title: Prostitution law

text: Legal themes tend to focus on four issues: victimization (including potential victimhood), ethics and morality, freedom of the individual, and general benefit or harm to society (including harm arising indirectly from matters connected to prostitution).


title: Prostitution law

text: Many people who support legal prostitution argue that prostitution is a consensual sex act between adults and a victimless crime, thus the government should not prohibit this practice.


title: Prostitution law

text: Many anti-prostitution advocates hold that prostitutes themselves are often victims, arguing that prostitution is a practice which can lead to serious psychological and often physical long-term effects for the prostitutes.


title: Prostitution law

text: In 1999, Sweden became the first country to make it illegal to pay for sex, but not to be a prostitute (the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute). A similar law was passed in Norway and in Iceland (in 2009). Canada (2014), France (2016) the Republic of Ireland (2017) and Israel (2018; effective 2020) have also adopted a similar model to that of the Nordic countries (Denmark and Finland excluded).


title: Prostitution law

text: The United Nations Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others favors criminalizing the activities of those seen as exploiting or coercing prostitutes (so-called "pimping" and "procuring" laws), while leaving sex workers free from regulation. The Convention states that "prostitution and the accompanying evil of the traffic in persons for the purpose of prostitution are incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person".


title: Prostitution law

text: Sigma Huda, a UN special reporter on trafficking in persons said: "For the most part, prostitution as actually practiced in the world usually does satisfy the elements of trafficking. It is rare that one finds a case in which the path to prostitution and/or a person’s experience with prostitution does not involve, at the very least, an abuse of power and/or an abuse of vulnerability. Power and vulnerability in this context must be understood to include disparities based on gender, race, ethnicity and poverty. Put simply the road to prostitution and life within “the life” is rarely marked by empowerment or adequate options."


title: Prostitution law

text: However, sex worker activists and organizations distinguish between human trafficking and legitimate sex work, and assert the importance of recognizing that trafficking is not synonymous with sex work. The Sex Workers Alliance Ireland organization explains: "victims of human trafficking may be forced to work in industries such as agriculture, domestic service as well as the sex industry. It is critical to distinguish human trafficking, which is a violation of human rights, from voluntary migration." The Open Society Foundations organization states: "sex work is done by consenting adults, where the act of selling or buying sexual services is not a violation of human rights. In fact, sex workers are natural allies in the fight against trafficking. The UNAIDS Guidance Note on HIV and Sex Work recognizes that sex worker organizations are best positioned to refer people who are victims of trafficking to appropriate services."


title: Prostitution law

text: According to a 2007 report by the UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), the most common destinations for victims of human trafficking are Thailand, Japan, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Turkey, and the US. The major sources of trafficked persons include Thailand, China, Nigeria, Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine.


title: Prostitution law

text: Researchers at Göteborg University released a report in 2010 that argued that prostitution laws affect trafficking flows.


title: Prostitution law

text: NGOs, academics and government departments often categorise the approach to prostitution laws and approach into 5 models:


title: Prostitution law

text: All aspects of prostitution are criminalised. Often the sex trade is seen as a violation of human dignity, moral or religious beliefs; e.g. Russia (also known as "criminalization").


title: Prostitution law

text: Neo-abolitionists believe there is no free choice for people entering prostitution, it violates their human rights and that prostitution is the sale and consumption of human bodies. Whilst prostitutes themselves commit no crime, clients and any third party involvement is criminalised; e.g. Sweden (also called the "Swedish model" or "Nordic model").


title: Prostitution law

text: Prostitution itself is legal, but third-party involvement is generally prohibited. Solicitation is also often prohibited. This model recognises that a prostitute may choose to work in the trade, however, the law is designed to stop prostitution impacting on the public. An example country where this system is in place is England.


title: Prostitution law

text: Whilst prostitution is not prohibited, there is legislation to control and regulate it. The extent and type of control varies from country to country and may be regulated by work permits, licensing or tolerance zones; e.g. The Netherlands (also called "regulationist"). A historical example of zone restricted legalization is the institution of 'red-light' districts in Japan in the early 17th century, most famously the Yoshiwara district of Edo.


title: Prostitution law

text: The decriminalization of sex work is the removal of criminal penalties for sex work. In most countries, sex work, the consensual provision of sexual services for money or goods, is criminalized. Removing criminal prosecution for sex workers creates a safer and healthier environment and allows them to live with less social exclusion and stigma; e.g. New Zealand.


title: Prostitution law

text: Although prostitution is mainly performed by female prostitutes there are also male, transgender and transvestite prostitutes performing straight and/or gay sex work. In Vienna, in April 2007, there were 1,352 female and 21 male prostitutes officially registered. The number of prostitutes who are not registered (and therefore work illegally) is not known. A recent study by TAMPEP, on the prostitute population from Germany, estimated that 93% of prostitutes were female, 3% transgender and 4% male.


title: Prostitution law

text: Arrest statistics show that in those states where buying and selling sex are equally illegal, the tendency is to arrest the service provider and not the customer, even though there are significantly more customers than sellers. Thus, it is a fact that more women than men are arrested, and the true extent of the crime is underreported. James (1982) reports that, in the United States, the arrest ratio of women to men was 3:2, but notes that many of the men arrested were the prostitutes rather than the clients.


title: Prostitution law

text: "By 1975, Thailand, with the help of World Bank economists, had instituted a National Plan of Tourist Development, which specifically underwrote the sex industry ... Without directly subsidising prostitution, the Act [the Entertainment Places Act] referred repeatedly to the personal services' sector. According to Thai feminist Sukyana Hantrakul, the law 'was enacted to pave the way for whorehouses to be legalised in the guise of massage parlours, bars, nightclubs, tea houses, etc." See Aarons Sach, "A prostitute at nine," The Times of India Sunday Review, 22 January 1995. With particular reference to children, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child creates specific obligations. Article 34 stipulates that:


title: Prostitution law

text: As of 2000, twenty-four countries had enacted legislation criminalising child sex tourism, e.g. in Australia, the Crimes (Child Sex Tourism) Amendment Act 1994 covers a wide range of sexual activities with children under the age of 16 committed overseas. Laws with extraterritorial application are intended to fill the gap when countries are unwilling or unable to take action against known offenders. The rationale is that child-sex offenders should not escape justice simply because they are in a position to return to their home country. There is little research into whether the child sex tourism legislation has any real deterrent effect on adults determined to have sex with children overseas. It may be that these people are


title: Prostitution law

text: In most countries where prostitution is illegal, the prohibition of the sex trade is subject to debate and controversy among some people and some organizations, with some voices saying that the fact that prostitution is illegal increases criminal activities and negatively affects the prostitutes.


title: Prostitution law

text: Those who support prohibition or abolition of prostitution argue that keeping prostitution illegal is the best way to prevent abusive and dangerous activities (child prostitution, human trafficking etc.). They argue that a system which allows legalized and regulated prostitution has very negative effects and does not improve the situation of the prostitutes; such legal systems only lead to crime and abuse: many women who work in licensed brothels are still controlled by outside pimps; many brothel owners are criminals themselves; the creation of a legal and regulated prostitution industry only leads to another parallel illegal industry, as many women do not want to register and work legally (since this would rob them of their anonymity) and other women can not be hired by legal brothels because of underlying problems (e.g., drug abuse); legalizing prostitution makes it more socially acceptable to buy sex, creating a demand for prostitutes (both by local men and by foreigners engaging in sex tourism) and, as a result, human trafficking and underage prostitution increase in order to satisfy this demand.


title: Prostitution law

text: A five-country survey of 175 men for the International Organisation for Migration found that 75% preferred female prostitutes aged 25 or under, and over 20% preferred those aged 18 or under, although "generally clients did not wish to buy sex from prostitutes they thought to be too young to consent to the sexual encounter."


title: Prostitution law

text: Some have argued that an extremely high level of violence is inherent to prostitution; they claim that many prostitutes have been the subject of violence, rape and coercion before entering prostitution including as children, and that many young women and girls enter prostitution directly from state care in at least England, Norway, Australia and Canada.


title: Prostitution law

text: Abolitionists believe tolerance of prostitution is tolerance of inegalitarian sexuality in which male sexual demands can override women's sexual autonomy and overall well-being.


title: Prostitution law

text: In some countries, (or administrative subdivisions within a country), prostitution is "legal and regulated". In these jurisdictions, there is a specific law, which explicitly allows the practice of prostitution if certain conditions are met (as opposed to places where prostitution is legal only because there is no law to prohibit it).


title: Prostitution law

text: In countries where prostitution is regulated, the prostitutes may be registered, they may be hired by a brothel, they may organize trade unions, they may be covered by workers' protection laws, their proceeds may be taxable, they may be required to undergo regular health checks, etc. The degree of regulation, however, varies very much by jurisdiction.


title: Prostitution law

text: Such approaches are taken with the stance that prostitution is impossible to eliminate, and thus these societies have chosen to regulate it in an attempt to increase transparency and therefore reduce the more undesirable consequences and reduce harm. Goals of such regulations include controlling sexually transmitted disease, reducing sexual slavery, increasing safety for sex workers and clients (such as from violence, abuse and murder), ensuring fair pay, fair work hours and safe and clean working conditions, controlling where brothels may operate and dissociating prostitution from crime syndicates. Regulation also allows for the potential of introducing a minimum age requirement to become a sex worker, enter a brothel, and to engage in sexual activity with a sex worker.


title: Prostitution law

text: Dutch researchers have found significant reductions in drug-related crime in areas where prostitution is legal and licensed. "In cities with both a tippelzone and a licensing requirement, for instance, they found a 25 percent reduction in drug-related crimes within two years."


title: Prostitution law

text: In countries where prostitution is legal and regulated, it is usual for the practice to be restricted to particular areas.


title: Prostitution law

text: In countries where prostitution itself is legal, but associated activities are outlawed, prostitution is generally "not" regulated.


title: Prostitution law

text: "A study of San Francisco prostitutes [where prostitution is illegal] found that 82% had been assaulted and 68% had been raped while working as prostitutes. Another study of prostitutes in Colorado Springs found they were 18 times more likely to be murdered than non-prostitutes their age and race." A paper by Barbara Brents and Kathryn Hausbeck of the University of Nevada concluded that "brothels offer the safest environment available for women to sell consensual sex acts for money." Prostitutes who experience violence can be more reluctant to call the police if they are involved in an illegal business and Brents and Hausbeck observed that brothel owners had a policy to call the police if there were signs of trouble in order to protect the prostitutes safety. In systems where prostitution is not legal and regulated pimps also often use prostitutes "who are often under aged and forced to work or face severe consequences, therefore mitigating consent." Legalization and regulation can then enforce minimum age laws and employment rights for prostitutes to protect against such harms. Advocates of this method argue that if legal and regulated time and money could also be saved by the police force, public defenders, and the judicial system in not prosecuting prostitutes and their clients, which could then be better spent targeting pimps and providing health care for prostitutes.


title: Prostitution law

text: When tippelzones or areas where street prostitutes could work legally opened in areas of major cities in the Netherlands researchers found a 30 to 40% drop in reports of rape and sexual abuse in the first two years after this began. In Dutch cities that licensed the sex workers that are legally able to work in these zones rapes and sexual abuse fell by up to 40%.


title: Prostitution law

text: A few jurisdictions require that prostitutes undergo regular health checks for sexually transmitted diseases.


title: Prostitution law

text: In Nevada, state law requires that registered brothel prostitutes be checked weekly for several sexually transmitted diseases and monthly for HIV; furthermore, condoms are mandatory for all oral sex and sexual intercourse. Brothel owners may be held liable if customers become infected with HIV after a prostitute has tested positive for the virus. Prostitution outside the licensed brothels is illegal throughout the state; all forms of prostitution are illegal in Las Vegas (and Clark County, which contains its metropolitan area), in Reno (and Washoe County), in Carson City, and in a few other parts of the state (currently 8 out of Nevada's 16 counties have active brothels, see Prostitution in Nevada).


title: Prostitution law

text: The United Nations Development Programme published a report in 2012 on illegal sex work in Asia and the Pacific. The report stated - "Criminalization increases vulnerability to HIV by fueling stigma and discrimination, limiting access to HIV and sexual health services, condoms and harm reduction services, and adversely affecting the self-esteem of sex workers and their ability to make informed choices about their health."


title: Prostitution law

text: The regulation of prostitution is problematic because some standard labor regulations cannot be applied to prostitution. The typical relation between employer and employee where the employer is in a position of authority over the employee is, in the case of prostitution, viewed by many as contrary to the physical integrity of the prostitute. It is forbidden to order a person to have sex on a given moment at a given place. Many sex operators also do not want to pay social security contributions, which comes with paid labor. Therefore, many prostitutes, in countries where prostitution is regulated, are officially listed as independent contractors. Sex operators typically operate as facilitators only and do not interfere with the prostitutes.


title: Prostitution law

text: The existence of regulated prostitution generally implies that prostitution is illegal outside of the regulated context.


title: Prostitution law

text: Demands to legalise prostitution as a means to contain exploitation in the sex industry is now gaining support from organisations such as the UN and the Supreme Court of India.


title: Prostitution law

text: The enforcement of the anti-prostitution laws varies from country to country or from region to region.


title: Prostitution law

text: In areas where prostitution or the associated activities are illegal, prostitutes are commonly charged with crimes ranging from minor infractions such as loitering to more serious crimes like tax evasion. Their clients can also be charged with solicitation of prostitution.


title: Next plc

text: Next plc (styled as NEXT) is a British multinational clothing, footwear and home products retailer, which has its headquarters in Enderby, England. It has around 700 stores, of which circa 500 are in the United Kingdom, and circa 200 across Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Next is the largest clothing retailer by sales in the United Kingdom, having overtaken Marks & Spencer in early 2012 and 2014. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


title: Next plc

text: The company was founded by Joseph Hepworth in Leeds in 1864 as a tailor under the name of Joseph Hepworth & Son. Initially Hepworth was in partnership with James Rhodes, but the partnership was dissolved in 1872.


title: Next plc

text: On his own, Hepworth expanded the company rapidly, becoming a pioneer of the development of chain stores in Britain. By 1884 the company had 100 outlets.


title: Next plc

text: For much of its history Hepworth was predominantly in the ready-to-wear suit market. In 1963, the company brought in the celebrated Savile Row designer Hardy Amies to help revitalise its ready-to-wear suit collection.


title: Next plc

text: In 1981, the company bought womenswear retailer Kendall and Sons for £1.75 million from the retail conglomerate Combined English Stores. This gave Hepworth over 600 shops in British high streets.


title: Next plc

text: The intention was to redevelop Kendall's stores as a womenswear chain of shops to complement Hepworth as a chain of menswear stores. Designer Terence Conran was Chairman of Hepworth at that time, and recruited George Davies to work at Kendall's. However, Davies's concept was to create a new chain, called Next, initially by converting Kendall's stores. The first Next shops opened on 12 February 1982, with the Kendall's conversion complete by the end of 1983.


title: Next plc

text: Appointed chief executive in 1984, Davies then converted 50 Hepworth stores to the Next format, extending the range to cover menswear. This allowed the development of mini department stores selling women's and men's clothes. This was added to by the introduction of Next interiors to stores which were deemed in the "right demographical areas." In 1986, Davies moved the group's headquarters from Leeds to Leicester, to be closer to the main garment manufacturers, and the company name was changed to Next plc.


title: Next plc

text: In 1987, the group acquired Combined English Stores and the Grattan catalogue company. Extending first to introduce Next childrenswear, Davies then introduced the Next Directory.


title: Next plc

text: By 1988, "after seven years of growth, Next had over-expanded suicidally" .. "some stores were not bringing in enough to pay the rent." Davies was sacked and the share price fell to 7p. Chairman Sir David Jones accused Davies of being egotistical and taking Next to the verge of bankruptcy.


title: Next plc

text: In October 1988, Next sold 433 jewellery stores in the United Kingdom, which principally traded under the Salisburys and Zales brands, to the Ratners Group for US$232 million.


title: Next plc

text: The company bought the youth brand Lipsy in 2008. In autumn 2009, Next launched an online catalogue for the United States offering clothing, shoes and accessories for women, men and children.


title: Next plc

text: Next's prices in Ireland attracted criticism in 2009 when the company was one of four retailers accused of failing to pass on exchange rate savings to shoppers in the Republic.


title: Next plc

text: In July 2010, a BBC investigation found Next was breaking the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 by billing customers for its delivery costs even if goods were returned within the seven working days. A spokesman for Next admitted that they had been doing this for three years but promised to comply by August 2010. Trading Standards said that the DSRs had been in force for ten years, and there was no excuse for not adhering to them.


title: Next plc

text: In May 2014, the Living Wage Foundation bought Next shares and attended the annual general meeting in an attempt to persuade the company to pay at least £6.70 and become one of the UK's 700 living wage employers. Next was targeted because it claimed to be a good employer and was thriving. Professor Sir George Bain, who set the minimum wage in 1999, said employers could afford to pay much more but acknowledged enforcement could cause unemployment in the retail sector.


title: Next plc

text: In October 2014, the company was one of several retailers criticised by journalist Janice Turner in "The Times" for failing to pay what she described as a living wage. Turner further argued UK taxpayers pay £28 billion to low-paid workers through tax credits, and retail companies – which have the highest proportion of low paid workers – are exploiting austerity and effectively adding staff wages to the UK welfare bill. When asked to explain the salaries of lower-wage workers despite large profits, a Next spokesperson replied that the company had thirty applicants for every job advertised.


title: Next plc

text: Next has three main channels: Next Retail, a chain of 550+ retail branches in the United Kingdom; Next Directory, a home shopping catalogue and website with more than 3 million active customers, and Next International, with 180+ international stores. Its other businesses include Next Sourcing, for own brand products; Lipsy, which designs and sells its own branded younger women's fashion products through wholesale, retail and website channels.


title: Next plc

text: Next operates stores and e-commerce for Victoria's Secret in the UK. In September 2021, Next announced a joint venture with Gap. Next will manage Gap's UK website and place Gap concessions in some Next stores. The deal preserves Gap's presence on the UK high street after Gap announced in July 2021 it would close all of its UK stores.


title: Next plc

text: In September 2018, the company's Irish operations profits were separated from Next plc. Next (Ireland) Ltd was formally established to focus on the distribution of products in its physical stores and its online store in the Republic of Ireland. At the same time Next Germany was established.


title: Next plc

text: In November 2022, it was announced Next had acquired the London-headquartered furniture retailer, Made.com - which (in the same month) had gone into administration.


title: Next plc

text: In December 2022, the company entered into a joint venture with Tom Joule to buy The Joules Group out of administration.


title: Next plc

text: Until circa 1991 Next used a lower case Courier-style typeface in black against a white background for its logo. This was replaced by the capitalised NEXT logo in a Roman-serif style type face. There were some variations of this such as the logo with each letter of NEXT in an individual square and in some stores in 2005/2006 had the Next logo in a varying blue & black background with "X's" printed on them, as opposed to the black background. In addition, some variations in typeface occurred during the logo's use – including similar fonts that had serifs positioned above the "T" crossbar, similar to Garamond and others that had more in common with Times New Roman. In 2007 a new next logo was introduced, although the previous logo continued to be used until stock was exhausted.


title: Next plc

text: Next clothing often carries reference to the origins of the company in 1982 with use of "82" or "1982" as a design feature on clothes in all ranges.


title: Next plc

text: Prior to 2007 Next only advertised immediately prior to a sale, usually through brief television spots and newspaper advertising. In 2007 following a "disappointing" 7.2% fall in like for like sales, it announced it was investing "£17 million over the next three years to revive its existing stores and product offering" + an additional £10m for marketing. Yasmin Le Bon who modelled in the first Next Directory in Spring 1988 featured in an on-line fashion show.


title: Next plc

text: In September 2007, to celebrate its 25th anniversary, Next launched its first television campaign in twelve years named 'Ali's Party' with the song 'Suddenly I See' and starring Brazilian supermodel Alessandra Ambrosio. All extra casts were Next employees, otherwise nicknamed 'nextras'. A second advert featuring Ambrosio, was screened in November 2007 and the songs were regularly played instore during the campaign.


title: Next plc

text: An advert directed by Ben Watts and filmed on the banks of the River Seine was shown in September 2010 to reflect the season's Parisian chic styles. It was soundtracked by The Specials’ "A Message to You, Rudy" and starred Brazilian model Emanuela de Paula and Spanish actor Jon Kortajarena.


title: Political system

text: In political science, a political system means the type of political organization that can be recognized, observed or otherwise declared by a state.


title: Political system

text: It defines the process for making official government decisions. It usually comprizes the governmental legal and economic system, social and cultural system, and other state and government specific systems. However, this is a very simplified view of a much more complex system of categories involving the questions of who should have authority and what the government influence on its people and economy should be.


title: Political system

text: The major types of political systems are democracies, monarchies, and authoritarian and totalitarian regimes with varying hybrid systems.


title: Political system

text: According to David Easton, "A political system can be designated as the interactions through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society".


title: Political system

text: The sociological interest in political systems is figuring out who holds power within the relationship between the government and its people and how the government’s power is used. According to Yale professor Juan José Linz there a three main types of political systems today: democracies,


title: Political system

text: totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes (with hybrid regimes). Another modern classification system includes monarchies as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three. Scholars generally refer to a dictatorship as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism.


title: Political system

text: Social anthropologists generally recognize four kinds of political systems, two of which are uncentralized and two of which are centralized.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: Brock Alan Osweiler (born November 22, 1990) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons. He played college football at Arizona State and was selected by the Denver Broncos in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft. Osweiler first served as the Broncos' starter during their Super Bowl-winning season in 2015 when he relieved an injured Peyton Manning, although Manning resumed his starting duties for the playoffs and eventual Super Bowl 50 victory. After the Super Bowl, Osweiler became the starting quarterback for the Houston Texans, but an unsuccessful 2016 campaign resulted in his tenure lasting only one season. He returned to Denver the following season in a backup role and played his final season as a backup with the Miami Dolphins.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: Born in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho on November 22, 1990, Osweiler was raised by his parents, Kathy and John Osweiler, in Kalispell, Montana. Osweiler attended Flathead High School. Osweiler's older brother, Tanner, played college football in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) at Montana Tech in Butte. Their father received scholarship offers to play football at Montana and Montana State but ultimately chose to enter the military out of high school.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: Osweiler played both football and basketball; football was the dominant sport in Montana, so Osweiler traveled to neighboring states to play for Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) basketball teams in Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Yakima, and Spokane, Washington. In 2006, after his freshman year of high school, he committed to Gonzaga University in Spokane to play basketball, but later decided to focus on playing college football. As a senior, he was the 2008–2009 Gatorade Player of the Year in football for Montana after he completed 189 of 303 passes for 2,703 yards and 29 touchdowns; he also rushed for 700 yards on 162 carries with 13 touchdowns.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: Osweiler chose to attend Arizona State University over scholarship offers from Stanford and Washington State. As a true freshman in 2009, Osweiler played in six games with one start. He became the first true freshman to start a game for the Sun Devils since Jake Plummer in 1993. He finished the season completing 24 of 55 passes for 249 yards with two touchdowns and two interceptions. As a sophomore in 2010, he again played in six games with one start. For the season he completed 62 of 109 passes for 797 yards, five touchdowns and no interceptions. As a junior in 2011, he took over as the Sun Devils starting quarterback after the retirement of Steven Threet. He finished the season with 4,036 yards and 26 touchdowns.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: Osweiler was rated the sixth best quarterback in the 2012 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com. He measured 6'6 and 7/8 inches tall at the 2012 NFL Combine, instead of the 6'8" that the media had touted throughout his Arizona State career. He scored a 25 on the Wonderlic. He was selected with the 57th overall pick in the second round of the 2012 NFL Draft by the Denver Broncos.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: Osweiler signed a four-year rookie contract worth $3,516,000 through the 2015 season. Osweiler made his NFL debut in Week 4 of the 2012 season against the Oakland Raiders. The Broncos won 37–6. He threw his first pass in a Week 17 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs, completing 2 of 4 passes for 12 yards.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: In a Week 4 win against the Philadelphia Eagles, Osweiler came in to complete 2 of 3 passes for 10 yards, adding rush yards on two attempts. In a Week 17 win against the Raiders, Osweiler completed 9 of 13 attempts for 85 yards. During the Week 12 overtime loss in the 2013 season, Osweiler was put into the line in an attempt to block the New England Patriots game-winning field-goal, as he was the tallest member of the team at 6'7" (2.01 m) at the time.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: In a Week 7 win against the San Francisco 49ers, Osweiler attempted one incomplete pass. During a Week 10 41–17 win against the Raiders, Osweiler completed 2 of 5 passes for 13 yards. During the Broncos Week 15 22–10 win against the San Diego Chargers, Osweiler had two incomplete passes. Osweiler threw his first career touchdown against the Raiders on December 28, 2014.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: Against the Kansas City Chiefs on November 15, 2015, Osweiler took over for Peyton Manning, who was benched after throwing four interceptions and posting a passer rating of 0.0. The Broncos later announced that Osweiler would start in place of the injured Manning the following week against the Chicago Bears. In his first start on his 25th birthday, he completed 20 out of his 27 passes for 250 yards with two touchdowns and a 127.1 passer rating in a 17–15 win over the Bears, becoming the first player to start and win his first career game on his birthday. He was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance against the Bears. Osweiler was presented the game ball after the game by head coach Gary Kubiak. The next day, it was announced that Osweiler would start the following week against the New England Patriots. On November 29, 2015, Osweiler led the Broncos to a win over the then-undefeated Patriots in overtime, 30–24. He completed 23 of 42 passes for 270 yards, a touchdown, and an interception. Osweiler started his third consecutive game for the injured Manning during Week 13 against the San Diego Chargers. He finished the game with 16 of 26 completions (61.5%) for 166 passing yards, a touchdown, and an interception. The following week, Osweiler suffered his first loss in a 15–12 defeat to the Oakland Raiders. He capped the game off with a career-high 51 attempts, completing 35 of them for 308 yards.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: On December 15, it was announced that Osweiler would start his fifth consecutive game against the Pittsburgh Steelers despite the fact that Manning had returned to practice. During the game Osweiler completed 21 of 44 passes for 296 yards, three touchdowns, and an interception. He also carried the ball 5 times for 19 yards and a seven-yard touchdown, but the Broncos ultimately lost 34–27. In Week 16, Osweiler started his sixth consecutive game against the Cincinnati Bengals, completing 27 of 39 attempts for 299 yards and one touchdown in a 20–17 overtime win. In the Broncos' regular-season finale, on January 3, Osweiler was replaced by Manning in the third quarter after throwing two interceptions and fumbling once. Manning led the Broncos to a 27–20 win over the Chargers and helped the Broncos secure the top seed in the AFC. On January 7, 2016, the team announced Osweiler suffered a low-grade strain to the medial collateral ligament of his right knee during a game against the San Diego Chargers.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: Osweiler finished the 2015 season completing 170 completions out of 275 attempts (61.8%) for 1,967 yards for 10 touchdowns and 6 interceptions while having an 86.4 quarterback rating. He also rushed for 61 yards on 21 attempts for an additional touchdown. On February 7, 2016, Osweiler was active as the backup quarterback as the Broncos won Super Bowl 50 over the Carolina Panthers by a score of 24–10.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: On March 9, 2016, Osweiler signed a four-year, $72 million contract ($37 million guaranteed) with the Houston Texans.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: In his Texans' debut on September 11, 2016, Osweiler passed for 231 yards, two touchdowns, and an interception in the 23–14 victory over the Chicago Bears. Despite his strong start, he began to struggle as the season progressed. During a Week 7 road game against his former team, the Denver Broncos, Osweiler had a total of three fumbles with one lost as the Texans were defeated 27-9. During Week 12 against the San Diego Chargers, Osweiler threw no touchdowns and three interceptions as the Texans lost 21-13. However, he did contribute a 1-yard rushing touchdown.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: During Week 15 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Osweiler was benched for Tom Savage after throwing back-to-back first-half interceptions. The two interceptions brought his season total to 16, setting a single-season Texans franchise record. Savage was then named the starter for the game against the Cincinnati Bengals. In Week 17, Osweiler entered the game in relief of Savage, who suffered a concussion. Osweiler completed 21 of 40 passes for 253 yards and a touchdown while also rushing for a 1-yard touchdown as the Texans lost to the Tennessee Titans by a score of 24–17. Overall, he finished the 2016 season with 2,957 passing yards, 15 touchdowns, and 16 interceptions.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: Due to Savage's injury, Osweiler started the Texans' Wild Card Round playoff game against the Oakland Raiders. During the game, he completed 14 of 25 passes for 168 yards and a touchdown while also rushing for 15 yards and a touchdown as the Texans won 27–14. Shortly after the game, head coach Bill O'Brien announced that Osweiler would remain the team's starter for the Divisional round playoff game against the New England Patriots even though Savage had cleared concussion protocol. In the Divisional round, Osweiler completed 23 of 40 passes for 198 yards, a touchdown, and three interceptions as the Texans lost by a score of 34–16. He also rushed for 18 yards.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: On March 9, 2017, Osweiler was traded to the Cleveland Browns along with the Texans' 2017 sixth-round pick and 2018 second-round pick in exchange for the Browns' 2017 fourth-round compensatory pick. This trade was termed by ESPN's Adam Schefter as possibly the most creative trade in NFL history. The move allowed Cleveland to absorb some of Osweiler's cap from Houston in exchange for draft picks, one of the first trades of its kind. On September 2, 2017, Osweiler was released by the Browns after the team named rookie DeShone Kizer as the starter.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: On September 2, 2017, Osweiler signed a one-year contract with the Broncos after backup quarterback Paxton Lynch sustained a shoulder injury. His contract was worth the league-minimum $775,000, leaving the Browns to pay the remaining $15.25 million of Osweiler's $16 million guaranteed.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: On November 1, it was announced that Osweiler would start the team's Week 9 game against the Philadelphia Eagles in place of the benched Trevor Siemian. Osweiler finished the game with 208 passing yards, a touchdown, and 2 interceptions as the Broncos lost 51–23. He then started the team's next two games against the New England Patriots and the Cincinnati Bengals.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: On November 21, Osweiler was benched after Lynch was named the team's Week 12 starter. Lynch was injured during his lone start and relieved by Siemian. During Week 15 against the Indianapolis Colts, Siemian was injured and relieved by Osweiler. Osweiler played well, throwing for 194 yards and two touchdowns, en route to leading the Broncos to a 25–13 victory. He rushed 15 yards and a touchdown. Osweiler started in Week 16 against the Washington Redskins. He had 193 passing yards and an interception as the Broncos lost 27–11.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: On March 23, 2018, Osweiler signed with the Miami Dolphins, reuniting him with his former Broncos offensive coordinator Adam Gase.


title: Brock Osweiler

text: During Week 4 of the 2018 season, Osweiler came into the 38–7 loss to the New England Patriots in relief of Ryan Tannehill and threw a touchdown to Frank Gore in the fourth quarter. Two weeks later, Osweiler was named the starter for the Week 6 game against the Chicago Bears after Tannehill was inactive due to a shoulder injury. Osweiler passed for 380 yards, three touchdowns, and two interceptions and led the Dolphins to a 31–28 overtime victory over the Bears. With the win over the Chicago Bears in week 6, Osweiler improved to a 4-0 career record in overtime games, which is an NFL record winning percentage in overtime NFL games in a career. Osweiler appeared in four games the remainder of the season with two interceptions to no touchdowns. Overall, he finished the 2018 season with 1,247 passing yards, six touchdowns, and four interceptions in seven games.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: Club de Fútbol Pachuca is a Mexican professional football team based in Pachuca, Hidalgo, that competes in Liga MX. Founded by Cornish miners from Camborne and Redruth in 1901, it is one of the oldest football clubs in the Americas, and was one of the founding members of the Mexican Primera División.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: After decades of mediocre or poor performances between the 1st and 2nd division, Pachuca was promoted once again to the Primera División in 1998. Since then, it has been one of the most successful clubs in Mexico, winning 7 national championships, 5 CONCACAF Champions' Cups, the 2007 SuperLiga, and the Copa Sudamericana. In 2006, Pachuca became the first CONCACAF team to win a CONMEBOL tournament, and is currently the only team in the world to have won a club championship in a confederation outside its own.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: Emigrant miners from Cornwall in the south-west of Britain, working for the Compañía Real del Monte y Pachuca, founded the "Pachuca Athletic Club" in 1901. Originally they practiced football only as an unorganised hobby during their free time while working at the mines owned by William Blamey. Alfred C. Crowle was the man who first introduced the sport to the Mexican mine workers, bringing the first proper footballs and explaining the rules. The game rapidly spread in popularity and other clubs soon were established in surrounding states, including Albinegros de Orizaba, Reforma AC, British Club, Puebla A.C., and Mexico Cricket Club.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: On July 19, 1907, the Mexican Primera División was founded, with Pachuca as one of the league's founding members.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: In the 1908 season, a Mexican born player, David Islas, appeared for the first time in the ranks of the team. From 1910 to 1912, the Mexican Revolution decimated professional football in Mexico until only three clubs remained; Pachuca being one of them. By 1915, most of the players on the team were Mexicans. From 1917 to 1920, Pachuca were league champions under British coach Alfred C. Crowle. Pachuca then went into a hiatus during the 1920–1921 season when most of its players moved to Mexico City. Many years passed by until a Mexican Second Division team were reassembled.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: In 1967 the team was crowned champion of the Segunda División and was able to move up to the Primera División. The team fared poorly and returned to the Segunda División in the early 1970s. The "Tuzos" would have to wait 19 years before being able to return to the Primera División in the 1992–1993 season, where they would struggle to remain and were relegated at the end of that same season. The loss of prestige of the Segunda División causes a new division of play to be created. The Primera División A is created in 1994, later called Liga de Ascenso and the team is a sensation. However, they are unable to crown their efforts and fall to Atlético Celaya in an overtime final. In the 1995–1996 season, the team becomes champion of the Primera "A" tournament and is promoted to the Primera División for the 1996–97 season. However, the team struggles yet again, and is relegated to the Primera División "A" once more.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: After the FMF splits the calendar into two half-length tournaments, Pachuca becomes champion of the Winter tournament. After defeating the Tigrillos in the promotion final, once again, Pachuca returns to the Primera División. In the 1998–1999 season, the team breaks its own bad streak by a draw against Atlante in the Estadio Azteca in front of 30,000 people and avoid returning to the Primera División "A" . Also, for the first time in 30 years they remained in the top league for two consecutive years under coach Javier Aguirre. In the Invierno 1999 tournament, Pachuca makes history by winning the league title for the first time in its history, defeating Cruz Azul in the second leg of the playoff final on December 19, 1999. Javier Aguirre leads an unexpected team to victory, which culminated with a golden goal scored by Argentinian striker Alejandro Glaria. Repeatedly interviewed during quarterfinals and semi-finals, Aguirre declared that he never expected to get so far, and originally expected to be on vacation by that point. As a result of their conquest, the team is invited to participate in the now defunct Copa Merconorte for the 2000 edition, With a strong effort from the organization, they manage to keep 85% of the original championship team and by 2001, the "Tuzos", again under Javier Aguirre, are finalists in the summer tournament. They fall to Santos Laguna in the Estadio Corona in Torreón, Coahuila. During that season, the team lost one of its biggest figures when Pablo Hernán Gómez was killed in a car accident on January 29, 2001. By the end of 2001, Javier Aguirre is chosen by Femexfut to coach the Mexico national team which found itself at risk of not qualifying for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. The team selects Alfredo Tena to be the new coach. Tena leads the team to the 2001 Winter Tournament Finals where they face UANL in the Estadio Universitario and conquer their second league title.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: 2001 was also a celebration year for the team. It became the first Mexican professional football team to reach 100 years of existence. The team organized a large number of special events, among them the inauguration of a university with a curriculum that revolves entirely around football related fields Universidad del Fútbol. In the Apertura 2003, the team captured yet another championship, again against UANL, and again in their stadium. This time, the coach was Víctor Manuel Vucetich. Between 2003 and 2006 the team devoted more attention to social and marketing issues and failed to make the playoffs during two consecutive seasons. President Jesús Martínez however, vowed that the team would return to be among the headliners of the Primera División. As a result, Pachuca won the Clausura 2006 championship, beating San Luis in the finals after having an exceptional season which saw it finish in 1st place of the general standings. It was the first time that Pachuca won the championship by playing the return match in its home stadium, and their fourth title in eight years. Consequently, Pachuca qualified for the 2007 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, disposing of W Connection and MLS team D.C. United, before defeating Chivas Guadalajara on penalties in the final.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: With their 2006 title, Pachuca qualified for the 2006 Copa Sudamericana. Their first match was a 2–1 loss against Tolima in Ibagué, but at Estadio Hidalgo they had a large 5–1 victory and qualified for the next round. In the next round, they faced Lanus, where they had an excellent 3–0 victory in Argentina, before drawing 2–2 in Mexico, setting up a semi-final matchup with Athletico Paranaense, who has been the finalist in the Copa Libertadores the previous year. The first leg was played in Curitiba, where Pachuca won 1–0 with a goal from Damián Álvarez in the 86th minute. In the second leg, Pachuca began losing, but comfortably won 4–1, and advanced to the finals. In the finals they were matched up with Colo-Colo, one of Chile's most historic and popular clubs; the first leg in Mexico finished in a draw. In the second leg at Estadio Nacional on December 14, the Chilean club scored first, but Pachuca scored two second half goals to win the title for the first time in its history, 3–2 on aggregate.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: On May 27, 2007, Pachuca won their 5th domestic title in the Clausura 2007, in a final that was disputed against America; winning this championship meant Pachuca had won 4 trophies in the past 15 months, 2 domestic trophies exactly one year apart, and two international championships; the Sudamericana and the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. In winning the league title Pachuca qualified to the 2008 Champions' Cup in a bid to defend their title, which they did successfully by defeating Saprissa in the finals in April, and later secured a berth for the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup in December 2008, where they were knocked out by 2008 Copa Libertadores champions L.D.U. Quito in the second stage 2–0.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: On July 31, 2007, Pachuca entered into a club-to-club partnership with the Colorado Rapids Soccer Club in the USA. The alliance will include a home-and-home annual series between the clubs, an exchange of best business practices, and the establishment of the Tuzos Soccer Academy at Dick's Sporting Goods Park, which was officially launched on October 1, 2007. The move established the Rapids as Pacucha's official partner club in the United States, in a move designed for promotion of both on the field development, player exchanges, and business incentives for both clubs on either side of the border.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: In August 2007, the club won the North American SuperLiga trophy, a tournament between teams from Liga MX and MLS. Pachuca beat the Los Angeles Galaxy on penalties (4–3) after tying 1–1 at the end of extra time. Shortly after, CONCACAF named Pachuca 2007 CONCACAF Team of the Year for their 5 titles in 17 months, which were the 2006 Clausura title, the Copa Sudamericana title, the CONCACAF Champions Cup, the 2007 Clausura, and the North American SuperLiga. With the victory over Guadalajara, Pachuca claimed a spot in the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup, where they had a disappointing performance, being knocked out by their first rival in the tournament, CAF champions Étoile Sportive du Sahel from Tunisia.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: In 2009 Pachuca made it to the Clausura 2009 Final, losing to Pumas UNAM. In April 2010, Pachuca clinched their fourth CONCACAF Champions League title after defeating Cruz Azul on away goals, and secured a berth for the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup, where they were knocked out by CAF Champions and eventual CWC runner-ups TP Mazembe. During the Bicentenario 2010 Pachuca made it to the semi-finals with a 2–2 draw at Estadio Hidalgo, and then losing 1–0 on Toluca soil, losing 3–2 on aggregate score.


title: C.F. Pachuca

text: In the 2016 Clausura, Pachuca eliminated Santos Laguna and Club León in the playoffs before beating "Rayados" in the finals 2–1, to win their sixth league title. In 2017, Pachuca won their fifth Champions League title, defeating Tigres UANL in the finals 2–1. With this victory, they secured a spot in the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup, where they had a respectable performance, defeating Al Jazira 4–1 in the third place match.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love is a 2009 American sex comedy film directed by John Putch. It is the fourth installment in the "American Pie Presents" film series, a spin-off of the "American Pie" franchise. The film stars Bug Hall, Brandon Hardesty, Kevin M. Horton, Beth Behrs, Jennifer Holland, John Patrick Jordan, Rosanna Arquette, and Eugene Levy. This was Sherman Hemsley's final film appearance before his death on July 24, 2012.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: The film was released direct-to-DVD in the United States on December 22, 2009, by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. It grossed $5.2 million in DVD sales.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: In East Great Falls, Michigan, high-schooler Rob masturbates with a peanut butter sandwich. His dog attempts to eat it and his younger brother Cody films the ordeal, uploading it to YouTube.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: At school, an embarrassed Rob meets his fellow virgin friends Nathan and Marshall "Lube"; and Nathan reveals that his girlfriend Dana has pledged to abstain from sex until marriage, despite having already slept with several people. Classmate Scott Stifler threatens to make a move on Heidi, Rob's crush, and Lube has a vivid fantasy about cheerleader Ashley. Rob and Heidi meet in the library where she reveals a desire to lose her virginity as soon as possible.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: At the school dance, Nathan offends Dana when he expects sex after giving her cunnilingus in the car. Rob attempts to tell Heidi his feelings for her but is interrupted by Nathan and Lube, and eventually finds her in the library about to have sex with another student. Shocked, Rob drops a lit tiki torch, starting a fire and setting off the sprinklers.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: The next day, while Rob and Heidi are cleaning the library for detention, he finds "The Bible", a legendary sex manual compiled by students over forty years, now damaged by the water.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: Testing a tip from the book, Rob approaches Ashley in a lingerie store and compliments her. She leads him into a changing room, shows her breasts, and shoves some panties down his pants, telling him to shoplift them for her. He is caught and forced to pay for them with his mother's credit card. At Dana's church service, Nathan accidentally broadcasts their intimate conversation to the entire congregation over the PA system, and Dana's father forbids her to see him. Rob's mother confronts him about the credit card charge, and his sarcastic reply that he likes wearing women's underwear is filmed by Cody, who again posts the embarrassing footage online.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: At a school basketball game, Rob is again unable to tell Heidi how he feels. Following a page in the book, Rob and his friends visit a very experienced Canadian prostitute. Lube misread that the entry was written in 1975, and the friends are disgusted to meet the now elderly Monique, who dies while performing fellatio on Rob, so the panicked boys drive home.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: Rob finally tells Heidi he has feelings for her, and she reciprocates, agreeing to meet later at Stifler's party. There, Heidi is hurt overhearing Rob shout, "Tonight, I'm getting laid!". Lube propositions Ashley but she turns him down. Her friend takes him up on his guarantee of sexual satisfaction, but storms out after finding an offensive text on his phone. Nathan tries to reconcile with Dana but offends her again. Rob finds Heidi in bed with Stifler, and begins drinking heavily. He declares that "only assholes get laid!" and behaves crudely to a random girl, who promptly takes him to bed but he vomits on her back before they can have sex. The next morning, his mother shows him a video she received of the incident.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: Rob and his friends resolve to find all the book's original contributors starting with its creator, Noah Levenstein, and eventually succeed in recreating the damaged pages.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: On the school ski trip, Katie, whom Stifler had been avoiding, is upset she lost her virginity to him. She defeats him at strip poker, forcing him to apologize and go outside naked, where he is sodomized by a moose. Afterward, he bonds with a sympathetic Imogen. Nathan has sex with Dana in the ski lift control room, accidentally shutting off the power.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: Stuck in the lifts, Rob and Heidi reconcile and kiss, and Lube falls off. Ashley climbs down to him, and is moved to tears when Lube explains how he really feels about her. Heidi and Rob return to the cabin and have sex, and Lube and Ashley do the same.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: Rob, Nathan, and Lube return the newly restored Bible to its hiding place in the library, after Rob has added his own signature. Cody finds an online video of himself putting a vacuum cleaner on his penis which, to his horror, has been viewed almost 10 million times. Rob appears in the video, broadcasting his revenge.


title: American Pie Presents: The Book of Love

text: Andre Dellamorte of "Collider" wrote, "I can't hate on a film like this for the very fact that it is the fourth direct to video sequel to the "American Pie" films. If you didn't know what you were getting when you walked in the door, then who's really to blame?". In his review for "IGN", R. L. Shaffer said the film series has lost the original film's "thoughtful and heartfelt tone", and, although this film attempts to bring some of that back, it is "too little too late". David Nusair of "Reel Film Reviews" gave the film 1.5 out of 4 and called it "...a typically low-rent and flat-out needless straight-to-video endeavor".


title: Mustique

text: Mustique is a small private island in the nation of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, which is part of the Grenadines, a chain of islands in the West Indies. The island is located within Grenadines Parish, and the closest island is the uninhabited Petite Mustique, located to the south. Ferry service is provided to the island from St. Vincent on the M/V "Endeavour".


title: Mustique

text: The island covers and has several coral reefs. The land fauna includes tortoises, herons, iguanas and many other species. Its year-round population of about 500 mostly live in the villages of Lovell, Britannia Bay and Dovers. The population rises to 1,200 in peak season.


title: Mustique

text: The island is owned by the Mustique Company, a private limited company which is in turn owned by the island's home owners. The island has around 120 private villas, many of which are let through the Mustique Company. The Cotton House, the only hotel (with seventeen rooms), and Beach Café are owned by the Mustique Company. A separate restaurant, the Veranda, is also in operation.


title: Mustique

text: The history of European settlement of the island of Mustique, and of the Grenadines in general, dates back to the Fifteenth century, when Spanish navigators first sighted this more-or-less linear group of small rocky islands and named them "Los Pájaros" or "the birds", because they resembled a small flock scattered across the sea. During the seventeenth century the islands were renamed the "Grenadines" by pirates, who used the sheltered bays to hide their ships and loot.


title: Mustique

text: The Islands were originally inhabited by people who probably arrived from South America around 2500 BC, subsequently by the Arawaks from 250 BC to 1000 AD, and later by the Caribs, whose simple tools can still be found. The indigenous people was soon outnumbered by European planters in the 1740s, who found they could grow sugar there in abundance, using enslaved African labour. Because Europe's only sources of sugar at that time were limited quantities from the Canaries and Cyprus, the West Indies became economically significant. The Grenadines passed from France to the British in 1763; farmers Alexander Campbell and John Aitcheson bought the island of Mustique that year. The British built three forts. Cotton and sugar continued to be grown until 1834.


title: Mustique

text: The name "Mustique" comes from the French "moustique", "mosquito". The sugar industry lasted until the 19th century, when the cultivation of European-grown sugar beet dramatically reduced the demand for tropical sugar. Mustique's seven plantations were abandoned and eventually swallowed up by scrub, leaving remnants such as the sugar mill at "Endeavour" and its "Cotton House". The Plantation House was built in the 18th century.


title: Mustique

text: The island was mostly abandoned in the 1800s but in 1835 (after the abolition of slavery), two plantations were reopened after ownership of the island passed to the Hazell family. They grew crops and raised sheep and goats on two plantations; they maintained a school for the island locals. In 1865 the two were merged into one estate by the family.


title: Mustique

text: Mustique was purchased from the Hazell family in 1958 for £45,000 by The Hon. Colin Tennant, who became The 3rd Baron Glenconner in 1983. He initially planned to start farming, "sea island cotton, beef and mutton" but then decided to develop the island into an exclusive hideaway, after forming The Mustique Company in 1968. By that time, cotton production was failing.


title: Mustique

text: A report details the state of the island in 1958:Apart from the villagers’ smallholdings, Mustique was a desolate island covered in jungle, scrub and cactus. It had no natural water, no roads, no jetty for landing a boat and millions of mosquitoes. There was one dilapidated building used for picking over the cotton, and the remaining villagers lived in corrugated tin shacks which desperately needed upgrading.


title: Mustique

text: Significant improvements would be made over the subsequent years. According to a 2018 report, "since the 1960s, Mustique has been an exclusive sanctuary for royalty, rock stars, celebrities and heads of industry to relax in anonymity".


title: Mustique

text: In 1960, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, the sister of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, accepted as a wedding present Colin Tennant's gift of a plot of land, where she built a villa called Les Jolies Eaux. She spent time on the island during her honeymoon. In the early 1970s, the princess often visited the island in the company of Roddy Llewellyn. Mustique, she said, "is the only place I can relax". Before her death, the princess gave the property to her son David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley to avoid later payment of inheritance tax. He sold it in 1999 for a reported £2.4 million and Les Jolies Eaux was made available for rent.


title: Mustique

text: In 1964, a new settlement was built, Lovell Village. The original inhabitants of the island were each given a plot of land and a new home in this location. Most of the island locals, who work in Mustique, (roughly 500 people) live in Lovell and for years were served by a church, school, restaurant, a medical clinic, a store and a police station. A May 2019 report indicates that other businesses are now located in the Lovell area: "a seafood market ... a food market, two stores The Purple House and The Pink House ... and a general store that advertised liquor, wine and cigars". Serving locals and some tourists, the View Restaurant and Bar is located in Lovell.


title: Mustique

text: When The Mustique Company was formed in 1968, its new manager Hugo Money-Coutts obtained import and other tax free status in return for an annual fee. Building and sales of the villas started soon afterwards.


title: Mustique

text: The airport began operation in 1969. In that year, several new villas were built, and the Cotton House opened as a hotel. In the following years, roads were built (although golf carts and ATVs are the only powered mode of transport), electricity and communications became reliable, a desalination plant was built to provide potable water, and a medical clinic was opened. The costs of running the island school and medical facility are supported by an educational and medical trust. One report states that "since 1968, more than $100 million has been invested in Mustique".


title: Mustique

text: In 1971, the , referred to locally as the Antilles packboat, struck a reef not far off of the island and sank.


title: Mustique

text: In 1976, due to financial problems, Tennant sold a controlling interest (60%) in The Mustique Company to a consortium led by Hans Neumann, a Venezuelan industrialist of Czech origin who had survived the Holocaust by hiding in plain sight in Berlin. Neumann took over control of the island and, in 1979, appointed Brian Alexander to take over its management. Alexander did not retire until August 2008. During Alexander's tenure, homes were built for workers on the island.


title: Mustique

text: Tennant remained the owner of a plot on the island until moving to St. Lucia in 1992. However, by 1987, Tennant had sold his remaining shares of The Mustique Company to Hans Neumann. After 2007, major improvements were made on the island including a desalination plant, solar panels to provide electricity and the recycling of certain types of trash.


title: Mustique

text: In 1988 Hans Neumann set up the ownership structure as it is today and Mustique Island was transformed into a private limited company with the 104 homeowners as minority shareholders. Until 2003, Hans Neumann followed by his daughter Ariana Neumann retained a seat on the board and a block of 30% of the shares, which continued to provide stability over the years as it prevented dramatic policy shifts or substantial deviations from the development plan.


title: Mustique

text: As of 2019, The Mustique Company is managed by Roger Pritchard, who replaced Brian Alexander. He leads a staff of 450 who oversee every aspect of island life, management of the villas and security. The security and fire services are provided by a team of officers led by a former Scotland Yard chief. Every visitor must be registered with the security force.


title: Mustique

text: The Mustique Charitable Foundation has been funding programmes for the island locals, such as scholarships, arranging for surgeons to visit the island and literacy programmes since 2018. The Mustique Charitable Trusts funds projects such as Disaster Management Education, refurbishment of the Milton Cato Memorial Hospital in Saint Vincent, school meal programmes, some literacy projects and after-school programmes, diabetes and hypertension screening, a hospice and tree planting.


title: Mustique

text: Mustique Island has many notable features. One of the most notable is Basil's Bar in Britannia Bay. The Bar remains situated right on the water overlooking a striking-blue bay that provides mooring for yachts.


title: Mustique

text: The business was owned by Basil Charles for over twenty years; he was previously the barman at Tennant's Cotton House Hotel. In 2017, however he had sold the operation to The Mustique Company. After a renovation, the bar reopened in 2018. One report states that "the makeover of Basil’s Bar sought to pay homage to its heritage (a legendary island institution), while updating it in a chic, sophisticated and playful way. New features include the open kitchen and hide-away corners for private moments". A jump-up is held every Wednesday night (as of 2019) at this restaurant/bar and on Sundays, it hosts Sunset Jazz evenings, both with live music. The Mustique Blues Festival in late January and early February is held at Basil's Bar.


title: Mustique

text: There are no golf courses on the island but the official website describes the activities available, in addition to tennis and picnicking:...scuba diving and sailing, to tennis club and exploring the island on horseback. Try the extreme sports of kite-surfing or deep sea diving and fishing, or take a more gentle approach, with a snorkel in the many hidden coves around the island followed by a nurturing spa treatment. Children are indulged with a host of fun activities, with water sports galore, drive in cinemas for golf buggies, tennis, pony camp, beach picnics and treasure hunts, kite flying competitions and children’s menus everywhere.


title: Mustique

text: The primary beach is Macaroni on the Atlantic side; large waves make it more suitable for surfing than for swimming. Lagoon Beach on the west side is calmer "but too shallow and seaweedy for swimming" according to one review. Gelliceaux, a sheltered bay, is preferable for swimming.


title: Mustique

text: Villas for rent (from $8,000 for one bedroom to $150,000 per week for 6+ bedrooms) include the royals' Les Jolies Eaux, the Indonesian-style Mandalay (built for David Bowie), Pangolin, a seven-bedroom Balinese home, Toucan Hill with its Moroccan theme and a "travertine-like palace". Boats can be chartered at Endeavor Bay.


title: Mustique

text: The Mustique Medical Clinic is open daily and there is an island pharmacy. In case of serious medical issues, evacuation can be arranged to Martinique or Miami.


title: Mustique

text: The island has become well known for a core set of personalities whose influence created Mustique's current cachet: Lord Glenconner, Oliver Messel, Princess Margaret, Tommy Hilfiger and Mick Jagger. Immediately prior to that, the island was home to fishermen.


title: Mustique

text: The late Elizabeth II, Queen of St. Vincent and the Grenadines and her late husband, The Duke of Edinburgh, made private visits to Mustique in 1966, 1977 and 1985. Prince William, Prince of Wales and Catherine, Princess of Wales, holiday in Mustique often.


title: Mustique

text: David Bowie once owned an Indonesian-inspired multi-pavilion villa on the island, which he called Britannia Bay. However, he stopped visiting it, explaining that "the house was so tranquil and peaceful that he found it hard to get any work done." In 1994 Bowie then sold the property for $5 million to business tycoon and poet Felix Dennis. After the death of Felix Dennis in June 2014, and renamed as the Mandalay Estate, the house was sold to the entrepreneur Simon Dolan.


title: Mustique

text: In 1996, while on holiday at Mustique, Noel Gallagher wrote and demoed many of the songs that would later be released on the Oasis album "Be Here Now" (1997).


title: Mustique

text: The British fashion designer Lotty B has been an island resident for twenty years and runs a local boutique called The Pink House.


title: Mustique

text: Painter Stefan Szczesny has been visiting the island since 1995 and is currently working there on his art.


title: Mustique

text: UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson and his girlfriend Carrie Symonds spent Christmas 2019 on Mustique with the Bismarck family.


title: Mustique

text: Other well-known individuals who have holidayed on Mustique over the years include Liam Gallagher, Johnny Depp, Kate Moss, Paul McCartney, Jon Bon Jovi, Peter Lynch, Denzel Washington, Pierre Lagrange, Tom Ford, John Travolta and Bryan Adams.


title: Mustique

text: Several wealthy people have acquired land on Mustique, which grants them access to the island's private airline and other resources. Among them are:


title: Anesthesiology

text: Anesthesiology, anaesthesiology, or anaesthesia is the medical specialty concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery. It encompasses anesthesia, intensive care medicine, critical emergency medicine, and pain medicine. A physician specialized in anesthesiology is called an anesthesiologist, anaesthesiologist, or anaesthetist, depending on the country. In some countries, the terms are synonymous, while in other countries they refer to different positions, and "anesthetist" is only used for non-physicians, such as nurse anesthetists.


title: Anesthesiology

text: The core element of the specialty is the study and use of anesthesia to safely support a patient's vital functions through the perioperative period. Since the 19th century, anesthesiology has developed from an experimental area with non-specialist practitioners using novel, untested drugs and techniques into what is now a highly refined, safe and effective field of medicine. In some countries anesthesiologists comprise the largest single cohort of doctors in hospitals, and their role can extend far beyond the traditional role of anesthesia care in the operating room, including fields such as providing pre-hospital emergency medicine, running intensive care units, transporting critically ill patients between facilities, and prehabilitation programs to optimize patients for surgery.


title: Anesthesiology

text: "Anaesthesia" appears to have first been used in the modern medical sense of the word by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. in 1846, and it gained currency when adopted by James Young Simpson the following year. "Anesthesiology" was proposed in 1889 by Henry William Blanc and was re-coined by Mathias Joseph Seifert in 1902. The name derives from the Ancient Greek roots "an-", "not", "aísthēsis", "sensation", and "-logia", "study".


title: Anesthesiology

text: International standards for the safe practice of anesthesia, jointly endorsed by the World Health Organization and the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, define "anesthesiologist" as a graduate of a medical school who has completed a nationally recognized specialist anesthesia training program. Various names are used for the specialty and those doctors who practice it in different parts of the world:


title: Anesthesiology

text: As a specialty, the core element of anesthesiology is the practice of anesthesia. This comprises the use of various injected and inhaled medications to produce a loss of sensation in patients, making it possible to carry out procedures that would otherwise cause intolerable pain or be technically unfeasible. Safe anesthesia requires in-depth knowledge of various invasive and non-invasive organ support techniques that are used to control patients' vital functions while under the effects of anaesthetic drugs; these include advanced airway management, invasive and non-invasive hemodynamic monitors, and diagnostic techniques like ultrasonography and echocardiography. Anesthesiologists are expected to have expert knowledge of human physiology, medical physics, and pharmacology as well as a broad general knowledge of all areas of medicine and surgery in all ages of patients, with a particular focus on those aspects which may impact on a surgical procedure. In recent decades, the role of anesthesiologists has broadened to focus not just on administering anesthetics during the surgical procedure itself, but also beforehand in order to identify high-risk patients and optimize their fitness, during the procedure to maintain situational awareness of the surgery itself so as to improve safety, and afterwards to promote and enhance recovery. This has been termed "perioperative medicine".


title: Anesthesiology

text: The concept of intensive care medicine arose in the 1950s and 1960s, with anesthesiologists taking organ support techniques that had traditionally been used only for short periods during surgical procedures (such as positive pressure ventilation) and applying these therapies to patients with organ failure, who might require vital function support for extended periods until the effects of the illness could be reversed. The first intensive care unit was opened by Bjørn Aage Ibsen in Copenhagen in 1953, prompted by a polio epidemic during which many patients required prolonged artificial ventilation. In many countries, intensive care medicine is considered to be a subspecialty of anesthesiology, and anesthesiologists often rotate between duties in the operating room and the intensive care unit. This allows continuity of care when patients are admitted to the ICU after their surgery, and it also means that anesthesiologists can maintain their expertise at invasive procedures and vital function support in the controlled setting of the operating room, while then applying those skills in the more dangerous setting of the critically ill patient. In other countries, intensive care medicine has evolved further to become a separate medical specialty in its own right, or has become a "supra-specialty" which may be practiced by doctors from various base specialties such as anesthesiology, emergency medicine, general medicine, surgery or neurology.


title: Anesthesiology

text: Anesthesiologists have key roles in major trauma, resuscitation, airway management, and caring for other patients outside the operating theatre who have critical emergencies that pose an immediate threat to life, again reflecting transferable skills from the operating room, and allowing continuity of care when patients are brought for surgery or intensive care. This branch of anesthesiology is collectively termed critical emergency medicine, and includes provision of pre-hospital emergency medicine as part of air ambulance or emergency medical services, as well as safe transfer of critically ill patients from one part of a hospital to another, or between healthcare facilities. Anesthesiologists commonly form part of cardiac arrest teams and rapid response teams composed of senior clinicians that are immediately summoned when a patient's heart stops beating, or when they deteriorate acutely while in hospital. Different models for emergency medicine exist internationally: in the Anglo-American model, the patient is rapidly transported by non-physician providers to definitive care such as an emergency department in a hospital. Conversely, the Franco-German approach has a physician, often an anesthesiologist, come to the patient and provide stabilizing care in the field. The patient is then triaged directly to the appropriate department of a hospital.


title: Anesthesiology

text: The role of anesthesiologists in ensuring adequate pain relief for patients in the immediate postoperative period as well as their expertise in regional anesthesia and nerve blocks has led to the development of pain medicine as a subspecialty in its own right. The field comprises individualized strategies for all forms of analgesia, including pain management during childbirth, neuromodulatory technological methods such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation or implanted spinal cord stimulators, and specialized pharmacological regimens.


title: Anesthesiology

text: Over the past 100 years, the study and administration of anesthesia has become more complex. Historically anesthesia providers were almost solely utilized during surgery to administer general anesthesia in which a person is placed in a pharmacologic coma. This is performed to permit surgery without the individual responding to pain (analgesia) during surgery or remembering (amnesia) the surgery.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In the nineteenth century, the beginnings of general anesthesia started with the introduction of ether in Boston by dental surgeon William Morton and chloroform in the United Kingdom to bring about a state of unawareness and unresponsiveness to the pain of surgical insult. With the isolation of cocaine in the mid-nineteenth century there began to be drugs available for local anesthesia. By the end of the nineteenth century, the number of pharmacological options had increased and had begun to be applied both peripherally and neuraxially. Then in the twentieth century neuromuscular blockade allowed the anesthesiologist to completely paralyze the patient pharmacologically and breathe for him or her via mechanical ventilation. With these new tools, the anesthetist could intensively manage the patient's physiology, bringing about critical care medicine, which, in many countries, is intimately connected to anesthesiology.


title: Anesthesiology

text: Effective practice of anesthesiology requires several areas of knowledge by the practitioner, some of which are:


title: Anesthesiology

text: Many procedures or diagnostic tests do not require "general anesthesia" and can be performed using various forms of sedation or regional anesthesia, which can be performed to induce analgesia in a region of the body. For example, epidural administration of a local anesthetic is commonly performed on the mother during childbirth to reduce labor pain while permitting the mother to be awake and active in labor and delivery.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In the United States, anesthesiologists may also perform non-surgical pain management (termed pain medicine) and provide care for patients in intensive care units (termed critical care medicine).


title: Anesthesiology

text: The length and format of anesthesiology training programs varies from country to country. A candidate must first have completed medical school training to be awarded a medical degree, before embarking on a programme of postgraduate specialist training or residency which can range from four to nine years. Anesthesiologists in training spend this time gaining experience in various different subspecialties of anesthesiology and undertake various advanced postgraduate examinations and skill assessments. These lead to the award of a specialist qualification at the end of their training indicating that they are an expert in the field and may be licensed to practice independently.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In Australia and New Zealand, training is supervised by the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, while anaesthetists are represented by the Australian Society of Anaesthetists and the New Zealand Society of Anaesthetists. The ANZCA-approved training course encompasses an initial two-year long Pre-vocational Medical Education and Training (PMET) and five years of supervised clinical training at approved training sites. Thus the total training following graduation from medical school is seven years long. Trainees must pass both the primary and final examinations which consist of both written (multiple choice questions and short-answer questions) and, if successful in the written exams, oral examinations ("viva voce").


title: Anesthesiology

text: In the final written examination, there are many questions of clinical scenarios (including interpretation of radiological exams, EKGs and other special investigations). There are also two cases of real patients with complex medical conditions - for clinical examination and a following discussion. The course has a program of 12 modules such as obstetric anaesthesia, pediatric anaesthesia, cardiothoracic and vascular anaesthesia, neurosurgical anaesthesia and pain management. Trainees also have to complete an advanced project, such as a research publication or paper. They also undergo an EMAC (Effective Management of Anaesthetic Crises) or EMST (Early Management of Severe Trauma) course. On completion of training, the trainees are awarded the Diploma of Fellowship and are entitled to use the qualification of FANZCA – Fellow of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In Brazil, approximately 650 physicians are admitted yearly to a three-year specialization program. The residency programs can take place at training centers in university hospitals. These training centres are accredited by the "Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA)", or other referral hospitals accredited by the ministry of health. Most of the residents are trained in different areas, including ICU, pain management, and anesthesiology sub-specialties, including transplants and pediatrics. In order to be a certified anesthesiologist in Brazil, the residents must undergo exams throughout the residency program and at the end of the program. The SBA conducts these examinations. In order to be an instructor of a residency program certified by the SBA, the anesthesiologists must have the superior title in anaesthesia, in which the specialist undergoes a multiple choice test followed by an oral examination conducted by a board assigned by the national society.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In Canada, training is supervised by 17 universities approved by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Upon completion of a residency program (typically five years long), the candidate is required to pass a comprehensive objective examination consisting of a written component (two three-hour papers: one featuring 'multiple choice' questions, and the other featuring 'short-answer' questions) and an oral component (a two-hour session relating to topics on the clinical aspects of anesthesiology). The examination of a patient is not required. Upon completion of training, the anaesthesia graduate is then entitled to become a "Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada" and to use the post-nominal letters "FRCPC".


title: Anesthesiology

text: In Germany, after earning the right to practice medicine (German: "Approbation"), German physicians who want to become anaesthesiologists must undergo 5 years of training, consisting of anaesthesiology, ECG and pulmonary function testing, critical care and pain medicine, and also palliative care medicine. The training includes rotations serving in the operation theatres to perform anaesthesia on a variety of patients being treated by various surgical subspecialties (e.g. general surgery, neurosurgery, invasive urological and gynecological procedures), followed by a rotation through various intensive-care units. Many German anaesthesiologists choose to complete a curriculum in emergency medicine, which once completed, enables them to be referred to as , an emergency physician working pre-clinically with the emergency medical service. In pre-clinical settings the emergency physician is assisted by paramedics.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In the Netherlands, anaesthesiologists must complete medical school training, which takes six years. After successfully completing medical school training, they start a five-year residency training in anaesthesiology. In their fifth year they can choose to spend the year doing research, or to specialize in a certain area, including general anaesthesiology, critical care medicine, pain and palliative medicine, paediatric anaesthesiology, cardiothoracic anaesthesiology, neuroanaesthesiology or obstetric anaesthesiology.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In Guatemala, a student with a medical degree (he or she must have surgery and general medicine skills by law) has to complete a residency of six years (five years in residency and one year of practice with an expert anaesthetist).


title: Anesthesiology

text: After residency, students take a board examination conducted by the college of medicine of Guatemala, the "Universidade De San Carlos De Guatemala" (Medicine Faculty Examination Board), and a chief physician who represents the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala. The examination includes a written section, an oral section, and a special examination of skills and knowledge relating to anaesthetic instruments, emergency treatment, pre-operative care, post-operative care, intensive care units, and pain medicine. After passing the examination, the college of medicine of Guatemala, Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala and the health care ministry of the government of Guatemala grants the candidate a special license to practice anaesthesia as well as a diploma issued by the Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala granting the degree of physician with specialization in anaesthesia. Anaesthetists in Guatemala are also subject to yearly examinations and mandatory participation in yearly seminars on the latest developments in anaesthetic practice.


title: Anesthesiology

text: To be qualified as an anesthesiologist in Hong Kong, medical practitioners must undergo a minimum of six years of postgraduate training and pass three professional examinations. Upon completion of training, the Fellowship of Hong Kong College of Anesthesiologists and subsequently the Fellowship of Hong Kong Academy of Medicine is awarded. Practicing anesthesiologists are required to register in the Specialist register of the Medical Council of Hong Kong and hence are under the regulation of the Medical Council.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In Italy, a medical school graduate must complete an accredited five-year residency in anesthesiology.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, anesthesiologists' training is supervised by the respective national societies of anesthesiology as well as the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. In the Nordic countries, anesthesiology is the medical specialty that is engaged in the fields of anesthesia, intensive care medicine, pain control medicine, pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency medicine. Medical school graduates must complete a twelve-month internship, followed by a five-year residency program. SSAI currently hosts six training programs for anesthesiologists in the Nordics. These are Intensive care, Pediatric anesthesiology and intensive care, Advanced pain medicine, Critical care medicine, Critical emergency medicine, and Advanced obstetric anesthesiology.


title: Anesthesiology

text: In the United Kingdom, training is supervised by the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Following the completion of medical school training, doctors enter a two-year foundation program that consists of at least six, four-month rotations in various medical specialties. It is mandatory for all physicians to complete a minimum of three months of general medicine and general surgery training during this time. Following the foundation program, physicians compete for specialist training.


title: Anesthesiology

text: The training program in the United Kingdom currently consists of three years of core training and four years of higher training. Before the end of core training, all trainees must have passed the primary examination for the diploma of Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA). Trainees wishing to hold dual accreditation in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine may enter anaesthesia training via the Acute Care Common Stem (ACCS) program which lasts four years and consists of experience in anaesthesia, emergency medicine, acute medicine and intensive care. Trainees in anaesthesia are called Specialty Registrars (StR) or Specialist Registrars (SpR).


title: Anesthesiology

text: The Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) in anaesthesia is divided into three levels: Basic, intermediate and advanced. During this time, physicians learn anaesthesia as applicable to all surgical specialties. The curriculum focuses on a modular format, with trainees primarily working in one special area during one module, for example: cardiac anaesthesia, neuroanaesthesia, ENT, maxillofacial, pain medicine, intensive care, and trauma. Traditionally (before the advent of the foundation program), trainees entered anaesthesia from other specialties, such as medicine or accidents and emergencies. Specialist training takes at least seven years. On completion of specialist training, physicians are awarded CCT and are eligible for entry on the GMC Specialist register and are also able to work as consultant anaesthetist. A new consultant in anaesthetics must have completed a minimum of 14 years of training (including: five to six years of medical school training, two years of foundation training, and seven years of anaesthesia training).


title: Anesthesiology

text: Those wishing for dual accreditation (in Intensive care and anaesthesia) are required to undergo approximately an additional year of training and also complete the fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM). Pain specialists give the Fellowship of the Faculty of Pain Medicine of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FFPMRCA) examination.


title: Anesthesiology

text: Following medical school training, anesthesiology residency programs in the United States require successful completion of four years of residency training at an ACGME approved program for board certification eligibility in the specialty of anesthesiology. Anesthesiology residents face multiple examinations during their residency, including exams encompassing physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and other medical sciences addressed in medical school, along with multiple anesthesia knowledge tests which assess progress during residency. Successful completion of both a written and oral board exam after completion of residency is required for board certification.


title: Anesthesiology

text: Residency training in the U.S. encompasses the full scope of perioperative medicine, including pre-operative medical evaluation, management of pre-existing disease in the surgical patient, intraoperative life support, intraoperative pain control, intraoperative ventilation, post-operative recovery, intensive care medicine, and chronic and acute pain management. After residency, many anesthesiologists complete an additional fellowship year of sub-specialty training in areas such as pain management, sleep medicine, cardiothoracic anesthesiology, pediatric anesthesiology, neuroanesthesiology, regional anesthesiology/ambulatory anesthesiology, obstetric anesthesiology, or critical care medicine.


title: Anesthesiology

text: The average salary for a full-time anesthesiologist in 2021 is roughly $378,000, according to "Medscape".


title: Anesthesiology

text: The majority of anesthesiologists in the United States are board-certified, either by the American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA) or the American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology (AOBA). D.O. anesthesiologists can be certified by the ABA. The ABA is a member of the American Board of Medical Specialties, while the AOBA falls under the American Osteopathic Association. Both Boards are recognized by the major insurance underwriters in the U.S. as well as by all branches of the U.S. Uniformed Services. Board certification by the ABA involves both a written and an oral examination. AOBA certification requires the same exams, in addition to a practical examination with examining physicians observing the applicant actually administering anesthetics in the operating room.


title: Anesthesiology

text: There are several non-physician anesthesia providers practicing in the United States. These include certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), anesthesiologist assistants (AAs), and dental anesthesiologists. CRNAs are the only type of non-physician anesthesia provider that has successfully lobbied for the ability to provide all types of anesthesia for any surgery or procedure independently. AAs must work under the supervision of a physician anesthesiologist and dental anesthesiologists are limited to dental cases.


The Franklin child prostitution ring allegations began in June 1988 in Omaha, Nebraska and attracted significant public and political interest until late 1990, when separate state and federal grand juries concluded that the allegations were unfounded and the ring was a "carefully crafted hoax."


title: Franklin child prostitution ring allegations

text: In 1988, authorities looked into baseless allegations that prominent citizens of Nebraska, as well as high-level U.S. politicians, were involved in a child prostitution ring. Alleged abuse victims were interviewed, who claimed that children in foster care were flown to the East Coast of the United States to be sexually abused at "bad parties". The claims primarily centered on Lawrence E. King Jr., who ran the now defunct Franklin Community Federal Credit Union in Omaha, Nebraska, and alleged that the ring was "a cult of devil worshipers involved in the mutilation, sacrifice and cannibalism of numerous children". Numerous conspiracy theories evolved, claiming that the alleged abuse was part of a widespread series of crimes including devil worship, cannibalism, drug trafficking, and CIA arms dealing.


text: The Nebraska State Foster Care Review Board submitted the results of a two-year investigation into the alleged physical and sexual abuse of foster children to the Executive Board of the Nebraska Legislature, who were investigating reports of child sexual abuse linked to the credit union. After investigation, a grand jury in Douglas County, where Omaha, Nebraska is situated, determined the abuse allegations were baseless, describing them as a "carefully crafted hoax" and indicting two of the original accusers on perjury charges. The grand jury suspected that the false stories originated from a fired employee of Boys Town, who might have "fueled the fire of rumor and innuendo" because of personal grudges. A federal grand jury also concluded that the abuse allegations were unfounded and indicted 21-year-old Alisha Owen, an alleged victim, on eight counts of perjury. Owen served years in prison. Separately, the federal grand jury indicted multiple officers of the credit union for embezzlement of funds, including King.


text: Historian Philip Jenkins has explored how cases such as the Franklin allegations can acquire credibility, even if they lack any credibility inherently, when reported in various media in a credible voice. He also explored how such allegations can be seized on by political opportunists for their own purposes.


title: Leontopodium nivale

text: Leontopodium nivale, commonly called edelweiss (, English pronunciation ), is a mountain flower belonging to the daisy or sunflower family Asteraceae. The plant prefers rocky limestone places at about altitude. It is non-toxic and has been used in traditional medicine as a remedy against abdominal and respiratory diseases. Its leaves and flowers are covered with dense hairs, which appear to protect the plant from cold, aridity, and ultraviolet radiation. It is a scarce, short-lived flower found in remote mountain areas and has been used as a symbol for alpinism, for rugged beauty and purity associated with the Alps and Carpathians. It is a national symbol, especially of Romania, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Italy. According to folk tradition, giving this flower to a loved one is a promise of dedication.


title: Leontopodium nivale

text: The flower's common name "Edelweiß" is German, and is a compound of "edel" "noble" and "weiß" "white". Slovenian name is "planika", meaning mountain girl. In Romania it is known as "floare de colț" which means 'cliffhanger's flower'. The flower is referred to as "stella alpina" in the Italian speaking Alps and "étoile des Alpes" in the French Alps, both names meaning 'star of the Alps'.


title: Leontopodium nivale

text: "Edelweiß" was one of several regional names for the plant and achieved wide usage during the first half of the 19th century, in the context of early Alpine tourism. Alternative names include "Chatzen-Talpen" ("cat's paws"), and the older "Wullbluomen" ("wool flower", attested in the 16th century).


title: Leontopodium nivale

text: The scientific name "Leontopodium" is a latinisation of the Greek "leontopódion," "lion's paw". The Latin specific epithet "nivale" means "white".


title: Leontopodium nivale

text: Since 1822, "Leontopodium" has no longer been considered part of the genus "Gnaphalium", but classified alongside it as a distinct genus within the tribe Gnaphalieae. In 2003, "Leontopodium alpinum" was re-classified as a subspecies of "Leontopodium nivale". Thus, the alpine edelweiss is currently recognized as being divided into two subspecies, "Leontopodium nivale" subsp. "alpinum" and "Leontopodium nivale" subsp. "nivale".