the assumed name "Gene Takavic".


title: Cinnabon

text: Several comedians, including Louis C.K. and Jim Gaffigan, have admitted to consuming Cinnabons in a self-deprecating way.


title: Cinnabon

text: In the Starkid musical "Black Friday", the audience overhears Linda Monroe remind her husband that is not allowed "within a thousand feet of a Cinnabon". The reason why is never explicitly mentioned, although Linda says she doesn't believe he just wants to smell them.


title: Cinnabon

text: In the 2007 animated comedy film "Bee Movie", protagonist Barry B. Benson describes a Cinnabon to his friend Adam Flayman that it's "bread and cinnamon and frosting, and they heat it up, really hot!" Later in the film, after Barry says that "Adam here has been a huge help," Adam is shown sleeping in a Cinnabon box.


title: Cinnabon

text: Toward the end of the 2013 film "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty", protagonist Walter Mitty meets with his eHarmony customer service representative, Todd Maher, at a Cinnabon.


title: Cinnabon

text: In the 2017 comedy-drama film "Please Stand By", protagonist Wendy Welcott works at a Cinnabon chain in a mall in San Francisco, California.


title: Cinnabon

text: In the sitcom "Brooklyn 99", Captain Raymond Holt played by Andre Braugher pronounces the chain as seen-a-bawn.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Gaganyaan (Sanskrit "gagan-yāna", ) is an Indian crewed orbital spacecraft intended to be the formative spacecraft of the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme. The spacecraft is being designed to carry three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with rendezvous and docking capability. In its maiden crewed mission, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)'s largely autonomous 5.3 metric tonnes capsule will orbit the Earth at 400 km altitude for up to seven days with a two or three-person crew on board. The first crewed mission was originally planned to be launched on ISRO's LVM 3 in December 2021, but this has since been delayed to no earlier than 2024.


title: Gaganyaan

text: This Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) manufactured crew module had its first un-crewed experimental flight on 18 December 2014. , design of the crew module has been completed. Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) will provide support for critical human-centric systems and technologies like space grade food, crew healthcare, radiation measurement and protection, parachutes for the safe recovery of the crew module and fire suppression system.


title: Gaganyaan

text: On 11 June 2020, it was announced that while the first uncrewed Gaganyaan launch has been delayed due to COVID-19 pandemic in India, overall timeline for crewed launches is expected to remain unaffected. ISRO chairman S. Somanath, announced on 30 June 2022 that the first crewed mission will not happen until at least 2024 because of safety concerns.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Preliminary studies and technological development of Gaganyaan started in 2006 under the generic name "Orbital Vehicle". The plan was to design a simple capsule with an endurance of about a week in space, a capacity of two astronauts, and a splashdown landing after re-entry. The project was commissioned in 2007 with expected completion by 2024 with a budget of around ₹10,000 crore. The design was finalized by March 2008 and was submitted to the Government of India for funding. The government funding for the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme was sanctioned in February 2009, but it fell short due to limited developmental funding. Initially, the first uncrewed flight of the orbital vehicle was proposed to be in 2013, then it was revised to 2016. However, in April 2012 it was reported that funding problems placed the future of the project in serious doubt; and in August 2013 it was announced that all crewed spaceflight efforts by India had been designated as being "off ISRO's priority list". By early 2014 the project was reconsidered and was one of the main beneficiaries of a substantial budget increase announced in February 2014. ISRO is developing the Gaganyaan orbital vehicle on the tests performed with their scaled 550 kg Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE), which was launched and recovered in January 2007.


title: Gaganyaan

text: The latest push for the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme took place in 2017, and it was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his 2018 Independence day address to the nation. The current design calls for a crew of three. ISRO will perform four biological and two physical science experiments related to micro-gravity during the Gaganyaan mission. ISRO is planning to replace hydrazine for green propellant in Gaganyaan mission for which Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) is already working on a monopropellant blended formulation consisting of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN), ammonium nitrate, methanol and water.


title: Gaganyaan

text: As of October 2021, ISRO selected five science experiments that will be conducted on Gaganyaan. The payloads will be developed by Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (UASD), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), IIT Patna, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) and Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR). Out of the five, two are biological experiments which will be conducted by IIST, UASD and TIFR that will include kidney stone formation and Sirtuin 1 gene marker effects in "Drosophila melanogaster". IIT Patna will run experiments on a heat sink that can handle very high heat flux, IICT will study crystallization phenomenon and JNCASR will examine fluid mixing characteristics.


title: Gaganyaan

text: A crewed spacecraft would require about 12,400 crore (US$1.77 billion) over a period of seven years, including the 5,000 crore (US$0.7 billion) for the initial work of the crewed spacecraft during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–2012) out of which the Government released 50 crore (US$7 million) in 2007–2008. In December 2018, the government approved further 10,000 crore (US$1.5 billion) for a 7-days crewed flight of 3 astronauts to take place by 2021.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Madhavan Chandradathan, director of Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), stated that ISRO would need to set up an astronaut training facility in Bangalore. Newly established Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF efforts. Existing launch facilities will be upgraded for launches under Indian Human Spaceflight project with extra facilities needed for launch escape systems. Russia is likely to provide astronaut training. In spring 2009, the full-scale mock-up of crew capsule of Gaganyaan was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Centre for training of astronauts.


title: Gaganyaan

text: India has already successfully developed and tested several building blocks, including re-entry space capsule, pad abort test, safe crew ejection mechanism in case of rocket failure, flight suit developed by Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) and the powerful GSLV-MkIII launch vehicle. Having met all required technological keystones, the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 15 August 2018. Gaganyaan will be the first crewed spacecraft under this programme.


title: Gaganyaan

text: ISRO's Human Space Flight Centre and Glavcosmos, which is a subsidiary of the Russian state corporation Roscosmos, signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for cooperation in the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts. An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) has been approved to be set up in Moscow for coordination.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Glavkosmos has also contracted NPP Zvezda for manufacturing customized IVA flight-suits for Indian astronauts. ISRO is planning to develop a ground station for Gaganyaan mission at Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and after a brief discussion with Australian Space Agency, a temporary ground station for the mission has been set up by ISRO in Cocos (Keeling) Islands, as of 2021.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Gaganyaan crew module is a fully autonomous spacecraft designed to carry a 3-member crew to orbit and safely return to the Earth after a mission duration of up to seven days.


title: Gaganyaan

text: The crew module is equipped with two parachutes for redundancy, while one parachute is good enough for safe splashdown. The parachutes would reduce the speed of the crew module from over to under at splashdown.


title: Gaganyaan

text: The space capsule will have life support and environmental control systems. It will be equipped with emergency mission abort and a Crew Escape System (CES) that can be activated during the first stage or second rocket stage burn. The nose of the original version of the orbital vehicle was free for a docking mechanism, but primary entry was evidently through a side hatch secured by explosive bolts. On 7 December 2022, The Hindu reported that the crew module entered production stage.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Its service module is powered by liquid propellant engines. The crew module is mated to the service module, and together they constitute orbital module.


title: Gaganyaan

text: The Service Module Propulsion System (SMPS) will help in orbit raising maneuver of Gaganyaan to reach 400 km in low earth orbit (LEO) and remain connected during deorbit burn until atmospheric reentry. It will use an unified bipropellant system consisting of MON-3 and Monomethylhydrazine as oxidizer and fuel, having five main engines derived from ISRO's liquid apogee motor with thrust and sixteen 100 N reaction control system (RCS) thrusters.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Upon reentry, Service Module will detach itself from the spacecraft. The propulsion system will use a unified bipropellant system consisting of MON-3 and Monomethylhydrazine as oxidizer and fuel. It will have five main engines derived from ISRO's liquid apogee motor with thrust and sixteen 100 N reaction control system (RCS) thrusters.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Following two non-crewed orbital flight demonstrations of the spacecraft, a crewed Gaganyaan is slated to be launched on the LVM 3 launcher no earlier than 2024. Though the spacecraft is designed to carry 3 people, it is likely that the first flight will carry one person only.


title: Gaganyaan

text: About 16 minutes after liftoff from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota, the rocket will inject the spacecraft into an orbit above Earth. When ready to land, its service module and solar panels will be disposed off before reentry. The capsule would return for a parachute splashdown in the Bay of Bengal.


title: Gaganyaan

text: On 13 February 2014, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited handed over the first boilerplate prototype of Crew Module structural assembly to ISRO for Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE). ISRO's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre would equip the Crew Module with systems necessary for life support, navigation, guidance and control systems.


title: Gaganyaan

text: ISRO undertook an uncrewed test launch of the vehicle aboard the GSLV Mark III X1, for an experimental sub-orbital flight on 18 December 2014. The GSLV Mk3 launcher with a dummy upper cryogenic stage (filled with liquid nitrogen to simulate weight of fuel) was launched at 9:30 a.m. from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota.


title: Gaganyaan

text: The crew module separated from the rocket at an altitude of 126 km. On board motors controlled and reduced the speed of the module until an altitude of . Thrusters were shut off at that altitude and atmospheric drag further reduced speed of the capsule.


title: Gaganyaan

text: The module heat shield was expected to experience temperature in excess of . Parachutes were deployed at an altitude of to slow down the module which performed a splashdown in the Bay of Bengal near Andaman and Nicobar Islands.


title: Gaganyaan

text: This flight was used to test orbital injection, separation and re-entry procedures and systems of the Crew Capsule. Also tested were the capsule separation, heat shields and aerobraking systems, deployment of parachute, retro-firing, splashdown, flotation systems and procedures to recover the Crew Capsule from the Bay of Bengal. Inflight launch abort and parachute tests are expected to be conducted by the end of 2019.


title: Gaganyaan

text: The Indian Space Research Organisation's Pad Abort Test was conducted successfully on 5 July 2018. As of September 2021, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) is integrating a test vehicle to conduct an unmanned flight test of Crew Escape System (CES) before the official launch of Gaganyaan mission. The test vehicle will be ready by the end of 2021.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Vikas engine variants are used to power the second stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), boosters and second stage of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mark I and II and also the core stage of GSLV Mark III.


title: Gaganyaan

text: On 14 July 2021 ISRO conducted third long duration hot test of Vikas engine for core L110 liquid stage of GSLV Mark III at ISRO Propulsion Complex as part of engine qualification requirement of Gaganyaan mission. The engine was successfully test fired for a duration of 240 seconds validating all the required performance parameters.


title: Gaganyaan

text: On 20 January 2022, High Thrust Vikas Engine successfully underwent a hot qualification test for duration of 25 seconds at ISRO Propulsion Complex to validate engine robustness under non-nominal operating conditions for fuel-oxidiser mixture ratio and chamber pressure.


title: Gaganyaan

text: ISRO on 11 August 2022 successfully completed the test firing of Low Altitude Escape Motor (LEM) for Crew Escape System. LEM consists of a solid rocket motor with four reverse flow nozzles that generates maximum sea level thrust of 842 kN (nominal) with burn time of 5.98 second (nominal). The nozzle end of LEM is mounted at the fore end of the launch vehicle to avoid exhaust plume impingement on crew module. This is why there are reverse flow multiple nozzle in the solid rocket motor. The reverse flow nozzle makes exhaust gas flow in opposite direction in the nozzle region.


title: Gaganyaan

text: The objective of this test was to check ballistic parameters, validate motor subsystem performance and to confirm the design margins, evaluate the thermal performance of nozzle liners especially to confirm the ablative characteristics, validate integrity of all interfaces, evaluate the head-end mounted safe arm (HMSA) based ignition system performance and evaluate side thrust due to misalignment and variation in flow and other functional parameters including flow reversal.


title: Gaganyaan

text: ISRO on 28 August 2021 successfully tested System Demonstration Model (SDM) of Service Module Propulsion System (SMPS) that will be integrated into Gaganyaan spacecraft. During on ground testing at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), SDM was fired for a duration of 450 seconds which matched the pre-test prediction data using five main engines and eight RCS thrusters. Each 440 N thrust engine will also be tested individually for longer duration involving various parameters to gain human-rating certification.


title: Gaganyaan

text: On 12 January 2022, ISRO conducted a hot qualification test on CE-20 cryogenic engine for a duration of 720 seconds at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC). On 28 October 2022, C20 E11 successfully completed Pressure Chamber Test for 30 seconds at IPRC. It was done to check the efficacy of the engine for Gaganyaan mission. On 9 November 2022, the duration was increased to 70 seconds. The test results were on expected lines as per ISRO sources.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Human rated variant of S200 solid strap-on or HS200 was developed for Gaganyaan programme. First static fire test of HS200 was conducted on 13 May 2022 at SDSC SHAR for the duration of 135 seconds with nominal performance.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) on 18 November 2022 conducted Integrated Main Parachute Airdrop Test (IMAT) for Parachute Deceleration System (PDS) in which 5-ton dummy mass equivalent of the actual crew module mass was taken to an altitude of 2.5 km and dropped from Ilyushin Il-76 by Indian Air Force. Two small pyro-based mortar-deployed pilot parachutes which then pulled the main parachutes. Size of the main parachute was initially restricted to a smaller area to reduce opening shock. After 7 seconds, the pyro-based reefing line cutters cut the area restricting line, allowing the parachutes to inflate fully. The fully inflated main parachutes reduced the payload speed to a safe landing speed. The entire sequence lasted about 2-3 minutes.


title: Gaganyaan

text: The Parachute Deceleration System is jointly developed by ISRO and DRDO. System design, analytical simulations for parachute deployment, development of ordnance devices for parachute ejection, mechanical assembly, instrumentation and avionics were done by VSSC. Total five air dropped test for 10 parachutes are planned as part of qualification process.


title: Gaganyaan

text: On 22 January 2020, ISRO announced Vyommitra, a female-looking robot who will accompany the other astronauts in the mission. ISRO aims not to fly animals onboard experimental missions unlike other nations that have carried out human space flight. Instead, it will fly humanoid robots for a better understanding of what weightlessness and radiation do to the human body during long durations in space.


title: Gaganyaan

text: Vyommitra is expected to be onboard uncrewed Gaganyaan missions to perform microgravity experiments, monitor module parameters, and support astronauts in crewed missions by simulating functions like a human from the waist up. It does not have legs. It is programmed to speak Hindi and English and perform multiple tasks.


title: Gaganyaan

text: It can detect and give out warnings if environmental changes within the cabin get uncomfortable to astronauts and change the air condition. It can autonomously complete tasks and follow new commands.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: The Tupolev Tu-142 (142; NATO reporting name: Bear F/J) is a Soviet/Russian maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft derived from the Tu-95 turboprop strategic bomber. A specialised communications variant designated "Tu-142MR" was tasked with long-range communications duties with Soviet ballistic missile submarines. The Tu-142 was designed by the Tupolev design bureau, and manufactured by the Kuibyshev Aviation and Taganrog Machinery Plants from 1968 to 1994. Formerly operated by the Soviet Navy and Ukrainian Air Force, the Tu-142 currently serves with the Russian Navy.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: Developed in response to the American Polaris programme, the Tu-142 grew out of the need for a viable Soviet ASW platform. It succeeded the failed Tu-95PLO project, Tupolev's first attempt at modifying the Tu-95 for maritime use. The Tu-142 differed from the Tu-95 in having a stretched fuselage to accommodate specialised equipment for its ASW and surveillance roles, a reinforced undercarriage to support rough-field capability, improved avionics and weapons, and enhancements to general performance. The Tu-142's capability was incrementally improved while the type was in service, eventually resulting in the Tu-142MZ, the final long-range Tu-142 with highly sophisticated combat avionics and a large payload. Tupolev also converted a number of Tu-142s as avionics (Tu-142MP) and engine (Tu-142LL) testbeds.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: In the late 1950s the US Navy developed the UGM-27 Polaris, a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) with a range of more of than (). They had test-fired rocket boosters to perfect the design, culminating in the first underwater launch of a ballistic missile by USS "George Washington" on . Polaris became operational on that year, when the "George Washington" left Charleston, South Carolina, with a complement of nuclear-armed Polaris missiles.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: The Soviet government consequently ordered Tupolev and other aircraft design bureaus to study possible dedicated anti-submarine warfare (ASW) designs. Tupolev initially designed the "Tu-95PLO" ("protivolodochnaya oborona", or ASW), a development of the Tu-95 equipped with sonobuoys, anti-submarine mines and torpedoes. It was to carry a () payload with a maximum loiter time of . The design was dropped, however, because it lacked a powerful radar, thermal imaging (infrared) system and magnetic anomaly detector (MAD). On , the Council of Ministers (the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet Union) issued a directive to Tupolev requiring his bureau to develop a long-range ASW aircraft.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: The resultant design was named Tu-142 and had features in common with the Tu-95RT. The ventral and dorsal gun turrets were removed, as was the large dielectric radome housing the Uspeh radar system, which was replaced by a thermal imaging system located in a smaller fairing. This left the tail turret with twin 23-mm AM-23 cannons, along with electronic countermeasures, as the only defensive armament. The aircraft's search-and-targeting system featured "Berkut" (Golden Eagle) . A complex navigation system was integrated with the weapons targeting system. Structural differences included an airfoil change to the wing, expanding its area to (). The area of the elevators was increased by 14%, and improved hydraulic actuators were fitted. Metal fuel tanks replaced rubber bladders. To allow the Tu-142 to operate from semi-prepared runways, the Tu-95's four-wheel main undercarriage bogies were replaced with 12-wheel units; the main undercarriage fairings were also modified.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: The first Tu-142 (construction number 4200) was built at the in Samara. It performed its first flight on , with test pilot at the controls, taking off from Zhukovsky Airfield southeast of Moscow. Early testing indicated that the fuselage needed to be lengthened by at least to accommodate new combat equipment. Therefore, the second prototype (c/n 4201) joined the flight-test programme on 3 September with a front fuselage stretch, a modification found on all subsequent Tu-142s. The third and final development Tu-142 entered flight test on , complete with the full equipment suite. In May 1970, the Soviet Naval Aviation (AV-MF) – the air arm of the Soviet Navy – began receiving production Tu-142s for operational trials.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: During early operations, the Tu-142 revealed several shortcomings. The aircraft's rough-field capability was found to be of limited use, so the 12-wheel bogies used on the first 12 of 36 aircraft were replaced with four-wheel reinforced bogies from the Tu-114 airliner; consequently, the wheel-wells in the engine nacelle were made slimmer. These changes, along with the deletion of the thermal imaging system and parts of the electronic countermeasure (ECM) equipment, reduced the empty weight by . The modified aircraft also introduced a crew rest area for long-duration missions, and was assigned the codename ("Bear F" Mod 1); from 1968 to 1972 the Kuibyshev Plant produced a total of 18 Tu-142s.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: In the early 1970s, production of Tu-142s was switched to the near the Black Sea. It has been speculated that the change to the idle plant was to give employment to the workers there. The move required many improvements to the plant and the surrounding area, including the establishment of new assembly shops, the installation of new machinery and tooling, the re-training of the workforce, and the building of a new airfield. Preparation took place until 1975, when production of the first Tu-142 began. The Tu-142s built by Taganrog incorporated the changes found on the last of the Kuibyshev aircraft. Differences included a stretch to the front fuselage and a redesigned cockpit. Additional changes included new two-axle main undercarriage bogies. This version was given the factory designation "Tu-142M", which was not adopted by the Soviet Navy; NATO codenamed it "Bear-F" Mod 2.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: As the 1970s progressed, silencing technology in submarines rendered acoustic-band sonobuoys and trigger devices ineffective. During 1961 and 1962, the Soviet Union conducted research and development into an explosive sound system (ESS) – used to locate deep-diving submarines – under the name "Udar" (Blow). In 1965, work had started on sonobuoy systems using ESS to be integrated with the "Berkut" radar. The programme was postponed when one of the aircraft intended to carry it, the Ilyushin Il-38, was found to be incompatible. The developments instead resulted in the "Udar-75", which was featured in a new search and targeting system (STS) of the Taganrog-built Tu-142Ms.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: A new target acquisition system dubbed "Korshun-K", the cornerstone of which was the "Korshun" (Kite) radar, was installed on all subsequent Tu-142s. This system was used for detecting surfaced and submerged submarines, communicating with other ASW aircraft and ground bases, and performing navigational and tactical tasks. The first three Tu-142Ms were the first aircraft to be equipped with this system, and thus were redesignated "Tu-142MK" . It was the first Tu-142 to feature a MAD, its MMS-106 Ladoga system being mounted in an aft-facing fairing atop the vertical stabiliser. The first of three Tu-142MKs that underwent of the trials programme made its first flight on ; despite the dismal performance figures, a production go-ahead was given. , conducted during , found that the aircraft's avionics were extremely unreliable; like , these problems were apparently ignored when a directive issued on cleared the Tu-142MK for operational service.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: Even as the Tu-142MK entered service, its "Korshun-K" STS was already becoming obsolete. Work began on yet another improved Tu-142, resulting in the Tu-142MZ with the "Korshun-KN-N" STS. This consisted of "Nashatyr-Nefrit" (Ammonia/Jade) ASW avionics, which included the "Zarechye" sonar system. As well as the RGB-1A and RGB-2 buoys of the "Berkut", the Tu-142MZ was compatible with the RGB-16 and RGB-26 buoys. When working with the ASW avionics, these buoys provided 50% greater coverage. The Kuznetsov NK-12MV were replaced by the more-powerful NK-12MP engines, and for the first time, the Tu-142 had an independent engine-starting capability with the addition of the TA-12 auxiliary power unit. This variant was distinguished from earlier "Bear Fs" by the chin fairings housing several antennas.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: The flight test programme started in 1985 with the maiden flight of a converted Tu-142M fitted with the advanced avionics; state acceptance trials began within two years. Test results proved excellent, as the aircraft successfully tracked nuclear-powered submarines of the Northern and Pacific Fleets. The aircraft became operational with Russian Naval Aviation (AV-MP) in 1993. The last Tu-142MZ rolled off the Taganrog production line the following year, bringing an end to a 26-year production run during which 100 Tu-142s were produced.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: A communications variant designated "Tu-142MR" ("Bear J") was the last production version of the Tu-142. It was tasked with long-range communications duties with Soviet ballistic missile submarines, a role similar to that of the Boeing E-6 Mercury. The Tu-142MR differed from the ASW Tu-142s in having less-sophisticated avionics, but had a long trailing wire radio aerial to relay messages to submerged Soviet submarines in times of nuclear war. This was among the many distinctive features of the Tu-142MR that allows it to communicate with satellites, airborne and ground-based command posts, and submarines. The aircraft replaced the Ilyushin Il-80 in the airborne command and control role. Tu-142s are currently operated by the 76th Naval Aviation Regiment from Kipelovo. Other developments of the Tu-142 include the one-off Tu-142MRT maritime reconnaissance variant, and the unbuilt Tu-142MS missile-carrying variant. Russian maritime patrol aircraft (MPAs) Tupolev Tu-142MZ/MR ('Bear F/J') of the Northern Fleet are being equipped with datalinks to enable them to receive targeting feeds from Russian Naval Aviation Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) Forpost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: To prepare for Tu-142 operations, on the Soviet Navy began selecting personnel for conversion training. The first group began its three-month training period on at the seaside town of Nikolayev (since renamed Mykolaiv). Meanwhile, the first Tu-142s were delivered to the Northern Fleet at Kipelovo AB, where they were initially tasked with tracking and monitoring nuclear-powered submarines as part of the type's operational trials. Throughout the test programme, effort focused on the verification of the ASW avionics, notably the "Berkut-95" radar, as the airframe itself was not a major concern. The Tu-142 reached initial operational capability in after a successful flight-test programme. Prior to that, in , the second group selected for Tu-142 operations started its own conversion training. Deliveries of the aircraft at first proceeded slowly; as more Tu-142s were produced, the type was allocated to the Pacific Fleet.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: Throughout its operational history, the Tu-142 demonstrated significant capabilities. On , four Tu-142s shadowed a foreign submarine in the Barents Sea; one of the aircraft was reported to have maintained continuous contact for 2 hours and 55 minutes. In 1975, a Tu-142 managed to trail a Soviet submarine for 3 hours and 16 minutes. On , a group of five Tu-142s tracked a US submarine in the Philippine Sea; one of the Tu-142s reportedly trailed the submarine for 4 hours and 5 minutes. Soviet Tu-142s, besides operating domestically, were sent to friendly overseas bases in Angola, Cuba, Ethiopia, Vietnam, and South Yemen. In the early 1990s, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Soviet fleet of Tu-142s was handed to the Russian Navy, although the Ukrainian Air Force gained a few Tu-142s that had been left in its territory. Ukrainian Tu-142s were later dismantled as a result of the bilateral START I treaty signed between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1991, which came into effect in late 1994.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: Besides the Tu-142's military applications, a one-off Tu-142MP was used to test a new ASW suite. Another Tu-142 was converted to replace the Tu-95LL for the testing of turbojet engines. Designated "Tu-142LL", the ASW equipment and armament were removed to allow an engine test bed to be carried under the belly. Some of the engines installed were the NK-25 for the Tu-22MZ, RD36-51A for the Tu-144D, and the NK-32 for the Tu-160. The first Tu-142MK was converted for an airborne laboratory role, setting several altitude-in-horizontal and time-to-climb records in its class.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: In 1981 the Indian Navy began considering a long-range maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare aircraft for its Naval Air Arm. The Soviet Union initially offered to refurbish some of its own Tu-142s for India, rather than construct new aircraft. The Indian Navy was at first hesitant about the large Tu-142, which was heavy and thus would require runways to be reinforced and lengthened at potential operating bases. Consequently, the service requested three Ilyushin Il-38s – then being phased out of service with the Soviet Navy – be refurbished for Indian operations. This request fell through, and so in an agreement to purchase eight Tu-142s was signed.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: For the twelve-month period starting from , the Indian Navy sent 40 pilots and observers, 16 technical officers and 128 sailors to Riga for training. On , the first three Tu-142s arrived at the Indian naval air station of INS Hansa, Goa, after a flight from Simferopol (Gvardeyskoye Air Base) in the Crimean peninsula. On two more aircraft arrived, prior to the commissioning of INAS 312, the operator of Indian Tu-142s; by the end of October the fleet of eight Tu-142s was delivered. In , the squadron was relocated to its current operating base at INS Rajali on the Indian east coast. The Tu-142s were replaced by twelve smaller Boeing P-8Is. The Indian Navy retired the last three operational aircraft on 29 March 2017.


title: Tupolev Tu-142

text: On , eleven crew were killed when their Tu-142 crashed on the Northwest Pacific coast of Russia over the Strait of Tartary between the island of Sakhalin and Khabarovsk region during a training flight. Flights of aircraft belonging to the Pacific Fleet were suspended pending an investigation into the crash. There was no indication that the crew made use of emergency equipment, although a lifeboat on board the plane was fitted with a device that transmits a signal in the event of an accident. Chief of the General Staff Nikolay Makarov believed an engine failure could have caused the crash. A memorial service was held for the crew on . A search for the bodies of the eleven crew members was suspended several times due to ice floes and bad weather.


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: Surbhi Jyoti (born 29 May 1988), is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi television along with Punjabi films. She made her acting debut with "Akiyaan To Door Jayen Na" as Sona in 2010. She rose to fame after her portrayal of Zoya Farooqui in Zee TV's romantic "Qubool Hai" for which she won numerous awards including


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: Jyoti get wider attention after portraying shape-shifting serpent Bela Sehgal in Colors TV's popular supernatural "Naagin 3" for which she received a nomination for Best Actress in Indian Television Academy Awards. In 2021, she made her Hindi film debut with Ssaurabh Tyagi's comedy-drama "Kya Meri Sonam Gupta Bewafa Hai?" opposite Jassie Gill.


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: Jyoti was born in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. She received her early education from Shiv Jyoti Public School and then graduated from Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya. As a student of Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, she participated in debates and received honours. Surbhi is a graduate with a degree in Economics and a Master's degree in English Literature from Apeejay College of Fine Arts.


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: Jyoti started her career in regional theatre and films. She has also been a radio jockey. She worked in Punjabi language films "Ik Kudi Punjab Di", "Raula Pai Gaya" and "Munde Patiala De" as well as the Punjabi television series "Akiyaan To Door Jayen Na" and "Kach Diyan Wanga".


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: In the end of 2012, Jyoti got the television show "Qubool Hai" which was produced by 4 Lions Films and was telecasted on Zee TV. She played the role of Zoya Farooqui. For the portrayal of the character, she won the award for GR8! Performer of the Year—Female at the Indian Television Academy Awards and Best Début Actress at the Zee Gold Awards 2013. She also won Best Jodi award with Karan Singh Grover. In 2014, Qubool Hai underwent a reboot, in which she played a double role of Sanam and Seher. In 2014, she ranked 16th in an annual poll conducted by UK-based weekly newspaper Eastern Eye.


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: In 2015, she also hosted three seasons of the love drama "Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya" opposite Meiyang Chang. At Zee Gold Awards 2015, Karanvir Bohra and Jyoti were given the Best Onscreen Jodi Award. In 2015, "Qubool Hai" introduced a 25-year leap, post which she played Mahira, her fifth role in the show. In 2015, she ranked 17th in an annual poll conducted by UK-based weekly newspaper Eastern Eye. The Show "Qubool Hai" ended in January 2016. In 2016, she hosted a travel based web show "Desi Explorers Taiwan" along with many other television actors. In 2016 she entered in 4 Lions Films' show "Ishqbaaaz" in a cameo opposite Shaleen Malhotra as Mallika Kabeer Choudhary, a business women who is an architect by profession. In September 2016, she hosted yet another travel based web show "Desi Explorers Yas Island" with many other television actors.


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: In 2017, she featured in 4 Lions Films' web show named "Tanhaiyan" opposite Barun Sobti as Meera Kapoor, a non judgmental and an emotionally vulnerable fashion designer. All episodes of the web series were released on Hotstar on 14 February 2017. In 2017, She starred in Star Plus's psychological thriller show "Koi Laut Ke Aaya Hai" as Geetanjali Singh Shekhari, a girl from a royal family. She was paired opposite Shoaib Ibrahim and the show included actors like Sharad Kelkar, Sreejita De and Shaleen Malhotra. The show ended on 18 June 2017.


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: In June 2018, Jyoti portrayed Bela Sehgal in Balaji Telefilms show "Naagin 3" as the main female lead which aired on Colors TV. The show received high TRP's and ended in May 2019. In 2020 she appeared in Yeh Jaadu Hai Jinn Ka.


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: In 2020, Jyoti featured in a Music Video named "Aaj Bhi" opposite Actor Ali Fazal with VYRL Originals. In 2020, she also featured in another Music Video named "Judaiyaan" opposite Darshan Raval


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: In March 2021, She made her comeback in the digital space with the web series "Qubool Hai 2.0", which is a reboot version of her popular Zee TV show "Qubool Hai" alongside actor Karan Singh Grover which marked their second collaboration after 8 years reprising their roles as Zoya and Asad respectively.


title: Surbhi Jyoti

text: As of 2021 Surbhi Jyoti would be making her Big Screen Debut in Bollywood with Jassie Gill in "Kya Meri Sonam Gupta Bewafa Hai?"


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Tropical cyclones are ranked on one of five tropical cyclone intensity scales, according to their maximum sustained winds and which tropical cyclone basins they are located in. Only a few scales of classifications are used officially by the meteorological agencies monitoring the tropical cyclones, but other scales also exist, such as accumulated cyclone energy, the Power Dissipation Index, the Integrated Kinetic Energy Index, and the Hurricane Severity Index.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Tropical cyclones that develop in the Northern Hemisphere are unofficially classified by the warning centres on one of three intensity scales. Tropical cyclones or subtropical cyclones that exist within the North Atlantic Ocean or the North-eastern Pacific Ocean are classified as either tropical depressions or tropical storms. Should a system intensify further and become a hurricane, then it will be classified on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, and is based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 1-minute period. In the Western Pacific, the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee uses four separate classifications for tropical cyclones that exist within the basin, which are based on the estimated maximum sustained winds over a 10-minute period.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: The India Meteorological Department's scale uses 7 different classifications for systems within the North Indian Ocean, and are based on the systems estimated 3-minute maximum sustained winds. Tropical cyclones that develop in the Southern Hemisphere are only officially classified by the warning centres on one of two scales, which are both based on 10-minute sustained wind speeds: The Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale is used to classify systems within the Australian or South Pacific tropical cyclone basin. The scale used to classify systems in the South-West Indian Ocean is defined by Météo-France for use in various French territories, including New Caledonia and French Polynesia.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: The definition of sustained winds recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and used by most weather agencies is that of a 10-minute average at a height of 10 m (33 ft) above the sea surface. However, the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale is based on wind speed measurements averaged over a 1-minute period, at 10 m (33 ft). The scale used by Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) New Delhi applies a 3-minute averaging period, and the Australian scale is based on both 3-second wind gusts and maximum sustained winds averaged over a 10-minute interval. These differences make direct comparisons between basins difficult.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Tropical cyclones are defined as being warm cored, non-frontal synoptic cyclones, that develop over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized atmospheric convection and have a definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. They are classified by the wind speeds located around the circulation centre and are ranked, by the World Meteorological Organization's Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers on one of five tropical cyclone scales. The scale used for a particular tropical cyclone depends on what basin the system is located in; with for example the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale and the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scales both used in the Western Hemisphere. All of the scales rank tropical cyclones using their maximum sustained winds, which are either observed, measured or estimated using various techniques, over a period between one and ten minutes.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere to the east of the anti-meridian, are officially monitored by either the National Hurricane Center or the Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined to be a warm cored, non-frontal synoptic disturbance, that develops over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized atmospheric convection and a closed well defined circulation centre. The region also defines a subtropical cyclone as a non-frontal low pressure disturbance, that has the characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones. Once either of these classifications are met, then advisories are initiated and the warning centers will classify the system as either a tropical or subtropical depression, if the one-minute sustained winds estimated or measured as less than 34 kn (38 mph; 62 km/h).


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Also, it will be assigned a "tropical cyclone number" (or "TC number" for short) comprising an officially spelled-out number (from "ONE" to "THIRTY" or less; these numbers are not recycled until next year) followed by (except for North Atlantic systems) a hyphen and a suffix letter ("-E" for East Pacific, "-C" for Central Pacific); a two-digit (plus any suffix) abbreviation (like "TD 08" for North Atlantic depression "EIGHT", "TD 21E" for East Pacific depression "TWENTYONE-E", or "TD 03C" for Central Pacific depression "THREE-C") is also generated for bulletin and other automated purposes.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: However, if a tropical disturbance is capable of producing tropical storm or hurricane conditions on land within 48 hours, then advisories will be initiated and it will be classified as a potential tropical cyclone (PTC) with a two-digit PTC number (for example, "PTC-09" or "PTC-15E") that otherwise looks identical to a TC number. Should the system intensify further or already have one-minute sustained winds of 34–63 kn (39–73 mph; 63–118 km/h), then it will be called either a tropical or subtropical storm and assigned a name (which replaces the spelled-out TC number; the two-digit number is still kept for purposes like the Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System, as in 2018's "TS 12 (KIRK)").


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Should the tropical system further intensify and have winds estimated or measured, as greater than 64 kn (74 mph; 119 km/h), then it will be called a hurricane and classified on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The lowest classification on the SSHWS is a Category 1 hurricane, which has winds of between 64 and 82 kn (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h). Should the hurricane intensify further then it will be rated as a Category 2 hurricane, if it has winds of between 83 and 95 kn (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h). When a system becomes a Category 3 hurricane with winds of between 96 and 112 kn (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h), it is considered to be a major hurricane by the warning centers. A Category 4 hurricane has winds of 113–136 kn (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h), while a Category 5 hurricane has winds of at least 137 kn (157 mph, 252 km/h). A post tropical cyclone is a system that has weakened, into a remnant low or has dissipated and formal advisories are usually discontinued at this stage. However, advisories may continue if the post tropical cyclone poses a significant threat to life and property. They may also continue if the remnants of the system have a chance of regeneration and producing tropical storm or hurricane-force winds over land within 48 hours.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: The SSHS was originally created using both wind speed and storm surge, but since the relationship between wind speed and storm surge is not necessarily definite, the scale was changed to the "Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" (SSHWS), based entirely on wind speed.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Although increasing echelons of the scale correspond to stronger winds, the rankings are not absolute in terms of effects. Lower-category storms can inflict greater damage than higher-category storms, depending on factors such as local terrain, population density and total rainfall. For instance, a Category 2 hurricane that strikes a major urban area will likely do more damage than a large Category 5 hurricane that strikes a mostly rural region. In fact, tropical systems of less than hurricane strength, as in the case of Tropical Storm Allison, can produce significant damage and human casualties, especially from flooding and landslides.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Historically, the term "great hurricane" was used to describe storms that possessed winds of at least 110 kn (125 mph; 200 km/h), large radii (over 160 km / 100 mi) and that caused large amounts of destruction. This term fell into disuse after the introduction of the Saffir–Simpson scale in the early 1970s.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: A minor change to the scale was made ahead of the 2012 hurricane season, with the wind speeds for Categories 3–5 tweaked to eliminate the rounding errors that had occurred during previous seasons, when a hurricane had wind speeds of .


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere between the anti-meridian and 100°E are officially monitored by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA, RSMC Tokyo). Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined to be a non-frontal synoptic scale cyclone originating over tropical or sub-tropical waters, with organized convection and a definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. The lowest classification used by the Typhoon Committee is a tropical depression, which has 10-minute sustained winds of less than . Should the tropical depression intensify further it is named and classified as a tropical storm, which has winds speeds between . Should the system continue to intensify further then it will be classified as a severe tropical storm, which has winds speeds between . The highest classification on the Typhoon Committee's scale is a typhoon, which has winds speeds greater than .


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: The China Meteorological Administration, the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO), PAGASA and the JMA, all divide the typhoon category further for domestic purposes. The JMA divides the typhoon category into three categories, with a 10-minute maximum wind speed below assigned for the (strong) typhoon category. A very strong typhoon has wind speeds between , while a violent typhoon has wind speeds of or greater. The HKO and the CMA also divide the typhoon category into three categories, with both assigning a maximum wind speed of to the typhoon category. A severe typhoon has wind speeds of , while a super typhoon has winds of . In May 2015, PAGASA introduced the term Super Typhoon and used it for systems with winds greater than .


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: In addition to the national meteorological services of each nation, the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones for the United States Government, assigning them two-digit TC numbers (with suffix "W"). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale; however, the JTWC uses their own scale for intensity classifications in this basin. These classifications are Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm, Typhoon, and Super Typhoon. The United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) unofficially classifies typhoons with wind speeds of at least 130 knots (67 m/s; 150 mph; 241 km/h)—the equivalent of a strong Category 4 storm on the Saffir–Simpson scale—as "super typhoons". Also, when a tropical depression is upgraded to tropical storm and named by the JMA, the JTWC appends the international name (parenthesized) to its TC number (i.e., 2018 tropical depression "TWENTY-W", abbr. "TD 20W", became Tropical Storm Bebinca, but was referred to as "TS 20W (BEBINCA)" in JTWC advisories); however, in cases when the JTWC upgrades a depression to tropical storm without the JMA following suit (due to the differences between JTWC and JMA wind-speed scales), the spelled-out number (without the suffix) is parenthesized and appended to the TC number as placeholder name, as in "TS 16W (SIXTEEN)", until JMA upgrades and names it, on which case the name replaces the placeholder.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: In addition, the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau has its own scale in Chinese but uses the Typhoon Committee scale in English.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Any tropical cyclone that develops within the North Indian Ocean between 100°E and 45°E is monitored by the India Meteorological Department (IMD, RSMC New Delhi). Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined as being a non frontal synoptic scale cyclone, that originates over tropical or subtropical waters with organized convection and a definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. The lowest official classification used in the North Indian Ocean is a Depression, which has 3-minute sustained wind speeds of between 17 and 27 kn (20–31 mph; 31–49 km/h). Should the depression intensify further then it will become a Deep Depression, which has winds between 28 and 33 kn (32–38 mph; 50–61 km/h). The system will be classified as a cyclonic storm and assigned a name by the IMD, if it should develop gale-force wind speeds of between 34 and 47 kn (39–54 mph; 62–88 km/h). Severe Cyclonic Storms have storm force wind speeds of between 48 and 63 kn (55–72 mph; 89–117 km/h), while Very Severe Cyclonic Storms have hurricane-force winds of 64–89 kn (73–102 mph; 118–166 km/h). Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storms have hurricane-force winds of 90–119 kn (166–221 km/h, 104–137 mph). The highest classification used in the North Indian Ocean is a Super Cyclonic Storm, which have hurricane-force winds of above 120 kn (138 mph; 222 km/h).


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Historically, a system has been classified as a depression if it is an area where the barometric pressure is low compared with its surroundings. Other classifications historically used include: cyclonic storm where the winds did not exceed force 10 on the Beaufort scale and a Cyclone where the winds are either force 11 and 12 on the Beaufort scale. Between 1924 and 1988, tropical cyclones were classified into four categories: depression, deep depression, cyclonic storms and severe cyclonic storms. However, a change was made during 1988 to introduce the category "severe cyclonic storm with core of hurricane winds" for tropical cyclones, with wind speeds of more than . During 1999 the categories Very Severe Cyclonic Storm and Super Cyclonic Storm were introduced, while the severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds category was eliminated. During 2015 another modification to the intensity scale took place, with the IMD calling a system with 3-minute maximum sustained wind speeds between 90 and 119 kn (166–221 km/h, 104–137 mph): an extremely severe cyclonic storm.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones on behalf of the United States Government, also assigning them TC numbers as in all other basins above (albeit in an unofficial manner for this and subsequent basins; cyclones originating in the Arabian Sea are assigned suffix "A" while those in the Bay of Bengal get suffix "B"). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in this basin the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (optionally appended with international names or placeholders in parentheses, as done for typhoons above).


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Any tropical cyclone that develops within the Southern Hemisphere between Africa and 90°E is monitored by Météo-France's La Réunion tropical cyclone centre (MFR, RSMC La Réunion). Within the region a tropical disturbance is defined to be a non-frontal synoptic scale low-pressure area, originating over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation with the average wind speed estimated to be not exceeding 27 knots (50 km/h).


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: A tropical disturbance is MFR's generic term for a non-frontal area of low pressure that has organized convection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation. The system should be estimated to have wind speeds of less than 28 knots (50 km/h, 32 mph).


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: A system is designated as a tropical depression or a subtropical depression when it reaches wind speeds above 28 knots (50 km/h, 32 mph). Should a tropical depression reach wind speeds of 35 knots (65 km/h, 40 mph) then it will be classified as a moderate tropical storm and assigned a name by either the Sub Regional Center in Mauritius or Madagascar. No matter how strong a subtropical system is in this basin, it is always designated as a subtropical depression.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Should the named storm intensify further and reach winds speeds of 48 knots (89 km/h, 55 mph), then it will be classified as a severe tropical storm. A severe tropical storm is designated as a tropical cyclone when it reaches wind speeds of 64 knots (118 km/h, 74 mph). Should a tropical cyclone intensify further and reach wind speeds of 90 knots (166 km/h, 103 mph), it will be classified as an intense tropical cyclone. A very intense tropical cyclone is the highest category on the South-West Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone scale, and has winds of over 115 knots (212 km/h, 132 mph).


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: At the tenth RA I tropical cyclone committee held during 1991, it was recommended that the intensity classifications be changed ahead of the 1993–94 tropical cyclone season. Specifically it was decided that the classifications: Weak Tropical Depression, Moderate Tropical Depression and Severe Tropical Depression would be changed to Tropical Depression, Moderate Tropical Storm and Severe Tropical Storm. This change was implemented ahead of the 1993–94 tropical cyclone season.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones on behalf of the United States Government; these systems are unofficially assigned TC numbers with suffix "S" (which spans the whole South Indian Ocean, including both BMKG and BoM areas of responsibility west of 135°E). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in this basin the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (plus any parenthesized names or placeholders, like typhoons and North Indian Ocean cyclones above).


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Tropical cyclones that occur within the Southern Hemisphere to the east of 90°E are officially monitored by one or more tropical cyclone warning centres. These are run by the Fiji Meteorological Service, New Zealand's MetService, Indonesia's Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika, Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Within the region a tropical cyclone is defined as being a non-frontal low-pressure system of synoptic scale that develops over warm waters, with a definite organized wind circulation and 10-minute sustained wind speeds of or greater near the centre. Once this definition has been met then all of the centres name the system and start to use the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, which measures tropical cyclones using a five category system based on 10-minute maximum sustained winds. A Category 1 tropical cyclone is estimated to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of , while a Category 2 tropical cyclone is estimated to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of . When a system becomes a Category 3 tropical cyclone it is reclassified as a Severe tropical cyclone and has wind speeds of . A Category 4 severe tropical cyclone has winds of 86–110 kn (99–130 mph; 157–200 km/h), while the maximum rating is a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, which has winds of at least .


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: For systems below tropical cyclone strength there are various terms used, including Tropical Disturbance, Tropical Low and Tropical Depression. A tropical disturbance is defined as being a non-frontal system of synoptic scale originating over the tropics, with persistent enhanced convection or some indication of a circulation. A tropical depression or tropical low is a disturbance with a defined circulation, where the central position can be estimated, and the maximum 10-minute average wind speed is less than near the centre. The FMS numbers these systems when they have a potential to develop into a tropical cyclone or persist to cause significant impact to life and property, within its area of responsibility and have been analysed for the previous 24 hours. The Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale was introduced by the BoM, ahead of the 1989–90 cyclone season.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitors the basin, and issues warnings on significant tropical cyclones on behalf of the United States Government; these systems are unofficially assigned TC numbers with either suffix "S" (if originating west of 135°E; spans the whole South Indian Ocean, including MFR's area of responsibility) or suffix "P" (if east of 135°E; spans the whole South Pacific Ocean, merging BoM, PNG-NWS, FMS, and MSNZ AORs together). These warnings use a 1-minute sustained wind speed and can be compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, however, regardless of intensity in these basins the JTWC labels all systems as tropical cyclones with TC numbers (plus any names or placeholders parenthesized, as for typhoons and Indian Ocean cyclones above).


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: There are other scales that are not officially used by any of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres or the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres. However they are used by other organizations, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. An example of such scale is the Integrated Kinetic Energy index, which measures the destructive potential of the storm surge on the coast; it works on a scale that ranges from one to six, with six having the highest destructive potential.


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other agencies to express the activity of individual tropical cyclones that are above tropical storm strength and entire tropical cyclone seasons. It is calculated by taking the squares of the estimated maximum sustained velocity of every active tropical storm (wind speed 35 knots or higher) at six-hour intervals. The numbers are usually divided by 10,000 to make them more manageable. The unit of ACE is 10 kn, and for use as an index the unit is assumed. As well as being squared for ACE, wind speed can also be cubed, which is referred to as the Power Dissipation Index (PDI).


title: Tropical cyclone scales

text: The Hurricane Severity Index (HSI) is another scale used and rates the severity of all types of tropical and subtropical cyclones based on both the intensity and the size of their wind fields. The HSI is a 0 to 50 point scale, allotting up to 25 points for a tropical cyclone's intensity and up to 25 points for wind field size. Points are awarded on a sliding scale, with the majority of points reserved for hurricane force and greater wind fields.


title: Produce 101

text: Produce 101 is a reality television talent competition franchise created by South Korean entertainment conglomerate CJ E&M, based around the formation of a K-pop girl group or boy group. The format is noted for having no panel of judges, employing audience participation to make decisions, as well as for starting with a very large number of competitors, 101, narrowing that number down to the final 11. The franchise began in 2016 and has since expanded to other East Asian countries, China and Japan.


title: Produce 101

text: The franchise has attracted a wide following in the world. More than 10 million people cast votes during the finale of Season 2 in 2017, equivalent to a fifth of South Korea's population. In 2018, the eight episodes of "Produce 101 China" attracted more than 4.3 billion views on Tencent Video.


title: Produce 101

text: Following the Mnet vote manipulation investigation, on November 14, 2019, producer Ahn Joon-young partially admitted to rigging the votes of all seasons of "Produce 101" during police questioning. He was arrested before over allegations of bribery and fraud in the franchise.


title: Produce 101

text: As of June 13, 2021, there have been 10 groups debuted with 107 members involved in over 3 franchises of "Produce 101".


title: Gabbar Is Back

text: Gabbar Is Back is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language vigilante action film directed by Krish in his Hindi debut, written by Rajat Arora and produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali. The film stars Akshay Kumar and Shruti Haasan with Kareena Kapoor in a special appearance.


title: Gabbar Is Back

text: An official remake of A. R. Murugadoss's 2002 Tamil film "Ramanaa", it is named after the titular antagonist played by Amjad Khan from the 1975 film "Sholay". The film was released theatrically on 1 May 2015 and became a critical and commercial success.


title: Gabbar Is Back

text: The police get information that 10 tehsildars across Maharashtra have been mysteriously kidnapped. However, no sooner are they mysteriously returned – except the most corrupt officer, who is hanged. The police get a CD from mystery man 'Gabbar', who says his mission is to target corrupt officers. Police driver Sadhuram is convinced he can crack the mystery of who is Gabbar, even though his superior officers humiliate and insult him in front of the other officers.


title: Gabbar Is Back

text: National College professor Aditya Singh Rajput thrashes some goons who try to vandalize college property while he demonstrates his Physics lecture to the students. On his way home one night, he encounters a young lawyer, Shruti, who is in a hurry to take a pregnant woman to the hospital, but the woman's water breaks, and Shruti, claiming to be aware of the delivery process, sends Aditya out. With the delivery being successful, they drive to the hospital, but before Shruti can thank Aditya, she finds him gone. Some days later, she bumps into Aditya again during a fight, and they begin dating. Sadhuram in the meantime finds out there's one honest officer in each department across the state, and is convinced that each of these honest officers has a link to Gabbar.


title: Gabbar Is Back

text: One fateful day, Aditya and Shruti are checking out of a roadside café when Shruti is hurt in a minor accident, and Aditya takes her to the Patil Hospital where a female doctor insists on taking a number of expensive tests despite minimal injury. Aditya happens to overhear a doctor try to suggest the rather expensive Caesarean section delivery and is soon convinced of the hospital staff's dirty tricks when he notices a father-daughter duo being informed of the mother's death only after an expensive bill was paid. He deliberately checks in a poor woman's dead husband as a patient; unaware of his trap, the hospital tries to swindle money out of Aditya by pretending to treat the already dead man, making him pay heavily for tests and medicines. However, Aditya shows them the death certificate as a proof of their knowingly admitting a dead man. The young owner of the hospital, Vikas Patil, is furious when Aditya releases the video of the hospital's corruption to the media despite having struck a deal with him. Vikas is murdered by the enraged public, and his father Digvijay Patil sees Aditya in the hospital CCTV footage, only to realize this is the same man he had supposedly killed five years ago.


title: Gabbar Is Back

text: A flashback soon reveals that Aditya's pregnant wife Sunaina died when the buildings in their colony collapsed and killed hundreds of other people too. Aditya collected proof of the faulty buildings against builder Digvijay, who bribed everyone and tried to bribe Aditya too by offering Rs. 10 million to spare the matter, but Aditya spurned the offer by fighting everyone in the room and nearly killing Digvijay. Aditya spared him when the latter asked for forgiveness, but Digvijay brutally retaliated by hitting him with an axe and left him for dead. However, a bus full of medical students found the unconscious Aditya on a highway and saved his life. He then decided to use the power of idealistic, young, honest youths and trained students at National College to join his cause. Meanwhile, Sadhuram finds that all the honest officers attended National College for graduation. Shruti discovers that Aditya is the real Gabbar and is shocked but when he tells her the truth, she supports his cause.


title: Gabbar Is Back

text: CBI officer Kuldeep Pahwa takes charge of the case and is mystified by the facts. He listens to Sadhuram's findings, and they arrest the National College students listed by Sadhuram, but upon being beaten, the students do not divulge anything about Gabbar, which enrages him further. Shruti tells Kuldeep that because the law doesn't work, a vigilante like Gabbar has become a hero for ordinary citizens. Sadhuram changes his view of Gabbar. Digvijay kills an honest officer to terrorize others into passing his faulty building plans. Gabbar targets Digvijay for his act. Digvijay throws a birthday party for himself, and as he cuts the cake, he spots Aditya. Aditya and his gang kidnap him. As police search the city for Digvijay in vain, Aditya kills Digvijay in a fight that ensues between the two, following which he surrenders himself to the police and is eventually given a death penalty, sparking huge public protests and enraged students block his jail van. Kuldeep requests him to speak to the students and he does, telling them to channel their anger against corruption and be the change society needs. Finally, while being prepared to be hanged, Aditya remarks that he will die but the movement will live on.


title: Gabbar Is Back

text: The songs of "Gabbar Is Back" were composed by Chirantan Bhatt, Yo Yo Honey Singh and Manj Musik, while the lyrics were written by Manoj Yadav, Kumaar, Sahil Kaushal, Manj Musik, Raftaar and Big Dhillon.


title: Gabbar Is Back

text: "Bollywood Hungama" rated the film 3 stars out of 5, writing that "On the whole, "Gabbar Is Back" is an average entertainer which will draw huge footfalls over the weekend due to catchy massy title, action drama and the fact that it is releasing on a holiday." Similarly, "Koimoi" rated it 3 stars out of 5, along with writing "If you enjoy films which have the good vs evil story with full on action and 'Dhamakedaar' dialogues, this is your film." "Hindustan Times" rated it 3 stars out of 5, stating that ""Gabbar Is Back" is a full on ‘masala’ film with a lot of applause worthy scenes. The buck stops at Akshay Kumar." "The Times of India" rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5, writing that "Now, "Gabbar Is Back" – and you'll feel his return rocks." "Zee News" also rated it 3.5 stars out of 5, writing that "After watching this we surely need a real 'Gabbar' to blow some courage in all of us—and wipe out corruption from the root. 'Pachaas Pachaas Kos Dur Jabh Koi Rishwat Leta Hai, Toh Sabh Kehte Hain Mat Le Varna, Gabbar Aa Jaaega." Subhash K. Jha of Bollywood Hungama wrote that "Akshay Gives The Super-Hero A New Definition." Hindustan Times audio news praised the screen presence of Akshay Kumar. Deccan Chronicle described the movie as "cliched but enjoyable in bits". Business Standard posted the ratings of IANS which gave 4 stars to the movie.


title: Deewaar

text: Deewaar () is a 1975 Indian Hindi-language action crime film directed by Yash Chopra and written by Salim–Javed (Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar). It stars Shashi Kapoor, Amitabh Bachchan, Neetu Singh, Nirupa Roy and Parveen Babi. The film tells the story of a pair of impoverished brothers who, after their family is betrayed by the misplaced idealism of their father, struggle to survive in the slums of Bombay, and eventually find themselves on opposing sides of the law. The "Deewaar" ("wall") of the title is the wall that has sprung up between the two brothers, drawn apart by fate and circumstances in a time of socio-political turmoil.


title: Deewaar

text: Upon release, "Deewaar" was both critically and commercially successful, with praise going towards the film's screenplay, story, and music, as well as the performances of the acting ensemble, particularly Bachchan, Kapoor and Roy's performances. It is often considered a ground-breaking cinematic masterpiece, with "Indiatimes" ranking "Deewaar" amongst the "Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films", as well as being one of three Hindi-language films to be included on the list of "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die". The film had a significant impact on Indian cinema, as well as wider Indian society, with the film's anti-establishment themes and Bachchan's criminal anti-hero vigilante character resonating with audiences, cementing Bachchan's popular image as the "angry young man" of Bollywood cinema. "Forbes" included Bachchan's performance in the film on its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema". The film also cemented the success of the writing duo Salim-Javed, who went on to write many more blockbuster films; the value of film writers skyrocketed thanks to Salim-Javed, who were paid as highly as leading actors at the time. "Deewaar"s influence also extends to world cinema, influencing films from Hong Kong and British cinema.


title: Deewaar

text: The film opens with a depiction of the strong leadership of trade unionist Anand Verma, who works hard to enhance the lives of struggling laborers. He lives in a modest home with his wife Sumitra Devi, and their two young sons Vijay and Ravi. However, things took a turn for the worst when Anand is blackmailed by a corrupt businessman who threatens to kill his family if Anand does not cease his protest activities. Forced into compliance, Anand is thus attacked by the very same laborers who jeer him for his betrayal, unaware that he was blackmailed to do so. His family is also persecuted by the angry workers. Out of shame, Anand leaves town, leaving Sumitra to care for their sons alone in poverty. Several of the angry workers kidnap Vijay and tattoo his arm with the Hindi words "मेरा बाप चोर है" ("merā bāp chor hai"; my father is a thief). Not knowing what else to do, Sumitra brings her children to Mumbai and struggles as a day laborer to care for her sons.


title: Deewaar

text: As the boys grow up to be young men, Vijay grows up with an acute awareness of his father's failure as he has been victimized for his father's supposed misdeeds. In the process of fighting for his rights, Vijay starts out as a boot polisher and later becomes a dockyard worker. When Vijay beats up several thugs working for the ruthless crime lord Samant, this influences one of Samant's rivals Mulk Raj Daavar to bring Vijay to his inner circle. When Vijay successfully completes a task in nabbing several of Samant's goods for Daavar, the latter rewards him with money, allowing Vijay to buy a palatial home for his family. While continuing on his assignments for Daavar, Vijay also sacrifices his own education so Ravi can study.


title: Deewaar

text: As Ravi finishes his studies, he started dating Veera Narang, the daughter of Police Commissioner DCP Narang. On the Commissioner's suggestion, Ravi applies for employment with the police and is sent for training. Several months later, he is accepted by the police and earns the rank of Sub-Inspector. When Ravi returns home, his first assignment is to apprehend and arrest some of Bombay's hardcore criminals and smugglers, which includes his brother, Vijay – much to his shock, as he had never associated his own brother with criminal activities. Ravi must now decide between apprehending Vijay and quitting the police force. At first, Ravi is reluctant of arresting his brother, but he is later moved when he non-fatally shoots a boy who stole two rotis in an attempt to catch him. When a remorseful Ravi goes to the boy's family by giving them some food and confessing what he did, the mother berates Ravi while the boy's father sends her back to the room. The father forgives Ravi and justifies his action by saying that stealing of a 'lakh' or of food is the same, which finally motivates Ravi to agree to take the case.


title: Deewaar

text: When Ravi finds out that Vijay has acquired wealth by crime, he decides to move out along with Sumitra (who too is disgusted), causing a feud to develop between Vijay and Ravi. Around the same time, Anand is found dead inside a train, and his body is cremated by Vijay. Ravi then takes the opportunity to complete his task in taking down and arresting many associates from both Samant and Daavar's gangs; even Daavar himself ends up being arrested by Ravi. Fuming over the loss of his family and many of his associates, Vijay enters into a relationship with a woman named Anita, whom he meets at a bar. When Anita falls pregnant with Vijay's child, Vijay decides to abandon his life in the underworld so that he can marry her, confess his sins, and seek forgiveness from Sumitra and Ravi. However, Samant and his remaining goons arrive and murder Anita, provoking an enraged Vijay to brutally murder Samant and his remaining goons in revenge, leading himself to be branded a criminal forever.


title: Deewaar

text: Upon hearing about what happened following the deaths of Samant and his gang, Ravi meets with Vijay in a final clash, pleading him to stop running and surrender himself. Vijay refuses and ends up being fatally shot in the arm by Ravi while escaping to a temple where he reunites with Sumitra and pleads forgiveness. Vijay then dies in Sumitra's arms, leaving her extremely shattered. Around the same time, Ravi arrives to the temple and is completely distraught of what he has done to Vijay. The film ends with the police hosting a celebration for Ravi for his successful acts of pursuing justice and taking down the criminals, though Ravi is still wracked with remorse for killing Vijay.


title: Deewaar

text: Additionally Vikas Anand, Mohan Sherry, Manik Irani Kamal Kapoor, A. K. Hangal, Dulari, and Satyadev Dubey all appear in minor and cameo roles. In the song "Koi Mar Jaye", Aruna Irani appears as a guest dancer.


title: Deewaar

text: The film's screenplay, story and dialogues were written by Salim–Javed (Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar). The main inspiration for the film's plot was the 1961 Dilip Kumar film "Gunga Jumna" (1961), which had a similar premise of two brothers on opposing sides of the law, with the elder criminal brother as the main character.


title: Deewaar

text: The role of Amitabh Bachchan is partially based on Karna from the Mahabharata whereas Shashi Kapoor resembles Yudhisthira from the Mahabharata. "Deewaar" is thus considered to be a spiritual successor to "Gunga Jumna". Salim-Javed credited "Gunga Jumna" as well as Mehboob Khan's "Mother India" (1957) as the main inspirations for "Deewaar", which they described as a "more urban, much more contemporary" take on their themes; while "Mother India" and "Gunga Jumna" took place in a rural context, Salim–Javed reinterpreted their themes in a contemporary urban context with "Deewaar".


title: Deewaar

text: Amitabh Bachchan's character, Vijay, was loosely inspired by the real-life Bombay underworld gangster Haji Mastan. Vijay's story arc in the film parallels that of Mastan's life, such as the rise from a humble dockyard coolie worker to a powerful smuggler, and Mastan's rivalry with smuggler Sukkur Narayan Bakhia is similar to Vijay's rivalry with Samant (Madan Puri).


title: Deewaar

text: Salim–Javed's screenplay had dynamic dialogues and incorporated a number of symbolic motifs. For example, the scene where the two brothers meet as adults takes place under a bridge, symbolizing a bridge forming between the brothers. Set in the Dharavi slums of Bombay, the film's story of gangsters in Dharavi was a critique of socio-political inequality and injustice in Bombay. The characterisations of the two brothers are sociologically contextualised to represent a form of urban conflict and drama, aimed at presenting a causal explanation for the sequence of events and Vijay's social alienation, with the narrative explaining his every action and decision, grounded in his memories and experiences.


title: Deewaar

text: The script generally has an atmosphere of secularism, while incorporating subtle religious motifs. The mother Sumitra Devi (Nirupa Roy) and police brother Ravi (Shashi Kapoor) are religious Hindus, whereas the criminal brother Vijay (Bachchan) is generally not religious and "upset with God", yet he carries a badge numbered 786, which the Muslim Rahim Chacha (Yunus Parvez) points out to be a number of religious significance in Islam (representing "Bismillah") and has its own sub-plot. The 786 badge plays a powerful and symbolic role in several scenes, saving Vijay at key moments and signifying something ominous when he loses it.


title: Deewaar

text: Salim-Javed initially showed the script to Bachchan, who they had in mind for Vijay's role after having worked with him on "Zanjeer" (1973). At the time, Bachchan was working on another film with Yash Chopra, and told him about the script. After some initial scepticism, Chopra was eventually convinced to direct the film after Salim-Javed narrated the storyline to him.


title: Deewaar

text: Bachchan's "angry young man" performance as Vijay in the film was inspired by Dilip Kumar's intense performance as Gunga in "Gunga Jumna", which Bachchan sharpened and reinterpreted in a contemporary urban context reflecting the changing socio-political climate of 1970s India.


title: Deewaar

text: Salim-Javed "felt only Bachchan could do justice to Vijay's role." According to Akhtar, they "saw his talent, which most makers didn't. He was exceptional, a genius actor who was in films that weren't good." At Salim-Javed's insistence, Bachchan was cast in the role. Director Yash Chopra's first choices for Vijay and Ravi's roles were Dev Anand and Rajesh Khanna respectively. After Anand rejected the script, casting plans changed and Khanna was to play Vijay and Navin Nischol was considered for Ravi. However, Salim-Javed had Amitabh Bachchan and Shatrughan Sinha in mind when they wrote the script; Sinha turned down the film when he heard Khanna was initially cast in the lead, due to a fallout between the two. Nirupa Roy's role as Sumitra Devi was also first offered to Vyjayanthimala; Nischol and Vyjayanthimala turned down the film after they found out Khanna would no longer be in the film. Shashi Kapoor was subsequently cast as Ravi, and Nirupa Roy as Sumitra Devi.


title: Deewaar

text: In 2014, Bachchan revealed that his iconic look in the film – a "denim blue shirt worn with khakee pants and a rope dangling over the shoulder" – was the result of a mistake by the tailor. He said, "The knotted shirt and rope on the shoulder in ["Deewaar"] was an adjustment for an error in stitching, shirt too long so knotted it". In certain scenes, Bachchan had some input on Chopra's direction, such as the father's funeral scene where Bachchan, instead of lighting the pyre with his right hand, suggests to use his left hand to show off the tattoo, "Mera baap chor hai" ("My father is a thief"). The film was shot mostly at night because Bachchan was shooting for Ramesh Sippy's "Sholay" at that time.


title: Deewaar

text: The film contains a fight scene, which involves Bachchan performing martial arts sequences inspired by Hong Kong martial arts cinema, which "Deewaar" was one of the first to do in Indian cinema. Rather than following the Hollywood model, it follows the Hong Kong model, with an emphasis on acrobatics and stunts. The style of fighting seen in "Deewaar" combined kung fu (as it was perceived by Indians) with Indian martial arts (particularly Indian wrestling).


title: Deewaar

text: The soundtrack of the movie was composed by R. D. Burman, and the lyrics were penned by Sahir Ludhianvi. The soundtrack received praise.


title: Deewaar

text: The Hindu epic Mahabharata has been the sole inspiration for Akhtar to write the plot of the film, Amitabh Bachchan plays the role based on Karna (the main protagonist of the Mahabharata) who rises from the low streets to becoming among the top influential businessmen whereas the role of Nirupa Roy resembles Kunti (mother of Karna in the Mahabharata). Shashi Kapoor plays Arjuna (younger brother of Karna)


title: Deewaar

text: It was one of the three Hindi films featured in the book "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die", the others being "Kalyug" (1981) which itself was inspired by Mahabharata and "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (1995).


title: Deewaar

text: At the Indian box office, the film grossed ($9million). In Bombay alone, the film grossed . In terms of footfalls, the film sold an estimated tickets at an average 1975 price of per ticket. Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to an estimated () at an average 2017 price of per ticket.


title: Deewaar

text: Numerous DVD editions entered the market by companies like "Eros Entertainment", "Shemaroo Entertainment" and "Eagle Home Video". These were released as non-restored, non re-mastered editions and bare bones, void of supplementary features. Eagle Home Video came out with a restored edition of this movie, preserving the original aspect ratio in a 4:3 pillar box and a DTS Master Audio (HD) in 2.0. The restoration took place in Shemaroo studios.


title: Deewaar

text: Upon release, "Deewaar" was a major commercial success, ranking as the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1975, and received critical acclaim, with critics praising the story, dialogue, screenplay, as well as the performances of the cast, particularly those of Bachchan, Kapoor and Roy. "Indiatimes" ranks "Deewaar" amongst the "Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films". It was one of the three Hindi films featured in the book "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die", the others being "Mother India" (1957) and "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (1995).


title: Deewaar

text: It was perceived by audiences to be anti-establishment, while Amitabh Bachchan's character Vijay was seen as a vigilante angry hero, establishing Bachchan's image as the "angry young man" of Indian cinema. With the unprecedented growth of slums across India at the time, Vijay was seen as a new kind of hero, with his suppressed rage giving a voice to the angst of the urban poor. "Deewaar" is also remembered for its iconic dialogues written by Salim-Javed. The most famous is when Shashi Kapoor delivers the line, "Mere paas maa hai" ("I have mother"), a line that is widely known in India and has become part of Indian popular culture. The film "Loins of Punjab Presents" (2007) mocked how the line is sometimes wrongly attributed to Amitabh Bachchan. It also established Parveen Babi as the "new Bollywood woman".


title: Deewaar

text: The film cemented the success of the writing duo Salim-Javed, who went on to write many more blockbuster films. After the success of this film, the value of film writers skyrocketed thanks to Salim-Javed, and they soon were being paid as highly as some actors at the time. Amitabh Bachchan described Salim-Javed's screenplay for "Deewaar" as "the perfect script" and "the best screenplay ever" in Indian cinema. "Deewaar", one of the first Indian films with an action sequence modelled after Hong Kong martial arts cinema, popularised the use of martial arts sequences in Bollywood films from the 1970s to the 1990s. The style of fighting popularised by "Deewaar", with acrobatics and stunts, and combining Chinese kung fu (as it was perceived by Indians, based on 1970s Hong Kong films) with Indian pehlwani wrestling, became the standard model for Bollywood action scenes up until the 1990s.


title: Deewaar

text: The film was later remade in Telugu as "Magaadu" (1976), in Tamil as "Thee" (1981), in Malayalam as "Nathi Muthal Nathi Vare" (1983), in Persian as "Koose-ye Jonoob" (1978), and in Turkish as "Acıların Çocuğu" (1985). "The Brothers", a 1979 Hong Kong film produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio, is a remake of this film. Another remake of "Deewaar" was the 1994 Bollywood film "", starring Sanjay Dutt as the older criminal brother, Atul Agnihotri as the younger police brother, and Tanuja as the mother. Hong Kong's Shaw Brothers studio remade "Deewaar" as "The Brothers" (1979), which in turn inspired John Woo's internationally acclaimed breakthrough "A Better Tomorrow" (1986). "The Brothers" also starred a Hong Kong actor that would later be known for heroic bloodshed films, Danny Lee (playing Shashi Kapoor's character), with a police officer persona later seen in Hong Kong crime films such as Woo's "The Killer" (1989).


title: Deewaar

text: "Deewaar" had an influence on Hong Kong cinema and in turn Hollywood cinema, by playing a key role in the creation of the heroic bloodshed crime genre of 1980s Hong Kong action cinema. "Deewaar", along with several later 1970s "angry young man" epics it inspired, such as "Amar Akbar Anthony" (1977), had similarities to elements later seen in 1980s Hong Kong heroic bloodshed films.


title: Deewaar

text: British director Danny Boyle described "Deewaar" as being "absolutely key to Indian cinema" and cited the film as an influence on his Academy Award winning film "Slumdog Millionaire" (2008). The film's co-director Loveleen Tandan noted that "Simon Beaufoy studied Salim-Javed's kind of cinema minutely." Actor Anil Kapoor noted that some scenes of "Slumdog Millionaire" "are like "Deewaar", the story of two brothers of whom one is completely after money while the younger one is honest and not interested in money." "Slumdog Millionaire", which pays homage to Amitabh Bachchan, has a similar narrative structure to "Deewaar". Composer A. R. Rahman referenced the film in his Oscar acceptance speech.


title: Deewaar

text: "Deewaar" received the Filmfare Best Movie Award of 1976, and also won six more Filmfare Awards for Best Screenplay, Best Dialogue, Best Director, Best Sound, Best Story, and Best Supporting Actor (Kapoor), and received two other nominations for Best Actor (Bachchan) and Best Supporting Actress (Roy).


title: Dieffenbachia

text: Dieffenbachia , commonly known as dumb cane leopard lily, is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is native to the New World Tropics from Mexico and the West Indies south to Argentina. Some species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants, especially as houseplants, and have become naturalized on a few tropical islands.


title: Dieffenbachia

text: "Dieffenbachia" is a perennial herbaceous plant with straight stem, simple and alternate leaves containing white spots and flecks, making it attractive as indoor foliage. Species in this genus are popular as houseplants because of their tolerance of shade. The English names, dumb cane and mother-in-law's tongue (also used for "Sansevieria" species) refer to the poisoning effect of raphides, which can cause temporary inability to speak. "Dieffenbachia" was named by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, director of the Botanical Gardens in Vienna, to honor his head gardener Joseph Dieffenbach (1796–1863).


title: Dieffenbachia

text: In a survey that began in 1998, researchers in Costa Rica noticed that the strawberry poison frog "Oophaga pumilio", deposited almost all (89%) of their tadpoles on the leaf axils of "Dieffenbachia". As a result, the frog population fluctuated with the abundance of "Dieffenbachia", especially in secondary forest. A majority of the plants were eradicated by 2012 when the surveyors returned to the same area, with only 28% of 2002 plant numbers remaining. Researchers concluded that the reason for the rapid decline in "Dieffenbachia" was due to increased abundance of the collared peccary "Dicotyles tajacu" in the La Selva Biological Station research area; a small pig-like animal that feeds on "Dieffenbachia" and other plants.


title: Dieffenbachia

text: With a minimum temperature of , dieffenbachia must be grown indoors in temperate areas. They need light, but filtered sunlight through a window is usually sufficient. They also need moderately moist soil, which should be regularly fertilized with a proprietary houseplant fertilizer. Leaves will periodically roll up and fall off to make way for new leaves. Yellowing of the leaves is generally a sign of problematic conditions, such as a nutrient deficiency in the soil. Dieffenbachia respond well to hot temperatures and dry climates.


title: Dieffenbachia

text: Dieffenbachia prefer medium sunlight, moderately dry soil and average home temperatures of . Most require water about twice a week.


title: Dieffenbachia

text: As "Dieffenbachia seguine" comes from the tropical rain forest, it prefers to have moisture at its roots, as it grows all the time, it needs constant water, but with loose well aerated soils.


title: Dieffenbachia

text: The cultivars 'Camille' and 'Tropic Snow' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


title: Dieffenbachia

text: The cells of the "Dieffenbachia" plant contain needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals called raphides. If a leaf is chewed, these crystals can cause a temporary burning sensation and erythema. In rare cases, edema of tissues exposed to the plant has been reported. Mastication and ingestion generally result in only mild symptoms. With both children and pets, contact with dieffenbachia (typically from chewing) can cause a host of unpleasant symptoms, including intense numbing, oral irritation, excessive drooling, and localized swelling. However, these effects are rarely life-threatening. In most cases, symptoms are mild, and can be successfully treated with analgesic agents, antihistamines, or medical charcoal. Moreover, severe cases can occur if "Dieffenbachia" makes prolonged contact with oral mucosal tissue. In such cases, symptoms generally include severe pain which can last for several days to weeks. Hospitalization may be necessary if prolonged contact is made with the throat, in which severe swelling has the potential to affect breathing. Gastric evacuation or lavage is "seldom" indicated. In patients with exposure to toxic plants, 70% are children younger than 5 years.


title: 2022 Stanley Cup Finals

text: The 2022 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 2021–22 season and the culmination of the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs. The series was between the Eastern Conference and two-time defending Stanley Cup champion Tampa Bay Lightning and the Western Conference champion Colorado Avalanche. The Avalanche won the best-of-seven series, four games to two, for their third championship in franchise history. Colorado had home ice advantage in the series with the better regular season record.


title: 2022 Stanley Cup Finals

text: The series began on June 15, and concluded on June 26. With the Government of Canada allowing cross-border travel for fully vaccinated players and team personnel between Canada and the United States, the league was able to return to its usual two conference alignment and reinstate its standard playoff format that was used from 2014–2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic. The Finals were still pushed from the usual start date in late May for the third consecutive year, this time due to a scheduled break in the regular season that coincided with the league's planned participation in the 2022 Winter Olympics, though the league's players ultimately did not participate in the Olympics. When the NHL Commissioner, Gary Bettman, tested positive for Covid-19, NHL Deputy Commissioner, Bill Daly, took over the Conn Smythe and the Stanley Cup Presentation. This was the first time since 1992 that Gary Bettman did not give the presentation.


title: 2022 Stanley Cup Finals

text: This was Tampa Bay's third consecutive Finals appearance and fifth overall. They won the prior (2020, 2021) two Stanley Cups and have won three in franchise history. They were the first team to clinch three consecutive Finals appearances since the 1983–1985 Edmonton Oilers. The Lightning joined the Montreal Canadiens (1976–1980) and New York Islanders (1980–1984) for becoming the only teams in league history to post at least eleven consecutive playoff series victories.