title: Mount Elbert

text: Mount Elbert is part of the Sawatch Range, an uplift of the Laramide Orogeny which separated from the Mosquito Range to the east around 28 million years ago. The tops of this range were heavily glaciated, leaving behind characteristic summit features and other such clues. For example, the base of Elbert on the eastern side exhibits large igneous and metamorphic rocks deposited when the glaciers receded, which lie on a lateral moraine. Further up the eastern side there is a large cirque with a small tarn. There are also lakes to both the north and south, Turquoise and Twin Lakes respectively; the Twin Lakes are a result of the natural dam of end moraines, and Turquoise Lake was created by the manmade Sugar Loaf Dam.


title: Mount Elbert

text: Mount Elbert is composed largely of quartzite. However, the summit ridge consists of metamorphic basement rock, which is Pre-Cambrian in origin and about 1.7 billion years old. There are various igneous intrusions including pegmatite, as well as bands of gneiss and schist. Unlike mountains of similar altitude elsewhere, Elbert lacks both a permanent snowpack and a prominent north-facing cirque, which can be attributed to its position among other mountains of similar height, causing it to receive relatively small quantities of precipitation.


title: Mount Elbert

text: Mount Elbert was named by miners in honor of Samuel Hitt Elbert, the governor of the then-Territory of Colorado, because he brokered a treaty in September 1873 with the Ute tribe that opened up more than of reservation land to mining and railroad activity. The first recorded ascent of the peak was by H.W. Stuckle in 1874, who was surveying the mountain as part of the Hayden Survey.


title: Mount Elbert

text: Originally measured as in height, Mount Elbert's elevation was later adjusted to following a re-evaluation of mapped elevations, which sparked protests. The actual change was made in 1988 as a result of the North American Vertical Datum of 1988; it seems the original measurement resulted from the Sea Level Datum of 1929. A matter of some contention arose after the Great Depression over the heights of Elbert and its neighbor Mount Massive, which differ in elevation by only . This led to an ongoing dispute that came to a head with the Mount Massive supporters building large piles of stones on the summit to boost its height, only to have the Mount Elbert proponents demolish them. The effort was ultimately unsuccessful and Mount Elbert has remained the highest peak in Colorado. The first motorized ascent of Elbert occurred in 1949, when a Jeep was driven to the summit, apparently to judge suitability for skiing development.


title: Mount Elbert

text: The summit of Mount Elbert is an alpine environment, featuring plants such as "Phacelia sericea" (sky-pilot), "Hymenoxys grandiflora" (old-man-of-the-mountain), and "Geum rossii" (alpine avens). Also noted are "Carex atrata" var. "pullata", "Salix desertorum", "Platanthera hyperborea", "Thalictrum fendleri", "Aquilegia canadensis", "Chenopodium album", "Gentiana detonsa" var. "hallii", and "Bigelovia parryi". Below treeline the mountain is heavily forested, with the lower slopes covered with a mixture of lodgepole pine, spruce, aspen, and fir.


title: Mount Elbert

text: Some of the fauna reported on the climb to the summit include black bears, marmots, mule deer, pikas, and pocket gophers; there are also many species of birds. Elk, grouse, turkey, and bighorn sheep are present in the area during the summer. Grizzly bears are extirpated.


title: Mount Elbert

text: There are three main routes to ascend the mountain, all of which gain over elevation. The standard route ascends the peak from the east, starting from the Colorado Trail just north of Twin Lakes. The long North (Main) Elbert Trail begins close to the Elbert Creek Campground, and gains about . The trail is open to equestrians, mountain bikers and hunters during season. An easier, but longer route, the South Elbert Trail, is long, climbing at a less-punishing gradient than the North Elbert Trail, approaching from the south and then climbing the eastern ridge.


title: Mount Elbert

text: The most difficult of the main routes is the Black Cloud Trail, a Class 2 climb that takes ten to fourteen hours depending on pace, gains in elevation, and also involves an ascent of the sub-peak, South Elbert, at . Even healthy and experienced climbers report great difficulty on this route, and despite the fact that there is a trail, the route is extremely steep, unstable, and rocky in places. The elevation gain is not evenly distributed over the 5.5-mile ascent. There are also routes approaching from the western face, and southwestern ridge, from South Halfmoon Creek Trailhead and Echo Canyon Trailhead respectively.


title: Mount Elbert

text: Although strenuous and requiring physical fitness, none of the conventional routes require specialist mountaineering skills or technical rock climbing. The main dangers of the mountain are those common to all high mountains, particularly altitude sickness. This can affect anyone, even those who are acclimatized. In serious cases, it can lead to high-altitude pulmonary edema and cerebral edema, which can lead to difficulties with breathing, paralysis, and death. Climbers are advised to begin their ascent at or before 6 A.M. and to summit and descend before early afternoon to minimize exposure to possible afternoon thunderstorms while at high altitudes. Although the most conventional form of ascent is by hiking, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, the orator, ascended the mountain on a mule borrowed from the U.S. government.


title: Human fertilization

text: Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, occurring primarily in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union leads to the production of a fertilized egg called a zygote, initiating embryonic development. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century.


title: Human fertilization

text: The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum. The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation, follows with ovulation, and finishes with fertilization. Various exceptions to this sequence are possible, including artificial insemination, "in vitro" fertilization, external ejaculation without copulation, or copulation shortly after ovulation. Upon encountering the secondary oocyte, the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer shell called the zona pellucida of the egg. The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg's plasma membrane, triggering the sperm head to disconnect from its flagellum as the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus.


title: Human fertilization

text: In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, "in vitro".


title: Human fertilization

text: In Antiquity, Aristotle depicted the formation of new individuals occurring through fusion of male and female fluids, with form and function emerging gradually, in a mode called by him as epigenetic. He proposed that during conception the female supplied the material, or the body, while the male provided the soul.


title: Human fertilization

text: Galen argued that during conception the male and the female both produced a seed. However, the male seed was thicker and more powerful than the female seed because it had a natural heat that the female seed lacked.


title: Human fertilization

text: Hippocrates theorized that fertilization occurred when the male and female seed came together, and the gender of the child would be determined by the strength of the seed. If both parents had strong seed, the child would be male. If both parents had weak seed the child would be female. If one parent produced strong seed and the other produced weak seed, the more numerous type of sperm would determine the gender. Hippocrates did not assign the production of strong or weak seed to a specific gender; both males and females could produce strong or weak seed.


title: Human fertilization

text: Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the Fallopian tube, the section that curves around the ovary. Capacitated sperm are attracted to progesterone, which is secreted from the cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte. Progesterone binds to the CatSper receptor on the sperm membrane and increases intracellular calcium levels, causing hyperactive motility. The sperm will continue to swim towards higher concentrations of progesterone, effectively guiding it to the oocyte.


title: Human fertilization

text: At the beginning of the process, the sperm undergoes a series of changes, as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize. The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female's reproductive tract, which increases its motility and hyperpolarizes its membrane, preparing it for the acrosome reaction, the enzymatic penetration of the egg's tough membrane, the zona pellucida, which surrounds the oocyte.


title: Human fertilization

text: The sperm binds through the corona radiata, a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte. The corona radiata sends out chemicals that attract the sperm in the Fallopian tube to the oocyte. It lies above the zona pellucida, a membrane of glycoproteins that surrounds the oocyte.


title: Human fertilization

text: Where the spermatozoan is about to pierce, the yolk (ooplasm) is drawn out into a conical elevation, termed the cone of attraction or reception cone. Once the spermatozoon has entered, the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane, the perivitelline membrane, which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa.


title: Human fertilization

text: After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida, which is an extracellular matrix of glycoproteins. A ZP3 glycoprotein on the zona pellucida binds to a receptor on the cell surface of the sperm head. This binding triggers the acrosome to burst, releasing acrosomal enzymes that help the sperm penetrate through the thick zona pellucida layer surrounding the oocyte, ultimately gaining access to the egg's cell membrane.


title: Human fertilization

text: Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell, facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells. As a population, mature haploid sperm cells have on average 50% genome similarity, so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort. It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection.


title: Human fertilization

text: Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process. In other words, they too appear to undergo changes that help facilitate such interaction.


title: Human fertilization

text: After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte, the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate. The fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes causes cortical reaction to occur. Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell, causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida. This in turn causes the glycoproteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other — i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f — making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm. This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm.


title: Human fertilization

text: In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes.


title: Human fertilization

text: The oocyte completes its second meiotic division. This results in a mature haploid ovum and the release of a polar body. The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process, to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization.


title: Human fertilization

text: The sperm's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus. This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin. Still, a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring.


title: Human fertilization

text: When the sperm enters the perivitelline space, a sperm-specific protein Izumo on the head binds to Juno receptors on the oocyte membrane. Once it’s bound, two blocks to polyspermy then occur. After approximately 40 minutes, the other Juno receptors on the oocyte are lost from the membrane, causing it to no longer be fusogenic. Additionally, the cortical reaction will happen which is caused by ovastacin binding and cleaving ZP2 receptors on the zona pellucida. These two blocks of polyspermy are what prevent the zygote from having too much DNA.


title: Human fertilization

text: The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte, rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division.


title: Human fertilization

text: Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse (approximately half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome). Their membranes dissolve, leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes. During this dissolution, a mitotic spindle forms between them. The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm. Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis (which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together. Thus, the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes.


title: Human fertilization

text: Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage. Thus, they are genetically identical.


title: Human fertilization

text: Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the beginning point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus. The resultant age is known as "fertilization age", "fertilizational age", "conceptional age", "embryonic age", "fetal age" or "(intrauterine) developmental (IUD) age".


title: Human fertilization

text: Gestational age, in contrast, takes the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) as the start point. By convention, gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa. Fertilization though usually occurs within a day of ovulation, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation (LMP). There is also considerable variability in this interval, with a 95% prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP-to-ovulation time of 14.6. In a reference group representing all women, the 95% prediction interval of the LMP-to-ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days.


title: Human fertilization

text: The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days (38 weeks and two days) from ovulation, with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7%.


title: Human fertilization

text: Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally (after birth) as well to estimate various risk factors. For example, it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.


title: Human fertilization

text: Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process. Whether that results in the process of contact between the sperm and egg, or the state of health of the biological parent carrying the zygote cell. The following are a few of the diseases that can occur and be present during the process.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Ellyse Alexandra Perry (born 3 November 1990) is an Australian sportswoman who has represented her country in cricket and association football. Having debuted for both the national cricket team and the national soccer team at the age of 16, she is the youngest Australian to play international cricket and the first to have appeared in both ICC and FIFA World Cups. Gradually becoming a single-sport professional athlete from 2014 onward, Perry's acclaimed cricket career has continued to flourish and she is now widely considered to be one of the greatest female players ever.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: A genuine all-rounder, Perry's mastery of both batting and fast bowling disciplines is reflected in several statistical achievements—she was the first player to amass a combined 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in T20Is, she holds the record for the highest score by an Australian woman in Test matches (213 not out), and she was the third player to claim 150 wickets in women's ODIs. Her contribution to various successful teams at international and domestic level across cricket's primary formats has led to winning seven world championships with Australia, eleven WNCL championships with New South Wales, and two WBBL championships with the Sydney Sixers. She has also been recognised with numerous individual honours, such as winning the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Award and the Belinda Clark Award three times each, and being named as one of the "Wisden" Five Cricketers of the Decade: 2010–19.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Due to her on-field performance, off-field marketability and stature as "the ultimate role model", Perry is credited as a leading figure for the rising female presence in Australia's sporting culture.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry was born and raised in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga, attending Beecroft Primary School and Pymble Ladies' College. She was Sports, Athletics, and Cricket Captain at Pymble. During her school years, she played a range of sports beside cricket and soccer, such as tennis, athletics, touch football and golf. She became friends with future Australian teammate Alyssa Healy at the age of nine, and they played cricket together throughout childhood. Healy occasionally referred to her as "Dags" because of an ill-fitting uniform she wore at junior level, though Perry is more commonly known by the nickname "Pez".


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Soon after turning 16, Perry played cricket for New South Wales in an under-19 interstate tournament in January 2007. In three matches, she scored 74 runs and took three wickets. A month later, she was selected in the Australian youth team for a tour of New Zealand, playing against the hosts' second XI. She scored 43 runs at 21.50 and took one wicket at 100.00.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry was fast-tracked into the Australian team for a series in July 2007 against New Zealand, despite having never played a match at senior level. She made her One Day International debut in Darwin on 22 July at the age of 16 years and 8 months, becoming the youngest-ever cricketer to represent Australia. Taking two wickets for 37 runs from eight overs, her first scalp was Maria Fahey, whom she bowled for 11. Then, batting down the order at nine, she made 19 from 20 balls before Australia were all out for 174 to lose by 35 runs.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In her Twenty20 International debut at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against England on 1 February 2008, Perry "confirmed herself as a star for the future" through a "superb all-round performance" which included a late-innings knock of 29 not out from 25 balls before taking 4/20 off 4 overs to help Australia win by 21 runs. The breakthrough display, which also featured a skilful piece of fielding to execute a run out, sparked excitement around Perry's potential to join revered players, such as Keith Miller, in Australia's exclusive and illustrious club of legendary all-rounders.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In the 2007–08 Women's Ashes match at Bradman Oval in Bowral on 15 February, Perry became the youngest-ever Australian Test cricketer, debuting at the age of 17 years and 3 months. The hosts batted first and collapsed to 5/59 on the first day, bringing Perry to the crease to join Kate Blackwell. Perry made 21 from 77 balls before being run out, ending the highest partnership of the innings. The next day, she claimed her first Test wicket, removing England opener Caroline Atkins for 15 and finishing with 2/49 from 23 overs. She made just six runs in the second innings and took one more wicket for the match as the visitors went on to win by six wickets.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry made her first appearance at a major ICC tournament via the 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup on home soil. Her most substantial contribution came in a 47-run win against the West Indies, scoring 36 and taking 2/28 from ten overs to earn Player of the Match honours. Australia did not place in the top two positions of the Super Six stage and therefore failed to qualify for the final.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Later that year, Perry was included in Australia's team for the inaugural Women's World Twenty20. They were defeated in the semi-finals by host nation England.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: During the 2009–10 home summer, Perry enjoyed a highly effective Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, claiming 13 wickets at an average of 12.61 and taking her first five-wicket haul.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry played an integral part in Australia's triumphant 2010 World Twenty20 campaign in the West Indies. Against India in the semi-finals, she took 1/19 in the first innings. At the start of the 17th over, a 57-run partnership between Harmanpreet Kaur and Poonam Raut came to an end when Perry, off her own bowling, ran out Kaur. Two balls later, Indian captain Jhulan Goswami was run out by Alex Blackwell. Perry then had Raut out caught from the next delivery to fully turn the momentum of the match, with India losing 3/1 in the space of four balls. Australia went on to win by seven wickets with seven balls to spare.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In the final against New Zealand, defending a target of just 106, Perry dismissed Suzie Bates in the sixth over for 18. In the eighth over, she uprooted Amy Satterthwaite's off-stump with a ball that kept low, putting the Kiwis in trouble at 4/29. In the 18th over, Perry had Nicola Browne caught behind for 20 before returning to bowl the final over. Requiring five runs from the last delivery to win, Sophie Devine struck a powerful straight drive back down the pitch. Perry instinctively stuck out her right foot, deflecting the ball to a fielder at mid-on and preventing a boundary, securing a three-run victory and Australia's first T20 world championship title. Perry ended with bowling figures of 3/18 and was named Player of the Final. In a retrospective interview, teammate Alyssa Healy described Perry's match-saving play as "probably some of the more iconic footage we've seen over the last ten-to-fifteen years in the women's game".


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In the only Test of the 2010–11 Women's Ashes, Perry claimed first innings bowling figures of 4/56, helping Australia in a seven-wicket victory to snatch the trophy out of English hands for the first time in six years.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: At the 2012 World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka, Perry delivered a Player of the Match performance during a 28-run semi-final win against the West Indies, claiming crucial top-order wickets of Stafanie Taylor and Deandra Dottin to finish with figures of 2/19 off four overs. In the final, she managed to take 1/24 off four overs as Australia held on to win by four runs against England to claim a second-consecutive World T20 title.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: The 2013 ICC Women's Cricket World Cup in India saw Perry miss three matches due to an ankle injury. In the final against the West Indies, after repeated unsuccessful attempts to make it through her delivery stride, she bowled her full allotment of ten overs and took 3/19 to help Australia win by 114 runs. The apparent pain through which Perry performed earned her the moniker of "Australia's limping hero" and garnered plaudits for showing unbreakable spirit through adversity. Days after winning her first 50-over world championship, Perry underwent surgery to repair a fractured ankle.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In the 2013–14 Women's Ashes, Perry was named Player of the Match in the only Test despite a 61-run victory going England's way. Top-scoring in both of Australia's innings with 71 and 31 while finishing with overall bowling figures of 8/79 from 42 overs, she "confirmed her status as a true all-rounder" in a see-sawing contest played amidst sweltering Perth temperatures of up to 44 degrees Celsius. Perry also excelled throughout the limited-overs fixtures, which included an unbeaten 90 off 95 to steer her team across the line by four wickets with three balls remaining in a one-dayer at Bellerive Oval. Due to the structure of the points system, England regained the Ashes, although Perry was nevertheless awarded Player of the Series.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: At the 2014 World Twenty20 in Bangladesh, Perry was named Player of the Match against South Africa for scoring 41 not out off 29 balls in a six-wicket victory. Australia would go on to "coast" to a third-straight T20 world championship, defeating England in the final where Perry took 2/13 off four overs before making 31 not out and hitting the winning runs with six wickets in hand.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In the 2015 Women's Ashes, on English soil, Perry helped Australia regain the trophy with several outstanding performances which included bowling her side to victory on the last day of the only Test. She took 6/32 in the second innings and finished with overall match figures of 9/70 off 30 overs in the 161-run win. Leading both teams for runs scored and wickets taken across the seven-match schedule, Perry was once again named Player of the Series. In the match on 21 July, she passed the milestone of 1,000 runs in ODI cricket.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Australia suffered a shock upset loss in each of the 2016 World Twenty20 and 2017 Cricket World Cup tournaments at critical stages to be denied two major pieces of silverware. Perry, however, was experiencing a transcendent statistical period in her career, particularly evidenced through her batting in the ODI format of the game—in a 23-innings stretch, she made 17 scores of at least 50 runs at an average of 89.53.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: The disparity between Perry's rich vein of form and the national team's underwhelming output was underlined during the 2017–18 Women's Ashes, especially in the day-night Test at North Sydney Oval when she played a historic innings of 213 not out while no other teammate managed to score more than 47. Her first international century, which set a new record for the highest score by an Australian in women's Tests, was not enough to carry the team to victory as the match ended in a draw. Likewise, the series ended with the two teams level on points, although this meant Australia would nevertheless successfully retain the Ashes.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: At the 2018 World Twenty20 in the Caribbean, Perry took the wickets of renowned danger players (such as Devine, Dottin and Nat Sciver) early in key matches on Australia's way to another tournament triumph. In the match against India on 17 November, she became the first cricketer for Australia to play in 100 Twenty20 Internationals. Then, in the final against England on 24 November, Perry became the first Australian to take 100 T20I wickets. She also manufactured a run out during the championship decider as Australia comfortably claimed the title in an eight-wicket win.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: On 24 February 2019 at Karen Rolton Oval, Perry scored her maiden ODI century, striking an unbeaten 107 against New Zealand. The breakthrough ton ended her triple-figure drought in white-ball internationals, having reached the nineties on four occasions previously (ending up not out in three of those instances).


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In July 2019, Perry pulled off another all-conquering Women's Ashes campaign. On 7 July at the St Lawrence Ground, she recorded the best bowling figures for an Australian in WODIs, finishing with seven wickets for 22 runs. Then on 19 July, in the first innings of the Test match at the County Ground, she set a new record for the most runs scored between dismissals in women's Test cricket with 329 runs. She also became the fourth woman to hit two consecutive Ashes Test centuries after Betty Wilson, Enid Bakewell and Claire Taylor. On 28 July, she became the first player to achieve the all-round feat of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in T20Is. Perry was named Player of the Series in what was a comprehensive retention of the trophy for Australia.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: After getting out for 116 in the first innings of the Ashes Test, Perry went on to face 432 balls in her next seven international cricket innings across all three formats, scoring 368 runs without being dismissed. On 11 September in a match against the West Indies, she became the third bowler to take 150 WODI wickets. In the same series, she recorded her second century, scoring 112 not out off 118 balls in hot and humid conditions.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In January 2020, Perry was named in Australia's squad for the 2020 T20 World Cup in Australia. On 2 March, coming into what was effectively a knockout quarter-final match against New Zealand at the Junction Oval under an injury cloud, she put on a valuable 32-run stand with Rachael Haynes late in the first innings. Australia held on to win by four runs, although Perry suffered a torn hamstring while fielding which would force her to miss the rest of the tournament. She stayed on with the team in a mentor role for the remaining matches as Australia went on to claim a fifth World T20 championship by beating India in the final at the MCG. In the post-match ceremony, despite her physical ailments, Perry was able to make it on stage to accept her medal as a playing member of the squad and partake in celebrations with the team alongside a performing Katy Perry—with whom she had featured heavily in promoting the tournament.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry underwent hamstring surgery in the following week, with recovery expected to take six months. In April, she was named as one of the "Wisden" Cricketers of the Year for her performances in 2019.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: After being awarded another national contract in April, Perry was selected for the Australian squad ahead of New Zealand's tour in September. While training in Brisbane with the team in the lead-up to the series, she experienced a minor setback in her recovery from injury and was subsequently ruled out of the six T20I and ODI fixtures. Amidst media speculation around her future as an all-rounder, Perry said: "The only way I want to play cricket is as a batter and bowler. I don't think I'd offer enough as a batter to keep playing, and don't think I'd enjoy it, to be honest." Australian head coach Matthew Mott echoed those sentiments, stating Perry's contribution in both facets of the game was "absolutely instrumental" in the team's success.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In November 2020, Perry was nominated for the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Award for ICC Female Cricketer of the Decade, as well as the awards for women's ODI and T20I cricketer of the decade. The following month, she was announced as the winner of all three awards, recognising her "superlative performances with bat and ball in all three formats" for the period ranging from 1 January 2011 to 7 October 2020.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry returned to international cricket on 28 March 2021 in a T20I against New Zealand at Seddon Park, contributing a score of 23 not out from 16 balls in her country's six-wicket win. In October 2021, in the one-off Test match against India, she became the first woman to score 5,000 runs and take 300 wickets in international cricket. Days later in a T20I also against India, she became Australia's most capped women's international cricketer, appearing in her 252nd match.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: At Manuka Oval, Perry took 3/57 and 1/28 as well as scoring 18 and 41 throughout the only Test of England's 2021–22 tour of Australia, which ended in a draw. She finished the match as the leading run-scorer and wicket-taker in Women's Ashes history, with 1,552 runs and 68 wickets respectively. A week later at the Junction Oval, in the second match of the series' ODI leg, Perry took 3/12 from seven overs to help bowl the tourists out for just 129. She then scored 40 in the run chase, earning Player of the Match honours in the five-wicket win.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: After a third-consecutive retention of the Women's Ashes, the Australian team travelled to New Zealand for the 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup. In the group stage of the tournament, Perry claimed back-to-back Player of the Match awards. She scored 68 and put on a decisive 101-run partnership with Tahlia McGrath, before taking the wicket of Sophie Devine, in a 141-run victory against New Zealand. Then, Perry sliced through the West Indies top order with three early wickets, helping to set up a comfortable seven-wicket win. Towards the back end of the tournament, she suffered from back spasms and consequently missed two games, including the semi final. Perry was deemed fit to play in the final against England, during which she scored 17 not out from ten deliveries in a 71-run victory.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In May 2022, Perry was named in Australia's team for the cricket tournament at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry made her debut for New South Wales in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL) at the start of the 2007–08 season against South Australia, taking 2/29 from ten overs in a seven-wicket win. Her first WNCL scalp was Karen Rolton, rated the best batter in the world at the time. Perry ended her first season for New South Wales with 66 runs at 13.20 and nine wickets at 24.00 from seven matches. The final against South Australia was washed out without a ball bowled and New South Wales were awarded the title, having finished first in the round-robin phase.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry went on to win ten more WNCL championships with New South Wales. Her highlights during that period include:


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Deciding to relocate to Melbourne in 2019 following her husband's move to play Super Rugby for the Melbourne Rebels, Perry consequently signed with WNCL team Victoria. She made her debut on 7 January 2020 at the Junction Oval, making 24 runs and taking 1/20 from seven overs. Perry claimed figures of 3/17 in a two-run win (via the DLS method) against Tasmania on 23 January at the TCA Ground, earning her first Player of the Match award in Victorian colours.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In the absence of Meg Lanning, Perry captained Victoria for their opening two matches of the 2021–22 season. During the second match, played at the Junction Oval on 19 December, she recorded her first century for the team, scoring 120 from 94 balls despite a 27-run loss (via the DLS method) to New South Wales.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: At the official Women's Big Bash League (WBBL) launch on 10 July 2015, Perry was unveiled as the Sydney Sixers' first-ever player signing. She would also become the team's inaugural captain.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In the inaugural season, the Sixers lost their first six matches of the season. Perry promoted herself up the batting order to form what would become a successful long-term opening partnership with Alyssa Healy, and the Sixers turned their fortunes around to win the next nine matches. The winning streak would come to an end in the final on 24 January 2016 when the Sixers lost to the Sydney Thunder by three wickets.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: The Sixers finished the regular season of WBBL|02 in first place, although Perry suffered a hamstring injury while batting against the Melbourne Renegades on 20 January 2017 which forced her to miss the playoffs. The Sixers would go on to beat the Perth Scorchers in the final, with Perry present in person to accept the team's maiden championship trophy.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Across WBBL|03, Perry led the league for most runs, scoring 552 at an average of 46.00. In the final on 4 February 2018, against the Scorchers again, she made 36 not out and hit the winning runs to secure the Sixers' second-consecutive title.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry had an extraordinary WBBL|04, leading the league for most runs, scoring a record 777 at an average of 86.33. She was recognised by commentators for taking her game to "another level", characterised by a marked increase in her strike rate to 121.21, up from 98.57 in the previous season. Her scoring potency manifested in two centuries—one in an epic run chase at North Sydney Oval against the Scorchers, the other via a late first innings onslaught against the Brisbane Heat at the SCG. She was named Player of the Tournament as the Sixers claimed a third-straight minor premiership. Perry was instrumental in a classic semi-final at Drummoyne Oval against the Renegades on 19 January 2019, which featured a thrilling last-ball run out to tie the game, scoring 54 not out and earning Player of the Match honours. In the resulting super over, she hit a six off the bowling of Molly Strano to send the Sixers into their fourth-consecutive championship decider. In the final against the Heat on 26 January, Perry again top-scored for her team but the Sixers fell just short of completing a three-peat when their total of 7/131 was chased down in the last over of the match.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: The Sixers entered WBBL|05 as "hot favourites", but they lost five-straight games in the back-half of the tournament and missed out on qualifying for finals for the first time after Perry sustained a shoulder injury. Although she was sidelined for several matches, Perry still had another prolific season with the bat, scoring a team-high 469 runs at an average of 93.80 and earning her fifth Team of the Tournament selection. In a match against the Melbourne Stars on 3 November 2019 at the WACA, she batted through an entire innings with Alyssa Healy—the pair put on a 199-run stand, setting a new record for the highest domestic women's T20 partnership.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In April 2020, amidst media speculation regarding a move to one of the Melbourne-based WBBL teams, Perry announced she had activated an extension clause in her contract to remain with the Sixers for a further two seasons.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In April 2016, it was announced Perry would play for the Loughborough Lightning in the inaugural season of the Women's Cricket Super League in England. In the 2016 semi-final, she scored 64 not out off 48 balls in a five-wicket loss to the Western Storm. Perry returned for the Lightning the following season, earning Player of the Match honours in the team's only two wins.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: On 22 May 2018, Perry played for the Supernovas in the inaugural Women's T20 Challenge—an exhibition match in Mumbai serving as a potential precursor to a future female equivalent of the IPL. She took 2/20 off three overs then scored 13 not out in a final-ball victory.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: With the Board of Control for Cricket in India adding another team for the 2019 edition, Perry had hoped to once again participate in the event. However, due to a breakdown in communications between Cricket Australia and the BCCI, all Australian players were excluded from the tournament. ESPNcricinfo reported this breakdown was part of a wider disagreement between the two boards that revolved around the BCCI's insistence on CA honouring a touring commitment to play a men's bi-lateral ODI series in India in January 2020. A disappointed Perry voiced support for her nation's board, although Cricket Australia would eventually issue a public apology to her and the other affected players for a mishandling of the situation.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In February 2020, Perry was reported to hold a strong desire to play in the competition's future instalments. However, she would miss the next opportunity later that year, with the BCCI electing to stage the T20 Challenge's third edition in a delayed calendar slot (due to the COVID-19 pandemic) which clashed with the timing of WBBL|06.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: On 18 March 2021, the Birmingham Phoenix announced the signing of Perry for the inaugural season of the Hundred. However, she withdrew from the tournament two weeks before its commencement, citing personal reasons. In February 2022, the ECB confirmed the Birmingham Phoenix had retained Perry for the 2022 season.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In cricket, Perry is an all-rounder who bats right-handed and bowls right-arm pace. She is also a highly skilled fielder with safe hands and a strong throwing-arm. Perry's tall, athletic build paired with her speed across the ground makes her particularly adept at riding the boundary, and she is prone to creating "incredible" catches and run outs off her own bowling.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry typically bowls at speeds ranging between 110 and 115 km/h, though she can reach up to 125 km/h which puts her near the fastest in the women's game. A natural outswing bowler, she is also able to move the ball into the right-handed batter through the air and off the pitch. With a "blonde ponytail swaying from side to side" and a "lovely, rhythmic action", her smooth run-up is the length of 18 casual paces and has been described as "a sight to behold". She is at her most effective when "crafting an intimidating spell in which her opponent is pinned down, pushed back and controlled by fastidious line and length" and "outfoxing the best in the business with careful planning and perfect execution". During her time at the Loughborough Lightning, she worked with coach Matthew Hoggard to make "some small technical" adjustments to her run-up and movement through the popping crease. Due to team balance, Perry tends to bowl less frequently when playing with the Sydney Sixers, delivering 80 fewer overs than teammate Marizanne Kapp across the first five WBBL seasons.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry is noted for her picturesque and technically correct batting style, generally preferring to play straight strokes down the ground. Her level-headed temperament under pressure is optimal for assuming the anchor role in an innings, in which she is usually more circumspect with her shot selection than her freely attacking batting partner. She has nevertheless gradually introduced a wider range of aggressive and unorthodox shots into her limited overs game, resulting in a marked increase to her strike rate. Despite being named Player of the Tournament in WBBL|04 as an opener, she remained in the middle-order for Australia's T20I team which prompted debate among commentators.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Because of her mental fortitude, physical fitness and fundamentally sound defence, Perry is arguably best suited for the rigorous nature of Test cricket rather than shorter formats of the game. She has expressed wishes for more Test matches to be played by women, having been presented with just eight opportunities to wear the baggy green in the initial 13 years of her international career—a "regrettable infrequency" or, as some writers have claimed, a "travesty".


title: Ellyse Perry

text: When accelerating the run rate of an innings, Perry is renowned as an immensely powerful striker, having scored the third-most sixes across the first five WBBL seasons. During a match at North Sydney Oval on 9 December 2017, Perry hit a ball into the crowd which struck a 13-year-old boy in the face. She immediately rushed to the boundary to check on the boy's welfare and directed the on-field medics to his location. The boy, who was transported to hospital by ambulance for observation and later released, received a phone call from Perry the following morning. In another example of her literal destructive batting capabilities, Perry hit a six during a 13 November 2019 game in Launceston which smashed the windscreen of a nearby parked ambulance.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Throughout her career, Perry has been known to spend frequent three-hour net sessions with her father, and personal coach, Mark. After moving to Melbourne, she predominantly relied on Victoria assistant coach Dulip Samaraweera to help maintain her lofty training standards. Former teammate and captain Lisa Sthalekar has described Perry as "the ultimate professional" and "meticulous" in her preparation, while Meg Lanning has called her a "perfectionist".


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Despite achieving success as captain of the Sydney Sixers, Perry has never held the top on-field leadership position for the national team. After Jodie Fields stepped down from the job in 2014, Meg Lanning assumed the role, with Alex Blackwell and Rachael Haynes intermittently standing-in when required. In a 2019 interview with Daisy Pearce on 1116 SEN, Perry characterised herself as having a youthful and jovial persona within the Australian team, regardless of her experience and seniority. She attributed this phenomenon to having broken into the setup at such a young age.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In a quirk reminiscent of Michael Jordan's propensity to wear college basketball shorts underneath his NBA uniform, Perry has invariably worn a pair of New South Wales PSSA socks in top-level cricket matches throughout her career. Perry cites Michael Hussey as the cricketer she idolised most while growing up. Other players whom she considered among her favourites include Glenn McGrath, Steve Waugh, Michael Bevan, Belinda Clark and Karen Rolton.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Across all forms of international cricket, Perry has scored a total of 5,374 runs and taken 313 wickets during her 264-match career. In top-level domestic leagues, she has compiled 6,905 runs while claiming 221 wickets from 265 matches. The table below details Perry's key statistics for each major format and competition in which she has appeared.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Primarily a defender, Perry played her first match for the Australian national soccer team against Hong Kong at Hong Kong Stadium on 4 August 2007. She was 16 years and 9 months old at the time, having made her international cricket debut less than two weeks earlier, and scored a goal in the second minute of the match. Perry scored her second goal at international level in the 2008 AFC Women's Asian Cup in a match against South Korea.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Playing domestically for the Central Coast Mariners in the 2008–09 W-League season, Perry made her debut for the club against Queensland Roar on 15 November 2008. She began playing for Canberra United at the start of the 2009 W-League season, and went on to become the joint-recipient of the 2009 W-League Young Player of the Year award with Brisbane Roar's Elise Kellond-Knight. She also won three Canberra United awards for the season: the Players', Supporters' and overall Club Player of the Year.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry was selected for the Matildas squad for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany. In the group game against Norway, she came on as a late substitute, making her the first Australian to appear in both ICC and FIFA World Cups. Perry was in the starting line-up for the quarter-final against Sweden in which she scored Australia's only goal in the 3–1 loss.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In May 2012, Perry was given an ultimatum by Canberra United to either quit cricket or find another W-League club. She consequently signed with Sydney FC for the 2012–13 season. Perry was part of the Sydney FC squad that competed at the 2013 International Women's Club Championship, defeating NTV Beleza 1–0 but losing 3–2 to Chelsea.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Following a match on 16 November 2013 against Melbourne Victory, "The Sunday Telegraph" reported Perry's "fame and fortune" had spurred opponents to kick and punch her behind the play. After the game, she required six stitches for a leg wound caused by a late tackle from Lisa De Vanna. In a subsequent interview with the Australian Associated Press, De Vanna denied any jealousy or trouble concerning Perry: "There was no punching, there was no kicking, there was no sledging. The only incident that happened was a tackle and it wasn't the deliberate tackle that it's been made out to be."


title: Ellyse Perry

text: On 29 May 2012, "The Age" reported that Heather Reid, the chief executive of Canberra United FC, had given Perry an ultimatum to choose between football and cricket. On 5 September, Perry joined Sydney FC, with new coach Alen Stajcic stating he was prepared to accommodate her twin sporting careers. This arrangement came to a head in January 2013 when Sydney FC's W-League semi-final was scheduled for the same day as New South Wales' T20 Cup final. A few days later, "The World Game" revealed Perry's decision would be to play in the football semi-final. The following weekend, Perry declined to play for Sydney FC in the W-League grand final, opting instead to play for Australia in a warm-up game for the Cricket World Cup.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: On 13 February 2014, "The Sydney Morning Herald" reported Perry had elected to play in a W-League semi-final ahead of the Women's National Cricket League final. In March, she was left out of a 23-player Matildas squad that was set to face Brazil in a two-match series. National team coach Hesterine de Reus confirmed Perry wouldn't be considered for the AFC Women's Asian Cup later in the year either: "When you play at the highest level you need to invest a lot of time to become a world-class player... We're always keeping an open mind for competition, but at this point she was not invited."


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry played her last game in the W-League on 13 December 2015, a week after the launch of the Women's Big Bash League—Australia's new domestic Twenty20 cricket competition. She was named in Sydney FC's squad for the 2016 grand final but instead played a conflicting T20I match against India. In a 2018 interview with "The Roar", Perry said her path to becoming a single-sport athlete occurred naturally: "Essentially, both sports have grown so much and developed so much in the last couple of years that they really demand people to be full-time professional athletes... I ended up in cricket and haven't played any football recently. I truly enjoyed my time playing football."


title: Ellyse Perry

text: After completing her HSC in 2008, Perry studied Economic and Social Sciences at the University of Sydney.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: On 24 October 2013, Perry and Australian rugby player Matt Toomua went public with their relationship by appearing together at the John Eales Medal ceremony. On 20 August 2014, the couple announced their engagement. They married on 20 December 2015. A self-described "coffee aficionado", Perry co-owns several cafés with her husband. The couple separated in 2020.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry's philanthropic causes include the McGrath Foundation, the Sporting Chance Cancer Foundation and the LBW (Learning for a Better World) Trust.


title: Ellyse Perry

text: Perry is "a very private person", according to her former NSW and Australian captain and teammate Alex Blackwell. However, Perry herself has estimated that, up until 2017, she spent an almost-even amount of time between "training, touring and playing" versus "sponsorship and promotional work".


title: Ellyse Perry

text: The number of hours Perry had to commit to the latter would dramatically decrease after Cricket Australia announced a landmark pay deal for its elite female athletes—an evolution Perry said she was "stoked" about: "There is something incredibly tiresome about walking into a studio and trying to pretend like you know what you're doing in front of a camera."


title: Ellyse Perry

text: In 2013, Perry was ranked by "SportsPro" magazine as the 36th most marketable sportsperson in the world, and the most marketable Australian athlete. She has fronted campaigns for Jockey, Hisense and Weet-Bix while also taking on ambassadorial roles with Red Bull, Microsoft, and Hublot. Her current corporate partners include L'Oréal, Adidas, Fox Sports and Commonwealth Bank.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: Marcelo Flores Dorrell (born 1 October 2003) is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Segunda División club Real Oviedo, on loan from Arsenal. Born in Canada, he represents the Mexico national team.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: Flores was born in Canada to a Canadian mother of English descent, and Mexican former footballer, Rubén Flores. He was raised in Georgetown, Ontario. As his father was the manager of the Cayman Islands women's national football team, Flores spent some time on the islands, where he was invited to a training camp by Ipswich Town youth development coach Steve Foley. He impressed during the week long camp, and joined the Ipswich Town academy.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: In 2019, Flores joined the Arsenal academy on a free transfer. He made a bright start to the 2020–21 campaign with Arsenal's under-18s, scoring three goals in two games.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: After training with the first team, he signed his first professional contract in October 2020. Shortly after, he was included in The Guardian's "Next Generation 2020", highlighting the best young players in the world.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: He was called up to the Arsenal first team for the first time on April 4, 2022, making the bench for their match against Crystal Palace, although he did not appear in the match as a substitute.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: On 20 July 2022, Flores joined Segunda División club Real Oviedo on a season-long loan. On 15 August 2022, he made his professional debut in a league match against FC Andorra in a 1–0 loss, coming on as a substitute.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: Flores was eligible to play for either Canada, England or Mexico. He was first called up to the England under-16 side in 2019, but decided to join up with the Mexico under-16 team that same year, playing every game at the Montaigu Tournament.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: In December 2020, Flores accepted a call up to a Canada camp that would take place in January 2021, but later pulled out to remain with Arsenal. On 18 June 2021, Flores was named to Canada's provisional 60-man squad for the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: In September 2021, Flores featured for Mexico's under-20 side in a double-header against Spain. In November, Flores was called up by Luis Ernesto Pérez to participate at the 2021 Revelations Cup, scoring two goals in three appearances, where Mexico won the competition. Later that month, senior national team manager Gerardo Martino expressed the possibility of calling up Flores for the friendly match against Chile on 8 December. On 29 November, Arsenal confirmed that Flores had received his first senior call up.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: Flores eventually made his senior national team debut in a friendly match against Chile, making his debut as an 83rd-minute substitute in the 2–2 draw. In May 2022, Flores committed to representing Mexico internationally, as he was still eligible to switch to representing Canada or England, having only participated in friendlies. On June 11, he appeared in a 2022–23 CONCACAF Nations League match against Suriname, officially cap tying him to Mexico.


title: Marcelo Flores

text: His two sisters, Silvana and Tatiana, are also footballers, and both moved from Arsenal to Chelsea in the summer of 2020.


title: Duke (album)

text: Duke is the tenth studio album by English rock band Genesis, released in March 1980 on Charisma Records. The album followed a period of inactivity for the band in early 1979. Phil Collins moved to Vancouver, Canada, in an effort to salvage his failing first marriage, while Tony Banks and Mike Rutherford recorded solo albums. Collins returned to the UK after his marriage ended and wrote a significant amount of material, some of which was used for "Duke" and some was later reworked for his first solo album, "Face Value". "Duke" contained a mix of individually-written songs and tracks that evolved from jam sessions in mid-1979, while recording took place at the end of the year. The break in activity rejuvenated the band, and they found the album an easy one to work on.


title: Duke (album)

text: "Duke" was positively received by music critics, who praised the album for bridging the band's progressive rock-oriented past, such as the closing ten-minute "Duke's Travels"/"Duke's End" suite, with their more pop rock-oriented, commercially accessible direction, as displayed on the hit singles "Turn It On Again", "Duchess", and "Misunderstanding". It reached No. 11 in the US, and became their first album to reach No. 1 in the UK. It has since been certified Platinum in both the UK and US.


title: Duke (album)

text: By 1978, Genesis were a trio of lead singer and drummer Phil Collins, keyboardist Tony Banks and guitarist/bassist Mike Rutherford. They had survived the departure of original frontman Peter Gabriel and guitarist Steve Hackett and released the album "...And Then There Were Three...", which included the top ten single "Follow You Follow Me". The group were still touring successfully, and enjoyed the songwriting collaborations between the three of them. They decided to take a break before writing and recording a new album, which would be largely group-written in a rehearsal room, without many pre-conceived ideas.


title: Duke (album)

text: The group's touring schedule had put particular pressure on Collins, whose marriage was at risk of collapse due to him being away from home frequently. His wife, Andrea, had warned him that if he committed himself to the full ...And Then There Were Three... Tour, she would not be there when he returned. Collins, however, was convinced that Genesis were on the verge of an international breakthrough and that his work with the band would pay dividends in the future. By the end of 1978, Andrea had decided to move to Vancouver with their children. Realising that his marriage was more important than the band, Collins held a meeting with Banks, Rutherford and manager Tony Smith. He said he was moving to Vancouver and try and re-build the family, and that the group would have to accommodate this. In an interview for "Sounds", Collins said, "I went off for two months to try and sort things out ... I was never going to leave the band. It was just that if I was going to be living in Vancouver then we'd have had to organise ourselves differently." He also noted that the individual members of his side project Brand X were geographically dispersed.


title: Duke (album)

text: Banks and Rutherford suggested the band take an extended hiatus, hoping Collins would save his marriage and that the band could work with him in Vancouver. Banks recorded his solo album "A Curious Feeling" at Polar Studios in Stockholm with Genesis touring drummer Chester Thompson and singer Kim Beacon, while Rutherford also recorded his first solo album, "Smallcreep's Day", at the same studio. In April 1979, Collins returned to the UK after the attempt to salvage his marriage failed. With time to spare before working on the next Genesis album, he gigged with Brand X, and began work on demo tracks for what became his first solo album "Face Value" at his home in Shalford, Surrey. As well as playing piano and synthesizers, he had recently picked up a Roland CR-78 drum machine and become interested in the possibilities of electronic drums.


title: Duke (album)

text: In autumn 1979, Banks and Rutherford moved in with Collins in Shalford to start rehearsals on "Duke". Collins had written a large number of songs, but he felt many of them would not suit Genesis, while Banks and Rutherford were short of material having just recorded their solo albums. The three decided each member should contribute two of their own songs for the band to work on. Banks put forward "Heathaze" and "Cul-de-Sac", Rutherford used "Man of Our Times" and "Alone Tonight", and Collins had "Misunderstanding" and "Please Don't Ask". The remainder of the songs were written together in rehearsals. Banks later regretted not choosing Collins' "In the Air Tonight" for the album. His track "Cul-de-Sac" became a problem for Collins to get into as its overall style and lyrical content no longer interested him, and realised that he should have kept the song for his solo output. "Please Don't Ask" is a song Collins wrote during his divorce from his first wife. Biographer Ray Coleman said the song is "a searing mixture of a love letter and a lament for the loss of his children". Collins recalled Banks and Rutherford chose to include the song as it had a Beach Boys feel.


title: Duke (album)

text: The group found the writing process easier and more enjoyable than "...And Then There Were Three...", which was primarily songs written in advance individually by the members. Rutherford summarised his time writing songs for "Duke" as "getting back to the basic stage of ideas being worked on jointly". Banks reasoned much of the band's refreshed attitude was down to not having worked together in a while, which resulted in good ideas being put forward, something that he said had not happened for some time. Collins felt the band interacted "as a group much better ... there's definitely a side to us coming out which wasn't on the last album; the playing side". Rutherford would later describe the writing process for the album, alongside the one for "Abacab", as a "rethink" of Genesis' approach, refocusing their output to group writing and improvisation. In contrast to earlier Genesis albums, most tracks were short with the exception of the ten-minute "Duke's Travels"/"Duke's End" suite that closed the album.


title: Duke (album)

text: The group went to Polar Studios to record the album, starting on 12 November 1979, and recording up to the end of the year. As with several earlier albums, production duties were shared by the band and regular co-producer David Hentschel. Collins used the Roland CR-78 drum machine for "Duchess"; the first time he used one on a Genesis song.


title: Duke (album)

text: The cover art was drawn by French illustrator and taken from his book "L'Alphabet d'Albert", published in 1979. The band liked his work and decided to use it as the cover, but Collins maintained the character depicted is neither the album's titular character nor related to any song on it.


title: Duke (album)

text: "Behind the Lines" was the first song arranged for the album and "Duchess" came about from rhythms that Collins had played on his set of drum pads. In its original form, "Behind the Lines", "Duchess", "Guide Vocal", "Turn It On Again", "Duke's Travels", and "Duke's End" were one 30-minute track that told a story of a fictional character named Albert which had a working title of "Duke". The group chose this name because the fanfare melodies on "Behind the Lines" and "Duke's End" conjured an image of royalty. The band decided against sequencing the tracks this way on the album, partly to avoid comparisons to their 23-minute track "Supper's Ready" from "Foxtrot", but also to have certain segments of the suite, such as "Duchess" and "Turn It On Again", released as singles. The six tracks were performed live on the album's supporting tour with Collins introducing it as "The Story of Albert". "Turn It On Again" was originally a short connecting piece in the middle of this medley, but the band enjoyed playing it so much, they decided to double its length and make it more of a standout track. It came from a piece that Rutherford discarded from "Smallcreep's Day" and a separate piece from Banks that they joined together. The group considered placing the band-written songs on side one and the individually written tracks on the other, but this was rejected. Rutherford described the final running order as "a very balanced album".


title: Duke (album)

text: "Duke" was released in the US on 24 March 1980 and in the UK on 28 March. It was the band's greatest commercial success at the time of its release; it spent two weeks at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart and peaked at No. 11 on the US "Billboard" 200. The album spawned three singles; "Turn It On Again" reached No. 8 in the UK and No. 58 in the US; "Duchess" reached No. 46 in the UK; "Misunderstanding" reached No. 42 in the UK and No. 14 in the US. "Duke" was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry on 3 July 1980 and by the Recording Industry Association of America on 11 March 1988.


title: Duke (album)

text: "Duke" received a mostly positive reception from music critics. In his review for "Rolling Stone", David Fricke noted that "Turn It On Again" is "vibrant rock & roll" and thought that "Man of Our Times", "Duchess", "Duke's Travels", and "Duke's End" "possess a refreshing urgency". Fricke points out the band's losses without Gabriel and Hackett in the line-up, yet summarised "Duke" as "comforting: a reassurance that Genesis aren't for an exodus yet." "Sounds" Hugh Fielder gave the album four stars out of five, enjoying the opening of "Behind the Lines" and considering Collins's vocals to be "more convincing than ... before". He felt the first side was better than the second, and criticised some lyrics, but concluded "no Genesis fan could be disappointed". The "Los Angeles Times" Steve Pond described the album's music as "identifiably Genesis, but it is toned-down" and a "a more confident and successful album than "...And Then There Were Three..."". He criticised the album as inconsistent with a lack of "melodic invention" on side one, but thought "Duke's Travels" and "Duke's End" were "one of the best and most consistent pieces of music that band has made in some time".


title: Duke (album)

text: In a retrospective review, AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine felt "Duke" was the Genesis album that "leaped into the fray" of pop music but retained "a heavy dose" of progressive rock with the "Duke" suite. Erlewine thought the album comes off "a little bombastic" at times, with "Misunderstanding" and "Turn It On Again" being the two tracks that "showcase the new version of Genesis at its absolute best".


title: Duke (album)

text: Genesis supported the album with a 78-date tour across Europe and North America, between 17 March to 30 June 1980. They were joined by drummer Chester Thompson and guitarist Daryl Stuermer. As the group had not embarked on a full scale UK tour since 1977, the tour began with a 40-date trek across the country, which saw all 108,000 available tickets sold within hours of going on sale. A 40-minute excerpt from the performance at the Lyceum Ballroom in London was broadcast on "The Old Grey Whistle Test" and released as a bonus feature on the 2007 reissue of "Duke". Recordings from the tour were released on "Three Sides Live" (1982) and "" (2000).


title: Duke (album)

text: A digitally remastered version of "Duke" was released on CD in 1994 on Virgin in Europe and Atlantic in the US and Canada. The CD included the album's original booklet, artwork and lyrics. It was reissued again in 2007 as part of the "Genesis 1976–1982" box set, which included a new stereo and 5.1 surround sound mix and a DVD of bonus features including band interviews, music videos, live performances and tour programs.


title: Duke (album)

text: Genesis recorded two additional songs that were left off the album, and initially released as B-sides. There were subsequently released on the North American version of the 1982 album "Three Sides Live".


title: Michael Evans Behling

text: Michael Evans Behling (born March 5, 1996) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Jordan Baker on "All American".


title: Michael Evans Behling

text: Behling was born in Columbus, Ohio and adopted by Mike and Carol Behling, but grew up in Columbus, Indiana. He is biracial and was adopted by a white family. In a March 2020 YouTube video he stated that his father is of Nigerian descent and his mother is of German descent and that his last name is German. He has three siblings, Matt, Adam, and Andrea. Behling's family owned ten acres of land, several dogs and cats and a chicken coop. Sports were a big part of his life growing up, and Behling played baseball, soccer, and volleyball.


title: Michael Evans Behling

text: He first thought about being an actor when he was a freshman in high school and was inspired by Heath Ledger's performance in "The Dark Knight". Behling attended Columbus North High School, where he played football for two years and ran track. He was on the honor roll and graduated in 2015. Behling continued to run track in college, competing in the 400-meter hurdles. He stopped competing in track after breaking his foot twice, which required two surgeries. He attended Indiana State University for two years as a pre-med student before dropping out to pursue modeling and acting. Prior to beginning his acting career, he worked as an assistant director at the Donner Aquatic Center in Columbus, Indiana.


title: Michael Evans Behling

text: While in college, Behling began modeling, and eventually his team convinced him to audition for acting roles. He did several advertising campaigns with Adidas and White Castle. Behling began his career in television in 2017 with a role as "Handsome Dude" on "Empire". In March 2018, he was cast as Jordan Baker on "All American", and filming for the pilot began two weeks later. Behling moved to Los Angeles in January 2018 when filming began, and after his finances ran low he began sleeping on a friend's floor. He has said that he identifies with his character because they are both biracial and looking for the place where they fit in. His role as Jordan Baker is his breakout role. He is currently represented by HRI Talent and Management 101.


title: Michael Evans Behling

text: Behling has a clothing line, DesignedAt5AM, which he started with three friends from high school (Nicholas Stevens, Drew Thompson, and Floyd Athaide). The clothing line was inspired by his desire to start his day early to accomplish his goals and by his high school friends' early morning swim practices.


title: Michael Evans Behling

text: Behling lives in Los Angeles. He actively advocates for animal rights and mental health awareness. He and costar Daniel Ezra are friends and frequently hang out after filming.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: John Patrick O'Neill (February 6, 1952September 11, 2001) was an American counter-terrorism expert who worked as a special agent and eventually a Special Agent in Charge in the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In 1995, O'Neill began to intensely study the roots of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing after he assisted in the capture of Ramzi Yousef, who was the leader of that plot.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: He subsequently learned of al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden, and investigated the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia and the 2000 USS "Cole" bombing in Yemen. Partly due to personal friction he had within the FBI and federal government, O'Neill left the Bureau in August 2001. He became the head of security at the World Trade Center, where he died at age 49 while helping to evacuate the North Tower during the September 11 attacks. O'Neill's life has been featured in a number of documentaries and books.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: O'Neill was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, on February 6, 1952. As a child, his favorite television show was "The F.B.I.", a crime drama based around true cases the bureau had handled. In 1971, after graduating from Holy Spirit High School, he enrolled at American University in Washington, D.C. While there, O'Neill also started working at the FBI's Washington headquarters, first as a fingerprint clerk and later as a tour guide. He graduated with a degree in administration of justice from American University in 1974 and later obtained a master's degree in forensics from George Washington University.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: The FBI hired O'Neill as an agent in 1976. Over the next 15 years, he worked on issues such as white-collar crime, organized crime, and foreign counterintelligence while based at the Washington bureau. In 1991, he received an important promotion and was moved to the FBI's Chicago field office, where he was Assistant Special Agent in Charge. While there, he established the Fugitive Task Force in an effort to promote inter-agency cooperation and enhance ties between the FBI and local law enforcement. In 1994, O'Neill also became supervisor of VAPCON, a task force investigating abortion clinic bombings.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: In 1995, he returned to the FBI's Washington, D.C. headquarters and became chief of the counter-terrorism section. On his first day, he received a call from his friend Richard Clarke, who had just learned that Ramzi Yousef had been located in Pakistan. O'Neill worked continuously over the next few days to gather information and coordinate the successful capture and extradition of Yousef. Intrigued by the case, O'Neill continued to study the 1993 World Trade Center bombing that Yousef had masterminded and other information about Islamic militants. He was directly involved in the investigation into the June 1996 bombing of the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia, which took place during a retreat O'Neill had organized in Quantico for FBI and CIA counter-terrorism agents. Frustrated by the level of cooperation from the Saudis, O'Neill purportedly vented to FBI Director Louis Freeh, saying they were "blowing smoke up your ass," although Freeh later denied this, claiming they had an excellent relationship.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: In 1996 and 1997, O'Neill continued to warn of growing threats of terrorism, saying that modern groups are not supported by governments and that there are terrorist cells operating within the United States. He stated that veterans of the insurgency by Afghan rebels against the Soviet Union's invasion in the 1980s had become a major threat. In January 1997, he moved to New York City to be Special Agent in Charge of the FBI's National Security Division, the FBI's "largest and most prestigious field office."


title: John P. O'Neill

text: By 1998, O'Neill had become focused on Osama bin Laden and created an al-Qaeda desk in his division. In August 1998, two United States embassies were bombed in quick succession in simultaneous attacks in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. O'Neill hoped to be involved in the investigation because he had gained a tremendous knowledge of Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda terrorist network. He persuaded FBI Director Freeh to let his office handle the case, and prosecutor Mary Jo White later said, "John O'Neill, in the investigation of the bombings of our embassies in East Africa, created the template for successful investigations of international terrorism around the world."


title: John P. O'Neill

text: When his friend Chris Isham, a producer for ABC News, arranged for an interview between bin Laden and correspondent John Miller, Isham and Miller used information put together by O'Neill to formulate the questions. After the interview aired, O'Neill pushed Isham hard to release an unedited version so he could carefully dissect it.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: O'Neill's rise through the ranks at the bureau began to slow as his personal style chafed others, and he made a few slip-ups by losing a bureau cell phone and PalmPilot, improperly borrowing a car from a safe house, and losing track of a briefcase with sensitive documents for a short period.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: He was a Catholic, married with two children, but separated from his wife; his family continued to live in Atlantic City, and he supported them financially and paid the mortgage on their house. According to Lawrence Wright in "The Looming Tower", O'Neill was involved simultaneously in extramarital relationships with three named women during the 1990s, each of whom he had told either that he was not married or that he was divorced, and that he planned to marry her.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: He was officially reprimanded and docked 15 days' pay in summer 1999 over the incident involving the safe house because he had allowed his girlfriend to enter it. His lifestyle, which involved frequently giving gifts to his girlfriends and lavish expenditures with his colleagues, resulted in substantial credit card debts which he found difficult to manage on his salary, and consequently, he borrowed substantial sums from wealthy friends.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: In 1999, O'Neill sent a close associate named Mark Rossini to work in the CIA's Bin Laden Issue Station in Virginia. O'Neill had a conflict with CIA station chief Michael Scheuer: O'Neill wanted Rossini to stay at the station and feed him information about what the CIA was doing, while Rich Blee, who had been appointed by CIA chief George Tenet to head of the Bin Laden Issue Station, wanted Rossini out working in the field. Later, when the Bin Laden Issue Station learned that bin Laden's associates Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar were headed to the US with visas, Rossini and his colleague Doug Miller attempted to alert O'Neill, but Blee blocked the message. Mihdhar and Hazmi became two of the hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77 on 9/11.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: Following the December 1999 arrest of Ahmed Ressam, O'Neill coordinated the investigation into the 2000 millennium attack plots, described by Richard Clarke as "the most comprehensive investigation ever conducted before September 11th." O'Neill has been described as having a close working relationship with Ali Soufan.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: After being passed over for multiple promotions (to assistant director in charge of national security in 1999 and to head of the FBI's New York office in early 2000), O'Neill was pleased to be assigned as commander of the FBI's investigation into the USS "Cole" bombing in October 2000. However, upon arriving in Yemen, he complained about inadequate security. As his team investigated, O'Neill came into conflict with Barbara Bodine, the U.S. ambassador to Yemen. The two had widely divergent views on how to handle searches of Yemeni property, and interviews with citizens and government officials, and they only grew further apart as time progressed.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: After two months in Yemen, O'Neill returned to New York. He hoped to go back to Yemen to continue the investigation, but was blocked by Bodine and others; the dispute made the US press. Following threats against the remaining FBI investigators, FBI Director Freeh withdrew the team, on O'Neill's recommendation, in June 2001.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: In early 2001, Richard A. Clarke, the National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism wanted to move to another position; he insisted O'Neill was the best person to replace him. O'Neill proved reluctant, not least because of the relatively low salary. When O'Neill heard of upcoming leaks to "The New York Times" about the May 2000 incident in which his briefcase had been stolen, he decided to retire from the bureau and take a higher-paying job in the private sector, as chief of security at the World Trade Center.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: An August 19, 2001, "The New York Times" report by James Risen and David Johnston suggested that O'Neill had been the subject of an "internal investigation" at the FBI because O'Neill was responsible for losing a briefcase with "highly classified information" in it, including among other things "a description of every counterespionage and counterterrorism program in New York." The briefcase was recovered shortly after its disappearance.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: The FBI investigation was reported to have concluded that the briefcase had been snatched by local thieves involved in a series of hotel burglaries and that none of the documents inside had been removed or even touched. Several people came to O'Neill's defense, suggesting that he was the subject of a "smear campaign". One of O'Neill's associates later claimed that O'Neill believed the source for the "Times" story was FBI official Thomas J. Pickard. The "Times" reported that O'Neill was expected to retire in late August.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: O'Neill started his new job at the World Trade Center on August 23, 2001. In late August, he talked to his friend Chris Isham about the job. Jokingly, Isham said, "At least they're not going to bomb it again", a reference to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. O'Neill replied, "They'll probably try to finish the job."


title: John P. O'Neill

text: O'Neill was killed on September 11, 2001, in the collapse of the World Trade Center towers; his remains were recovered from the site on September 21. Wesley Wong, an FBI agent who had known O'Neill for more than twenty years, and was in the command center with O'Neill that had been set up following the North Tower crash, last saw O'Neill walking toward a tunnel leading to the South Tower, likely to assist in that building's evacuation and gather surveillance footage from the security offices located there.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: O'Neill is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Mays Landing, New Jersey. At the National 9/11 Memorial, O'Neill is memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-63.


title: John P. O'Neill

text: O'Neill's counter-terrorism work at the FBI as well as insights into his character and private life have been extensively detailed in books and documentaries about the lead-up to the September 11 attacks, including the following:


title: World language

text: In sociolinguistics, a world language (sometimes global language, rarely international language) is a language that is geographically widespread and makes it possible for members of different language communities to communicate. The term may also be used to refer to constructed international auxiliary languages such as Esperanto.


title: World language

text: English is the foremost—and by some accounts only—world language. Beyond that, there is no academic consensus about which languages qualify; Arabic, French, Russian, and Spanish are other possible world languages. Some authors consider Latin to have formerly been a world language.


title: World language

text: Various definitions of the term "world language" have been proposed; there is no general consensus about which one to use.


title: World language

text: One definition proffered by Congolese linguist Salikoko Mufwene is "languages spoken as vernaculars or as lingua francas outside their homelands and by populations other than those ethnically or nationally associated with them". Linguist Mohamed Benrabah equates the term "world language" with what Dutch sociologist Abram de Swaan refers to as "supercentral languages" in his global language system. Spanish sociolinguist Clare Mar-Molinero proposes a series of tests that a language needs to pass, relating to demographics, attitudes towards the language, and political, legal, economic, scientific, technological, academic, educational, and cultural domains.


title: World language

text: German sociolinguist says that what determines whether something is a world language is its "global function", which is to say its use for global communication, in particular between people who do not share it as a native language and with use as a lingua franca—i.e. in communication where it is not the native language of "any" of the participants—carrying the most weight. Ammon formulates a series of indicators of globality, i.e. factors useful for assessing the extent to which a given language can be considered a world language. Chief among these indicators is the number of non-native speakers. Another indicator is the number of native speakers, which although it is not in itself a criterion for globality, empirically correlates positively with it and may influence it indirectly by making the language more attractive. Other potential indicators are economic strength (measured as the native speakers' GDP), number of countries that use the language as an official language as well as those countries' geographical distribution, international business use, and prevalence in scientific publications.


title: World language

text: Arabic has been described by Salikoko Mufwene as a world language—albeit a second-tier one after English and French due to limited use as a lingua franca—on the grounds that is a liturgical language amongst Muslim communities worldwide. Mohamed Benrabah criticizes this argument due to use of the language in rituals not necessarily translating into spoken proficiency outside of religious contexts, but nevertheless categorizes it as a world language on the grounds of it being a supercentral language in de Swaan's global language system.


title: World language

text: Academic consensus is that English is a world language, with some authors such as British linguists David Crystal and David Graddol going so far as to consider it the only one. Authors who take a pluralist approach nevertheless consider English to inhabit a unique position as the foremost world language; for instance, in Abram de Swaan's global language system, English is the sole occupant of the highest position in the hierarchy: the "hypercentral" language. According to German sociolinguist , "[t]here is virtually no descriptive parameter or indicator for the international or global rank of a language which, if applied to today's languages worldwide, does not place English at the top". Ammon and Mufwene both posit that what sets English apart as the foremost world language is its use as a lingua franca, whereas Crystal focuses on its geographical distribution.


title: World language

text: French has been described as a world language due to its status as a supercentral language in de Swaan's global language system, and Salikoko Mufwene characterizes it as such based on it being spoken as a lingua franca or vernacular by people neither ethnically nor nationally associated with it outside of France.


title: World language

text: Russian has been categorized as a world language on the grounds of being a supercentral language in de Swaan's global language system, and is characterised as a world language by Salikoko Mufwene on the grounds that it is used as a vernacular or lingua franca outside of Russia by non-Russians.


title: World language

text: Spanish has been categorized as a world language on the grounds of being a supercentral language in de Swaan's global language system, and is considered a world language by German sociolinguist as it is spoken as a foreign language worldwide. Salikoko Mufwene also considers it a world language—albeit a second-tier one after English and French due to limited use as a lingua franca—on the grounds that it is used as a vernacular by people neither ethnically nor nationally associated with it outside of Spain.


title: Advanced Placement

text: Advanced Placement (AP) is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board which offers college-level curricula and examinations to high school students. American colleges and universities may grant placement and course credit to students who obtain high scores on the examinations. The AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that field of study. For a high school course to have the designation, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies the AP curriculum as specified in the Board's Course and Examination Description (CED). If the course is approved, the school may use the AP designation and the course will be publicly listed on the AP Course Ledger.


title: Advanced Placement

text: After the end of World War II, the Ford Foundation created a fund that supported committees studying education. The program, which was then referred to as the "Kenyon Plan", was founded and pioneered at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then-college president Gordon Chalmers. The first study was conducted by four prep schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy, and St. Paul's School —and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University and Yale University. In 1952 they issued the report "General Education in School and College: A Committee Report" which recommended allowing high school seniors to study college-level material and to take achievement exams that allowed them to attain college credit for this work. The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and implemented the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. In the 1955–56 school year, it was nationally implemented in ten subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English, History, French, German, Spanish, and Latin.


title: Advanced Placement

text: The College Board, a non-profit organization based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955. From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program. It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher-level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities. These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams.


title: Advanced Placement

text: In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations. Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses, though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course. Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take AP exams.


title: Advanced Placement

text: As of the 2023 testing season, exams cost $97 each, though the cost may be subsidized by local or state programs. Financial aid is available for students who qualify for it; the exam reduction is $35 per exam from College Board plus an additional $9 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state. Out of the $97, $8 goes directly to the school to pay for the administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student.


title: Advanced Placement

text: On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding. However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011.


title: Advanced Placement

text: The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2017, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 579,426 students and the least taken AP exam was Japanese Language and Culture with 2,429 students.


title: Advanced Placement

text: In the 2022-2023 school year, College Board launched a pilot AP African-American Studies course, which is the first new AP course since 2014. The course is acknowledged credit at about 35 colleges, from Virginia Tech to Tuskegee University.


title: Advanced Placement

text: The multiple-choice component of the exam is scored by computer, while the free-response and essay portions are scored by trained Readers at the AP Reading each June. The scores on various components are weighted and combined into a raw Composite Score. The Chief Reader for each exam then decides on the grade cutoffs for that year's exam, which determine how the Composite Scores are converted into the final grades. During the process, a number of reviews and statistical analyses are performed to ensure that the grading is reliable. The overall goal is for the grades to reflect an absolute scale of performance which can be compared from year to year.


title: Advanced Placement

text: Some colleges use AP test scores to exempt students from introductory coursework, others use them to place students in higher designated courses, and some do both. Each college's policy is different, but most require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to receive college credit. Typically, this appears as a "CR" grade on the college transcript, although some colleges and universities will award an A grade for a 5 score. Some countries, such as Germany, that do not offer general admission to their universities and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there.


title: Advanced Placement

text: In addition, completing AP courses helps students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions.


title: Advanced Placement

text: Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams. Total scores on the multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers and, as was the case before, no points are awarded for unanswered questions. However, scoring requirements have also been increased.


title: Advanced Placement

text: Starting with the May 2013 AP Examination Administration, the College Board launched an Internet-based score reporting service. Students can use their 2013 AP Number or Student Number (if one was indicated) along with a College Board Account to access current and previous years' exam scores. This system can also be used to send scores to colleges and universities for which a four-digit institutional code is assigned.


title: Advanced Placement

text: Recognizing that the cost could be an impediment to students of limited means, a number of states and municipalities independent of the College Board have partially or fully subsidized the cost. The state of Florida reimburses school districts for the exam costs of students enrolled in Advanced Placement courses. The Los Angeles Unified School District, the Montebello Unified School District, the Hawaii Department of Education, New York City Department of Education, and the state of Indiana subsidize Examination fees in subjects of math, science, and English, and the Edmonds School District in suburban Seattle currently subsidizes Advanced Placement fees of students who enroll in the free school lunch program. Some school districts, such as Fairfax County Public Schools, will fully cover the cost of a limited number of exams, after which point the student must pay. In addition, some school districts offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class.


title: Advanced Placement

text: Below are statistics from the 2019 exam cycle showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of 3 or higher, and the mean score. Students generally need a score of 3 or higher to receive credit or benefit.


title: Advanced Placement

text: The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test. On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam.


title: Advanced Placement

text: One 2014 study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus. A 2017 study found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus). History exams were found to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either the AP English Language or AP English Literature exam. This study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%.


title: Advanced Placement

text: In February 2014 College Board released data from the previous ten years of AP exams. College Board found that 33.2% of public high school graduates from the class of 2013 had taken an AP exam, compared to 18.9% in 2003. In 2013 20.1% of graduates who had taken an AP test achieved a 3 or higher compared to 12.2% in 2003.


title: Advanced Placement

text: Researchers began to question whether AP could maintain high academic standards while experiencing explosive growth. Research has shown that the most popular AP tests tend to have the lowest passing rates, a possible indication that less academically prepared students are enrolling in AP classes. Whether the AP program can serve large numbers of students without decreasing academic rigor is a matter of debate within the education field.


title: Advanced Placement

text: University faculty, such as former professor and high school teacher John Tierney, have expressed doubts about the value of a passing AP score. Students who receive scores of 3 or 4 are being given college credit at fewer universities. Academic departments also criticise the increasing proportion of students who take and pass AP courses but are not ready for college-level work.


title: Advanced Placement

text: Researchers have since 2010 studied the impact of the Advanced Placement program on students' academic achievement. An early study published in "AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program" found that students who took AP courses in the sciences but failed the AP exam performed no better in college science courses than students without any AP course at all. Referring to students who complete the course but fail the exam, the head researcher, Phillip M. Sadler, stated in an interview that "research shows that they don't appear to have learned anything during the year, so there is probably a better course for them".