title: Abdominal obesity

text: While central obesity can be obvious just by looking at the naked body (see the picture), the severity of central obesity is determined by taking waist and hip measurements. The absolute waist circumference in men and in women and the waist–hip ratio (>0.9 for men and >0.85 for women) are both used as measures of central obesity. A differential diagnosis includes distinguishing central obesity from ascites and intestinal bloating. In the cohort of 15,000 people participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), waist circumference explained obesity-related health risk better than BMI when metabolic syndrome was taken as an outcome measure and this difference was statistically significant. In other words, excessive waist circumference appears to be more of a risk factor for metabolic syndrome than BMI. Another measure of central obesity which has shown superiority to BMI in predicting cardiovascular disease risk is the Index of Central Obesity (waist-to-height ratio, WHtR), where a ratio of >=0.5 (i.e. a waist circumference at least half of the individual's height) is predictive of increased risk.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Another diagnosis of obesity is the analysis of intra-abdominal fat having the most risk to one's personal health. The increased amount of fat in this region relates to the higher levels of plasma lipid and lipoproteins as per studies mentioned by Eric Poehlman (1998) review.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: An increasing acceptance of the importance of central obesity within the medical profession as an indicator of health risk has led to new developments in obesity diagnosis such as the Body Volume Index, which measures central obesity by measuring a person's body shape and their weight distribution. The effect of abdominal adiposity occurs not just in those who are obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Index of Central Obesity (ICO) is the ratio of waist circumference and height first proposed by a Parikh "et al." in 2007 as a better substitute to the widely used waist circumference in defining metabolic syndrome. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III suggested cutoff of and for males and females as a marker of central obesity. The same was used in defining metabolic syndrome. Misra et al. suggested that these cutoffs are not applicable among Indians and the cutoffs be lowered to and for males and females. Various race specific cutoffs were suggested by different groups. The International Diabetes Federation defined central obesity based on these various race and gender specific cutoffs. The other limitation of waist circumference is that it the measurement procedure has not been standardized and in children there are no, or few, comparison standards or reference data.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Parikh et al. looked at the average heights of various races and suggested that by using ICO various race- and gender-specific cutoffs of waist circumference can be discarded. An ICO cutoff of 0.53 was suggested as a criterion to define central obesity. Parikh "et al." further tested a modified definition of metabolic syndrome in which waist circumference was replaced with ICO in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database and found the modified definition to be more specific and sensitive.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Males are more susceptible to upper-body fat accumulation, most likely in the belly, due to sex hormone differences. When comparing the body fat of men and women it is seen that men have close to twice the visceral fat as that of pre-menopausal women.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: In women, estrogen is believed to cause fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips. When women reach menopause and the estrogen produced by ovaries declines, fat migrates from their buttocks, hips, and thighs to their belly.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: 50% of men and 70% of women in the United States between the ages of 50 and 79 years now exceed the waist circumference threshold for central obesity.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Central obesity is positively associated with coronary heart disease risk in women and men. It has been hypothesized that the sex differences in fat distribution may explain the sex difference in coronary heart disease risk. Even with the differences, at any given level of central obesity measured as waist circumference or waist to hip ratio, coronary artery disease rates are identical in men and women.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: A permanent routine of exercise, eating healthily, and, during periods of being overweight, consuming the same number or fewer calories than used will prevent and help fight obesity. A single pound of fat yields approximately 3500 calories of energy (32 000 kJ energy per kilogram of fat), and weight loss is achieved by reducing energy intake, or increasing energy expenditure, thus achieving a negative balance. Adjunctive therapies which may be prescribed by a physician are orlistat or sibutramine, although the latter has been associated with increased cardiovascular events and strokes and has been withdrawn from the market in the US, the UK, the EU, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, and Thailand.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: A 2006 study published in the "International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism", suggests that combining cardiovascular (aerobic) exercise with resistance training is more effective than cardiovascular training alone in getting rid of abdominal fat. An additional benefit to exercising is that it reduces stress and insulin levels, which reduce the presence of cortisol, a hormone that leads to more belly fat deposits and leptin resistance.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Self-motivation by understanding the risks associated with abdominal obesity is widely regarded as being far more important than worries about cosmetics. In addition, understanding the health issues linked with abdominal obesity can help in the self-motivation process of losing the abdominal fat. As mentioned above, abdominal fat is linked with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Specifically it's the deepest layer of belly fat (the fat that cannot be seen or grabbed) that poses health risks, as these "visceral" fat cells produce hormones that can affect health (e.g. increased insulin resistance and/or breast cancer risk). The risk increases considering the fact that they are located in the proximity or in between organs in the abdominal cavity. For example, fat next to the liver drains into it, causing a fatty liver, which is a risk factor for insulin resistance, setting the stage for type 2 diabetes. However, visceral fat is more responsive to the circulation of catecholamines.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: In the presence of type 2 diabetes, the physician might instead prescribe metformin and thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone or pioglitazone) as antidiabetic drugs rather than sulfonylurea derivatives. Thiazolidinediones may cause slight weight gain but decrease "pathologic" abdominal fat (visceral fat), and therefore may be prescribed for diabetics with central obesity.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Thiazolidinedione has been associated with heart failure and increased cardiovascular risk; so it has been withdrawn from the market in Europe by EMA in 2010.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Low-fat diets may not be an effective long-term intervention for obesity: as Bacon and Aphramor wrote, "The majority of individuals regain virtually all of the weight that was lost during treatment." The Women's Health Initiative ("the largest and longest randomized, controlled dietary intervention clinical trial") found that long-term dietary intervention increased the waist circumference of both the intervention group and the control group, though the increase was smaller for the intervention group. The conclusion was that mean weight decreased significantly in the intervention group from baseline to year 1 by 2.2 kg (P<.001) and was 2.2 kg less than the control group change from baseline at year 1. This difference from baseline between control and intervention groups diminished over time, but a significant difference in weight was maintained through year 9, the end of the study.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: There is a common misconception that spot exercise (that is, exercising a specific muscle or location of the body) most effectively burns fat at the desired location, but this is not the case. Spot exercise is beneficial for building specific muscles, but it has little effect, if any, on fat in that area of the body, or on the body's distribution of body fat. The same logic applies to sit-ups and belly fat. Sit-ups, crunches and other abdominal exercises are useful in building the abdominal muscles, but they have little effect, if any, on the adipose tissue located there.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: A large central adiposity deposit has been assigned many common use names, including "spare tire", "paunch", and "potbelly". Several colloquial terms used to refer to central obesity, and to people who have it, refer to beer drinking. However, there is little scientific evidence that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity, despite its being known colloquially as "beer belly", "beer gut", or "beer pot". One of the few studies conducted on the subject did not find that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity than nondrinkers or drinkers of wine or spirits. Chronic alcoholism can lead to cirrhosis, symptoms of which include gynecomastia (enlarged breasts) and ascites (abdominal fluid). These symptoms can suggest the appearance of central obesity.


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Deposits of excess fat at the sides of one's waistline or obliques are commonly referred to as "love handles".


title: Abdominal obesity

text: Researchers in Copenhagen examined the relationship between waist circumferences and costs among 31,840 subjects aged 50–64 years of age with different waist circumferences. Their study showed that an increase in just an additional centimetre above normal waistline caused a 1.25% and 2.08% rise in health care costs in women and men respectively. To put this in perspective, a woman with a waistline of 95 cm (approx 37.4 in) and without underlying health problems or co-morbidities can incur economic costs that are 22%, or US$397, higher per year than a woman with a normal waist circumference.


title: Dover

text: Dover () is a town and major ferry port in Kent, South East England. It faces France across the Strait of Dover, the narrowest part of the English Channel at from Cap Gris Nez in France. It lies south-east of Canterbury and east of Maidstone. The town is the administrative centre of the Dover District and home of the Port of Dover.


title: Dover

text: Archaeological finds have revealed that the area has always been a focus for peoples entering and leaving Britain. The name derives from the River Dour that flows through it.


title: Dover

text: In recent times the town has undergone transformations with a high-speed rail link to London, new retail in town with St James' area opened in 2018, and a revamped promenade and beachfront. This followed in 2019, with a new 500m Pier to the west of the Harbour, and new Marina unveiled as part of a £330m investment in the area. It has also been a point of destination for many illegal migrant crossings during the English channel migrant crisis.


title: Dover

text: The Port of Dover provides much of the town's employment, as does tourism including to the landmark White Cliffs of Dover. There were over 368,000 tourists visiting Dover castle in the year of 2019.


title: Dover

text: Archaeological finds have shown that there were Stone Age people in the area, and that some Iron Age finds also exist. During the Roman period, the area became part of the Roman communications network. It was connected by road to Canterbury and Watling Street and it became "Portus Dubris", a fortified port. Dover has a partly preserved Roman lighthouse (the tallest surviving Roman structure in Britain) and the remains of a villa with preserved Roman wall paintings. Dover later figured in Domesday Book (1086).


title: Dover

text: Forts were built above the port and lighthouses were constructed to guide passing ships. It is one of the Cinque Ports. and has served as a bastion against various attackers: notably the French during the Napoleonic Wars and Germany during the Second World War.


title: Dover

text: During the Cold War, a Regional Seat of Government was located within the White Cliffs beneath Dover Castle. Curiously, this is omitted from the strategic objects appearing on the Soviet 1:10,000 city plan of Dover that was produced in 1974. The port would have served as an embarkation point for sending reinforcements to the British Army of the Rhine in the event of a Soviet ground invasion of Europe.


title: Dover

text: In 1974 a discovery was made at Langdon Bay off the coast near Dover. It contained bronze axes of French design and is probably the remainder of the cargo of a sunken ship. At the same time, this find also shows that trade routes across the Channel between England and France existed already in the Bronze Age, or even earlier. In 1992, the so-called Dover boat from the Bronze Age was discovered in six metres depth underwater. This is one of the oldest finds of a seaworthy boat. Using the radiocarbon method of investigation, the boat's construction was dated to approximately 1550 BC.


title: Dover

text: First recorded in its Latinised form of "Portus Dubris", the name derives from the Brythonic word for water ("dwfr" in Middle Welsh, "dŵr" in Modern Welsh apart from " 'dwfrliw' " (Watercolour) which has retained the old Welsh spelling, "dour" in Breton). The same element is present in the town's French name "Douvres" and the name of the river, "Dour", which is also evident in other English towns such as Wendover. However, the modern Modern Welsh name "Dofr" is an adaptation of the English name "Dover".


title: Dover

text: The current name was in use at least by the time of Shakespeare's "King Lear" (between 1603 and 1606), in which the town and its cliffs play a prominent role.


title: Dover

text: Louis VIII of France landed his army, seeking to depose King Henry III, on Dover's mainland beach. Henry III ambushed Louis' army with approximately 400 bowmen atop The White Cliffs of Dover and his cavalry attacking the invaders on the beach. However, the French slaughtered the English cavalry and made their way up the cliffs to disperse the bowmen. Louis' army seized Dover village, forcing the English back to Canterbury. French control of Dover lasted for three months after which English troops pushed back, forcing the French to surrender and return home.


title: Dover

text: Dover is in the south-east corner of Britain. From South Foreland, the nearest point to the European mainland, Cap Gris Nez is away across the Strait of Dover.


title: Dover

text: The site of its original settlement lies in the valley of the River Dour, sheltering from the prevailing south-westerly winds. This has led to the silting up of the river mouth by the action of longshore drift. The town has been forced into making artificial breakwaters to keep the port in being. These breakwaters have been extended and adapted so that the port lies almost entirely on reclaimed land.


title: Dover

text: The higher land on either side of the valley – the Western Heights and the eastern high point on which Dover Castle stands – has been adapted to perform the function of protection against invaders. The town has gradually extended up the river valley, encompassing several villages in doing so. Little growth is possible along the coast, since the cliffs are on the sea's edge. The railway, being tunnelled and embanked, skirts the foot of the cliffs.


title: Dover

text: Dover has an oceanic climate (Köppen classification "Cfb") similar to the rest of the United Kingdom with mild temperatures year-round and a light amount of rainfall each month. The warmest recorded temperature was , recorded at Langdon Bay on 25 July 2019. The temperature is usually between and . There is evidence that the sea is coldest in February; the warmest recorded temperature for February was only , compared with in January.


title: Dover

text: In 1800, the year before Britain's first national census, Edward Hasted (1732–1812) reported that the town had a population of almost 10,000 people.


title: Dover

text: At the 2001 census, the town of Dover had 28,156 inhabitants, while the population of the whole urban area of Dover, as calculated by the Office for National Statistics, was 39,078 inhabitants.


title: Dover

text: With the expansion of Dover, many of the outlying ancient villages have been incorporated into the town. Originally the parishes of Dover St. Mary's and Dover St. James, since 1836 Buckland and Charlton have become part Dover, and Maxton (a hamlet to the west), River, Kearsney, Temple Ewell, and Whitfield, all to the north of the town centre, are within its conurbation.


title: Dover

text: The town's main shopping streets are the High Street, Biggin Street, Market Square, Cannon Street, Pencester Road and Castle Street. The Castleton Retail Park is to the north-west of the town centre. The new St James' Retail and Leisure Park opened in 2018 and is a southern extension of the town centre and consists of shops, restaurants, a Travelodge Hotel and a Cineworld Cinema.


title: Dover

text: The Dover Harbour Board is the responsible authority for the running of the Port of Dover. The English Channel, here at its narrowest point in the Straits of Dover, is the busiest shipping lane in the world. Ferries crossing between here and the Continent have to negotiate their way through the constant stream of shipping crossing their path. The "Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme" allots ships separate lanes when passing through the Strait. The Scheme is controlled by the Channel Navigation Information Service based at Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre Dover. MRCC Dover is also charged with co-ordination of civil maritime search and rescue within these waters.


title: Dover

text: The Port of Dover is also used by cruise ships. The old Dover Marine railway station building houses one passenger terminal, together with a car park. A second, purpose-built, terminal is located further out along the pier.


title: Dover

text: Dover's main communications artery, the A2 road replicates two former routes, connecting the town with Canterbury. The Roman road was followed for centuries until, in the late 18th century, it became a toll road. Stagecoaches were operating: one description stated that the journey took all day to reach London, from 4am to being "in time for supper".


title: Dover

text: The other main roads, travelling west and east, are the A20 to Folkestone and thence the M20 to London, and the A258 through Deal to Sandwich.


title: Dover

text: In December 2020, a long line of freight trucks formed due to sudden border closures with France, because of new strains of COVID-19 within the United Kingdom.


title: Dover

text: The railway reached Dover from two directions: the South Eastern Railway's main line connected with Folkestone in 1844, and the London, Chatham & Dover Railway opened its line from Canterbury in 1861. Southeastern trains run from Dover Priory to London Charing Cross, London Victoria or London St Pancras International stations in London, and Ramsgate or Sandwich in Kent. London is reached in 55 minutes by train from Dover.


title: Dover

text: The Chatham Main Line into Priory was electrified under British Railways in 1959 as part of Stage 1 of Kent Coast Electrification, under the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan. The line up to Ramsgate, via Deal, was subsequently electrified under stage two of Kent Coast electrification in January 1961. The line from Folkestone into Priory was electrified in June 1961.


title: Dover

text: Dover has two long distance footpaths: the Saxon Shore Way and the North Downs Way. The National Trust White Cliffs can be reached by foot from the town centre, with pathways to South Foreland Lighthouse, and St Margarets Bay along the cliff top . The walking routes from Dover pass the National Trust visitor centre on the landmark chalk cliffs overlooking the English Channel with views of France visible on a clear day.


title: Dover

text: Two National Cycle Network routes begin their journey at the town. Route one goes from Dover to Canterbury.


title: Dover

text: This route links with National Cycle Route 2 from Dover to St Austell, Regional route 16, and Regional route 17 in Dover. It passes three castles. Firstly from Dover on the steap incline past Dover Castle. ThenSouth Foreland Lighthouse is visible from the route. Mostly traffic-free along the east coast from Kingsdown to Deal, passing Walmer Castle and Deal Castle. Follows toll road (free to cyclists) through the Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club to the town of Sandwich. In Sandwich the route links with Regional route 15.


title: Dover

text: Dover town centre is cycle friendly: There are dedicated cycle lanes along the seafront, cycle routes through the town's pedestrianised High Street area.


title: Dover

text: The Dover to Dunkirk ferry route was originally operated by ferry operator Norfolkline. This company was later acquired by the pan European operator DFDS Seaways in July 2010. The crossing time is approximately two hours. Due to this route not being as well known as Dover to Calais, prices are often cheaper. The location of Dunkirk is also more convenient for those travelling by road transport on to countries in Northern Europe including Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and further afield.


title: Dover

text: Stagecoach in East Kent provide local bus services. Dover is on the Stagecoach Diamond network providing links to Canterbury and Deal. The Western Docks at the port of Dover are served from the town centre as well as Canterbury and Deal. Dover is the start of The Wave network to New Romney via Folkestone, Hythe and Dymchurch. There are services to Lydd via Lydd Airport, with one continuing from Lydd on to Hastings via Camber and Rye. There is a link to Sandwich. Buses run from Dover to Elvington via Eythorne.


title: Dover

text: National Express runs coaches from Dover to other towns in Kent including Canterbury, Folkestone, Ashford, Kent, Maidstone, Gillingham at Hempsted Valley shopping centre and Greenhithe at Bluewater Shopping Centre for Dartford to London including Bexleyheath, Eltham, Walworth, Canary Wharf, Elephant & Castle, The City (The City of London) and to Victoria Coach Station.


title: Dover

text: Dover Lifeboat station is based at crosswall quay in Dover Harbour. There is a Severn-class lifeboat, which is the biggest in the fleet. It belongs to the RNLI which covers all of Great Britain. The lifeboat number is 17-09 and has a lot of emergencies in the Channel. The Severn class is designed to lay afloat. Built from fibre reinforced composite (FRC) the boat is lightweight yet very strong and is designed to right itself in the event of a capsize.


title: Dover

text: Duke of York's Royal Military School is a selective secondary school with academy status and England's only military boarding school for children of service personnel (co-education ages 11–18), located next to the former site of Connaught Barracks.


title: Dover

text: Astor Secondary School federated with St Radigunds Primary School (then renamed White Cliffs Primary College for the Arts) to form the Dover Federation for the Arts (DFA). Subsequently, Barton Junior School and Shatterlocks Nursery and Infant School joined the DFA. In 2014 the DFA was warned by the Department for Education about "unacceptably low standards of performance of pupils ".


title: Dover

text: St Edmund's Catholic School federated with St Richards Catholic Primary School to form the Dover Federation of Catholic Schools.


title: Dover

text: Dover has one hospital, Buckland Hospital. Earlier hospitals included the Royal Victoria Hospital, the Isolation Hospital and the Eye Hospital.


title: Dover

text: Dover was the home to television studios and production offices of Southern Television Ltd, the company which operated the ITV franchise for South and South East England from 1958–1981. The studios were located on Russell Street and were home to programmes like 'Scene South East', 'Scene Midweek', 'Southern News', 'Farm Progress' and the nightly epilogue, 'Guideline'. The studios were operated by TVS in 1982 and home to 'Coast to Coast', however they closed a year later when the company moved their operations to the newly complete Television Centre in Maidstone.


title: Dover

text: Dover has two paid for newspapers, the "Dover Express" (published by Kent Regional News and Media) and the "Dover Mercury" (published by the KM Group). Free newspapers for the town previously included the "Dover and Deal Extra", part of the KM Group; and "yourdover", part of KOS Media.


title: Dover

text: Dover has one local commercial radio station, KMFM Shepway and White Cliffs Country, broadcasting to Dover on 106.8FM. The station was founded in Dover as Neptune Radio in September 1997 but moved to Folkestone in 2003 and was consequently rebranded after a takeover by the KM Group. Dover is also served by the county-wide stations Heart South, Gold and BBC Radio Kent.


title: Dover

text: The Gateway Hospital Broadcasting Service, in Buckland Hospital radio, closed at the end of 2006. It was the oldest hospital radio station in East Kent being founded in 1968.


title: Dover

text: DCR 104.9FM (Dover Community Radio) started broadcasting on 104.9FM in May 2022 and is Dover and White Cliffs Country's community radio station. The online station of the same name launched on 30 July 2011 offering local programmes, music and news for Dover and district. Prior to this DCR was an online podcasting service since 2010. . Dover Community Radio was awarded a community radio licence by OFCOM on 12 May 2020.


title: Dover

text: As of November 2021, BFBS Gurkha Radio has been broadcasting on 90.8FM in Dover and can be picked up within 1 mile of its transmission site at the Dover Community Centre located at Burgoyne Heights. This is part of a trial broadcast of small scale FM services by OFCOM due to end in September 2022 but it maybe extended to serve the Gurkha community living at Burgoyne Heights.


title: Dover

text: There are three museums: the main Dover Museum, the Dover Transport Museum and the Roman Painted House. The town has two cinemas, the Silver Screen Cinema located at the Dover Museum and the Cineworld Cinema opened in 2018 as part of the St James' Retail and Leisure complex. The Discovery Centre located off the Market Square houses Dover's library, Dover Museum, Silver Screen Cinema, the Roundhouse Community Theatre as well as adult education facilities. The Charlton Shopping Centre off the High Street has retail units, the Dover Local community hub, leisure facilities and the studios of Dover Community Radio. The White Cliffs Theatre opened in 2001 is based at Astor College. There is also a community theatre based at St Edmund's Catholic School


title: Dover

text: Dover District Leisure Centre operated by Places Leisure located in Whitfield opened in March 2019 replacing the previous facility on Townwall Street, which was operated by Your Leisure, a not for profit charitable trust, which caters for sports and includes a swimming pool.


title: Dover

text: There are sports clubs, amongst them Dover Athletic F.C., who play in the National League; rugby; swimming; water polo and netball (Dover and District Netball League).


title: Dover

text: Dover Rowing Club is the oldest coastal rowing club in Britain and has a rich history, at one time becoming the best club on the south coast. More information can be found on the history page of the club's website.


title: Dover

text: Sea fishing, from the beach, pier or out at sea, is carried out here. The so-called Dover sole ("solea solea") is found all over European waters.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), also known as the long-tailed macaque and referred to as the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories, is a cercopithecine primate native to Southeast Asia. A species of macaque, the crab-eating macaque has a long history alongside humans. The species has been alternately seen as an agricultural pest, a sacred animal, and, more recently, the subject of medical experiments.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The crab-eating macaque lives in matrilineal social groups of up to eight individuals dominated by females. Male members leave the group when they reach puberty. It is an opportunistic omnivore and has been documented using tools to obtain food in Thailand and Myanmar. The crab-eating macaque is a known invasive species and a threat to biodiversity in several locations, including Hong Kong and western New Guinea. The significant overlap in macaque and human living space has resulted in greater habitat loss, synanthropic living, and inter- and intraspecies conflicts over resources.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: "Macaca" comes from the Portuguese word "macaco", which was derived from "makaku", a word in Ibinda, a language of Central Africa ("kaku" means monkey in Ibinda). The specific epithet "fascicularis" is Latin for a small band or stripe. Sir Thomas Raffles, who gave the animal its scientific name in 1821, did not specify what he meant by the use of this word.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: In Indonesia and Malaysia, "M. fascicularis" and other macaque species are known generically as "kera", possibly because of their high-pitched cries.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The crab-eating macaque has several common names. It is often referred to as the long-tailed macaque due to its tail, which is often longer than its body. The name crab-eating macaque refers to its being often seen foraging beaches for crabs. Another common name for "M. fascicularis" is the cynomolgus monkey, from the name of a race of humans with long hair and handsome beards who used dogs for hunting according to Aristophanes of Byzantium, who seemingly derived the etymology of the word "cynomolgus" from the Greek κύων, "cyon" 'dog' (gen. "cyno-s") and the verb ἀμέλγειν, "amelgein" 'to milk' (adj. "amolg-os"), by claiming that they milked female dogs. This name is commonly used in laboratory settings.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: In Thailand, the species is called "ลิงแสม" ("Ling s̄æm"; literally 'mangrove monkeys') because it lives and forages in mangrove forests.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The body length of the adult, which varies among subspecies, is with relatively short arms and legs. Males are considerably larger than females, weighing compared to the of females. The tail is longer than the body, typically , which is used for balance when they jump distances up to . The upper parts of the body are dark brown with light golden brown tips. The under parts are light grey with a dark grey/brown tail. Crab-eating macaques have backwards-directed crown hairs which sometimes form short crests on the midline. Their skin is black on their feet and ears, whereas the skin on the muzzle is a light grayish pink color. The eyelids often have prominent white markings and sometimes there are white spots on the ears. Males have a characteristic mustache and cheek whiskers, while females have only cheek whiskers. Crab-eating macaques have a cheek pouch which they use to store food while foraging. Females show no perineal swelling.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Macaques live in social groups that contain three to 20 females, their offspring, and one or many males. The groups usually have fewer males than females. In social groups of macaques, a clear dominance hierarchy is seen among females. These ranks remain stable throughout the female's lifetime and also can be sustained through generations of matrilines. Females have their highest birth rates around 10 years of age and completely stop bearing young by age 24.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The social groups of macaques are female-bonded, meaning the males will disperse at the time of puberty. Thus, group relatedness on average appears to be lower than compared to matrilines. More difference in relatedness occurs when comparing high-ranking lineages to lower ranking lineages, with higher-ranking individuals being more closely related to one another. Additionally, groups of dispersing males born into the same social groups display a range of relatedness, at times appearing to be brothers, while at other times appearing to be unrelated.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: In addition to the matrilineal dominance hierarchy, male dominance rankings also exist. Alpha males have a higher frequency of mating compared to their lower-ranking conspecifics. The increased success is due partially to his increased access to females and also due to female preference of an alpha male during periods of maximum fertility. Though females have a preference for alpha males, they do display promiscuous behavior. Through this behavior, females risk helping to rear a nonalpha offspring, yet benefit in two specific ways, both in regard to aggressive behavior. First, a decreased value is placed on one single copulation. Moreover, the risk of infanticide is decreased due to the uncertainty of paternity.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Increasing group size leads to increased competition and energy spent trying to forage for resources, and in particular, food. Further, social tensions build and the prevalence of tension-reducing interactions like social grooming fall with larger groups. Thus, group living appears to be maintained solely due to the safety against predation.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Crab-eating macaques sometimes form mixed species groups with other primate species, including the southern pig-tailed macaque, dusky langur and white-thighed surili. They have been observed engaging in grooming with other primate species, including the southern pig-tailed macaque and leaf monkeys such as Raffles' banded langur and the dusty langur.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Group living in all species is dependent on the tolerance of other group members. In crab-eating macaques, successful social group living requires postconflict resolution. Usually, less dominant individuals lose to a higher-ranking individual when conflict arises. After the conflict has taken place, lower-ranking individuals tend to fear the winner of the conflict to a greater degree. In one study, this was seen in the ability to drink water together. Postconflict observations showed a staggered time between when the dominant individual begins to drink and the subordinate. Long-term studies reveal the gap in drinking time closes as the conflict moves further into the past.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Grooming and support in conflict among primates is considered to be an act of reciprocal altruism. In crab-eating macaques, an experiment was performed in which individuals were given the opportunity to groom one another under three conditions: after being groomed by the other, after grooming the other, and without prior grooming. After grooming took place, the individual that received the grooming was much more likely to support their groomer than one that had not previously groomed that individual. These results support the reciprocal altruism theory of grooming in long-tailed macaques.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Crab-eating macaques demonstrate two of the three forms of suggested postconflict behavior. In both captive and wild studies, the monkeys demonstrated reconciliation, or an affiliative interaction between former opponents, and redirection, or acting aggressively towards a third individual. Consolation was not seen in any study performed.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Postconflict anxiety has been reported in crab-eating macaques that have acted as the aggressor. After a conflict within a group, the aggressor appears to scratch itself at a higher rate than before the conflict. Though the scratching behavior cannot definitely be termed as an anxious behavior, evidence suggests this is the case. An aggressor's scratching decreases significantly after reconciliation. This suggests reconciliation rather than a property of the conflict is the cause of the reduction in scratching behavior. Though these results seem counterintuitive, the anxiety of the aggressor appears to have a basis in the risks of ruining cooperative relationships with the opponent.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: In a study, a group of crab-eating macaques was given ownership of a food object. Unsurprisingly, adult females favored their own offspring by passively, yet preferentially, allowing them to feed on the objects they held. When juveniles were in possession of an object, mothers robbed them and acted aggressively at an increased rate towards their own offspring compared to other juveniles. These observations suggest close proximity influences behavior in ownership, as a mother's kin are closer to her on average. When given a nonfood object and two owners, one being a kin and one not, the rival will choose the older individual to attack regardless of kinship. Though the hypothesis remains that mother-juvenile relationships may facilitate social learning of ownership, the combined results clearly point to aggression towards the least-threatening individual.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: A study was conducted in which food was given to 11 females. They were then given a choice to share the food with kin or nonkin. The kin altruism hypothesis suggests the mothers would preferentially give food to their own offspring. Yet eight of the 11 females did not discriminate between kin and nonkin. The remaining three did, in fact, give more food to their kin. The results suggest it was not kin selection, but instead spite that fueled feeding kin preferentially. This is due to the observation that food was given to kin for a significantly longer period of time than needed. The benefit to the mother is decreased due to less food availability for herself and the cost remains great for nonkin due to not receiving food. If these results are correct, crab-eating macaques are unique in the animal kingdom, as they appear not only to behave according to the kin selection theory, but also act spitefully toward one another.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: After a gestation period of 162–193 days, the female gives birth to one infant. The infant's weight at birth is about . Infants are born with black fur which will begin to turn to a grey or reddish-brown shade (depending on the subspecies) after about three months of age. This natal coat may indicate to others the status of the infant, and other group members treat infants with care and rush to their defense when distressed. Immigrant males sometimes kill infants not their own in order to shorten interbirth intervals. High-ranking females will sometimes kidnap the infants of lower-ranking females. These kidnappings can result in the death of the infants, as the other female is usually not lactating. A young juvenile stays mainly with its mother and relatives. As male juveniles get older, they become more peripheral to the group. Here they play together, forming crucial bonds that may help them when they leave their natal group. Males that emigrate with a partner are more successful than those that leave alone. Young females, though, stay with the group and become incorporated into the matriline into which they were born.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Male crab-eating macaques groom females to increase the chance of mating. A female is more likely to engage in sexual activity with a male that has recently groomed her than with one that has not.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Despite its name, the crab-eating macaque typically does not consume crabs; rather, it is an opportunistic omnivore, eating a variety of animals and plants. Although fruits and seeds make up 60 - 90% of its diet, it also eat leaves, flowers, roots, and bark. It sometimes preys on vertebrates including bird chicks, nesting female birds, lizards, frogs, and fish, invertebrates, and bird eggs. In Indonesia, it has become a proficient swimmer and diver for crabs and other crustaceans in mangrove swamps. In Bukit Timah, Singapore its diet consists of 44% fruit, 27% animal matter, 15% flowers and other plant matter, and 14% food provided by humans.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The crab-eating macaque exhibits particularly low tolerance for swallowing seeds. Despite its inability to digest seeds, many primates of similar size swallow large seeds, up to , and simply defecate them whole. The crab-eating macaque, though, spits seeds out if they are larger than . This decision to spit seeds is thought to be adaptive; it avoids filling the monkey's stomach with wasteful bulky seeds that cannot be used for energy. It also can help the plants by distributing seeds to new areas: Crab-eating macaques eat durians such as "Durio graveolens" and "D. zibethinus", and are a major seed disperser for the latter species.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Although the crab-eating macaque is ecologically well-adapted and poses no threat to population stability of prey species in its native range, in areas where it is not native, it can pose a substantial threat to biodiversity. Some believe the crab-eating macaque is responsible for the extinction of forest birds by threatening critical breeding areas as well as eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The crab-eating macaque can become a synanthrope, living off human resources. It feeds in cultivated fields on young dry rice, cassava leaves, rubber fruit, taro plants, coconuts, mangos, and other crops, often causing significant losses to local farmers. In villages, towns, and cities, it frequently takes food from garbage cans and refuse piles. It can become unafraid of humans in these conditions, which can lead to macaques directly taking food from people, both passively and aggressively.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: In Thailand and Myanmar, crab-eating macaques use stone tools to open nuts, oysters and other bivalves, and various types of sea snails (nerites, muricids, trochids, etc.) along the Andaman sea coast and offshore islands.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Another instance of tool use is washing and rubbing foods such as sweet potatoes, cassava roots, and papaya leaves before consumption. Crab-eating macaques either soak these foods in water or rub them through their hands as if to clean them. They also peel the sweet potatoes, using their incisors and canine teeth. Adolescents appear to acquire these behaviors by observational learning of older individuals.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The crab-eating macaque lives in a wide variety of habitats, including primary lowland rainforests, disturbed and secondary rainforests, shrubland, and riverine and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove. They also easily adjust to human settlements; they are considered sacred at some Hindu temples and on some small islands, but are pests around farms and villages. Typically, they prefer disturbed habitats and forest periphery. The native range of this species includes most of mainland Southeast Asia, from extreme southeastern Bangladesh south through the Malay Peninsula and Singapore, the Maritime Southeast Asia islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, offshore islands, the islands of the Philippines, and the Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. This primate is a rare example of a terrestrial mammal that violates the Wallace line.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The crab-eating macaque is an introduced alien species in several countries, including Hong Kong, Taiwan, West Papua, Papua New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Nauru, Vanuatu, Pohnpei, Anggaur Island in Palau, and Mauritius. This has led the Invasive Species Specialist Group of the International Union for Conservation of Nature to list the crab-eating macaque as one of the "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species". In Mauritius, it is a threat for the endemic and endangered "Roussea simplex", as it destroys its flowers. It also hinders germination of some endemic trees by destroying most of their fruits when unripe and competes with the endemic endangered Mauritian flying fox for native fruits.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Where it is not a native species, particularly on island ecosystems whose species often evolved in isolation from large predators, it is a documented threat to many native species. The immunovaccine porcine zona pellucida (PZP), which causes infertility in females, is currently being tested in Hong Kong to investigate its use as potential population control.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Crab-eating macaques extensively overlap with humans across their range in Southeast Asia. Consequently, they live together in many locations. Some of these areas are associated with religious sites and local customs, such as the temples of Bali in Indonesia, Thailand, and Cambodia, while other areas are characterized by conflict as a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space. Humans and crab-eating macaques have shared environments since prehistoric times, and both tend to frequent forest and river edge habitats. Crab-eating macaques are occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest-dwelling peoples. In Mauritius, they are captured and sold to the pharmaceutical industry, and in Angaur and Palau, they are sold as pets. Macaques feed on sugarcane and other crops, affecting agriculture and livelihoods, and can be aggressive towards humans. Macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases, including herpes B virus. In Singapore, they have adapted into the urban environment.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The macaques have also developed a reputation for actively stealing items from humans (cameras, eyeglasses, hats, etc.), then refusing to return their stolen goods until given food in return. This unique form of kleptoparasitism (known as "robbing and bartering") has primarily been observed in smaller groups of macaques living near Hindu temples and tourist-heavy areas, suggesting it is a learned behaviour within social groups, in response to realizing that humans would trade food for their possessions back.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: "M. fascicularis" is also used extensively in medical experiments, in particular those connected with neuroscience and disease. Due to their close physiology, they can share infections with humans. Some cases of concern have been an isolated event of "Reston ebolavirus" found in a captive-bred population shipped to the US from the Philippines, which was later found to be a strain of Ebola that has no known pathological consequences in humans, unlike the African strains. Furthermore, they are a known carrier of monkey B virus ("Herpesvirus simiae"), a virus which has produced disease in some lab workers working mainly with rhesus macaques ("M. mulatta"). Nafovanny, the largest facility for the captive breeding of nonhuman primates in the world, houses 30,000 macaques . "Plasmodium knowlesi", which causes malaria in "M. fascicularis", can also infect humans. A few cases have been documented in humans, but for how long humans have been getting infections of this malarial strain is unknown. It is, therefore, not possible to assess if this is a newly emerging health threat, or if just newly discovered due to improved malarial detection techniques. Given the long history of humans and macaques living together in Southeast Asia, it is likely the latter.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The use of crab-eating macaques and other nonhuman primates in experimentation is controversial with critics charging that the experiments are cruel, unnecessary and lead to dubious findings. One of the most well known examples of experiments on crab-eating macaques is the 1981 Silver Spring monkeys case.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: In 2014, 21,768 crab-eating macaques were imported in the United States to be used in experimentation.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: The crab-eating macaque has the third-largest range of any primate species, behind only humans and rhesus macaques. The IUCN Red List categorizes the species as endangered, and CITES lists them as Appendix II ("not necessarily threatened with extinction", in which trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival). Its IUCN status was changed from Least Concern in 2020 as a result of declining population resulting from hunting and troublesome interactions with humans, despite its wide range and ability to adapt to different habitats. A 2008 review of their populations suggests a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human-macaque conflict, which are reducing overall population levels despite the species being widely distributed.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: Each subspecies faces differing levels of threats, and too little information is available on some subspecies to assess their conditions. The "M. f. umbrosa" subspecies is likely of important biological significance and has been recommended as a candidate for protection in the Nicobar Islands, where its small, native population has been seriously fragmented, and is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The Philippine long-tailed macaque ("M. f. philippensis") is listed as near threatened, and "M. f. condorensis" is vulnerable. All other subspecies are listed as data deficient and need further study; although recent work is showing "M. f. aurea" and "M. f. karimondjawae" need increased protection. One concern for conservation is, in areas where "M. fascicularis" is not native, their populations need to be monitored and managed to reduce their impact on native flora and fauna.


title: Crab-eating macaque

text: On 24 January 2018, scientists in China reported in the journal "Cell" the creation of two crab-eating macaque clones, named "Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua", using the complex DNA transfer method that produced "Dolly" the sheep. This makes Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua the first primates to be cloned using the somatic cell nuclear transfer method.


title: Aero Spacelines Super Guppy

text: The Aero Spacelines Super Guppy is a large, wide-bodied cargo aircraft that is used for hauling outsize cargo components. It was the successor to the Pregnant Guppy, the first of the Guppy aircraft produced by Aero Spacelines. Five were built in two variants, both of which were colloquially referred to as the "Super Guppy".


title: Aero Spacelines Super Guppy

text: The Super Guppy is the only airplane to carry a complete S-IVB stage, the third stage of the Saturn V rocket. It did so several times during the Apollo program.


title: Aero Spacelines Super Guppy

text: The first, the Super Guppy, or "SG", was built directly from the fuselage of a C-97J Turbo Stratocruiser, the military version of the 1950s Boeing 377 Stratocruiser passenger plane. The fuselage was lengthened to , and ballooned out to a maximum inside diameter of , the length of the cargo compartment being . The floor of the cargo compartment was still only wide, as necessitated by the use of the Stratocruiser fuselage.


title: Aero Spacelines Super Guppy

text: In addition to the fuselage modifications, the Super Guppy used Pratt & Whitney T-34-P-7WA turboprop engines for increased power and range, and modified wing and tail surfaces. It could carry a load of and cruise at .


title: Aero Spacelines Super Guppy

text: After a month of tests, Super Guppy suffered fuselage collapse on September 25 when undergoing high speed dives during certification tests. After starting a dive at 10,000 feet the upper fuselage collapsed. The plane had been carrying 30,000 pounds of borate in 100 pound sacks, which were damaged and spilled powder that temporarily blinded the crew. With the help of a DC-9 chase plane, the crew was able to land on the dry bed of Rogers Dry Lake and save the aircraft. After that, Guppy's upper superstructure was redesigned and rebuilt at Edwards Air Force Base.


title: Aero Spacelines Super Guppy

text: The second version was officially known as the Super Guppy Turbine (SGT), although it used turboprop engines like the first Super Guppy. This variant used Allison 501-D22C turboprops. Unlike the previous Guppy, the main portion of its fuselage was constructed from scratch. By building from scratch, Aero Spacelines was able to widen the floor of the cargo compartment to . The overall cargo-compartment length was increased to , and the improved fuselage and engines allowed for a maximum load of . These design improvements, combined with a pressurized crew cabin that allowed for higher-altitude cruising, allowed the SGT to transport more cargo than its predecessors.


title: Aero Spacelines Super Guppy

text: The SGT retained only the cockpit, wings, tail, and main landing gear of the 377. The nose gear was taken from a Boeing 707 and rotated 180 degrees. This dropped the front of the aircraft slightly, leveling the cargo-bay floor and simplifying loading operations.


title: Aero Spacelines Super Guppy

text: In the early 1970s, the two Super Guppy Turbines were used by Airbus to transport airplane parts from decentralized production facilities to the final assembly plant in Toulouse. In 1982 and 1983, two additional Super Guppy Turbines were built by Union de Transports Aériens Industries in France after Airbus bought the right to produce the aircraft. The four Super Guppies have since been replaced in this role by the Airbus Beluga, capable of carrying twice as much cargo by weight.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: Baji Prabhu Deshpande ( 1615–1660) was a commander of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha empire. Baji Prabhu is linked with an important rear guard battle enabling Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's escape from Panhala fort; he was the hero who sacrificed his life for Swarajya.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: Baji Prabhu was 15 years older than Shivaji Maharaj, which indicates he was born around 1615. He was born in a Marathi Prabhu(Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu) family.Earlier he worked under Krishnaji Bandal of Rohida near Bhor. After Shivaji Maharaj defeated Krishnaji at Rohida and captured the fort and many commanders along with Bajiprabhu joined Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: After defeating Afzal Khan and the rout of the Bijapuri army at Pratapgad, chatrapati Shivaji maharaj continued to push deep into Bijapuri territory. Within a few days, the Marathas captured Panhala fort (near the city of Kolhapur). Meanwhile, another Maratha force, led by Netaji Palkar, pushed straight on towards Bijapur. Bijapur repulsed this attack, forcing Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj, some of his commanders and soldiers to retreat to Panhala fort.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: The Bijapuri force was led by Siddhi Johar, an Abyssinian general. Discovering Shivaji Maharaj's location, Johar laid siege to Panhala. Netaji Palkar made repeated attempts to break the Bijapuri siege from outside, but these failed.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: Finally, a risky plan was put into action: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Baji Prabhu Deshpande with a select band of troops would attempt to break through the siege at the night, and make for Vishalgad. In order to deceive the Bijapuri forces, to avoid a chase if they found out that Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had broken the siege, Shiva Kashid a barber by profession, who had an uncanny physical resemblance to Shivaji Maharaj, volunteered to dress like the king and let himself be captured.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: On a stormy full moon's night (night of Guru Pournima, Ashadh Paurnima) 600 men led by Baji Prabhu and Shivaji Maharaj, broke through the siege. They were pursued by the Bijapuri force. As planned, Shiva Kashid allowed himself to be captured and taken back to the Bijapuri camp, guessing that he would be put to death once the charade was discovered. This gave the fleeing Maratha force some breathing space.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: As soon as the Bijapuri force realized their mistake, the chase was on again, led by Siddhi Masood, the son-in-law of Siddhi Johar. Near the pass of Ghodkhind (Horse's Pass), the Marathas made a final stand. Shivaji Maharaj and half of the Maratha force pushed for Vishalgadh, while Baji Prabhu, his brother Phulaji and the remaining "Bandal Sena" of a few hundred men blocked the pass and fought against 10000 Bijapuri soldiers in the "Ghodkhind Pass" for more than 18 hours.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: Tradition and myth, describe feats of bravery shown by the Marathas during this rear-guard action. Baji Prabhu used a weapon called "Dand Patta". Through the battle, Baji Prabhu, though apparently heavily injured, continued fighting, inspiring his men to fight on until Shivaji Maharaj's safe journey to Vishalgadh was signaled by the firing of three cannon volleys. It should be mentioned that when Shivaji Maharaj approached Vishalgad with 300 men, the fort was already under siege by Bijapuri sardars named Suryarao Surve and Jaswantrao Dalvi. Shivaji Maharaj with his 300 men had to defeat Surve to reach the fort.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: The Ghodkhind pass was subsequently named "Pavan Khind" ("Holy Pass") by Shivaji Maharaj, in honor of the sacrifice of Baji Prabhu and his troops.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: The village Parhar bk, situated in Hirdas mawal was a part of 'watan' of Vir Bajiprabhu Deshpande. The descendants of Vir Bajiprabhu Deshpande still live there. The other branch of decendants live in Malwadi, taluka Bhor. They have been continuing the glorious heritage of their great ancestors.Late Mr Vishnu Narayan Deshpande, 10 th decendant and former Sarapanch of Parhar bk, was a great freedom fighter. His wife late Mrs Latika Deshpande was relative of the great author Mr Ram Ganesh Gadkari. The family has relationship with the family of Mr. Rango Bapuji Gupte.


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: Mr. Vishnu Deshpande had four sons and four daughters. His son Mr Dilip Deshpande champions the cause of dam affected displaced people and their rehabilitation. Farming is their family business. The whole family does social work and is aware of the great legacy handed down by previous generations..


title: Baji Prabhu Deshpande

text: One of Baji Prabhu's descendant, Ramchandra Kashinath Deshpande, was an Indian freedom fighter against the British rule, educationalist and social activist who worked in Dhule, Jalgaon, and Pune for encouraging education. He participated in the Quit India Movement during the British rule and was imprisoned for 19 months in the Kolhapur Central Jail. He was felicitated after Independence by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. For his social work he was given the title of ‘Special Executive Magistrate’ by the Maharashtra government in 1989. Also, recently his daughter, "Priya Anant Raje", has filed a court case in Bombay High Court against the Maharashtra government because the land allotted to Ramchandra Kashinath Deshpande had been categorised as 'forest land' and was being used as a cremation ground.


title: Jill Vedder

text: Jill Kristin Vedder (née McCormick; born November 11, 1977) is an American philanthropist, activist, and former fashion model. She is the co-founder and Vice-Chairman of the EB Research Partnership, a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for the genetic skin disorder Epidermolysis Bullosa. Vedder is also an ambassador for Global Citizen and the Vitalogy Foundation.


title: Jill Vedder

text: At 15, McCormick relocated with her family to Bradenton, Florida, and was immediately accepted into the Elite Models Miami Division. She attended Mira Costa High School in Manhattan Beach, California, and graduated from Manatee High School in Bradenton in 1995.


title: Jill Vedder

text: In 1996, McCormick was one of the 15 finalists in the Elite Model Look of the Year contest, and moved to Paris to continue her modeling career. McCormick then left Elite Model for the Champagne Trott Management agency. She has appeared in many magazines, such as "Vogue", "Elle", "Marie Claire", "Cosmopolitan" (UK and US) and "Harper's Bazaar".


title: Jill Vedder

text: McCormick and Pearl Jam lead singer Eddie Vedder began a relationship in 2000. The couple got engaged in 2009 and married on September 18, 2010. They have two daughters. In 2011, McCormick appeared in the music video for Vedder's solo single, "Longing to Belong". McCormick has adopted her husband's surname as her professional name.


title: Jill Vedder

text: During a Pearl Jam concert in Milan on June 22, 2018, McCormick wore a jacket that read: "Yes, we all care. Y don't u?", in response to U.S. First Lady Melania Trump, who caused controversy earlier that week when she boarded her plane after visiting children who had been separated from their parents at the border of the United States and Mexico, wearing a jacket that read: "I really don't care. Do u?".


title: Jill Vedder

text: After retiring from modeling, McCormick turned to activism. She is the co-founder and Vice-Chairman of the EB Research Partnership, a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for the genetic skin disorder Epidermolysis bullosa. McCormick was childhood friends with Ryan Fullmer, whose son, Michael, was born with EB. McCormick along with her husband Eddie Vedder, Ryan Fullmer and his wife Heather, founded Heal EB. In 2014, they merged Heal EB with the Jackson Gabriel Research Foundation to create the EB Research Partnership. The foundation hosts several annual fundraising events and have raised over U$25 million to fund research to find a cure for EB.


title: Jill Vedder

text: McCormick is an ambassador for Global Citizen, an organization committed to ending extreme poverty by 2030. She is also active with the Vitalogy Foundation, which supports the efforts of non-profit organizations doing commendable work in the fields of community health, the environment, arts & education and social change. She also supports "Moms Demand Action" on their fight against gun violence and the NRA.


title: Jill Vedder

text: Since 2012, McCormick supports "Every Mother Counts", a non-profit that is working to make pregnancy and childbirth safe for every mother in the U.S. and around the world. In 2017 and 2018, McCormick competed in a half-marathon on behalf of Team Every Mother Counts to raise awareness and funds. She is also a supporter of Planned Parenthood.


title: Jill Vedder

text: In 2013, along with her sisters Denise and Ashley, Jill formed "Babes Against Brain Cancer", a charity that focuses on helping people with Glioblastoma Multiforme.


title: Jill Vedder

text: On November 18, 2020, EB Research Partnership co-founders Jill and Eddie Vedder presented the inaugural "Venture Into Cures", a virtual event featuring stories about individuals and families living with Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) and raised funds for research toward a cure for EB and other rare diseases. Jill was also an executive producer of the show, that also featured some of the couple's celebrity friends educating viewers about EB.


title: Alley Mills

text: Allison Mills (born May 9, 1951), also known as Alley Bean, is an American actress best known for her role as Norma Arnold, the mother in the coming-of-age series "The Wonder Years", her role as Pamela Douglas, the sister of the late Forrester matriarch Stephanie Forrester (Susan Flannery), on the soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful". She currently portrays Heather Webber on ABC's General Hospital.


title: Alley Mills

text: Mills was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her father was television executive Ted Mills, and her mother, Joan (née Paterson) Mills Kerr, was an author and editor for "American Heritage" magazine. Her stepmother was actress Genevieve (Ginette Marguerite Auger), and her stepfather was Chester B. Kerr, a director of Yale University Press. She has one sister, Hilary Mills Loomis, and one brother, Tony Mills.


title: Alley Mills

text: Her first acting role on television was in the short-lived comedy "The Associates", where she played an attorney, opposite Martin Short.


title: Alley Mills

text: Mills appeared on a special "Celebrity TV Moms" episode of the Anne Robinson version of "The Weakest Link", in which she was the second contestant eliminated.


title: Alley Mills

text: Mills had a recurring role in the television series "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" as Marjorie Quinn, Dr. Michaela Quinn's sister. She had previously appeared in the series as a saloon girl.


title: Alley Mills

text: In December 2006, Mills joined the cast of "The Bold and the Beautiful" under contract as Pamela Douglas, the estranged sister of Stephanie Douglas Forrester. But in March 2007, after making only a handful of appearances, her character went insane, was confined to a mental hospital, and then disappeared from the show. Mills reprised the role on recurring status in 2007 and 2008, and by December 2008, was added to the opening credits as a contract player. In November 2019, it was reported that Mills was off contract with the show. Mills made a return appearance to "The Bold and the Beautiful" in August 2021.


title: Alley Mills

text: In October, 2022, Mills replaced Robin Mattson as legacy character, Heather Webber on General Hospital


title: Alley Mills

text: Mills' husband was author and film, television and stage actor Orson Bean. Bean was well known as a long-term celebrity panelist of "To Tell the Truth" and "Match Game". Mills (23 years his junior) was Bean's third wife, married from 1993 until his death in 2020.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Huang Zitao (; born May 2, 1993), also known as Tao, is a Chinese rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, model, and businessman. Huang is a former member of the South Korean-Chinese boy band Exo and its Chinese sub-unit, Exo-M. After leaving Exo, he made his solo debut in China in 2015 with the mini-album "TAO", under the new stage name Z.Tao. Huang made his acting debut in the romantic movie "You Are My Sunshine" and later received recognition for his leading roles in "Negotiator" and "The Brightest Star in the Sky".


title: Huang Zitao

text: Huang Zitao was born in Qingdao, Shandong on May 2, 1993. As a child, he undertook Wushu training and became a student athlete. In late 2010 he was scouted by a representative from SM Entertainment at a talent show.


title: Huang Zitao

text: On December 27, 2011, Huang was formally introduced as the third member of Exo (with the stage name Tao).


title: Huang Zitao

text: In late 2013, Huang took part in filming for MBC's celebrity diving program "Splash!", but withdrew due to injuries, and the show was cancelled due to injuries to multiple other contestants.


title: Huang Zitao

text: He featured in two songs from Zhou Mi's album "Rewind", which he penned the rap lyrics to; and appeared as a cast member of the Solomon Islands edition of the SBS reality television program "Laws of the Jungle" in 2014. He left the show early due to a foot injury on a coral reef during filming and other scheduled commitments.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In June 2015, Huang set up a Chinese agency, 黄子韬Z.TAO Studio. On August 24, he filed a lawsuit against SM Entertainment to terminate his contract. Huang claimed the 10-year contract had unjust terms and said he lacks freedom due to the long contract period. However, the Supreme Court dismissed Huang's appeal on March 15, 2018. The exclusive contract between SM Entertainment and Huang was considered valid until his contract's conclusion in 2022.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In China, SM Entertainment filed a lawsuit against Huang regarding his solo activities. Chinese courts ruled that Huang was entitled to use his name and image for solo activities in China, and dismissed the lawsuit.


title: Huang Zitao

text: On July 23, 2015, Huang made his solo debut with a digital EP titled "TAO", which sold 670,000 digital copies in its first week. The album was followed up with a second EP, "Z.TAO", which was released for free on August 19 with the title track "Crown". The music video for "Crown" was presented in the style of a 7-minute short film, directed by Nick Lentz and featuring Jessica Gomes. Huang performed the stunts and martial arts sequences for the action scenes in the music video. Huang held his first solo concert "Z.TAO Mini Concert" at the Beijing Exhibition Center Theater on August 23, as part of a benefit concert for those affected by the Tianjin explosions.


title: Huang Zitao

text: On October 15, Huang released the single "Reluctantly", a ballad composed by himself and Andros Rodriguez. At the 2015 Migu Music Awards, Huang won the "Best Stage Performance" award and performed the single. As part of an endorsement deal with the game "I'm the Sovereign", Huang composed and released the single "I'm the Sovereign". The song topped China's Billboard chart for the week of December 5, 2015.


title: Huang Zitao

text: On January 12, 2016, Huang won the "Most Influential Male Singer" award at the 2016 Mobile Video Festival (Miopai Awards). He was later invited to perform as a headliner for the SoYoung 2016 Live Concert Tour on January 29, which featured young rising musicians in China.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Huang's first album "The Road" was announced in March 2016. It was recorded partly in Los Angeles in collaboration with Nick Lentz. The lead single "The Road" was released on April 22. On May 1, Huang commenced a concert tour "Z.Tao The Road Concert" for the album in Nanjing and released a music video for the single "Hello, Hello", featuring Wiz Khalifa. Another single, "Adore" was released the same month and sold over 30,000 copies, receiving the platinum certification. "The Road" was released on August 22 was sold with 8888 pieces limited edition. After one minute of pre-sale opening, the sale profit reached 500k rmb; and the album reached number one on the sale charts. At the end of 2016, Huang won the Most Influential Male Singer award at the Tencent Star Awards.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In April 2017, Huang was named Promotional Ambassador for the 17th Top Chinese Music Awards, where he also won the "All-Round Artist" award. He embarked on his first Asia Tour, "Z.Tao Promise Concert Tour" which kick-start in Beijing on April 30; and also released a single of the same name.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In 2018, Huang joined the dance-oriented variety show, "Street Dance of China". It was also announced that Huang would be the head producer and MC on the Chinese version of Produce 101. The same year, Huang embarked on his fourth concert tour, "Z.Tao 2018 IS GOØD Concert Tour".


title: Huang Zitao

text: Following his departure from Exo and return to China, Huang stated that he made a decision to pursue his career in the ailing Chinese music industry, expressing a desire to continue as an artist with the goal of seeing C-Pop receive global recognition. He is involved in songwriting and composition, drawing inspiration from his experiences.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Although he is primarily a rapper, he has also performed Mandopop ballad songs. His music combines elements of hip hop, EDM, and Chinese musical instruments. He cites Jay Chou as his musical inspiration, having listened to his music growing up.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Huang made his film debut in romance film "You Are My Sunshine" alongside Huang Xiaoming and Yang Mi. The film was released on May 1, 2015.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In 2016, Huang starred in the action comedy "Railroad Tigers" directed by Ding Sheng, alongside Jackie Chan.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In 2017, Huang starred in the martial arts film "The Game Changer", directed by Gao Xixi, as well as the romantic thriller "Edge of Innocence". The same year, he played the monkey king in the web drama "A Chinese Odyssey: Love You A Million Years", adapted from the film "A Chinese Odyssey". The series garnered over 5 billion views online during its run. In November, he was announced as one of the two leads in action drama "Forward Forever" alongside Jackson Yi.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In 2018, Huang starred in "Negotiator", a spin-off of the 2016 hit drama "The Interpreter". The same year, he was cast in the youth period drama "The Files of Teenagers in the Concession".


title: Huang Zitao

text: In 2019, he acted as a Chinese pop star in the music romance youth drama "The Brightest Star in the Sky".


title: Huang Zitao

text: In June 2017, Huang collaborated with Jonathan Anderson, Loewe's creative director, on the "FIRE OF YOUTH" campaign, becoming the first Asian artist invited to collaborate with LOEWE.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In July 2017, Hanhoo appointed Huang as their Brand Ambassador. The brand later partially sponsored The Brightest Star in the Sky, a hit drama of Huang with product placement in the drama.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In September 2017, Huang was named Yves Saint Laurent's beauty ambassador and participated in the second season of YSL's web series "Before the Light".


title: Huang Zitao

text: Shenwu3, a turn-based MMORPG game by Duoyi Network which is the 4th biggest game company in China, has announced Huang as their brand ambassador. They collaborated further and Huang released a song called "Silently(默默)" under the branding of Shenwu3 in July 2018.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In January 2018, Huang began promoting a China phone brand, "Sugar Phone", and attended the press conference for "Sugar Phone S11". In April 2018, Sugar Phone supported Huang's IS GOØD Concert Tour as the main sponsor.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Jif Jaf Kraft, Tencent Weishi Application and Xiao Zhu home rental application have also appointed Huang as their first brand ambassadors respectively in first half of 2018. In second half of the year, Huang has endorsed KFC, EVISU, Tuborg, Skechers and Baidu mobile application as their brand ambassador.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In September 2018, Huang worked on the Chinese version of Stay Open, a promotional song for Tuborg originally released by Diplo and MØ.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Sephora launched their first ad campaign in China with Huang as their brand ambassador in September 2018.


title: Huang Zitao

text: In August 2019, Huang also endorsed Hershey's and Nescafe Dolce Gusto as their brand ambassador. Kappa headlined Huang as their brand ambassador for the campaign "I make my own trend" in the same month.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Lacoste appointed Huang as the company's first brand ambassador for Asia Pacific region and launched "Crocodile Inside" campaign in September 2019. In 2021, Huang cut ties with Lacoste because the company had not issued a global statement affirming that they were not boycotting Xinjiang cotton.


title: Huang Zitao

text: On July 17, 2018, Huang established his own agency called L.TAO Entertainment. Apart from managing Huang's own work, L.TAO has also signed other artists including Xu Yiyang, a former trainee of SM Entertainment.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Huang has expanded his business further by opening a restaurant called "Hao Shi" and an architecture and design company called L.TAO Architecture and Design in June 2019.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Z.TAO's Man, a comic and 2D animation character that represents many elements of Huang, was launched in April 2019. Z.TAO's Man is a superhero character whose power is C-pop, the music genre Huang has been promoting and pursuing since the beginning of his solo debut. Huang has collaborated with SunMei Group which is a hospitality business group that owns Thank U hotel chain to create Z.TAO's Man.


title: Huang Zitao

text: Its weekly episodes are released on Sina Weibo's comic platform and a 2D animation is set to release.


title: Stachybotrys chartarum

text: Stachybotrys chartarum (, ), also known as black mold or toxic black mold, is a species of microfungus that produces its conidia in slime heads. It is sometimes found in soil and grain, but the mold is most often detected in cellulose-rich building materials, such as gypsum-based drywall and wallpaper, from damp or water-damaged buildings.


title: Stachybotrys chartarum

text: The fungus was originally described scientifically in 1818 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg as a member of the genus "Stilbospora". His diagnosis emphasized the form of the spores, which he described as minute, sub-opaque, ovate, and agglomerated into subconcentric, water-soluble irregular clusters. He noted that the fungus adheres to paper, sometimes forming circles dotted with black. Stanley Hughes transferred the taxon to "Stachybotrys" in 1958. This genus was circumscribed in 1832 by Czech mycologist August Carl Joseph Corda, with "Stachybotrys atra" assigned as its type species. The species concept of "Stachybotrys chartarum" has been controversial, as several studies showed that there were several closely related species and cryptic species all under this name.


title: Stachybotrys chartarum

text: "S. chartarum" is a slow-growing mold that does not compete well with other molds. It is only rarely found in nature, and seldom encounters the kind of living environment occasionally produced by human habitation (i.e., large amounts of cellulose, large temperature fluctuations, low nitrogen, no other molds, no sunlight, and ample constant humidity). The spores are only released into the ambient air when the mold is mechanically disturbed, particularly when wet. It is considered an uncommon contaminant of most indoor air.


title: Stachybotrys chartarum

text: Not all strains of "S. chartarum" produce mycotoxins, and under certain conditions some of these lose the ability to produce such toxins over time; the presence of high indoor humidity does not imply that mycotoxin-producing "S. chartarum" is also present; even intense exposure in a laboratory setting of rats to vapors from walls entirely covered in "S. chartarum" resulted in few notable biological effects (possibly because the air contained almost no spores, possibly because the walls were not disturbed during the experiment). In another experiment, mice exposed to concentrations of mycotoxins from "S. chartarum" much greater than a human could obtain in any living environment showed no ill effects. According to one author, "These studies suggest that the concentrations of airborne spores of "S. chartarum" realistically obtainable in indoor air are too low to produce clinical effects."


title: Stachybotrys chartarum

text: Claims of health problems related to this mold have been documented in humans and animals since the 1930s. More recently, "S. chartarum" has been linked with so-called sick building syndrome. However, the link has not been firmly established in the scientific literature.


title: Stachybotrys chartarum

text: In 1994 the US Center for Disease Control verified that a number of infants in Cleveland, Ohio became sick, and some died from pulmonary hemosiderosis (bleeding in the lungs) following exposure to unusually high levels of "S. chartarum" spores. Subsequent investigation by the CDC did not reveal a definitive link between mold exposure and the infant deaths.


title: Stachybotrys chartarum

text: There are two chemotypes in "S. chartarum", one that produces trichothecene mycotoxins such as satratoxin H and one that produces atranones.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The Hyundai i10 is a city car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 2007. It replaced the Hyundai Atos in the model line-up, and was initially available only as a five-door hatchback body style. The third generation i10 was unveiled in India on 7 August 2019 and launched on 20 August 2019, offered in 10 variants across petrol and diesel engines as well as manual and automatic transmissions. There is also a sedan derivative, the Hyundai Xcent and the Hyundai Aura.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The first generation i10 was announced on 31 October 2007 in New Delhi, India. It was produced in India at Hyundai's Chennai plant for the domestic and export markets.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In India, it has five different versions: D-Lite, Era, Magna, Sportz and Asta with a 1.1L iDREZ engine and 1.2L Kappa engine.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In Europe, it has four different versions: Classic, Style, Comfort and Eco Blue Version, with a 1.0 liter engine. All versions come with four airbags, ABS, front electric windows, air conditioning and an RDS radio/CD player. Higher versions have heated front seats, electric sunroof, start-stop system, and, optional, there is ESP.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Hyundai started development of the i10 to replace the Hyundai Atos. The development for the concept was codenamed "Hyundai PA". The car was targeted primarily at the Indian market and intended for production in India, given the popularity of hatchback subcompacts in the country.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The i10 has a large air dam, pulled-back headlamps, chrome lined grille, fog lamps, and a rear window with an up swept kink.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Overall length (3,565 mm) and wheelbase (2,380 mm) are identical to the Atos with slightly more interior space; Ergonomic design was intended to accommodate tall drivers and increasing rear knee room. The width has been increased (and front and rear track) by for more shoulder room. The height has been reduced by . Boot space at is significantly lower than that of Getz.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The interior has a plastic dash housing with an optional integrated stereo. The instrument binnacle has a large white faced speedometer, flanked by the tachometer and fuel and temperature gauges.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The gear shifter is built into the center console, leaving space between the front seats for two cup holders.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Hyundai introduced a new front end design inspired by the 'Fluidic Sculpture' design language with new, less angled headlights.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The i10 has a two tone beige and light brown color in certain markets. The interior features chrome and silver accents and a new instrument cluster with a gear shift indicator display (on manual models) and a digital fuel indicator.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The i10 was launched with a 1.1 liter I4 iRDE engine, the same motor used in the Kia Picanto and Hyundai Atos Prime/Santro Xing but with lower CO emissions.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The i10 also came with a 1.2 liter gasoline Euro 5 compliant engine (called the Kappa engine), with the same CO emissions as the 1.1L version. The spark plug of the 1.2L is non-standard.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Hyundai unveiled the i10 concept Electric at the Delhi Auto Expo in 2009; it was expected to be available in India by 2011. The i10 based electric car is called BlueOn.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In 2010 Hyundai launched a facelifted version of the i10 in India which uses a Kappa II engine with VTVT Variable valve timing.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The i10 was recognized as "Car of the Year 2008" by various automotive magazines and television channels in India, like "BS Motoring", CNBC-TV18 "AutoCar", NDTV "Profit Car & Bike India" and "Overdrive" magazine. The car was conferred with the "Indian Car of the Year" (ICOTY) by automotive media of the country.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In Malaysia, the Hyundai i10 has also earned recognition through awards such as the "Best People's Car" in the "Asian Auto – VCA Auto Industry Awards 2009", 1st Place in "Asian Auto-Mudah.my Fuel Efficiency Awards 2009" in the "Compact City Cars" Category with a combined fuel efficiency of 5.0l/100 km, which is not only the best performance in its category but also throughout all the participating vehicles in Malaysia.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The Hyundai i10 also won the "New Straits Times / Maybank Car of the Year Award" in the "Entry Level Car" category two times consecutively in 2009 and 2010.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In 2008, Hyundai commemorated 10 years of operations in India by initiating a transcontinental drive from Delhi to Paris in two of its i10 Kappa cars. The drive covered a distance of in just 17 days after which the i10s were showcased at the Paris Motor Show in October.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The amount of safety features varies from market to market. While most countries have the i10 equipped with airbags for all passengers, the entry level 1.1 manual transmission model in the Philippines can be sold without airbags. Since launch and as of August 2009, electronic stability control (ESC) was an order option for United Kingdom spec cars which prevents a five star Euro NCAP score.


title: Hyundai i10

text: After the success of Hyundai Santro, Hyundai launched the i10 in 2007. The i10 slotted between Santro and Getz (later replaced by i20).


title: Hyundai i10

text: In India, the first generation i10 was available in nine variants, and with two different engine options which is a 1.1L gasoline engine with manual transmission gearbox. This engine produces and maximum torque of . The other engine is a 1.2 L "Kappa" engine which produces of maximum power and of maximum torque.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Originally planned for release in the beginning of 2014, the development of the new i10 started in India in 2012, using the Kia Picanto as a test mule for individual parts.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In August 2013, the i10s redesign was revealed by Hyundai's European design team led by Thomas Bürkle. The new car was longer, wider and lower than the previous model. The new dimensions result in a trunk space increase by 10%, totaling to 252 liters. Most versions can seat five occupants.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The new car made its debut at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2013. The i10 arrived in European showrooms in January 2014.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Production of the i10 commenced at Hyundai Assan Otomotiv's plant in İzmit, Turkey, in the end of September 2013, at an annual capacity of 200,000 units.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In addition to the previous generation, its equipment includes, depending on the version, automatic air conditioning, daytime running lights, curtain airbags, Tyre pressure monitoring system, hill-start-assist, and as options - cruise control, rear parking sensors, heated steering wheel and front seats or 15-inch alloy wheels.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Hyundai Motor India released the model in September 2013 as the Grand i10. The Grand i10 differentiates from the European model with its wheelbase increase by . The Grand i10 offers dual toned interiors, enlarged cabin space, keyless entry, push button on/off and auto folding outside mirrors that automatically open and fold when car is unlocked and locked. In addition, the car is equipped with rear AC vents and 1GB internal memory to store music, which are both first in its segment.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In February 2014, Hyundai Asia Resources, Inc. (HARI) announced details on the Philippine market version of the Grand i10. The base models come with the 1.0-liter three cylinder gasoline engine while the 1.2-liter four cylinder engine is reserved for the range topping L automatic transmission model.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In the beginning of 2014, Hyundai released the Grand i10 in Mexico. The car is offered with only the 1.2-liter four cylinder engine in the market.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Introduced exclusively in Indonesia in 2015, the Grand i10X is a crossover-inspired variant of the Grand i10, featuring different front and rear bumpers and black plastic panels for the fender flares, door panels, rocker panels, and two-tone 14-inch alloy wheels.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Prior to the official unveiling of the Grand i10, Hyundai Motor India revealed that a sedan variant will be launched in 2014. The new sedan, called the Xcent, was revealed in February 2014. It is designed to fit in the popular sub-4 metre sedan segment in India which emerged after the government imposed heavier tax for cars longer than in length. It is exported to numerous emerging countries as the Grand i10 sedan.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The European i10 was met with very positive reviews. John McIlroy of "What Car?" magazine gave the car a five-star rating, commenting that it "represents a major step forward over its predecessor – to the point where it's an extremely tempting alternative to a VW Up, and not just on price." Piers Ward of "Top Gear" gave the i10 a score of 8 out of 10, with his verdict being: "Yet another quality car from the Koreans. Cheap price, good design and with minimal compromise."


title: Hyundai i10

text: Matt Burt of "Autocar" gave it four and a half out of five stars, calling it "one of the most accomplished and well-rounded offerings in the city car segment, and has road manners that would embarrass a few much larger (and more expensive) vehicles."


title: Hyundai i10

text: Andrew English of "The Daily Telegraph" also gave the car four out of five stars, describing it as "Clever and quite a nice little car. Reasonable comfort, ride, handling and well put together, though not the most economical. It's certainly the best car Hyundai makes and wouldn't be disgraced as the family's main transport."


title: Hyundai i10

text: In India, the Grand i10 was awarded the 2014 Golden Steering Wheel in the hatchback category. It was also awarded "Car of the Year" and "Entry Hatchback of the Year" at the 2014 NDTV Car and Bike Awards. In the Philippines, the Grand i10 was awarded Best Mini Car of the Year by the Car Awards Group for 2014–2015.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Global NCAP awarded the Indian version with no airbags and no ABS 0 stars in 2014 (similar to Latin NCAP 2013).


title: Hyundai i10

text: Latin NCAP awarded the Indian-made i10 in its most basic Latin American configuration with no airbags and no ABS 0 stars in 2015.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Euro NCAP 2014 test results (similar to Latin NCAP 2020) for a LHD, five door hatchback European variant on a registration of 2014:


title: Hyundai i10

text: The third-generation model debuted in India as the Grand i10 Nios on 7 August 2019. The Grand i10 Nios, codenamed AI3, is longer than the previous-generation Grand i10 by , or .


title: Hyundai i10

text: The European i10 (codename: AC3) was revealed a month after the Indian model, just ahead of the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2019. This model has been designed, developed and built in Europe. The roof has also been lowered by and the width has been increased by . It is powered by a 1.0-litre T-GDi petrol engine, in addition to the 1.2-litre MPi. Both the engines get Idle Stop and Go (ISG) as standard, which helps improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. The i10 N Line was also unveiled with a sportier exterior design.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The third-generation i10, marketed as the Grand i10 Nios was launched on 20 August 2019 in India and offered in 10 variants across petrol and diesel engines as well as manual and automatic transmissions. As it is the case with the second-generation model, it is also larger than the European model. This model is longer than the Euro-spec AC3 i10, with an its wheelbase extended by . It is available with an eight-inch infotainment system, keyless entry with engine start/stop, 5.3-inch MID, and Arkamys sound system.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The Grand i10 Nios is available with a 1.2-litre naturally aspirated four-cylinder petrol engine and a 1.2-litre turbocharged three-cylinder diesel engine. Both the engines come with a common 5-speed manual and 5-speed automated manual transmission choices.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The Grand i10 was launched in Mexico on 16 July 2020 in hatchback and sedan models. Imported from India, it is offered in four trim levels: GL, GL Mid, GLS, and NS (hatchback only) and offered in automatic and manual transmissions. It is only available with a 1.2 litre engine.


title: Hyundai i10

text: Hyundai's new-generation Grand i10 hatchback has been launched in South Africa during October 2020. The Grand i10 Cargo has been renewed a few months later.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The four-door sedan version was launched as the Hyundai Aura on 21 January 2020 for the Indian market. It is called the Grand i10 Sedan for export markets.


title: Hyundai i10

text: The Indian-spec Grand i10 Nios (AI3) received a two star adult and child occupant rating from the Global NCAP in 2020. The car's structure and footwell area were deemed to be incapable of further loading. It is not equipped with three-point seat belts and head restraints for all passengers. It does not offer ESC or side airbags on any variant, but ISOFIX is offered on higher variants.


title: Hyundai i10

text: In contrast to the disastrous rating of the Indian version, the European Hyundai i10 in its standard European configuration scored 3 stars under the much more stringent Euro NCAP 2020 protocol. Notable differences are the presence of more airbags, ESC and a strengthened structure. However, protection to vulnerable road users was rated at only 52% and the Safety Assistance systems scored 59%. Though AEB, Lane Keep Assist and steering-based driver monitoring are present, Euro NCAP states "The system performed marginally in tests of its detection and reaction to other vehicles".


title: Andrew Buchan

text: Andrew Buchan (born 19 February 1979) is an English stage and television actor known for his roles as Mark Latimer in the ITV drama "Broadchurch" (2013–17), as Scott Foster in the BBC political drama "Party Animals" (2007), as John Mercer in ITV drama series "The Fixer" (2008–09), and as William Garrow in BBC period drama "Garrow's Law" (2009–11).


title: Andrew Buchan

text: Buchan was born in Stockport and brought up in the suburb of Lostock in Bolton. He attended the nearby Rivington and Blackrod High School where he was head boy during sixth form years in Horwich.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: During A-Levels, and long before his acting career, he worked for Granada Studios as a tour guide, using amusing, unconventional methods to keep tourists interested. He also worked as a barman at Manchester Airport, as a concierge at the De Vere Whites hotel in Reebok Stadium, and as a labourer for several months in Italy.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: In 2001, he graduated from St Cuthbert's Society, Durham University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern Languages. Following that he attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).


title: Andrew Buchan

text: On the stage he has appeared as Mercutio in "Romeo and Juliet" at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester (2005). In 2008, he appeared in Arthur Miller's "The Man Who Had All the Luck" at The Donmar. The play ran for six weeks in London, before going on a short UK tour. Andrew received the Manchester Evening News Theatre Award for Best Actor in a touring production. In 2011–12, he returned to The Donmar Warehouse to play Bolingbroke in Shakespeare's "Richard II".


title: Andrew Buchan

text: His career in television began in 2006 when he appeared as the vicar, St. John Rivers, in the 2006 "Jane Eyre" and then as the regular character Scott Foster alongside Matt Smith in the political drama "Party Animals". In 2007, he appeared as Jem Hearne in the award-winning "Cranford", in a cast that included Judi Dench, Imelda Staunton and Eileen Atkins. Also in 2007, he appeared as the teacher 'Sean Knowles', with Richard Coyle and Indira Varma in ITV's "The Whistleblowers". In 2008, he appeared in Season 4, Episode 1 of "Bones" as Dr. Ian Wexler.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: In 2008 and 2009, he starred in the ITV1 drama "The Fixer" as the lead role, John Mercer, a paid assassin targeting people who have escaped the law. The first season of "The Fixer" received a Royal Television Society award for Best Series.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: In 2009, he appeared as Fishwick in the John Lennon biopic "Nowhere Boy" acting opposite Kristin Scott Thomas, and directed by Sam Taylor-Wood.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: In the BBC's "Garrow's Law", he starred in the leading role as William Garrow. Series 1 started on BBC One on 1 November 2009, and continued for two more series.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: In December 2009, he appeared again as the carpenter Jem Hearne in the BBC's two-part "Cranford Christmas Special".


title: Andrew Buchan

text: In 2010, Buchan appeared as journalist and love interest Billy Marshall in the made-for-TV movie "Abroad", based in part on the true-life experiences of Toronto's "Globe and Mail" columnist and author, Leah McLaren. This movie was broadcast in Canada on CBC TV on 14 March 2010. In 2010, he appeared as Joseph in the BBC's "The Nativity".


title: Andrew Buchan

text: In 2013, he starred in multi-award-winning ITV drama, "Broadchurch", as Mark Latimer, father of the murdered boy Danny Latimer. For this role he was awarded the best supporting actor "Dagger" at the Crime Thriller Awards 2013. The immediate ratings success of "Broadchurch" led to Andrew, with co-star Jodie Whittaker, being invited to present a TV BAFTA at the awards ceremony in May 2013. That same month his film, "Having You", was premiered on Sky Movies. In this bittersweet comedy about commitment and responsibility, Buchan played the lead character Jack, alongside Romola Garai as his girlfriend, and Anna Friel as a one-night stand from his past.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: 2013 also saw the release of multi-award-winning independent film "Still Life", in which Andrew took a cameo role alongside Eddie Marsan. Later the same year, Buchan produced and starred in film short, "1946", based on the life of Hollywood actor, Jimmy Stewart. The film won the Award of Distinction at the 2014 Williamsburg Independent Film Festival.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: In July 2014, Buchan starred alongside Academy Award nominee Maggie Gyllenhaal in Hugo Blick's eagerly anticipated political thriller "The Honourable Woman". This was broadcast on both BBC2 in the UK and the Sundance channel in the USA. In October 2014, he starred in ITV's "The Great Fire", portraying Thomas Farriner, the baker from Pudding Lane.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: In 2015, it was announced that Buchan was cast as the lead role in TNT drama pilot "Home" alongside Bethany Joy Lenz. Unfortunately "Home" was not subsequently serialised and remains unaired.


title: Andrew Buchan

text: On Christmas Day 2016, the lavish dramatisation of Jasper Fforde's fantasy novel "The Last Dragonslayer" premiered on Sky One, featuring Buchan in the role of wizard, The Great Zambini.