title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: In England, Northern Ireland, Wales, the Crown dependencies and the British Overseas Territories, the flag is divided into four quadrants. The first and fourth quadrants represent the ancient Kingdom of England and contain three gold lions (or "leopards"), passant guardant on a red field; the second quadrant represents the ancient Kingdom of Scotland and contains a red lion rampant on a gold field; the third quadrant represents the ancient Kingdom of Ireland and contains a version of the gold harp from the coat of arms of Ireland on a blue field. The inclusion of the harp remains an issue for some in Ireland. In 1937 Éamon de Valera, then Taoiseach, asked Dominions Secretary Malcolm MacDonald if the harp quarter could be removed from the Royal Standard on the grounds that the Irish people had not given their consent to the Irish emblem being included. The request was denied and the harp remains.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The modern Royal Standard of the United Kingdom, apart from minor changes (notably to the form of harp used to represent Ireland), dates to the reign of Queen Victoria. Earlier Royal Standards of the United Kingdom incorporated the Arms of Hanover and of the Kingdom of France, representing the title of Elector (later King) of Hanover and the theoretical claim to the throne of France, a claim dropped in 1800). The Hanoverian association terminated in 1837 with the accession of Queen Victoria who, being a female, could not accede to Hanover.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Famous Royal Standards of former British Monarchs include the "Scotland Impaled" Royal Standard of Queen Anne, the "Hanover Quartered" Royal Standards of King George I to George III, and the "Hanover crowned" Royal Standards of George III to William IV. The latter contained the Royal coat of arms of Hanover superimposed over what became the modern Royal Standard of the United Kingdom, although this particular standard's artistic representations of the banners of England, Ireland and Scotland in their respective quadrants was marginally different from the versions used today.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: In Scotland a separate version of the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is used, whereby the red Lion Rampant of the Kingdom of Scotland appears in the first and fourth quadrants, displacing the three gold lions passant guardant of England, which occur only in the second quadrant. The third quadrant, displaying the gold harp of Ireland, remains unaltered from that version used throughout the remainder of the United Kingdom and overseas.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The Scottish version of the Royal Standard was used to cover the coffin of Queen Elizabeth II during the procession on the Royal Mile from the Palace of Holyroodhouse to St. Giles' Cathedral on 12 September 2022.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Other members of the Royal Family also use this Scottish version when in Scotland, with the only exceptions to this protocol being the consort of a queen regnant and the heir apparent, the Duke of Rothesay, each of whom has his own individual standard.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom used in Scotland differs from the current, traditional Royal Standard of Scotland in that the latter portrays the Lion Rampant in its entirety. As the banner of the Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland, the Royal Standard of Scotland remains a personal banner of the monarch and, despite being commonly used as an unofficial second flag of Scotland, its use is restricted under an act passed in 1672 by the Parliament of Scotland.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The historic Royal Standard of Scotland is used officially at Scottish royal residences, when the monarch is not in residence, and by representatives of the Crown, including the First Minister, Lord Lieutenants in their lieutenancies, the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and Lord Lyon King of Arms. A variation of the Royal Standard of Scotland is used by the heir apparent to the King of Scots, the Duke of Rothesay, whose personal Royal Standard is the Royal Standard of Scotland defaced with an azure-coloured label of three points. (The banner of the Duke of Rothesay also features the same, displayed upon an inner shield).


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The direct heir to the Throne has several distinct standards and banners for use throughout the United Kingdom in representation of this position. William, Prince of Wales has five standards at use for his various roles and titles.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Other members of the Royal Family have personal standards of their own. These are variants of the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom (including that which is used in Scotland), defaced with a white label and either three points or pendants (for children of a sovereign), or five points (grandchildren of a sovereign). Traditionally all princes and princesses of royal blood (i.e. descendants of the sovereign) are granted arms on their 18th birthday, thus giving them a banner to fly from their residences.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The following members of the Royal Family have personal standards, listed according to the line of succession:


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Queens consort of the British monarch are granted arms based on the Royal Standard and their own personal arms from before their marriage, or the arms of their family. In Scotland, a queen consort will use the Scottish version of the Royal Standard. They do not have different standards for the Commonwealth realms that have their own Royal Standards.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Consorts of a queen regnant are not granted use of the British Royal Standard. They use standards based on their own family arms. However, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha used a standard of the royal arms (with a label for difference) quartered with his own family arms.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Other members of the Royal Family may use the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom, but within an ermine border (a white border with black "tails" representing the ermine fur). This standard is mainly used for the wives of British princes, or members of the Royal Family who have not yet been granted their own arms. Diana, Princess of Wales, and more recently, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, had this standard draped over their coffins at their funerals.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, also enjoyed the right to use this version of the Royal Standard although she rarely exercised it on her own. She received a grant of arms on 17 July 2005, which, based on past practice, could form the basis for her own standard..Since her husband ascended to the throne she has used a different version, pictured above.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The Royal Standard is reserved only for the monarch, and is the most used. Most famously it signals the presence of the monarch at a royal residence, and is also used on official vehicles, primarily the Bentley State Limousine, but also on other road vehicles at home or abroad, often a Range Rover. The Royal Standard is also flown from aircraft and water vessels, including HMY "Britannia" and MV "Spirit of Chartwell" during the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant. When the monarch is aboard a British naval ship, the flag is flown from the main mast of the ship and is lowered upon his/her departure. The flag is also draped over the coffin of the Monarch upon his/her death.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: In some situations, personal standards are displayed within the UK, such as within St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh (site of the Chapel of the Order of the Thistle), and St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle home of Banners of Knights of the Order of the Garter, at the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant Prince Andrew's standard flew from MV "Havengore". However, the use of personal standards of other members of the Royal Family varies in frequency. Prior to his accession, the then-Prince of Wales flew his standard at Clarence House in the same way the Royal Standard is used over Buckingham Palace, but other members of the family tend not to fly theirs from their respective residences (though this may be due to the fact that many share official London Residences, as is the case at Kensington Palace).


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Family members also do not use their standards on road vehicles, either privately or during official engagements (when more discreet cars are used, such as Jaguar) or state occasions (when the Liveried cars of the Royal Mews are used), this seems reserved for the Queen only, although when Prince Philip traveled alone at state occasions, his standard flew from the roof of his car, as seen with the funerals of Diana, Princess of Wales (when the Queen Mother also flew her personal standard from her car) and that of the Queen Mother, also, when a visiting Head of State on a state visit uses a car from the Royal Mews, his/her own flag is displayed. That said, when abroad, the standards of members of the family may well be flown: examples include Prince Charles, the Duchess of Cornwall and Prince William.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Personal Standards have been used to cover the coffins of the Queen Mother, the Duke of Edinburgh, Princess Margaret and the Duke of Windsor.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: According to the Flag Institute, the order of precedence of flags in the United Kingdom is: the Royal Standards, the Union Flag, the flag of the host country (England, Scotland and Wales etc.), the flags of other nations (in alphabetical order), the Commonwealth Flag, the Flag of Europe, the county flags, the flags of cities or towns, the banners of arms, and the house flags.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: Big Time Adolescence is a 2019 American coming-of-age comedy film written and directed by Jason Orley, in his directorial debut. It stars Pete Davidson, Griffin Gluck, Emily Arlook, Colson Baker, Sydney Sweeney and Jon Cryer.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2019. It was then released by Hulu on March 13, 2020, to a limited number of theaters. It received positive reviews from critics.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: When Mo was younger, his older sister Kate dated her classmate Zeke Presanti. Even after Kate broke up with him, Zeke and Mo remained close friends, despite their age difference. Mo's parents, Reuben and Sherri, allow Mo to continue hanging out with Zeke despite their concern about Zeke's influence on their son. Zeke, now 23, works a dead-end job and spends most of his time smoking marijuana and drinking.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: Mo spends most of his time with Zeke, his friends, and his girlfriend Holly rather than anyone his own age. Zeke helps Mo acquire drinks for a senior party after being invited by fellow sophomore Stacey, and gives Mo some weed to sell to the other kids. This earns Mo credibility among the seniors at the party. Mo also sees his classmate Sophie there, and they exchange numbers after he strikes up a conversation with her.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: Mo later takes Sophie out on a dinner date for sushi before taking her back to Zeke's place to hang out. They drink, and before Sophie leaves, she and Mo kiss. This earns him the nickname "Tongue Daddy" from his friends, which Zeke tattoos onto Mo's chest. The next night Mo comes home accidentally stoned after being in a hot boxed car with Zeke, right before a family dinner. His father finds out about this and his tattoo, resulting in Mo being grounded and forbidden from hanging out with Zeke.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: Mo continues to supply drugs and alcohol at the parties. Though he has doubts about his actions and their risks, Zeke encourages him to and continues to supply him, even quitting his job due to the amount of money Mo makes off of selling.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: Mo begins to ignore Sophie, per Zeke's advice on how to get girls, which makes her mad. After realizing his mistake, he tries to explain himself but she refuses to listen and walks out on him. Mo gets a call from Holly and he goes over to her place. Holly tells him that she and Zeke have broken up because he was cheating, and she has sex with Mo. After the break-up, Zeke spends his night getting drunk and high, and sings in a karaoke bar.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: Stacey is distracted while driving with a few seniors who are smoking and drinking after a party, resulting in driving his mom's car into a ditch. Everyone else quickly gets out and leaves instead of helping, and he abandons the car. Coming back in the morning to the ditch, he realizes that the car is gone. The same day a police officer comes to school and interrogates him, telling him he won't get in trouble if he reveals who supplied the drugs they found in the car.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: When the cops show up at a party looking for Mo off of a tip from Stacey, Zeke manages to get him out of the house and brings Mo back to his place. Mo cries about how he has become a degenerate like Zeke, even though he never wanted to be. He also admits to Zeke that he had sex with Holly and that he wanted to tell him sooner, but Zeke forgives him and the two reconcile. Zeke offers to take the fall for Mo supplying drugs at the party, but Mo declines his offer saying that Zeke has done enough and he needs to handle this on his own.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: The following day Mo is escorted out of class (as shown at the beginning of the movie), gets expelled from school, and is sentenced to community service. Reuben drives to Zeke's house and orders him to stay away from Mo, and briefly assaults him when Zeke refuses to comply.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: Three months later, Mo stops at a fast-food restaurant after driving to a drug test and is surprised to see Zeke working at the drive-thru window. Mo sits with Zeke inside to catch up. Zeke asks Mo if he wants to hang out the next day and Mo says that they might be able to. Mo drives away, and through the rear window Zeke is seen smoking a blunt before sitting down on the curb with his head in his hands.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: In June 2018, it was announced that Griffin Gluck, Pete Davidson, Sydney Sweeney, Machine Gun Kelly, Thomas Barbusca, Emily Arlook and Oona Laurence had joined the cast of the film, with Jason Orley directing from a screenplay he wrote. Will Phelps, Glen Trotiner, Mason Novick, and Jeremy Garelick produced the film, under their American High and LD Entertainment banners, respectively. In July 2018, Jon Cryer joined the cast of the film.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: Principal photography began in July 2018 in Syracuse, New York. Production also took place in Manlius, New York and Liverpool, New York.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2019. Shortly after, Hulu acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on March 13, 2020, in a limited theatrical release, before digital streaming on March 20 by Hulu.


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: "Big Time Adolescence" received positive reviews from film critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 84% based on 83 critics' reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Funny, heartfelt, and brought to life by a smartly assembled ensemble, "Big Time Adolescence" finds fresh pleasures in the crowded coming-of-age genre." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 64 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Big Time Adolescence

text: Brian Lowry of CNN criticized Davidson's performance, stating, "Pete Davidson doesn't exactly stretch much as a performer." In the same article, Lowry praised Gluck's performance.


title: Brendan Sexton III

text: Born in Staten Island, New York, Sexton made his film debut in Todd Solondz's "Welcome to the Dollhouse" playing the troubled bully Brandon McCarthy, for which he was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award. He was the lead in "Hurricane Streets" and "Desert Blue" and also appeared in "Boys Don't Cry", "Black Hawk Down", and "Just Like the Son", as well as the cult films "Empire Records" and "Pecker".


title: Brendan Sexton III

text: He also starred in "The Marconi Bros." alongside Dan Fogler and in Jonathan Blitstein's "Let Them Chirp Awhile" alongside Justin Rice.


title: Brendan Sexton III

text: In a radio interview, in 2002, Sexton said that the version of the film "Black Hawk Down", in which he briefly appeared, which made it onto theater screens was significantly different from the one recounted in the original script. According to him, many scenes asking hard questions of the U.S. troops with regard to the violent realities of war, the true purpose of their mission in Somalia, etc., were cut out.


title: Brendan Sexton III

text: Sexton has said in interviews that speaking out against the film led to him getting "blacklisted" and prevented him from getting work in major films.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease and food poisoning) is any illness resulting from the spoilage of contaminated food by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites that contaminate food, as well as prions (the agents of mad cow disease), and toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts, poisonous mushrooms, and various species of beans that have not been boiled for at least 10 minutes.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Symptoms vary depending on the cause but often include vomiting, fever, and aches, and may include diarrhea. Bouts of vomiting can be repeated with an extended delay in between, because even if infected food was eliminated from the stomach in the first bout, microbes, like bacteria (if applicable), can pass through the stomach into the intestine and begin to multiply. Some types of microbes stay in the intestine.


title: Foodborne illness

text: For contaminants requiring an incubation period, symptoms may not manifest for hours to days, depending on the cause and on quantity of consumption. Longer incubation periods tend to cause those affected to not associate the symptoms with the item consumed, so they may misattribute the symptoms to gastroenteritis, for example.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Foodborne illness usually arises from improper handling, preparation, or food storage. Good hygiene practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the chances of contracting an illness. There is a consensus in the public health community that regular hand-washing is one of the most effective defenses against the spread of foodborne illness. The action of monitoring food to ensure that it will not cause foodborne illness is known as food safety. Foodborne disease can also be caused by a large variety of toxins that affect the environment.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Furthermore, foodborne illness can be caused by a number of chemicals, such as pesticides, medicines, and natural toxic substances such as vomitoxin, poisonous mushrooms or reef fish.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Bacteria are a common cause of foodborne illness. The United Kingdom, in 2000, reported the individual bacteria involved as the following: "Campylobacter jejuni" 77.3%, "Salmonella" 20.9%, 1.4%, and all others less than 0.56%.


title: Foodborne illness

text: In the past, bacterial infections were thought to be more prevalent because few places had the capability to test for norovirus and no active surveillance was being done for this particular agent. Toxins from bacterial infections are delayed because the bacteria need time to multiply. As a result, symptoms associated with intoxication are usually not seen until 12–72 hours or more after eating contaminated food. However, in some cases, such as Staphylococcal food poisoning, the onset of illness can be as soon as 30 minutes after ingesting contaminated food.


title: Foodborne illness

text: A 2022 study concluded that washing uncooked chicken could increase risk pathogen transfer, and that specific washing conditions can decrease the risk of transfer.


title: Foodborne illness

text: In addition to disease caused by direct bacterial infection, some foodborne illnesses are caused by enterotoxins (exotoxins targeting the intestines). Enterotoxins can produce illness even when the microbes that produced them have been killed. Symptom appearance varies with the toxin but may be rapid in onset, as in the case of enterotoxins of "Staphylococcus aureus" in which symptoms appear in one to six hours. This causes intense vomiting including or not including diarrhea (resulting in staphylococcal enteritis), and staphylococcal enterotoxins (most commonly staphylococcal enterotoxin A but also including staphylococcal enterotoxin B) are the most commonly reported enterotoxins although cases of poisoning are likely underestimated. It occurs mainly in cooked and processed foods due to competition with other biota in raw foods, and humans are the main cause of contamination as a substantial percentage of humans are persistent carriers of "S. aureus". The CDC has estimated about 240,000 cases per year in the United States.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The rare but potentially deadly disease botulism occurs when the anaerobic bacterium "Clostridium botulinum" grows in improperly canned low-acid foods and produces botulin, a powerful paralytic toxin.


title: Foodborne illness

text: "Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis", certain species of Pseudomonas and Vibrio, and some other bacteria, produce the lethal tetrodotoxin, which is present in the tissues of some living animal species rather than being a product of decomposition.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Scandinavian outbreaks of "Yersinia enterocolitica" have recently increased to an annual basis, connected to the non-canonical contamination of pre-washed salad.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Prevention is mainly the role of the state, through the definition of strict rules of hygiene and a public services of veterinary surveying of animal products in the food chain, from farming to the transformation industry and delivery (shops and restaurants). This regulation includes:


title: Foodborne illness

text: In August 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved phage therapy which involves spraying meat with viruses that infect bacteria, and thus preventing infection. This has raised concerns, because without mandatory labelling consumers would not be aware that meat and poultry products have been treated with the spray.


title: Foodborne illness

text: At home, prevention mainly consists of good food safety practices. Many forms of bacterial poisoning can be prevented by cooking food sufficiently, and either eating it quickly or refrigerating it effectively. Many toxins, however, are not destroyed by heat treatment.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Techniques that help prevent food borne illness in the kitchen are hand washing, rinsing produce, preventing cross-contamination, proper storage, and maintaining cooking temperatures. In general, freezing or refrigerating prevents virtually all bacteria from growing, and heating food sufficiently kills parasites, viruses, and most bacteria. Bacteria grow most rapidly at the range of temperatures between , called the "danger zone". Storing food below or above the "danger zone" can effectively limit the production of toxins. For storing leftovers, the food must be put in shallow containers


title: Foodborne illness

text: for quick cooling and must be refrigerated within two hours. When food is reheated, it must reach an internal temperature of or until hot or steaming to kill bacteria.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The term alimentary mycotoxicosis refers to the effect of poisoning by mycotoxins through food consumption. The term mycotoxin is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops. Mycotoxins sometimes have important effects on human and animal health. For example, an outbreak which occurred in the UK in 1960 caused the death of 100,000 turkeys which had consumed aflatoxin-contaminated peanut meal. In the USSR in World War II, 5,000 people died due to alimentary toxic aleukia (ALA). The common foodborne Mycotoxins include:


title: Foodborne illness

text: Viral infections make up perhaps one third of cases of food poisoning in developed countries. In the US, more than 50% of cases are viral and noroviruses are the most common foodborne illness, causing 57% of outbreaks in 2004. Foodborne viral infection are usually of intermediate (1–3 days) incubation period, causing illnesses which are self-limited in otherwise healthy individuals; they are similar to the bacterial forms described above.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Several foods can naturally contain toxins, many of which are not produced by bacteria. Plants in particular may be toxic; animals which are naturally poisonous to eat are rare. In evolutionary terms, animals can escape being eaten by fleeing; plants can use only passive defenses such as poisons and distasteful substances, for example capsaicin in chili peppers and pungent sulfur compounds in garlic and onions. Most animal poisons are not synthesised by the animal, but acquired by eating poisonous plants to which the animal is immune, or by bacterial action.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Some plants contain substances which are toxic in large doses, but have therapeutic properties in appropriate dosages.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Ptomaine poisoning was a myth that persisted in the public consciousness, in newspaper headlines, and legal cases as an official diagnosis, decades after it had been disproven scientifically in the 1910s.


title: Foodborne illness

text: In the 19th century, the Italian chemist Francesco Selmi, of Bologna, introduced the generic name "" (from Greek "ptōma", "fall, fallen body, corpse") for alkaloids found in decaying animal and vegetable matter, especially (as reflected in their names) putrescine and cadaverine. The 1892 "Merck's Bulletin" stated, "We name such products of bacterial origin ptomaines; and the special alkaloid produced by the comma bacillus is variously named Cadaverine, Putrescine, etc." While "The Lancet" stated, "The chemical ferments produced in the system, the... ptomaines which may exercise so disastrous an influence." It is now known that the "disastrous... influence" is due to the direct action of bacteria and only slightly due to the alkaloids. Thus, the use of the phrase "ptomaine poisoning" is now obsolete.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Tainted potato salad sickening hundreds at a Communist political convention in Massillon, Ohio, and aboard a Washington DC cruise boat in separate incidents during a single week in 1932 drew national attention to the dangers of so-called "ptomaine poisoning" in the pages of the American news weekly, "Time."


title: Foodborne illness

text: Another newspaper article from 1944 told of more than 150 persons being hospitalized in Chicago with ptomaine poisoning apparently from rice pudding served by a chain of restaurants.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The delay between the consumption of contaminated food and the appearance of the first symptoms of illness is called the incubation period. This ranges from hours to days (and rarely months or even years, such as in the case of listeriosis or bovine spongiform encephalopathy), depending on the agent, and on how much was consumed. If symptoms occur within one to six hours after eating the food, it suggests that it is caused by a bacterial toxin or a chemical rather than live bacteria.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The long incubation period of many foodborne illnesses tends to cause those affected to attribute their symptoms to gastroenteritis.


title: Foodborne illness

text: During the incubation period, microbes pass through the stomach into the intestine, attach to the cells lining the intestinal walls, and begin to multiply there. Some types of microbes stay in the intestine, some produce a toxin that is absorbed into the bloodstream, and some can directly invade the deeper body tissues. The symptoms produced depend on the type of microbe.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The infectious dose is the amount of agent that must be consumed to give rise to symptoms of foodborne illness, and varies according to the agent and the consumer's age and overall health. Pathogens vary in minimum infectious dose; for example, "Shigella sonnei" has a low estimated minimum dose of < 500 colony-forming units (CFU) while "Staphylococcus aureus" has a relatively high estimate.


title: Foodborne illness

text: In the case of "Salmonella" a relatively large inoculum of 1 million to 1 billion organisms is necessary to produce symptoms in healthy human volunteers, as "Salmonellae" are very sensitive to acid. An unusually high stomach pH level (low acidity) greatly reduces the number of bacteria required to cause symptoms by a factor of between 10 and 100.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Foodborne illness often occurs as travelers' diarrhea in persons whose gut microbiota is unaccustomed to organisms endemic to the visited region. This effect of microbiologic naïveté is compounded by any food safety lapses in the food's preparation.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Asymptomatic subclinical infection may help spread these diseases, particularly "Staphylococcus aureus", "Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Enterobacter, Vibrio cholerae," and "Yersinia". For example, as of 1984 it was estimated that in the United States, 200,000 people were asymptomatic carriers of "Salmonella".


title: Foodborne illness

text: Globally, infants are a group that is especially vulnerable to foodborne disease. The World Health Organization has issued recommendations for the preparation, use and storage of prepared formulas. Breastfeeding remains the best preventive measure for protection from foodborne infections in infants.


title: Foodborne illness

text: In the United States, using FoodNet data from 2000 to 2007, the CDC estimated there were 47.8 million foodborne illnesses per year (16,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants) with 9.4 million of these caused by 31 known identified pathogens.


title: Foodborne illness

text: According to a 2012 report from the Food Standards Agency, there were around a million cases of foodborne illness per year (1,580 cases for 100,000 inhabitants).


title: Foodborne illness

text: This data pertains to reported medical cases of 23 specific pathogens in the 1990s, as opposed to total population estimates of all foodborne illness for the United States.


title: Foodborne illness

text: A study by the Australian National University, published in November 2014, found in 2010 that there were an estimated 4.1 million cases of foodborne gastroenteritis acquired in Australia on average each year, along with 5,140 cases of non-gastrointestinal illness. The study was funded by the Australian Department of Health, Food Standards Australia New Zealand and the NSW Food Authority.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The main causes were Norovirus, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp., although the causes of approximately 80% of illnesses were unknown. Approximately 25% (90% CrI: 13%–42%) of the 15.9 million episodes of gastroenteritis that occur in Australia were estimated to be transmitted by contaminated food. This equates to an average of approximately one episode of foodborne gastroenteritis every five years per person. Data on the number of hospitalisations and deaths represent the occurrence of serious foodborne illness. Including gastroenteritis, non-gastroenteritis and sequelae, there were an estimated annual 31,920 (90% CrI: 29,500–35,500) hospitalisations due to foodborne illness and 86 (90% CrI: 70–105) deaths due to foodborne illness circa 2010. This study concludes that these rates are similar to recent estimates in the US and Canada.


title: Foodborne illness

text: A main aim of this study was to compare if foodborne illness incidence had increased over time. In this study, similar methods of assessment were applied to data from circa 2000, which showed that the rate of foodborne gastroenteritis had not changed significantly over time. Two key estimates were the total number of gastroenteritis episodes each year, and the proportion considered foodborne. In circa 2010, it was estimated that 25% of all episodes of gastroenteritis were foodborne. By applying this proportion of episodes due to food to the incidence of gastroenteritis circa 2000, there were an estimated 4.3 million (90% CrI: 2.2–7.3 million) episodes of foodborne gastroenteritis circa 2000, although credible intervals overlap with 2010. Taking into account changes in population size, applying these equivalent methods suggests a 17% decrease in the rate of foodborne gastroenteritis between 2000 and 2010, with considerable overlap of the 90% credible intervals.


title: Foodborne illness

text: This study replaces a previous estimate of 5.4 million cases of foodborne illness in Australia every year, causing:


title: Foodborne illness

text: Most foodborne disease outbreaks in Australia have been linked to raw or minimally cooked eggs or poultry. The Australian Food Safety Information Council estimates that one third of cases of food poisoning occur in the home.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. The origin of most sporadic cases is undetermined. In the United States, where people eat outside the home frequently, 58% of cases originate from commercial food facilities (2004 FoodNet data). An outbreak is defined as occurring when two or more people experience similar illness after consuming food from a common source.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Often, a combination of events contributes to an outbreak, for example, food might be left at room temperature for many hours, allowing bacteria to multiply which is compounded by inadequate cooking which results in a failure to kill the dangerously elevated bacterial levels.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Outbreaks are usually identified when those affected know each other. Outbreaks can also be identified by public health staff when there are unexpected increases in laboratory results for certain strains of bacteria. Outbreak detection and investigation in the United States is primarily handled by local health jurisdictions and is inconsistent from district to district. It is estimated that 1–2% of outbreaks are detected.


title: Foodborne illness

text: In postwar Aberdeen (1964) a large-scale (>400 cases) outbreak of typhoid occurred, caused by contaminated corned beef which had been imported from Argentina. The corned beef was placed in cans and because the cooling plant had failed, cold river water from the Plate estuary was used to cool the cans. One of the cans had a defect and the meat inside was contaminated. This meat was then sliced using a meat slicer in a shop in Aberdeen, and a lack of cleaning the machinery led to spreading the contamination to other meats cut in the slicer. These meats were then eaten by the people of Aberdeen who then became ill.


title: Foodborne illness

text: Serious outbreaks of foodborne illness since the 1970s prompted key changes in UK food safety law. These included the death of 19 patients in the Stanley Royd Hospital outbreak and the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease) outbreak identified in the 1980s. The death of 21 people in the 1996 Wishaw outbreak of "E. coli" O157 was a precursor to the establishment of the Food Standards Agency which, according to Tony Blair in the 1998 white paper "A Force for Change" Cm 3830, "would be powerful, open and dedicated to the interests of consumers".


title: Foodborne illness

text: In May 2015, for the second year running, England's Food Standards Agency devoted its annual Food Safety Week to – "The Chicken Challenge". The focus was on the handling of raw chicken in the home and in catering facilities in a drive to reduce the high levels of food poisoning from the "campylobacter" bacterium. Anne Hardy argues that widespread public education of food hygiene can be useful, particularly through media (TV cookery programmes) and advertisement. She points to the examples set by Scandinavian societies.


title: Foodborne illness

text: In 2001, the Center for Science in the Public Interest petitioned the United States Department of Agriculture to require meat packers to remove spinal cords before processing cattle carcasses for human consumption, a measure designed to lessen the risk of infection by variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. The petition was supported by the American Public Health Association, the Consumer Federation of America, the Government Accountability Project, the National Consumers League, and Safe Tables Our Priority.


title: Foodborne illness

text: None of the US Department of Health and Human Services targets regarding incidence of foodborne infections were reached in 2007.


title: Foodborne illness

text: A report issued in June 2018 by NBC's Minneapolis station using research by both the CDC and the Minnesota Department of Health concluded that foodborne illness is on the rise in the U.S.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The World Health Organization Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses (FOS) provides scientific advice for organizations and the public on issues concerning the safety of food. Its mission is to lower the burden of foodborne disease, thereby strengthening the health security and sustainable development of Member States. Foodborne and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases kill an estimated 2.2 million people annually, most of whom are children. WHO works closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to address food safety issues along the entire food production chain—from production to consumption—using new methods of risk analysis. These methods provide efficient, science-based tools to improve food safety, thereby benefiting both public health and economic development.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) is a joint program of the WHO and FAO. INFOSAN has been connecting national authorities from around the globe since 2004, with the goal of preventing the international spread of contaminated food and foodborne disease and strengthening food safety systems globally. This is done by:


title: Foodborne illness

text: Membership to INFOSAN is voluntary, but is restricted to representatives from national and regional government authorities and requires an official letter of designation. INFOSAN seeks to reflect the multidisciplinary nature of food safety and promote intersectoral collaboration by requesting the designation of Focal Points in each of the respective national authorities with a stake in food safety, and a single Emergency Contact Point in the national authority with the responsibility for coordinating national food safety emergencies; countries choosing to be members of INFOSAN are committed to sharing information between their respective food safety authorities and other INFOSAN members. The operational definition of a food safety authority includes those authorities involved in: food policy; risk assessment; food control and management; food inspection services; foodborne disease surveillance and response; laboratory services for monitoring and surveillance of foods and foodborne diseases; and food safety information, education and communication across the farm-to-table continuum.


title: Foodborne illness

text: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and The World Health Organization have published a global ranking of foodborne parasites using a multicriteria ranking tool concluding that "Taenia solium" was the most relevant, followed by "Echinococcus granulosus", "Echinococcus multilocularis", and "Toxoplasma gondii". The same method was used regionally to rank the most important foodborne parasites in Europe ranking "Echinococcus multilocularis" of highest relevance, followed by "Toxoplasma gondii" and "Trichinella spiralis".


title: Foodborne illness

text: Food may be contaminated during all stages of food production and retailing. In order to prevent viral contamination, regulatory authorities in Europe have enacted several measures:


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Underbelly is an Australian television true crime-drama series which first aired on the Nine Network on 13 February 2008 and 1 September 2013, before being revived on 3 April 2022. Each series is based on real-life events. There have been six full series, with season 7 being a miniseries. A 2014 series titled "Fat Tony & Co" is a sequel to the first series but is not branded under the "Underbelly" title.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: The first series is based on the book "Leadbelly: Inside Australia's Underworld", by journalists John Silvester and Andrew Rule. The series also borrows the title 'Underbelly' from a previously successful series of 12 true crime compilations by the same authors. Three direct tie-in novels, based on the first three seasons, were also later published by the same authors as part of this series, and a separate 16th book ("Underbelly: The Golden Casket") was published in 2010. The is based on the book "Razor" by crime author Larry Writer, which was subsequently republished as a tie-in. A fifth tie-in novel, by Andy Muir, was published for the . Despite being part of the "Underbelly" series, the first 12 books have never been republished with the famous "Underbelly" logo, and the logo was only used from books 13 to 18 (including "Golden Casket" and the republishing of "Razor").


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: The fifth series, "", is based on Sydney underworld figure Anthony "Rooster" Perish, his brother Andrew and their associates. It is set between 2001–2012, and broadcast from 13 August 2012. This is the only season that did not receive a 'tie-in' novel.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: A sixth series titled "", based on the events surrounding Joseph "Squizzy" Taylor and set between 1915 and 1927, began airing on 28 July 2013.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Three telemovies called "The Underbelly Files" aired in 2011. "" is about the 1998 murders of Victorian police officers Gary Silk and Rod Miller and the subsequent manhunt for their killers. "" is about the story of Australian police detective Colin McLaren's infiltration of the Calabrian Mafia in Griffith, New South Wales which saw dozens of underworld figures imprisoned "" tells the story of David McMillian, a drug smuggler and the only Western man to ever escape from Bangkok's Klong Prem Central Prison. All three aired on the Nine Network in February 2011.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: In September 2011, a New Zealand version of the series premiered on TV3, titled "". The six-part mini-series was the first Underbelly production to be produced and financed outside of Australia. The series detailed events beginning in the late 1960s to and throughout the 1970s and told the origin of the Mr Asia drug syndicate and its original leader Marty Johnstone. The series is somewhat a prequel to the series "A Tale of Two Cities". An American version has also been announced on the network channel Starz though nothing else has been confirmed.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Season 1 focuses on events in Melbourne which occurred between 1995 and 2004, referred to in the press as the Melbourne gangland killings, in which 36 criminal figures and others were killed, and the transformation of Carl Williams from harmless driver into one of Australia's most notorious drug kingpins.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Season 2 is a prequel to the first series and focuses on events that occurred in Sydney and Melbourne between the years 1976 to 1987.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Season 3 is the sequel to "A Tale of Two Cities" - and hence the prequel to the first series - and focuses on events that stemmed from the Kings Cross nightclub scene in Sydney between the years 1988 to 1996


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Season 4 is set in Sydney during the roaring 1920s, when organised crime in Australia began. It's the story of the bloody battle between the era's most feared vice queens, Tilly Devine and her rival Kate Leigh. The series is based on the Ned Kelly Award-winning book "Razor", by Larry Writer. The series includes an ensemble cast including actresses Chelsie Preston Crayford and Danielle Cormack portraying Devine and Leigh respectively.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Season 5 is set in modern-day Sydney between 2001–2012 and tells the story of underworld figure Anthony "Rooster" Perish and the efforts of the NSW Police Force's Strike Force Tuno to bring him to justice. The cast includes Jonathan LaPaglia as Anthony Perish, Jodi Gordon, Matt Nable, Josh Quong Tart, Aaron Jeffrey, Jason Montgomery, Hollie Andrew and Leeanna Walsman.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Season 6 occurs between 1915–1927 in Melbourne and tells the story of one of the city's most notorious criminals, Squizzy Taylor, who made an appearance in "", which was set in 1920s Sydney. Justin Rosniak did not reprise his role as Squizzy as Jared Daperis took over the role.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Season 7 tells the story of the bizarre disappearance of Melissa Caddick, the high-roller who allegedly embezzled over $40 million before disappearing while under investigation. It is a two part mini-series which is part factual and part fictional.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: In early 2010 the Nine Network announced that three separate stand-alone crime telemovies would continue the "Underbelly" franchise. Known by the collective title "Underbelly: Files", the first was "Tell Them Lucifer was Here", the second "Infiltration" and the third "The Man Who Got Away". They premiered on Australia's Nine Network early in the 2011 ratings season. A fourth telemovie "Chopper" followed in 2018.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: "Tell Them Lucifer Was Here" depicts the 1998 murders of Victorian police officers Gary Silk and Rod Miller. It shows the enormous efforts of the Lorimer Task Force in leading the manhunt for their killer or killers.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: It stars Brett Climo, Jeremy Kewley, Todd Lasance, Greg Stone, Dimitri Baveas, Ditch Davey, Jane Allsop, Annie Jones, Paul O'Brien, Daniel Whyte, Chris Bunworth, James Taylor, Craig Blumeris, Jasmine Dare, Marshall Napier, Robert Taylor, Shanti Pezet and Lee Cormie, with a return guest appearance by Don Hany as Nik 'The Russian' Radev - the same character he played in the original "Underbelly" series (which was set a few years after the events that take place in this movie).


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: The movie had its premiere screening across Australia on the Nine and WIN Networks on Monday 7 February 2011, followed by an encore screening on GEM on Sunday 13 February 2011.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: Late in 2010 this telemovie hit a legal snag as part of a pending court case in the NSW law courts, which resulted in a slightly altered version of "Lucifer" being broadcast in Sydney and NSW on Monday 7 February. The version screened in NSW omitted one particular scene and changed the names of a number of individuals in the case (for example "Bandali Debs" changed to "Patrici Fabro"); however, in an oversight, the subtitles were not edited and showed the original names. When the DVD of the "Underbelly Files" telemovies were released, "Tell Them Lucifer Was Here" was omitted from the release in NSW only. Like the first series of "Underbelly" in Victoria, releases of the DVD that contained "Tell Them Lucifer Was Here" had a warning sticker banning the exhibition of the telemovie in NSW.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: "Infiltration" is an adaptation for screen from an autobiographical novel written by ex-cop Colin McLaren. He and his police partner lived undercover in Griffith, New South Wales for a number of years, in order to infiltrate the very closed and deadly Mafia community there. For days, weeks, then months and years, Colin eats with them, sits in their homes and cuddles their kids, all the while climbing the N'Drangheta, finally befriending the Griffith Godfather, Antonio Romeo.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: The two-hour telemovie aired on 14 February 2011 and stars Sullivan Stapleton as Colin McLaren, Jessica Napier as Jude, Tottie Goldsmith as Sara, Kassandra Clementi as Chelsea McLaren, and co-stars Valentino del Toro, Buddy Dannoun, Glenda Linscott and Henry Nixon.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: "The Man Who Got Away" tells the story of David McMillan who was a British born Australian drug smuggler and the only westerner in history to escape from Klong Prem prison in Bangkok.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: It stars Toby Schmitz David McMillan and Claire van der Boom as McMillan's partner Clelia Vigano. The cast also features Jeremy Sims, Aaron Jeffery, Nicholas Eadie, Brendan Cowell, Freya Stafford, Josh Lawson, John Orcisk, William Zappa, Heather Mitchell and Deidre Rubenstein. It also features Anthony Tsingas as David's father.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: "Chopper" is based on Australia's most notorious gangster, Mark "Chopper" Read, in the 1970s, 80s and 90s.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: "Chopper" premiered on the Nine Network on Monday February 12, 2018, and concluded on Tuesday February 13, 2018.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: The series Fat Tony & Co. was confirmed on 3 August 2013, and production for the series began on 5 August 2013. Based on Tony Mokbel, the series covered the manhunt for Mokbel that lasted 18 months and dismantled a drug empire and was also filmed in Greece. The series saw the return of Robert Mammone as Mokbel, Vince Colosimo as Alphonse Gangitano, Gyton Grantley as Carl Williams, Les Hill as Jason Moran, Madeleine West as Danielle McGuire, Simon Westaway as Mick Gatto, Gerard Kennedy as Graham Kinniburgh and Kevin Harrington as Lewis Moran.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: "Informer 3838" is a television series focusing on criminal barrister-turned police informer Nicola Gobbo (code name informer 3838) and her involvement in the Melbourne gangland killings. Commissioned by the Nine Network and produced by Screentime, it aired in late April, 2020. It follows Nicola Gobbo from her days studying law at Melbourne University in the mid-1990s, up to the very end of the deadly gangland war in 2010 following Carl Williams' death in Barwon Prison and the aftermath. "Informer 3838" gives a new insight to the relationships Gobbo made in the criminal underworld with figures like Carl Williams and Tony Mokbel. The return of these characters to the "Underbelly" franchise also means the return of Gyton Grantley performing his previous role of Williams. Robert Mammone also resumes his casting as Mokbel. Jane Harber also returns as a policewoman this time to "Underbelly", previously portraying Detective Steve Owen's partner in the first season. Rhys Muldoon plays ecstasy dealer and family man Terrence Hodson.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: On 22 June 2010, it was announced that the channel Starz would remake the "Underbelly" series. It would not be based on the original series, but instead the writers would look for American gangs and rewrite situations in "", replacing character traits and outcomes.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: This six-part mini-series aired on TV3 in New Zealand from 17 August to 21 September 2011. "Underbelly NZ: Land of the Long Green Cloud" is set in New Zealand between 1972 and 1980. Events depicted include the origins of the Mr. Asia drug syndicate and its original leader, Marty Johnstone. Though not a part of the Australian series chronology, this series is partly a prequel and partly runs concurrently with events in "Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities". Main characters include Marty Johnstone, Andy Maher and Detective Constable Ben Charlton.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: In October 2012, "Underbelly: Skirmish", the first "Underbelly" game, was released on the iTunes app store. The game is available for iPhones and iPads. An Android version was in production with a release date scheduled prior to December 2012. The game has a "cops vs robbers" gameplay mechanic, with the player able to choose between playing as a cop, or as a member of the Rough Company.


title: Underbelly (TV series)

text: The game was produced by "Underbelly"s producers, Screentime, and transmedia production company, The Project Factory, with development by Epiphany Games.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: Vinyl is an American period drama television series created by Mick Jagger, Martin Scorsese, Rich Cohen and Terence Winter. The series stars Bobby Cannavale as Richie Finestra, a record executive in the 1970s. It premiered on HBO on February 14, 2016, and concluded on April 17, 2016.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: From a teleplay by Winter and George Mastras, and story by Cohen, Jagger, Scorsese and Winter, the pilot episode was directed by Scorsese. The first season consisted of ten episodes. Scorsese had hoped to direct further episodes of the series.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: Winter left his position as showrunner at the end of the first season due to creative differences, leaving the position to Scott Z. Burns.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: HBO announced the renewal of "Vinyl" for a second season on February 18, 2016, soon after the pilot episode premiered. However, on June 22, 2016, HBO reversed that decision and cancelled the series. HBO head of programming Casey Bloys said of the decision, "It didn't land. With limited resources, we didn't think the retooling was worth the producers' time if it would only move the needle a little bit." In October 2018, Scorsese admitted to being heartbroken over the cancellation, describing the decision as "tragic", while also saying that in his opinion, the series would have had a better chance at succeeding if he had been more hands-on with his involvement and directed all episodes.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: The music scene in 1970s New York is still awash in sex and drugs, but rock 'n' roll is giving way to an era of punk, disco and hip-hop. Desperately trying to navigate the changing landscape is American Century Records founder and president Richie Finestra, whose passion for music and discovering talent has gone by the wayside. With his American Century Records on the verge of being sold, a life-altering event rekindles Finestra's professional fire, but it may leave his personal life in ruins.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: "Vinyl" featured portrayals of a number of musicians, singers and other historical figures of the period, including:


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: The music for "Vinyl" was released by Atlantic Records & Warner Bros. Records. The first soundtrack album for the series, titled "Vinyl (Music from the HBO® Original Series), Vol. 1", was released on February 12, 2016, two days before the show's premiere date. Three months prior, Icelandic rock band Kaleo released their song "No Good" on November 20, 2015, which was later featured in the second trailer for "Vinyl", as well as on the show's "Volume 1 & 1.6" soundtrack and EP respectively. After the release of "Volume 1", Atlantic and Warner Bros. began featuring EPs for episode 2 to episode 9. Each one was made public on iTunes every week before the premiere of each episode, each featuring five songs.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: All the songs featured on "Volume 1", The EPs, and "Vinyl: The Essentials (Best of Season 1)" all consists of a mix of songs recorded from the period between the 1950s and 1970s, covers of songs by contemporary artists such as The Arcs, Julian Casablancas, Trey Songz, Chris Cornell, and Andrew W.K. and original songs written for the show to fit with the style of the period by artists such as Ty Taylor's "The World is Yours", Royal Blood's "Where Are You Now?" and Alex Newell's & DJ Cassidy's "Kill the Lights". Aside from the soundtrack music, the majority of the music featured on "Vinyl" consists of many genres, including rock, blues, pop, country, jazz, soul, funk, R&B, reggae, punk, disco and hip-hop.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: "Vinyl" received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. The acting (particularly Cannavale) and directing were generally praised, while the writing and storyline, particularly in the later half of the season, which many called "formulaic" and "familiar", were criticized.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the first five episodes (which were given to critics in advance) holds an approval rating of 76%. The site's consensus reads: ""Vinyl" doesn't always keep the beat, dramatically speaking, but overall, it capably honors the rock pioneers of the '70s with absorbing stories, a spot-on soundtrack, and rich period detail." On another review aggregator, Metacritic, the first five episodes holds a score of 71 out of 100. But as the series progressed, reviews got significantly more critical.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the first season a B, writing that "there's an awful lot of excess in "Vinyl", which perhaps makes sense for a show involving two icons of '70s rock in Jagger and Scorsese. But all of Richie's searching for the next idea, and all of the scenes involving the Nasty Bits or other rising forms of music, suggest a show that really wishes it could strip away all the glam and all the tropes and just do something simple and raw and powerful." Robert Bianco of "USA Today" wrote that "what follows is a sometimes humorous, sometimes nostalgic, sometimes bumpy ride through the era, with a story that often seems to halt just when it's picking up momentum. Still, every time the story falters, the characters' and the show's obvious love for popular music in all its forms lifts it back up."


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: On the other hand, Emily Nussbaum of "The New Yorker" had a mixed response, writing that "the show improves slightly after the jankily paced pilot, but it never sheds its air of leaden nostalgia." Verne Gay of "Newsday" reacted negatively, writing that the show "is a compelling idea in search of a compelling story. There simply isn't much of one, in fact, and--abhorring the ever-present vacuum--a lot of other elements rush in to fill the void. Scenes are padded, lots of flashbacks are even more flaccid, while actors devour the helpless scenery."


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: The show was nominated for two Emmy Awards: one for Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic) and the other for Main Title Design.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: "Vinyl"s renewal for a second season was announced on February 18, 2016 by HBO's programming president Michael Lombardo. However, HBO announced on June 22, 2016 that they had decided not to proceed with a second season.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: In Canada, the series premiered on HBO Canada on February 14, 2016, airing simultaneous with the American broadcast. In the UK, the series premiered on Sky Atlantic on February 15, 2016, airing at 2:00 a.m. initially to simulcast the U.S. premiere and then again at 9:00 p.m. the same day. The Australian premiere aired on Showcase on February 15, 2016. On HBO Asia, the series premiered on February 16, 2016. In New Zealand it premiered on February 15, 2016 on SoHo on Sky TV.


title: Vinyl (TV series)

text: The first and only season of "Vinyl" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 7, 2016, by HBO Home Entertainment.


title: Moodle

text: Moodle is a free and open-source learning management system written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. Moodle is used for blended learning, distance education, flipped classroom and other online learning projects in schools, universities, workplaces and other sectors.


title: Moodle

text: Moodle is used to create custom websites with online courses and allows for community-sourced plugins.


title: Moodle

text: Moodle was originally developed by Martin Dougiamas with the goal of helping educators create online courses and a focus on interaction and collaborative construction of content. The first version of Moodle was released on , and it continues to be actively developed.


title: Moodle

text: The Moodle Project is led and coordinated by Moodle HQ, an Australian company, that is financially supported by a network of eighty-four Moodle Partner service companies worldwide. Development is also assisted by the open-source community.


title: Moodle

text: Moodle is a learning platform used to augment and move existing learning environments online. As an E-learning tool, Moodle developed a number of features now considered standard for learning management systems, such as a calendar and gradebook.


title: Moodle

text: Plugins, custom graphical themes, mobile responsive web design, and a Moodle mobile app are available to customize each individuals experience on the platform. Moodle's mobile app is available on Google Play, App Store (iOS), F-Droid (Android FLOSS repository), and the Windows Phone Store.


title: Moodle

text: Users can download and install Moodle on a Web server, such as Apache HTTP Server, and a number of database management systems, such as MySQL, are supported. Pre-built combinations of Moodle with a Web server and database are available for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh. Other automated installation approaches exist, such as installing a Debian package, deploying a ready-to-use TurnKey Moodle appliance, using the Bitnami installer, or using a "one-click install" service such as Installatron.


title: Moodle

text: Certified Moodle Partners provide other Moodle services, including hosting, training, customization and content development. This network of providers support development of the Moodle project through royalties.


title: Moodle

text: Moodle runs without modification on Unix, Linux, FreeBSD, Windows, MacOS, NetWare and any other systems that support PHP and a database, including webhost providers.


title: Moodle

text: Moodle also has import features for use with other specific systems, such as importing quizzes or entire courses from Blackboard or WebCT. , Moodle did not import Blackboard courses, apparently due to changes in php code-releases.


title: Moodle

text: In March 2012 Blackboard acquired two companies based on Moodle's software including Baltimore-based Moodlerooms Inc. and NetSpot of Adelaide, Australia. In August 2015, Blackboard acquired Colombia-based Nivel7, possibly the largest Moodle services provider in Latin America. The Red Hat site, Opensource.com, reported that Moodle will always be an open-source project, with clear delineation between Blackboard and Moodle.


title: Moodle

text: Martin Dougiamas, who has graduate degrees in computer science and education, wrote the first version of Moodle. Dougiamas started a Ph.D. to examine "the use of open source software to support a social constructionist epistemology of teaching and learning within Internet-based communities of reflective inquiry." Although how exactly social constructivism makes Moodle different from other eLearning platforms is difficult to show, it has been cited as an important factor by Moodle adopters. Other Moodle adopters, such as the Open University in the UK, have pointed out that Learning Management Systems can equally be seen as "relatively pedagogy-neutral".


title: Moodle

text: The stated philosophy of Moodle includes a constructivist and social constructionist approach to education, emphasizing that learners (and not just teachers) can contribute to the educational experience. Using these pedagogical principles, Moodle provides an environment for learning communities.


title: Moodle

text: The acronym "Moodle" officially stands for "modular object-oriented dynamic learning environment". When the project was first started, the "m" instead stood for "Martin's", after original developer Martin Dougiamas. Besides being an acronym, the name was also chosen because of the dictionary definition of Moodle, with connotations such as "tinkering", "insight", and "creativity", as well as to correspond to an available domain name.


title: Moodle

text: Moodle has continued to evolve since 1999 (since 2001 with the current architecture). It has been translated into over 100 different languages and is accessible in many countries worldwide. Institutions can add as many Moodle servers as needed without having to pay license fees. The Open University of the UK currently uses a Moodle installation for their 200,000 users while the UK government uses a Moodle installation for their Civil Service Learning platform serving half a million employees.


title: Moodle

text: The MoodleMoot is a conference for Moodle community members to learn about Moodle, share experiences of the learning platform, discuss research in related educational technologies and contribute ideas to future Moodle development. Held around the world, MoodleMoots are organised by universities or other large organizations using Moodle, Moodle Partners, Moodle associations or Moodle HQ. 2020 saw the #Moot move to a virtual conference.


title: Moodle

text: In the U.S. higher education market as of fall 2018, the top three learning management systems (LMS) by number of institutions were Blackboard (31%), Canvas (30%), and Moodle (18%). --- In 2013, Moodle was for a time the second largest provider with 23% market share, following Blackboard (41%). However, by 2017, Moodle had dropped to the third largest provider, due in part to increased adoption of Instructure's semi-open source Canvas platform. In March 2016, Blackboard became an official Moodle partner, although this partnership ended in 2018.


title: A9.com

text: A9.com is a former subsidiary of Amazon that develops search engine and search advertising technology. A9 is based in Palo Alto, California, with teams in Seattle, Bangalore, Beijing, Dublin, Iași, Munich and Tokyo. A9 has development efforts in areas of product search, cloud search, visual search, augmented reality, advertising technology and community question answering.


title: A9.com

text: A9, a subsidiary of Amazon.com, was founded in 2003 with an exclusive focus on producing technology for search and advertising. They moved into the building previously used by the DEC Systems Research Center in Palo Alto, California. One purpose of A9.com was to leverage algorithms, and the name was chosen as a numeronym to represent that word (i.e. 'A' + 9 other letters). The office was in Silicon Valley, near Stanford University. Under the direction of its first president, Udi Manber, A9 focused on several areas, including the A9.com destination website, product search, and a search advertising platform. Some early A9 services such as "search inside the book" continued, while others have been discontinued. The A9 search engine powers product search for Amazon.com and several other eCommerce retailers.


title: A9.com

text: In February 2006, Manber was replaced by David L. Tennenhouse as president. In September 2006, William Stasior, one of A9's founders and a former AltaVista and Amazon.com executive, was named president. In June 2009, A9 acquired SnapTell, which developed smartphone-based visual search applications.


title: A9.com

text: Stasior left in October 2012 to join Apple Inc. to work on Siri. Brian Pinkerton, who had developed WebCrawler in the 1990s, became general manager of A9 in 2012.


title: A9.com

text: In 2019, after reporting from "The Wall Street Journal" revealed that Amazon had changed its search algorithm to favor more profitable products, Amazon took down the A9.com site and pointed the domain name to Amazon's home page.


title: A9.com

text: A9.com originally operated a search portal, along with an A9 toolbar, which was first demonstrated on April 14, 2004. The service featured some innovative design elements, allowing users to choose from over 400 sources to search and view results in separate columns grouped by source. In addition to web search results, users could get product search results from Amazon, encyclopedia results from Wikipedia, movie information from IMDb, and others, starting in September 2004. Web search results were provided by different search engines over time. The search portal functionality was discontinued in 2008.


title: A9.com

text: A9 developed a protocol called OpenSearch that enabled the "plug-in" search source functionality from the A9.com portal. The original specification, OpenSearch 1.0, was released in March 2005. A9 made the protocol freely available through a Creative Commons license.


title: A9.com

text: A9 developed the first service that allowed users of maps and "yellow pages" (a telephone directory) to view buildings at street level. Called BlockView, the service was announced in January 2005. Within a year, the service included images for 24 US cities. Both BlockView and maps (as well as support for the A9 tool bar) were discontinued in September 2006.


title: A9.com

text: In November 2006, A9 announced Clickriver, an advertising program that let third parties place advertisements on Amazon.com pages.


title: A9.com

text: Clickriver focused primarily on products and services that complemented Amazon's own offerings. For example, if a customer viewed a television on Amazon, a Clickriver ad might offer installation services in his or her local area. Clickriver was discontinued in 2010, replaced by other Amazon advertising programs.


title: A9.com

text: A9 operated Askville, a community-based question-and-answer site first tested in December 2006. Service began in November 2007. Compared with other question-and-answer sites, Askville focused more on social interaction, allowing users to follow other users as well as track specific topics.


title: A9.com

text: CloudSearch is a managed Amazon Web Services service that makes client data searchable. For example, a business that wanted to allow customers to search their catalog could upload the catalog entries to CloudSearch and then route search requests from their application or web site to the service. CloudSearch instances could be brought online as data or traffic volume demanded. Sites using CloudSearch included SmugMug, and Sage Bionetworks.


title: A9.com

text: A9 continued to develop and operate the service that provides search on all nine Amazon.com sites, as well as other retail sites owned by Amazon such as Endless.com, Javari.de, and Audible.com. In addition, A9 search is also used by other retailers, such as Marks & Spencer, that license the Amazon retail platform for their online presence.


title: A9.com

text: A9 provided the "search inside the book" capability for Amazon. Announced in 2003, this service allows customers to search through the full text of hundreds of thousands of books. This feature is available both for searching individual books and for the entire book catalog.


title: A9.com

text: The visual search group at A9 created mobile applications that recognize objects and allow users to find these products on Amazon.com. Their first augmented reality app, Flow, provided both object and barcode recognition. It was released in 2011.


title: A9.com

text: A9 visual search technology powers features to let customers search for certain products (such as shoes) by shape, and find visually similar items on Amazon.com, Zappos.com, Endless.com, and other retail sites.


title: A9.com

text: A9's advertising technology group began delivering sponsored link advertisements on the Amazon.com retail Web site in 2003 and continued to manage this program for Amazon properties. A9 also invests in display advertising technology, including technology for Amazon's ad-supported e-reader, the Kindle with special offers.


title: Rangbaaz (web series)

text: Rangbaaz is an Indian web series set against the rustic background of the Gorakhpur in the 1990s. It was released as a ZEE5 original on 22 December 2018. In October 2019, ZEE5 renewed the show for a second season, "Rangbaaz Phirse", which premiered on 20 December 2019.


title: Rangbaaz (web series)

text: Rangbaaz is based on the true story of Shri Prakash Shukla (Shiv Prakash Shukla in the series), who was a notorious gangster and the most wanted criminal of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. The series shows his journey from a DDU student to becoming the second most wanted criminal in India. Other characters related to Shree Prakash's life include Ram Shankar Tiwari, inspired by Hari Shankar Tiwari, and Chandra Bhan Singh, inspired by Suraj Bhan Singh (former MP from Mokama, Bihar).


title: Rangbaaz (web series)

text: "Rangbaaz Phir Se" is inspired from the life of Anandpal Singh (name changed to Amarpal Singh) who was a gangster active in the state of Rajasthan. The series chronicles his rise to becoming the most wanted criminal in the history of Rajasthan. The story also covers his business of illicit liquor, his rivalry with Gopal Phogawat (name changed to Raja Phogat), and his dynamics with the political leadership of the state.


title: Rangbaaz (web series)

text: "" Season 3 is scheduled to be premiered on 29 July 2022 on ZEE5 starring Vineet Kumar Singh and Aakanksha Singh. The story of the main character is supposedly based on a Gangster turned politician Mohammad Shahabuddin.


title: Rangbaaz (web series)

text: Third season of the show is set to premiere on ZEE5 platform on 29 July 2022. The season's story is loosely based on Gangster turned politician Mohammad Shahabuddin from Bihar.


title: Rangbaaz (web series)

text: After the successful run of first season, ZEE5 announced a spin-off sequel for the show, titled "Rangbaaz Phirse"


title: Rangbaaz (web series)

text: The New Indian Express rated with 3/5 stars and critically reviewed the series by saying it had nothing out of the ordinary about the crime and criminals story. The lead actor performed well in his role as a gangster in making. The film relied so much on the film songs of the era to create a particular mood for the storyline which was a bit tiresome.


title: Rangbaaz (web series)

text: Binged gave a rating of 6/10 stars to "Rangbaaz Phirse" and critically reviewed the actors performances. They also stated that the series fails to display a larger than life gangster profile. Moreover, the direction of the series makes it look quite authentic when capturing expressions and other important scenes. Throughout the nine episodes the rise and fall of its protagonist is portrayed dramatically in impressive detail.


title: Rangbaaz (web series)

text: Hindustan Times gave a review about the series saying that the webseries focuses on the rural heartlands plagued by the caste hierarchy. The storyline revolves around gruesome tit-for-tat that leads to numerous murders involving bystanders, politicians and cops, serving their own agendas. The cast in the film gave great performances and did justice to their roles.


title: Persona 5: The Animation

text: Persona 5: The Animation is an anime television series produced by CloverWorks based on the "Persona 5" video game by Atlus. The anime series is directed by Masashi Ishihama and written by Shinichi Inotsume, with Tomomi Ishikawa adapting Shigenori Soejima's original character designs for the animation. Atlus employee Kazuma Kaneko created the original demon designs, while music composer Shoji Meguro reprised his role from the game.


title: Persona 5: The Animation

text: The 26-episode series aired in Japan between April and September 2018, followed by four special episodes; one aired in December 2018, a second in March 2019, and two more releases bundled with the Blu-Ray releases in May and June 2019. Additionally, an animated television special by A-1 Pictures, "The Day Breakers", aired prior to the game's Japanese release in September 2016. The series is licensed in North America by Aniplex of America.


title: Persona 5: The Animation

text: While most of the voice cast from the original game reprise their roles, several voice actors from the original game were replaced. In the Japanese dub, Miyu Matsuki and Kazunari Tanaka, the voice actors of Chihaya Mifune and Junya Kaneshiro respectively, died in 2015 and 2016, so they were recast by Haruka Terui and Takahiro Fujimoto. In the English dub, Shinya Oda is voiced by Eden Riegel (who also voices Hifumi Togo), rather than Barbara Goodson.


title: Persona 5: The Animation

text: The anime television special "The Day Breakers" was announced in September 2015 during Atlus' stage event at the Tokyo Game Show. In July 2016, the title of the special was revealed as "Persona 5: The Animation – The Day Breakers" with Takaharu Ozaki as the director, Shinichi Inotsume as writer, Toshiyuki Yahagi and Keita Matsumoto as the character designers and A-1 Pictures as the studio. It premiered on September 3, 2016 with a runtime of 24 minutes on Tokyo MX, later airing on GTV, GYT and BS11. Aniplex of America licensed the special in North America in October 2016.


title: Persona 5: The Animation

text: The 26-episode anime television series adaptation was announced in July 2017 for a 2018 premiere, with CloverWorks animating the series. The anime series is directed by Masashi Ishihama and written by Inotsume, and features adapted character and demon designs from the game by Tomomi Ishikawa and Kazuma Kaneko, respectively. The soundtrack was written by the game's original lead composer Shoji Meguro, who wrote both new material and arranged music from the game. Lyn performs the series' opening and ending themes; the opening themes are "Break In to Break Out" (episode 1–13) and "Dark Sun" (episode 14–26), while the ending themes are "Infinity" (episodes 2–13), "Found a Light" (episode 8), and "Autonomy" (episode 14–26). The series aired on Tokyo MX and other networks from April 7 to September 30, 2018. The first half of the epilogue to the series, titled "Dark Sun...", aired on December 30, 2018. A second TV special, titled "Stars and Ours" and listed as the second half of the epilogue, was aired on March 23, 2019. Two final special episodes were announced to be included as extras with the 11th and 12th Blu-Ray/DVD volumes of the series.


title: Persona 5: The Animation

text: Aniplex of America has also licensed the series in North America with Crunchyroll simulcasting it. Aniplex of America released the complete series on Blu-ray on September 29, 2020, including an English dub with the cast from the game reprising their roles. Despite the release of Blu-ray, the English dub was available early on August 18 as digital release exclusively on Funimation, which all 26 episodes including 2 special episodes available on that date. Anime Limited acquired the home video and digital rights to the series for the United Kingdom. Channel 4 will stream the English Dub on their All 4 on-demand platform for the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.


title: Persona 5: The Animation

text: The anime received mixed reception. Joe Ballard from CBR praised the anime for the portrayal of the characters that stays true to the original game. However, he criticized the pacing as it doesn't allow the time for those character developments to truly affect the audience. He also criticized how most of the female characters are subjected to excess fan service moments. He finds the shots from purposely sexualized camera angles are unnecessary and demeaning, stating that "it feels like a slap in the face to their personal struggles, especially considering one of the palace storylines revolves around physical and sexual abuse and the resulting mental health struggles." Megan Gudman from the same site praised the anime for bringing back Lyn and Shoji Meguro's music and the expand of Ren and Akechi's relationship, but criticized the dull animation and its poor handling of the Confidant characters. "USGamer" criticized Joker's relatively silent personality in the anime adaptation, negatively comparing him to the more talkative Yu Narukami in "".


title: Trapped in a Dating Sim: The World of Otome Games Is Tough for Mobs

text: An office worker dies and finds himself reincarnated as Leon Fou Bartfort in the Holfort Kingdom of the otome game that he was forced to complete by his sister. In this world, women reign supreme, and survival is particularly tough for 'mobs', background characters like him. Using his encyclopedic knowledge of the game from his past life, Leon sets on disrupting this world and its social hierarchy by finding the cheat item Luxion and enrolling in the Holtfort Academy. He attempts to live a normal life and find a wife, but through his actions he gets embroiled in all kinds of schemes, all while mingling with the nobility and other characters of the "otome" game.


text: The light novel is written by Yomu Mishima and illustrated by Monda. Micro Magazine has published ten volumes under their GC Novels imprint since May 30, 2018. It was originally self-published by the author as a web novel. Seven Seas Entertainment licensed the series in English in April 2020 and the first volume was released digitally on November 19, 2020.


text: A manga adaptation by Jun Shiosato began serialization on October 5, 2018 and is published under the Dragon Comics Age imprint by Fujimi Shobo. The manga moved from the "Dra Dra Sharp" online manga website to the "Monthly Dragon Age" magazine on January 8, 2022. Seven Seas Entertainment announced their licensing of the manga adaptation on December 4, 2020 and published the first volume in July 2021. It has been collected in nine tankōbon volumes.


text: A spin-off manga illustrated by Noko Ōmi, titled "Otome Game Yōchien wa Mob ni Kibishii Yōchien Desu", began serialization in "Monthly Dragon Age" on June 6, 2022.


text: An anime television series adaptation was announced on November 25, 2021. It is produced by ENGI and directed by Kazuya Miura and Shin'ichi Fukumoto, with Kenta Ihara writing the scripts, Masahiko Suzuki designing the characters, and Kana Hashiguchi and Show Aratame composing the music. The series aired from April 3 to June 19, 2022, on AT-X, Tokyo MX, ytv, and BS NTV. The opening theme song is "Silent Minority" by Kashitarō Itō, while the ending theme song is "selfish" by Riko Azuna. Crunchyroll has licensed the series.


text: On April 11, 2022, Crunchyroll announced that the series will receive an English dub, which premiered on April 17.


title: Lolita Davidovich

text: Lolita Davidovich (; born July 15, 1961) is a Canadian-born film and television actress, best known for portraying Blaze Starr in the 1989 film "Blaze", for which she received a Chicago Film Critics Association Award nomination.


title: Lolita Davidovich

text: She later had starring roles in films including "Leap of Faith" (1992), "Raising Cain" (1992), "Intersection" (1994), "Cobb" (1994), "Jungle 2 Jungle" (1997), "Gods and Monsters" (1998), "Mystery, Alaska" (1999), and "Play It to the Bone" (1999).


title: Lolita Davidovich

text: Davidovich was born Lolita Davidović in London, Ontario, the daughter of emigrants from the former Yugoslavia. Her father was from Belgrade (the capital of Serbia), and her mother was from Slovenia. She spoke only Serbian during her early years.


title: Lolita Davidovich

text: Davidovich began her career playing small parts on television and films. She first received notice co-starring in comedy-drama film "Blaze" with Paul Newman, for which she beat out 600 other actresses for the title role of the burlesque performer Blaze Starr.


title: Lolita Davidovich

text: She later starred alongside John Malkovich and Andie MacDowell in 1991 film "The Object of Beauty", before earning critical acclaim for her leading performance as an inmate in the HBO drama "Prison Stories: Women on the Inside". Davidovich went on to leading roles in films such as the 1992 thriller "Raising Cain" directed by Brian De Palma, and the drama "Leap of Faith", co-starring Steve Martin and Liam Neeson.


title: Lolita Davidovich

text: She played the love interest of Richard Gere in the 1994 drama "Intersection". After starring for director Ron Shelton in "Blaze", she also was featured in his films "Cobb", "Play It to the Bone", "Dark Blue", "Hollywood Homicide", and in the Oliver Stone film "JFK". Davidovich also received Tokyo International Film Festival Award for Best Actress for "Younger and Younger", and during 1990s had roles in films "Boiling Point", "For Better or Worse", "Now and Then", "Jungle 2 Jungle", "Gods and Monsters" and "Mystery, Alaska".


title: Lolita Davidovich

text: In 2000s, Davidovich had supporting roles on both film and television. She appeared in several episodes on the first season of the Showtime lesbian-themed drama series, "The L Word" playing the character Francesca Wolff, and has guest-starred on "", "Criminal Minds", "Rizzoli & Isles", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", and "NCIS". Davidovich voiced Jester in the adventure video game "Chronomaster", which also includes the voices of actors Ron Perlman and Brent Spiner. She also voiced Angel Gemini in the adventure game, "Of Light and Darkness: The Prophecy", which also includes the voice of actor James Woods.


title: Lolita Davidovich

text: In 2015, Davidovich made her return to film playing the role of lead character's mother in the romantic drama "The Longest Ride" based on Nicholas Sparks' novel. Later that year, she was cast in the second season of HBO crime drama "True Detective" as Taylor Kitsch's character's mother, and ABC prime time soap opera "Blood & Oil" as Don Johnson's character's ex-wife.


title: Lolita Davidovich

text: Davidovich is married to screenwriter and director Ron Shelton, known for "Bull Durham" (1988) and "White Men Can't Jump" (1992). Shelton has directed films in which Davidovich has appeared, including "Blaze". They have two children, and reside in Los Angeles and Ojai, California.


title: Bail bondsman

text: A bail bondsman, bail bond agent or bond dealer is any person, agency or corporation that will act as a surety and pledge money or property as bail for the appearance of a defendant in court.


title: Bail bondsman

text: Bail bond agents are almost exclusively found in the United States. In most other countries, the practice of bail bonding is illegal. The industry is represented by various trade associations, with the Professional Bail Agents of the United States and the American Bail Coalition forming an umbrella group for bail agents and surety companies and the National Association of Fugitive Recovery Agents representing the bounty hunting industry. Organizations that represent the legal profession, including the American Bar Association and the National District Attorneys Association, oppose the practice of bond dealing, claiming that it discriminates against poor and middle-class defendants while doing nothing for public safety.


title: Bail bondsman

text: The first modern bail bonds business in the United States was established by Peter P. McDonough in San Francisco in 1898. However, clay tablets from ca. 2750 BC describe surety bail bond agreements made in the Akkadian city of Eshnunna, located in modern-day Iraq.


title: Bail bondsman

text: According to 1996 figures for the U.S., one quarter of all released felony defendants fail to appear at trial, but those released via bail bond appear more frequently than other defendants.


title: Bail bondsman

text: Laws governing the practice of bail bonds vary by state, although the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act, sponsored by the Uniform Law Commission, has been widely adopted. In the state of California, bail bond agreements must be verified and certified by the California Department of Insurance. The practice of commercial bail bonds is unlawful in the states of Illinois, Kentucky, Oregon, and Wisconsin.


title: Bail bondsman

text: Applicable federal laws include the Excessive Bail Clause of the Eighth Amendment and the Bail Reform Act of 1984, incorporated into the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984.


title: Bail bondsman

text: "There are 18 states where theoretically anyone can become a bail recovery agent..." In most jurisdictions, bond agents must be licensed to carry on business within the state. Some insurance companies may offer insurance coverage that includes local bail bonds for traffic related arrests.


title: Bail bondsman

text: Bond agents generally charge a fee of ten percent for a state charge and fifteen percent for a federal bail bond, with a minimum of one hundred dollars in such states as Florida, required in order to post a bond for the full amount of the bond. This fee is not refundable and represents the bond agent's compensation for services rendered.


title: Bail bondsman

text: Nevada is one of the states which allow an arrestee to "put up" a residence for a bail bond. To do this, the applicant must register a deed of trust and name the bonding agency as beneficiary. While this gives the bail company a lien on the property, it can only take ownership if the defendant fails to comply with all court instructions and rules.


title: Bail bondsman

text: In some states, such as Florida, bondsmen are responsible for paying the forfeitures, and if they fail to pay the full amount, they are forbidden to write further bonds in the state.


title: Bail bondsman

text: If the defendant fails to appear in court, the bond agent is allowed by law or contractual arrangement to bring the defendant to the jurisdiction of the court in order to recover the money paid out under the bond, usually through the use of a bounty hunter. "Only the Philippines has a surety bail system similar in structure and function [as the US]." In the past, courts in Australia, India and South Africa had disciplined lawyers for professional misconduct for setting up commercial bail arrangements.


title: Bail bondsman

text: Some states, such as North Carolina, have outlawed the use or licensing of "bounty hunters"; therefore, bail bondsmen must apprehend their own fugitives. Bond agents are allowed to sue indemnitors, any persons who guaranteed the defendants' appearances in court or the defendants themselves for any moneys forfeited to the court for failure of defendants appear.


title: Bail bondsman

text: four states—Illinois, Kentucky, Oregon, and Wisconsin—had completely banned commercial bail bonding, usually substituting the 10% cash deposit alternative described below. Some of these states specifically allow AAA and similar organizations to continue providing bail bond services pursuant to insurance contracts or membership agreements. While not outright illegal, the practice of bail bond services has effectively ended in Massachusetts as of 2014. Most of the US legal establishment, including the American Bar Association and the National District Attorneys Association, dislikes the bail bond business, saying it discriminates against poor and middle-class defendants, does nothing for public safety, and usurps decisions that ought to be made by the justice system. Charitable bail funds have sprung up to combat the issue of discrimination, using donations to cover the bail amount for the arrested person. The economically discriminatory effect of the bond system has been controversial and subject to attempts at reform since the 1910s. The market evidence indicates that judges in setting bail demanded lower probabilities of flight from minority defendants— see, for example, Frank Murphy's institution of a bond department at Detroit, Michigan's Recorder's Court. Furthermore, the economic incentives of bonding for profit make it less likely that defendants charged with minor crimes (who are assigned lower amounts of bail) will be released. This is because a bail bondsman will not find it profitable to work on matters where the percentage of profit would yield $10 or $20. As such, bail bondsmen help release people with higher amounts of bail who are also charged with higher crimes, creating an imbalance in the numbers of people charged with minor crimes (low level misdemeanors) and increasing jail expenditures for this category of crimes.


title: Bail bondsman

text: In California, bail is heavily regulated by the California Penal Code, California Insurance Code and California Code of Regulations. All violations of the aforementioned constitute felony violations via California Insurance Code 1814— including administrative regulatory codes such as record keeping, how solicitations are conducted, collateral and treatment of arrestees. Under California law it is a crime for a bail bondsman to solicit business at a county jail.


title: Bail bondsman

text: Several high-profile cases involving bondsman misconduct have led to calls for increased regulation of the industry or outright abolition of the bail for profit industry. One of the most prominent cases, in Louisiana, involved bribery of judges by a bail bonding agency. A far-reaching FBI investigation code-named "Operation Wrinkled Robe" led to criminal charges and removal proceedings for various judges, such as Ronald Bodenheimer, and police officers.


title: Bail bondsman

text: The American Civil Liberties Union has criticized the practice of bail bonds as a form of injustice against low-income communities and fueling mass incarceration of innocent people, with the ACLU recommending automated text messages or robocalls for court appearances.


title: Bail bondsman

text: In addition to the use of bail bonds, a defendant may be released under other terms. These alternatives include pretrial services programs, own recognizance or signature bond, cash bond, surety bond, property bond, and citation release. The choice of these alternatives is determined by the court.


title: Prostitution law

text: Prostitution laws varies widely from country to country, and between jurisdictions within a country. At one extreme, prostitution or sex work is legal in some places and regarded as a profession, while at the other extreme, it is a crime punishable by death in some other places.


title: Prostitution law

text: In many jurisdictions, prostitution – the commercial exchange of sex for money, goods, service, or some other benefit agreed upon by the transacting parties – is illegal, while in others it is legal, but surrounding activities, such as soliciting in a public place, operating a brothel, and pimping, may be illegal. In many jurisdictions where prostitution is legal, it is regulated; in others it is unregulated. Where the exchange of sex for money is criminalized, it may be the sex worker (most commonly), the client, or both, who are subject to prosecution.


title: Prostitution law

text: Prostitution has been condemned as a single form of human rights abuse, and an attack on the dignity and worth of human beings. Other schools of thought argue that sex work is a legitimate occupation, whereby a person trades or exchanges sexual acts for money and/or goods. Some believe that women in developing countries are especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation and human trafficking, while others distinguish this practice from the global sex industry, in which "sex work is done by consenting adults, where the act of selling or buying sexual services is not a violation of human rights." The term "sex work" is used interchangeably with "prostitution" in this article, in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO 2001; WHO 2005) and the United Nations (UN 2006; UNAIDS 2002).


title: Prostitution law

text: In most countries, sex work is controversial. Members of certain religions oppose prostitution, viewing it as contrary or a threat to their moral codes, while other parties view prostitution as a "necessary evil". Sex worker activists and organizations believe the issue of sex worker human rights is of greatest importance, including those related to freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, parenthood, insurance, health insurance, and housing.


title: Prostitution law

text: Some feminist organizations are opposed to prostitution, considering it a form of exploitation in which males dominate women, and as a practice that is the result of a patriarchal social order. For example, the European Women's Lobby, which bills itself as the largest umbrella organization of women's associations in the European Union, has condemned prostitution as "an intolerable form of male violence". In February 2014, the members of the European Parliament voted in a non-binding resolution (adopted by 343 votes to 139; with 105 abstentions), in favor of the 'Swedish Model' of criminalizing the buying, but not the selling of sex. In 2014, the Council of Europe made a similar recommendation, stating that "While each system presents advantages and disadvantages, policies prohibiting the purchase of sexual services are those that are more likely to have a positive impact on reducing trafficking in human beings".


title: Prostitution law

text: [the function of the criminal law is] to preserve public order and decency, to protect the citizen from what is injurious or offensive and to provide safeguards against the exploitation and corruption of others, ... It is not, in our view, the function of the law to intervene in the private lives of citizens, or to seek to enforce any particular code of behaviour, further than is necessary to carry out the purposes of what we have outlined.


title: Prostitution law

text: Views on what the best legal framework on prostitution should be are often influenced by whether one can view prostitution as morally acceptable or not; indeed Save the Children wrote: "The issue, however, gets mired in controversy and confusion when prostitution too is considered as a violation of the basic human rights of both adult women and minors, and equal to sexual exploitation per se. From this standpoint then, trafficking and prostitution become conflated with each other."


title: Prostitution law

text: In December 2012, UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, released the "Prevention and treatment of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections for sex workers in low- and middle- income countries" document that contains the following "Good practice recommendations":