title: Willie Brown (politician)

text: While serving as Assembly Speaker, Brown was diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a disease that has no cure and would slowly destroy his eyesight. RP is a hereditary disease that causes a continual loss of peripheral vision and often leads to total blindness. Brown's two sisters were also diagnosed with RP. Brown remarked, "Having RP is a challenge. As Speaker of the Assembly it was very important that I recognize people in the halls of the legislature. But I couldn't see people unless they were right in front of me. I needed to have the security people give me notes to tell me who was in the room. Reading is also very difficult so I use larger print notes and memos. Living with RP means having to use more of your brain function—I listen more intently, I memorize vast amounts of information, and I have trained my computer to recognize numerous verbal commands." Brown has worked with the Foundation Fighting Blindness to raise awareness of the disease.


title: Willie Brown (politician)

text: Brown has demonstrated a sense of flair in his personal style from early on, which contributed to a visibility he later parlayed into political advantage. Even in high school he was fastidious about his appearance. In office he became famous for British and Italian suits, sports cars, nightclubbing, and a collection of dressy hats. He was once called "The Best Dressed Man in San Francisco" by "Esquire" magazine.


title: Willie Brown (politician)

text: In his 2008 autobiography "Basic Brown", he described his taste for $6,000 Brioni suits and his search for the perfect chocolate Corvette. In one chapter, "The Power of Clothes: Don't Pull a Dukakis", Brown writes that men should have a navy blazer for each season: one with "a hint of green" for springtime, another with more autumnal threading for the fall. He adds, "You really shouldn't try to get through a public day wearing just one thing. ... Sometimes, I change clothes four times a day."


title: Willie Brown (politician)

text: Brown received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1996 and the NAACP's Spingarn Medal in 2018.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: "Arkangel" is the second episode of the fourth series of the British science fiction anthology series "Black Mirror". Written by series creator and showrunner Charlie Brooker and directed by Jodie Foster, it premiered on Netflix on 29 December 2017, along with the rest of series four. In the episode, the single mother Marie (Rosemarie DeWitt) enrols her daughter Sara in a trial of Arkangel, an implanted technology which allows Marie to track Sara's location, current vision and hearing, and automatically censors distressing material.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The main theme of the episode is helicopter parenting; as a woman raised by a single mother, Foster had many views which influenced the script, such as a more complex characterisation of Marie, and was given control of casting. For the filming in November 2016, Foster chose a location in Canada to represent working-class America. Differently-aged versions of Sara are played by different actors, with Brenna Harding playing her as a teenager.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Critics saw Marie as a parent afflicted with much anxiety and guilt and compared Arkangel to existing technologies for child monitoring, such as microchip implants and smartwatches. They were mostly laudatory of Foster's directing style and DeWitt's acting but less complimentary of the storyline and moral, which were seen as simplistic, with many reviewers suggesting themes the episode could have explored in more detail. In one scene, a nurse incorrectly implies that an emergency contraception (EC) pill induces abortion, rather than preventing pregnancy. The episode was poorly received in comparison to other "Black Mirror" episodes.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Single mother Marie Sambrell (Rosemarie DeWitt) gives birth to her daughter Sara and raises her with help from her father, Russ (Nicholas Campbell). Three-year-old Sara (Aniya Hodge) gets lost following a cat and a distressed Marie has to enlist help from neighbours to locate her. Afterwards, Marie signs her up for a trial of Arkangel, a child monitoring system installed via an implant. Marie can monitor Sara's vision and hearing with a tablet computer, along with viewing live medical data and past audiovisual feeds. A filter can censor stimuli when they cause Sara stress, such as an intimidating neighbourhood dog. Shortly after, Russ survives a stroke, because Marie is notified when Sara, observing Russ, experiences stress.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Six years later, Russ has died. A classmate—Trick (Nicky Torchia)—tries to show Sara (Sarah Abbott) sexual and violent imagery but the filter blurs it. Sara draws blood from her finger, trying to learn what it looks like, so Marie has her assessed by a psychologist who recommends that she dispose of Arkangel, which is soon to be banned. Marie deactivates the filter and stores the tablet in the attic. An anxious Sara goes to school unsupervised and Trick shows her pornography and gore videos.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Aged fifteen, Sara (Brenna Harding) lies to her mother about going to a friend's house to attend a party with Trick (Owen Teague). Marie discovers the lie and after failing to contact her, turns on Arkangel. She sees Sara having sex for the first time, with Trick. Marie starts to use the tablet again and soon sees Sara snorting cocaine that Trick—who deals drugs—gives her.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Identifying Trick with a reverse image search, Marie confronts him at work and blackmails him to stay away from Sara. After receiving an Arkangel notification, Marie sneaks an emergency contraceptive pill into Sara's smoothie. She later vomits and is told by a nurse that the pill caused it. Sara confronts Marie and forces the tablet away from her. The stress filter is accidentally reactivated. Unable to see the damage she is causing, Sara beats Marie unconscious with the tablet, breaking it.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The filter deactivates and Sara runs away. When Marie regains consciousness, she frantically yells for Sara down the street. A hitch-hiking Sara gets into a truck.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Whilst series one and two of "Black Mirror" were shown on Channel 4 in the UK, in September 2015 Netflix commissioned the series for 12 episodes, and in March 2016 it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distribute the series in the UK, with a bid of $40 million. The 12-episode order was divided into two series of six episodes each, with "Arkangel" in the latter group. The six episodes in series four were released on Netflix simultaneously on 29 December 2017. "Arkangel" is listed as the second episode, but as "Black Mirror" is an anthology series, each instalment can be watched in any order.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The episode was written by series creator Charlie Brooker. Executive producer Annabel Jones said that it was inspired by microchip implants used to identify pets that, at the time of writing, were also being considered for children. Jones said, "We wanted to think what the updated version of that [was] and find a really good idea of how that could go terribly wrong". The episode is intended to be sympathetic to helicopter parenting; Brooker took inspiration in how protective he felt following the birth of his children. Prior to having children, Brooker thought negatively of content restrictions designed for children, but he was concerned by his three-year-old son seeing a horror movie trailer after he left him alone with YouTube on autoplay. He was also concerned by thoughts of his children seeing an accident or hearing profanity in their day-to-day life.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The actor, director and producer Jodie Foster directed "Black Mirror"; previous credits included episodes of the Netflix series "Orange Is the New Black" and "House of Cards". Foster was introduced to "Black Mirror" by Netflix's vice president of original content after telling her that she enjoyed directing short but complete stories, in contrast to serialised television programmes. Brooker saw Foster as suited to "Arkangel" because as a former child actor, she would understand what it was like to grow up in the spotlight. Foster was raised by a single mother, and said that the script brought up "so many questions about who we are as women at this particular time in history". She was the first woman to direct a "Black Mirror" episode.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Foster was in control of casting the episode and also hiring much of the production crew. She cast her friend Rosemarie DeWitt as Marie. The pair had met through Foster's wife Alexandra Hedison; this was only the second time Foster had directed a friend, after Mel Gibson in the 2011 film "The Beaver". The Australian actor Brenna Harding was cast as Sara, after misinterpreting part of the audition tape instructions and performing a two-minute monologue in the character of Sara, rather than as herself. The three other children cast as younger versions of Sara had to be chosen to look very similar to Harding. Foster was experienced in directing child actors and said that much of the skill lay in casting. Owen Teague's role as Trick influenced the character: though written as a character to be distrusted, Foster said that Teague has "sweetness" and Harding described Trick and Sara as "like two old souls who connected".


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The original script gave Marie's father only a very minor part, but this was fleshed out by Foster. She also influenced other changes in the script, and offered many observations on the technology used and Marie's motivation for her actions after seeing her daughter have sex with Trick. In contrast to Jones and Brooker's more positive conception of Marie, Foster was informed by her life experience to show a darkness to her character. Explaining the actions of her character Marie, DeWitt said that single mothers "experience betrayal differently". Foster added that when Marie realises Sara is lying to her but does not confront her, it causes a "fissure" and Marie begins "fighting a battle to win control". By attempting to prevent her daughter from leaving her, Marie is victim to a self-fulfilling prophecy as she "engendered the exact result that she most feared".


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The episode was filmed across three weeks in November 2016. A location in Hamilton, Ontario, was chosen by Foster to depict blue-collar America. Jones was present for filming but Brooker was not. Foster described the fictional setting as a "place that used to have a foundation and a glory", which reflects how Marie views herself. She stated that the filming involved "very long hours" and that the scenes starring the younger children were particularly troublesome. Graphic content was mostly avoided in the episode, with Foster believing it would "distract from what the meaning was". An exception was the scene where Sara attacks her mother. Brooker noted that in this scene, more hits were filmed than made it into the episode, though enough were needed in the final cut for the viewer to understand Sara's perspective, and for Marie to be plausibly rendered unconscious. The final shot of the episode, where Marie frantically tries to use the tablet shouting "No!" repeatedly, was filmed the day after the presidential election results were known and Donald Trump became president-elect; DeWitt injected her personal reaction at the results into the scene.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Foster described the ending as a "parable". DeWitt's first day on set was to film the scene where a bloodied Marie runs out of the house screaming for her daughter. The episode ends with Sara entering a truck, which was originally a small car in the script. The choice of a truck implies that Sara will be travelling far, and Harding felt "a mixture of nervous trepidation and excitement for Sara". Foster said: "I want her to close that door on this chapter, this town, on that relationship, and become who she is." Foster flew to London to help Brooker with the episode's editing—the first time she had met him. The song "I'm a Mother" by the Pretenders plays during the credits, chosen as a "plaintive song" which reminds viewers of "the mother's perspective", according to Foster.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: In May 2017, a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of "Black Mirror". The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017, and contained the six episode titles. In September 2017, two photos from the fourth season were released, including one from "Arkangel". Beginning on 24 November 2017, Netflix published a series of daily posters and trailers for the fourth series, referred to as the "13 Days of "Black Mirror"". The first poster and trailer were of "Arkangel". On 6 December, Netflix published a trailer featuring an amalgamation of scenes from the fourth series, which announced that the series would be released on 29 December.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: As intended by Foster, critics saw the episode as being set in working-class America. "The Atlantic"s Sophie Gilbert found it "set in a nondescript EveryTown USA" and "deliberately muted". Steve O'Brien of "Digital Spy" saw it as more "thrillingly, authentically American" than any prior episode. Louisa Mellor of "Den of Geek" found that the blue-collar setting contrasts with most previous episodes' depictions of "shiny near-futures, in chic, modernist homes". She also highlighted the episode as the most female-heavy with regard to characters to that point. "Paste"s Jacob Oller commented that the camera shows multiple perspectives throughout the episode: first-person, third-person and first-person from another person's perspective. Oller saw this as giving the episode a horror feel, heightened by the "long-short-long editing" pattern of "tension, release, rebuild". Caroline Framke of "Vox" saw Foster's directing as "generally stark and matter-of-fact", though a handheld camera is used when characters are in "a particular state of panic" so that the framing shows "their confused and rapidly fracturing relationship to each other and the world around them". Christopher Hooton of "The Independent" compared the injured Marie yelling on the street to a similar performance by Anna Gunn as Skyler White in the crime drama "Breaking Bad".


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The episode has a theme of helicopter parenting. "Entertainment Weekly"s Darren Franich saw it as a "straightforward parable"; both Franich and "Vulture"s Charles Bramesco compared the episode to an after school special due to its simple moral message. In "Variety", Sonia Saraiya wrote that it was "so blatant it could bludgeon you", the message being: "If you love it, let it go". Mellor found that relevant questions raised include where the "right to privacy and agency" of a child overrides the "power of a parent", and whether pain is an "instructive" or "traumatising" formative experience. Framke saw the episode as a case of the programme's "overall ethos that pretty much everything we try in the name of protecting ourselves and each other will eventually, inevitably backfire", in that Marie trying to shield Sara is only "a temporary salve". Bramesco compared the episode's storyline to that of "Spring Awakening", a 1906 play later adapted into a 2000s musical: the play depicts teenagers developing sexual awareness after a lack of parental sex education. Gilbert commented on a similarity between the Arkangel's functionality and that of the Z-Eyes from the "Black Mirror" episode "White Christmas".


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Critics identified various technologies in the real world as relevant to the episode's themes. Oller compared Arkangel to radio-frequency identification (RFID) implants used in animals, while Tasha Robinson of "The Verge" commented that such implants have been used in humans. Robinson further noted that there have been "a long-running series of debates" over the morality of using the implants in children. Zoe Williams commented in "The Guardian" that GPS monitoring for children is frequently marketed in the form of a smartwatch, some of which can listen into the wearer's conversations. She found the underlying principle behind the technology to be "that your perception of your child's vulnerability takes precedence over their interaction with the world". Robinson noted that clothing with trackers and third-party monitoring and control of a mobile phone are other technologies targeted at parents.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The opening scene in which Marie gives birth serves to show her anxieties as a parent. Gilbert said that she feels "frantic" and briefly thinks her baby has died, which is "every parent's worst fear". Mellor said that it shows Marie "feels anxiety and guilt over not being a good-enough mother" even before she begins parenting. Robinson analysed that the episode uses the scene "as a frame for how [Marie] projects her fears of inadequacy onto her daughter". O'Brien saw the doctor's line "cutting the umbilical cord" as reflecting symbolism that for Marie, "it never was cut". Mellor said that Marie's isolation as a single parent, ill father and long working hours are all contributing factors to her guilt. Similarly, O'Brien commented that Marie has little in her life outside of Sara and that few of her interactions with Sara "aren't finger-wagging". Bramesco saw Marie as "the one at fault" in the episode, with Trick portrayed as "a pretty decent guy" and Sara's drug usage not being seen as "scandalizing".


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The reproductive healthcare organisation Planned Parenthood criticised the depiction of emergency contraceptive (EC) pills as inaccurate. A nurse tells Sara that the purpose of such a pill is "terminating your pregnancy", but this is a description of abortion rather than contraception. Contraception prevents the fertilisation of an egg before a person becomes pregnant.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: The episode received mixed reception. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the episode a 78% rating based on 23 critics, with the summary: "Though a bit too on the nose, 'Arkangel' brings balance to "Black Mirror"s typically frenetic episodes with a calm, contemplative, and compelling installment." "The Telegraph" awarded it three out of five stars while "Vulture" gave it two. "Paste" rated it 8.6 out of 10 and "The A.V. Club" gave it a B+. Robinson found it the "weakest" episode of the fourth series.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Critics were split on the episode's storyline and message. Gilbert saw the premise as "potent" and Mellor as "solid", but Robinson saw the story as "simplistic". Bramesco saw it as "too far-fetched to accept" that the Arkangel technology could be developed and used despite "such glaring potential for calamity and/or human-rights violations". Saraiya found the story "well-done" and O'Brien found the ending "beautifully ambiguous". "The A.V. Club"s Zach Handlen viewed the narrative arc as unsurprising but said that "the specifics make it compelling"; he reviewed that the moral is "hard to argue with" but "not really unexpected". Gilbert found the moral "increasingly obvious" once Sara lies to her mother about where she is going out for the evening, whilst Robinson said that the episode's "sheer earnestness makes its simplicity and obviousness even more awkward". Handlen saw the conclusion as obvious in the context of past "Black Mirror" episodes, which "robs the episode of freshness or surprise".


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Many reviewers had criticisms of the episode's execution or focus, with Gilbert finding that the execution is where it "sputters and dies". Robinson wrote that Brooker "starts a story with infinite potential, then cuts it short just as it’s spinning up". Gilbert found the topic of young children being exposed to sexual and violent material from a young age more timely than helicopter parenting. Ed Power, writing for "The Telegraph", similarly found it a "pity Brooker doesn't delve further" into pornography's effects on Sara. Robinson also thought it would have been interesting to explore Marie "living through" Sara when she begins young adulthood. However, Bramesco praised that the episode is a "rare meditation on the millennial generation that rightly looks to the parents for answers instead of blaming the youth". Hooton saw the film "Men, Women & Children" (2014) as exploring similar themes to "Arkangel" but with stronger execution.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Foster's directing and casting was the subject of much commentary. Gilbert wrote that the "lo-fi, indie feel Foster gives the episode captures the terrible ordinariness of the situation", praising "unforgettable images" and "foreboding framing".


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Mellor found that Foster constructed a "sensitive and emotional US indie-movie style", while Handlen noted that she "captures the show's clinical, mournful feel, but manages a necessary level of intimacy that keeps the story from being overly schematic". In contrast, Hooton saw the episode as "visually flat" and Bramesco wrote that Foster engages in "misunderstanding the emotional timbre a scene should have".


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: Franich and Power praised the performances as "fine" and "compelling", respectively, with both praising Foster for her direction of the younger actors. However, Hooton saw the actors as "miscast". DeWitt's portrayal of Marie received praise for balancing positive and negative traits, by critics Oller, Handlen and Power. Mellor praised a "deft balance" in that Brooker and Foster "have taken pains not to demonise, but to create a likeable, easy-to-relate-to character" in Marie. Oller praised Marie's confrontation of Trick as "epic, expertly realized and emotionally grounded". Contrastingly, Bramesco criticised the climax as "abrupt and melodramatic", resulting in "incredulous snorts" rather than "gasps".


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: "Arkangel" ranked poorly on critics' lists of the 23 instalments of "Black Mirror", from best to worst:


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: "IndieWire" authors ranked the 22 "Black Mirror" instalments excluding "Bandersnatch" by quality, giving "Arkangel" a position of 20th. Eric Anthony Glover of "Entertainment Tonight" found the episode to be 12th-best of the 19 episodes from series one to four. Instead of by quality, Proma Khosla of "Mashable" ranked the episodes by tone, concluding that "Arkangel" is the 11th-most pessimistic episode of the show.


title: Arkangel (Black Mirror)

text: For his work on "Arkangel", Malcolm McCulloch was nominated for a Location Managers Guild Awards in the category of Outstanding Locations in a Contemporary Television Series.


title: WildBrain

text: WildBrain Ltd. (formerly known as DHX Media, Ltd.) is a Canadian media, animation studio, production, and brand licensing company, mostly associated as an entertainment company. The company is known for owning the largest library of children's television programming, which is distributed through its multi-channel network, WildBrain Spark, and a group of Canadian specialty television channels.


title: WildBrain

text: DHX was founded in 2006 when the entertainment entrepreneurs Michael Donovan and Steven DeNure gained control of Decode Entertainment and the Halifax Film Company.


title: WildBrain

text: In 2006, the Toronto-based Decode Entertainment and Halifax-based Halifax Film Company merged so that the newly merged company would be named the "Decode-Halifax Film Company". The newly public company known as DHX Media, began trading in 2006, because the name, "DHX", is an acronym for the combination of the names Decode" and Halifax".


title: WildBrain

text: A reverse merger deal with Entertainment One was considered in 2008, but was dropped. On March 25, 2008, DHX Media acquired Bulldog Interactive Fitness. On September 8, 2010, all related subsidiaries and divisions were rebranded under the label DHX Media. On September 14, 2010, DHX Media acquired the original WildBrain Entertainment.


title: WildBrain

text: On August 20, 2012, it was announced that DHX Media would acquire Cookie Jar Group for CA $111 million, a deal which would make DHX the world's largest independent owner of children's television programming. The acquisition was completed on October 22, 2012.


title: WildBrain

text: In May 2013, DHX introduced three premium, subscription-based channels on YouTube; DHX Junior, DHX Kids, and DHX Retro. DHX's then executive chairman Michael Hirsh stated that the offerings were meant to leverage the company's library and the growth of digital distribution in the children's television market. DHX was among the first 30 content partners for YouTube's premium channel platform.


title: WildBrain

text: On September 16, 2013, DHX acquired Ragdoll Worldwide—a joint venture between British production company Ragdoll Productions, BBC Worldwide and an investment group that managed and licensed Ragdoll Productions' properties (such as "Teletubbies") outside the United Kingdom.


title: WildBrain

text: On November 28, 2013, DHX announced that it would acquire four children's specialty television channels from the former Astral Media for , consisting of Family Channel, Disney Junior (English), Disney Junior (French), and Disney XD. The networks were being sold as a condition of Bell Media's 2013 acquisition of the remainder of Astral Media's assets; its purchase of the networks marked DHX's first foray into television broadcasting. The deal was approved by the CRTC on July 24, 2014, and closed on July 31, 2014. The channels were incorporated into a new unit, DHX Television.


title: WildBrain

text: In early 2014, DHX Media acquired Epitome Pictures, the producers of "Degrassi", but Epitome did not own international distribution rights. In November, DHX purchased 117 children's and family titles from US distributor Echo Bridge Home Entertainment. The acquisition comprised about 1,200 half-hours including the international distribution rights to "Degrassi", as well as "Instant Star" and "The L.A. Complex ("two other Epitome productions), as well as distribution rights to an additional 34 series. Other shows in the purchase included "Lunar Jim", "" and Cookie Jar's "Emily of New Moon". Nerd Corps Entertainment, a computer animation studio founded by former Mainframe Entertainment producers Asaph Fipke and Chuck Johnson, also the makers of "Slugterra", was acquired by DHX Media on December 24.


title: WildBrain

text: In April 2015, Corus Entertainment announced that it had acquired Canadian rights to the program library of Disney Channel and its associated brands as part of a deal with the Disney–ABC Television Group; DHX's existing deal with Disney, which covered programming across the four DHX Television services, ended in January 2016. DHX's Disney-branded channels were re-branded as Family Jr. and Télémagino in September 2015.


title: WildBrain

text: In August 2015, DHX reached an output deal with AwesomenessTV; the deal includes rights to its programming for Family Channel, along with plans to co-develop new, original content for DHX to distribute and merchandise internationally. In December 2015, DHX reached an output deal with DreamWorks Animation, which included Canadian rights to its original animated television series, and a pact to co-produce 130 episodes of animated programming for the Family networks, with DHX handling Canadian distribution and DreamWorks handling international distribution. Also that month, DHX established a development deal with Mattel to co-develop and handle global sales for content in the "Little People" and "Polly Pocket" franchises, as well as HiT Entertainment properties owned by them such as the "Bob the Builder" and "Fireman Sam" franchises, including television and digital video programming.


title: WildBrain

text: In April 2016, DHX Media announced the formation of a new London-based multi-channel network under the WildBrain name. On September 21, 2016, DHX cut a deal with Air Bud Entertainment (founded by Robert Vince) distribute the Air Bud library of 15 films, including the newest Air Bud production Pup Star.


title: WildBrain

text: On May 10, 2017, DHX announced that it had acquired the entertainment division of Iconix Brand Group for . The purchase gave DHX full ownership to the "Strawberry Shortcake" franchise and, more prominently, an 80% majority stake in Peanuts Worldwide.


title: WildBrain

text: On October 2, 2017, the company announced that it was evaluating strategic alternatives, including a potential sale, following a review of its finances. DHX's debt had increased following the Iconix acquisition, and the company reported a net loss of during its fiscal fourth quarter. On May 14, 2018, DHX announced that it would sell a 39% stake (approximately 49% of its total ownership) in Peanuts Worldwide to its Japanese licensee Sony Music Entertainment Japan for . The sale would be used to help cover DHX's debt.


title: WildBrain

text: On September 24, 2018, DHX announced that it had concluded its strategic review and decided against selling the company, and that it planned to prioritize investments into digital content (including short-form digital content for WildBrain, and premium long-form content intended for platforms such as Amazon Video and Netflix), rather than television, to reflect changes in viewing habits. On the same day, the company also reported a revenue of CA $434.4 million for its fiscal 2018 (up from CA $298.7 million in its fiscal 2017). In November 2018, DHX announced the sale of its Halifax animation studio to IoM Media Ventures, a new company led by former DHX CEO Dana Landry. The Halifax animation studio had been operating on a loss. The sale was completed on December 21, 2018.


title: WildBrain

text: In February 2019, the company announced plans to consolidate its operations into two internal subsidiaries for "improved focus and strategic flexibility", focused on studios and networks, and digital respectively. During its investors' call, then CEO Michael Donovan stated that the company had slightly downsized its slate of productions to "focus on the shows we think have the greatest potential, particularly with respect to consumer products".


title: WildBrain

text: In August 2019, former Marvel Entertainment CEO and founder of Classic Media (now DreamWorks Classics) Eric Ellenbogen was named the new CEO of DHX Media. On September 23, 2019, DHX Media announced a reorganization, including CFO Doug Lamb stepping down and being replaced by existing COO Aaron Ames, and the addition of a new "brand director" position. In addition, DHX began trading as "WildBrain", building upon its multi-channel network of the same name (which was subsequently renamed to "WildBrain Spark"). Company president Josh Scherba explained that the name was "synonymous with creativity, imagination and innovation", and symbolized the company's efforts to achieve stronger collaboration and integration between its businesses. DHX shareholders officially approved the change in corporate name during its annual shareholder meeting in December.


title: WildBrain

text: On February 3, 2022, WildBrain acquired distribution, production, and licensing rights to the Jay Ward Productions portfolio; both companies will create new content based on the portfolio. The deal excluded co-productions from the Bullwinkle Studios venture that was operated by DreamWorks Classics before the new deal was made.


title: Gaussian process

text: In probability theory and statistics, a Gaussian process is a stochastic process (a collection of random variables indexed by time or space), such that every finite collection of those random variables has a multivariate normal distribution, i.e. every finite linear combination of them is normally distributed. The distribution of a Gaussian process is the joint distribution of all those (infinitely many) random variables, and as such, it is a distribution over functions with a continuous domain, e.g. time or space.


title: Gaussian process

text: The concept of Gaussian processes is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss because it is based on the notion of the Gaussian distribution (normal distribution). Gaussian processes can be seen as an infinite-dimensional generalization of multivariate normal distributions.


title: Gaussian process

text: Gaussian processes are useful in statistical modelling, benefiting from properties inherited from the normal distribution. For example, if a random process is modelled as a Gaussian process, the distributions of various derived quantities can be obtained explicitly. Such quantities include the average value of the process over a range of times and the error in estimating the average using sample values at a small set of times. While exact models often scale poorly as the amount of data increases, multiple approximation methods have been developed which often retain good accuracy while drastically reducing computation time.


title: Gaussian process

text: A time continuous stochastic process formula_1 is Gaussian if and only if for every finite set of indices formula_2 in the index set formula_3


title: Gaussian process

text: is a multivariate Gaussian random variable. That is the same as saying every linear combination of formula_5 has a univariate normal (or Gaussian) distribution.


title: Gaussian process

text: Using characteristic functions of random variables, the Gaussian property can be formulated as follows: formula_1 is Gaussian if and only if, for every finite set of indices formula_2, there are real-valued formula_8, formula_9 with formula_10 such that the following equality holds for all formula_11


title: Gaussian process

text: The numbers formula_8 and formula_9 can be shown to be the covariances and means of the variables in the process.


title: Gaussian process

text: For general stochastic processes strict-sense stationarity implies wide-sense stationarity but not every wide-sense stationary stochastic process is strict-sense stationary. However, for a Gaussian stochastic process the two concepts are equivalent.


title: Gaussian process

text: A Gaussian stochastic process is strict-sense stationary if, and only if, it is wide-sense stationary.


title: Gaussian process

text: There is an explicit representation for stationary Gaussian processes. A simple example of this representation is


title: Gaussian process

text: where formula_20 and formula_21 are independent random variables with the standard normal distribution.


title: Gaussian process

text: A key fact of Gaussian processes is that they can be completely defined by their second-order statistics. Thus, if a Gaussian process is assumed to have mean zero, defining the covariance function completely defines the process' behaviour. Importantly the non-negative definiteness of this function enables its spectral decomposition using the Karhunen–Loève expansion. Basic aspects that can be defined through the covariance function are the process' stationarity, isotropy, smoothness and periodicity.


title: Gaussian process

text: Stationarity refers to the process' behaviour regarding the separation of any two points formula_22 and formula_23. If the process is stationary, the covariance function depends only on formula_24. For example, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is stationary.


title: Gaussian process

text: If the process depends only on formula_25, the Euclidean distance (not the direction) between formula_22 and formula_23, then the process is considered isotropic. A process that is concurrently stationary and isotropic is considered to be homogeneous; in practice these properties reflect the differences (or rather the lack of them) in the behaviour of the process given the location of the observer.


title: Gaussian process

text: Ultimately Gaussian processes translate as taking priors on functions and the smoothness of these priors can be induced by the covariance function. If we expect that for "near-by" input points formula_22 and formula_23 their corresponding output points formula_30 and formula_31 to be "near-by" also, then the assumption of continuity is present. If we wish to allow for significant displacement then we might choose a rougher covariance function. Extreme examples of the behaviour is the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck covariance function and the squared exponential where the former is never differentiable and the latter infinitely differentiable.


title: Gaussian process

text: Periodicity refers to inducing periodic patterns within the behaviour of the process. Formally, this is achieved by mapping the input formula_22 to a two dimensional vector formula_33.


title: Gaussian process

text: Here formula_40. The parameter formula_41 is the characteristic length-scale of the process (practically, "how close" two points formula_22 and formula_23 have to be to influence each other significantly), "formula_44" is the Kronecker delta and formula_45 the standard deviation of the noise fluctuations. Moreover, formula_46 is the modified Bessel function of order formula_47 and formula_48 is the gamma function evaluated at formula_47. Importantly, a complicated covariance function can be defined as a linear combination of other simpler covariance functions in order to incorporate different insights about the data-set at hand.


title: Gaussian process

text: Clearly, the inferential results are dependent on the values of the hyperparameters formula_50 (e.g. formula_41 and formula_45) defining the model's behaviour. A popular choice for formula_50 is to provide "maximum a posteriori" (MAP) estimates of it with some chosen prior. If the prior is very near uniform, this is the same as maximizing the marginal likelihood of the process; the marginalization being done over the observed process values formula_30. This approach is also known as "maximum likelihood II", "evidence maximization", or "empirical Bayes".


title: Gaussian process

text: Continuity in probability holds if and only if the mean and autocovariance are continuous functions. In contrast, sample continuity was challenging even for stationary Gaussian processes (as probably noted first by Andrey Kolmogorov), and more challenging for more general processes.


title: Gaussian process

text: As usual, by a sample continuous process one means a process that admits a sample continuous modification.


title: Gaussian process

text: For a stationary Gaussian process formula_55 some conditions on its spectrum are sufficient for sample continuity, but fail to be necessary. A necessary and sufficient condition, sometimes called Dudley–Fernique theorem, involves the function formula_45 defined by


title: Gaussian process

text: (the right-hand side does not depend on formula_17 due to stationarity). Continuity of formula_59 in probability is equivalent to continuity of formula_45 at formula_61 When convergence of formula_62 to formula_63 (as formula_64) is too slow, sample continuity of formula_59 may fail. Convergence of the following integrals matters:


title: Gaussian process

text: these two integrals being equal according to integration by substitution formula_67 formula_68 The first integrand need not be bounded as formula_69 thus the integral may converge (formula_70) or diverge (formula_71). Taking for example formula_72 for large formula_73 that is, formula_74 for small formula_75 one obtains formula_70 when formula_77 and formula_71 when formula_79


title: Gaussian process

text: In these two cases the function formula_45 is increasing on formula_81 but generally it is not. Moreover, the condition


title: Gaussian process

text: does not follow from continuity of formula_45 and the evident relations formula_83 (for all formula_84) and formula_85


title: Gaussian process

text: Sufficiency was announced by Xavier Fernique in 1964, but the first proof was published by Richard M. Dudley in 1967.


title: Gaussian process

text: There exist sample continuous processes formula_59 such that formula_87 they violate condition (*). An example found by Marcus and Shepp is a random lacunary Fourier series


title: Gaussian process

text: where formula_89 are independent random variables with standard normal distribution; frequencies formula_90 are a fast growing sequence; and coefficients formula_91 satisfy formula_92 The latter relation implies formula_93 whence formula_94 almost surely, which ensures uniform convergence of the Fourier series almost surely, and sample continuity of formula_95


title: Gaussian process

text: A Wiener process (also known as Brownian motion) is the integral of a white noise generalized Gaussian process. It is not stationary, but it has stationary increments.


title: Gaussian process

text: The Brownian bridge is (like the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process) an example of a Gaussian process whose increments are not independent.


title: Gaussian process

text: The fractional Brownian motion is a Gaussian process whose covariance function is a generalisation of that of the Wiener process.


title: Gaussian process

text: Driscoll's zero-one law is a result characterizing the sample functions generated by a Gaussian process.


title: Gaussian process

text: Let formula_99 be a mean-zero Gaussian process formula_1 with non-negative definite covariance function formula_101. Let formula_102 be a Reproducing kernel Hilbert space with positive definite kernel formula_103.


title: Gaussian process

text: where formula_105 and formula_106 are the covariance matrices of all possible pairs of formula_107 points, implies


title: Gaussian process

text: As such, almost all sample paths of a mean-zero Gaussian process with positive definite kernel formula_101 will lie outside of the Hilbert space formula_114.


title: Gaussian process

text: For many applications of interest some pre-existing knowledge about the system at hand is already given. Consider e.g. the case where the output of the Gaussian process corresponds to a magnetic field; here, the real magnetic field is bound by Maxwell's equations and a way to incorporate this constraint into the Gaussian process formalism would be desirable as this would likely improve the accuracy of the algorithm.


title: Gaussian process

text: Consider the (vector valued) output function formula_115 which is known to obey the linear constraint (i.e. formula_116 is a linear operator)


title: Gaussian process

text: Then the constraint formula_116 can be fulfilled by choosing formula_119, where formula_120 is modelled as a Gaussian process, and finding formula_121 such that


title: Gaussian process

text: Given formula_121 and using the fact that Gaussian processes are closed under linear transformations, the Gaussian process for formula_99 obeying constraint formula_116 becomes


title: Gaussian process

text: Hence, linear constraints can be encoded into the mean and covariance function of a Gaussian process.


title: Gaussian process

text: A Gaussian process can be used as a prior probability distribution over functions in Bayesian inference. Given any set of "N" points in the desired domain of your functions, take a multivariate Gaussian whose covariance matrix parameter is the Gram matrix of your "N" points with some desired kernel, and sample from that Gaussian. For solution of the multi-output prediction problem, Gaussian process regression for vector-valued function was developed. In this method, a 'big' covariance is constructed, which describes the correlations between all the input and output variables taken in "N" points in the desired domain. This approach was elaborated in detail for the matrix-valued Gaussian processes and generalised to processes with 'heavier tails' like Student-t processes.


title: Gaussian process

text: Inference of continuous values with a Gaussian process prior is known as Gaussian process regression, or kriging; extending Gaussian process regression to multiple target variables is known as "cokriging". Gaussian processes are thus useful as a powerful non-linear multivariate interpolation tool.


title: Gaussian process

text: Gaussian processes are also commonly used to tackle numerical analysis problems such as numerical integration, solving differential equations, or optimisation in the field of probabilistic numerics.


title: Gaussian process

text: Gaussian processes can also be used in the context of mixture of experts models, for example. The underlying rationale of such a learning framework consists in the assumption that a given mapping cannot be well captured by a single Gaussian process model. Instead, the observation space is divided into subsets, each of which is characterized by a different mapping function; each of these is learned via a different Gaussian process component in the postulated mixture.


title: Gaussian process

text: When concerned with a general Gaussian process regression problem (Kriging), it is assumed that for a Gaussian process formula_99 observed at coordinates formula_22, the vector of values is just one sample from a multivariate Gaussian distribution of dimension equal to number of observed coordinates . Therefore, under the assumption of a zero-mean distribution, , where is the covariance matrix between all possible pairs for a given set of hyperparameters "θ".


title: Gaussian process

text: and maximizing this marginal likelihood towards provides the complete specification of the Gaussian process . One can briefly note at this point that the first term corresponds to a penalty term for a model's failure to fit observed values and the second term to a penalty term that increases proportionally to a model's complexity. Having specified , making predictions about unobserved values at coordinates is then only a matter of drawing samples from the predictive distribution formula_130 where the posterior mean estimate is defined as


title: Gaussian process

text: where is the covariance between the new coordinate of estimation "x"* and all other observed coordinates "x" for a given hyperparameter vector , and are defined as before and is the variance at point as dictated by . It is important to note that practically the posterior mean estimate of (the "point estimate") is just a linear combination of the observations ; in a similar manner the variance of is actually independent of the observations . A known bottleneck in Gaussian process prediction is that the computational complexity of inference and likelihood evaluation is cubic in the number of points |"x"|, and as such can become unfeasible for larger data sets. Works on sparse Gaussian processes, that usually are based on the idea of building a "representative set" for the given process "f", try to circumvent this issue. The kriging method can be used in the latent level of a nonlinear mixed-effects model for a spatial functional prediction: this technique is called the latent kriging.


title: Gaussian process

text: Often, the covariance has the form formula_133, where formula_134 is a scaling parameter. Examples are the Matérn class covariance functions. If this scaling parameter formula_134 is either known or unknown (i.e. must be marginalized), then the posterior probability, formula_136, i.e. the probability for the hyperparameters formula_50 given a set of data pairs formula_138 of observations of formula_22 and formula_115, admits an analytical expression.


title: Gaussian process

text: Bayesian neural networks are a particular type of Bayesian network that results from treating deep learning and artificial neural network models probabilistically, and assigning a prior distribution to their parameters. Computation in artificial neural networks is usually organized into sequential layers of artificial neurons. The number of neurons in a layer is called the layer width. As layer width grows large, many Bayesian neural networks reduce to a Gaussian process with a closed form compositional kernel. This Gaussian process is called the Neural Network Gaussian Process (NNGP). It allows predictions from Bayesian neural networks to be more efficiently evaluated, and provides an analytic tool to understand deep learning models.


title: Gaussian process

text: In practical applications, Gaussian process models are often evaluated on a grid leading to multivariate normal distributions. Using these models for prediction or parameter estimation using maximum likelihood requires evaluating a multivariate Gaussian density, which involves calculating the determinant and the inverse of the covariance matrix. Both of these operations have cubic computational complexity which means that even for grids of modest sizes, both operations can have a prohibitive computational cost. This drawback led to the development of multiple approximation methods.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: William Whitney Talman Jr., (February 4, 1915August 30, 1968) was an American television and movie actor, best known for playing Los Angeles District Attorney Hamilton Burger in the television series "Perry Mason".


title: William Talman (actor)

text: William Talman was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Ada Barber and William Whitney Talman, a vice president of an electronics company. His maternal grandparents, Catherine Gandy and James Wells Barber, were immigrants from England.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: Talman founded the drama club at the Cranbrook Kingswood School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. He continued to act at Dartmouth College and the University of Michigan. After college, he worked in summer stock and at an iron foundry, paper mills, boat yards, and as an automobile salesman. Talman served for 30 months in the United States Army in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, beginning his service as a private on February 4, 1942, at Camp Upton in Yaphank, Long Island, New York. He was ultimately commissioned a major during the war.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: Talman began his acting career on the stage. He was the leading man in the summer stock company at Ivoryton, Connecticut, where he met his first wife, and he played the male lead in "Dear Ruth" during part of the play's New York run. He appeared on Broadway in "Beverly Hills", "Spring Again" and "A Young Man's Fancy", and toured with the road companies of "Yokel Boy" and "Of Mice and Men".


title: William Talman (actor)

text: In the 1952 film "Beware, My Lovely", in which Ida Lupino played a war widow terrorized by a madman in her home, a photograph of Talman was used for the picture of her late, heroic husband.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: In 1953, Talman played a sadistic, psychopathic killer in a movie directed by Lupino, the film noir "The Hitch-Hiker". "The New York Times" wrote, "William Talman, as the ruthless murderer, makes the most of one of the year's juiciest assignments."


title: William Talman (actor)

text: His performance was also noted by Gail Patrick Jackson, executive producer of the CBS-TV series "Perry Mason" (1957–66). Raymond Burr had initially auditioned for the role of Hamilton Burger, but Patrick encouraged him to lose 60 pounds and read for the lead role – which Burr successfully did. Patrick already had an actor in mind for the Los Angeles district attorney: "I'd seen a brilliant little movie, "The Hitch-Hiker", and had to have Bill Talman as Burger – and he never disappointed us," Patrick said.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: In 1958, a journalist asked Talman how he felt about Burger losing to Mason week after week. Talman said, "Burger doesn't lose. How can a district attorney lose when he fails to convict an innocent person? Unlike a fist or gun fight, in court you can have a winner without having a loser. As a matter of fact, Burger in a good many instances has joined Mason in action against unethical attorneys, lying witnesses, or any one else obstructing justice. Like any real-life district attorney, justice is Burger's main interest."


title: William Talman (actor)

text: Talman, as Burger, went on to lose all but three cases in the nine-year series, including a record two separate murder trials in the final episode. He called his record "the longest losing streak in history". Talman had the title role in the 1960 episode "The Case of the Prudent Prosecutor" in which Burger disqualified himself from prosecuting a longtime personal friend, Jefferson Pike, who was accused of murder. At the end of the episode, after Pike was cleared by Mason, Burger said, "You know, I think I won this case."


title: William Talman (actor)

text: Aside from his major supporting role in "Perry Mason," Talman also guest-starred in various television series, including "Wagon Train," "Have Gun-Will Travel," "Cimarron City," and "Gunsmoke." After the 1966 cancellation of "Perry Mason", Talman appeared on "The Wild, Wild West" and in a first-season episode of "The Invaders," "Quantity: Unknown”, which was his last on-screen acting role before his death.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: Talman was fired from "Perry Mason" for a short period in 1960. Sheriff's deputies, suspicious of marijuana use, raided a party on March 13, 1960, in the West Hollywood apartment of Richard Reibold, an advertising agency executive. The deputies reported finding Talman and seven other defendants variously naked and partly dressed. Among the guests was Mrs. Peggy Louise Flannigan, who would later become William Talman's next wife, after his divorce from Barbara Read.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: All were arrested for possession of marijuana (the charge was later dropped) and lewd vagrancy. On June 17, municipal judge Adolph Alexander dismissed the charges of lewd vagrancy against Talman and the others for lack of proof. "I don't approve of their conduct," the judge ruled, "but it is not for you and me to approve but to enforce the statutes." Despite this Talman was fired by CBS, which refused to give a reason. Talman was later rehired after the series's executive producer, Gail Patrick Jackson, staunchly supported by Talman's friend Raymond Burr, made a request to CBS after a massive campaign of letters from viewers.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: Talman was married three times. His first marriage, to actress Lynne Carter, lasted from just before he left for active service in 1942 to September 1952 and produced one daughter, Lynda. His second wife was actress Barbara Read; she had two sons, Damon and Quentin, from her second marriage. Read and Talman were married in 1953 and had one daughter, Barbie, and one son, William Whitney Talman III. The couple divorced on August 23, 1960. Talman's third wife was Margaret Louise Larkin Flannigan, whom he married in 1963; she had a son, Steve, and daughter, Debbie, from a previous marriage. The couple had two children: a son, Timothy, and a daughter, Susan. Margaret Talman outlived William Talman by almost 34 years and died, of lung cancer related to smoking, in January 2002, at age 73.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: Talman is also known for being the first actor in Hollywood to film an antismoking public service announcement for the American Cancer Society. A lifelong heavy smoker, he was diagnosed with lung cancer, and knew he was dying when he filmed the commercial. The short film began with the words: "Before I die, I want to do what I can to leave a world free of cancer for my six children [...]" Talman requested that the commercial not be aired until after his death.


title: William Talman (actor)

text: He had made another such public service announcement, which opened with his voice-over and a picture of his home, followed by filmed shots of his wife and kids, then a still of himself "with a friend of mine you might recognize," Raymond Burr, from the "Perry Mason" TV series. He then said, "You know, I didn't really mind losing those courtroom battles, but I'm in a battle now I don't want to lose at all. Because if I lose it, it means losing my wife and those kids you just met. I've got lung cancer... So take some advice about smoking and losing from someone who's been doing both for years... If you don't smoke, don't start. If you do smoke, quit!... Don't be a loser."


title: William Talman (actor)

text: Four weeks after filming the second public service announcement, Talman died of lung cancer (which had metastasized to his liver, bones and brain) on August 30, 1968, at the age of 53, and was buried in the Court of Liberty, lot 833, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) in Los Angeles.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Porter is a style of beer that was developed in London, England in the early 18th century. It was well-hopped and dark in appearance owing to the use of brown malt. The name is believed to have originated from its popularity with working class people and porters.


title: Porter (beer)

text: The popularity of porter was significant. It became the first beer style to be brewed around the world, and production had commenced in Ireland, North America, Sweden, and Russia by the end of the 18th century.


title: Porter (beer)

text: The history of stout and porter are intertwined. The name "stout", used for a dark beer, came about because strong porters were marketed as "stout porter", later being shortened to just stout. Guinness Extra Stout was originally called "Extra Superior Porter" and was not given the name "Extra Stout" until 1840. Today, the terms stout and porter are used by different breweries almost interchangeably to describe dark beers, and have more in common than in distinction.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Porter was first mentioned in 1721, as a development of the brown beer already being produced across London, and delivered to publicans to age and blend to their customers tastes. The innovation is attributed to Ralph Harwood, a brewer at the Bell Brewhouse in Shoreditch.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Before 1700, London brewers sent out their beer very young, as "Milds"; any ageing into "Stale" styles, was either performed by the publican or a dealer, with blends of Milds and Stales often sold to the public. Porter was the one of the first beer styles to be aged at the brewery and dispatched in a condition fit to be drunk immediately. It was also a style that could be made on a large scale, and the London porter brewers, such as Whitbread, Truman, Parsons and Thrale, achieved economies of scale, and financial success.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Early London porters were strong beers by modern standards. Early trials with the hydrometer in the 1770s recorded porter as having an original gravity (OG) of 1.071 and 6.6% alcohol by volume (ABV). Increased taxation during the Napoleonic Wars pushed its gravity down to around 1.055, where it remained for the rest of the 19th century. The popularity of the style prompted brewers to produce porters in a wide variety of strengths. These started with Single Stout Porter around 1.066, Double Stout Porter (such as Guinness) at 1.072, Triple Stout Porter at 1.078 and Imperial Stout Porter at 1.095 and more. As the 19th century progressed, the porter suffix was gradually dropped.


title: Porter (beer)

text: The large London porter breweries pioneered many technological advances, such as the use of the thermometer (about 1760) and the hydrometer (1770). The use of the latter transformed the nature of porter. The first porters were brewed from 100% brown malt. Now, brewers were able to accurately measure the yield of the malt they used, and noticed that brown malt, though cheaper than pale malt, only produced about two-thirds as much fermentable material. When the malt tax was increased to help pay for the Napoleonic War, brewers had an incentive to use less malt. Their solution was to use a proportion of pale malt and add colouring to obtain the expected hue. When a law was passed in 1816 allowing only malt and hops to be used in the production of beer (a sort of British "Reinheitsgebot"), they were left in a quandary. Their problem was solved by Wheeler's invention of the almost black (kilned) patent malt in 1817. It was now possible to brew porter from 95% pale malt and 5% patent malt, though most London brewers continued to use some brown malt for flavour.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Until about 1800, all London porter was matured in large vats, often holding several hundred barrels, for six to 18 months before being racked into smaller casks to be delivered to pubs. Ageing all porter was found to be unnecessary. A small quantity of highly aged beer (18 months or more) mixed with fresh or "mild" porter produced a flavour similar to that of aged beer. It was a cheaper method of producing porter, as it required less beer to be stored for long periods. The normal blend was around two parts young beer to one part old.


title: Porter (beer)

text: After 1860, as the popularity of porter and the aged taste began to wane, porter was increasingly sold "mild". In the final decades of the century, many breweries discontinued their porter, but continued to brew one or two stouts. Those that persisted with porter, brewed it weaker and with less hops. Between 1860 and 1914, the gravity dropped from 1.058 to 1.050 and the hopping rate from two to one pound per 36-gallon barrel.


title: Porter (beer)

text: During the First World War in Britain, shortages of grain led to restrictions on the strength of beer. Less strict rules were applied in Ireland, allowing Irish brewers such as Guinness to continue to brew beers closer to pre-war strengths. English breweries continued to brew a range of bottled, and sometimes draught, stouts until the Second World War and beyond. During the Second World War, because of the Irish Free State's official policy of neutrality, this period was not technically considered wartime, but the country suffered similar resource scarcities and consequent rationing to the United Kingdom, thus this period was officially named the Emergency there. They were considerably weaker than the pre-war versions (down from 1.055–1.060 to 1.040–1.042) and around the strength that porter had been in 1914. The drinking of porter, with its strength slot now occupied by single stout, steadily declined, and the last porter was produced in 1941.


title: Porter (beer)

text: The Anchor Brewing Company started brewing a porter in 1972, and was bottled in 1974 that kickstarted the revival of the style which began in 1978, when the Penrhos microbrewery introduced a porter. A little later, Timothy Taylor, Yorkshire, began to brew a porter. Now, dozens of breweries in Britain are making porter, with Fuller's London Porter winning gold and silver medals at the 1999, 2000 and 2002 International Beer and Cider Competitions, and CAMRA's Supreme Champion Winter Beer of Britain silver medal in 2007, with Wickwar Brewery's Station Porter winning gold in 2008.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Many breweries brew porters in wide varieties, including pumpkin, honey, vanilla, plum, and chocolate. Specialized porter brews continue the tradition of ageing in barrels, and the use of bourbon barrels is not uncommon.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Obadiah Poundage was the pen-name of a London brewer of the 18th century who published a letter in the "London Chronicle" on November 4, 1760 arguing for a rise in the price of beer. The letter was reprinted in various journals, including "The Gentleman's Magazine" and "The Gazetteer", and has since been used by beer historians for the basis of information about porter.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Obadiah Poundage was also used as a pen-name by the author of a long-running diary column in "What's Brewing", the monthly newsletter of the Campaign for Real Ale.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Porter was first brewed in Ireland in 1776 and, although Arthur Guinness did not start brewing until 1787, he had phased out all other types of beer from his Guinness Brewery by 1799. Beamish and Crawford in Cork and Murphy's Brewery followed suit and abandoned ales in favour of porter. The move from porter to stout was made when Arthur Guinness realised that he would pay less tax if he used unmalted and roasted barley in his beer.


title: Porter (beer)

text: In Ireland, especially Dublin, the porter was known as "plain porter" or just "plain". This is the drink referred to in Flann O'Brien's poem "The Workman's Friend": "A pint of plain is your only man." By contrast, extra-strong porter was called "stout porter". The last Guinness Irish porter was produced in 1974, though the company launched a "revival" based upon a 1796 recipe in 2014.


title: Porter (beer)

text: After the invention of malted barley roasted until black to impart a darker colour and distinct burnt taste to the beer in 1817, Irish brewers dropped the use of brown malt, using patent malt and pale malt only, while English brewers continued using some brown malt, giving a difference in style between English and Irish porters.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Today, porter remains an important style in the burgeoning Irish craft-beer scene. A number of notable Irish craft breweries such as Trouble Brewing in Kildare produce highly regarded interpretations of the style. As with Guinness stout, many porters from Irish craft breweries are carbonated with nitrogen/CO blends when served on draught. However, all-CO carbonation remains more common for canned and bottled variations.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Porter was being commercially brewed in the United States in the 18th century, especially in New England and Pennsylvania. After the introduction of lagers in the United States in the 1850s, breweries began brewing their porters with lager yeast rather than a top-fermenting one. In addition, these American porters often included adjuncts such as maize, molasses, and Porterine. Porterine was developed in America as a brewer's tool, added in the wort of lighter beers, to add colour and flavour to emulate that of a porter. Porterine is made from the slow cooking of corn syrup, which concentrates the sugars in the substance. With this concentration comes the caramel-like colour and consistency of Porterine. With the advent of the craft brewing movement, many microbreweries produce porters and stouts with traditional methods, as well as the American techniques.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Baltic porter is a version of imperial stout that originated in the Baltic region in the 19th century. Imperial stouts exported from Britain in the 18th century were popular in the countries around the Baltic Sea, and were recreated locally using local ingredients and brewing traditions. Early versions were warm fermented until the late 19th century, when many breweries began to brew their porter with cool fermentation, so are technically lagers. Baltic porters typically have a minimum gravity of 18° plato and a high alcohol content, even over 10% ABV. They are produced in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Denmark, Sweden, and the United States.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Baltic porter is a specialty of many Polish breweries, with the country's oldest being produced by Żywiec in 1881. Finland's Sinebrychoff has been brewing Baltic porters in Helsinki since the 1860s, while Estonia's Põhjala is a newcomer specialising in barrel-aged porters. In Denmark the word "porter" is synonymous with "imperial stout" and Wiibroe's Baltic porter (now brewed by Carlsberg) is known by both names.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Baltic Porter Day, started in Poland in 2016 by Marcin Chmielarz, is celebrated annually on the third Saturday of January.


title: Porter (beer)

text: Porter was brewed in Germany from 1853 until 1990, when production ceased in East Germany after reunification. In the GDR, Porter was a beer type specified in the industry standard TGL 7764. According to this industry standard, East German Porter had an original gravity of 17.7 to 18.3 °P, an apparent attenuation of at least 64%, a carbon dioxide content of at least 0.42%, an isohumulone content of 35 to 50 mg/L (equivalent to 35 to 50 IBU) and could only be sold in bottles. In terms of adjuncts, German Porter could contain up to 0.45 kg/hl of caramel colouring, as well as up to 100 g/hl of salt. TGL 7764 also prescribed the colour of beer labels: those for German Porter had to use carmine red to indicate the beer type. German Porter was also the only beer in the GDR in which Dekkera bruxellensis could be used for fermentation. Unlike Baltic Porter, German Porter was top-fermented, often involving a mixed fermentation with Brettanomyces yeast. Historically, Dekkera/Brettanomyces yeast has been associated with secondary fermentation in Porter and Stout to give it its typical flavour.


title: Porter (beer)

text: In 1998, the Hoepfner brewery of Karlsruhe resumed production of an old recipe. It was followed by other brewers such as Neuzeller Kloster Brewery and Bergquell Brewery who brew an 8% abv Baltic porter.


title: Jovan Adepo

text: Jovan Adepo (born September 6, 1988) is a British-American actor. He is known for his role as Cory Maxson in the film adaptation of "Fences" (2016), and also had starring roles in the 2018 film "Overlord" and as Lionel Jefferson in CBS' "All in the Family"/"The Jeffersons" special. Adepo was featured in the series "When They See Us", the second season of "Jack Ryan", and the Facebook series "Sorry for Your Loss". He plays Michael Murphy in the HBO series "The Leftovers" and in 2019 appeared in "Watchmen" as Hooded Justice. For the latter, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie. He also starred as Larry Underwood in the miniseries of Stephen King's "The Stand".


title: Jovan Adepo

text: Adepo was born in 1988 in Upper Heyford, Oxfordshire. His mother is a British Nigerian from London, while his father is an African American from Chattanooga, Tennessee. His maternal grandfather Fatai Adepo was special adviser to former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo. He moved to the United States with his family at the age of 2. Raised in Waldorf, Maryland, he acted in school and church plays.


title: Jovan Adepo

text: He attended college at Bowie State University in Maryland, receiving his B.A. in political science and philosophy. While studying political science, he began taking creative writing classes. He later decided he wanted to move to Los Angeles to become a writer. He started doing commercial workshops to supplement income.


title: Jovan Adepo

text: He moved to Los Angeles in 2011 after receiving his bachelor's degree in political science. His first acting job for the Disney Channel on "K.C. Undercover". To make ends meet, he took acting classes in order to book commercials. Here, he grew an interest in becoming an actor. Adepo studied acting under the tutelage of a variety of notable instructors, including Dianne Hull of the Actors Studio. Through church in Maryland he met Viola Davis's older sister, who helped him get in contact with Davis. It was Davis who put Adepo on the path to studying the right techniques, seeing plays, and reading as many plays as he could.


title: Jovan Adepo

text: He was part of "Live in Front of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear's All in the Family and The Jeffersons". He played the role of Lionel Jefferson. The special was conceptualized and hosted by Jimmy Kimmel, and the team took home the Emmy for Outstanding Variety Special (Live). In 2016 he starred in "Fences" alongside Viola Davis and Denzel Washington. In "Fences" he stars as Cory Maxson, the son of the main characters played by Davis and Washington. Adepo was "the only member of the "Fences" cast who did not star in the play's 2010 Broadway revival before it made the jump to feature film."


title: Jovan Adepo

text: In 2017, he appeared as the central character along with Wyatt Russell in "Overlord", both playing American paratroopers confronted by Nazi super soldiers. By 2017, he was also a series regular on "The Leftovers" on HBO, appearing in the second and third seasons. Adepo performed in the 2017 horror film "Mother!" by Darren Aronofsky.


title: Jovan Adepo

text: In May 2019, he appeared as the adult Anton McCray in "When They See Us", nominated for an Emmy, about the Central Park Five. In September 2019, he was cast as Larry Underwood in an upcoming version of Stephen King's "The Stand". As of November 2019, he was in Vancouver shooting "The Stand." In November 2019, he appeared as the central character in the sixth episode of "Watchmen", playing the world's first superhero Hooded Justice. Also in November 2019, he was in an unreleased independent film called "Violent Heart", to be released in 2020. He was named one of "Dazed Magazine's" "Dazed 100".


title: Gas mask

text: A gas mask is a mask used to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases. The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. Most gas masks are also respirators, though the word "gas mask" is often used to refer to military equipment (such as a field protective mask), the scope used in this article. The gas mask only protects the user from digesting, inhaling, and contact through the eyes (many agents affect through eye contact). Most combined gas mask filters will last around 8 hours in a biological or chemical situation. Filters against specific chemical agents can last up to 20 hours.


title: Gas mask

text: Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous (for example, chlorine or mustard gas), or particulates (such as biological agents). Many filters provide protection from both types.


title: Gas mask

text: The first gas masks mostly used circular lenses made of glass, mica or cellulose acetate to allow vision. Glass and mica were quite brittle and needed frequent replacement. The later Triplex lens style (a cellulose acetate lens sandwiched between glass ones) became more popular, and alongside plain cellulose acetate they became the standard into the 1930s. Panoramic lenses were not popular until the 1930s, but there are some examples of those being used even during the war (Austro-Hungarian 15M). Later, stronger polycarbonate came into use.


title: Gas mask

text: Some masks have one or two compact air filter containers screwed onto inlets, while others have a large air filtration container connected to the gas mask via a hose that is sometimes confused with an "air-supplied respirator" in which an alternate supply of fresh air (oxygen tanks) is delivered.


title: Gas mask

text: Absorption is the process of being drawn into a (usually larger) body or substrate, and adsorption is the process of deposition upon a surface. This can be used to remove both particulate and gaseous hazards. Although some form of reaction may take place, it is not necessary; the method may work by attractive charges. For example, if the target particles are positively charged, a negatively charged substrate may be used. Examples of substrates include activated carbon, and zeolites. This effect can be very simple and highly effective, for example using a damp cloth to cover the mouth and nose while escaping a fire. While this method can be effective at trapping particulates produced by combustion, it does not filter out harmful gases which may be toxic or which displace the oxygen required for survival.


title: Gas mask

text: Gas masks have a useful lifespan limited by the absorbent capacity of the filter. Filters cease to provide protection when saturated with hazardous chemicals, and degrade over time even if sealed. Most gas masks have sealing caps over the air intake and are stored in vacuum-sealed bags to prevent the filter from degrading due to exposure to humidity and pollutants in normal air. Unused gas mask filters from World War II may not protect the wearer at all, and could be harmful if worn due to long-term changes in the chemical composition of the filter.


title: Gas mask

text: Some World War II and Soviet Cold War gas masks contained chrysotile asbestos or crocidolite asbestos in their filters, not known to be harmful at the time. It is not reliably known for how long the materials were used in filters.


title: Gas mask

text: Typically, masks using 40 mm connections are a more recent design. Rubber degrades with time, so boxed unused "modern type" masks can be cracked and leak. The US C2 canister (black) contains hexavalent chromium; studies by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps found that the level in the filter was acceptable, but suggest caution when using, as it is a carcinogen.


title: Gas mask

text: The filter is selected according to the toxic compound. Each filter type protects against a particular hazard and is color-coded:


title: Gas mask

text: Particle filters are often included, because in many cases the hazardous materials are in the form of mist, which can be captured by the particle filter before entering the chemical adsorber. In Europe and jurisdictions with similar rules such as Russia and Australia, filter types are given suffix numbers to indicate their capacity. For non-particle hazards, the level "1" is assumed and a number "2" is used to indicate a better level. For particles (P), three levels are always given with the number. In the US, only the particle part is further classified by NIOSH air filtration ratings.


title: Gas mask

text: A filter type that can protect against multiple hazards is notated with the European symbols concatenated with each other. Examples include ABEK, ABEK-P3, and ABEK-HgP3. A2B2E2K2-P3 is the highest rating of filter available. An entirely different "multi/CBRN" filter class with an olive color is used in the US.


title: Gas mask

text: Filtration may be aided with an air pump to improve wearer comfort. Filtration of air is only possible if there is sufficient oxygen in the first place. Thus, when handling asphyxiants, or when ventilation is poor or the hazards are unknown, filtration is not possible and air must be supplied (with a SCBA system) from a pressurized bottle as in scuba diving.


title: Gas mask

text: A modern mask typically is constructed of an elastic polymer in various sizes. It is fitted with various adjustable straps which may be tightened to secure a good fit. Crucially, it is connected to a filter cartridge near the mouth either directly, or via a flexible hose. Some models contain drinking tubes which may be connected to a water bottle. Corrective lens inserts are also available for users who require them.


title: Gas mask

text: Masks are typically tested for fit before use. After a mask is fitted, it is often tested by various challenge agents. Isoamyl acetate, a synthetic banana flavourant, and camphor are often used as innocuous challenge agents. In the military, teargases such as CN, CS, and stannic chloride in a chamber may be used to give the users confidence in the efficacy of the mask.


title: Gas mask

text: The protection of a gas mask comes with some disadvantages. The wearer of a typical gas mask must exert extra effort to breathe, and some of the exhaled air is re-inhaled due to the dead space between the facepiece and the user's face. The exposure to carbon dioxide may exceed its OELs (0.5% by volume/9 grammes per cubic metre for an eight-hour shift; 1.4%/27 grammes per m for 15 minutes' exposure) by a factor of many times: for gas masks and elastomeric respirators, up to 2.6%); and in case of long-term use, headache, dermatitis and acne may appear. The UK HSE textbook recommends limiting the use of respirators without air supply (that is, not PAPR) to one hour.


title: Gas mask

text: This principle relies on substances harmful to humans being usually more reactive than air. This method of separation will use some form of generally reactive substance (for example an acid) coating or supported by some solid material. An example is synthetic resins. These can be created with different groups of atoms (usually called functional groups) that have different properties. Thus a resin can be tailored to a particular toxic group. When the reactive substance comes in contact with the resin, it will bond to it, removing it from the air stream. It may also exchange with a less harmful substance at this site.


title: Gas mask

text: Though it was crude, the hypo helmet was a stopgap measure for British troops in the trenches that offered at least some protection during a gas attack. As the months passed and poison gas was used more often, more sophisticated gas masks were developed and introduced. There are two main difficulties with gas mask design:


title: Gas mask

text: According to "Popular Mechanics", "The common sponge was used in ancient Greece as a gas mask..." In 1785, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier invented a respirator.


title: Gas mask

text: Primitive respirator examples were used by miners and introduced by Alexander von Humboldt in 1799, when he worked as a mining engineer in Prussia. The forerunner to the modern gas mask was invented in 1847 by Lewis P. Haslett, a device that contained elements that allowed breathing through a nose and mouthpiece, inhalation of air through a bulb-shaped filter, and a vent to exhale air back into the atmosphere. "First Facts" states that a "gas mask resembling the modern type" was patented by Lewis Phectic Haslett of Louisville, Kentucky, who received a patent on June 12, 1849. U.S. patent #6,529 issued to Haslett, described the first "Inhaler or Lung Protector" that filtered dust from the air.


title: Gas mask

text: Early versions were constructed by the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse in 1854 and the physicist John Tyndall in the 1870s. Another early design was the "Safety Hood and Smoke Protector" invented by Garrett Morgan in 1912, and patented in 1914. It was a simple device consisting of a cotton hood with two hoses which hung down to the floor, allowing the wearer to breathe the safer air found there. In addition, moist sponges were inserted at the end of the hoses in order to better filter the air. This was later modified to include its own air supply, leading to World War I era gas masks.<ref name="pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica2"></ref><ref name="encyclopedia.com/topic/Garrett_Morgan2"></ref><ref name="biography.com/people/garrett-morgan2"></ref>


title: Gas mask

text: The First World War brought about the first need for mass-produced gas masks on both sides because of extensive use of chemical weapons. The German army successfully used poison gas for the first time against Allied troops at the Second Battle of Ypres, Belgium on April 22, 1915. An immediate response was cotton wool wrapped in muslin, issued to the troops by May 1. This was followed by the Black Veil Respirator, invented by John Scott Haldane, which was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling.


title: Gas mask

text: Seeking to improve on the Black Veil respirator, Cluny MacPherson created a mask made of chemical-absorbing fabric which fitted over the entire head. A canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, and fitted with a transparent mica eyepiece. Macpherson presented his idea to the British War Office Anti-Gas Department on May 10, 1915; prototypes were developed soon after. The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the British Smoke Hood in June 1915; Macpherson was appointed to the War Office Committee for Protection against Poisonous Gases. More elaborate sorbent compounds were added later to further iterations of his helmet (PH helmet), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin. In summer and autumn 1915, Edward Harrison, Bertram Lambert and John Sadd developed the Large Box Respirator. This canister gas mask had a tin can containing the absorbent materials by a hose and began to be issued in February 1916. A compact version, the Small Box Respirator, was made a universal issue from August 1916.


title: Gas mask

text: In the first gas masks of World War I, it was initially found that wood charcoal was a good absorbent of poison gases. Around 1918, it was found that charcoals made from the shells and seeds of various fruits and nuts such as coconuts, chestnuts, horse-chestnuts, and peach stones performed much better than wood charcoal. These waste materials were collected from the public in recycling programs to assist the war effort.


title: Gas mask

text: The first effective filtering activated charcoal gas mask in the world was invented in 1915 by Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky.


title: Gas mask

text: Also in World War I, since dogs were frequently used on the front lines, a special type of gas mask was developed that dogs were trained to wear. Other gas masks were developed during World War I and the time following for horses in the various mounted units that operated near the front lines. In America, thousands of gas masks were produced for American as well as Allied troops. Mine Safety Appliances was a chief producer. This mask was later used widely in industry.


title: Gas mask

text: The British Respirator, Anti-Gas (Light) was developed in 1943 by the British. It was made of plastic and rubber-like material that greatly reduced the weight and bulk compared to World War I gas masks, and fitted the user's face more snugly and comfortably. The main improvement was replacing the separate filter canister connected with a hose by an easily replaceable filter canister screwed on the side of the gas mask. Also, it had replaceable plastic lenses.


title: Gas mask

text: Gas mask development since has mirrored the development of chemical agents in warfare, filling the need to protect against ever more deadly threats, biological weapons, and radioactive dust in the nuclear era. However, for agents that cause harm through contact or penetration of the skin, such as blister agent or nerve agent, a gas mask alone is not sufficient protection, and full protective clothing must be worn in addition to protect from contact with the atmosphere. For reasons of civil defence and personal protection, individuals often buy gas masks since they believe that they protect against the harmful effects of an attack with nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) agents, which is only partially true, as gas masks protect only against respiratory absorption. Most military gas masks are designed to be capable of protecting against all NBC agents, but they can have filter canisters proof against those agents (heavier) or only against riot control agents and smoke (lighter and often used for training purposes). There are lightweight masks solely for protection against riot-control agents and not for NBC situations.


title: Gas mask

text: Although thorough training and the availability of gas masks and other protective equipment can nullify the casualty-causing effects of an attack by chemical agents, troops who are forced to operate in full protective gear are less efficient in completing tasks, tire easily, and may be affected psychologically by the threat of attack by those weapons. During the Cold War, it was seen as inevitable that there would be a constant NBC threat on the battlefield and so troops needed protection in which they could remain fully functional; thus, protective gear and especially gas masks have evolved to incorporate innovations in terms of increasing user comfort and compatibility with other equipment (from drinking devices to artificial respiration tubes, to communications systems etc.).


title: Gas mask

text: During the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88), Iraq developed its chemical weapons program with the help of European countries such as Germany and France and used them in a large scale against Iranians and Iraqi Kurds. Iran was unprepared for chemical warfare. In 1984, Iran received gas masks from the Republic of Korea and East Germany, but the Korean masks were not suited for the faces of non-East Asian people, the filter lasted for only 15 minutes, and the 5,000 masks bought from East Germany proved to be not gas masks but spray-painting goggles. As late as 1986, Iranian diplomats still travelled in Europe to buy active charcoal and models of filters to produce defensive gear domestically. In April 1988, Iran started domestic production of gas masks by the Iran Yasa factories.


title: Gas mask

text: Many civilians learned how to use gas masks through the civil defense department, but children received most gas mask education in school drills. Schools would implement gas mask education and training after the outbreak of a war. Schools would harshly enforce the compulsory carrying of gas masks at all times. Gas mask and air raid drills were closely related and children would be made to wear gas masks in everyday activities, including gymnastics. The wearing of gas masks in the classrooms were especially difficult for teachers as they had trouble distinguishing one child from another. The gas masks became as uniform as the students' uniforms. Other civilians learned the use of a gas mask through posters, pamphlets, and radio lectures, but children learned through cartoons and rhymes such as "coughs and sneezes spread diseases".


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi is a general-purpose programming language and a software product that uses the Delphi dialect of the Object Pascal programming language and provides an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application development of desktop, mobile, web, and console software, currently developed and maintained by Embarcadero Technologies.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi includes a code editor, a visual designer, an integrated debugger, a source code control component, and support for third-party plugins. The code editor features Code Insight (code completion), Error Insight (real-time error-checking), and refactoring. The visual forms designer has the option of using either the Visual Component Library (VCL) for pure Windows development or the FireMonkey (FMX) framework for cross-platform development. Database support is a key feature and is provided by FireDAC (Database Access Components). Delphi is known for its fast compilation speed, native code, and developer productivity.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi was originally developed by Borland as a rapid application development tool for Windows as the successor of Turbo Pascal. Delphi added full object-oriented programming to the existing language, and the language has grown to support generics, anonymous methods, closures, and native Component Object Model (COM) support.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi and its C++ counterpart, C++Builder, are interoperable and jointly sold under the name RAD Studio. There are Professional, Enterprise, and Architect editions, with the higher editions having more features at a higher price. There is also a free-of-charge Community edition, with most of the features of Professional, but restricted to users and companies with low revenue.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi supports rapid application development (RAD). Prominent features are a visual designer and two application frameworks, VCL for Windows and FireMonkey (FMX) for cross-platform development.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi uses the Pascal-based programming language Object Pascal created by Anders Hejlsberg for Borland (now IDERA) as the successor to Turbo Pascal. It supports native cross-compilation to many platforms including Windows, Linux, iOS and Android.


title: Delphi (software)

text: To better support development for Microsoft Windows and interoperate with code developed with other software development tools, Delphi supports independent interfaces of Component Object Model (COM) with reference counted class implementations, and support for many third-party components. Interface implementations can be delegated to fields or properties of classes. Message handlers are implemented by tagging a method of a class with the integer constant of the message to handle.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Database connectivity is extensively supported through VCL database-aware and database access components.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Later versions have included upgraded and enhanced runtime library routines, some provided by the community group FastCode.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi uses a strongly typed high-level programming language, intended to be easy to use and originally based on the earlier Object Pascal language. Pascal was originally developed as a general-purpose language "suitable for expressing the fundamental constructs known at the time in a concise and logical way", and "its implementation was to be efficient and competitive with existing FORTRAN compilers" but without low-level programming facilities or access to hardware. Turbo Pascal and its descendants, including Delphi, support access to hardware and low-level programming, with the facility to incorporate code written in assembly language and other languages. Delphi's object orientation features only class- and interface-based polymorphism. Metaclasses are first class objects. Objects are actually references to the objects (as in Java), which Delphi implicitly de-references, so there is usually no need to manually allocate memory for pointers to objects or use similar techniques that some other languages need. There are dedicated reference-counted string types, and also null-terminated strings.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Strings can be concatenated by using the '+' operator, rather than using functions. For dedicated string types Delphi handles memory management without programmer intervention. Since Borland Developer Studio 2006 there are functions to locate memory leaks.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi includes an integrated IDE. The Delphi products all ship with a run-time library (RTL) and a Visual Component Library (VCL), including most of its source code. Third-party components (sometimes with full source code) and tools to enhance the IDE or for other Delphi related development tasks are available, some free of charge. The IDE includes a GUI for localization and translation of created programs that may be deployed to a translator; there are also third-party tools with more features for this purpose. The VCL framework maintains a high level of source compatibility between versions, which simplifies updating existing source code to a newer Delphi version. Third-party libraries typically need updates from the vendor but, if source code is supplied, recompilation with the newer version may be sufficient. The VCL was an early adopter of dependency injection or inversion of control; it uses a re-usable component model, extensible by the developer. With class helpers new functionality can be introduced to core RTL and VCL classes without changing the original source code of the RTL or VCL.


title: Delphi (software)

text: The compiler is optimizing and is a single-pass compiler. It can optionally compile to a single executable which does not require DLLs. Delphi can also generate standard DLLs, ActiveX DLLs, COM automation servers and Windows services.


title: Delphi (software)

text: The Delphi IDEs since Delphi 2005 increasingly support refactoring features such as method extraction and the possibility to create UML models from the source code or to modify the source through changes made in the model.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi is one of the languages where backward compatibility is close to 100%. Although each new release of Delphi attempts to keep as much backward compatibility as possible to allow existing code reuse, new features, new libraries, and improvements sometimes make newer releases less than 100% backwards compatible.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Since 2016, there have been new releases of Delphi every six months, with new platforms being added approximately every second release.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi and its C++ counterpart, C++Builder, are interoperable. They share many core components, notably the IDE, the VCL and FMX frameworks, and much of the runtime library. In addition, they can be used jointly in a project. For example, C++Builder 6 and later can combine source code from Delphi and C++ in one project, while packages compiled with C++Builder can be used from within Delphi. In 2007, the products were released jointly as RAD Studio, a shared host for Delphi and C++Builder, which can be purchased with either or both.


title: Delphi (software)

text: Delphi is the medium used to teach programming in South African schools as a subject of information technology (IT).


title: Delphi (software)

text: Embarcadero publishes "roadmaps" describing their future development plans. The most recent one was published in November 2020. Version 10.5 referred to in the November 2020 roadmap was renamed 11.0.


title: Royal Air Maroc

text: Royal Air Maroc (; , , literally "Royal Moroccan Lines" or "Royal Moroccan Airlines"; , "Amuni Aylal Ageldan n Amurakuc"), more commonly known as "RAM", is the Moroccan national carrier, as well as the country largest airline.


title: Royal Air Maroc

text: RAM is wholly owned by the Moroccan Government, and has its headquarters on the grounds of Casablanca-Anfa Airport. It joined the Oneworld alliance in 2020.


title: Royal Air Maroc

text: From its base at Mohammed V International Airport, the carrier operates a domestic network in Morocco, scheduled international flights to Africa, Asia, Europe, and North and South America, and occasional charter flights that include Hajj services.


title: Royal Air Maroc

text: "Royal Air MarocCompagnie Nationale de Transports Aériens" was formed in as a result of the merger of "Compagnie Chérifienne de'l Air (Air Atlas)" — set up in 1946 with Junkers Ju 52s — and "Compagnie Chérifienne de Transports Aériens Air Maroc", that was founded in 1947 and commenced scheduled operations in 1949.


title: Royal Air Maroc

text: The fleet of the newly formed airline included six Bretagnes, four Commandos, five DC-3s and two Languedocs. These aircraft worked on routes previously served by the predecessor companies, and added the cities of Frankfurt, Geneva and Paris.


title: Royal Air Maroc

text: The name "Royal Air Maroc (RAM)" was adopted on , with the government of Morocco having a 67.73% stake. Hajj flights commenced in 1957.


title: Royal Air Maroc

text: The carrier's fleet comprised 16 aircraft by , including four DC-4s, three DC-3s, seven Bretagnes and two C-46s. In , the airline ordered two Caravelles. In July, a number of long-haul routes were launched using four Lockheed L-749 Constellations leased from Air France, and the coastal Oran–Oujda run — which had been suspended in May — was reopened. Also in 1958, the carrier started flying to Gibraltar. The arrival of the Constellations enabled the airline to withdraw the DC-4s from service.