title: Chelsea Grin

text: After recording their debut record, "Desolation of Eden", the band embarked on their first full US tour featuring Dr. Acula, American Me, and Attila. "Desolation of Eden" was released on February 16, 2010, and reached number 21 on The Billboard Top Heatseekers Chart selling 1,500 copies its first week. With the success of their debut, the band was afterwards featured and praised in "Alternative Press", Utah newspapers and many other magazines nationwide and worldwide.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: In August 2010, while the band was in Richmond, Virginia on the Thrash and Burn tour, vocalist Alex Koehler received a serious injury to his jaw, having it fractured in three places, which required the band to drop off its final week. Koehler was rushed from the venue to receive surgery. Despite this, the band still carried out their two-week tour with Blind Witness and Attila on during September 2010, which had Koehler substituted with Adam Warren of Oceano.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: One song that debuted on the band's self-titled EP; "Cheyne Stokes", was re-recorded for "Desolation of Eden". The album has also peaked at 24 on the Billboard New Artists Chart. There are currently two music videos from the record, "Sonnet of the Wretched" and "Recreant". The music video for "Sonnet of the Wretched" was filmed on June 4, 2010, as the band headlined a sold-out show at The Boardwalk in Orangvale, CA, the video was then released on July 7, 2010. In 2010, while on tour with Iwrestledabearonce, Eyes Set to Kill, The Chariot and Vanna, the band recorded a music video for the single "Recreant" on a recording set held in Northern California, the video debuted January 13, 2011, on Metal Injection. Chelsea Grin confirmed Chris "Zeuss" Harris as the chosen producer for the recording of their follow-up album to "My Damnation", and would enter the studio for its recording by January 13, 2011.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: Chelsea Grin finished writing and recording their second full-length album in June 2011, where the title for it was revealed as being "My Damnation". It was released the following month on July 19, 2011. On April 17 Artery Recordings released the title track as the album's lead single off the album, having a music video produced for it weeks later. The song "All Hail The Fallen King" featuring Phil Bozeman, vocalist of Whitechapel, also premiered before the record's release.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: Chelsea Grin toured in-support of the album with Emmure and Attila before being included on the All Stars Tour, which featured those same bands and many others such as After the Burial, Born of Osiris and Motionless in White.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: Chelsea Grin played the entire Warped Tour 2012. At the same time of the Warped Tour announcement, plans for releasing a 5-song EP were confirmed. During December of the year, lead guitarist, Michael Stafford left the band. Born of Osiris (and former All Shall Perish) guitarist, Jason Richardson took up Stafford's position until further notice. Stafford explained that he could not bear touring any more along with other reasons for the explanation of the departure. Less than a week later, Richardson was kicked out from Born of Osiris, and then immediately switched his position as a substitute member for Chelsea Grin to a permanent member.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: "Evolve" was released June 19, 2012. Artery streamed a song from the upcoming EP, titled "Lilith" on May 9, 2012.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: In the end of November 2012, Pablo Viveros joined Chelsea Grin on drums. During November and December 2012 Chelsea supported Motionless in White on their headline North American tour entitled "The Infamous Tour". The tour was a success with many dates being sold out. The band then did a short headline tour of North America in January. Chelsea Grin performed at the Soundwave Festival in Australia in February 2013, as well as two sidewave shows with Of Mice & Men and While She Sleeps.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: During March 2013 the band headlined a tour with Attila, Betraying the Martyrs, Within the Ruins and Buried In Verona for their second major headlining tour, "The Sick Tour 2". The band supported Emmure across Europe during April and May 2013. This was the band's 3rd time in Europe. Chelsea Grin performed at several European festivals over the summer months, Including the open air festival with Parkway Drive. They also played the All Stars 2013 tour alongside Every Time I Die. In June 2013, Chelsea Grin released a full cover of the song "Right Now" by Korn, produced by guitarist Dan Jones at the same time he graduated from his BSc Degree. At the end of June, they were announced as the main support on the Brothers in Arms tour alongside The Amity Affliction, Stick To Your Guns, and In Hearts Wake. The tour covered most capital cities of Australia in late October 2013.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: The band officially entered the studio late November 2013, two years since their last album. The new album is entitled "Ashes to Ashes" and was released on July 8, 2014, via Artery Recordings/Razor & Tie. A song called "Letters" was leaked on December 17, 2013. The album was produced by Chelsea Grin and Diego Farias, guitarist from the band Volumes. The band has stated that the album "has the same amount of material as "Desolation of Eden", "My Damnation" and "Evolve"… COMBINED." Frontman Alex Koehler stated that the lyrical content on "Ashes to Ashes" is much more positive than on the other records: "It's more about standing up for yourselves and not giving a fuck about anyone else's opinions. Every song is going to be based on real life: alcoholism, drug abuse, violence and everyday bullshit forced down our throats". Koehler described the album as "relentlessly heavy, with a touch of melody.". The album also saw the debut of drummer Pablo Viveros' co-vocals, allowing Koehler to focus on high ranged screams while Viveros took on the mid to low ranged vocals. On May 12, 2014, a lyric video for "Angels Shall Sin, Demons Shall Pray" was released. Another single for the album was released June 3, 2014, titled "Playing With Fire".


title: Chelsea Grin

text: Chelsea Grin performed on Vans Warped Tour 2014. The music videos for their songs "Letters" and "Clockwork" were released on June 30, 2014, and July 17, 2014, respectively. The band later supported The Black Dahlia Murder and Suicide Silence on their co-headline North American tour in October 2014, and themselves co-headlined a European tour with Veil of Maya with support from Black Tongue and Oceans Ate Alaska in February 2015. They then headlined a North American tour in March 2015 with support from Carnifex, Sworn In and The Family Ruin, and have just finished a co-headlining a tour with The Word Alive, supported by Like Moths to Flames and Sylar. It was at that point where guitarist Dan Jones announced he will not be touring for Chelsea Grin for the rest of the year to pursue science. The band also acted as support for The Amity Affliction on their October 2015 tour as they joined up with Secrets, Cruel Hand and The Plot in You.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: On September 21, 2015, Chelsea Grin announced that they will release a new record in mid-2016 (which they "promise ... will be [their] most extreme release to date") and that Jason Richardson is parting ways with the band in favor of a solo effort, to be replaced on guitar by Stephen Rutishauser, who had been playing with the band since 2014. On December 10, 2015, they released the single "Skin Deep". Shortly after releasing the single, the band announced a tour in which their first full-length, "Desolation of Eden" would be played in its entirety. After the tour, they released the single "Clickbait" on May 4, 2016, along with announcing a new album "Self Inflicted", to be released July 1, 2016, through Rise Records. June 16 saw the release of "Broken Bonds", along with a music video to accompany it. The band then announced that they would be playing on the entire 2016 Vans Warped Tour. Then band then opened up for Attila once again on there United States Chaos tour with Emmure & Sylar also rounding up the lineup.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: Chelsea Grin also toured for Skin Deep throughout Europe in the Winter of 2017 with Betraying the Martyrs, Make them Suffer & Void of Vision as support. The United States portion started in the Spring of 2017 with Ice Nine Kills, Gideon & Enterprise Earth as support.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: On January 16, 2018, the band announced that they had entered the studio to begin recording a new album with producer Drew Fulk, along with Emmure's guitarist Josh Travis as a co-producer.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: In early 2018, Chelsea Grin were scheduled to complete the North American "Graveyard Shift" tour alongside Motionless in White and Every Time I Die, however were forced to pull out due to lead vocalist Alex Koehler's declining health. It was also confirmed around this time that guitarist Dan Jones has also left due to his enrollment in medical school at the University of Utah. Dan Jones has not performed with the band since his last tour with the band at Warped Tour 2016.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: On March 1, 2018, guitarist Jake Harmond confirmed via Twitter that he would no longer be part of the band. In a further tweet, Harmond cited family reasons for his departure.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: Chelsea Grin declared that their fifth full-length, "Eternal Nightmare", was officially finished in late March 2018. They stated that the record is "without hesitation our meanest, darkest, heaviest and most evil and honest creation to date." However, after this announcement, the group announced a month later (on April 27, 2018) that vocalist Alex Koehler is no longer a member of the band due to his struggle with alcoholism and mental health problems. The aforementioned announcement would imply that the record was recorded and finished with Koehler on vocals due to the order of which they were announced in, however this was later confirmed not to be the case as he was already replaced with the release of a music video for a new song entitled "Dead Rose" revealing Tom Barber of Lorna Shore as the new singer. The album was released on July 13, 2018.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: On July 24, 2020, Chelsea Grin released a new song titled "Bleeding Sun". On November 13, the band released another new song titled "Blind Kings".


title: Chelsea Grin

text: In August 2022, the band revealed that drummer Pablo Viveros (who has been on hiatus from the band since 2021) had made commitments with another artist in the downtime during the COVID-19 pandemic to perform and tour. They revealed he was still a member of the band, but would continue to take a hiatus from the band to fulfill his commitments. Around the same time, the band announced they would be releasing a double album, which will be split as two separate releases. The first album, "Suffer in Hell", was released on November 11, while the second album, "Suffer in Heaven", will be released on March 17, 2023. The first installment, "Suffer in Hell", released to critical acclaim, with "Boolin Tunes" referring to it as "an absolute deathcore masterclass" and the band's "finest work to date."


title: Chelsea Grin

text: On September 24, 2022, a music video for the second single from "Suffer in Hell", "The Isnis", was released. It is the first video to feature Nathan Pearson, who is currently taking the place of Pablo Viveros while he is on hiatus from the band.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: Chelsea Grin's musical style has been primarily described as deathcore. Their second album, "My Damnation", also demonstrates doom and black metal influences on some songs, featuring non-palm muted dissonant tremolo picking and themes of Hell and damnation. Additionally, their second EP, "Evolve", features more prominent uses of technical guitar playing due to the addition of guitarist Jason Richardson. It also saw the band beginning to incorporate some symphonic and electronic elements. Chelsea Grin have cited bands such as Suicide Silence, Whitechapel, Bury Your Dead, Emmure, American Me, Slayer, Megadeth, A Perfect Circle and Scars of Tomorrow as their influences.


title: Chelsea Grin

text: Chelsea Grin also self-identify as deathcore, and when asked in an interview about the band's view on the label, former guitarist Jake Harmond said: "Everyone likes to flap their jaw and voice their own opinion how 'embarrassing' it is to be in a band that can be labeled 'deathcore,' but honestly we have never given a fuck."


title: Dinah

text: In the Book of Genesis, Dinah (; ) was the seventh child and only daughter of Leah and Jacob, and one of the matriarchs of the Israelites. The episode of her violation by Shechem, son of a Canaanite or Hivite prince, and the subsequent vengeance of her brothers Simeon and Levi, commonly referred to as "the rape of Dinah", is told in Genesis 34.


title: Dinah

text: Dinah is first mentioned in Genesis 30:21 as the daughter of Leah and Jacob, born to Leah after she bore six sons to Jacob. In Genesis 34, Dinah went out to visit the women of Shechem, where her people had made camp and where her father Jacob had purchased the land where he had pitched his tent. Shechem (the son of Hamor, the prince of the land) then took her and raped her, but how this text is to be exactly translated and understood is the subject of scholarly controversy.


title: Dinah

text: Shechem asked his father to obtain Dinah for him, to be his wife. Hamor came to Jacob and asked for Dinah for his son: "Make marriages with us; give your daughters to us, and take our daughters for yourselves. You shall dwell with us; and the land shall be open to you." Shechem offered Jacob and his sons any bride-price they named. But "the sons of Jacob answered Shechem and his father Hamor deceitfully, because he had defiled their sister Dinah"; they said they would accept the offer if the men of the city agreed to be circumcised.


title: Dinah

text: So the men of Shechem were deceived, and were circumcised; and "on the third day, when they were sore, two of the sons of Jacob and Leah, Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brothers, took their swords and came upon the city unawares, and killed all the males. They slew Hamor and his son Shechem with the sword, and took Dinah out of Shechem's house, and went away." And the sons of Jacob plundered whatever was in the city and in the field, "all their wealth, all their little ones and their wives, all that was in the houses."


title: Dinah

text: "Then Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, 'You have brought trouble on me by making me odious to the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites and the Perizzites; my numbers are few, and if they gather themselves against me and attack me, I shall be destroyed, both I and my household.' But they said, 'Should he treat our sister as a harlot? (Genesis 34:31).


title: Dinah

text: When Jacob's family prepares to descend to Egypt, Genesis lists the 70 family members who went down together (Genesis 46:8–27). Dinah is specifically listed, in verse 15 ("These are the sons of Leah, that she bore to Jacob in Padan Aram, and Dinah his daughter."). Dovid Rosenfeld states that "That is it. The Torah does not tell us anything about what happened to her for the remainder of her life, nor if she ever married and raised a family".


title: Dinah

text: Chapter 34 of the Book of Genesis deals primarily with the family of Abraham and his descendants, including Dinah, her father Jacob, and her brothers. The traditional view is that Moses wrote Genesis as well as almost all the rest of the Torah, doubtlessly using varied sources but synthesizing all of them together to give the Hebrews a written history of their ancestors. This view—which has been held for the past several thousand years, although it is not explicitly mentioned in either the Hebrew or the Christian Bible—holds that Moses included this story primarily because it happened and he viewed it as significant. It foreshadows later happenings and prophecies further along in Genesis and the Torah dealing with the two violent brothers.


title: Dinah

text: Source-critical scholars speculate that Genesis combines separate literary strands, with different values and concerns, and does not pre-date the 1st millennium BC as a unified account. Within Genesis 34 itself, they suggest two layers of narrative: an older account ascribing the killing of Shechem to Simeon and Levi alone, and a later addition (verses 27 to 29) involving all the sons of Jacob. Kirsch argues that the narrative combines a Yahwist narrator describing a rape, and an Elohist speaker describing a seduction.


title: Dinah

text: On the other hand, another critical scholar, Alexander Rofé, assumes that the earlier authors would not have considered rape to be defilement in and of itself, and posits that the verb describing Dinah as "defiled" was added later (elsewhere in the Bible, only married or betrothed women are "defiled" by rape). He instead says that such a description reflected a "late, post-exilic notion that the idolatrous gentiles are impure [and supports] the prohibition of intermarriage and intercourse with them." Such a supposed preoccupation with ethnic purity must therefore indicate a late date for Genesis in the 5th or 4th centuries BC, when the restored Jewish community in Jerusalem was similarly preoccupied with anti-Samaritan polemics. In Rofé's analysis, the "defilement" refers to interracial sex rather than rape.


title: Dinah

text: Midrashic literature contains a series of proposed explanations of the Bible by rabbis. It provides further hypotheses of the story of Dinah, suggesting answers to questions such as her offspring: Osnat a daughter from Shechem, and links to later incidents and characters.


title: Dinah

text: One midrash states that Dinah was conceived as a male in Leah's womb but miraculously changed to a female, lest the maid-servants (Bilhah and Zilpah) be associated with more of the Israelite tribes than Rachel.


title: Dinah

text: Another midrash implicates Jacob in Dinah's misfortune: when he went to meet Esau, he locked Dinah in a box, for fear that Esau would wish to marry her, but God rebuked him in these words: "If thou hadst married off thy daughter in time she would not have been tempted to sin, and might, moreover, have exerted a beneficial influence upon her husband". Her brother Simeon promised to find a husband for her, but she did not wish to leave Shechem, fearing that, after her disgrace, no one would take her to wife. However, she was later married to Job. When she died, Simeon buried her in the land of Canaan. She is therefore referred to as "the Canaanitish woman" (Genesis 46:10). Joseph's wife Asenath (ib.) was her daughter by Shechem.


title: Dinah

text: Early Christian commentators such as Jerome likewise assign some of the responsibility to Dinah, in venturing out to visit the women of Shechem. This story was used to demonstrate the danger to women in the public sphere as contrasted with the relative security of remaining in private.


title: Dinah

text: On his deathbed, their father Jacob curses Simeon and Levi's "anger" (Genesis 49). Their tribal portions in the land of Israel are dispersed so that they would not be able to regroup and fight arbitrarily. According to the Midrash, Simeon and Levi were only 14 and 13 years old, respectively, at the time of the rape of Dinah. They possessed great moral zealousness (later, in the episode of the Golden Calf, the Tribe of Levi would demonstrate their absolute commitment to Moses' leadership by killing all the people involved in idol worship), but their anger was misdirected here.


title: Dinah

text: One midrash told how Jacob later tried to restrain their hot tempers by dividing their portions in the land of Israel, and neither had lands of their own. Therefore, Dinah's son by Shechem was counted among Simeon's progeny and received a portion of land in Israel, Dinah herself being "the Canaanite woman" mentioned among those who went down into Egypt with Jacob and his sons (Genesis 46:10). When she died, Simeon buried her in the land of Canaan. (According to another tradition, her child from her rape by Shechem was Asenath, the wife of Joseph, and she herself later married the prophet Job.) The Tribe of Simeon received land within the territory of Judah and served as itinerant teachers in Israel, traveling from place to place to earn a living.


title: Dinah

text: In the Hebrew Bible, the tribe of Levi received a few Cities of Refuge spread out over Israel, and relied for their sustenance on the priestly gifts that the Children of Israel gave them.


title: Dinah

text: In medieval rabbinic literature, there were efforts to justify the killing, not merely of Shechem and Hamor, but of all the townsmen. Maimonides argued that the killing was understandable because the townsmen had failed to uphold the seventh Noachide law () to establish a criminal justice system. However, Nachmanides disagreed, partly because he viewed the seventh law as a positive commandment that was not punishable by death. Instead, Nachmanides said that the townsmen presumably violated other Noachide laws, such as idolatry or sexual immorality. Later, the Maharal reframed the issue—not as sin, but rather as a war. That is, he argued that Simeon and Levi acted lawfully insofar as they carried out a military operation as an act of vengeance or retribution for the rape of Dinah.


title: Dinah

text: The Torah lists the 70 members of Jacob's family who went down together into Egypt (Genesis 46:8–27). Simeon's children include "Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman" (verse 10). The medieval French rabbi Rashi hypothesized that this Shaul was Dinah's son by Shechem. He suggests that after the brothers killed all the men in the city, including Shechem and his father, Dinah refused to leave the palace unless Simeon agreed to marry her and remove her shame (according to Nachmanides, she only lived in his house and did not have sex with him). Therefore, Shaul is counted among Simeon's progeny, and he received a portion of land in Israel in the time of Joshua. The list of the names of the families of Israel in Egypt is repeated in Exodus 6:14–25 (including "Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman", verse 15).


title: Dinah

text: In 19th-century America, "Dinah" became a generic name for an enslaved African woman. At the 1850 Woman's Rights Convention in New York, a speech by Sojourner Truth was reported on in the "New York Herald", which used the name "Dinah" to symbolize black womanhood as represented by Truth:


title: Dinah

text: Lizzie McCloud, a slave on a Tennessee plantation during the American Civil War, recalled that Union soldiers called all enslaved women "Dinah". Describing her fear when the Union army arrived, she said: "We was so scared we run under the house and the Yankees called 'Come out Dinah' (didn't call none of us anything but Dinah). They said 'Dinah, we're fightin' to free you and get you out from under bondage'." After the end of the war in 1865 "The New York Times" exhorted the newly liberated slaves to demonstrate that they had the moral values to use their freedom effectively, using the names "Sambo" and "Dinah" to represent male and female former slaves: "You are free Sambo, but you must work. Be virtuous too, oh Dinah!"


title: Dinah

text: The novel "The Red Tent" by Anita Diamant is a fictional autobiography of the biblical Dinah. In Diamant's version, Dinah falls in love with Shalem, the Canaanite prince, and goes to bed with him in preparation for marriage. Simon and Levi, Jacob's sons, instigate the discord between Jacob and the men of the King of Shechem out of fear for their own prosperity, even though Dinah tells them the truth.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Bringing Up Baby is a 1938 American screwball comedy film directed by Howard Hawks, and starring Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant. It was released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film tells the story of a paleontologist in a number of predicaments involving a scatterbrained heiress and a leopard named Baby. The screenplay was adapted by Dudley Nichols and Hagar Wilde from a short story by Wilde which originally appeared in "Collier's Weekly" magazine on April 10, 1937.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The script was written specifically for Hepburn, and tailored to her personality. Filming began in September 1937 and wrapped in January 1938, over schedule and over budget. Production was frequently delayed by uncontrollable laughing fits between Hepburn and Grant. Hepburn struggled with her comedic performance and was coached by another cast member, vaudeville veteran Walter Catlett. A tame leopard was used during the shooting; its trainer stood off-screen with a whip for all of its scenes.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: "Bringing Up Baby" was a commercial flop at release, although it eventually made a small profit after its re-release in the early 1940s. Shortly after the film's premiere, Hepburn was one of a group of actors labeled as "box office poison" by the Independent Theatre Owners of America. Her career would not recover until "The Philadelphia Story" two years later. The film's reputation began to grow during the 1950s when it was shown on television.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Since then, the film has gained acclaim from both critics and audiences for its zany antics and pratfalls, absurd situations and misunderstandings, perfect sense of comic timing, completely screwball cast, series of lunatic and hare-brained misadventures, disasters, light-hearted surprises and romantic comedy.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: In 1990, "Bringing Up Baby" was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant," and it has appeared on a number of greatest-films lists, ranking 88th on the American Film Institute's 100 greatest American films of all time list.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: David Huxley (Cary Grant) is a mild-mannered paleontologist. For the past four years, he has been trying to assemble the skeleton of a "Brontosaurus" but is missing one bone: the "intercostal clavicle." Adding to his stress is his impending marriage to the dour Alice Swallow (Virginia Walker) and the need to impress Elizabeth Random (May Robson), who is considering a million-dollar donation to his museum.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The day before his wedding, David meets Susan Vance (Katharine Hepburn) by chance on a golf course when she plays his ball. She is a free-spirited, somewhat scatterbrained, young lady, unfettered by logic. These qualities soon embroil David in several frustrating incidents.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Susan's brother Mark has sent her a tame leopard named Baby (Nissa) from Brazil. Its tameness is helped by hearing the song "I Can't Give You Anything But Love". Susan thinks David is a zoologist, and manipulates him into accompanying her in taking Baby to her farm in Connecticut. Complications arise when Susan falls in love with him, and she tries to keep him at her house as long as possible, even hiding his clothes, to prevent his imminent marriage.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: David's prized intercostal clavicle is delivered, but Susan's aunt's dog George (Skippy) takes it and buries it somewhere. When Susan's aunt arrives, she discovers David in a negligee. To David's dismay, she turns out to be potential donor Elizabeth Random. A second message from Mark makes clear the leopard is for Elizabeth, as she always wanted one. Baby and George run off. The zoo is called to help capture Baby. Susan and David race to find Baby before the zoo and, mistaking a dangerous leopard (also portrayed by Nissa) from a nearby circus for Baby, they let it out of its cage.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: David and Susan are jailed by a befuddled town policeman, Constable Slocum (Walter Catlett), for acting strangely at the house of Dr. Fritz Lehman (Fritz Feld), where they had cornered the circus leopard, thinking it was Baby. When Slocum does not believe their story, Susan tells him they are members of the "Leopard Gang"; she calls herself "Swingin' Door Susie," and David "Jerry the Nipper." Eventually, Alexander Peabody (George Irving) shows up to verify everyone's identity. Susan, who escaped out of a window during a police interview, unwittingly drags the highly irritated circus leopard into the jail. David saves her, using a chair to shoo the big cat into a cell.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Some time later, Susan finds David, who has been jilted by Alice because of her, on a high platform working on his brontosaurus reconstruction at the museum. After showing him the missing bone which she found by trailing George for three days, Susan, against his warnings, climbs a tall ladder next to the dinosaur to be closer to him. She tells David that her aunt has given her the million dollars, and she wants to donate it to the museum, but David is more interested in telling her that the day spent with her was the best day of his life. They declare their love for each other, and Susan, distracted by the moment, unconsciously swings the ladder from side to side. As they talk, and the ladder sways more and more with each swing, Susan and David finally notice that Susan is in danger. Frightened, she climbs onto the skeleton, causing it to creak, and then collapse. David grabs her hand just as she falls, lifts her onto the platform, and halfheartedly complains about the loss of his years of work on his Brontosaurus as she talks him into forgiving her. Resigning himself to a future of chaos, David embraces and kisses Susan.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: In March 1937, Howard Hawks signed a contract at RKO for an adaptation of Rudyard Kipling's "Gunga Din", which had been in pre-production since the previous fall. When RKO was unable to borrow Clark Gable, Spencer Tracy and Franchot Tone from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for the film and the adaptation of "Gunga Din" was delayed, Hawks began looking for a new project. In April 1937, he read a short story by Hagar Wilde in "Collier's" magazine called "Bringing Up Baby" and immediately wanted to make a film from it, remembering that it made him laugh out loud. RKO bought the screen rights in June for $1,004, and Hawks worked briefly with Wilde on the film's treatment. Wilde's short story differed significantly from the film: David and Susan are engaged, he is not a scientist and there is no dinosaur, intercostal clavicle or museum. However, Susan gets a pet panther from her brother Mark to give to their Aunt Elizabeth; David and Susan must capture the panther in the Connecticut wilderness with the help of Baby's favorite song, "I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby".


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Hawks then hired screenwriter Dudley Nichols, best known for his work with director John Ford, for the script. Wilde would develop the characters and comedic elements of the script, while Nichols would take care of the story and structure. Hawks worked with the two writers during summer 1937, and they came up with a 202-page script. Wilde and Nichols wrote several drafts together, beginning a romantic relationship and co-authoring the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers film "Carefree" a few months later. The "Bringing Up Baby" script underwent several changes, and at one point there was an elaborate pie fight, inspired by Mack Sennett films. Major Applegate had an assistant and food taster named Ali (which was intended to be played by Mischa Auer), but this character was replaced with Aloysius Gogarty. The script's final draft had several scenes in the middle of the film in which David and Susan declare their love for each other which Hawks cut during production.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Nichols was instructed to write the film for Hepburn, with whom he had worked on John Ford's "Mary of Scotland" (1936). Barbara Leaming alleged that Ford had an affair with Hepburn, and claims that many of the characteristics of Susan and David were based on Hepburn and Ford. Nichols was in touch with Ford during the screenwriting, and the film included such members of the John Ford Stock Company as Ward Bond, Barry Fitzgerald, D'Arcy Corrigan and associate producer Cliff Reid. John Ford was a friend of Hawks, and visited the set. The round glasses Grant wears in the film are reminiscent of Harold Lloyd and of Ford.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Filming was scheduled to begin on September 1, 1937 and wrap on October 31, but was delayed for several reasons. Production had to wait until mid-September to clear the rights for "I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby" for $1,000. In August, Hawks hired gag writers Robert McGowan and Gertrude Purcell for uncredited script rewrites, and McGowan added a scene inspired by the comic strip "Professor Dinglehoofer and his Dog" in which a dog buries a rare dinosaur bone. RKO paid King Features $1,000 to use the idea for the film on September 21.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: It has been debated whether "Bringing Up Baby" is the first fictional work (apart from pornography) to use the word "gay" in a homosexual context. In one scene, Cary Grant's character is wearing a woman's marabou-trimmed négligée; when asked why, he replies exasperatedly "Because I just went gay all of a sudden!" (leaping into the air at the word "gay"). As the term "gay" was not familiar to the general public until the Stonewall riots in 1969, it is questioned whether the word is used by Grant in its original sense (meaning "happy") or is an intentional, joking reference to homosexuality.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The line in the film was an ad-lib by Grant, and was not in the script. According to Vito Russo in "The Celluloid Closet" (1981, revised 1987), the script originally had Grant's character say "I...I suppose you think it's odd, my wearing this. I realize it looks odd...I don't usually...I mean, I don't own one of these". Russo suggests that this indicates that people in Hollywood (at least in Grant's circles) were familiar with the slang connotations of the word; however, neither Grant nor anyone involved in the film suggested this.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The 1933 film "My Weakness" had previously used the word "gay" as an overt descriptor of homosexuality; one of two men pining away for the same woman suddenly suggests a solution to their mutual problem: "Let's be gay!" However, the Studio Relations Committee censors decreed that the line was too risqué and had to be muffled. The film "This Side of Heaven" (1934) included a scene in which a fussy, gossipy interior decorator tries to sell a floral fabric pattern to a customer, who knowingly replies, "It strikes me as a bit too gay."


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: After briefly considering Hawks' cousin Carole Lombard for the role of Susan Vance, producers chose Katharine Hepburn to play the wealthy New Englander because of her background and similarities to the character. RKO agreed to the casting, but had reservations because of Hepburn's salary and lack of box-office success for several years. Producer Lou Lusty said, "You couldn't even break even, if a Hepburn show cost eight hundred grand." At first, Hawks and producer Pandro S. Berman could not agree on whom to cast in the role of David Huxley. Hawks initially wanted silent-film comedian Harold Lloyd; Berman rejected Lloyd and Ronald Colman, offering the role to Robert Montgomery, Fredric March and Ray Milland (all of whom turned it down).


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Hawks' friend Howard Hughes finally suggested Cary Grant for the role. Grant had just finished shooting his breakthrough romantic comedy "The Awful Truth" (1937), and Hawks may have seen a rough cut of the unreleased film. Grant then had a non-exclusive, four-picture deal with RKO for $50,000 per film, and Grant's manager used his casting in the film to renegotiate his contract, earning him $75,000 plus the bonuses Hepburn was receiving. Grant was concerned about being able to play an intellectual character and took two weeks to accept the role, despite the new contract. Hawks built Grant's confidence by promising to coach him throughout the film, instructing him to watch Harold Lloyd films for inspiration. Grant met with Howard Hughes throughout the film to discuss his character, which he said helped his performance.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Hawks obtained character actors Charlie Ruggles on loan from Paramount Pictures for Major Horace Applegate and Barry Fitzgerald on loan from The Mary Pickford Corporation to play gardener Aloysius Gogarty. Hawks cast Virginia Walker as Alice Swallow, David's fiancée; Walker was under contract to him and later married his brother William Hawks. As Hawks could not find a panther that would work for the film, Baby was changed to a leopard so they could cast the trained leopard Nissa, who had worked in films for eight years, making several B-movies.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Shooting began September 23, 1937, and was scheduled to end November 20, 1937, on a budget of $767,676. Filming began in-studio with the scenes in Susan's apartment, moving to the Bel Air Country Club in early October for the golf-course scenes. The production had a difficult start due to Hepburn's struggles with her character and her comedic abilities. She frequently overacted, trying too hard to be funny, and Hawks asked vaudeville veteran Walter Catlett to help coach her. Catlett acted out scenes with Grant for Hepburn, showing her that he was funnier when he was serious. Hepburn understood, acted naturally and played herself for the rest of the shoot; she was so impressed by Catlett's talent and coaching ability that she insisted he play Constable Slocum in the film.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Most shooting was done at the Arthur Ranch in the San Fernando Valley, which was used as Aunt Elizabeth's estate for interior and exterior scenes. Beginning at the Arthur Ranch shoot, Grant and Hepburn often ad-libbed their dialogue and frequently delayed production by making each other laugh. The scene where Grant frantically asks Hepburn where his bone is was shot from 10 am until well after 4 pm because of the stars' laughing fits. After one month of shooting Hawks was seven days behind schedule. During the filming, Hawks would refer to four different versions of the film's script and make frequent changes to scenes and dialogue. His leisurely attitude on set and shutting down production to see a horse race contributed to the lost time. He took twelve days to shoot the Westlake jail scene instead of the scheduled five. Hawks later facetiously blamed the setbacks on his two stars' laughing fits and having to work with two animal actors.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The terrier George was played by Skippy, known as Asta in "The Thin Man" film series and co-starring with Grant (as Mr. Smith) in "The Awful Truth". The tame leopard Baby and the escaped circus leopard were both played by a trained leopard, Nissa. The big cat was supervised by its trainer, Olga Celeste, who stood by with a whip during shooting. At one point, when Hepburn spun around (causing her skirt to twirl) Nissa lunged at her and was subdued when Celeste cracked her whip. Hepburn wore heavy perfume to keep Nissa calm and was unafraid of the leopard, but Grant was terrified; most scenes of the two interacting are done in close-up with a stand-in. Hepburn played upon his fear by throwing a toy leopard through the roof of Grant's dressing room during production. There were several news reports about Hawks' difficulty filming the live leopard, and the potential danger to highly valuable actors, so some scenes required rear-screen projection, while several others were shot using traveling mattes. In a scene where Grant has Baby on a leash, it is quite obvious that the leash was hand painted on film because it proved impossible to make the two parts of the leash join in the traveling matte.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Hawks and Hepburn had a confrontation one day during shooting. While Hepburn was chatting with a crew member, Hawks yelled "Quiet!" until the only person still talking was Hepburn. When Hepburn paused and realized that everyone was looking at her, she asked what was the matter. Hawks asked her if she was finished imitating a parrot. Hepburn took Hawks aside, telling him never to talk to her like that again since she was old friends with most of the crew. When Hawks (an even older friend of the crew) asked a lighting tech whom he would rather drop a light on, Hepburn agreed to behave on set. A variation of this scene, with Grant yelling "Quiet!", was incorporated into the film.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The Westlake Street set was shot at 20th Century Fox Studios. Filming was eventually completed on January 6, 1938 with the scenes outside Mr. Peabody's house. RKO producers expressed concern about the film's delays and expense, coming in 40 days over schedule and $330,000 over budget, and also disliked Grant's glasses and Hepburn's hair. The film's final cost was $1,096,796.23, primarily due to overtime clauses in Hawks', Grant's and Hepburn's contracts. The film's cost for sets and props was only $5,000 over budget, but all actors (including Nissa and Skippy) were paid approximately double their initial salaries. Hepburn's salary rose from $72,500 to $121,680.50, Grant's salary from $75,000 to $123,437.50 and Hawks' salary from $88,046.25 to $202,500. The director received an additional $40,000 to terminate his RKO contract on March 21, 1938.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Hawks' editor, George Hively, cut the film during production and the final prints were made a few days after shooting ended. The first cut of the film (10,150 feet long) was sent to the Hayes Office in mid-January. Despite several double entendres and sexual references it passed the film, overlooking Grant saying he "went gay" or Hepburn's reference to George urinating. The censor's only objections were to the scene where Hepburn's dress is torn, and references to politicians (such as Al Smith and Jim Farley).


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Like all Hawks' comedies, the film is fast paced (despite being filmed primarily in long medium shots, with little cross-cutting). Hawks told Peter Bogdanovich, "You get more pace if you pace the actors quickly within the frame rather than cross cutting fast".


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: By February 18, the film had been cut to 9,204 feet. It had two advance previews in January 1938, where it received either As or A-pluses on audience-feedback cards. Producer Pandro S. Berman wanted to cut five more minutes, but relented when Hawks, Grant and Cliff Reid objected. At the film's second preview, the film received rave reviews and RKO expected a hit. The film's musical score is minimal, primarily Grant and Hepburn singing "I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby". There is incidental music in the Ritz scene, and an arrangement of "I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby" during the opening and closing credits by musical director Roy Webb.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The film was premiered on February 16, 1938 at the Golden Gate Theatre in San Francisco, before receiving a wide release on November 23, 1938. It received good advance reviews, with Otis Ferguson of "The New Republic" writing the film was very funny, and praising Hawks' direction. "Variety" also praised the film, singling out Hawks' pacing and direction, calling Hepburn's performance "one of her most invigorating screen characterizations" and saying Grant "performs his role to the hilt"; their only criticism was the length of the jail scene. "Film Daily" called it "literally a riot from beginning to end, with the laugh total heavy and the action fast." "Harrison's Reports" called the film "An excellent farce" with "many situations that provoke hearty laughter," and John Mosher of "The New Yorker" wrote that both stars "manage to be funny" and that Hepburn had never "seemed so good-natured." However, Frank S. Nugent of "The New York Times" disliked the film, considering it derivative and cliché-ridden, a rehash of dozens of other screwball comedies of the period. He labeled Hepburn's performance "breathless, senseless, and terribly, terribly fatiguing", and added, "If you've never been to the movies, "Bringing Up Baby" will be new to you – a zany-ridden product of the goofy-farce school. But who hasn't been to the movies?"


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 94% based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "With Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant at their effervescent best, "Bringing Up Baby" is a seamlessly assembled comedy with enduring appeal." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 91 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: Despite "Bringing Up Baby"s reputation as a flop, it was successful in some parts of the U.S. The film premiered on February 16, 1938 at the Golden Gate Theatre in San Francisco (where it was a hit), and was also successful in Los Angeles, Portland, Denver, Cincinnati and Washington, D.C. However, it was a financial disappointment in the Midwest, as well as most other cities in the country, including NYC; to RKO's chagrin, the film's premiere in New York on March 3, 1938 at Radio City Music Hall made only $70,000 and it was pulled after one week in favor of "Jezebel" with Bette Davis.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: During its first run, "Bringing Up Baby" made $715,000 in the U.S. and $394,000 in foreign markets for a total of $1,109,000; its reissue in 1940 and 1941 made an additional $95,000 in the US and $55,000 in foreign markets. Following its second run, the film made a profit of $163,000. Due to its perceived failure, Hawks was released early from his two-film contract with RKO and "Gunga Din" was eventually directed by George Stevens. Hawks later said the film "had a great fault and I learned an awful lot from that. There were "no" normal people in it. Everyone you met was a screwball and since that time I learned my lesson and don't intend ever again to make everybody crazy." The director went on to work with RKO on three films over the next decade. Long before "Bringing Up Baby"s release, Hepburn had been branded "box office poison" by Harry Brandt (president of the Independent Theatre Owners of America) and thus was allowed to buy out her RKO contract for $22,000. However, many critics marveled at her new skill at low comedy; "Life" magazine called her "the surprise of the picture". Hepburn's former boyfriend Howard Hughes bought RKO in 1948, and sold it in 1955; when he sold the company, Hughes retained the copyright to six films (including "Bringing Up Baby").


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: "Bringing Up Baby" was the second of four films starring Grant and Hepburn; the others were "Sylvia Scarlett" (1935), "Holiday" (1938) and "The Philadelphia Story" (1940). The film's concept was described by philosopher Stanley Cavell as a "definitive achievement in the history of the art of film." Cavell noted that "Bringing Up Baby" was made in a tradition of romantic comedy with inspiration from ancient Rome and Shakespeare. Shakespeare's "Much Ado About Nothing" and "As You Like It" have been cited in particular as influences on the film and the screwball comedy in general, with their "haughty, self-sufficient men, strong women and fierce combat of words and wit." Hepburn's character has been cited as an early example of the Manic Pixie Dream Girl film archetype.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The popularity of "Bringing Up Baby" has increased since it was shown on television during the 1950s, and by the 1960s film analysts (including the writers at "Cahiers du Cinéma" in France) affirmed the film's quality. In a rebuttal of fellow "New York Times" critic Nugent's scathing review of the film at the time of release, A. O. Scott has said that you'll "find yourself amazed at its freshness, its vigor, and its brilliance-qualities undiminished after sixty-five years, and likely to withstand repeated viewings." Leonard Maltin stated that it is now "considered the definitive screwball comedy, and one of the fastest, funniest films ever made; grand performances by all."


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: "Bringing Up Baby" has been adapted several times. Hawks recycled the nightclub scene in which Hepburn's dress is torn and Grant walks behind her in the comedy "Man's Favorite Sport" (1964). Peter Bogdanovich's film "What's Up, Doc?" (1972), starring Barbra Streisand and Ryan O'Neal, was intended as an homage to the film, and has contributed to its reputation. In the commentary track for "Bringing Up Baby", Bogdanovich discusses how the coat-ripping scene in "What's Up, Doc?" was based on the scene in which Grant's coat and Hepburn's dress are torn in "Bringing Up Baby".


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The French film "Une Femme ou Deux" (English: "One Woman or Two"; 1985), starring Gérard Depardieu, Sigourney Weaver, and Dr. Ruth Westheimer, is a rework of "Bringing Up Baby". The film "Who's That Girl?" (1987), starring Madonna, is also loosely based on "Bringing Up Baby".


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: In 1990 (the registry's second year), "Bringing Up Baby" was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". "Entertainment Weekly" voted the film 24th on its list of greatest films. In 2000, readers of "Total Film" magazine voted it the 47th-greatest comedy film of all time. "Premiere" ranked Cary Grant's performance as Dr. David Huxley 68th on its list of 100 all-time greatest performances, and ranked Susan Vance 21st on its list of 100 all-time greatest movie characters.


title: Bringing Up Baby

text: The National Society of Film Critics also included "Bringing Up Baby" in their "100 Essential Films", considering it to be arguably the director's best film.


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares is a television programme featuring British celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay first broadcast on Channel 4 in 2004.


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: In each episode, Ramsay visits a failing restaurant and acts as a troubleshooter to help improve the establishment in just one week. Ramsay revisits the restaurant a few months later to see how business has fared in his absence. Episodes from series one and two have been re-edited with additional new material as "Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares Revisited"; they featured Ramsay checking up on restaurants a year or more after he attended to them.


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: An American adaptation of this show, titled "Kitchen Nightmares", debuted 19 September 2007 on Fox. It is broadcast in the UK on Channel 4 as "Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares USA" to avoid confusion with the original title. Its run ended on 12 September 2014.


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: In October 2009, Ramsay announced that after his four-year contract expired in 2011 he would not continue with "Kitchen Nightmares" and would instead work on his other shows. Despite this, the show returned for one last series in 2014 (retitled as "Ramsay's Costa del Nightmares") where Ramsay visited and helped failing restaurants owned by Britons abroad. The final series also coincided with the ending of the US version. The show has won BAFTA and Emmy awards.


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: A one-off, two-hour special entitled "Ramsay’s Great British Nightmare" was broadcast on 30 January 2009 as part of The Great British Food Fight, a two-week series of food-related programming on Channel 4. In the programme, Ramsay campaigned for viewers to start supporting local restaurants, especially in a bad economy.


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: In June 2006, Ramsay won a High Court case against the "Evening Standard", which had alleged that scenes and the general condition of the restaurant had been faked for the first episode of "Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares". These allegations followed reports from the previous owner of Bonapartes, Sue Ray. Ramsay was awarded £75,000 plus costs. Ramsay said at the time: "I won't let people write anything they want to about me. We have never done anything in a cynical, fake way."


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: The programme received favourable reviews for its in-depth look into the restaurant industry. Jane Redfem of "Off the Telly" commented that the show "could have been cynically designed to exploit Ramsay’s foul-mouthed reputation... But watch, listen and think about what he is saying, and his genuine commitment to his profession in general, and the task at hand become abundantly evident." Lorna Martin of "The Observer" said ""Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares" is compulsive viewing – packed with excitement, emotion and entertainment."


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: "Slate's" Sara Dickerman was impressed by the show's "economic realism" in the tired food television genre. She wrote, "There is something refreshing about a show that doesn't promise a ticket to ride (a surgical makeover, a million dollars, Richard Branson's job) but instead offers restaurant owners the hope—if they seriously reform their establishments—that they might, just might, break even for the next few months."


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: "Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares" was named Best Feature at the 2005 and 2008 BAFTA awards. It also earned the 2006 International Emmy for best non-scripted entertainment.


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: On 3 March 2009, Acorn Media released series 1 of "Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares" on DVD in the US. Series 2 was released on 1 September 2009. Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares DVD news: Box Art for Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares - The Complete Series 2 | TVShowsOnDVD.com


title: Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares

text: For the Canadian market, Visual Entertainment has released the first three series of "Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares" on DVD in two volume sets.


title: Three Rings

text: In Tolkien's mythology, the Three Rings are magical artefacts forged by the Elves of Eregion. After the One Ring, they are the most powerful of the twenty Rings of Power.


title: Three Rings

text: The Three Rings were made by Celebrimbor after Sauron, in the guise of "Annatar", had left Eregion. These were free of Sauron's influence, as he did not have a hand in their making. However, they were still forged by Celebrimbor with the arts taught to him by Sauron and thus were still bound to the One Ring. Upon perceiving Sauron's intent, the Elves hid the Three from him. They were taken from Middle-earth to the blessed realm of Valinor at the end of the Third Age, after the destruction of the One Ring.


title: Three Rings

text: Commentators have observed that the Three Rings enabled the Elves to halt the passage of time within their realms, especially in Lothlórien where Galadriel wielded Nenya. Others have noted that their power was benevolent, in sharp contrast to the One Ring, and could be used to protect and to heal; and that Tolkien uses the Three Rings to elaborate the angelic and sacrificial aspects of the Elves in the battle between good and evil in the War of the Ring.


title: Three Rings

text: Jason Fisher, writing in "Tolkien Studies", notes that Tolkien developed the names, descriptions and powers of the Three Rings late and slowly through many drafts of his narratives. In Fisher's view, Tolkien found it difficult to work these Rings both into the existing story of the One Ring, and into the enormous but Ring-free Legendarium. Some of the descriptions, such as that Vilya was the mightiest of the Three, and that Narya was called "The Great", were added at the galley proof stage, just before printing. The Rings had earlier been named Kemen, Ëar, and Menel, meaning the Rings of Earth, Sea, and Heaven.


title: Three Rings

text: According to Johann Köberl, Tolkien struggled with the notion of a "special status" for the Elven-Rings, and considered having The Three set free when the One Ring was destroyed. In an unused draft by Tolkien, Galadriel counselled Celebrimbor to destroy all the Rings when Sauron's deception was revealed, but when he could not bear to ruin them, she suggested that the Three be hidden. According to "Unfinished Tales", at the start of the War of the Elves and Sauron, Celebrimbor gave both Narya and Vilya to Gil-galad, High King of the Noldor. Gil-galad later entrusted Vilya to his lieutenant Elrond, and Narya to Círdan the Shipwright, Lord of the Havens of Mithlond and leader of the Falathrim or "People of the Shore". Tolkien suggested that Sauron did not discover where the Three were hidden, though he guessed that they were given to Gil-galad and Galadriel. In the published "The Lord of the Rings", Gil-galad received only Vilya, while Círdan was the direct recipient of Narya from Celebrimbor.


title: Three Rings

text: Tolkien noted in his letters that the primary power of the Three was to "the prevention and slowing of "decay"", which appealed to the Elves in their pursuit of preserving what they loved in Middle-earth. As changeless beings in a changing world, the Elves who remained in Middle-earth relied on the Three to delay the inevitable rise of the Dominion of Men. Tolkien explained that the Elves can only be immortal as long as the world endures, leading them to be concerned to burdens of deathlessness in time and change. Wanting the bliss and perfect memory of Valinor, and yet to remain in Middle-earth with their prestige as the fairest, as opposed to being at the bottom of the hierarchy in the Undying Lands, they became obsessed with "fading".


title: Three Rings

text: The first Ring, Narya, was adorned with a red gemstone, which Tolkien stated was a ruby. It is seen in the final chapter of "The Lord of the Rings", along with the other two Elven Rings.


title: Three Rings

text: The name is derived from the Quenya "nár", "fire". It was also called Narya the Great, the Ring of Fire, the Red Ring, and The Kindler. Unlike the other Elven Rings, it is not said what metal Narya was made of. It is described as giving its wielder resistance to the weariness of time, and the power to inspire others to resist tyranny, domination, and despair; in other words, evoking hope in others around the wielder.


title: Three Rings

text: Círdan kept Narya after Gil-galad's death. At some point during the Third Age, Círdan passed the Ring to the Wizard Gandalf to aid him in his labours, having recognised his true nature as one of the Maiar from Valinor. This is not revealed until the end of "The Lord of the Rings", as Frodo reaches the quayside to leave Middle-earth, when "Gandalf now wore openly on his hand the Third Ring, Narya the Great". Gandalf's distinguishing skill is in the manipulation of fire; it is never made explicit that this power comes from Narya, but it appears that Tolkien intended this to be inferred.


title: Three Rings

text: The second Ring, Nenya, was made of "mithril" and adorned with a "white stone". The name is derived from the Quenya "nén" meaning "water". It is also called the Ring of Adamant, the Ring of Water, and the White Ring.


title: Three Rings

text: The Ring was wielded by Galadriel of Lothlórien; its radiance matched that of the stars. Frodo Baggins could see it by virtue of being a Ring-bearer, whereas Sam Gamgee tells Galadriel he only "saw a star through your fingers". It has been noted that "Adamant" means both a type of stone, usually a diamond, and "stubbornly resolute", a description that equally well suits the quality of Galadriel's resistance to Sauron.


title: Three Rings

text: Nenya's power gave preservation, protection, and possibly concealment from evil because "there is a secret power here that holds evil from the land". However, the facts that Orcs from Moria entered Lothlórien after "The Fellowship of the Ring" and Lothlórien itself had suffered previous attacks from Sauron's Orcs sent from Dol Guldur indicate that the power of the Ring did not constitute military prowess. It was said that, protected as it was by Nenya, Lothlórien would not have fallen unless Sauron had personally come to attack it. Galadriel used these powers to create and sustain Lothlórien, but the Ring also increased in her the longing for the Sea and her desire to return to the Undying Lands.


title: Three Rings

text: With the Ring's power gone, the magic and beauty of Lothlórien faded, along with the extraordinary "mallorn" trees (save the one that Samwise Gamgee grew in Hobbiton). Lothlórien was gradually depopulated, until by the time Arwen came there to die in the Fourth Age, it was deserted and in ruin.


title: Three Rings

text: The third Ring, Vilya, was made of gold and adorned with a "great blue stone", probably a sapphire. The name is derived from the Quenya "vilya", "air". It is also called the Ring of Air, the Ring of Firmament, or the Blue Ring.


title: Three Rings

text: Vilya was the mightiest of these three Rings, as mentioned in the ending chapter in "The Return of the King". The exact power of Vilya is not stated, though "The Silmarillion" states that Celebrimbor had forged the Three to heal and to preserve, rather than to enhance the strengths of each individual bearer as the Seven, Nine, and the lesser Rings did.


title: Three Rings

text: When Sauron laid waste to Eregion, Vilya was sent to the Elven-king Gil-galad far away in Lindon, where it was later given to Elrond, who bore it through the later years of the Second Age and all of the Third. Vilya's power of healing may have been particularly strong; Elrond is recognised as the greatest healer in Middle-earth at the time of the Quest. The Ring may have had the power to control minor elements, given that Elrond was able to summon a torrent of water as the Nazgûl attempted to capture Frodo and the One Ring.


title: Three Rings

text: Gwyneth Hood, writing in "Mythlore", explores two Catholic elements in the story of the Three Rings: the angelic and sacrificial aspects of the elves in the War of the Ring. To the hobbits of the Fellowship of the Ring, the elven Ring-bearers appear as angelic messengers, offering wise counsel. To save Middle-earth, they have to accept the plan to destroy the One Ring, and with it, the power of the Three Rings, which embody much of their own power. Hood notes that while Gandalf as one of the supernatural Maiar sent from Valinor is "remarkably unlike an elf", out of the wielders of the Three Rings he is the character who most closely combines the angelic and the sacrificial. The poet W. H. Auden, an early supporter of "Lord of the Rings", wrote in the "Tolkien Journal" that good triumphs over evil in the War of the Ring, but the Three Rings lose their power, as Galadriel had prophesied: "If you succeed, then our power is diminished, and Lothlórien will fade, and the tide of time will sweep it away". Hood further writes that Tolkien was suggesting that technology such as the making of Rings of Power is in itself neither good nor evil; both the Elves and Sauron (with his armies of orcs) use that technology, as they also both make and wear swords and mail armour, and shoot with bows.


title: Three Rings

text: Hood notes, too, that the elves use the power of their Rings benevolently, in sharp contrast to Sauron's domineering intentions for the One Ring. Galadriel uses her Ring to create a kind of Earthly Paradise in Lothlórien. Alexis Levitin, writing in the "Tolkien Journal", adds that the power for good in the Three Rings is limited in scope, not being usable for war or for dominating others; it can be used for purposes such as to protect a place such as Rivendell or Lothlórien, or to heal.


title: Three Rings

text: Commentators such as Kevin Aldrich and David Brin have pointed out that the Elves made the Three Rings to try to halt the passage of time, or as Tolkien had Elrond say, "to preserve all things unstained". This was seen most clearly in Lothlórien, which was free of both evil and the passage of time.


title: Greek salad

text: Greek salad or horiatiki salad ( or ) is a popular salad in Greek cuisine generally made with pieces of tomatoes, cucumbers, onion, feta cheese (usually served as a slice on top of the other ingredients), and olives (typically Kalamata olives) and dressed with salt, Greek oregano, and olive oil. Common additions include green bell pepper slices or caper berries (especially on the Dodecanese islands). Greek salad is often imagined as a farmer's breakfast or lunch, as its ingredients resemble those that a Greek farmer might have on hand.


title: Greek salad

text: Outside Greece, "Greek salad" may be a lettuce salad with Greek-inspired ingredients, even though the original dish is distinguished by the absence of lettuce. Meanwhile, the variant without lettuce may be called , 'peasant salad', or 'village salad'.


title: Greek salad

text: However in most European countries, including the UK, the dish broadly resembles the original, albeit often with non-Greek substitutions such as another cheese since feta cheese enjoys protected designation of origin status.


title: Greek salad

text: In an American-style Greek salad, lettuce, tomatoes, feta (often served in multiple cube-shaped cuttings mixed with the vegetables), and olives are the most standard elements, but cucumbers, peperoncini (pickled hot peppers), bell peppers, onions, radishes, "dolmades", and anchovies/sardines are common. Regional variants may include unusual components, e.g. in Detroit, beets, and in the Tampa Bay Area, potato salad. Dressings containing various herbs and seasonings are frequently used in the U.S. These styles of Greek salad are rarely encountered in Greece.


title: Greek salad

text: Various other salads have also been called "Greek" in the English language in the last century, including some with no apparent connection to Greek cuisine. A 1925 Australian newspaper described a Greek salad of boiled squash dressed with sour milk; a 1934 American newspaper described a mayonnaise-dressed lettuce salad with shredded cabbage and carrots.


title: Greek salad

text: Some spreads and dips found in the meze of Greek cuisine are also called "salads" in Greek, such as "melitzanosalata", "taramasalata" and tzatziki.


title: Rich Eisen

text: Richard Eisen (; born June 24, 1969) is an American television sportscaster and radio host. Since 2003, he has worked for NFL Network as a host of various pregame, halftime, and postgame shows. He also hosts a daily sports radio show, "The Rich Eisen Show". From 1996 to 2003, he worked at ESPN, most prominently as an anchor of "SportsCenter".


title: Rich Eisen

text: Eisen was born in Brooklyn, New York, and was raised on Staten Island. Eisen attended the University of Michigan, where he served as co–sports editor of the school's "Michigan Daily" and member of the Pi Kappa Phi fraternity. He graduated in 1990 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and in 1994 he earned a Master of Science degree in journalism from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University.


title: Rich Eisen

text: Eisen was first a staff writer for the "Staten Island Advance" from 1990 to 1993, and the "Chicago Tribune" in 1993 and 1994. He was then a sports anchor and reporter at KRCR-TV in Redding, California, from 1994 to 1996, and also worked in television as the Medill News Service's Washington correspondent (1994).


title: Rich Eisen

text: Before working for the NFL Network, he worked for ESPN. He was part of a duo with Stuart Scott, and became well known for his humor, most notably his impressions of Atlanta Braves broadcaster Skip Caray and provided interviews during the Home Run Derby. Eisen was also the host of ESPN's reality series, "Beg, Borrow & Deal". For ESPN Radio, he served as host of Major League Baseball and as a guest host on "The Tony Kornheiser Show" and "The Dan Patrick Show". Outside of the world of sports, Eisen hosted the ABC show "Domino Day".


title: Rich Eisen

text: Among Eisen's notable achievements while at ESPN, was breaking the news of St. Louis slugger Mark McGwire's retirement from baseball in 2001 on "SportsCenter". Days later, he sat down with McGwire for an exclusive interview elaborating on the decision.


title: Rich Eisen

text: Rich Eisen was the first on-air talent added to the NFL Network roster in June 2003. He was the main host of "NFL Total Access", the network's flagship program, until August 2011.


title: Rich Eisen

text: Eisen signed a new long-term deal with NFL Network in 2010 and became the new host of "NFL GameDay Morning", the first pregame show on the NFL Network. Eisen also remains host of "NFL GameDay Highlights", as well as NFL Network's "Thursday Night Football" pregame, halftime and postgame shows and special on-location coverage from league events such as Kickoff, Pro Football Hall of Fame, NFL Scouting Combine, NFL Draft and Super Bowl.


title: Rich Eisen

text: Eisen expanded his résumé in 2010 with the debut of "The Rich Eisen Podcast," the first-ever podcast for NFL.com. The weekly podcast, available on Apple Podcasts among many other sources, features guests from the world of sports and entertainment news talking football and all the latest headlines. Since its debut, the podcast has been downloaded more than seven million times and celebrated its 200th episode. Eisen hosts his nationally syndicated sports talk radio show with Chris Brockman, Michael Del Tufo, and TJ Jefferson.


title: Rich Eisen

text: In November 2012, Eisen's first Thanksgiving Special aired on the NFL Network with a variety of celebrity guests talking mostly sports and current events.


title: Rich Eisen

text: Eisen turned his annual sprint into a charitable campaign "#RunRichRun" which raises money for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. His campaign has already raised over 2.5 million dollars and for his work he was honored with the 2017 Pat Summerall Award. A graphic based on one of his runs is the trademark of his weekday radio and television talk show.


title: Rich Eisen

text: On October 6, 2014, Eisen began a new sportstalk TV/radio show, "The Rich Eisen Show". The show was broadcast live from DirecTV's El Segundo, California Studios on Audience Network and NFL Now.


title: Rich Eisen

text: On November 3, 2014, the show was picked up by Fox Sports Radio and broadcast daily from noon-3 p.m. ET. Eisen took over the slot from Jay Mohr, who moved to the 3–6 p.m. slot.


title: Rich Eisen

text: In early March 2020, the show's broadcast moved from Audience to YouTube due to the impending shutdown of Audience. NBCSN and eventually NBC's streaming service Peacock would pick up the show later in 2020.


title: Rich Eisen

text: "The Rich Eisen Show" has been part of the NBC Sports Audio lineup since the Sirius XM channel's launch on December 3, 2020.


title: Rich Eisen

text: Eisen was the host of the TNT original reality series, "The Great Escape", which debuted on June 24, 2012, and was cancelled in October 2012.


title: Rich Eisen

text: From 2015 to 2017, Eisen had a recurring role as himself on the CBS sitcom "The Odd Couple", playing the arch rival of fictional sports radio personality Oscar Madison (Matthew Perry).


title: Rich Eisen

text: In February 2018, Eisen co-hosted, with Rebecca Romijn, "The American Rescue Dog Show" on The Hallmark Channel.


title: Rich Eisen

text: Eisen is Jewish. In 2003, Eisen married Suzy Shuster, formerly a college football sideline reporter for ESPN on ABC. They have two sons and a daughter, and live near Coldwater Canyon in Beverly Hills, California.


title: Rich Eisen

text: Eisen wrote the book "Total Access", which was published in 2007. In 2012, he started the "Punters Are People Too" movement after Bryan Anger was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: Kōbe is the capital and largest city of Hyōgo Prefecture, and the seventh-largest city in Japan, with other major cities including Himeji, Nishinomiya, and Amagasaki. Hyōgo Prefecture's mainland stretches from the Sea of Japan to the Seto Inland Sea, where Awaji Island and a small archipelago of islands belonging to the prefecture are located. Hyōgo Prefecture is a major economic center, transportation hub, and tourist destination in western Japan, with 20% of the prefecture's land area designated as Natural Parks. Hyōgo Prefecture forms part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area, the second-most-populated urban region in Japan after the Greater Tokyo area and one of the world's most productive regions by GDP.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: Present-day Hyōgo Prefecture includes the former provinces of Harima, Tajima, Awaji, and parts of Tanba and Settsu.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: In 1180, near the end of the Heian period, Emperor Antoku, Taira no Kiyomori, and the Imperial court moved briefly to Fukuhara, in what is now the city of Kobe. There the capital remained for five months.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: Southern Hyōgo Prefecture was severely devastated by the 6.9 Mw Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995, which destroyed major parts of Kobe and Awaji, as well as Takarazuka and neighboring Osaka Prefecture, killing nearly 6,500 people.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: Hyōgo has coastlines on two seas: to the north, the Sea of Japan, to the south, the Seto Inland Sea. On Awaji Island, Hyōgo borders the Pacific Ocean coastline in the Kii Channel. The northern portion is sparsely populated, except for the city of Toyooka, and the central highlands are only populated by tiny villages. Most of Hyōgo's population lives on the southern coast, which is part of the Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto metropolitan area. Awaji is an island that separates the Inland Sea and Osaka Bay, lying between Honshu and Shikoku.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: Summertime weather throughout Hyōgo is hot and humid. As for winter conditions in Hyōgo, the north of Hyōgo tends to receive abundant snow, whilst the south receives only the occasional flurry.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: The city of Akō and the only town in Akō District (Kamigōri), were scheduled to merge and the city would still retain the name Akō. Akō District would be defunct if the merger was successful. However, the merger hasn't taken place.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: As in all prefectures nationwide, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries play a big role in the economy of Hyogo Prefecture.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: Hyōgo Prefecture also has an IT industry, many heavy industries, metal and medical, Kobe Port being one of the largest ports in Japan. Kobe Port also hosts one of the world's fastest supercomputers, and Hyogo Prefecture passed laws to keep Kobe Port free of nuclear weapons (a nuclear-free zone) since the year 1975.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: Hyōgo is a part of the Hanshin Industrial Region. There are two research institutes of Riken, natural sciences research institute in Japan, in Kobe and Harima. "SPring-8", a synchrotron radiation facility, is in Harima.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: There are 163 public and 52 private high schools within Hyogo prefecture. Of the public high schools, some are administered by the Hyogo prefectural government, whilst the others are administered by local municipalities.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: Arima Onsen in the south of the province in Kita-ku, Kobe is one of the Three Ancient Springs in Japan. The north of Hyogo Prefecture has sightseeing spots such as Kinosaki Onsen, Izushi, and Yumura Onsen. Takeda Castle in Asago is often referred to locally as the "Machu Picchu of Japan". The matsuba crab and Tajima beef are both national delicacies.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: Hyogo entered a sister state relationship with Washington state in the United States on October 22, 1963, the first such arrangement between Japan and the United States.


title: Hyōgo Prefecture

text: In 1981, a sister state agreement was drawn up between Hyogo and the state of Western Australia in Australia. To commemorate the 10th anniversary of this agreement in 1992, the Hyogo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre was established in Perth.


title: Sixteen Tons

text: "Sixteen Tons" is a song written by Merle Travis about a coal miner, based on life in the mines of Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. Travis first recorded the song at the Radio Recorders Studio B in Hollywood, California, on August 8, 1946. Cliffie Stone played bass on the recording. It was first released in July 1947 by Capitol on Travis's album "Folk Songs of the Hills". The song became a gold record.


title: Sixteen Tons

text: The line "You load sixteen tons and what do you get? Another day older and deeper in debt" came from a letter written by Travis's brother John. Another line came from their father, a coal miner, who would say: "I can't afford to die. I owe my soul to the company store."


title: Sixteen Tons

text: The best known version was recorded in 1955 by American singer Tennessee Ernie Ford reached number one in the "Billboard" charts, while another version, by Frankie Laine in 1956, was released only in Western Europe, where it gave Ford's version competition.


title: Sixteen Tons

text: On March 25, 2015, Ford's version of the song was inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry.


title: Sixteen Tons

text: The sole authorship of "Sixteen Tons" is attributed to Merle Travis on all recordings beginning with Travis's own 1946 record and is registered with BMI as a Merle Travis composition. George S. Davis, a folk singer and songwriter who had been a Kentucky coal miner, claimed on a 1966 recording for Folkways Records to have written the song as "Nine-to-ten tons" in the 1930s; he also at different times claimed to have written the song as "Twenty-One Tons". There is no supporting evidence for Davis's claim. Davis's 1966 recording of his version of the song (with some slightly different lyrics and tune, but titled "Sixteen Tons") appears on the albums "George Davis: When Kentucky Had No Union Men" and "Classic Mountain Songs from Smithsonian".


title: Sixteen Tons

text: The line "another day older and deeper in debt" from the chorus came from a letter written by Travis's brother John. This and the line "I owe my soul to the company store" are a reference to the truck system and to debt bondage. Under this scrip system, workers were not paid cash; rather they were paid with non-transferable credit vouchers that could be exchanged only for goods sold at the company store. This made it impossible for workers to store up cash savings. Workers also usually lived in company-owned dormitories or houses, the rent for which was automatically deducted from their pay. In the United States the truck system and associated debt bondage persisted until the strikes of the newly formed United Mine Workers and affiliated unions forced an end to such practices.


title: Sixteen Tons

text: Tennessee Ernie Ford recorded "Sixteen Tons" in 1955 as the B-side of his cover of the Moon Mullican standard "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry". With Ford's snapping fingers and a unique clarinet-driven pop arrangement, it quickly became a million seller. It hit "Billboard"'s country music chart in November and held the No. 1 position for ten weeks, then crossed over and held the number 1 position on the pop music chart for eight weeks, besting the competing version by Johnny Desmond. In the United Kingdom, Ford's version competed with versions by Edmund Hockridge and Frankie Laine. Nevertheless, Ford's version was the most successful, spending four weeks at number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in January and February 1956.


title: Sixteen Tons

text: Laine's version was not released in the United States but sold well in the UK. Ford's version was released on 17 October, and by 28 October had sold 400,000 copies. On 10 November, a million copies had been sold; two million were sold by 15 December.


title: Free-to-play

text: Free-to-play (F2P or FtP) video games are games that give players access to a significant portion of their content without paying or do not require paying to continue playing. Free-to-play is distinct from traditional commercial software, which requires a payment before using the game or service. It is also separate from freeware games, which are entirely costless. Free-to-play's model is sometimes derisively referred to as free-to-start due to not being entirely free. Free to play games have also been widely criticized as “pay-to-win”— that is, that players can generally pay to obtain competitive or power advantages over other players.


title: Free-to-play

text: There are several kinds of free-to-play business models. The most common is based on the freemium software model, in which users are granted access to a fully functional game but are incentivised to pay microtransactions to access additional content. Sometimes the content is entirely blocked without payment; other times it requires immense time 'unlocking' it for non-paying players, and paying the fee speeds the unlocking process. Another method of generating revenue is to integrate advertisements into the game.


title: Free-to-play

text: The model was first popularly used in early massively multiplayer online games targeted towards casual gamers, before finding wider adoption among games released by major video game publishers to combat video game piracy.


title: Free-to-play

text: In-game items can be purely cosmetic, enhance the power of the player, accelerate progression speed, and many more. A common technique used by developers of these games is for the items purchased to have a time limit; after this expires, the item must be repurchased before the user can continue. Another commonly seen mechanic is the use of two in-game currencies: one earned through normal gameplay, and another which can be purchased with real-world money. The second, "premium" currency is sometimes given out in small amounts to non-paying players at certain times, such as when they first start the game, complete a quest, or refer a friend to the game. Many browser games have an "energy bar" that depletes when the player takes actions. These games then sell items such as coffee or snacks to refill the bar.


title: Free-to-play

text: Free-to-play games are free to install and play, but once the player enters the game, the player is able to purchase content such as items, maps, and expanded customization options. Some games, such as id Software's "Quake Live", also use in-game advertising to provide income for free-to-play games. In addition to making in-game items available for purchase, EA integrates in-game advertising into its games. In August 2007, EA completed a deal with Massive Incorporated, which lets Massive update and change in-game advertising in real-time within EA games. Independent game developer Edmund McMillen has claimed that he makes most of his money from sponsors by placing advertisements into the introduction of a game and the game's title screen.


title: Free-to-play

text: Matt Mihaly created the first known business model of exchanging virtual items for money in an online game, in 1997 for the flagship title "Achaea, Dreams of Divine Lands" for his corporation originally Achaea LLC that later became Iron Realms Entertainment. The free-to-play business model in online games was later realized by Nexon in South Korea to a degree first catching more major media attention at the time. The first Nexon game to use it, "QuizQuiz", was released in October 1999. Its creator Lee Seungchan would go on to create "MapleStory".


title: Free-to-play

text: The free-to-play model originated in the late 1990s and early 2000s, coming from a series of highly successful MMOs targeted towards children and casual gamers, including "Furcadia", "Neopets", "RuneScape", "MapleStory", and text-based dungeons such as "Achaea, Dreams of Divine Lands". Known for producing innovative titles, small independent developers also continue to release free-to-play games.


title: Free-to-play

text: Free-to-play games are particularly prevalent in countries such as South Korea and the People's Republic of China. Microtransaction-based free-to-play mobile games and browser games such as "Puzzle & Dragons", "Kantai Collection" and "The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls" also have large player populations in Japan. In particular, the "Nikkei Shimbun" reported that "Cinderella Girls" earns over 1 billion yen in revenue monthly from microtransactions. Electronic Arts first adopted the free-to-play concept in one of its games when it released "FIFA Online" in Korea.


title: Free-to-play

text: In the late 2000s, many MMOs transitioned to the free-to-play model from subscriptions, including subscription-based games such as "", "", "Dungeons & Dragons Online", and "Champions Online". This move from a subscription based model to a free-to-play one has proven very beneficial in some cases. "Star Wars: The Old Republic" is a good example of a game that transitioned from subscription to free-to-play. Turbine as of September 10, 2010 has given an F2P with Cash shop option to "The Lord of the Rings Online" which resulted in a tripling of profit. Sony Online Entertainment's move to transition "EverQuest" from a subscription model into a hybrid F2P/subscription game was followed by a 125% spike in item sales, a 150% up-tick in unique log-ins, and over three times as many account registrations.


title: Free-to-play

text: The movement of free-to-play MMOs into the mainstream also coincided with experimentation with other genres as well. The model was picked up by larger developers and more diverse genres, with games such as "Battlefield Heroes", "Free Realms", "Quake Live" and "Team Fortress 2" appearing in the late 2000s. The experimentation was not successful in every genre, however. Traditional real time strategy franchises such as "Age of Empires" and "Command & Conquer" both attempted free-to-play titles. "Age of Empires Online" was shut down in the midst of a tiny player base and stagnant revenue, and "" was shut down in alpha due to negative reactions from players.


title: Free-to-play

text: In 2011, revenue from free-to-play games overtook revenue from premium games in the top 100 games in Apple's App Store. The percentage of people that spend money on in-game items in these games ranges from 0.5% to 6%, depending on a game's quality and mechanics. Even though this means that a large number of people will never spend money in a game, it also means that the people that do spend money could amount to a sizeable number due to the fact that the game was given away for free. Indeed a report from mobile advertising company firm SWRV stated that only 1.5 percent of players opted to pay for in-game items, and that 50 percent of the revenue for such games often came from just ten percent of players. Nevertheless "The Washington Post" noted that the developers of two such games, Supercell ("Clash of Clans") and Machine Zone (""), were able to afford Super Bowl commercials in 2015 featuring big-name celebrities (respectively Liam Neeson and Kate Upton). The latter, "Game of War", was in fact, part of a roughly $40 million campaign starring Upton.


title: Free-to-play

text: As of 2012, free-to-play MOBAs, such as "League of Legends", "Dota 2," "Heroes of the Storm", and "Smite" had become among the most popular PC games. The success in the genre has helped convince many video game publishers to copy the free-to-play MOBA model.


title: Free-to-play

text: During 2015, Slice Intelligence tracked people that bought products in mobile video games, and these players spent an average of $87 in free-to-play games. The highest spending per player in 2015 was in "", where the players that bought products on average spent $550.


title: Free-to-play

text: The free-to-play model has been described as a shift from the traditional model, also known as premium-priced games, where consumers paid for the cost of the game upfront and the game's success was measured by multiplying the number of units of a game sold by the unit price. Within free-to-play, the most important factor is the number of players that a game can keep continuously engaged, followed by how many compelling spending opportunities the game offers its players. With free games that include in-game purchases, two particularly important things occur: first, more people will try out the game since there is zero cost to doing so and second, revenue will likely be more than a traditional game since different players can now spend different amounts of money that depend on their engagement with the game and their preferences towards it. Player populations that spend money on free-to-play games can be broken up into terms that borrow from gambling: "whales" which typically are the smallest segment, up to around 10% of players, but are willing to spend the most on a game; "dolphins" which represent a larger portion of around 40% of players who spend some money but not as much as whales; and "minnows", representing about half the population, who spend the barest amount to maintain activity. As a result of this distribution, whales typically provide most of the revenue in free to play games, and in some cases, 50% of the revenue comes from 0.15% of players ("white whales") in one report. It is not unlikely for a very few players to spend tens of thousands of dollars in a game that they enjoy.


title: Free-to-play

text: On the PC in particular, two problems are video game piracy and high system requirements. The free-to-play model attempts to solve both these problems by providing a game that requires relatively low system requirements and at no cost, and consequently provides a highly accessible experience funded by advertising and micropayments for extra content or an advantage over other players.


title: Free-to-play

text: Free-to-play is newer than the pay to play model, and the video game industry is still attempting to determine the best ways to maximize revenue from their games. Gamers have cited the fact that purchasing a game for a fixed price is still inherently satisfying because the consumer knows exactly what they will be receiving, compared to free-to-play which requires that the player pay for most new content that they wish to obtain. The term itself, "free-to-play", has been described as one with a negative connotation. One video game developer noted this, stating, "Our hope—and the basket we're putting our eggs in—is that 'free' will soon be disassociated with [sic] 'shallow' and 'cruddy'." However, another noted that developing freeware games gave developers the largest amount of creative freedom, especially when compared to developing console games, which requires that the game follow the criteria as laid out by the game's publisher. Many kinds of revenue are being experimented with. For example, with its "Free Realms" game targeted to children and casual gamers, Sony makes money from the product with advertisements on loading screens, free virtual goods sponsored by companies such as Best Buy, a subscription option to unlock extra content, a collectible card game, a comic book, and micropayment items that include character customization options.


title: Free-to-play

text: In 2020, a study from Germany concluded that some free-to-play games use the "money illusion" as a form to hide the true cost of products. When they examined the game "Fortnite", they found that since the in-game currency does not have a unique exchange rate, it can conceal the true cost of an in-game purchase, resulting in players potentially paying more than they realize. In 2021 the study was used to take legal action against Epic Games, the publisher of "Fortnite".


title: Free-to-play

text: In some games, players who are willing to pay for special items, downloadable content, or to skip cooldown timers may be able to gain an advantage over those playing for free who might otherwise hardly be able to access said items. Such games are called "pay-to-win" (abbreviated as "P2W"). In general a game is considered pay-to-win when a player can gain any advantage over their non-paying peers. Market research indicates that pay-to-win mechanics are considered much more acceptable by players in China than in Western countries, possibly because Chinese players are more habituated to recurring costs associated with gaming, such as gaming café fees.


title: Free-to-play

text: A common suggestion for avoiding pay-to-win is for payments to only be used to broaden the experience without affecting gameplay. For example, some games, such as "Dota 2", "Fortnite Battle Royale," and "StarCraft II", only allow the purchase of cosmetic items, meaning that a player who has spent money on the game will still be on the same level as a player who has not. Others suggest finding a balance where a game encourages players to pay for extra content that enhances the game without making the free version feel limited by comparison. This theory is that players who do not pay for items would still increase awareness of it through word of mouth marketing, which ultimately benefits the game indirectly.


title: Free-to-play

text: In response to concerns about players using payments to gain an advantage in the game, titles such as "World of Tanks" have explicitly committed to not giving paying players any advantages over their non-paying peers, while allowing the users buying the "gold" or "premium" ammo and expendables without paying the real money. However, features affecting gameplay and win rate, such as purchasing a 100% crew training level, a premium account, premium vehicles, and converting experience points to free experience points, remain available for the paying customers only.


title: Free-to-play

text: Play-to-earn, also known as pay-to-earn, is a model of monetization that uses cryptocurrency and other blockchain technologies.


title: Free-to-play

text: In single-player games, another concern is the tendency for free games to constantly request that the player buy extra content, in a similar vein to nagware and trialware's frequent demands for the user to 'upgrade'. Payment may be required in order to survive or continue in the game, annoying or distracting the player from the experience. Some psychologists, such as Mark D. Griffiths, have criticized the mechanics of freemium games as exploitative, drawing direct parallels to gambling addiction.


title: Free-to-play

text: The ubiquitous and often intrusive use of microtransactions in free-to-play games has sometimes caused children to either inadvertently or deliberately pay for large amounts of virtual items, often for drastically high amounts of real money. In February 2013, "Eurogamer" reported that Apple had agreed to refund a British family £1700.41 after their son had purchased countless microtransactions whilst playing the F2P game "Zombies vs. Ninjas".


title: Free-to-play

text: Pointing to the disruptive effect of free-to-play on current models, IGN editor Charles Onyett has said "expensive, one-time purchases are facing extinction". He believes that the current method of paying a one-time fee for most games will eventually disappear completely. Greg Zeschuk of BioWare believes there is a good possibility that free-to-play would become the dominant pricing plan for games, but that it was very unlikely that it would ever completely replace subscription-based games. Developers such as Electronic Arts have pointed to the success of freemium, saying that microtransactions will inevitably be part of every game. While noting the success of some developers with the model, companies such as Nintendo have remained skeptical of free-to-play, preferring to stick to more traditional models of game development and sales. In February 2015 Apple began featuring popular non-freemium software on the App Store as "Pay Once & Play", describing them as "Great Games with No In-App Purchases ... hours of uninterrupted fun with complete experiences".


title: Pelvic thrust

text: The pelvic thrust is the thrusting motion of the pelvic region, which is used for a variety of activities, such as dance or sexual activity.


title: Pelvic thrust

text: The pelvic thrust is used during copulation by many species of mammals, including humans, or for other sexual activities (such as non-penetrative sex). In 2007, German scientists noted that female monkeys could increase the vigor and amount of pelvic thrusts made by the male by shouting during intercourse. In whitetail deer, copulation consists of a single pelvic thrust.


title: Pelvic thrust

text: One of the first to perform this move on stage was Elvis Presley. It was quite controversial due to its obvious sexual connotations. Due to this controversy, he was sometimes shown (as seen on his third appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show") from the waist up on TV. Later, the pelvic thrust also became one of the signature moves of Michael Jackson. Twerking, a reverse and sometimes passive form of pelvic thrust dance move, is also a very popular form of hip-hop dance move. The sideways pelvic thrust is a famous female dance move in India and Bangladesh and known as "thumka". It appears in the lyrics of various Bollywood songs.


title: Pelvic thrust

text: As an exercise, bodybuilders commonly add weights (either a barbell or plate) to train the gluteus maximus muscle.


title: Pelvic thrust

text: Pelvic thrusting is observed in infant monkeys, apes, and humans. These observations led ethologist John Bowlby (1969) to suggest that infantile sexual behavior may be the rule in mammals, not the exception. Thrusting has been observed in humans at eight to 10 months of age and may be an expression of affection. Typically, the infant clings to the parent, then nuzzles, thrusts, and rotates the pelvis for several seconds.


title: Wagah

text: Wagah () or Wagha (Shahmukhi ) is a village and union council (UC 181) located in the Wahga Zone near Lahore City District, Pakistan. The town is famous for the Wagah border ceremony and also serves as a goods transit terminal and a railway station between Pakistan and India. Wahga is situated west of the border and lies on the historic Grand Trunk Road between Lahore and Amritsar in India. The border is located from Lahore and from Amritsar. It is also from the bordering village of Attari, India. The Wagah ceremony takes place every evening.


title: Wagah

text: The border crossing draws its name from Wahga village, near which the Radcliffe Line, the boundary demarcation line dividing India and Pakistan upon the Partition of British India, was drawn. At the time of the independence in 1947, migrants from India entered Pakistan through this border crossing and vice versa. The Wagah railway station is to the south and from the border.