title: Injection (medicine)

text: Due to the prevalence of unsafe injection practices, especially among injection drug users, many locations have begun offering supervised injection sites and needle exchange programs, which may be offered separately or colocated. These programs may provide new sterile needles upon request to mitigate infection risk, and some also provide access to on-site clinicians and emergency medical care if it becomes required. In the event of an overdose, a site may also provide medications such as naloxone, used as an antidote in opioid overdose situations, or other antidotes or emergency care. Safe injection site have been associated with lower rates of death from overdose, less ambulance calls, and lower rates of new HIV infections from unsafe needle practices.


title: Injection (medicine)

text: As of 2019, at least ten countries currently offer safe injection sites, including Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Switzerland. In total, there are at least 120 sites operating. Although the United States does not currently have any safe injection sites, some cities such San Francisco, Philadelphia, and Denver are considering opening them, and some localities offer needle exchange programs. In 2018, the California State Assembly passed Assembly Bill 186 to launch a three-year pilot program in San Francisco for California's first safe injection sites, but this bill was not signed by the governor. Colorado and Pennsylvania have also expressed interest in offering safe injection sites. Court rulings in Pennsylvania have determined that safe injection sites are not illegal under federal law.


title: Injection (medicine)

text: Many species of animals use injections for self-defence or catching prey. This includes venomous snakes which inject venom when they bite into the skin with their fangs. Common substances present in snake venom include neurotoxins, toxic proteins, and cytotoxic enzymes. Different species of snakes inject different formulations of venom, which may cause severe pain and necrosis before progressing into neurotoxicity and potentially death. The weever is a type of fish which has venomous spines covering its fins and gills and injects a venom consisting of proteins which cause a severe local reaction which is not life-threatening. Sting rays use their spinal blade to inject a protein-based venom which causes localized cell death but is not generally life-threatening.


title: Injection (medicine)

text: Some types of insects also utilize injection for various purposes. Bees use a stinger located in their hind region to inject a venom consisting of proteins such as melittin, which causes a localized painful and itching reaction. Leeches can inject an anticoagulant peptide called hirudin after attaching to prevent blood from clotting during feeding. This property of leeches has been used historically as a natural form of anticoagulation therapy, as well as for the use of bloodletting as a treatment for various ailments. Some species of ants inject forms of venom which include compounds which produce minor pain such as the formic acid, which is injected by members of the Formicinae subfamily. Other species of ants, including "Dinoponera" species, inject protein-based venom which causes severe pain but is still not life-threatening. The bullet ant ("Paraponera clavata") injects a venom which contains a neurotoxin named poneratoxin which causes extreme pain, fever, and cold sweats, and may cause arrhythmias.


title: Injection (medicine)

text: Plants may use a form of injection which is passive, where the injectee pushes themselves against the stationary needle. The stinging nettle plant has many trichomes, or stinging hairs, over its leaves and stems which are used to inject a mix of irritating chemicals which includes histamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. This sting produces a form of dermatitis which is characterized by a stinging, burning, and itching sensation in the area. "Dendrocnide" species, also called stinging trees, use their trichomes to inject a mix of neurotoxic peptides which causes a reaction similar to the stinging nettle, but also may result in recurring flares for a much longer period after the injection. While some plants have thorns, spines, and prickles, these generally are not used for injection of any substance, but instead it is the act of piercing the skin which causes them to be a deterrent.


title: Jennifer Stone

text: Jennifer Lindsay Stone is an American actress and nurse. She is known for playing Harper Finkle on the Disney Channel Original series "Wizards of Waverly Place" (2007–2012) and in the Disney Channel Original Movie "" (2009). She has also played roles in various television films, including a voice role in "Dadnapped" (2009), the main character in "" (2010) and Abby Hanover in "Mean Girls 2" (2011). Stone received critical acclaim for her work on the independent film "The In-Between" (2019), which she wrote and starred in. Stone is easily recognized by her distinctive raspy voice, and she is known for playing loud and eccentric characters.


title: Jennifer Stone

text: Stone was first cast as Martha in "Secondhand Lions", for which she received a Young Artist Award nomination. She recalls having recognized Michael Caine from "Miss Congeniality" only while on the set of "Secondhand Lions". Stone also received a Young Artist Award nomination for her guest appearance on "House," and guest appeared on "Line of Fire" and "Without a Trace".


title: Jennifer Stone

text: In 2009, she had a voice role in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Dadnapped". She also lent her voice to "Phineas and Ferb" as the voice of Amanda, Candace's daughter in the future in two episodes. In 2010, she played Harriet in the film "", based on the book of the same title by Louise Fitzhugh, which she later admitted she had not read before starring in the film. She later starred in the film "Nothing Left to Fear" and the television film "High School Possession".


title: Jennifer Stone

text: Stone was diagnosed with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), also sometimes referred to as Type 1.5 diabetes, when she was 20 years old. She left acting at that time to study for a university degree, first in psychology and later switching to nursing, so that she could get a better understanding of her disease. In January 2018, she was interviewed on the Diabetes Connections podcast about her diagnosis, and how it has affected her life and career.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews or Caucasus Jews also known as Juhuro, Juvuro, Juhuri, Juwuri, Juhurim, Kavkazi Jews or Gorsky Jews ( "Yehudey Kavkaz" or "Yehudey he-Harim"; , ) are Jews of the eastern and northern Caucasus, mainly Azerbaijan, and various republics in the Russian Federation: Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, and Kabardino-Balkaria.


title: Mountain Jews

text: The Mountain Jews are the descendants of Persian Jews from Iran. Mountain Jews took shape as a community after Qajar Iran ceded the areas in which they lived to the Russian Empire as part of the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813.


title: Mountain Jews

text: The forerunners of the Mountain Jewish community were in Ancient Persia from the 5th century BCE; their language, called Judeo-Tat, is an ancient Southwest Iranian language which integrates many elements of Ancient Hebrew.


title: Mountain Jews

text: It is believed that they had reached Persia from Israel as early as the 8th century BCE. They continued to migrate east, settling in mountainous areas of the Caucasus. Mountain Jews survived numerous historical vicissitudes by settling in extremely remote and mountainous areas. They were known to be accomplished warriors and horseback riders.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews are distinct from Georgian Jews of the Caucasus Mountains. The two groups are culturally different, speaking different languages and having many differences in customs and culture.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews, or Jews of the Caucasus, have inhabited the Caucasus since the fifth century CE. Being the descendants of the Persian Jews of Iran, their migration from Persia proper to the Caucasus took place in the Sasanian era (224–651). It is believed that they had arrived in Persia, from Ancient Israel, as early as the 8th century BCE. Other sources attest that Mountain Jews were present in the region of Azerbaijan at least since 457 BCE. However, Mountain Jews only took shape as a community after Qajar Iran ceded the areas in which they lived to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews have an oral tradition, passed down from generation to generation, that they are descended from the Ten Lost Tribes, which were exiled by the king of Assyria (Ashur), who ruled over northern Iraq from Mosul (across the Tigris River from the ancient city of Nineveh). The reference most likely is to Shalmaneser, the King of Assyria who is mentioned in II Kings 18:9–12. According to local Jewish tradition, some 19,000 Jews departed Jerusalem (used here as a generic term for the Land of Israel) and passed through Syria, Babylonia, and Persia and then, heading north, entered into Media.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews maintained a strong military tradition. For this reason, some historians believe they may be descended from Jewish military colonists, settled by Parthian and Sassanid rulers in the Caucasus as frontier guards against nomadic incursions from the Pontic steppe.


title: Mountain Jews

text: A 2002 study by geneticist Dror Rosengarten found that the paternal haplotypes of Mountain Jews "were shared with other Jewish communities and were consistent with a Mediterranean origin." In addition, Y-DNA testing of Mountain Jews has shown they have Y-DNA haplotypes related to those of other Jewish communities. The Semitic origin of Mountain Jews is also evident in their culture and language.


title: Mountain Jews

text: By the early 17th century, Mountain Jews formed many small settlements throughout mountain valleys of Dagestan. One valley, located 10 km south of Derbent, close to the shore of the Caspian Sea, was predominantly populated by Mountain Jews. Their Muslim neighbors called this area "Jewish Valley." The Jewish Valley grew to be a semi-independent Jewish state, with its spiritual and political center located in its largest settlement of Aba-Sava (1630-1800). The valley prospered until the end of the 18th century, when its settlements were brutally destroyed in the war between Sheikh-Ali-Khan, who swore loyalty to the Russian Empire, and Surkhai-Khan, the ruler of Kumukh. Many Mountain Jews were slaughtered, with survivors escaping to Derbent where they received the protection of Fatali Khan, the ruler of Quba Khanate.


title: Mountain Jews

text: In Chechnya, Mountain Jews partially assimilated into Chechen society by forming a Jewish teip, the Zhugtii. In Chechen society, ethnic minorities residing in areas demographically dominated by Chechens have the option of forming a teip in order to properly participate in the developments of Chechen society such as making alliances and gaining representation in the "Mekhk Khell", a supreme ethnonational council that is occasionally compared to a parliament. Teips of minority-origin have also been made by ethnic Poles, Germans, Georgians, Armenians, Kumyks, Russians, Kalmyks, Circassians, Andis, Avars, Dargins, Laks, Persians, Arabs, Ukrainians and Nogais, with the German teip having been formed as recently as the 1940s when Germans in Siberian exile living among Chechens assimilated.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews have also settled in the territory of modern Azerbaijan. The main Mountain Jewish settlement in Azerbaijan was and remains Qırmızı Qəsəbə, also called Jerusalem of the Caucasus. In Russian, Qırmızı Qəsəbə was once called Еврейская Слобода (translit. "Yevreyskaya Sloboda"), "Jewish Village"; but during Soviet times it was renamed Красная Слобода (translit. "Krasnaya Sloboda"), "Red Village."


title: Mountain Jews

text: In the 18th–19th centuries, the Jews resettled from the highland to the coastal lowlands but carried the name "Mountain Jews" with them. In the villages ("aouls"), the Mountain Jews had settled in separate sections. In the lowland towns they also lived in concentrated neighborhoods, but their dwellings did not differ from those of their neighbors. Mountain Jews retained the dress of the highlanders. They have continued to follow Jewish dietary laws and affirm their faith in family life. In 1902, "The New York Times" reported that clans of Jewish origin, who maintain many of the customs and the principal forms of religious worship of their ancestors, were discovered in the remote regions of Eastern Caucasus.


title: Mountain Jews

text: By 1926, more than 85% of Mountain Jews in Dagestan were already classed as urban. Mountain Jews were mainly concentrated in the cities of Makhachkala, Buynaksk, Derbent, Nalchik and Grozny in North Caucasus; and Quba and Baku in Azerbaijan.


title: Mountain Jews

text: In the Second World War, some Mountain Jews settlements in North Caucasus, including parts of their area in Kabardino-Balkaria were occupied by the German Wehrmacht at the end of 1942. During this period, they killed several hundreds of Mountain Jews until the Germans retreated early 1943. On September 20, 1942, Germans killed 420 Mountain Jews near the village of Bogdanovka. Some 1000–1500 Mountain Jews were murdered during the Holocaust. Many Mountain Jews survived, however, because German troops did not reach all their areas; in addition, attempts succeeded to convince local German authorities that this group were "religious" but not "racial" Jews.


title: Mountain Jews

text: The Soviet Army's advances in the area brought the Nalchik community under its protection. The Mountain Jewish community of Nalchik was the largest Mountain Jewish community occupied by Nazis, and the vast majority of the population has survived. With the help of their Kabardian neighbors, Mountain Jews of Nalchik convinced the local German authorities that they were Tats, the native people similar to other Caucasus Mountain peoples, not related to the ethnic Jews, who merely adopted Judaism. The annihilation of the Mountain Jews was suspended, contingent on racial investigation. Although the Nazis watched the village carefully, Rabbi Nachamil ben Hizkiyahu hid Sefer Torahs by burying them in a fake burial ceremony. The city was liberated a few months later.


title: Mountain Jews

text: In 1944, the NKVD deported the entire Chechen populace that surrounded the Mountain Jews in Chechnya, and moved other ethnic groups into their homes; Mountain Jews mostly refused to take the homes of deported Chechens while there are some reports of deported Chechens entrusting their homes to Jews in order to keep them safe.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Given the marked changes in the 1990s following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and rise of nationalism in the region, many Mountain Jews permanently left their hometowns in the Caucasus and relocated to Moscow or abroad. During the First Chechen War, many Jews left due to the Russian invasion and indiscriminate bombardment of civilian population by the Russian military. Despite historically close relations between Jews and Chechens, many also suffered high rate of kidnappings and violence at the hands of armed ethnic Chechen gangs who ransomed their freedom to "Israel and the international Jewish community". Many Mountain Jews emigrated to Israel or the United States. Qırmızı Qəsəbə in Azerbaijan remains the biggest settlement of Mountain Jews in the world, with the current population over 3,000.


title: Mountain Jews

text: While elsewhere in the Russian Empire, Jews were prohibited from owning land (excluding the Jews of Siberia and Central Asia), at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, Mountain Jews owned land and were farmers and gardeners, growing mainly grain. Their oldest occupation was rice-growing, but they also raised silkworms and cultivated tobacco and vineyards. Mountain Jews and their Christian Armenian neighbors were the main producers of wine, as Muslims were prohibited by their religion from producing or consuming alcohol. Judaism limited some types of meat consumption. Unlike their neighbors, the Jews raised few domestic animals, although tanning was their third most important economic activity after farming and gardening. At the end of the 19th century, 6% of Jews were engaged in this trade. Handicrafts and commerce were mostly practiced by Jews in towns.


title: Mountain Jews

text: The Soviet authorities bound the Mountain Jews to collective farms, but allowed them to continue their traditional cultivation of grapes, tobacco, and vegetables; and making wine. In practical terms, the Jews are no longer isolated from other ethnic groups.


title: Mountain Jews

text: With increasing urbanization and sovietization in progress, by the 1930s, a layer of intelligentsia began to form. By the late 1960s, academic professionals, such as pharmacists, medical doctors, and engineers, were common in the community. Mountain Jews worked in more professional positions than did Georgian Jews, though less than the Soviet Ashkenazi community, who were based in larger cities of Russia. A sizable number of Mountain Jews worked in the entertainment industry in Dagestan. The republic's dancing ensemble "Lezginka" was led by Tankho Israilov, a Mountain Jew, from 1958–1979.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews are not Sephardim (from the Iberian Peninsula) nor Ashkenazim (from Central Europe) but rather of Persian Jewish origin, and they follow some Mizrachi customs. Mountain Jews tenaciously held to their religion throughout the centuries, developing their own unique traditions and religious practices. Mountain Jewish traditions are infused with teachings of Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews have traditionally maintained a two-tiered rabbinate, distinguishing between a rabbi and a "dayan." A "rabbi" was a title given to religious leaders performing the functions of liturgical preachers (maggids) and cantors (hazzans) in synagogues ("nimaz"), teachers in Jewish schools (cheders), and shochets. A Dayan was a chief rabbi of a town, presiding over beit dins and representing the highest religious authority for the town and nearby smaller settlements. Dayans were elected democratically by community leaders.


title: Mountain Jews

text: The religious survival of the community was not without difficulties. In the prosperous days of the Jewish Valley (roughly 1600-1800), the spiritual center of Mountain Jews centered on the settlement of Aba-Sava. Many works of religious significance were written in Aba-Sava. Here, Elisha ben Schmuel Ha-Katan wrote several of his piyyuts. Theologist Gershon Lala ben Moshke Nakdi, who lived in Aba-Sava in 18th century, wrote a commentary to Mishneh Torah of Maimonides. Rabbi Mattathia ben Shmuel ha-Kohen wrote his kabbalistic essay Kol Hamevaser in Aba-Sava. With the brutal destruction of Aba-Sava (roughly 1800), however, the religious center of Mountain Jews moved to Derbent.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Prominent rabbis of Mountain Jews in the nineteenth century included: Rabbi Gershom son of Rabbi Reuven of Qırmızı Qəsəbə Azerbaijan, Shalom ben Melek of Temir-Khan-Shura (modern Buynaksk), Chief Rabbi of Dagestan Jacob ben Isaac, and Rabbi Hizkiyahu ben Avraam of Nalchik, whose son Rabbi Nahamiil ben Hizkiyahu later played a crucial role in saving Nalchik's Jewish community from the Nazis. In the early decades of the Soviet Union, the government took steps to suppress religion. Thus, in the 1930s, the Soviet Union closed synagogues belonging to Mountain Jews. The same procedures were implemented on other ethnicities and religions. Soviet authorities propagated the myth that Mountain Jews were not part of the world Jewish people at all, but rather members of the Tat community that settled in the region. Soviet anti-Zionism rhetoric was intensified during Khrushchev's rule. Some of the synagogues were later reopened in the 1940s. The closing of the synagogues in the 1930s was part of communist ideology, which resisted religion of any kind.


title: Mountain Jews

text: At the beginning of the 1950s, there were synagogues in all major Mountain Jewish communities. By 1966, reportedly six synagogues remained; some were confiscated by the Soviet authorities. While Mountain Jews observed the rituals of circumcision, marriage and burial, as well as Jewish holidays, other precepts of Jewish faith were observed less carefully. Yet, the community's ethnic identity remained unshaken despite the Soviet efforts. Cases of intermarriage with Muslims in Azerbaijan or Dagestan were rare as both groups practice endogamy. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Mountain Jews experienced a significant religious revival, with increasing religious observance by members of the younger generation. Mountain Jews also developed and retained customs different from other Jews, such as "govgil", an end-of-Passover picnic celebration involving the whole community.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews speak Judeo-Tat, also called Juhuri, a form of Persian; it belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages. Judeo-Tat has Semitic (Hebrew/Aramaic/Arabic) elements on all linguistic levels. Among other Semitic elements, Judeo-Tat has the Hebrew sound "ayin" (ע), whereas no neighboring languages have it. Until the early Soviet period, the language was written with semi-cursive Hebrew alphabet. Later, Judeo-Tat books, newspapers, textbooks, and other materials were printed with a Latin alphabet and finally in Cyrillic, which is still most common today. The first Judeo-Tat-language newspaper, "Zakhmetkesh" (Working People), was published in 1928 and operated until the second half of the twentieth century.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Originally, only boys were educated through synagogue schools. Starting from the 1860s, many well-off families switched to home-schooling, hiring private tutors, who taught their sons not only Hebrew, but also Russian and Yiddish. In the early 20th century, with advance of sovietization, Judeo-Tat became the language of instruction at newly founded elementary schools attended by both Mountain Jewish boys and girls. This policy continued until the beginning of World War II, when schools switched to Russian as the central government emphasized acquisition of Russian as the official language of the Soviet Union.


title: Mountain Jews

text: In the 21st century, the Russian government started encouraging the revival of cultural life of minorities. In Dagestan and Kabardino-Balkaria, Judeo-Tat and Hebrew courses have been introduced in traditionally Mountain Jewish schools. In Dagestan, there is support for the revival of the Judeo-Tat-language theater and the publication of newspapers in that language.


title: Mountain Jews

text: "And we, the TatsWe, Samson warriors,Bar Kochba's heirs...we went into battlesand bitterly, heroicallystruggled for our freedom


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jews have a military tradition and have been historically viewed as fierce warriors. Some historians suggest that the group traces its beginnings to Persian-Jewish soldiers who were stationed in the Caucasus by the Sasanian kings in the fifth or sixth century to protect the area from the onslaughts of the Huns and other nomadic invaders from the east. Men were typically heavily armed and some slept without removing their weapons.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Over time the Mountain Jews adopted the dress of their Muslim neighbors. Men typically wore chokhas and covered their head with papakhas, many variations of which could symbolize the men's social status. Wealthier men's dress was adorned with many pieces of jewelry, including silver and gold-decorated weaponry, pins, chains, belts, or "kisets" (small purse used to hold tobacco or coins). Women's dress was typically of simpler design in dark tones, made from silk, brocade, velvet, satin and later wool. They decorated the fabric with beads, gold pins or buttons, and silver gold-plated belts. Outside the house, both single and married women covered their hair with headscarves.


title: Mountain Jews

text: Mountain Jewish cuisine absorbed typical dishes from various peoples of the Caucasus, Azerbaijani and Persian cuisine, adjusting some recipes to conform to the laws of kashrut, with a great emphasis on using rice (osh) to accompany many of their dishes. Typical Mountain Jewish dishes include:


title: Mountain Jews

text: The music of Mountain Jews is mostly based in the standard liturgy, for prayer and the celebration of holidays. Celebratory music played during weddings and similar events is typically upbeat with various instruments to add layers to the sound.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: Fahrenheit (known as Indigo Prophecy in North America) is an action-adventure game developed by Quantic Dream and published by Atari for Microsoft Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2 in September 2005. The plot follows Lucas Kane, a man who commits murder while supernaturally possessed, and two police detectives investigating the case. Gameplay involves the player in making decisions to alter the narrative.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: Writer and director David Cage completed the 2,000-page script in one year. Quantic Dream, then employing almost eighty people, took two years to develop the game. "Fahrenheit" was chiefly praised for the story, characters, voice acting, and music, but criticised for the ending and graphics. It sold over one million copies. The remastered version released for Windows, Android, iOS, Linux, and macOS in 2015, and PlayStation 4 in 2016.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: "Fahrenheit" is an action-adventure game played from third- and first-person perspectives. The main controllable characters are Lucas Kane, a man supernaturally possessed into committing murder, and New York City police detectives Carla Valenti and Tyler Miles, who pursue him; Lucas' brother Markus is occasionally playable. Story details can change and three endings are unlockable depending on what the player does, including managing the protagonists' state of mind and pressing on-screen prompts. The left analogue stick is for movement, the right one will trigger actions like dialogue choices or grabbing objects, and both are needed to summon Lucas' paranormal abilities. To mimic exertion, the trigger buttons must be pressed rapidly. Chapters may be replayed once the player has beaten the game.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: One night in New York City, a possessed Lucas Kane stabs a man to death in the restroom of a diner and then flees the scene. The case is assigned to Detective Carla Valenti and her partner. Lucas sees a spiritual medium named Agatha, who places him in a trance to try to recall the events from before. Upon discovering that he had been approached by a strange man, who seemed to be controlling him during the slaying, Lucas leaves. He returns the following night, only to find Agatha dead. Meanwhile, the police have identified Lucas as the prime suspect, and lay a trap to capture him. He demonstrates superhuman strength, defeating them all and escaping onto a moving train.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: Directed by what appears to be Agatha's spirit, Lucas learns that what occurred in the restaurant was a Mayan sacrifice. He sets up a meeting with a specialist on the Maya civilisation, according to whom, the ritual was meant to unlock a passage into the "Other World". However, the executioner was traditionally supposed to commit suicide afterwards. Eventually, Lucas' ex-girlfriend is kidnapped by the man from the diner, a Mayan Oracle, in order to draw him out. In his efforts to rescue her, both perish, but he is brought back to life by a group of artificial intelligence (AI) that seeks the Indigo Child, a young girl who carries a secret that grants unlimited power to whoever hears it.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: Carla's investigation leads her to interview a convict whose modus operandi mirrored Lucas'. He tells her about the Orange Clan, of which the Oracle is a member, and their search for eternal life. Lucas makes contact with Carla and convinces her to trust him. He explains that the Oracle will do anything in pursuit of the Indigo Child. Lucas discovers where she is, bringing her to a military base where Lucas grew up and was exposed to Chroma, a force which gave him the ability to resist the Oracle's attempts to drive him to suicide and will enable the Indigo Child to deliver her message. The Oracle and AI follow them, and a final battle takes place. Three months later, Lucas is living with Carla, who has become pregnant.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: "Fahrenheit" was developed by Quantic Dream. Founder David Cage served as writer and director. Due to lack of support from initial publisher Vivendi Games, the role was turned over to Atari, adding to the budget. The game had originally been planned as an episodic title with twelve instalments and a team of writers, but Cage later abandoned the format. His intention was to make something that would satisfy ex- and non-gamers, expressing frustration with the industry's repetitive nature and focus on younger demographics. He saw story as the primary import and resolved that the narrative would be formed based on player choice. To maintain control of the pacing and quality in an ever-changing plot, he thought of it as a rubber band; "the player can stretch or deform the rubber band through his actions, but whatever he does the backbone of my story is always there". The American setting and classic archetypes were deliberately chosen for accessibility. The design document took him a year to finish, was composed of 2,000 pages, and required comprehensive directions to avoid any sudden alterations to the production.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: "Fahrenheit" entailed nearly eighty in-house employees, in addition to sixty stuntmen and actors who performed over twelve hours' worth of facial and motion capture animation, which they concluded in three months, and three hours of voice work. A blue colour filter, high dynamic range effects, and film grain were used to achieve the desired atmosphere. Early gameplay tests resulted in a thirty-percent faster navigation, while some cut-scenes were removed or sped up. Cage decided to implement a gauge to more clearly represent a character's mental health. This system as well as the "game over" sequences were completed in two weeks. He then came up with a context-sensitive user interface where moving the analogue sticks could enable an unrestricted number of gestures. Cage appeared in the tutorial at the request of a Vivendi producer. The TV series "24" inspired the use of split screen in the game, both for its visual and interactive potential. The films "Snake Eyes" (1998), "Seven" (1995), "Jacob's Ladder" (1990), and "Angel Heart" (1987) influenced the story and characters; "Fight Club" (1999) and "Dune" (1984) made an impact on the voice-over. Composer Angelo Badalamenti recorded the score with a Canadian orchestra, supervised by Normand Corbeil. Badalamenti was told by the director to think of the soundtrack as though it were made for a movie. Corbeil worked on the project for a month and a half. "Fahrenheit" was released to manufacturing in early September 2005, after two years of development.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: Atari, Inc. published "Fahrenheit" for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, and Xbox in Europe and North America on 16 and 20 September 2005, respectively. It was made downloadable on Xbox 360 in 2007. "Fahrenheit" was renamed "Indigo Prophecy" in North America to avoid confusion with the 2004 film "Fahrenheit 9/11", a point of contention between Cage and Atari. Sex scenes were omitted from this version, but included in "Fahrenheit: Indigo Prophecy Remastered", which launched for Windows, Android, iOS, Linux, and macOS in 2015, and PlayStation 4 in 2016.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: According to Metacritic, "Fahrenheit" received generally favourable reviews by critics. Executive producer Guillaume de Fondaumière claimed it was the highest-rated in its genre since "Grim Fandango" (1998) and considered the release a commercial success, with over one million copies sold. It was named the best adventure game of 2005 by "Computer Games Magazine", "GameSpy", "PC Gamer", and "IGN"; "Adventure Gamers" ranked it fifty-seventh of all time. "Game Informer" listed "Fahrenheit" last among ten video game openings. Garnett Lee of "1Up.com" praised the "disturbing" and graceful nature of the story as well as its combination with the gameplay, saying "Fahrenheit" had set a new standard for future aims of doing so. "GameSpot"s Alex Navarro highlighted the layers of context and "heartfelt meaning" to its use of cinematic gameplay. He enjoyed the narrative, dubbing it "deep, captivating", and, echoing Lee, "disturbing". The character development, art style, voice acting, and music also saw approval from Navarro. Raymond M. Padilla at "GameSpy" declared that "it's so good that it just might save a dying genre", regarding the plot and main characters to be well-written and the voice cast as one of the best of the year. The controls were admired for their accessibility, while the score was complimented for its "moody and captivating" qualities. Writing for "GameZone", Ronnie Hobbs liked that the controls helped with narrative immersion, and that this created an emotional connection to the characters. Hobbs' verdict read: "Despite its flaws, "Indigo Prophecy" is the definitive interactive story, and not only does it perfect the genre, it redefines it". Charles Onyett, reviewing the game for "IGN", thought it succeeded in its effort to provide a movie-like experience. The feature of multiple playable characters was believed to have worked well, the action choreography and voice acting impressed him, and the soundtrack was described as gripping.


title: Fahrenheit (2005 video game)

text: Conversely, Lee expressed dislike to the "rather weakly implemented "Metal Gear Solid"-like stealth sections" and "Fahrenheit"s final third, which he perceived to be rushed. Navarro agreed with Lee on the ending and sneak sequences, criticising the former for its incoherent aspects and latter because it lacked engagement, matching the reason he disapproved of the puzzles. Additionally, Navarro complained that the graphics were unsightly. Padilla disparaged the PC version for being worse than its console counterparts, calling the keyboard and mouse setup "not fun". He noted that button commands would sometimes distract from on-screen events. As with Navarro, Padilla termed the graphics an "undeniable flaw". Hobbs found it difficult to endure the "awkward" camera angles and "questionable" character movements. Onyett noticed the same control problem, opining that this could become "difficult and tedious". He was displeased with the effects of playing on a computer and, like Lee and Navarro, took issue with the last portions of the game. Onyett chastised the graphics' "fuzzy" edges and "bland" textures along with the "stilted and awkward" animations.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: Closure/Continuation is the eleventh studio album by British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree. It is their first since 2009's "The Incident". Despite public uncertainty of the band's future after frontman Steven Wilson's focus on a solo career in 2010, the album was recorded intermittently in complete secrecy among Wilson, Gavin Harrison, and Richard Barbieri across the course of the following decade, without longtime bassist Colin Edwin. With the COVID-19 pandemic putting members' separate plans on hold, the band found time to completely finish the record in September 2021. Towards the end of the year, the band's reformation was publicly announced, alongside the album's release date of 24 June 2022. Four singles were released ahead of the record—"Harridan", "Of the New Day", "Herd Culling", and "Rats Return".


title: Closure/Continuation

text: After Porcupine Tree finished the touring cycle for their tenth album, "The Incident" (2009) in 2010, frontman Steven Wilson felt the need to focus on other musical projects. Wilson felt creatively constrained by the public expectation of what Porcupine Tree music should sound like, and privately resented by the rest of the band, who he felt were upset that Wilson was getting most of the credit for the band's accomplishments and musicianship. Without a specific plan on how to handle the band, Wilson spent the following year recording and releasing his second solo album, "Grace for Drowning" (2011), and Blackfield's third album, "Welcome to My DNA" (2011). Initially, Wilson mentioned the possibility of working on new music in early 2012, with drummer Gavin Harrison later estimating that recording would occur across 2012 and release 2013. Plans shortly changed though, with Wilson unexpectedly announcing that he would be focusing on recording, releasing, and touring in support of a third solo album, an effort that would keep him busy through the entirety of 2013.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: Wilson kept in regular contact with Harrison, so he remained unbothered, but other members became dismayed and resentful that they had been left behind by Wilson. In particular, Wilson lost complete contact with bassist Colin Edwin, while keyboardist Richard Barbieri privately became upset that Wilson publicly pushed aside the band. Publicly, Wilson still maintained that the band "haven't split up" and that there are "no intentions of splitting up", but also said there were no specific plans for a new album either. He also explained that his uncertainty of what direction the band should go musically also complicated moving forward, noting that he was tired of the metal musical direction the band prior few albums had taken, and that at least one band member did not appreciate the jazz music direction that some of his solo music had taken at the time. When asked if the band may never reform, Wilson responded that he honestly didn't know, and really just wanted to continue to focus on his solo albums for the time being. Midway through 2013, Wilson reiterated the band's status, stating that it's "not to say the band has broken up or anything like that. It's always conceivable that we could get back together in a year or five years, or 10 years. I really can't say – there are no plans at the moment." Edwin separately reiterated the same stance.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: Wilson proceeded with his solo career, including "The Raven That Refused to Sing (And Other Stories)" (2013) and "Hand. Cannot. Erase." (2015). Publicly, Wilson's stance on the band varied, but generally soured over time. In 2015, he noted that if the band returned, it would just be a "side-project" to his solo career. In 2016, he noted that there was a "strong possibility" of Porcupine Tree reforming some day, but later in the year, on the same topic, responded "you'd be waiting for a long time, that band [Porcupine Tree] doesn't exist anymore." In 2017, Wilson reiterated his solo career being the priority, because "[his] solo project has taken off" and "fulfills the musical needs [he has] now." The following year, he went as far as to say that the odds of the band reforming were "zero" and "finished" because he was "not interested in moving backwards", instead preferring to explore new musical styles with various other musicians in his solo work. Years later, Wilson again reversed his stance, suggesting that it was possible and would happen when least expected. In November 2021, the band officially announced they were not only reforming, but a new album, revealed to be named "Closure/Continuation", had already been completed in secrecy in September 2021.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: The album was entirely created in complete secrecy over the course of a decade. None of the material originated as content left over from their prior album, "The Incident". Unlike prior albums, where Wilson would write and demo extensively himself before presenting it to the band, "Closure/Continuation" was written collaboratively. Harrison noted that earliest work on the album began as early as 2011, when he and Wilson, living close to one another, still met up to talk and spend time together. Harrison recounted that on one of those dates, Wilson happened to pick up a bass guitar lying around, and started playing it on a whim. This ended up resulting in some extended jam sessions between the two - Wilson on bass and Harrison on drums. The result was far different than when the band had previously attempted to jam and improvise - Wilson usually played guitar, not bass, and they both found it much easier to experiment with ideas with only two instruments being played, rather that the busier 4 person/instrument sessions of the past. The two recorded the jam sessions, and then Wilson would review them and attempt to take segments and later work them into songs. The earliest iterations of the track "Harridan" and "Chimera's Wreck" originated from these sessions. Barbieri would later join the sessions with his keyboard playing as well, but Wilson continued to perform on the bass, eventually writing a majority of the album on bass, and later recording all bass parts.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: Every aspect of the album was recorded by either Wilson, Harrison, and Barbieri; with the album featuring no guest musicians or contributions from Edwin. Upon writing and demoing the basis of the album among the three members, Wilson opted to take care of bass recording himself, feeling his style of playing the bass more like a guitarist was too different in style from Edwin. With the writing sessions also more focused around the idea of collaboration, they felt it against the spirit of the album to force Edwin to record music he hadn't collaborated on himself. Outside of "Of The New Day", which was written by Wilson alone, all other songs were collaborations among at least 2 members, an approach that was different from prior albums, but deemed necessary by Wilson, who felt that the music would become too similar to his solo work if he simply wrote everything. "Harridan", "Chimera's Wreck", and "Rats Return" were written by Wilson and Harrison, "Dignity" and "Walk the Plank" were written by Wilson and Barbieri, and "Herd Culling" was written by all three. "Herd Culling" was initially a Wilson and Harrison creation that Barbieri struggled to contribute to, until he decided to expand onto it as an outro rather than over the work of Wilson and Harrison. "Harridan" and "Chimera's Wreck" were the earliest created songs, being conceived just a few years after the release of "The Incident", while "Herd Culling" was the last song to be created, during a COVID-19 lockdown. Wilson noted that the decade-spanning recording sessions did result in some oddities; one particular line from "Harridan" features two vocal takes done a decade apart.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: Wilson, Harrison, and Barbieri would continue to revisit the material off and on over the years, in-between their own individual projects. Harrison noted that at times months or even year long gaps of inactivity occurred. Barbieri became more proactive in his work around 2016, when the band became more serious about completing the material into a full-length album. In 2019, just prior to the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the band had a meeting about scheduling time to finally complete the album, though it wasn't until the extended downtime created by the COVID-19 lockdowns that the three were finally able to put aside enough dedicated time to finish it. The band noted:"'Harridan' and a few of the other new songs have been in play since shortly after the release of "The Incident". They initially lived on a hard drive in a slowly growing computer file marked PT2012, later renamed PT2015, PT2018, and so on. There were times when we even forgot they were there, and times when they nagged us to finish them to see where they would take us. Listening to the finished pieces, it was clear that this wasn't like any of our work outside of the band – the combined DNA of the people behind the music meant these tracks were forming what was undeniably, unmistakably, obviously a Porcupine Tree record."


title: Closure/Continuation

text: Wilson and Harrison expressed their contentment with the making of the album, having written it with complete creative control, on their own time-table, without intervention from a record label, and not created out of a necessity for money or fame due to their separate projects having failed.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: While the album is not a concept album and has no overarching central theme, the album's title is self-referential to the band's reunion. It refers to the uncertainty of the band as to whether the album is wrapping up their career as "closure", or if it is a new beginning and a "continuation" into further music together. The album was written so that it could conceptually serve either scenario. Wilson's lyrics in "Chimera's Wreck" were inspired by the death of his father in 2011; the original lyrics directly addressed the topic, while the final version grew into a more general existential reflection on mortality. "Herd Culling" was inspired by reports of paranormal activity at Skinwalker Ranch and people's reactions to similar situations, though Wilson addressed and appreciated that listeners interpret it to be about issues of violence and paranoia in modern society. Wilson described "Rats Return" as being about "politicians who express having an interest in the public, but when it comes down to it, only want to save themselves". He noted it was inspired by the depression felt by "having lived through Brexit, Trump, and Boris Johnson".


title: Closure/Continuation

text: Musically, the band also made effort not to write any particular songs with pop music or single appeal or radio airplay, instead focusing on the album on a collective work. Wilson also purposely lessened the heavy metal music influence seen in the band's prior four albums, as he had grown tired of the sound and style. The album features some heavier guitar riffs, but less than the prior four albums, and one track, "Walk the Plank", features no guitar at all. The song "Of the New Day" was noted to sound like the music from the band's "Stupid Dream" (1999) and "Lightbulb Sun" (2000) albums, and according to Wilson and Harrison, features 42 time signature changes across the course of the song.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: After a decade without any public developments by the band, activity started up in late 2021. After multiple days of cryptic teasers from band and band member social media accounts, the band announced their reformation, the name of the album they had been recording in secrecy, "Closure/Continuation", and a supporting tour in late 2022. Wilson, Harrison and Barbieri were announced as the band's returning members, with long-time bassist Colin Edwin not returning. Wilson noted this was a combination of the band members losing contact with Edwin, and that Wilson himself had written and recorded the album's bass parts anyway. Guitarist Randy McStine and bassist Nate Navarro were recruited to round out the touring lineup. Previous touring guitarist John Wesley was not asked to return, with the band opting to recruit multi-instrumentalists whose versatility could help in using fewer backing tracks in the live performances. The band plans on performing the entire album at each show, but not as a whole, but rather, interspersed with other songs largely from their "In Absentia" (2002) and "Fear of a Blank Planet" (2007) albums. Audio from every performance will be recorded by the band.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: The album was released on 24 June 2022. The Designers Republic's Ian Anderson provided the album's artwork. The first single, "Harridan", was released on 1 November 2021. A second single, "Of the New Day", was released in March 2022. Songs "Herd Culling" and "Rats Return" were also released ahead of the album in May and June respectively.


title: Closure/Continuation

text: Prior to publication, "Loudwire" named the album one of their most anticipated rock and metal albums in 2022. Upon release, the album was generally well-received, getting an average rating of 71 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on nine reviews. "Metal Injection" praised the album for being "an outstanding and endearing comeback...while it doesn't bring anything new to the table...what it does accomplish and induce is quite exemplary". AllMusic concluded that the album was "A welcome new entry in PT's catalog" that shows that "the band have plenty left to say". "Record Collector" noted that while the album "perhaps misses the conceptual cogency of earlier Tree peaks", ultimately it "weds a reinvigorated affirmation of band identity to expansive energies, all to confident effect".


title: Closure/Continuation

text: At the mid-week mark, "Closure/Continuation" was on track to debut at the number one spot on the UK all-format album chart, potentially the band's first album to top the chart. The album ultimately debuted at number two in the official UK album charts, though it debuted at number one for both CD and vinyl sales.


title: Subaru Corporation

text: Fuji Heavy Industries traces its roots to the Nakajima Aircraft Company, a leading supplier of airplanes to the Japanese government during World War II. At the end of World War II, Nakajima was broken up by the Allied Occupation government under "keiretsu" legislation, and by 1950 part of the separated operation was already known as Fuji Heavy Industries.


title: Subaru Corporation

text: FHI was incorporated on July 15, 1953, when five Japanese companies, known as Fuji Kogyo, Fuji Jidosha Kogyo, Omiya Fuji Kogyo, Utsunomiya Sharyo, and Tokyo Fuji Sangyo, joined to form one of Japan's largest manufacturers of transportation equipment.


title: Subaru Corporation

text: By late 1980s, the company was a major supplier of military, aerospace and railroad equipment in Japan, but 80% of its sales came from automobiles. Sales in 1989 fell 15% to US$4.3 billion. In 1990, the company faced a loss of over US$500 million. Industrial Bank of Japan Ltd., the main bank of the company, asked Nissan Motor, which owned 4.2% of the company, to step in. Nissan sent Isamu Kawai, the president of Nissan Diesel Motor Co., to take charge of FHI. In 1991, FHI started contract-manufacturing Nissan Pulsar (Nissan Sunny in Europe) sedans and hatchbacks.


title: Subaru Corporation

text: Currently, the Subaru Corporation makes Subaru brand cars, and its aerospace division makes utility and attack helicopters for the Japanese Self Defense Force, trainers, unmanned aerial vehicles, and the center wings of Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 jets. In the past, FHI made parts for the Raytheon Hawker and Eclipse Aviation business jets.


title: Subaru Corporation

text: In 2003, the company adopted the logo of its Subaru automobile division as its worldwide corporate symbol.


title: Subaru Corporation

text: On October 5, 2005 Toyota purchased 8.7% of FHI shares from General Motors, which had owned 20.1% since 1999. GM later divested its remaining 11.4% stake on the open market to sever all ties with FHI. FHI previously stated there might have been 27 million shares (3.4%) acquired before the start of trading by an unknown party on October 6, 2005, and speculation suggested a bank or perhaps another automaker was involved. After the purchase, Toyota announced a contract with Subaru on March 13, 2006 to use the underutilized Subaru manufacturing facility in Lafayette, Indiana, as well as plans to hire up to 1,000 workers and set aside an assembly line for the Camry, beginning in the second quarter of 2007.


title: Subaru Corporation

text: In June 2014, the company entered into a contract with Boeing Commercial Airplanes, as one of five major Japanese companies contracted, to build parts for Boeing's 777X aircraft.


title: Subaru Corporation

text: In May 2016, Fuji Heavy Industries announced that it would change its name to Subaru Corporation, with the change effective on April 1, 2017.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: Diego Carlos Santos Silva (born 15 March 1993), known as Diego Carlos, is a Brazilian professional who plays as a defender for English club Aston Villa.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: Carlos began his senior career with Desportivo Brasil. In September 2012, Carlos signed for São Paulo, playing for their B-Team.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: On 2 July 2014, Carlos signed for Portuguese club Estoril. He spent one year with their development team before going on loan to FC Porto B. He went on to make 19 appearances with them in the Liga Portugal 2. After his loan move, Carlos featured for Estoril in the Primeira Liga - scoring his first goal for the club on 25 October 2015. in a 2–2 draw against Rio Ave.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: In June 2016, it was announced Carlos would join FC Nantes on a five-year contract. The transfer fee paid to Estoril was an estimated €2 million. He made his debut for Nantes on 25 October 2016, in a 2–1 victory over Angers in the Coupe de la Ligue. His first goal for the club came on 12 February 2017, in a 3–2 Ligue 1 victory over Marseille.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: On 14 January 2018, during a Ligue 1 match between Nantes and Paris Saint-Germain, referee Tony Chapron appeared to kick Carlos following a collision, before sending him off for a second bookable offence. Chapron, who was suspended by the French Football Federation, admitted his mistake and asked for Carlos' second yellow card to be rescinded. As a result, the French football league withdrew the second yellow card.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: On 31 May 2019, Spanish club Sevilla FC announced it had reached an agreement with Nantes for the transfer of Carlos. He made his debut in a 2–0 away victory over Espanyol.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: Carlos was part of the club's successful 2019–20 UEFA Europa League campaign. In the run up to the final, he conceded penalties in both of Sevilla's quarter-final and semi-final matches against Wolverhampton Wanderers and Manchester United, respectively and then also gave away a penalty early on in the final itself against Inter Milan on 21 August 2020. He had a hand in the game-winning goal as his overhead kick was turned into the net by Romelu Lukaku.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: In the 2021–22 season, Sevilla went on to have one of the strongest defenses in La Liga and across Europe's top leagues, with Carlos' leadership at centre-back being cited as one of the reasons for this. Because of that, Carlos began to attract the interest of a number of clubs across Europe, with English clubs Newcastle United and West Ham United reportedly attempting to sign him in the January transfer window of 2022.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: On 26 May 2022, English club Aston Villa announced they had reached an agreement with Sevilla for Carlos' transfer. The fee was undisclosed by the club, but was reported to be £26 million. Ahead of his first season with Aston Villa, he was named by manager Steven Gerrard as one of two vice-captains, alongside Emiliano Martínez. On 6 August, he made his debut for the club in the Premier league in 2-0 away loss against Bournemouth. On 13 August, he made his Villa Park debut in a 2–1 victory over Everton. In the same game, he ruptured his achilles tendon, which saw him requiring surgery.


title: Diego Carlos (footballer, born 1993)

text: On 3 November 2020, Carlos received a late call up to the Brazil squad for two 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches against Venezuela and Uruguay.


title: Digital signal processor

text: A digital signal processor (DSP) is a specialized microprocessor chip, with its architecture optimized for the operational needs of digital signal processing. DSPs are fabricated on MOS integrated circuit chips. They are widely used in audio signal processing, telecommunications, digital image processing, radar, sonar and speech recognition systems, and in common consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones, disk drives and high-definition television (HDTV) products.


title: Digital signal processor

text: The goal of a DSP is usually to measure, filter or compress continuous real-world analog signals. Most general-purpose microprocessors can also execute digital signal processing algorithms successfully, but may not be able to keep up with such processing continuously in real-time. Also, dedicated DSPs usually have better power efficiency, thus they are more suitable in portable devices such as mobile phones because of power consumption constraints. DSPs often use special memory architectures that are able to fetch multiple data or instructions at the same time.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms typically require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly and repeatedly on a series of data samples. Signals (perhaps from audio or video sensors) are constantly converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted back to analog form. Many DSP applications have constraints on latency; that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some fixed time, and deferred (or batch) processing is not viable.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Most general-purpose microprocessors and operating systems can execute DSP algorithms successfully, but are not suitable for use in portable devices such as mobile phones and PDAs because of power efficiency constraints. A specialized DSP, however, will tend to provide a lower-cost solution, with better performance, lower latency, and no requirements for specialised cooling or large batteries.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Such performance improvements have led to the introduction of digital signal processing in commercial communications satellites where hundreds or even thousands of analog filters, switches, frequency converters and so on are required to receive and process the uplinked signals and ready them for downlinking, and can be replaced with specialised DSPs with significant benefits to the satellites' weight, power consumption, complexity/cost of construction, reliability and flexibility of operation. For example, the SES-12 and SES-14 satellites from operator SES launched in 2018, were both built by Airbus Defence and Space with 25% of capacity using DSP.


title: Digital signal processor

text: The architecture of a DSP is optimized specifically for digital signal processing. Most also support some of the features of an applications processor or microcontroller, since signal processing is rarely the only task of a system. Some useful features for optimizing DSP algorithms are outlined below.


title: Digital signal processor

text: By the standards of general-purpose processors, DSP instruction sets are often highly irregular; while traditional instruction sets are made up of more general instructions that allow them to perform a wider variety of operations, instruction sets optimized for digital signal processing contain instructions for common mathematical operations that occur frequently in DSP calculations. Both traditional and DSP-optimized instruction sets are able to compute any arbitrary operation but an operation that might require multiple ARM or x86 instructions to compute might require only one instruction in a DSP optimized instruction set.


title: Digital signal processor

text: One implication for software architecture is that hand-optimized assembly-code routines (assembly programs) are commonly packaged into libraries for re-use, instead of relying on advanced compiler technologies to handle essential algorithms. Even with modern compiler optimizations hand-optimized assembly code is more efficient and many common algorithms involved in DSP calculations are hand-written in order to take full advantage of the architectural optimizations.


title: Digital signal processor

text: In engineering, hardware architecture refers to the identification of a system's physical components and their interrelationships. This description, often called a hardware design model, allows hardware designers to understand how their components fit into a system architecture and provides to software component designers important information needed for software development and integration. Clear definition of a hardware architecture allows the various traditional engineering disciplines (e.g., electrical and mechanical engineering) to work more effectively together to develop and manufacture new machines, devices and components.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Hardware is also an expression used within the computer engineering industry to explicitly distinguish the (electronic computer) hardware from the software that runs on it. But hardware, within the automation and software engineering disciplines, need not simply be a computer of some sort. A modern automobile runs vastly more software than the Apollo spacecraft. Also, modern aircraft cannot function without running tens of millions of computer instructions embedded and distributed throughout the aircraft and resident in both standard computer hardware and in specialized hardware components such as IC wired logic gates, analog and hybrid devices, and other digital components. The need to effectively model how separate physical components combine to form complex systems is important over a wide range of applications, including computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, surgical instrumentation, satellites, and submarines.


title: Digital signal processor

text: DSPs are usually optimized for streaming data and use special memory architectures that are able to fetch multiple data or instructions at the same time, such as the Harvard architecture or Modified von Neumann architecture, which use separate program and data memories (sometimes even concurrent access on multiple data buses).


title: Digital signal processor

text: DSPs can sometimes rely on supporting code to know about cache hierarchies and the associated delays. This is a tradeoff that allows for better performance. In addition, extensive use of DMA is employed.


title: Digital signal processor

text: DSPs frequently use multi-tasking operating systems, but have no support for virtual memory or memory protection. Operating systems that use virtual memory require more time for context switching among processes, which increases latency.


title: Digital signal processor

text: In 1976, Richard Wiggins proposed the Speak & Spell concept to Paul Breedlove, Larry Brantingham, and Gene Frantz at Texas Instruments' Dallas research facility. Two years later in 1978, they produced the first Speak & Spell, with the technological centerpiece being the TMS5100, the industry's first digital signal processor. It also set other milestones, being the first chip to use linear predictive coding to perform speech synthesis. The chip was made possible with a 7µm PMOS fabrication process.


title: Digital signal processor

text: In 1978, American Microsystems (AMI) released the S2811. The AMI S2811 "signal processing peripheral", like many later DSPs, has a hardware multiplier that enables it to do multiply–accumulate operation in a single instruction. The S2281 was the first integrated circuit chip specifically designed as a DSP, and fabricated using VMOS (V-groove MOS), a technology that had previously not been mass-produced. It was designed as a microprocessor peripheral, for the Motorola 6800, and it had to be initialized by the host. The S2811 was not successful in the market.


title: Digital signal processor

text: In 1979, Intel released the 2920 as an "analog signal processor". It had an on-chip ADC/DAC with an internal signal processor, but it didn't have a hardware multiplier and was not successful in the market.


title: Digital signal processor

text: In 1980, the first stand-alone, complete DSPs – Nippon Electric Corporation's NEC µPD7720 and AT&T's DSP1 – were presented at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference '80. Both processors were inspired by the research in public switched telephone network (PSTN) telecommunications. The µPD7720, introduced for voiceband applications, was one of the most commercially successful early DSPs.


title: Digital signal processor

text: The Altamira DX-1 was another early DSP, utilizing quad integer pipelines with delayed branches and branch prediction.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Another DSP produced by Texas Instruments (TI), the TMS32010 presented in 1983, proved to be an even bigger success. It was based on the Harvard architecture, and so had separate instruction and data memory. It already had a special instruction set, with instructions like load-and-accumulate or multiply-and-accumulate. It could work on 16-bit numbers and needed 390 ns for a multiply–add operation. TI is now the market leader in general-purpose DSPs.


title: Digital signal processor

text: About five years later, the second generation of DSPs began to spread. They had 3 memories for storing two operands simultaneously and included hardware to accelerate tight loops; they also had an addressing unit capable of loop-addressing. Some of them operated on 24-bit variables and a typical model only required about 21 ns for a MAC. Members of this generation were for example the AT&T DSP16A or the Motorola 56000.


title: Digital signal processor

text: The main improvement in the third generation was the appearance of application-specific units and instructions in the data path, or sometimes as coprocessors. These units allowed direct hardware acceleration of very specific but complex mathematical problems, like the Fourier-transform or matrix operations. Some chips, like the Motorola MC68356, even included more than one processor core to work in parallel. Other DSPs from 1995 are the TI TMS320C541 or the TMS 320C80.


title: Digital signal processor

text: The fourth generation is best characterized by the changes in the instruction set and the instruction encoding/decoding. SIMD extensions were added, and VLIW and the superscalar architecture appeared. As always, the clock-speeds have increased; a 3 ns MAC now became possible.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Modern signal processors yield greater performance; this is due in part to both technological and architectural advancements like lower design rules, fast-access two-level cache, (E)DMA circuitry and a wider bus system. Not all DSPs provide the same speed and many kinds of signal processors exist, each one of them being better suited for a specific task, ranging in price from about US$1.50 to US$300.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Texas Instruments produces the C6000 series DSPs, which have clock speeds of 1.2 GHz and implement separate instruction and data caches. They also have an 8 MiB 2nd level cache and 64 EDMA channels. The top models are capable of as many as 8000 MIPS (millions of instructions per second), use VLIW (very long instruction word), perform eight operations per clock-cycle and are compatible with a broad range of external peripherals and various buses (PCI/serial/etc). TMS320C6474 chips each have three such DSPs, and the newest generation C6000 chips support floating point as well as fixed point processing.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Freescale produces a multi-core DSP family, the MSC81xx. The MSC81xx is based on StarCore Architecture processors and the latest MSC8144 DSP combines four programmable SC3400 StarCore DSP cores. Each SC3400 StarCore DSP core has a clock speed of 1 GHz.


title: Digital signal processor

text: XMOS produces a multi-core multi-threaded line of processor well suited to DSP operations, They come in various speeds ranging from 400 to 1600 MIPS. The processors have a multi-threaded architecture that allows up to 8 real-time threads per core, meaning that a 4 core device would support up to 32 real time threads. Threads communicate between each other with buffered channels that are capable of up to 80 Mbit/s. The devices are easily programmable in C and aim at bridging the gap between conventional micro-controllers and FPGAs


title: Digital signal processor

text: CEVA, Inc. produces and licenses three distinct families of DSPs. Perhaps the best known and most widely deployed is the CEVA-TeakLite DSP family, a classic memory-based architecture, with 16-bit or 32-bit word-widths and single or dual MACs. The CEVA-X DSP family offers a combination of VLIW and SIMD architectures, with different members of the family offering dual or quad 16-bit MACs. The CEVA-XC DSP family targets Software-defined Radio (SDR) modem designs and leverages a unique combination of VLIW and Vector architectures with 32 16-bit MACs.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Analog Devices produce the SHARC-based DSP and range in performance from 66 MHz/198 MFLOPS (million floating-point operations per second) to 400 MHz/2400 MFLOPS. Some models support multiple multipliers and ALUs, SIMD instructions and audio processing-specific components and peripherals. The Blackfin family of embedded digital signal processors combine the features of a DSP with those of a general use processor. As a result, these processors can run simple operating systems like μCLinux, velocity and Nucleus RTOS while operating on real-time data.


title: Digital signal processor

text: NXP Semiconductors produce DSPs based on TriMedia VLIW technology, optimized for audio and video processing. In some products the DSP core is hidden as a fixed-function block into a SoC, but NXP also provides a range of flexible single core media processors. The TriMedia media processors support both fixed-point arithmetic as well as floating-point arithmetic, and have specific instructions to deal with complex filters and entropy coding.


title: Digital signal processor

text: CSR produces the Quatro family of SoCs that contain one or more custom Imaging DSPs optimized for processing document image data for scanner and copier applications.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Microchip Technology produces the PIC24 based dsPIC line of DSPs. Introduced in 2004, the dsPIC is designed for applications needing a true DSP as well as a true microcontroller, such as motor control and in power supplies. The dsPIC runs at up to 40MIPS, and has support for 16 bit fixed point MAC, bit reverse and modulo addressing, as well as DMA.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Most DSPs use fixed-point arithmetic, because in real world signal processing the additional range provided by floating point is not needed, and there is a large speed benefit and cost benefit due to reduced hardware complexity. Floating point DSPs may be invaluable in applications where a wide dynamic range is required. Product developers might also use floating point DSPs to reduce the cost and complexity of software development in exchange for more expensive hardware, since it is generally easier to implement algorithms in floating point.


title: Digital signal processor

text: Generally, DSPs are dedicated integrated circuits; however DSP functionality can also be produced by using field-programmable gate array chips (FPGAs).


title: Digital signal processor

text: Embedded general-purpose RISC processors are becoming increasingly DSP like in functionality. For example, the OMAP3 processors include an ARM Cortex-A8 and C6000 DSP.


title: Digital signal processor

text: In Communications a new breed of DSPs offering the fusion of both DSP functions and H/W acceleration function is making its way into the mainstream. Such Modem processors include ASOCS ModemX and CEVA's XC4000.


title: Digital signal processor

text: In May 2018, Huarui-2 designed by Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology of China Electronics Technology Group passed acceptance. With a processing speed of 0.4 TFLOPS, the chip can achieve better performance than current mainstream DSP chips. The design team has begun to create Huarui-3, which has a processing speed in TFLOPS level and a support for artificial intelligence.


title: Delhivery

text: Delhivery is an Indian logistics and supply chain company, based in Gurugram. It was founded in 2011 by Sahil Barua, Mohit Tandon, Bhavesh Manglani, Suraj Saharan, and Kapil Bharati. The company has over 85 fulfillment centers, 24 automated sort centers, 70 hubs, 7,500+ partner centers, and 3,000+ direct delivery centers, as of 2021. About two-thirds of its revenue comes from providing third-party logistics and delivery services to e-commerce companies.


title: Delhivery

text: Delhivery was established in May 2011 as SSN Logistics Ltd. It was initially conceptualised as a hyperlocal express delivery service provider for offline stores, delivering flowers and food locally in the city of Gurugram for the first few months since its inception. During that time, the online retailing and e-commerce segment was expanding rapidly in India, with global investors showing significant interest in the industry.


title: Delhivery

text: Founders Barua and Tandon, who were at the time working as consultants with the management consulting firm, Bain & Company, were intrigued by the size and potential of the industry, and decided to focus on the segment. In June 2011, Delhivery signed its first e-commerce client, Urban Touch, which is an online fashion and beauty retailer. By August 2011, Delhivery had switched completely to offering logistics services to a number of e-commerce companies.


title: Delhivery

text: In March 2019, Delhivery raised its biggest round of funding with a $413 million investment from SoftBank. In May 2021, Delhivery revealed it has further raised $277 million in a funding round led by Fidelity, taking its market valuation to nearly $3 billion.


title: Delhivery

text: In August 2021, Delhivery acquired the B2B logistics company, Spoton Logistics, for . In December 2021, it acquired California-based unmanned aircraft system company Transition Robotics Inc.


title: Delhivery

text: Delhivery raised of funding from 64 anchor investors ahead of its initial public offering in May 2022. In May 2022, Delhivery launched its initial public offering (IPO) of at a valuation of and got listed on the BSE and NSE.


title: Delhivery

text: Founder Sahil Barua is the CEO of Delhivery and Co-Founder Kapil Bharati is the CTO of Delhivery. Sandeep Barasia, Managing Director was appointed as the Chief Business Officer in December 2018. He is in charge of the P&L across the parcel, warehousing, and freight divisions. At the same time, Ajith Pai, who was the CFO, took over the role of COO where he is in charge of the operations, engineering, HR, and finance of the company. Meanwhile, IIT-Kanpur alumnus Amit Agarwal, who was earlier the vice president-finance at Delhivery, took over the role of CFO. The company witnessed the exit of two founders on 30 March 2021.


title: Delhivery

text: As of November 2021, the largest stakeholders in the company are SoftBank Group (22.78%) and Nexus Venture Partners (9.23%). Other investors with over 5% stake include The Carlyle Group, CPP Investment Board, Tiger Global, and Times Internet. Delhivery has raised about 1.4 billion from its investors across 13 private fundraising rounds until December 2021.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: John Stephen Piper (born January 11, 1946) is an American New Testament scholar, Baptist theologian, pastor, and chancellor of Bethlehem College & Seminary in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Piper taught biblical studies at Bethel University for six years (1974–1980), before serving as pastor for preaching and vision of Bethlehem Baptist Church (Converge) in Minneapolis for 33 years (1980–2013).


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: Piper is the founder and senior teacher of desiringGod.org, named for his book "Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist" (1986), and has written a number of award-winning books, including ECPA Christian Book Award winners "Spectacular Sins", "What Jesus Demands from the World", "Pierced by the Word", and "God's Passion for His Glory", as well as bestsellers "Don't Waste Your Life" and "The Passion of Jesus Christ".


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: Piper was born on January 11, 1946, in Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Bill and Ruth Piper. His father was a traveling evangelist for over 60 years. Before Piper was one year old, his family moved to Greenville, South Carolina, where he spent the remainder of his youth, graduating from Wade Hampton High School in 1964.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: According to Piper, he had a religious conversion at his mother's knee while on a family vacation in Florida when he was six years old. Piper has remarked that the fact he was converted at the age of six "blows him away", not because he remembers the event, but due to his belief in the Bible's telling of the hopeless condition of all humans who have not been converted.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: Piper married Noël Henry in December 1968, and together they had four sons, a daughter, and twelve grandchildren. He attended Wheaton College between 1964 and 1968, majoring in literature and minoring in philosophy.Studying romantic literature with Clyde Kilby led him to take particular interest in poetry, Piper has published several books of poetry, and continues to pursue, with his poetry, the deeper reality of personal, theological and social reality. He has explained in both prose and poetry why he writes. C.S. Lewis has remained a profound influence in Piper's life, in large measure, he says, because of the "combination of rational precision with language, and profound poetic perception of reality."


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: In the fall of 1966, Piper caught mononucleosis, and during this infection, he listened to the Pastor Harold John Ockenga on WETN, his college's radio station. Piper dated his call to the ministry of God’s word to that experience, stating, “I can remember listening there on my bed to his messages on the radio and feeling inside my heart simply explode with longing to be able to handle the word of God the way he was handling it in the pulpit at Edman Chapel. Before those three weeks were over, I had resolved to drop organic chemistry… That was, I believe, my call to the ministry of the word.”


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: But the most formative season theologically was yet to come: three years under the tutelage of Daniel Payton Fuller, at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California, from 1968 to 1971. Fuller’s influence on Piper was, he admits with thankfulness, enormous. Three things that would mark Piper’s life-work are traceable to that influence: assiduous attention to exegetical detail in Bible study (indeed in all reading), a central conviction of the all-embracing sovereignty of God, and what Piper came to call Christian Hedonism.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: Piper received his Doctor of Theology degree in New Testament studies at the University of Munich, Germany (1971–1974) under Leonhard Goppelt. His dissertation, "Love Your Enemies", was published by Cambridge University Press and Baker Book House. Upon completion of his doctorate, Piper taught biblical studies at Bethel University in Saint Paul, Minnesota, for six years between 1974 and 1980.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: Piper's mother died on December 16, 1974 in a bus wreck in Israel. Following this incident in 1990, a tribute to her was included in Piper's booklet "What's the Difference?".


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: In 1980, Piper became pastor of Bethlehem Baptist Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he ministered until March 31, 2013 as pastor for preaching and vision. Piper became involved in evangelical Christianity following the publication of his book "Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist" in 1986, and has continued to publish dozens of books further articulating his theological perspective. In 1994, Piper founded Desiring God Ministries, with the aim of "spread[ing] a passion for the supremacy of God in all things for the joy of all peoples through Jesus Christ". Desiring God Ministries offers all of Piper's sermons and articles from the past three decades—and most of his books—online at no cost.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: Piper took an eight month leave of absence from his ministry from May 1, 2010, to January 9, 2011. He announced in June 2011 that he would soon step down from his role of pastor. A candidate to succeed him was announced in March 2012, and on May 20, 2012, Jason Meyer was voted in (784 yes to 8 no) to be the next pastor for preaching & vision, replacing Piper.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: On March 31, 2013 (Easter Sunday), Piper preached his final sermon as pastor of Bethlehem Baptist and announced in an open letter to the congregation that he and his family would be moving to Tennessee for at least a year, in order for the church's new leadership to develop a strategic vision for the church without distractions. He still attends the church and is designated pastor emeritus with no official role in the church leadership.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: In 2010, a "Festschrift" was published in his honor, entitled "For the Fame of God's Name: Essays in Honor of John Piper", including contributions from Don Carson, Sinclair Ferguson, G. K. Beale, Thomas R. Schreiner, Wayne Grudem, Al Mohler, C. J. Mahaney, Mark Dever, John MacArthur, and Bill Mounce.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: He married Noël Henry in 1968 and had five children, including an adopted daughter. His son Abraham Piper has publicly criticized evangelical Christianity.


title: John Piper (theologian)

text: On January 11, 2006, Piper announced that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. According to a letter sent to his church, he and his doctors believed that the cancer was fully treatable. Piper responded to his diagnosis with the following:


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: Batti Gul Meter Chalu (; ) is a 2018 Indian drama film directed by Shree Narayan Singh and produced by Bhushan Kumar, Nitin Chandrachud, Nishant Pitti and Krishan Kumar. The film tells the story of inflated electricity bills in rural India and stars Shahid Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor, Divyendu Sharma and Yami Gautam.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: Principal photography commenced in February 2018 in Tehri, Uttarakhand and was completed in July 2018. The film was released worldwide on 21 September 2018 to a mixed response.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: Sushil Kumar "S.K." Pant (Shahid Kapoor), Lalita "Nauti" Nautiyal (Shraddha Kapoor) and Sundar Mohan Tripathi (Divyendu Sharma) are childhood friends based in Tehri, Uttarakhand. S.K. is an unscrupulous lawyer making money from out-of-court settlements. Nauti is an over the top fashion designer who thinks highly of herself. Wanting to get married, she decides to date both her childhood friends, each for a week. Things turn sour as S.K catches Nauti and Tripathi kissing. Heartbroken, he starts taunting and avoiding them.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: Tripathi's small town printing press is charged with an inflated electricity bill of , which escalates to in the following months. He along with Nauti visit S.K for a solution, but instead, he insults them. With nowhere to go, Tripathi commits suicide. S.K is taken aback by the events and has a change of heart. He decides to fight out against SPTL, the privatised electricity company responsible for the inflated bills. SPTL has Gulnaar Rizvi as their lawyer against SK for the case.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: On the last sitting of case with S.K about to win, Tripathi resurfaces and reveals about his suicide attempt and his struggles regarding inflated bills. The Court clears Tripathi's bill and cancels SPTL's License. It also orders them to pay Tripathi , and others with similar complaints as a compensation. Tripathi is sentenced to six months of simple imprisonment for trying to dupe insurance company with his fake death. Gulnaar and S.K. are shown to be dating post the case.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: The principal photography for the film began in February 2018 with Shahid Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor in Tehri, Uttarakhand. The first and second schedule of the film got wrapped in February 2018 and March 2018 respectively. Since, KriArj Entertainment, which was producing the film firstly got into financial troubles, the shoot of the film was kept on a halt, which finally got resumed in May 2018 and was wrapped up in June 2018. After the final schedule in July 2018, the film was finally wrapped up in the same month.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: Director Shree Narayan Singh had already signed Shahid Kapoor to play a lawyer fighting against Faulty Electricity Meters and Inflated Bills in a local town of Uttarakhand. Later, Yami Gautam was signed as an opposition lawyer against Shahid Kapoor in the film. For the role of Lalita Nautiyal a.k.a. Nauti, actresses like Katrina Kaif, Ileana D'Cruz and Sonakshi Sinha were approached but later, it was confirmed that Shraddha Kapoor would be playing this role in the film.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: The film was originally slated to release on 31 August 2018 but was pushed to 14 September 2018 to avoid the clash with Shraddha Kapoor's other film, "Stree" starring Rajkummar Rao. The financial troubles faced by KriArj Entertainment lead to delays in the shooting of the film.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: Later, it was announced that the film would have a worldwide release on 21 September 2018. The teaser of the film was released by T-Series on 18 October 2017. The trailer of the movie was released on 10 August 2018. Following a special screening on 20 September attended by the cast the film finally was released on 20 September 2018 in UAE and 21 September worldwide. The film had its TV world premiere on Zee Cinema on 16 February 2019.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: The music of the film is composed by Anu Malik, Rochak Kohli, Sachet–Parampara while the lyrics are penned by Siddharth-Garima and Manoj Muntashir. Music was produced by Dj Phukan, Bharat Goel, Chandan Saxena, O2srk, Abhijit Vaghani. The songs featured in the film are sung Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Arijit Singh, Atif Aslam, Mika Singh, Nakash Aziz, Prakriti Kakar and Sachet Tandon. The album of the film was by released T-Series on 5 September 2018. The music supervision was assisted by Vatsal Chevli.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: "Batti Gul Meter Chalu" generally received mixed reviews from critics. The film was lauded for its message, humor, performances and cinematography. The movie's running time and story execution faced criticism.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: DNA in its 3.5 stars review criticized the storyline but praised the performance of Shahid Kapoor. " Shahid is top-notch. The actor, who is in his prime, has matured into a fine talent and shows that he can shoulder a film on his own. Half a star in the film's rating is reserved only for Shahid."


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: Rachit Gupta from TOI in his 3 stars review questioned the screenplay saying, "BGMC loses power under the load of its heavy-duty screenplay." He, however praised Shahid & Shraddha's performance adding, "Shahid is able to blend a fine balance between the over-confident young man and the guy with a heart of gold. His monologue during the climax is superb. Shraddha Kapoor plays the peppy small town girl with panache."


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: Rajeev Masand gave positive response praising the performances of the cast, message and humor of the film. He awarded it 3 stars noting "This is one of those mainstreammovies that delivers its message coated with a thick layer of melodrama. And it works." Shubhra Gupta from The Indian Express rated it 2.5 stars out of 5 praising the cinematography, message and humor of the film. She noted saying "Batti Gul Meter Chalu is careless not to get too much in lecture-mode. The rest of it made me smile, and made me pause: how do you expect people to live without ‘bijli’ in today's world? It is, as SK says thunderously, a fundamental right."


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: Another critic Shrishti Negi of News 18 praised performances of the cast, writing and the heart of the film. While criticized the sexist 'jibles', massage and the film's overstretched second half. Devesh Sharma of Filmfare quoted "All-in-all, Batti Gul Meter Chalu is a film which has its heart in the right place. Better editing and a shortening of length by twenty minutes would have made the film more impactful."


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: While critic Jyoti Sharma Bawa from Hindustan Times criticized the execution of the film quoting "The film takes almost 1.5 hours to establish what the trailer explained in three minutes" giving it two and half from five stars.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: The shooting of the film got stalled in April 2018 due to the non-payment of dues by KriArj Entertainment. Later, in June 2018, producer Vashu Bhagnani claimed his rights over the film as the deal with KriArj Entertainment, which was denied by Bhushan Kumar, the current producer of the film.


title: Batti Gul Meter Chalu

text: The film's original and first writer Vipul K Rawal had filed a case against the Director and other writers for trying to deny him his rightful credit for the story, screenplay and dialogues of the film. Later, the matter was settled and it was decided that the credit for story, screenplay and dialogues will now be equally shared between Rawal along with Sidhartha Singh and Garima Wahal.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: Arsenic and Old Lace is a 1944 American black comedy film directed by Frank Capra and starring Cary Grant. It was based on Joseph Kesselring's 1941 play of the same name. The script adaptation was written by Julius J. Epstein and Philip G. Epstein. The contract with the play’s producers stipulated that the film would not be released until the Broadway run ended. The original planned release date was September 30, 1942. The play was a tremendous hit, running for three and a half years, so the film was not released until 1944.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: The lead role of Mortimer Brewster was originally intended for Bob Hope, but he could not be released from his contract with Paramount Pictures. Capra had also approached Jack Benny and Richard Travis before learning that Grant would accept the role. On the Broadway stage, Boris Karloff played Jonathan Brewster, who is said to "look like Boris Karloff". According to TCM, Karloff, who gave permission for the use of his name in the film, remained in the play to appease the producers, who were afraid of what stripping the play of all its primary cast would do to ticket sales. Raymond Massey took Karloff’s place on screen. The film's supporting cast also features Priscilla Lane, Jack Carson, Edward Everett Horton, and Peter Lorre.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: Josephine Hull and Jean Adair portray the Brewster sisters, Abby and Martha, respectively. Hull and Adair, as well as John Alexander (who played Teddy Brewster), were reprising their roles from the 1941 stage production. Hull and Adair both received an eight-week leave of absence from the stage production, which was still running, but Karloff did not, as he was an investor in the stage production and its main draw. The entire film was shot within those eight weeks. The film cost just over $1.2 million of a $2 million budget to produce.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: The Brewster family of Brooklyn, New York, is descended from "Mayflower" settlers. Several illustrious forebears' portraits line the walls of the ancestral home.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: Mortimer Brewster, a writer who has repeatedly denounced marriage as "an old-fashioned superstition", falls in love with Elaine Harper, his neighbor and the minister's daughter. On Halloween day, Mortimer and Elaine get married. Elaine goes to her father's house to tell her father and pack for the honeymoon and Mortimer returns to Abby and Martha, the aunts who raised him in the old family home. Mortimer's brother, Teddy, who believes he is Theodore Roosevelt, resides with them. Each time Teddy goes upstairs, he yells "Charge!" and runs up the stairs, imitating Roosevelt's famous 1898 charge up San Juan Hill.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: Searching for the notes for his next book, Mortimer finds a corpse hidden in the window seat. He assumes in horror that Teddy's delusions have led him to murder. Abby and Martha cheerfully explain that they are responsible, that as serial murderers, they minister to lonely old bachelors by ending their "suffering". They post a "Room for Rent" sign to attract a victim, then serve a glass of elderberry wine spiked with arsenic, strychnine, and cyanide while getting acquainted with them. The bodies are buried in the basement by Teddy, who believes they are yellow fever victims who perished in the building of the Panama Canal.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: While Mortimer digests this information, his brother Jonathan arrives with his alcoholic accomplice, plastic surgeon Dr. Herman Einstein. Jonathan is also a serial murderer trying to escape from the police and dispose of his latest victim, Mr. Spinalzo. Jonathan's face, altered by Einstein while drunk, resembles Boris Karloff's Frankenstein monster makeup. Jonathan learns his aunts' secret and proposes to bury his victim in the cellar. Abby and Martha object vehemently because their victims were "nice" gentlemen while Jonathan's victim is a stranger and a "foreigner". Jonathan also declares his intention to kill Mortimer.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: Elaine is impatient to leave on their honeymoon but is concerned about Mortimer's increasingly odd behavior as he frantically attempts to control the situation. He tries unsuccessfully to alert the bumbling police to Jonathan's presence. To draw attention away from his aunts and deprive them of their willing but uncomprehending accomplice, Mortimer tries to file paperwork to have Teddy legally committed to a mental asylum. Worrying that the genetic predisposition for mental illness resides within him, Mortimer explains to Elaine that he can't remain married to her.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: Eventually Jonathan is arrested, Einstein flees after signing Teddy's commitment papers, Teddy is safely consigned to an institution, and his aunts insist upon joining him. Upon hearing that Mortimer signed the commitment papers as next of kin, Abby and Martha are concerned they may be null and void; they inform Mortimer that he is not a Brewster after all: his mother was the family cook and his father was a chef on a steamship. Relieved, he lustily kisses Elaine and whisks her off to their honeymoon.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: The contemporary critical reviews were uniformly positive. "The New York Times" critic summed up the majority view, "As a whole, "Arsenic and Old Lace", the Warner picture which came to the Strand yesterday, is good macabre fun." "Variety" declared, "Capra's production, not elaborate, captures the color and spirit of the play, while the able writing team of Julius J. and Philip G. Epstein has turned in a very workable, tightly-compressed script. Capra's own intelligent direction rounds out." "Harrison's Reports" wrote: "An hilarious entertainment, it should turn out to be one of the year's top box-office attractions." John Lardner of "The New Yorker" called the film "practically as funny in picture form as it did on the stage, and that is very funny indeed."


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: Assessing the film in 1968, Charles Higham and Joel Greenberg state in "Hollywood in the Forties" that "Frank Capra provided a rather overstated and strained version of "Arsenic and Old Lace"".


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: The play was written by Joseph Kesselring, son of German immigrants and a former professor at Bethel College, a pacifist Mennonite college. It was written in the antiwar atmosphere of the late 1930s. Capra scholar Matthew C. Gunter argues that the deep theme of both the play and film is America's difficulty in coming to grips with both the positive and negative consequences of the liberty it professes to uphold, and which the Brewsters demand. Although their house is the nicest in the street, there are 12 bodies in the basement. That inconsistency is a metaphor for America's struggle to reconcile the violence of much of its past with the pervasive myths about its role as a beacon of freedom.


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: From the movie 'George Washington Slept Here': To recreate the country home that was central to the film's plot, the house in Arsenic and Old Lace (1944) which was actually shot in 1941 for a later theatrical release, was used. To ensure it looked the part of a dilapidated home, Warner Bros. crews knocked out bannisters, rafters and floors on the set.[7]


title: Arsenic and Old Lace (film)

text: "Arsenic and Old Lace" was adapted as a half-hour radio play for the November 25, 1946, broadcast of "The Screen Guild Theater" with Boris Karloff and Eddie Albert. A one-hour adaptation was broadcast on January 25, 1948 on the "Ford Theatre", with Josephine Hull, Jean Adair, and John Alexander reprising their roles.