title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Belgium and England had previously met in 22 matches, including three matches at the World Cup, one round of 16 game at the 1990 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 1–0 victory for England, one group stage game at the 1954 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 4–4 draw and their most recent encounter in Group G of this tournament which Belgium won 1–0.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: After four minutes, Thomas Meunier raced into the box to get across Danny Rose and tucked home Nacer Chadli's low cross in from the left from six yards out. Harry Kane scuffed wide of the left post, from a Raheem Sterling lay-off. In the 70th minute, Eric Dier burst through for a one-on-one and dinked over Thibaut Courtois, only to see a retreating Toby Alderweireld hack the ball off the line. Jordan Pickford made a one-handed save to deny Meunier in the 80th minute. Eden Hazard scored the second with a near-post finish with his right foot, having been sent clean through by Kevin De Bruyne.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Meunier was the 10th player to score for Belgium at the 2018 World Cup. No other team had more, equalling France in 1982 and Italy in 2006. This became Belgium's best finish at a World Cup, having previously finished fourth in 1986. This was England's 100th match at a major tournament – 69 at the World Cup and 31 at the European Championship. Since 1966, no player had been involved in more World Cup goals for Belgium than Hazard (seven – three goals and four assists), level with Jan Ceulemans (also four goals and three assists).


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The match was the sixth meeting between France and Croatia, with France undefeated in the previous fixtures with three wins and two draws. The two sides first met in the 1998 World Cup semi-final, with hosts France winning 2–1. Their only other competitive meeting was during the group stage of Euro 2004, which finished as a 2–2 draw. Their next and most recent meeting was in a March 2011 friendly match, which finished as a 0–0 draw.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: Sphere is a 1998 American science fiction psychological thriller film directed and produced by Barry Levinson, adapted by Kurt Wimmer, and starring Dustin Hoffman, Sharon Stone, and Samuel L. Jackson. "Sphere" is based on the 1987 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton. The film was released in the United States on February 13, 1998.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: A spacecraft, presumed to be of alien origin, is discovered on the floor of the Pacific Ocean, estimated to have been there for nearly 300 years. A team of experts, including marine biologist Dr. Beth Halperin, mathematician Dr. Harry Adams, astrophysicist Dr. Ted Fielding, psychologist Dr. Norman Goodman, and U.S. Navy Captain Harold Barnes, are assembled and taken to the Habitat, a state-of-the-art underwater living environment located near the spacecraft.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: Upon examination of the spacecraft, they are perplexed to learn it is not alien at all, but rather American in origin. However, its technology far surpasses any in the present day. The ship's computer logs cryptically suggest a mission that originated either in the distant past or future, but the team manages to deduce that the long dead crew were tasked with collecting an item of scientific importance. Norman and Beth discover the ship's logs, with the last entry noting an "unknown event." A holographic re-enactment of the event reveals that hundreds of years in the future the ship encountered a black hole, which apparently led to the ship crash landing in the ocean, back in the 1700s. Soon after, Norman and the others eventually stumble upon a large, yet perfect sphere hovering in the cargo bay. They cannot find any way to probe the inside of the sphere, as the fluid surface seems to be impenetrable. Upon observation, Norman ominously notes the sphere reflects everything in the room except them.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: Once they return to the Habitat, Harry hypothesizes that everyone on this team is fated to die. Harry notes that the black hole is referred to as an "unknown event" in the future logs. However, here in the present they have knowledge of the historic event, yet it's unable to be explained later on. During the night, Harry returns to the spacecraft and is able to enter the sphere. Norman follows after Harry, where he finds him unconscious next to the sphere and returns him to the Habitat. The next day, the crew discovers a series of numeric-encoded messages appearing on the computer screens; the crew is able to decipher them and comes to believe they are speaking to "Jerry", an alien intelligence from the sphere. They find Jerry is able to see and hear everything that happens on the Habitat.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: A powerful typhoon strikes the surface, and the Habitat crew is forced to stay in the Habitat several more days. During that time, a series of tragedies strikes the crew, including attacks from aggressive jellyfish and a giant squid, and equipment failures in the base, which kill Ted and the team's support staff. The survivors, Beth, Harry, and Norman, believe Jerry is responsible. Norman discovers that they had misinterpreted the initial messages from Jerry, and that the entity speaking to them through the computers is actually Harry himself, transmitted from his mind while he is asleep. Norman and Beth eventually realize that when Harry entered the sphere, he gained the ability to make anything he imagines a reality and conclude that all the horrors that have befallen the Habitat were manifestations of Harry's fears.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: Norman and Beth sedate Harry with enough sleeping drugs to put him into a dreamless sleep to prevent him from doing any further damage. When Norman is attacked by a snake, however, Beth realizes that Harry alone could not have been responsible for everything that had happened on the Habitat and confronts Norman, accusing him of entering the sphere when he went to retrieve Harry. Beth's suspicions prove to be correct, but after experiencing her own nightmarish vision, she confesses to Norman that she too entered the sphere. Upon being rejoined by Harry, the three of them realize that the crew of the ship must have also entered the sphere and ended up killing each other after being driven mad by their fears. Under the stress of the situation, Beth has suicidal thoughts which causes the detonation mechanisms on a store of explosives to engage, threatening to destroy the base and the spacecraft. They race to the Habitat's mini-sub, but their combined fears cause them to re-appear back in the spacecraft. As a psychologist, Norman is able to see through the illusion. He triggers the mini-sub's undocking process and overrides the others' fears that they will not escape the destruction of the Habitat and spacecraft. The sphere is untouched by the explosions.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: The mini-sub makes it to the surface as the surface ships return. As Beth, Harry, and Norman begin safe decompression, they realize that they will be debriefed and their newfound powers discovered. They agree to erase their memories of the event using their powers, ensuring the "unknown event" paradox is resolved. The sphere rises from the ocean and then accelerates off into space.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: Hoffman joined the cast because of Levinson's involvement. Hoffman and Levinson had collaborated on several prior projects, and Hoffman had faith that Levinson could raise the project beyond its script. Due to budgetary concerns, pre-production stopped in October 1996, and the script was revised. In the interim, Levinson directed "Wag the Dog", which also starred Hoffman. Shooting on "Sphere" began in March 1997, with a budget that "Variety" estimates was $80 million. Shooting took place at a naval base on Mare Island in Vallejo, California. Principal photography ended in July 1997, after 68 days.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: "Sphere" initially had a Christmas release date but was moved forward to avoid competition. Warner Bros. released the film theatrically in the US on February 13, 1998, where it debuted in third place and grossed $37 million in total. "Sphere" did almost as well internationally, grossing $73.4 million worldwide.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: "Sphere" received mostly negative reviews from critics. The "Los Angeles Times" characterized it as a flop.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 11% based on 53 reviews, with an average score of 3.93/10; the site's critical consensus states, ""Sphere" features an A-level cast working with B-grade material, with a story seen previously in superior science-fiction films". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 35 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "C−" on scale of A to F.


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: Todd McCarthy of "Variety" called it derivative of classic science fiction films and devoid of suspense. Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote, "While this is no quick-witted treat on a par with Mr. Levinson's "Wag the Dog", it's a solid thriller with showy scientific overtones". Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "The more the movie explains itself, the more ordinary it becomes." Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 and stated, " 'Sphere' feels rushed. The screenplay uses lots of talk to conceal the fact that the story has never been grappled with."


title: Sphere (1998 film)

text: Barry Levinson said he had been inspired to write the basic plot line for his subsequent film, "Liberty Heights", based on a review of the film for "Entertainment Weekly"; its critic, Lisa Schwarzbaum, specified that Hoffman played "the empathetic Jewish psychologist. Okay, so he’s not officially Jewish; he’s only Hoffman, who arrives at the floating habitat and immediately announces, noodgey and menschlike, 'I’d like to call my family.' You do the math." Levinson remarked:


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: Creedence Clearwater Revival is the debut studio album by American rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival, released on July 15, 1968, by Fantasy in the US. Featuring the band's first hit single, "Susie Q", which reached number 11 in the US charts, it was recorded shortly after the band changed its name from the Golliwogs and began developing a signature swamp rock sound.


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: While "Suzie Q" proved to be a hit, the band had played for years as the Golliwogs in the early 1960s, releasing numerous singles before achieving success in the pop world. In 1967, Saul Zaentz bought Fantasy Records and offered the band a chance to record a full-length album on the condition that they change their name. Having never liked 'the Golliwogs', in part because of the racial charge of the name, the four readily agreed, coming up with "Creedence Clearwater Revival". In Hank Bordowitz's book "Bad Moon Rising: The Unauthorized History of Creedence Clearwater Revival", bassist Stu Cook is quoted, "Fogerty, Cook, Clifford and Fogerty signed a publishing agreement with one of Fantasy's companies that gave up rights to copyright ownership...Lennon and McCartney never owned the copyrights to their compositions, either. When you're on the bottom, you make the best deal you can." John Fogerty took charge of the group artistically, writing all of the band's fourteen hit records and assuming the roles of singer, guitarist, producer and arranger of nearly everything that appeared on Creedence's seven studio albums.


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: "Porterville", which was the last single released by the band under the name the Golliwogs in November 1967, was included on the band's debut album and revealed singer/guitarist John Fogerty's nascent songwriting talents. The song was a breakthrough of sorts for Fogerty, who stated to Tom Pinnock of "Uncut" in 2012, "It's semi-autobiographical; I touch on my father, but it's a flight of fantasy, too. And I knew when I was doing it, 'Man, I'm on to something here.' Everything changed after that. I gave up trying to write sappy love songs about stuff I didn't know anything about, and I started inventing stories." The album also includes the only co-write between John and his brother Tom Fogerty (who had been the original lead singer in the group) to appear on a Creedence album: the foreboding "Walk on the Water". The song had already been released in 1966 under the Golliwogs name. The album features three other Fogerty originals: "The Working Man", "Get Down Woman", and "Gloomy".


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: "Creedence Clearwater Revival" is best remembered for the band's first hit single "Susie Q", which had been a hit for Dale Hawkins in 1957. It was released as a single version split into two parts, with the jam session during the coda on the A-side fading out with the guitar solo right before the coda which fades in part two on the B-side. Fogerty stated in a 1993 interview with "Rolling Stone" magazine that his purpose in recording "Susie Q" was to get the song played on KMPX, a funky progressive-rock radio station in San Francisco, which is why the song was extended to eight minutes in length. Susie Q' was designed to fit right in," he explained. "The eight-minute opus. Feedback. Like [the Paul Butterfield Blues Band's] 'East-West'. And especially the little effect, the little telephone-box [vocal] in the middle, which is the only part I regret now. It's just funny sounding. But, lo and behold, it worked!" Fogerty elaborated to Larry King in 1999, "We recorded an old Dale Hawkins song but I psychedelicized it to get it played on the local San Francisco underground radio station." The guitarist on the original Hawkins version, James Burton, would also exert a major influence on Fogerty, with the singer telling Lynne Margolis of "American Songwriter", "James Burton was a huge influence on me going back to when I was a child, when I bought that record, 'Susie Q,' and that was James Burton playing that guitar—which I didn't know at the time, of course." Drummer Doug Clifford concurs to Jeb Wright on the "Classic Rock Revisited" website that he too tried to experiment with the tune, recalling Susie Q' was a rockabilly song that sounded like all of the other rockabilly songs. I came up with a quarter note idea and it made it harder edged and it gave it space and a totally different feel..." The Creedence version would reach #11 in the charts. In 2012 David Cavanagh of "Uncut" wrote, "For all his skepticism about long solos, Fogerty stretched out penetratingly on guitar while Creedence's rhythm trio laid down a sublime slow boogie." In 1998, Fogerty stated to Harold Steinblatt of "Guitar World" that the recording of "Susie Q" was "very pivotal" in another respect:


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: it established how we would work for the next few years. After we finished recording our parts, the other guys hung around while I mixed. The problem was they were making all these comments like, "Well, that won't work. This won't work." You know, they were having a great time laughing...And that was the very last time I ever allowed them to be around when I mixed a record...Basically, we'd go in, we'd record the band, and then I'd throw them out of the studio. I just couldn't have them around while I was doing overdubs or when I was mixing, because they weren't very constructive.


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: The album's other notable cover, the Screamin' Jay Hawkins classic "I Put a Spell on You", was a natural for Fogerty, whose own manic vocal delivery had much in common with Hawkins' powerful singing style. Released as a follow up to "Susie Q" in October 1968 with "Walk on the Water" as the B-side, it peaked on the U.S. charts at #58.


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: While the band did gain success with their chart debut, critics initially denied the band respect. Barry Gifford writing in "Rolling Stone" at the time stated, "The only bright spot in the group is John Fogerty, who plays lead guitar and does the vocals. He's a better-than-average singer (really believable in Wilson Pickett's "Ninety-Nine and a Half"), and an interesting guitarist. But there's nothing else here. The drummer is monotonous, the bass lines are all repetitious and the rhythm guitar is barely audible." Time has been far kinder to the album, although critics note that Fogerty's songwriting talent had yet to truly blossom as it would on the band's future albums and singles.


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: On AllMusic the album received 4 stars (out of 5), with Stephen Thomas Erlewine stating: "Released in the summer of 1968 - a year after the Summer of Love, but still in the thick of the Age of Aquarius - Creedence Clearwater Revival's self-titled debut album was gloriously out-of-step with the times, teeming with John Fogerty's "Americana" fascinations." He also noted that the album "points the way to the breakthrough of "Bayou Country", with "Porterville" being "an exceptional song with great hooks, an underlying sense of menace, and the first inkling of the working-class rage that fueled such landmarks as 'Fortunate Son.'"


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: The album was first certified Gold by the RIAA on December 16, 1970, then Platinum twenty years later on December 13, 1990.


title: Creedence Clearwater Revival (album)

text: All songs except bonus tracks written by John Fogerty, except where noted. All tracks recorded February 1968, except where indicated.


title: Convergent boundary

text: A convergent boundary (also known as a destructive boundary) is an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide. One plate eventually slides beneath the other, a process known as subduction. The subduction zone can be defined by a plane where many earthquakes occur, called the Wadati–Benioff zone. These collisions happen on scales of millions to tens of millions of years and can lead to volcanism, earthquakes, orogenesis, destruction of lithosphere, and deformation. Convergent boundaries occur between oceanic-oceanic lithosphere, oceanic-continental lithosphere, and continental-continental lithosphere. The geologic features related to convergent boundaries vary depending on crust types.


title: Convergent boundary

text: Plate tectonics is driven by convection cells in the mantle. Convection cells are the result of heat generated by the radioactive decay of elements in the mantle escaping to the surface and the return of cool materials from the surface to the mantle. These convection cells bring hot mantle material to the surface along spreading centers creating new crust. As this new crust is pushed away from the spreading center by the formation of newer crust, it cools, thins, and becomes denser. Subduction begins when this dense crust converges with less dense crust. The force of gravity helps drive the subducting slab into the mantle. As the relatively cool subducting slab sinks deeper into the mantle, it is heated, causing hydrous minerals to break down. This releases water into the hotter asthenosphere, which leads to partial melting of asthenosphere and volcanism. Both dehydration and partial melting occurs along the isotherm, generally at depths of .


title: Convergent boundary

text: Some lithospheric plates consist of both continental and oceanic lithosphere. In some instances, initial convergence with another plate will destroy oceanic lithosphere, leading to convergence of two continental plates. Neither continental plate will subduct. It is likely that the plate may break along the boundary of continental and oceanic crust. Seismic tomography reveals pieces of lithosphere that have broken off during convergence.


title: Convergent boundary

text: Subduction zones are areas where one lithospheric plate slides beneath another at a convergent boundary due to lithospheric density differences. These plates dip at an average of 45° but can vary. Subduction zones are often marked by an abundance of earthquakes, the result of internal deformation of the plate, convergence with the opposing plate, and bending at the oceanic trench. Earthquakes have been detected to a depth of 670 km (416 mi). The relatively cold and dense subducting plates are pulled into the mantle and help drive mantle convection.


title: Convergent boundary

text: In collisions between two oceanic plates, the cooler, denser oceanic lithosphere sinks beneath the warmer, less dense oceanic lithosphere. As the slab sinks deeper into the mantle, it releases water from dehydration of hydrous minerals in the oceanic crust. This water reduces the melting temperature of rocks in the asthenosphere and causes partial melting. Partial melt will travel up through the asthenosphere, eventually, reach the surface, and form volcanic island arcs.


title: Convergent boundary

text: When oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere collide, the dense oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath the less dense continental lithosphere. An accretionary wedge forms on the continental crust as deep-sea sediments and oceanic crust are scraped from the oceanic plate. Volcanic arcs form on continental lithosphere as the result of partial melting due to dehydration of the hydrous minerals of the subducting slab.


title: Convergent boundary

text: Some lithospheric plates consist of both continental and oceanic crust. Subduction initiates as oceanic lithosphere slides beneath continental crust. As the oceanic lithosphere subducts to greater depths, the attached continental crust is pulled closer to the subduction zone. Once the continental lithosphere reaches the subduction zone, subduction processes are altered, since continental lithosphere is more buoyant and resists subduction beneath other continental lithosphere. A small portion of the continental crust may be subducted until the slab breaks, allowing the oceanic lithosphere to continue subducting, hot asthenosphere to rise and fill the void, and the continental lithosphere to rebound. Evidence of this continental rebound includes ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks, which form at depths of , that are exposed at the surface. Seismic records have been used to map the torn slabs beneath the Caucasus continental – continental convergence zone, and seismic tomography has mapped detached slabs beneath the Tethyan suture zone (the Alps – Zagros – Himalaya mountain belt).


title: Convergent boundary

text: The oceanic crust contains hydrated minerals such as the amphibole and mica groups. During subduction, oceanic lithosphere is heated and metamorphosed, causing breakdown of these hydrous minerals, which releases water into the asthenosphere. The release of water into the asthenosphere leads to partial melting. Partial melting allows the rise of more buoyant, hot material and can lead to volcanism at the surface and emplacement of plutons in the subsurface. These processes which generate magma are not entirely understood.


title: Convergent boundary

text: Where these magmas reach the surface they create volcanic arcs. Volcanic arcs can form as island arc chains or as arcs on continental crust. Three magma series of volcanic rocks are found in association with arcs. The chemically reduced tholeiitic magma series is most characteristic of oceanic volcanic arcs, though this is also found in continental volcanic arcs above rapid subduction (>7 cm/year). This series is relatively low in potassium. The more oxidized calc-alkaline series, which is moderately enriched in potassium and incompatible elements, is characteristic of continental volcanic arcs. The alkaline magma series (highly enriched in potassium) is sometimes present in the deeper continental interior. The shoshonite series, which is extremely high in potassium, is rare but sometimes is found in volcanic arcs. The andesite member of each series is typically most abundant, and the transition from basaltic volcanism of the deep Pacific basin to andesitic volcanism in the surrounding volcanic arcs has been called the andesite line.


title: Convergent boundary

text: Back-arc basins form behind a volcanic arc and are associated with extensional tectonics and high heat flow, often being home to seafloor spreading centers. These spreading centers are like mid-ocean ridges, though the magma composition of back-arc basins is generally more varied and contains a higher water content than mid-ocean ridge magmas. Back-arc basins are often characterized by thin, hot lithosphere. Opening of back-arc basins may arise from movement of hot asthenosphere into lithosphere, causing extension.


title: Convergent boundary

text: Oceanic trenches are narrow topographic lows that mark convergent boundaries or subduction zones. Oceanic trenches average wide and can be several thousand kilometers long. Oceanic trenches form as a result of bending of the subducting slab. Depth of oceanic trenches seems to be controlled by age of the oceanic lithosphere being subducted. Sediment fill in oceanic trenches varies and generally depends on abundance of sediment input from surrounding areas. An oceanic trench, the Mariana Trench, is the deepest point of the ocean at a depth of approximately .


title: Convergent boundary

text: Earthquakes are common along convergent boundaries. A region of high earthquake activity, the Wadati-Benioff zone, generally dips 45° and marks the subducting plate. Earthquakes will occur to a depth of along the Wadati-Benioff margin.


title: Convergent boundary

text: Both compressional and extensional forces act along convergent boundaries. On the inner walls of trenches, compressional faulting or reverse faulting occurs due to the relative motion of the two plates. Reverse faulting scrapes off ocean sediment and leads to the formation of an accretionary wedge. Reverse faulting can lead to megathrust earthquakes. Tensional or normal faulting occurs on the outer wall of the trench, likely due to bending of the downgoing slab.


title: Convergent boundary

text: A megathrust earthquake can produce sudden vertical displacement of a large area of ocean floor. This in turn generates a tsunami.


title: Convergent boundary

text: Some of the deadliest natural disasters have occurred due to convergent boundary processes. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami was triggered by a megathrust earthquake along the convergent boundary of the Indian plate and Burma microplate and killed over 200,000 people. The 2011 tsunami off the coast of Japan, which caused 16,000 deaths and did US$360 billion in damage, was caused by a magnitude 9 megathrust earthquake along the convergent boundary of the Eurasian plate and Pacific Plate.


title: Convergent boundary

text: Accretionary wedges (also called accretionary prisms) form as sediment is scraped from the subducting lithosphere and emplaced against the overriding lithosphere. These sediments include igneous crust, turbidite sediments, and pelagic sediments. Imbricate thrust faulting along a basal decollement surface occurs in accretionary wedges as forces continue to compress and fault these newly added sediments. The continued faulting of the accretionary wedge leads to overall thickening of the wedge. Seafloor topography plays some role in accretion, especially emplacement of igneous crust.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: Nikah mut'ah , literally "pleasure marriage"; temporary marriage or Sigheh () is a private and verbal temporary marriage contract that is practiced in Twelver Shia Islam in which the duration of the marriage and the "mahr" must be specified and agreed upon in advance. It is a private contract made in a verbal or written format. A declaration of the intent to marry and an acceptance of the terms are required as in other forms of marriage in Islam.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: According to Shia Muslims, Muhammad sanctioned "nikah mut'ah" (fixed-term marriage, called muta'a in Iraq and sigheh in Iran), which has instead been used as a legitimizing cover for sex workers in a culture where prostitution is otherwise forbidden. Some Western writers have argued that mut'ah approximates prostitution.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: Some sources say the Nikah mut'ah has no prescribed minimum or maximum duration, but others, such as "The Oxford Dictionary of Islam", indicate the minimum duration of the marriage is debatable and durations of at least three days, three months or one year have been suggested.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: Some Muslims and Western scholars have stated that both Nikah mut'ah and Nikah misyar are Islamically void attempts to religiously sanction prostitution which is otherwise forbidden. The Zaidi Shia reject "Mutah" marriage.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: Historically there were many types of marriages, used for various purposes, as opposed to a full marriage; in "mut'ah" some of the rights of the husband and wife are non-existent. This was primarily used by those who could not stay at home with their wife and traveled a lot. For example, a traveling merchant might arrive at a town and stay for a few months, in that period he may marry a divorced widow, and they would take care of each other. When he has to leave to the next down, the marriage is over, and he might sign a mut'ah contract at his next place. Although in modern times such a thing is considered obsolete, due to the availability of fast travel, and primarily exists in Iran and Shia regions for sexual pleasure reasons as a means of Halal dating.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: "Mut'ah", literally meaning "joy", is a condition where rules of Islam are relaxed. It can apply to marriage (the "nikah mut'ah") or to the "Hajj" (the obligatory pilgrimage) (the "Mut'ah of Hajj"). The permissibility of Mut'ah is disputed by majority of the Sunni scholars, who argue that the practice was banished by the Prophet. Twelver Shia scholars, on the other hand, assert that Mut'ah was sanctioned by the Prophet, but was banished by the Second Caliph 'Umar. Omar's abolition was not accepted in many scholarly circles and was met with staunch opposition from major companions like 'Imràn b. Husayn, Ibn 'Abbas, as well as Omar's son 'Abd Allàh b. 'Umar. Both Shias and Sunnis agree that, initially, or near the beginning of Islam, Nikah mut'ah was a legal contract.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: The prominent companion and Caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr was born of nikah mut'ah between Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Asma bint Abi Bakr. According to al-Raghib al-Isphahani, Abu Dawood al-Tayalisi, and Qadhi Sanaullah Panipati, were major scholarly personalities born of "Mut'ah".


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: According to Twelver Shia jurisprudence, preconditions for "mut'ah" are: The bride must not be married, she must attain the permission of her "wali" if she has never been married before, she must be Muslim or belong to "Ahl al-Kitab" (People of the Book), she should be chaste, must not be a known adulterer, and she can only independently do this if she is Islamically a non-virgin or she has no "wali" (Islamic legal guardian). At the end of the contract, the marriage ends and the wife must undergo "iddah", a period of abstinence from marriage (and thus, sexual intercourse). The "iddah" is intended to give paternal certainty to any children should the wife become pregnant during the temporary marriage contract.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: The Twelver Shias give arguments based on the "Quran", "hadith" (religious narration), history, and moral grounds to support their position on "mut'ah". They argue that the word of the "Qur'an" takes precedence over that of any other scripture, including , known as "the verse of Mut'ah".


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: Julie Parshall writes that mut'ah is legalised prostitution which has been sanctioned by the Twelver Shia authorities. She quotes the "Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World" to differentiate between marriage (nikah) and Mut'ah, and states that while nikah is for procreation, mut'ah is just for sexual gratification. According to Zeyno Baran, this kind of temporary marriage provides Shi'ite men with a religiously sanctioned equivalent to prostitution. According to Elena Andreeva's observation published in 2007, Russian travelers to Iran consider mut'ah to be "legalized profligacy", which is indistinguishable from prostitution. These views are contested by others, who hold that mut'ah is a temporary wedlock option in Islam for avoiding illegal sex relations among those Muslims whose marriage is legitimate but, for certain constraints, they are unable to avail it. From this point of view, mut'ah is neither concubinage nor prostitution. Religious supporters of mut'ah argue that temporary marriage is different from prostitution for a couple of reasons, including the necessity of iddah in case the couple have sexual intercourse. According to this interpretation of the rules of iddah, if a woman marries a man in this way and has sex, she has to wait a number of months before marrying again and therefore, a woman cannot marry more than three or four times in a year.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: During the sixteenth century, during the reign of Akbar, the third emperor of the Mughal Empire, who was believed to be a Hanafi Sunni, debates on religious matters were held weekly on Thursdays. When discussing "nikah mut'ah", Shi'ite theologians argued that the historic Sunni scholar Malik ibn Anas supported the practice. However, the evidence from Malik's "Muwatta" (manual of religious jurisprudence) was not forthcoming. The Shi'ite theologians persisted and "nikah mut'ah" was legalized for the Twelver Shia during Akbar's reign. According to Sunni Arab jurisdiction of Jordan; if the "nikah mut'ah" meets all other requirements, it is treated as if it were a permanent marriage.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: Amongst the "Ummah" there are many great scholars who deem "Mut'ah" to have been abrogated, whilst others say that "Mut'ah" still remains.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: The people of Faith are in agreement that "Mut'ah" is halal, then a great man said "Mut'ah" was abrogated, other than them remaining scholars, including the Shi'a believe Mut'ah remain halaal in the same way it was in the past. Ibn Abbas held this viewpoint and Imran bin Husain.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: De facto temporary marriages were conducted by Sunnis by not specifying how long the marriage would last in the written documents themselves while orally agreeing to set a fixed period.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: Even though "nikah mut'ah" is prohibited by the four Sunni "madh'habs" (legal schools of law), several types of innovative marriage exist, including "misyar" (ambulant) and "ʿurfi" (customary) marriage; however these are distinct from the Twelver Shia understanding. Some regard "misyar" as being comparable to "nikah mut'ah": for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner". In Ba'athist Iraq, Uday Hussein's daily newspaper "Babil", which at one point referred to the Shi'ites as ""rafidah"", a sectarian epithet for Shia, condemned Wahhabi clerics as hypocrites for endorsing "Misyar" while denouncing "Mut'ah".


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: According to classical Sunni scholars such as Ibn Hazm (384 - 456 A.H / 994 - 1064 C.E), Ibn Hajar al-Athqallani (773 - 852 A.H / 1372 - 1449 C.E), etc.; numerous prominent companions continued to believe in the permissibility of practising "Mut'ah" after the death of the Prophet. Early Sunni hadith scholars such as `Ata' ibn Abi Rabah, Ibn Jurayj, Ahmad ibn Hanbal etc. deemed "Mut'ah" marriages valid and permissible. Yemeni scholar Al-Shawkani (1759 CE /1173 AH - 1839 CE /1255 AH); reported in "Nayl al-Awtar" that the influential Sunni "Mufassir" Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (839–923 CE / 224–310 AH) held the same view. Some Sunnite scholars narrated that Malik ibn Anas and Al-Shafi'i sanctioned temporary marriages.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: According to prominent Indian Salafi scholar Waheed ud-Deen Zaman:"On the topic of "Mut'ah", differences have arisen amongst the "Sahaba", and the "Ahl al-Hadith", and they deemed "Mut'ah" to be permissible, since "Mut'ah" under the "Shari'ah" was practiced and this is proven, and as evidence of permissibility they cite verse 24 of Surah Nisa as proof. The practice of "Mut'ah" is definite and there is "ijma" (consensus) on this and you can not refute definite proof by using logic."


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: Some Western writers have argued that "mut'ah" approximates prostitution, and asserted that it has been used to cover for child prostitution. Julie Parshall writes that mut'ah is legalised prostitution which has been sanctioned by the Twelver Shia authorities. She quotes the Oxford encyclopedia of modern Islamic world to differentiate between marriage ("nikah") and "Mut'ah", and states that while "nikah" is for procreation, mut'ah is just for sexual gratification.


title: Nikah mut'ah

text: "The Girl Sitting Here" is a (2021) short film directed by Azadeh Nikzadeh about a temporary marriage contract. Bahar (Bahar Beihaghi) a young woman, in exchange for funds to cover the costs of a surgery negotiates a temporary marriage deal with Mr. Payam (Neimah Djourabchi).


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: "The king is dead, long live the king!" is a traditional proclamation made following the accession of a new monarch in various countries. The seemingly contradictory phrase simultaneously announces the death of the previous monarch and assures the public of continuity by saluting the new monarch.


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: More recently, this phrase has become a popular phrasal template. Given the memorable nature of the phrase (owing, in part, to epanalepsis), as well as its historic significance, the phrase crops up regularly as a headline for articles, editorials, or advertisements on themes of succession or replacement. Robert Cecil, one of the architects of the League of Nations, famously concluded his speech at the final session of the League of Nations with the phrase: "The League is dead. Long live the United Nations."


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: The original phrase was translated from the , which was first declared upon the accession to the French throne of Charles VII after the death of his father Charles VI in 1422. In France, the declaration was traditionally made by the Duke of Uzès, a senior peer of France, as soon as the coffin containing the remains of the previous king descended into the vault of Saint Denis Basilica. The phrase arose from the law of —that the transfer of sovereignty occurs instantaneously upon the moment of death of the previous monarch. "The King is dead" is the announcement of a monarch who has just died. "Long live The King!" refers to the heir who immediately succeeds to a throne upon the death of the preceding monarch.


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: At the time, French was the primary language of the nobility in England, and the proclamation was quickly taken up as ideally representing the same tradition—which in England dates back to 1272, when Henry III died while his son, Edward I, was fighting in the Crusades. To avoid any chance of a war of succession erupting over the order of succession, the Royal Council proclaimed: "The throne shall never be empty; the country shall never be without a monarch." Thus, Edward was declared king immediately, and he reigned "in absentia" until news of his father's death reached him and he returned to England. Another example is among the French royalty. In France, Louis XV was the predecessor of Louis XVI. Upon Louis XV's death at around 11:00 pm on 10 May 1774, heir-apparent Louis-Auguste, le Dauphin, immediately became King Louis XVI of France. This quick transition of sovereignty was made within the phrase "the king is dead, long live the king!"


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: In Denmark, the prime minister makes a similar proclamation upon the death of a monarch—"Kongen leve, kongen er død" (hail the king, the king is dead)—from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace (the Danish Parliament building). This declaration is official and marks the ascension of a new monarch immediately after the death of the old. This is because Frederick III abolished the coronation ceremony with the introduction of the hereditary and absolute monarchy in 1660. The king was now supreme and accountable only to God, so the crown became a birthright, and not something to be bestowed only after the father's death with the nobles' and the church's approval. With the introduction of constitutional monarchy in 1849, the monarch's power over the State was again limited, but his claim to the throne remained undisputed and absolute.


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an interregnum is usually avoided by using the idea of immediate transferral of power behind the phrase (i.e., the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death). This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty, attached to a personal form of power named "Auctoritas". This is not so in some other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for instance, kings were elected, which often led to relatively long interregna. During that time it was the Polish primate who served as an interrex (ruler between kings). Ernst Kantorowicz's famous theory of "the king's two bodies" (1957) showed how "auctoritas" (Kantorowicz used the synonym term—here—of "dignitas") was transferred from the defunct sovereign to the new one.


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: "The King is dead, long live The King!" was last properly used in the United Kingdom in January 1936 when King George V was succeeded by his son King Edward VIII, who later abdicated.


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: In the Kingdom of Thailand, to conclude the national televised address on October 13, 2016, regarding the passing of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the Prime Minister proclaimed "His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, Rama IX, has passed away. Long live His Majesty the new King."


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: In the United Kingdom and other realms which permit female succession to the throne, the phrase can be altered to accommodate succession between monarchs of different sexes, e.g.


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: which happened in 1558, when Queen Mary I died and was succeeded by her half-sister, Queen Elizabeth I,


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: which happened in 1952, when King George VI died and was succeeded by his daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, or


title: The king is dead, long live the king!

text: In other contexts, the phrase is frequently used and adapted as a phrasal template to form a snowclone, for example:


title: Lights (musician)

text: Lights Poxleitner-Bokan (born Valerie Anne Poxleitner; April 11, 1987), known mononymously as Lights (previously stylized as LIGHTS), is a Canadian musician, singer, and songwriter. She is known for singles "Drive My Soul", "February Air", "Ice", "Second Go", "Toes", "My Boots" and "Up We Go", which have charted within the top ninety on the Canadian Hot 100. Her work has earned multiple Juno Awards and Canadian Independent Music Awards.


title: Lights (musician)

text: Her debut EP "Lights" was released in July 2008 and achieved commercial success which enabled the release of her first full-length album, "The Listening", on September 22, 2009. Her second album, "Siberia", was released on October 4, 2011. Both albums have been certified gold in Canada. Lights released her third studio album, "Little Machines", on September 19, 2014, which debuted on the Canadian Albums Chart at number five. Her fourth album, "Skin&Earth," which featured "Giants", was released in September 2017, accompanied by a graphic novel of the same name. Lights's fifth studio album, "PEP", was released on April 1, 2022. Her albums won the Juno Award for Pop Album of the Year in 2015 and 2018.


title: Lights (musician)

text: Lights has collaborated with artists including Arkells, The Beaches, Bring Me the Horizon, Deadmau5, Felix Cartal, Dear Rouge, i_o, Owl City and Sleepy Tom. Lights signed with Fueled by Ramen in 2019 and released "Skin&Earth Acoustic", which included three new songs.


title: Lights (musician)

text: Lights was born as Valerie Anne Poxleitner in Timmins, Ontario, to missionary parents Virginia and Eric Poxleitner on April 11, 1987. She has one older sister, Jess. She spent her childhood in many parts of the world, including the Philippines, Jamaica, and Hanover Ontario. She was home-schooled by her mother, and was also taught guitar by her father. Lights produced her first song "Saturn's Rings" with an eight-track recorder she purchased with inheritance money from her grandmother in 2001. She moved to Toronto at the age of 18 and changed her name to Lights, a nickname derived from her surname. Although there was already a signed band named "Lights", officially changing her name allowed her to use it despite the prior claim.


title: Lights (musician)

text: In high school, Lights played the guitar and sang in the metal band Shovel Face and accumulated a following through her Myspace page. Lights began her music career writing for Sony/ATV Music Publishing and composed music for the CTV television series "Instant Star". She and Luke McMaster are credited with composing "Perfect", sung by Alexz Johnson in the role of Jude Harrison. In 2007, she contracted with Jian Ghomeshi, who acted as her manager until late 2014.


title: Lights (musician)

text: Starting in early 2008, Lights toured cities in the Great Lakes region, in both Canada and the United States. Around the same time, her song "Drive My Soul" rose to  18 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart. In late 2008, she toured the United States.


title: Lights (musician)

text: In August 2008, Lights signed a record deal with Toronto-based label Underground Operations and an American partnership deal with Warner Bros. and Doghouse Records. Her self-titled EP was released on iTunes in July and on vinyl in September. Her second single, "February Air", which had been used in a commercial for Old Navy in early 2008, was released in December and sold about 12,000 copies. She released a third single, "Ice", accompanied by a homemade video in March 2009.


title: Lights (musician)

text: The commercial success of the EP and its singles enabled Lights to release the full-length album "The Listening" in September 2009. She promoted the album with the August 10 release of a music video for "Saviour", the first single from the album. The single was released on September 22 in Canada. Its US release was held until October 6 while she left Underground Operations for her own record label, Lights Music Inc. Lights re-recorded "Ice" for the new album and released a new video on November 10. According to Lights, the artwork for the album cover was inspired by "Watchmen", "28 Days Later", and "Sailor Moon".


title: Lights (musician)

text: Lights won the 2009 Juno Award for New Artist of the Year. "The Listening" sold more than 80,000 copies and was certified gold in Canada. In September 2009, Lights toured with the British band Keane on their Canadian/Pacific Northwest tour.


title: Lights (musician)

text: During this period, Lights also contributed vocals to Ten Second Epic's song "Every Day" and appeared in its music video. The song appeared on the "Big Shiny Tunes 14" compilation album and the music video was nominated for Best Independent Music Video at the 2010 MuchMusic Video Awards. She is also featured on the soundtrack (songs "Ben" and "Climbing") for the 2008 Canadian film "One Week", starring Joshua Jackson. She was a guest vocalist on the album "A Shipwreck in the Sand", released in 2009 by post-hardcore band Silverstein from Burlington, Ontario.


title: Lights (musician)

text: From January to May, she toured with contemporary synthpop artist Owl City in Canada, the United States, and Europe. She was featured in "The Yacht Club" on Owl City's 2011 album "All Things Bright and Beautiful", and appeared in their music video for "Deer in the Headlights". Lights also appeared as a special guest for pop-rock band Hedley's The Show Must Go... On The Road Tour, and with These Kids Wear Crowns.


title: Lights (musician)

text: Lights released an acoustic EP titled "Acoustic" in July 2010, with a special performance at the University of Waterloo, where she had received most of her inspiration for the album. Later that month, she began a six-date US tour. In September, she joined Hedley for the eight-show Ontario leg of their Canadian tour. Lights appeared as a guest vocalist on the songs "Crucify Me" and "Don't Go" of Bring Me the Horizon's 2010 album "There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret." and on The Secret Handshake's song "Used to be Sweet".


title: Lights (musician)

text: In October 2010, Lights released the digital single "My Boots" and began a concert tour with Jeremy Fisher. At a November show in Toronto, she was presented a trophy by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for "The Listening"s gold certification, having then achieved 40,000 units in sales.


title: Lights (musician)

text: At the June 2011 Utopia Music Festival, Lights performed three new songs, "Toes", "Where the Fence is Low", and "Everybody Breaks a Glass". The first of these songs was released as a single in August, to promote her second studio album, "Siberia". She had signed with Last Gang Records, and concerns by label executives about her shift in style to a more gritty sound delayed the album's release to October 4 in Canada and the US, and later that month in Australia. "Siberia" received positive reviews and was nominated for a Juno Award for Best Pop Album of the Year. It debuted at No. 3 on the Canadian Albums Chart, and sold more than 10,000 units in its first week. Sales surpassed 40,000 and the album was certified gold in Canada on April 27, 2012. Lights said in an interview that her favorite song on "Siberia" was "Flux and Flow".


title: Lights (musician)

text: In March 2013, Lights released an acoustic version of "Cactus in the Valley", featuring Owl City, as a single in the UK.


title: Lights (musician)

text: "Siberia Acoustic" was released in April 2013, and reached No. 7 in Canada. She toured North America in support of the album, with Dear Rouge opening some dates and Lianne La Havas opening others.


title: Lights (musician)

text: In July 2014, Lights' third studio album, "Little Machines", became available for pre-order on iTunes with its lead single, "Up We Go", available to download. The album was released on September 23 in the US and Canada. It debuted at No. 5 in Canada. "Running with the Boys" received radio play in early 2015 as the second official single, while "Portal" and "Same Sea" received promotional releases.


title: Lights (musician)

text: In September 2014, the music video for "Up We Go" was released. It was filmed all in one take and received more than 3.5 million views on YouTube by May 2020. In October, Lights parted ways with her long-time manager Ghomeshi.


title: Lights (musician)

text: Lights continued touring extensively in support of "Little Machines" into 2015. On April 8, 2016, she released the acoustic EP "Midnight Machines", which included acoustic versions of six songs from "Little Machines" and two new songs: "Follow You Down" and "Head Cold". Lights and her band were featured in the 2016 video game "LOUD on Planet X", as character avatars and with their songs "Same Sea" and "Up We Go".


title: Lights (musician)

text: In April 2017, Lights announced the forthcoming release of her fourth studio album, "Skin & Earth". The album was released with a comic book series drawn and written by Lights, one song per issue, starting in July. New music was released with each edition on a monthly basis until the album was released in full. Twenty One Pilots drummer Josh Dun collaborated on the album tracks "Savage" and "Almost Had Me". The song "Giants" and its accompanying music video were released on June 23. The song peaked at No. 18 on the "Billboard" Adult Top 40 chart. She later released versions of the song in French, Japanese, Tagalog and Spanish. On July 14, Lights released the promotional single "Skydiving". The album was made available for pre-orders on August 11 and was released on September 22, 2017. Lights released the song "Savage" on August 11, followed by "New Fears" on September 15, 2017. The album track "Fight Club" is featured in the video game "Just Dance 2018".


title: Lights (musician)

text: In January 2018, Lights launched the "We Were Here Tour" with Chase Atlantic and DCF, playing 46 shows across North America in support of the album. On February 2, Lights released the music video for her song "We Were Here". She joined Young the Giant's fall tour in October as the supporting act.


title: Lights (musician)

text: In November 2018, Lights collaborated with Deadmau5 on his track "Drama Free", which was released on his "" EP. In early 2019, she collaborated with Felix Cartal on the track "Love Me" and with Sleepy Tom on the track "Amateurs".


title: Lights (musician)

text: On May 12, 2019, it was announced that she had signed to Fueled by Ramen, which would release "Skin&Earth Acoustic" supported by a North American concert tour. The acoustic album was released on July 12 with three new songs.


title: Lights (musician)

text: On June 11, 2020, she released a seven-track instrumental synthwave album on Bandcamp titled "How to Sleep When You're on Fire". Proceeds from this album would be donated to the Black Lives Matter Vancouver branch.


title: Lights (musician)

text: On July 9, 2020, Lights released the song "Dead End", alongside its music video. The song was part of a remix EP of the same name, released in collaboration with MYTH on August 7.


title: Lights (musician)

text: In 2021, Lights began releasing music under the pseudonym Lūn, a character that appeared in her "Skin & Earth" comic in 2017, explaining "Lūn is a musician in the Skin&Earth universe. Though she is never actually mentioned, she appears all through the comic." The EP titled "haha i like it" was released by Lūn in April 2021. That same month, Lights released the song "Beside Myself". In October, she released "Prodigal Daughter" as the lead single from her album "Pep", released on April 1, 2022.


title: Lights (musician)

text: Lights is known for her electropop and contemporary synth-pop tunes. Her musical style has been described as electropop, electronic rock and synth-pop. Lights described her own music as an "electronic landscape of moody sunset times". "The Listening" was characterized as gentle indie-electronic alt-rock. "Siberia" was characterized by a "heavier" sound than her previous works. "Allmusic"s review of "Little Machines" described it as a "mature, electro-punk affair that proved Lights had grown beyond the twee, synth-and-folk artist she started out as." Lights stated that her artistic influences were Björk, Genesis and Supertramp.


title: Lights (musician)

text: In 2010, Lights was introduced to Beau Bokan, the lead vocalist of metalcore band Blessthefall, at a Taking Back Sunday concert in Los Angeles, and the two quickly started dating. After becoming engaged in September 2011, they were married on May 12, 2012, and Lights added "Bokan" to her last name (now stylized as Poxleitner-Bokan). They received matching tattoos to commemorate their wedding date. Lights gave birth to their first child on February 15, 2014.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Organised crime in India refers to organised crime elements originating in India and active in many parts of the world. The purpose of organised crime in India, as elsewhere in the world, is monetary gain. Its virulent form in modern times is due to several socio-economic and political factors and advances in science and technology. There is no firm data to indicate the number of organised criminal gangs operating in the country, their membership, their "modus operandi" and the areas of their operations. Their structure and leadership patterns may not strictly fall in line with the classical Italian mafia.


title: Organised crime in India

text: The Mumbai underworld, also known as the Bombay underworld, refers to the organised crime network in the city of Mumbai, in the state of Maharashtra in India. Mumbai is the biggest city of India and its financial capital. Over a period of time, the Mumbai underworld has been dominated by several different groups and mobsters.


title: Organised crime in India

text: The powerful trio of Haji Mastan, Varadarajan Mudaliar, and Karim Lala enjoyed backing from their communities.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Karim Lala and his family members' groups operated in the Bombay docks. They were often called "Afghan mafia" or "Pathan mafia", terms coined by Bombay law enforcement because the majority of this crime syndicate's members were ethnic Pashtuns from Afghanistan's Kunar province. They were especially involved in hashish trafficking, protection rackets, extortion, illegal gambling, gold smuggling, and contract killings, and held a firm stranglehold over parts of Mumbai's underworld. Lala controlled bootlegging and gambling in the city in 1940, and was the undisputed king of the trade until 1985.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Haji Mastan, originally known as Mastan Haider Mirza, was a Bombay-based Tamil Muslim mobster who became the first celebrity gangster in the city of Bombay. Born in 1926 in a Tamil family in Pannaikulam, near Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, At age 8, moved to Bombay with his father. The father-son duo ran a small cycle repair shop in Crawford market. 10 years later, in 1944, Mastan joined the Bombay docks as a porter and from there entered organised crime. He worked in association with Karim Lala and by the 1960s became a rich man. He amassed millions from smuggling gold, silver, and electronic goods, and expanded his clout in the film industry by investing his money with directors and studios, in film production in Bollywood. As Mastan's influence in Bollywood grew, he began to produce films himself and was a well-known producer.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Varadarajan Mudaliar (born Varadarajan Mudaliar), popularly known as "Vardha Bhai", was a Bombay-based ethnic Tamil Hindu mafia mobster. He came to be known as Vardhabhai, operated from the early 1960s to 1980, and was accorded equal clout to Haji Mastan and Karim Lala. Starting off as a porter, he had his first brush with the crime world when he began selling illicit liquor. He commanded much respect within the Tamil community and ran a parallel justice system where his verdict was the final law of the land and binding in areas such as Dharavi and Matunga, which are believed to have a large presence of Tamils. The Tamil mob boss, in tandem with Haji Mastan, ventured into stealing dock cargo. He later diversified into contract killings and the narcotics trade. He enjoyed a successful stint in the 1970s controlling the criminal operations in the east and north-central Bombay. Karim Lala commanded south and central Bombay, and the majority of smuggling and illegal construction financing was Haji Mastan's domain.


title: Organised crime in India

text: D-Company is the organised crime group controlled by Dawood Ibrahim, which originated in Mumbai. It has been argued that the D-Company is not a stereotypical organised crime cartel in the strict sense of the word, but rather a collusion of criminal terrorist groups based around Ibrahim's personal control and leadership. Ibrahim is currently on Interpol's wanted list for cheating, criminal conspiracy, and running an organised crime syndicate; and in 2008 he was number two on Forbes' list of "The World's 10 Most Wanted". He is accused of heading an illegal empire against India and Indians. After the 1993 Bombay bombings, which Ibrahim allegedly organised and financed with Tiger Memon, both became India's most wanted men. According to the United States Department of the Treasury, Ibrahim may have had ties with Osama bin Laden. Consequently, the United States declared Ibrahim a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist" in 2003 and pursued the matter before the United Nations, in an attempt to freeze his assets around the world and crack down on his operations. Indian and Russian intelligence agencies have pointed out Ibrahim's possible involvement in several other terror attacks, including the 2008 Mumbai attacks, as per Interpol. Ever since he took to hiding, his location has been frequently traced to Karachi, Pakistan, a claim which Pakistani authorities have denied.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Chotta Rajan is the boss of a major crime syndicate based in Mumbai. He was a former key aide and lieutenant of Dawood Ibrahim. Starting as a petty thief and bootlegger working for Rajan Nair, also known as "Bada Rajan" (Big Rajan), Chhota Rajan took over the reins of Bada Rajan's gang after Bada Rajan's murder. Later, he was affiliated with and operated at the behest of Dawood in Mumbai and eventually fled India to Dubai in 1988. He is wanted for many criminal cases that include extortion, murder, smuggling, drug trafficking and film finance. His brother is said to produce films financed by Rajan. He is also wanted in 17 murder cases and several more attempted murders. Chhota Rajan was arrested in Bali by Indonesian police on 25 October 2015. He was extradited to India on 6 November after 27 years on the run and is currently awaiting trial in CBI custody.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Arun Gawli's gang is based at Dagdi Chawl in Byculla, Mumbai. He started his criminal activities there and used the rooms there for keeping kidnapped persons, torturing them, extorting money from them and murdering them. The police raided the premises several times and finally broke his operations. He has been arrested several times for criminal activities and detained for long periods during a trial. However, he could not be convicted in most of the cases as witnesses would not depose against him for fear. He was finally convicted for the murder of Shiv Sena leader Kamalakar Jamsandekar by a court in August 2012. Gawli and eleven others were found guilty of Jamsandekar's murder.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Dacoity is a term used for "banditry" in the Indian subcontinent. The spelling is the anglicised version of the Hindustani word "daaku", "dacoit" is a colloquial Indian English word with this meaning, it appears in the "Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases" (1903). Banditry is criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. The East India Company established the Thuggee and Dacoity Department in 1830, and the Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–1848 were enacted in British India under East India Company rule. Areas with ravines or forests, such as Chambal and Chilapata Forests, were once known for dacoits.


title: Organised crime in India

text: There are families with blood feuds with each other in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and parts of eastern Karnataka in India, and associated with alleged Mafia Raj. It is locally referred to as "factionalism" and involves various crimes. Activities like illegal mining are common and one of the major social and environmental issues in the region. It also persists due to illiteracy and lack of environmental awareness in the region and public inactivity, having led to severe deforestation and desertification in the region. The vendetta between the groups originated historically during the Vijayanagara empire. This often co-exists with mafia states. Much of the mining and real estate mafia in the region is run by such families, and to avoid punishment, they are often involved in corruption and local politics. There have been numerous murders committed by rival families, including the murders of noteworthy politicians. Factionalism is one of the main reasons for which vendetta politics is widely practiced in Andhra Pradesh, and is also a major cause of rioting and domestic terrorism in the region.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Several local Indian, Russian, Israeli and Nigerian mafia groups are heavily involved in the organised drug trade in Goa, one of the smallest states of India. Sources reveal that there are also individual players who are British, French, Italian, Portuguese and from other European countries. Some have been visiting the state for over two decades and have their fixed international and local clientele. Goa has, in recent days become a principal hub of the international drug trade, apart from being a key point of consumption. According to estimates, drugs flowing out of different foreign locations lands on the comparatively unguarded Goan coastline as Mumbai and its hinterland are no longer considered an easy route for trafficking, since the checks by the Coastguard, Navy, customs patrols and other government bodies.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Punjabi mafia refers to the organised criminal gangs in the state of Punjab in India. There has been a spurt in the formation and activities of such criminal gangs in Punjab over the last decade even though some gangs, associated with those based in Uttar Pradesh, have been operational in the state since the end of militancy in Punjab. Post militancy, they took to contract killings. The real estate and industrial sector boom of the early 2000s saw several criminals surfacing with the primary objective of controlling unions. The flourishing of the banking sector, especially finance companies, spurred the demand for bouncers who ensured recovery of bad loans and helped in grabbing disputed properties. Cricket bookies too used their services. Around five years back when the boom in real estate ended, these gangs then tuned to extortion and protection money as their source of income. Most of these are inter-state gangs as well as the ones specializing in arms smuggling, narcotics and abduction. Kidnappings for ransom in Punjab, something which rarely happened earlier, are on the rise.


title: Organised crime in India

text: A major form of Indian Punjabi organised crime are also the foreign-based, Indo-Canadian organised crime, the vast majority of them being of Punjabi origin from the Jat Sikh community, whose exploits have led to over 100 gang deaths of young men of Punjabi descent in Canada since the 1990s. Indo-Canadian gangs are one of Canada's major organised crime problems, ranked third behind motorcycle clubs and Aboriginal criminal groups. These criminal organizations are mainly active in the province of British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario.


title: Organised crime in India

text: India is a major transit point for heroin from the Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent en route to Europe. India is also the world's largest legal grower of opium; experts estimate that 5–10% of the legal opium is converted into illegal heroin, and 8–10% is consumed in high quantities as concentrated liquid. The pharmaceutical industry is also responsible for much illegal production of mandrax, much of which is smuggled into South Africa. Diamond smuggling via South Africa is also a major criminal activity, and diamonds are sometimes used to disguise shipments of heroin. Finally, there is much money laundering in the country, mostly through the use of the traditional hawala system, although India criminalised money laundering in 2003.


title: Organised crime in India

text: In the cinema of India, particularly Bollywood, crime films and gangster films inspired by organised crime in India have been produced since 1940. Indian cinema has several genres of such crime films.


title: Organised crime in India

text: The dacoit film was a genre of Indian cinema that began with Mehboob Khan's "Aurat" (1940) and gained popularity with its remake "Mother India" (1957) as well as Dilip Kumar's "Gunga Jumna" (1961). A subgenre is the Dacoit Western, popularized by "Sholay" (1975). These films are usually set in rural India, and often inspired by real dacoits.


title: Organised crime in India

text: In the early 1970s, a new genre of Indian crime films and gangster films arose, set in urban India: Bombay underworld films, later called Mumbai underworld films. These films are often inspired by real Mumbai underworld gangsters, such as Haji Mastan, Dawood Ibrahim and D-Company. These films are often set around Mumbai slums such as Dharavi or Juhu, and gangsters in these films often speak with a Tapori or Bombay Hindi street dialect.


title: Organised crime in India

text: The genre was pioneered by screenwriter duo Salim–Javed. They began the genre of gritty, violent, Bombay underworld crime films in the early 1970s, with films such as "Zanjeer" (1973) and "Deewaar" (1975). They reinterpreted the rural themes of Mehboob Khan's "Mother India" (1957) and Nitin Bose's "Gunga Jumna" (1961) in a contemporary urban context reflecting the socio-economic and socio-political climate of 1970s India, channeling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, and unprecedented growth of slums, and dealing with themes involving urban poverty, corruption, and crime, as well as anti-establishment themes. This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by Amitabh Bachchan, who reinterpreted Dilip Kumar's performance in "Gunga Jumna" in a contemporary urban context.


title: Organised crime in India

text: By the mid-1970s, gritty, violent crime films and action films about gangsters (Bombay underworld) as well as bandits (dacoits) had become popular. The writing of Salim-Javed and acting of Amitabh Bachchan popularized the trend, with films such as "Zanjeer" and particularly "Deewaar", a crime film inspired by "Gunga Jumna" that pitted "a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan" portrayed by Bachchan; "Deewaar" was described as being "absolutely key to Indian cinema" by Danny Boyle. Along with Bachchan, other actors that rode the crest of this trend include Feroz Khan.


title: Organised crime in India

text: The popular crime films written by Salim-Javed and starring Amitabh Bachchan reflected the socio-economic and socio-political realities of 1970s India, channeling the growing popular discontent and disillusionment among the masses, and the failure of the state in ensuring their welfare and well-being, in a time when prices were rapidly rising, commodities were becoming scarce, public institutions were losing legitimacy, smugglers and gangsters were gathering political clout, and there was an unprecedented growth of slums. The cinema of Salim-Javed and Amitabh Bachchan dealt with themes relevant to Indian society at the time, such as urban poverty in slums, corruption in society, and the Bombay underworld crime scene, and was perceived by audiences as anti-establishment, often represented by an "angry young man" protagonist, presented as a vigilante or anti-hero, with his suppressed rage giving a voice to the angst of the urban poor.


title: Organised crime in India

text: Later milestones in the genre include Ram Gopal Verma's "Satya" (1998) and "Company" (2002), based on the D-Company, which both offered "slick, often mesmerising portrayals of the Mumbai underworld" and displayed realistic "brutality and urban violence." Another notable film in the genre was "Black Friday" (2004), adapted from Hussein Zaidi's book of the same name about the 1993 Bombay bombings.


title: Organised crime in India

text: The genre later inspired the film "Slumdog Millionaire" (2009), which drew inspiration from Mumbai underworld films. Its influences included "Deewaar", "Satya", "Company", and "Black Friday". 1970s Bollywood crime films such as "Deewaar" and "Amar Akbar Anthony" (1977) also have similarities to the heroic bloodshed crime genre of 1980s Hong Kong action cinema. "Deewaar" had a Hong Kong remake, "The Brothers" (1979), which went on to inspire John Woo's internationally acclaimed breakthrough "A Better Tomorrow" (1986), which set the template for the heroic bloodshed genre in Hong Kong cinema.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: Sead Kolašinac (; born 20 June 1993) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Ligue 1 club Marseille and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: Kolašinac started his professional career at Schalke 04, playing first in its reserve team, before joining Arsenal in 2017. In 2021, he was loaned back to Schalke 04. The following year, he moved to Marseille.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: A former German youth international, Kolašinac made his senior international debut for Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2013, earning over 50 caps since. He represented the nation at their first major championship, the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: Kolašinac started playing football at his hometown club Karlsruher SC, which he joined in 2001. In 2009, he moved to 1899 Hoffenheim. A year later, he switched to VfB Stuttgart. In January 2011, he went to Schalke 04. He made his professional debut against Greuther Fürth on 15 September 2012 at the age of 19. On 4 December, Kolašinac debuted in UEFA Champions League away at Montpellier.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: In August 2014, he suffered a severe knee injury, which was diagnosed as anterior cruciate ligament tear and was ruled out for at least six months. He returned to the pitch on 11 April 2015, over seven months after the injury.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: He made his official debut for the club in 2017 FA Community Shield against Chelsea on 6 August, managed to score a goal and win his first trophy. A week later, he made his league debut against Leicester City.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: In August 2018, Kolašinac picked up a knee injury during pre-season game against Chelsea, which ruled him out for the start of season. He made his season debut in UEFA Europa League game against Qarabağ on 4 October.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: In January 2021, he was sent on a six-month loan to his former club Schalke 04. He played his first competitive game for the team since coming back on 9 January against 1899 Hoffenheim. On 27 February, he scored his first goal for Schalke 04 since his comeback in a victory over VfB Stuttgart.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: In November, he suffered an ankle injury, which was diagnosed as broken ankle and was ruled out for at least two months.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: In January 2022, Kolašinac moved to French outfit Marseille on a contract until June 2023. He debuted officially for the team on 4 February against Angers. On 13 November, he scored his first goal for Marseille against Monaco, which secured the victory for his side.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: Despite representing Germany at various youth levels, Kolašinac decided to play for Bosnia and Herzegovina at senior level.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: In November 2013, his request to change sports citizenship from German to Bosnian was approved by FIFA. Later that month, he received his first senior call-up, for a friendly game against Argentina, and debuted in that game on 18 November.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: In June 2014, Kolašinac was named in Bosnia and Herzegovina's squad for 2014 FIFA World Cup, country's first major competition. He made his tournament debut in the opening group match against Argentina on 15 June.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: During his career, Kolašinac has been deployed as a centre-back and as a defensive midfielder, although he spent most of the time playing as a left-back. He possesses very strong body build and strength.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: Kolašinac was involved in the Amazon Original sports docuseries "", which documented the club by spending time with the coaching staff and players behind the scenes both on and off the field throughout their 2021–22 season.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: Kolašinac married his long-time girlfriend Susubelle in June 2019. Together they have a daughter named Soleil.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: He is a practising Muslim; along with international teammates Ibrahim Šehić, Muhamed Bešić, Armin Hodžić, Izet Hajrović, Edin Višća and Ervin Zukanović he visited a mosque in Zenica during national team concentration.


title: Sead Kolašinac

text: In July 2019, he and his then teammate Mesut Özil were victims of an attempted carjacking, which Kolašinac successfully fought off.


title: Interspecies Reviewers

text: In a world where many different humanoid species exist and prostitution is legal, there exist various brothels for each kind of species with "succu-girls" (サキュ嬢), who have succubus blood running through them. As each species has different opinions on how each succu-girl works for them, various brothel visitors have become reviewers, rating their experiences with various succu-girls and posting them in the local tavern. The series largely centers on a human named Stunk, an elf named Zel, and an angel named Crimvael.


title: Interspecies Reviewers

text: "Interspecies Reviewers" is a manga series written by and illustrated by masha. The first chapter was launched on July 7, 2016 as a special one-shot in Fujimi Shobo's "shōnen" magazine "Monthly Dragon Age"; the manga began monthly serialization through Nico Nico Seiga's affiliated comic website "Dragon Dragon Age" on August 19. Amahara had previously drawn a similar 18+ comic series entitled on Pixiv beginning in September 2014. As of November 2022, the manga has been collected in eight "tankōbon" volumes published by Kadokawa. A manga anthology, illustrated by various artists, titled "Interspecies Reviewers Comic Anthology: Darkness" was released on January 9, 2020, with the second volume released on February 9, 2021. The main manga and the anthology are licensed in North America by Yen Press, which announced an English paperback release at Sakura-Con on March 31, 2018.


title: Interspecies Reviewers

text: A light novel adaptation entitled "Interspecies Reviewers: Ecstacy Days" was published by Kadokawa on December 7, 2018. It was written by and illustrated by W18. A sequel, "Interspecies Reviewers: Marionette Crisis", was published on January 9, 2020. The novels are licensed in North America by Yen Press; the first was released on August 18, 2020.


title: Interspecies Reviewers

text: On June 28, 2019, Kadokawa announced that the manga would receive a television anime adaptation produced by Passione. The 12-episode series was directed by Yuki Ogawa and written by Kazuyuki Fudeyasu, with character designs by Makoto Uno and music composed by Kotone Uchihigashi. Junji Majima, Yūsuke Kobayashi, and Miyu Tomita (the voice actors of Stunk, Zel, and Crimvael, respectively) performed the opening theme song and the ending theme .


title: Interspecies Reviewers

text: The series premiered on AT-X on January 11, 2020, with a censored version later airing on Tokyo MX, BS11, KBS, and SUN. In February 2020, Tokyo MX cancelled its broadcast due to "changes in circumstances within [the station]", while SUN cancelled future airings of the series at the behest of channel company's management. It began airing on GBS on February 28, 2020 and on BBC on March 7, 2020.


title: Interspecies Reviewers

text: The anime was licensed in North America by Funimation, which simulcasted the first three censored episodes with English subtitles and later released a dubbed version of the first episode. However, the company removed the series from its online streaming platform on January 31, stating that it "fell outside of [Funimation's] standards". On February 1, the company's French subsidiary Wakanim announced that it would discontinue the English release, but continued offering the anime with French, German, and Russian subtitles. On February 2, Australian subsidiary AnimeLab announced that it would continue simulcasting the series in Australia and New Zealand after "adjusting [its] sourcing of materials". On February 6, Amazon Prime Video removed the anime from its service.


title: Interspecies Reviewers

text: Critical Mass Video planned to release the series with English subtitles completely uncensored on Blu-ray on December 7, 2021, but it was delayed until January 18, 2022.


title: Interspecies Reviewers

text: In August 2017, the manga was awarded the "DLsite Award" by Media Factory's manga news magazine "Da Vinci" and the streaming service Niconico.


title: Interspecies Reviewers

text: The anime adaptation was controversial because it walked "the thin line of how explicit anime can be" as Isiah Jones of CBR noted. Stig Høgset of "THEM Anime Reviews" called the series "surprisingly entertaining" and sex positive while saying that it is "well thought out" with many of the sex workers having "distinct personalities" and said the show got away with a lot when it came to imagery. added that the series bends the viewer's "expectations out of shape", felt uncomfortable with some parts of it, noted that the language used is direct, and praised it for being "animated pretty well". He concluded the review by saying that the series is one of the better "sex positive shows out there" and called it a "new record in openly sexual fun" but cannot be considered hentai, giving it a rating of 4 out of 5 stars.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Jackson is a town in the Jackson Hole valley of Teton County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 10,760 at the 2020 census, up from 9,577 in 2010. It is the largest town in Teton County and its county seat. Jackson is the principal town of the Jackson, WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Teton County in Wyoming and Teton County in Idaho. The town, often mistakenly called Jackson Hole, derives its name from the valley in which it is located. Jackson is a popular tourist destination due to its proximity to the ski resorts Jackson Hole Mountain, Snow King Mountain, and Grand Targhee, as well as Grand Teton National Park and Yellowstone National Park.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Jackson was originally populated by Native American tribes including the Shoshoni, Crow, Blackfeet, Bannock, and Gros Ventre. In the early 1800s, the locality became a prime area for trappers and mountain men to travel through, one example being John Colter. After being discharged from the Corps of Discovery of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1806 at Fort Mandan, in present-day North Dakota, Colter visited Jackson Hole during the winter of 1807/1808. Among other mountain men who visited the valley include Jim Bridger, Jedediah Smith, and William Sublette, who are responsible for many of the names in the area. David Edward Jackson gave his name to the valley after a winter spent on the shores of Jackson Lake.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: As part of the Hayden Expedition of 1871 and 1872, William Henry Jackson took the first photographs of the Teton Mountains and Yellowstone. His photographs, along with the sketches by Tom Moran, were important evidence to convince Congress to protect Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone National Park became the first National Park in 1872. Grand Teton National Park was created in 1929 and greatly expanded in 1950 through the generous efforts of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who purchased and then donated over 30,000 acres.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: The Town of Jackson was named in 1894 and incorporated in 1914. Some of the early buildings remain and can be found throughout the area of the Town Square.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: The Town of Jackson elected an all-woman city government (including town council and mayor, who in turn appointed women to town marshal, town clerk and treasurer) in 1920.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: The first ski rope tow was built at Teton Pass in 1937 and Snow King Resort was established in 1930. Teton County now has three excellent ski areas including Jackson Hole Mountain Resort in Teton Village, Grand Targhee Ski and Summer Resort located on the West slope of the Tetons, and Snow King Resort.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: The Town of Jackson is the county seat of Teton County and the only incorporated municipality in the region. Less than 3% of land in Teton County is privately owned. 97% of the 2,697,000 acres in Teton County are federally or state owned/managed.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: In 2009, the Town of Jackson was designated as a Preserve America Community. This designation recognizes that, as a community, the town protects and celebrates its heritage, uses historic assets for economic development and encourages people to experience and appreciate local historic resources.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: In September 2016, the town went viral from an ongoing live stream on YouTube consisting of various views of the town, especially a webcam angled on the town square. Notable interests were the abundance of red trucks in the streets and a sheriff performing the dab in front of the live webcam. To date, the webcam is still operational.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Jackson is located at (43.475, −110.769), at an elevation of above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Jackson is surrounded by the Teton and Gros Ventre mountain ranges. The Teton Range is commonly associated with Jackson Hole and is a popular sightseeing attraction for many visitors. The Gros Ventre Range, by contrast, is geologically older than the Tetons and has a much broader width, which encompasses huge expanses of wilderness and is not as easily accessible.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Soils at Jackson Hole are mostly dark, excessively drained, moderately alkaline gravelly loam of the Greyback series.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Jackson experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfb"), with warm summers and very cold winters. Due to its location in a very narrow river valley, Jackson and the rest of the Snake headwaters experience a unique microclimate that gets considerably more precipitation – much of it snow – than the majority of Wyoming and has higher humidity during much of the year. Its elevation is also responsible for extreme differences between day and night temperatures, which makes the climate very close to being classified as subarctic (Köppen Dfc). Extreme temperatures range from on December 20, 1924, to on July 17, 1934 and July 20, 1934, and on average 236.0 mornings fall below freezing and 34.7 of these below ; the 1991 to 2020 average window for subzero Fahrenheit temperatures is from November 22 to March 3, while the window for freezing temperature is from August 22 to July 5, but freezing temperature have been recorded on every single day of the year except for July 25.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Snowfall averages , but the highest monthly total has been in January 1969, and the most in one season being between July 1966 and June 1967.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: As of 2000 the median income for a household in the town was $59,605, and the median income for a family was $69,432. Male full-time, year-round workers had a median income of $35,892 versus $29,175 for females. The per capita income for the town was $27,066. About 4.2% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 9,577 people, 3,964 households, and 1,858 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 4,736 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 79.8% White, 0.4% African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 15.2% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 27.2% of the population.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: There were 3,964 households, of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 53.1% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.04.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: The median age in the town was 31.9 years. 18% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 43.8% were from 25 to 44; 20.5% were from 45 to 64; and 6.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 54.1% male and 45.9% female.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: As of the 2010 Census, the main industries which provide employment are: arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation and food services (32.2%), construction (8.7%), retail trade (12.4%), educational services, health care and social assistance (11.9%), and professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services (11.8%).


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: A strong local economy, primarily due to tourism, has allowed Jackson to develop a large shopping and eating district characterized by a large number of art galleries, custom jewelers, and designer clothing retailers centered on the town square.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: The following are currently members of the Town Council: Arne Jorgensen ("vice mayor"), Jessica Sell Chambers, Jim Rooks, and Jonathan Schechter.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Public education in the town of Jackson is provided by Teton County School District #1. Schools serving the town include Jackson Elementary School (grades K–5), Colter Elementary School (grades K–5), Munger Mountain Elementary, Jackson Hole Middle School (grades 6–8), Jackson Hole High School, Summit Innovations High School, the Jackson Hole Classical Academy (grades K–10), Jackson Hole Community School and the Journeys School.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Jackson has a public library, a branch of the Teton County Library. The 1938 Teton County Library, which is a rustic log cabin, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The building now houses the Huff Memorial Library.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Jackson lies at the junction of US 26/US 89/US 189/US 191 and Wyoming Highway 22 (the Teton Pass Highway).


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: The town is served by Jackson Hole Airport, the busiest airport in the state of Wyoming. A public bus system ("The START Bus", or Southern Teton Area Rapid Transit) services the town of Jackson, the route to Teton Village, and adjacent communities in Star Valley, Wyoming and Teton Valley, Idaho. There are also airport buses to Salt Lake City, and places in between.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Since 1978, the Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank has held an annual economic summit at Jackson (Hole) that is globally known as the Jackson Hole Economic Summit or officially as the "Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium". Attendees include prominent central bankers, finance ministers and academics from around the world.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Movies shot in Jackson include "The Big Trail" (1930), "The Big Sky" (1952), "Shane" (1953), "Any Which Way You Can" (1980), "Rocky IV" (1985), "Ghosts Can't Do It" (1990), and "Django Unchained" (2012). It is also a major location in the action-adventure video game "The Last of Us" (2013) and its sequel (2020), in which it is home to a large community of survivors in a post-apocalyptic world; however, scenes set in Jackson in the game's television adaptation (2022) were instead shot in the Canadian town of Canmore, Alberta, which doubled for Jackson.


title: Jackson, Wyoming

text: Jackson has gained notabilty since a livestream of its town square went viral on YouTube in 2016, leading to much fascination with the town's elk antler arches and unusually high prevalence of red pickup trucks. It first went viral when a sheriff stopped at a red light in the early hours of the morning, got out of his patrol car, and dabbed towards the camera before leaving.


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film written and directed by A. R. Murugadoss, starring Akshay Kumar as an army officer. It also stars Sonakshi Sinha, Freddy Daruwala, Sumeet Raghavan and Govinda in a special appearance. It is an official remake of Murugadoss' own 2012 Tamil film "Thuppakki" and follows an Indian Army officer who arrives in Mumbai on vacation and sets out to hunt down the terrorist leader of a sleeper cell network and deactivate the sleeper cells operating under his command.


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: Kumar revealed that the story was signed by his Hari Om Entertainment after listening the first action sequence of the film by Murugadoss even before the script was fully written. He let Murugadoss to make the film in Tamil due to his dates issues, which later became "Thuppakki". Although film's production commenced in 2013 with the working title of "Pistol" under the banner of Hari Om Entertainment and Sunshine Pictures.


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: The film was released worldwide on 6 June 2014. Made on a budget of , The film received generally positive reviews from the critics, particularly for Kumar's performance, writing and action. It proved to be one of the top grossing Bollywood film of 2014. with worldwide earnings of over .


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: Virat Bakshi (Akshay Kumar), Captain in DIA, a secret wing of Indian Army, returns to his home in Mumbai on a holiday. On his arrival, his parents rush him to see Saiba Thapar (Sonakshi Sinha), who they wanted him to marry. But Virat rejects her with an excuse that she is old fashioned and not his type. On the contrary, Saiba is a professional boxer, and is completely modern in her outlook. Virat notices her in a boxing match and falls in love with her instantly.


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: One day, while travelling in a bus with his friend, Sub-Inspector Mukund "Makhiya" Deshmukh (Sumeet Raghavan), Virat, while chasing a man who he regards with suspicion when he tries to flee the scene of a check going on after a passenger reports his wallet as stolen, witnesses a bomb explosion killing innocent people. Virat manages to capture the man, Ajmal Lateef, who he realizes is a terrorist and has planted the bomb, but he escapes from the hospital with the help of a police mole. Virat kidnaps Ajmal again, interrogates him to ascertain the name of the police mole and also forces the police mole, corrupt ACP Ashok Gaikwad (Gireesh Sahedev) to commit suicide. He later discovers while examining contents in Ajmal's bag that a terrorist group has planned serial blasts in Mumbai to be executed in a couple of days with the help of 12 sleeper agents, including Ajmal himself. Virat remembers that on the day when the bombs are going to be planted, there is a wedding where his team member Joel (Randheer Rai) is tying the knot, and all his Army officer friends are going to assemble. Along with his fellow Army officers and Mukund, Virat manages to track these bombers, Ajmal included, and kills them before they could trigger the bombs.


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: When the leader of these sleeper cells, Shadab Ali Farooqui (Freddy Daruwala), whose brother, Afsar Ali, was also one of the sleeper bombers, finds out about the team of officers involved in the failure of the terrorist attack, he goes to Joel's house and kills his family and finds an album which has photos of team officers. He targets one officer's female relative from each team and kidnaps them. When Virat realises the plan, he substitutes one of the girls to be kidnapped, with his younger sister Preeti (Cherry Mardia). Using his pet dog Rocky and his sister Pinky's (Apoorva Arora) dupatta, he manages to reach the terrorists' hideout. He eliminates all the terrorists and rescues all the victims, including Preeti, who was about to be killed after Virat's bluff was exposed. Virat also captures Asif Ali (Dipendra Sharma), who was the leader of the group but later kills him on realising that Asif is just the second-in-command of the sleeper cells.


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: When this tactic fails, Shadab decides to target the primary assailant himself. He kills Kapil and his family, he being one of the army officers, through a blast, and forces Virat, who he discovers is the man responsible for Afsar's death, to surrender. Virat decides to sacrifice his life and plans a suicide attack by instructing Mukund and his fellow officer Joel to follow him via a tracking chip inserted in his arm and plant a bomb at the terrorists' hideout. Virat then drives to a port in various cars, as instructed by Shadab and ends up on a ship full of terrorists. To his shock, Virat finds out that the cars he was asked to drive had bombs in them, which will frame him and his team as terrorists and also boost their plans to recruit sleeper cells in the Indian Army with the help of the Joint Defense Secretary of India Mr. Alvin D'Souza (Zakir Hussain), who is also a member of this terrorist group. Meanwhile, Joel, who was in touch with Mukund as instructed by Virat, plants a bomb at the base of the ship. By this time, Virat realises he must get out alive, but during the one-on-one fight with Shadab, his shoulder is dislocated. However, he is able to pop it back into place and escapes with Shadab, holding him alive at gunpoint, on a boat before the ship explodes, also later shooting down Shadab. The film ends with Virat forcing Alvin D'Souza to commit suicide and later returning to guard the border along with his team.


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: The film's production commenced in 2013 with the working title of "Pistol" under the banner of Hari Om Entertainment and Sunshine Pictures. The songs are composed by Pritam Chakraborty, while the background score is composed by Prasad Sashte. The stunt coordinator of the film is Greg Powell.


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: The production budget of Holiday is around without Akshay Kumar remuneration, print and advertising costs.


title: Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty

text: According to the director A. R. Murugadoss, Akshay's role is that of an Army officer for which Akshay lost some weight to fit in the role and to look 12 years younger from his real biological age. Kumar also sported a crew-cut hairstyle for his role.