title: The Score (2001 film)

text: During the production, Brando repeatedly argued with Oz and called him "Miss Piggy", the Muppet whom Oz played from 1976 to 2001. Brando's eccentric behavior on set included performing scenes in his underwear and altogether refusing to be directed by Oz at times, having co-star De Niro take over with Oz instructing via an assistant director, an allegation that Oz confirmed. "There was one scene–two days of shooting–when Marlon was too upset with me to act while I was on the set," Oz stated. "I watched from outside, with a monitor, and Bob was very good and acted as mediator between us."


title: The Score (2001 film)

text: Oz downplayed the conflict after the film's release, taking unspoken note of the reported tension on the movie's Montreal set:


title: The Score (2001 film)

text: Oz later blamed himself for the tension and cited his tendency to be confrontational rather than nurturing in response to Brando's acting style.


title: The Score (2001 film)

text: In its opening weekend, the film opened at #2 in the U.S. box office raking in $19 million, behind "Legally Blonde". After its July 13, 2001 opening, the $68 million film earned a gross domestic box office take of $71,107,711. Combined with the international box office, the worldwide total is $113,579,918.


title: The Score (2001 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a "Certified Fresh" 73% rating based on 128 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though the movie treads familiar ground in the heist/caper genre, De Niro, Norton, and Brando make the movie worth watching." On Metacritic the film has a score of 71% based on reviews from 29 critics.


title: The Score (2001 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave it three and a half stars, calling it "the best pure heist movie in recent years."


title: The Score (2001 film)

text: Peter Travers, film critic for "Rolling Stone", pointed out that when "two Don Corleones team up", he expected "the kind of movie that makes people say, 'I'd pay to see these guys just read from the phone book.'" However, he concluded, "There's nothing you can't see coming in this flick, including the surprise ending. Quick, somebody get a phone book."


title: The Score (2001 film)

text: Angela Bassett won a NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture for her portrayal of DeNiro's girlfriend, Diane.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Tubelight is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language war drama film written and directed by Kabir Khan. Produced by Salman Khan and Kabir Khan, it is set in the 1962 Sino-Indian War. It stars Salman Khan and Sohail Khan in the main roles, with Zhu Zhu (in her Bollywood film debut), Matin Rey Tangu, Om Puri and Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub in supporting roles. Shah Rukh Khan appears in a cameo in the film. Julius Packiam and Pritam scored the music of the film, with the former composing the film score and latter composing the songs. It is an adaptation of the 2015 American film "Little Boy".


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: The film released on 23 June 2017. The film grossed an estimated 211.14 crore against a budget of 100 crore and received mostly negative reviews from critics.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: In pre-independence India, Laxman Singh Bisht is a mentally-challenged child, who, although defended by his younger brother Bharat is bullied by his friends, who call him "Tubelight". A montage shows them grow up, showing the time when Gandhi visits their school, India's independence in 1947, Gandhi's assassination and the death of their parents, which brings them closer as they grow up.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: In October 1962, the Chinese invade India, following which the Indian Army begins to set-up recruitment camps. From their village, only Bharat is selected and allotted the Kumaon Regiment. As they reach their post, war is declared and they come under heavy attack. Laxman anxiously waits for his brother to come back, running from post to post to find out about him.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: He meets a magician, Gogo Pasha, who shows him a magic trick by making him move a bottle without touching. Pasha tells Laxman that the secret is 'faith', and that faith can do anything. Oblivious to it, he tries to repeat the trick to his villagers but fails. A village elder, Banne says "Faith moves a mountain" and explains how Laxman will find his faith.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Meanwhile, Bharat, while being evacuated after an injury, is ambushed and taken prisoner. He makes a plan with other prisoners to escape.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Laxman observes a woman Le Leing and a boy Gu Won, take a home nearby. Judging them by their appearance, he considers them to be Chinese and tries to report them to the authorities. Banne gets angry, and advises him to follow the wisdom of Gandhi, and befriend the woman and boy. After some attempts, he succeeds in befriending them and learns that are Assamese and not Chinese.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Meanwhile, Bharat's escape plan fails and his fellows are killed. He too is shot and finds himself unable to move. Having no hope of survival, he exchanges his shoes with another soldier who has torn his, to give him a chance to escape. The other guy however gets killed as well.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Laxman learns of his brother's capture and becomes heartbroken, but Leing consoles him and encourages his faith. Laxman's friend, Narayan tries to attack Won, considering him to be Chinese, but is stopped by Laxman. He attempts to convince Laxman to not befriend Chinese people or he will lose Bharat forever; Leing tearfully tells them that they are Indians too. As Laxman tries to explain his belief in 'faith', Narayan challenges him to move a mountain; Laxman apparently succeeds as an earthquake is felt.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: With ceasefire declared, the Army begin bringing back corpses. They find a dead body, with Bharat's shoe-tag and declare him dead. Laxman is grief-stricken and believes that people were right about him now that Bharat has been killed. As the friends celebrate the end of the war, Leing's lost father returns. Leing and Gu comforts Laxman as they bid farewell to return to Calcutta.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Laxman, still having little faith in him, learns of the mistake in identifying corpses due to the interchanged shoes. They receive the news that Bharat is still alive but has lost his memory. At the medical camp, Laxman is reunited with his brother who is able to recognize Laxman, possibly restoring his memory.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Kabir Khan obtained a no objection certificate from the makers of the Kannada film "Tubelight". The first schedule of filming started in 30 December 2012 in Ladakh. Chinese actress Zhu Zhu was finalised for the role, and she commenced shooting from 15 October 2013. The first schedule lasted for a month and was completed in April 2014.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Sequences were shot in Ladakh, Kashmir and Manali, Himachal Pradesh. film Is Previously Scheduled to release on 11 April 2015 and 3 September 2016.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: The film received mostly negative reviews. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film is rated is 27% based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 5.02 out of 10.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Anupama Chopra gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and said "Basically, Tubelight is cinema as a sermon. Which makes the film flat and emotionally unconvincing. The good intentions and lectures on "yakeen" [faith] don’t translate into a gripping narrative." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" rated it 1.5/5, saying "The message is perfect, but when the main act isn't convincing, the film becomes just like the title: mostly flicker with a little late glow." Raja Sen of NDTV rated it 1/5, commenting "Poor little superstar who doesn't know better, the film is rendered unwatchable because of the leading man."


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Taran Adarsh wrote "Solid star power Salman Khan. Stunning visuals. But Tubelight is body beautiful, minus soul." Rajeev Masand of News 18 gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and said, "Tubelight is well intentioned but overtly manipulative and doesn't so much tug at your heartstrings as it punches you in the face demanding that you care. It's also over-long at nearly 2 hours and 30 minutes, and excruciatingly slow and boring in parts."


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: Subhash K. Jha rated the film 3.5/5, describing the film as "a film with a deep insight into a corrupted soul." DNA India rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote "Tubelight is about love, trust, magic and belief. It's like a tonic for weary souls. You will find yourself interacting with the film and characters."


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: "India.com" rated the film 3.5/5 and stated "Watch it if you are a Salman Khan fan. Watch it if you aren't but want to see Salman Khan do some serious acting." Tushar Joshi from "Bollywood Life" also rated it 3.5/5, writing "Tubelight has a beautiful message of having faith and believing in the good. Salman Khan's sincere and heartfelt performance in the film will definitely move you." Meena Iyer of "The Times of India" rated the film 3/5 on grounds of values of family and strong bonding between brothers.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: The film grossed on day 1 and became the 16th biggest domestic opener. Overall the film performed well at the box office, although it had grossed worldwide at the end of 10 days with coming from India itself.


title: Tubelight (2017 Hindi film)

text: The music of the film is composed by Pritam while the lyrics have been penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya and Kausar Munir. Its first song "Radio" sung by Kamaal Khan and Amit Mishra was released on 21 May 2017. The second song "Naach Meri Jaan" sung by Kamaal Khan, Dev Negi, Nakash Aziz and Tushar Joshi was released on 31 May 2017. The song titled "Tinka Tinka Dil Mera" voiced by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan was released on 9 June 2017. The fourth single to be released was "Main Agar" sung by Atif Aslam on 14 June 2017. The soundtrack consists of 10 tracks and was released by Sony Music India on 21 June 2017.


The Philippines men's national basketball team (), commonly known as Gilas Pilipinas, is the basketball team representing the Philippines. The team is managed by the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas (Basketball Federation of the Philippines or simply SBP).


title: Philippines men's national basketball team

text: The team won a bronze medal in the 1954 FIBA World Championship, the best finish by any team outside the Americas and Europe. Also, the team took a fifth-place finish in 1936 Summer Olympics, the best finish by a men's team outside the Americas, Europe and Oceania. The Philippines has the most wins in the Olympics among teams outside the Americas, Europe and Oceania.


text: Aside from the bronze medal at the FIBA World Cup and the fifth-place Olympic finish, the Philippines has won five FIBA Asia Cups (formerly known as the FIBA Asia Championship), four Asian Games men's basketball gold medals, eight SEABA Championships, all but two Southeast Asian Games men's basketball gold medals, and has the most titles in Southeast Asia Basketball Association men's championship, being considered as the powerhouse team in Southeast Asia and one of Asia's elite basketball teams. The country has also participated in six FIBA World Cups and seven Olympic Basketball Tournaments.


text: The Philippines first participated in international basketball in the Far Eastern Championship Games in 1913. The Philippines defeated China in what was the first international game in Asia. The Philippines won all but one (1921) championship until 1934. The games were not under the supervision of FIBA as the organization was founded in 1932.


text: The Basketball Association of the Philippines (BAP) was founded in 1936, and became a part of FIBA later that year. Also in the same year, the BAP sent a team nicknamed "the Islanders" that participated in the first Olympic basketball tournament in Berlin. With the tournament under a single-elimination round format from the third game onwards, the Philippines won their first three games only to face the United States in their fourth game. The USA doubled the Philippines' score as they advanced to the next round, and subsequently win the gold medal undefeated. The Philippines wound up fifth place, winning the rest of their games, in the best finish by a men's Asian team in Olympic basketball history. Aside from silver medalists Canada, the Philippines was the only other team that only had one loss in the tournament.


text: The Philippines returned to the 1948 Olympics in London. The team finished fourth of six teams in their group to be eliminated. The team wound up in twelfth place.


text: In the 1950s–1960s, the Philippines was among the best in the world, producing world-class players like Carlos Loyzaga, Lauro Mumar, Mariano Tolentino, Francisco Rabat and Edgardo Ocampo. In 1951, team won the inaugural Asian Games basketball tournament in New Delhi, India. The team finished ahead of Japan and four other teams to win the gold medal. On the next Asian Games in 1954 in Manila that served as a qualifiers for the World Championship later that year, the team finished first anew, beating out the Republic of China (Taiwan), Japan and South Korea in the final round.


text: In 1954 FIBA World Championship in Brazil, Loyzaga was a part of the Mythical Team selection, where the Philippines won the bronze medal. The Philippines finished second in their group behind Brazil and ahead of Paraguay to enter the final round, where the team lost against the US by only 13 points; only the loss against the US and two losses against Brazil were the Philippines' only losses in the world championship. To date, the Philippines' performance remains the best performance by an Asian team in the World Championship.


text: In the 1956 Olympics, the Philippines finished seventh. The team qualified to the quarterfinals, with only loss against the USA. However, the team lost all of their games against France, Uruguay and Chile in the quarterfinals. The Philippines defeated Chile in the seventh-place game to finish with a 4–4 record. Two years later, in the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo, the Philippines won its third consecutive gold medal, finishing first in the final round.


text: The Philippines was grouped with Bulgaria, Puerto Rico and Uruguay in the 1959 FIBA World Championship. The team finished third, losing against Bulgaria and Puerto Rico, to crash out of the final round. The Philippines won all of the games in the classification round against the United Arab Republic (Egypt) and Canada to meet Uruguay for the eighth-place game. The team defeated Uruguay again to finish eighth. This would be the last tournament of Loyzaga and company.


text: Starting in 1960, the Asian Basketball Championship was held to determine Asia's participants in the Olympics and the World Championships. Qualifying for the Asian Championship was by subzone, or by the ranking in the most recent tournament; in this case, with the Philippines being the strongest team in Southeast Asia, the country will qualify easily for the continental championship, even if they failed to qualify via rankings from the previous tournament. The inaugural Asian Championship was held in Manila.


text: With an Asian Championship, the Philippines qualified for the 1960 Olympics. In Rome, the Philippines did not qualify for the medal round, but did beat Spain in the preliminaries, ultimately finishing 11th out of 16 nations. The country was supposed to host the 1963 World Championship, but President Diosdado Macapagal refused to allow players from Yugoslavia and other communist countries to enter the country. This caused the Philippines, despite winning the Asian Championships, to qualify via a pre-Olympic tournament, in which they were unsuccessful.


text: In the fifth championship at Bangkok, the Philippines finished third, after a one-point loss against Japan, and an 86–95 loss against South Korea.


text: In 1975, after disputes with the Basketball Association of the Philippines (BAP), nine teams pulled out of BAP's jurisdiction and founded the professional Philippine Basketball Association (PBA), taking along all the best players with them. This caused the BAP to send weakened teams in the subsequent international tournaments, as professionals are not allowed to play. The Filipinos fail to defend their Asian championship in 1975, with India earning a shock blowout win to deny the Philippines a top-4 finish. The Chinese won the championship, beginning their unbeaten championship run that will last into 1983. The nationals were denied of a top 4 finish in the 1977 Asian Championship, losing this time to Malaysia. The Philippines then hosted the 1978 FIBA World Championship, losing all of the games via blowouts to finish last in the final round.


text: To offset the loss of players of the PBA, the BAP delegated to businessman Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. the formation of a team that will train together for several months, in essence, a club team unaffiliated with any league. The result was the Northern Cement basketball team coached by the American Ron Jacobs that had four naturalized players. In the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi, the team finished fourth behind Korea, China and Japan. In the 1983 Asian Championship in Hong Kong, the Philippines forfeited their preliminary round games after a misunderstanding in the rules that caused the Philippines to play more than one naturalized player on the floor at the time. The Philippines, without their naturalized players, made short work of the classification round to finish in ninth place. The Northern Cement team won the 1985 Asian Championship in Kuala Lumpur, to qualify for the 1986 FIBA World Championship in Spain.


text: On February 22, 1986, the People Power Revolution erupted and forced president Ferdinand Marcos into exile. Cojuangco, a known ally of Marcos, also left the country, causing the team not to participate in the World Championship. The team did participate in the 1986 Asian Games, finishing third behind China and Korea.


text: In 1989, FIBA allowed professionals to play in their tournaments. This caused the BAP to have an agreement with the PBA in which the latter will form national teams for the Asian Games, while the former will do so in other tournaments. In the 1989 Southeast Asian Games, the BAP-sponsored team suffered a shock loss to Malaysia in the gold medal game, the only time the Philippines failed to win the gold medal at the Southeast Asian Games in which basketball was played.


text: In 1990, the Philippines sent an all-pro national team, coached by Robert Jaworski, to regain the country's basketball supremacy in the Asian Games but the team lost in the final against China and settled for a silver medal. The team includes 1990 PBA Most Valuable Player Allan Caidic and Samboy Lim, who were both selected in the Asian Games Mythical Five Selections.


text: In the 1991 Asian Championship in Kobe, Japan, the Philippines finished second in their preliminary round group behind China, but a loss against Japan caused their elimination, ending up in seventh place, when Jordan forfeited the game. In 1993, the Philippines failed to qualify in the quarterfinal groups, suffering losses against Korea (five points) and the UAE (four points) en route to an 11th-place finish.


text: In the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, the Philippines, coached by the American Norman Black, sent in a team composed of PBA players and selected amateurs. The team finish second in the preliminary round, losing to Korea. The loss to Korea meant that the Philippines has to face China; despite losing, the Chinese had their slimmest winning margin in the tournament with nine points, en route to their gold medal. The Philippines were upended by the hosts Japan in the bronze medal game, losing by three points in overtime.


text: With no PBA players on the roster, the team on the 1995 Asian Championship in Seoul finished last in the preliminary round, but managed to win two games in the classification round to finish 12th out of 19 teams. The team that went to Riyadh for the ABC Championship 1997 did only marginally better; they still finished last in the preliminary round but topped the classification round group en route to a ninth-place finish.


text: In 1998, the PBA formed the Philippine Centennial Team coached by the American Tim Cone that captured the 21st William Jones Cup championship but finished with the bronze medal in the 1998 Asian Games held in Bangkok. The Filipinos faced their old nemesis Korea in the quarterfinals and were blown out by twenty points, which led them to face China in the semifinals anew. The result would be the same as four years earlier, with the Chinese winning by nine. The Filipinos won the bronze medal game though, against Kazakhstan.


text: In the 1999 Asian Championship in Fukuoka, Japan, the Philippines, with no PBA players on their roster, finished last in the preliminary round, and second in the classification round to finish 11th out of 15 teams. In Shanghai for the 2001 Asian Championship, the Philippines was suspended by FIBA due to leadership disputes at the BAP. This caused the country to miss their first Asian championship. By 2002, a compromise was sorted out, and the Philippines was allowed to participate in the 2002 Asian Games, coached by Jong Uichico.


text: In Busan, South Korea, the Philippines easily qualified for the quarterfinals, in which they are grouped with China, Japan and Chinese Taipei. The Philippines won by five points against Japan, and 14 points against Chinese Taipei. The game against China wasn't as close, with the Philippines losing by 41 points, but this assured that they won't have to face China in the semifinals. For the third consecutive time, the Filipinos and Koreans faced in the semifinals, with the same result: the Koreans won over the Philippines, this time by one point. Up by two points, Olsen Racela missed two free throws, that led to a Korean three-pointer at the buzzer to eliminate the Filipinos. The team would lose in the bronze medal game against Kazakhstan by 2 points as Korea defeated China in overtime by a basket to win Asian Games gold for the first time since 1970.


text: With no PBA players in the roster, the 2003 Asian Championship in Harbin was the worst performance by the team in history: a 15th-place finish out of 16 teams. Unlike in 1997 and 1999, the Philippines had one win in the preliminary round (against Jordan). However, in the classification round, the Philippines emerged winless in a group containing Syria, Kuwait and Hong Kong. Only a blowout win against Malaysia saved the Philippines from dropping to the cellar. After the championship, BAP was heavily criticized and took steps to strengthen the team. However, after a loss against the Parañaque Jets, a team composed of politicians, actors and amateurs, by the BAP-managed team, another leadership crisis in the BAP ensued which caused another suspension from FIBA. As a result, the Philippines was not able to participate in the 2005 FIBA Asia Championship and the 2006 Asian Games.


text: After the conclusion of the leadership struggle that saw the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas (SBP), an organization backed by the PBA among others, being recognized by both FIBA and the Philippine Olympic Committee, the Philippines was reinstated by FIBA. San Miguel-Team Pilipinas was hastily assembled for the 2007 FIBA Asia Championship in Tokushima. The team defeated China, which didn't send its best team since they already qualified for the 2008 Olympics, but lost to Iran and Jordan to bow out of contention. The Filipinos and Chinese met again for the ninth place game in which the Filipinos won by two points. The Philippines qualified for the 2009 FIBA Asia Championship in Tianjin. The Philippines advanced to the quarterfinals to meet Jordan. The Jordanians raced to an early lead where the Filipinos never recovered to win the game. The Filipinos and the Koreans played for seventh place, which saw the Koreans winning by two points.


text: Following the Northern Cement model of the 1980, the SBP established the Smart Gilas Pilipinas program, backed by SBP President Manuel V. Pangilinan, as a developmental team that aims to qualify in the 2012 Olympics. In the 2010 Asian Games, the Filipinos met the Korean team anew in the quarterfinals and was eliminated. In the 2011 championship at Wuhan, the SBP successfully petitioned the naturalization of Marcus Douthit; the team progressed up to the semifinals for the first time since 1987. Meeting Jordan, the team lost, never recovering after a third quarter run by the Jordanians. In the bronze medal game against Korea with a berth to an Olympic qualifying tournament at stake, the team raced to an early lead, but the Koreans cut the lead and eventually won the game after the Filipinos missed free-throws at the end game. Despite missing an Olympic berth, Smart Gilas' performance was the best finish in the championship since 1987, and the best finish in any major Asian competition since 2002.


text: After failing to qualify for the Olympics, the SBP decided to form the next edition of Smart Gilas Pilipinas team (Smart Gilas Pilipinas 2.0) composed of PBA players. The Smart Gilas Pilipinas program was renamed Gilas Pilipinas in 2013, still sponsored by Smart Communications. The national team played in the 2013 FIBA Asia Championship which was hosted at home. After losing to Chinese Taipei in the last game of the preliminary round to finish second, the team won four consecutive games to set up a semifinal against the Koreans. In a close game, the Philippines pulled away late in the game to win 86–79. The win sent the team to the finals and guaranteed qualification to the FIBA Basketball World Cup (new name of the FIBA World Championship) for the first time since 1978. The Philippines, appearing in the first FIBA Asia Championship final since the introduction of a championship game in 1987, lost by 14 points against undefeated Iran in the final to settle for a silver medal.


text: The Congress of the Philippines naturalized Andray Blatche in time for the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup to beef-up its center position. With Blatche in tow, the Philippines nearly won four tightly fought games against higher ranked teams of Croatia, Greece, Argentina and Puerto Rico, before winning in overtime against Senegal to record its first victory at the World Cup in 40 years. In the 2014 Asian Games, Blatche was not able to join the squad due to residency requirements by the Olympic Council of Asia and Douthit suit up as the national team's naturalized player instead. The Philippines finished seventh, its worst finish in the Asian Games.


text: On October 30, 2014, the SBP announced the formation of two selection committees to search and appoint the coach and players of future Philippine teams – for elite level and for youth level tournaments. Chot Reyes remained coach until a replacement was decided. The new roster aims to compete in the 2015 FIBA Asia Championship in China which will serve as the Asian qualifiers of the 2016 Summer Olympics Basketball tournament in Rio de Janeiro.


text: On December 23, 2014, Tab Baldwin was formally announced as the new coach of the Philippine national team. Baldwin's four-year tenure as coach officially began on January 1, 2015. The team captured the silver medal in the 2015 William Jones Cup but fell short of the gold medal in the 2015 FIBA Asia Championship. However, the Philippines qualified for the 2016 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament but the team failed in their bid to Rio Olympics losing to France and New Zealand.


text: The team won gold during 2016 SEABA Cup and a qualifying slot in the 2016 FIBA Asia Challenge. However, as they were represented by the Gilas Cadets with no professional or naturalize players, the team suffered its worst performance placing 9th over-all, a very huge setback due to conflicting schedule with the national league and mismanagement of the SBP. In October 2016, Chot Reyes returned as head coach. In 2017, the Philippines hosted the 2017 SEABA Championship and the team swept the competition for the gold medal and the lone spot in the sub-zone for the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup. During the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup, the national team would sweep the group stage consisting of teams from China, Iraq and Qatar. The team failed to advance in the quarterfinals however and finished the tournament in seventh place. The Philippines defended their gold medal for the 12th straight time in the 2017 South East Asian Games beating Indonesia in the finals.


text: FIBA introduced a qualification process which does not involve the continental tournaments for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. The Philippines' qualification bid was marred by a brawl during the team's July 2018 tie against Australia in the first round of the Asian qualifiers. The incident caused suspensions for some of the players and coaches as well as a fine for SBP. Chot Reyes, who served suspension due to his involvement in the brawl was also replaced by Yeng Guiao. That game and incident started a slump in the standings that almost eliminated the Philippines from the World Cup, but under Guiao they managed to qualify in the last matchday by beating Kazakhstan, combined with a Lebanon loss to South Korea. The 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup saw the Philippines with a 0–5 record, the country's worst performance since the 1978 edition, losing four of its five games in a blowout. This was due to lack of preparations and key players begging off from the team, as well as injuries. Due to the disappointing results, the SBP sent an all-professional team for the 2019 South East Asia Games to re-establish its dominance. The national team swept the competition for their 18th Gold Medal in the tournament.


text: The 2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers saw the country win all of its six games, including two victories over South Korea. The team also played at one of the 2020 FIBA Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournaments in Belgrade, Serbia and is set to compete at the 2021 FIBA Asia Cup in Jakarta, which was rescheduled to July 2022.


text: The country will co-host the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup with Japan and Indonesia. Despite being automatically qualified as co-hosts, the Philippines is also set to compete at the tournament's Asian Qualifiers by virtue of qualifying for the Asia Cup.


text: In 1963, FIBA suspended the Philippines for its failure to stage the 1963 FIBA World Championship after Philippine president Diosdado Macapagal refused to allow players from Yugoslavia and other communist countries to enter the country. Later, the Philippines, despite being the Asian champion, was forced to play in a pre-Olympic tournament in order to qualify for the 1964 Summer Olympics.


text: The leadership crisis in the Basketball Association of the Philippines (BAP) worsened after a lengthy feud between the group of Graham Lim and Tiny Literal and the group of Freddie Jalasco and Lito Puyat which resulted in the suspension of the BAP. After a few months, FIBA intervened and ordered an election which resulted in Literal's victory as the president of the BAP. The suspension was quickly lifted and the Philippines was able to compete in the Southeast Asian Games in Malaysia.


text: The Philippines was again suspended in July 2005 after a long-standing feud between the BAP and the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC).


text: The conflict began on April 10, 2005, when the BAP-sponsored Cebuana-Lhuillier Philippine National team (composed of little-known amateur players) lost to a lowly Parañaque Jets team (made up of showbiz personalities) in a National Basketball Conference (NBC) pre-season tournament at the Rizal Memorial Coliseum. Upon hearing the news, POC president Jose Cojuangco, Jr. called for improvements in the national team, most notably, in the sending of a new team made up of players from the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


text: The PBA, together with the Philippine Basketball League (PBL), the UAAP and the NCAA, reportedly came to an agreement on the formation of a new national team. The POC, through a vote, first suspended, then in a later meeting, expelled the BAP as the official National Sports Association (NSA) for basketball and installed a new member in the Philippine Basketball Federation. The BAP, under new president Joey Lina, said that the expulsion was unconstitutional in the by-laws of the POC.


text: In hopes of securing a long-term solution, the FIBA ordered the PBA, PBL, UAAP, NCAA and Joey Lina (as an individual – or in Lina's claim, as a representative of the BAP) to form a new constitution or form of a new basketball body. By March 2006, the four stakeholders (PBA, PBL, UAAP and NCAA) signed an agreement to propose a new basketball body (Pilipinas Basketball). Lina refused to sign the memorandum, citing "unbalanced factors" that was put in the draft. After the four stakeholders met with Baumann in South Korea, the suspension was not lifted and the draft for a new body was not accepted since Lina was not in agreement. After several meetings between Baumann and the officials of the BAP and Pilipinas Basketball in Geneva and Bangkok, a Unity Congress was held. The BAP and Pilipinas Basketball agreed to merge, creating the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas (SBP) as the new national basketball federation. The POC recognized the SBP as the new national governing body for basketball, after which the FIBA finally lifted the almost two-year-old suspension it imposed upon the country.


text: The first Philippine team that competed in the 1936 Olympic Games were known as "the Islanders". After the Philippines became a republic in 1946, the national team was simply referred to by the press as the "RP 5" or "RP team" ("RP" standing for "Republic of the Philippines").


text: When the Northern Cement basketball team represented the Philippines from 1983 to 1985, the team was referred to as the "NCC" team. After the disbandment of the NCC team in 1986, the national team referred to as "RP 5" or "RP team" once again.


text: In the 1990 Asian Games, following the example of the first U.S. Dream Team, the Philippine team was referred to the "Philippines Dream Team", as this was the first national team with PBA players. Later, it was referred to as "Team Philippines". Eventually, "Team Philippines" became the name used to refer to the entire Philippine contingent in multi-sports events such as the Asian and Olympic Games.


text: During the Philippine Centennial in 1998, the team was officially known as the Philippine Centennial Team.


text: From 2005 to 2009, Team Pilipinas represented the men's basketball team – the team was initiative of the PBA and sponsored by San Miguel Corporation (2005–2007, named "San Miguel-Team Pilipinas") and Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. (2009, named "Powerade-Team Pilipinas").


text: In 2010, the Smart Gilas Pilipinas and Sinag Pilipinas programs replaced the Team Pilipinas program. Sinag Pilipinas represents the country in regional competitions such as the Southeast Asian Games and SEABA Championship. Smart Communications is the main sponsor of both programs. Gilas is a Filipino word that loosely translates into English as "prowess", and sinag translates as "ray" (sunlight). The name Gilas was adopted from the mascot of the 2005 Southeast Asian Games held in Manila, Philippines which is an eagle. The mascot was designed by Filipino sports journalist Danny Simon.


text: In 2013, the Smart brand was dropped from the branding of both programs, although Smart Communications remained as the main sponsor. In 2015, the Sinag Pilipinas program was renamed into as the "Gilas Cadets".


text: In Dec. 2016, The Gilas Pilipinas program got a big boost as a new backer in Chooks-to-Go to form partnership with Smart Communications in the united effort in supporting the Pinoy cagers in their quest for international glory. The team carry that name when participated in 2017 international games.


text: The squad that participated in the 2018 Asian Games in particular prefers to call themselves as Rain or Shine-Philippines (RoS-Philippines), Gilastopainters or simply Team Pilipinas due to the core of the team being composed of Rain or Shine Elasto Painters players instead of the Gilas nickname. The squad was standing in for the Chot Reyes-led roster which had many of its players as well as Reyes himself suspended due to their involvement in the Philippines-Australia brawl.


text: Gilas Pilipinas continued to be used to refer to the men's national team. In May 2019, the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas formally adopted the Gilas Pilipinas name for the country's women's, youth, and 3x3 national teams as well as part of a larger rebrand and restructuring.


text: The national colors of blue, white and red have been used in national team uniforms throughout history. Most teams used a blue uniform as the dark-colored uniform, and a white uniform for light-colored uniform. Red was occasionally used as a tertiary color. In the 2002 Asian Games, the dark-colored uniform was a red one. The SBP has consistently used the blue and white uniform as dark and light uniforms, respectively. Nike has been the official outfitter of the national team ever since the SBP took over. In the 2013 Asian Championship, the color white has been used to identify the team with the fans.


text: It usually uses a distinct coat of arms, as seen above, distinct from the SBP (or BAP) logo, or the official coat of arms.


title: Ylvis

text: Ylvis () are a Norwegian comedy duo consisting of brothers Vegard and Bård Ylvisåker. They debuted as professional variety artists in 2000 and have since appeared in several countries in variety shows, comedy concerts, television shows, radio shows and music videos. They hosted the Norwegian talk show ("Tonight with Ylvis") (2011–2016). Their song and music video "The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)", written and filmed for the talk show, went viral on YouTube in September 2013. The video currently has over 1 billion views . They released an album called "", a compilation of ten older singles. In 2018, the brothers released a series titled "Stories from Norway", in which they collected headlining stories from Norway and presented them as short musical documentaries.


title: Ylvis

text: Vegard Urheim (born 19 May 1979 in Trondheim) and Bård Urheim Ylvisåker (born 21 March 1982 in Bergen) were born to parents (Hans Terje Ylvisåker and Helga Urheim) from the Sogn district of Western Norway, the older two of three brothers. The youngest brother is Bjarte Urheim. Their early childhood years were spent in Angola and Mozambique, where their father was an engineer during the civil wars there. After a few years in Africa, the family moved back to Bergen, where the brothers received a musical upbringing and were trained in classical instruments. Vegard played the viola and Bård the violin. However, both quit during their youth, Vegard instead focusing on guitar, voice, piano, double bass and comedy, and Bård on guitar, voice, comedy and acrobatics such as aerial silk.


title: Ylvis

text: While attending high school at Fana gymnas, they were heavily involved in school and variety shows as well as the school choir. During a performance, they were spotted by impresario Peter Brandt, who orchestrated their debut as professional variety artists at Ole Bull Teater in Bergen in 2000. Their debut show was called "" ("Ylvis: A Cabaret") and was followed in 2003 by "" ("Ylvis: A Concert").


title: Ylvis

text: In 2006, the brothers debuted as hosts on national broadcasting with the radio show "O-fag" (, "theoretical subject", named after a subject previously taught in Norwegian primary schools, a combination of science and social studies) on NRK Radio.


title: Ylvis

text: In January 2007, they appeared onstage at Ole Bull Theater with a new variety show, "Ylvis III". They toured with the show for almost three years, the last show being played in Odda in western Norway in December 2009. The show was also recorded and published on DVD. Also in 2007, they debuted as hosts on national television with the show ("Norway's Most Wonderful"), a version of the Swedish show ("100 Highs"). This was released on DVD as well as broadcast on Swedish TV.


title: Ylvis

text: In 2008 they released a second series of the radio show "O-fag" and also a new TV show based on their stage show on TVNorge, a game show concept inspired by the "Brain Wall", a feature in the Japanese game show on Fuji TV.


title: Ylvis

text: This was followed up by another game show, ("Who can beat Ylvis?") in 2009, based on the German show ("Beat Raab"). Members of the public were invited to try to beat the brothers at various tasks, with a reward of up to one million Norwegian kroner.


title: Ylvis

text: In 2010, they hosted ("The Nordic’s Most Wonderful"), a pan-Nordic version of the show. In 2011 they reprised their variety stage show with "Ylvis 4", premiering at the Ole Bull Theater with the entire run sold out before opening night. That year, the brothers also launched a comedy talkshow ("Tonight with Ylvis") on TVNorge, with Calle Hellevang-Larsen from comedy trio as a sidekick.


title: Ylvis

text: Upon being renewed for a second season, the brothers created a production company, Concorde TV, in order to retain rights and creative control of their work. The second series was broadcast in 2012, with David Batra replacing Hellevang-Larsen in the role of sidekick. In the Fall of 2013, Hellevang-Larsen returned for the third series of . Despite technical difficulties during the broadcast, the first episode took the top ratings spot.


title: Ylvis

text: A number of comedy and parody music videos, either originally featured on or used to promote the show, have been released onto YouTube and other streaming media. "The Fox" and "Stonehenge" have also been released as singles. "The Fox", produced by StarGate and M4SONIC, which was released on 3 September 2013 to promote the upcoming third series of , went viral on YouTube and received 31 million views in its first two weeks. It was the most watched video on YouTube worldwide in 2013, and , the video has over 1 billion views.


title: Ylvis

text: Ylvis received offers for interviews, concerts, and major label record contracts from several countries following the release of "The Fox". Their first performance abroad was on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" in the United States, where they appeared on 20 September 2013. They also made an appearance at the iHeartRadio Music Festival in Las Vegas the next day. On 9 October 2013, Jimmy Fallon brought them to his late night show to perform live. On 11 October 2013, they performed on "The Today Show" outside the studios. On 15 November 2013 they performed on "BBC Children in Need" where they were joined on stage by Jedward, The Cheeky Girls and Bucks Fizz. On 22 November 2013 Ylvis attended Mnet Asian Music Awards for the first time, and received the International Favorite Artist award.


title: Ylvis

text: On 12 December 2013, they appeared on "Live! with Kelly and Michael" to promote their new children's book titled "What Does the Fox Say?" and later to perform. The book "What Does the Fox Say?" debuted as no. 1 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list.


title: Ylvis

text: On 15 October 2014 Ylvis released on iTunes a single titled "I Will Never Be A Star", which was recorded by their younger brother, Bjarte Ylvisåker. On 19 November 2015 Ylvis released their first album "" on iTunes, which is a collection of some of their popular YouTube hits. On 5 January 2016, Ylvis revealed the music video and song "a capella" on "I kveld med YLVIS" on TVNorge. "a capella" parodies a cappella groups like Pentatonix.


title: Ylvis

text: In 2015, Ylvis received a nomination at the Berlin Music Video Awards for Best Animation with their music video <nowiki>"Ytterst på tissen” (On the Tip of the Willy)"</nowiki>. The video was made by Julian Nazario Vargas from Animaskin.


title: Ylvis

text: On 1 November 2017, it was revealed that the brothers would start a new television show entitled "Stories from Norway". The show, which blends the documentary and mockumentary genres with musical numbers, premiered on 19 February 2018 on TVNorge.


title: Ylvis

text: In 2019, both brothers appeared on the first season of "Kongen Befaler" (Norway's version of "Taskmaster"), and the series overall winner was Vegard.


title: Ylvis

text: In January 2022, after the participants for Melodi Grand Prix 2022 were revealed, Ylvis have been one of the duos rumoured to be behind Subwoolfer, who won the contest and represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022.


title: Ylvis

text: On 6 October 2022 the brothers announced a new show entitled "Ylvis i Sogn." In the 10 episode series Bård has challenged himself, Vegard, and younger brother Bjarte to write 8 songs in 2 weeks, with the 8th song being a modern remake of "."


title: Billy Sheehan

text: William Sheehan (born March 19, 1953) is an American musician. He is best known for playing the bass guitar with acts such as Talas, Steve Vai, David Lee Roth, Mr. Big, Niacin, and The Winery Dogs. He is also known for his "lead bass" playing style, including the use of chording, two-handed tapping, "three-finger picking" technique and controlled feedback. Sheehan has been voted "Best Rock Bass Player" five times in "Guitar Player" readers' polls.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: Billy Sheehan's first electric bass was a Hagström FB, which was soon joined by a Precision bass. After acquiring the Precision bass, he removed the frets from the Hagström. Over the years, he heavily modified the Precision bass as well, scalloping the five highest frets, adding a neck pickup and additional support for the bolt-on neck, which Sheehan considers the instrument's greatest weakness. The neck pickup was added for what Sheehan referred to as "super deep low end" modelled after Paul Samwell-Smith of the Yardbirds and Mel Schacher of Grand Funk Railroad. The Gibson EB-0 type pickup in the neck and the original split-coil Precision bass pickup each have their own separate stereo output jacks on the bass itself, allowing for control of the tone via the bass. The Precision bass has since been retired, but Sheehan still affectionately refers to it as "The Wife". Sheehan's signature Yamaha Attitude bass is patterned after this instrument. Sheehan also uses two amps to achieve his signature tone, one with full distortion and high pass filtering to sound more guitar-like, and one super-clean for the low end of the neck pickup.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: Sheehan's first full-time band was Talas, a power trio with Dave Constantino on guitar and Paul Varga on drums. The band played a mixture of cover songs and original material, and all three instrumentalists alternated on lead vocals.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: Talas was a popular local band in Buffalo for over a decade, attaining a cult status which spread into the northeast US and into Canada. In 1979, Talas released their eponymous debut album, which generated the regional hit single, "See Saw". It was during this time that Sheehan wrote "Shy Boy" (later re-recorded with David Lee Roth), and "Addicted to that Rush" (later re-recorded with Mr Big).


title: Billy Sheehan

text: In the late 1970s, Sheehan also played in a band called Light Years with drummer Ron Rocco who had earlier played in a band called Black Sheep with Foreigner singer Lou Gramm in Rochester, NY. After Sheehan returned to Talas they opened a show for UFO in Buffalo. This led Sheehan to an association with guitarist Michael Schenker and also helped land him the job touring with UFO in 1983.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: Talas' first national exposure happened in 1980, when they opened thirty shows for Van Halen. However, success was elusive, and even as their brand of what came to be known as "glam metal" gained popularity over the next few years, Talas remained an unsigned act, partly due to poor management. They independently released their debut "Talas" LP on Evenfall Records (reissued by Metal Blade), and then "Sink Your Teeth into That" on Relativity Records.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: Seeking to take Talas further than just regional success, Sheehan reformed Talas with another drummer (Mark Miller), guitarist (Mitch Perry, also later of Heaven), and a dedicated vocalist, Phil Naro, with whom in the late 1970s Sheehan had previously worked in his side project (the Billy Sheehan Band). Talas would release only one more album, Live Speed on Ice. After Mitch Perry left the band, he was replaced by Johnny Angel, who played guitar with them for their 1985/86 US tour opening for Yngwie Malmsteen's Rising Force. There was a fourth Talas record, tentatively titled "Lights, Camera, Action" to be issued on Gold Mountain/A&M, but it never got past the demo stage due to Sheehan leaving to join David Lee Roth's solo band. Talas did briefly continue on under Phil Naro sans Sheehan, enlisting Jimmy DeGrasso on drums, Al Pitrelli on guitar, Bruno Ravel on bass and Gary Bivona on keyboards but by this time Talas was dead and Ravel formed Danger Danger. Sheehan also auditioned for Toronto based rock band Max Webster, being a long time friend of Max Webster singer/guitarist Kim Mitchell.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: In the early 1980s, Sheehan became involved with the proto-thrash metal band Thrasher, during this time he shared the stage with future Anthrax guitarist Dan Spitz. His involvement with Thrasher did not last long but he did play on the self-titled LP, reissued on CD in 2008.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: In 1996, Sheehan formed the jazz fusion band Niacin with drummer Dennis Chambers and keyboardist John Novello. The band's name comes from the timbral foundation of the Hammond B3 organ; vitamin B is also known as niacin.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: Niacin released their first studio album in 1996. Their music is primarily instrumental, with the exception of their third studio album, "Deep" (2000), which features vocals by Glenn Hughes of Deep Purple. The album also includes guest guitar by Steve Lukather of Toto.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: Sheehan toured with PSMS (Portnoy / Sheehan / MacAlpine / Sherinian), an instrumental supergroup, in the second half of 2012.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: Sheehan, along with Portnoy and Richie Kotzen, recorded the debut album for their new band The Winery Dogs in August 2012. The self-titled album was released on May 5, 2013 in Japan, and July 23, 2013 worldwide. Their second album "Hot Streak" was released in 2015.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: In August 2017, he joined another band with Portnoy, a progressive metal supergroup named Sons of Apollo and also featuring keyboardist Derek Sherinian, vocalist Jeff Scott Soto and guitarist Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal.


title: Billy Sheehan

text: Sheehan has been an active member of the Church of Scientology since 1971, having converted from Catholicism.


title: Royal we

text: The royal "we", majestic plural (), or royal plural, is the use of a plural pronoun (or corresponding plural-inflected verb forms) used by a single person who is a monarch or holds a high office to refer to themselves. A more general term for the use of a "we", "us", or "our" to refer to oneself is "nosism".


title: Royal we

text: After the United Kingdom had been asked to arbitrate a boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile, King Edward VII issued the adjudication of the requested arbitration, known as the Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case. The sentence following the preamble of the award begins as follows:


title: Royal we

text: In this quotation, underlining has been added to the words that exemplify the use of the majestic plural.


title: Royal we

text: The royal "we" is commonly employed by a person of high office, such as a monarch or other type of sovereign. It is also used in certain formal contexts by bishops and university rectors. William Longchamp is credited with its introduction to England in the late 12th century, following the practice of the Chancery of Apostolic Briefs.


title: Royal we

text: In the public situations in which it is used, the monarch or other dignitary is typically speaking not only in their own personal capacity but also in an official capacity as leader of a nation or institution. In the grammar of several languages, plural forms tend to be perceived as deferential and more polite than singular forms. This grammatical feature is common in languages that have the T–V distinction. English used to have this feature but lost it over time, largely by the end of the 17th century.


title: Royal we

text: In diplomatic letters, such as letters of credence, it is customary for monarchs to use the singular first-person ("I", "me", "my") when writing to other monarchs, while the majestic plural is used in royal letters to a president of a republic.


title: Royal we

text: In Commonwealth realms, the sovereign discharges their commissions to ranked military officers in the capacity of "we". Many official documents published in the name of the monarch are also presented with royal "we", such as letters patent, proclamation, etc.


title: Royal we

text: Popes have historically used the "we" as part of their formal speech, for example as used in "Notre charge apostolique", "Mit brennender Sorge", and "Non abbiamo bisogno".


title: Royal we

text: Since Pope John Paul II, however, the royal "we" has been dropped by popes in public speech, although formal documents may have retained it. Recent important papal documents still use the majestic plural in the original Latin but are given with the singular "I" in their official English translations.


title: Royal we

text: In 1989, Margaret Thatcher, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was met with disdain by some in the press for using the royal "we" when announcing to reporters that she had become a grandmother in her "We have become a grandmother" statement.


title: Royal we

text: Several prominent epithets of the Bible describe the Hebrew God in plural terms: "Elohim", "Adonai", and "El Shaddai". Many Christian scholars, including the post-apostolic leaders and Augustine of Hippo, have seen the use of the plural and grammatically singular verb forms as support for the doctrine of the Trinity. The earliest known use of this poetic device is somewhere in the 4th century AD, during the Byzantine period; nevertheless, scholars as Mircea Eliade, Wilhelm Gesenius, and Aaron Ember, claim that Elohim is a form of majestic plural in the Torah.


title: Royal we

text: In Imperial China and every monarchy within its cultural orbit (including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam), the majestic imperial pronoun was expressed by the character "zhèn" () (Old Chinese: "*lrəmʔ"). This was in fact the former Chinese first-person pronoun (that is, 'I'). However, following his unification of China, the emperor Shi Huangdi arrogated it entirely for his personal use. Previously, in the Chinese cultural sphere, the use of the first-person pronoun in formal courtly language was already uncommon, with the nobility using the self-deprecating term "guǎrén" 寡人 ('lonely one') for self-reference, while their subjects referred to themselves as "chén" 臣 ('subject', original meaning 'servant' or 'slave'), with an indirect deferential reference like "zúxià" 足下 ('below [your] foot'), or by employing a deferential epithet (such as the adjective "yú" (), 'foolish'). While this practice did not affect the non-Chinese countries as much since their variants of "zhèn" () and other terms were generally imported loanwords, the practice of polite avoidance of pronouns nevertheless spread throughout East Asia. . This still persists, except in China, where, following the May Fourth Movement and the Communist Party victory in the Chinese Civil War, the use of the first-person pronoun 我 "wǒ", which dates to the Shang dynasty oracle inscriptions as a plural possessive pronoun, is common.


title: Royal we

text: In Hindustani and other Indo-Aryan languages, the majestic plural is a common way for elder speakers to refer to themselves, and also for persons of higher social rank to refer to themselves. In certain communities, the first-person singular () may be dispensed with altogether for self-reference and the plural nosism used uniformly.


title: Royal we

text: In Arabic, the use of majestic plural is seen in the Koran in different verses, using plural word forms to refer to God.


title: Royal we

text: In Malaysia, before the Yang di-Pertuan Agong takes office, he will first take an Oath, in which the Malay word for "We", "Kami", would be the pronoun used.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: V/H/S: Viral is a 2014 American found footage horror anthology film produced by Bloody Disgusting. The third installment in the "V/H/S" franchise, created by Brad Miska, features a series of found footage shorts written and directed by Nacho Vigalondo, Marcel Sarmiento, Gregg Bishop, Justin Benson and Aaron Scott Moorhead.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: "V/H/S: Viral"s segments include the story of a deranged illusionist who obtains a magical object of great power; a homemade machine that opens a door to a parallel world; and teenage skaters who unwittingly become targets of a Mexican death cult ritual. An additional segment was filmed, but Todd Lincoln's short, "Gorgeous Vortex", was cut at the last minute since it did not fit in with the overall theme of the film. The short is included as an extra on the film's DVD and Blu-ray release, which starts after the credits for the main film end.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: Kevin, an amateur videographer, constantly shoots footage of his girlfriend Iris. At first, she claims to enjoy it, but then grows annoyed and concerned with her boyfriend's obsession with filming her. It also becomes apparent that Kevin uses his videography as a coping mechanism for living with his abusive grandmother, who at one point bloodies his nose off-screen. Later that night, the high-speed pursuit of an ice-cream truck arrives in his neighborhood. Kevin witnesses the chase as it is broadcast on television, and sees the opportunity to create a viral video. He is too late to shoot footage, watching the truck speed past his house, though he sees Iris wander outside in a daze after receiving a mysterious video call, then disappearing when his back is turned. After witnessing the truck run over a cop that had asked him to back away from the road, Kevin chases after the truck, egged on by images of a panicking Iris broadcast to his cell phone. Kevin's continued pursuit of the truck as it repeatedly circles the neighborhood carries on throughout the film, during which people receive strange images on their cell phones that cause them to become violently insane. The film transitions to the first segment.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: This segment is partially framed as an investigative documentary, with interviews of magic experts, theater critics, law enforcement officials, and the main character interspersed throughout the story.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: John McMullen, a trailer park resident and untalented illusionist, discovers a cloak that was once owned by Harry Houdini. John discovers that wearing the cloak grants him the power to perform actual magic. Taking on the stage name "Dante the Great", John uses his newfound abilities to perform in front of large audiences, becoming immensely famous. However, John learns that the cloak requires regular human sacrifices to work. To that end, he hires a series of female assistants and videotapes them as he utters an incantation and watches the cloak devour them. He also uses his powers to summon and kill Clay Bowland, the abusive boyfriend of Scarlett Kay, his latest assistant. When Scarlett discovers John's collection of tapes in a secret compartment in his dressing room, she alerts the police, though John is able to use his powers to escape custody. As she is interrogated by a detective, John uses his newfound powers to summon her from the police station. A SWAT team bursts in to arrest John, but John manages to use his magic to kill all of them. He proceeds to duel with Scarlett over the magic cloak. Though Scarlett is briefly able to take it from him, John overpowers her and recovers it. Before John can kill her, Scarlett uses a trick he taught her to immobilize him, prompting the cloak to feed on him instead. Scarlett burns the cloak, only to find it in her house, hanging on her closet door. As she investigates it, a pair of demonic arms reach out from inside the cloak and grab her.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: Returning to the frame story, Kevin and the police continue pursuing the truck. A group of teenagers attempt to film the chase from atop a nearby bridge, with one of them staring at his phone in a trance while his nose bleeds. Another one of the teenagers ends up slipping and falling from the bridge when he gets too close, being run over in the process. Kevin is halted by a group of cyclists, but they end up helping him pursue the truck when one of them is caught on it, has his feet shredded to the bone, and is ultimately killed. Despite this, Kevin continues his mission to save Iris. The film transitions to the next segment.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: In Spain, Alfonso, an inventor, works late on his newest project, promising his wife Marta that he will come to bed soon. His project is revealed to be a prototype interdimensional portal. Upon activating the portal, it opens to reveal what appears to be his garage. Alfonso witnesses a copy of himself look at him from the other side, revealing that the portal has successfully opened a gateway to a parallel world. The two versions of Alfonso cautiously greet each other, overcome by curiosity, and discover that they appear to be completely identical. The two agree to trade places, and cross through the portal with their own cameras to explore and document each other's worlds for 15 minutes. As Alfonso explores the alternate version of his house, it would seem that the two worlds are exact mirrored duplicates. Alfonso then encounters the parallel version of Marta, who introduces him to two men both named Oriol. In the living room, a pornographic snuff film plays on the television and a sack of organs is displayed in the center of the room. The parallel Marta prompts Alfonso to perform a ceremony with the Orioles. Disturbed, Alfonso leaves the house and witnesses a large blimp with an inverted cross that blares demonic chanting, revealing that the two worlds hold differing dominant religions. When he attempts to record the blimp, he gets spotted by the two Orioles, who chase Alfonso before catching him. Their eyes and mouth turn bright red, and one of the Orioles takes his pants off to reveal that he has a fanged creature in place of a penis. Back in normal world, the parallel Alfonso discovers Marta asleep, growing aroused and taking photos of her before unveiling his own monstrous genitalia, scaring Marta awake. In the parallel world, Alfonso manages to stab the Oriol's penis with a screwdriver and flees back to the house, where the parallel Marta takes off her robe to reveal that she has a similarly demonic vagina. Terrified, Alfonso punches her and flees back to his world. The parallel Alfonso, covered in blood after his encounter with Marta, stabs his normal self. The parallel Marta appears and devours the parallel Alfonso with her fanged vagina before the original Alfonso closes the portal. Marta, also covered in blood, stabs Alfonso to death after thinking that he savagely attacked her.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: Returning to the frame story, Kevin continues to pursue the truck as it continues to circle the neighborhood, begging the police to help him save Iris. Meanwhile, a group of Hispanic gangbangers are holding a barbeque to celebrate one of their own being released from prison. Seeing the police helicopter that has been broadcasting the chase, one of them assumes that his girlfriend has turned him in. Suddenly, the music playing on the radio warps and turns operatic, causing the guest of honor to become violent and murder the others by stabbing them with forks. As the truck and Kevin pass, it is revealed that a gas tank has ruptured in the chaos, causing the party to go up in an enormous fireball. The film transitions to the last segment.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: Jason and Danny are a pair of skateboarders in Los Angeles who perform various stunts in the hopes of creating an epic skateboard video. The videographer they hired, Taylor, pushes them into increasingly dangerous circumstances in the hopes that they injure or kill themselves so he can film the aftermath and sell it as a snuff film. After they start a fight at a local skatepark, the skaters become bored. Taylor suggests they continue the film shoot in Tijuana, remembering that he heard about a prime skating location for them to finish their video. Taylor calls out to their friend Shaun, and rope him into joining him in their trip to Mexico by paying for everything with his dad's credit card. After enjoying themselves and buying fireworks, the skaters subsequently become lost and run into a mysterious woman. Once they find a suitable place, an old flood channel, Taylor encourages them to perform more stunts. When one of the skateboarders injures himself and bleeds on a large pentagram drawn on the ground, his blood quickly boils, despite the apparent normal temperature of the pavement on which the pentagram is drawn. The skaters discover the woman they met earlier standing nearby. As Taylor introduces himself and offers to film her, she suddenly tears his arm off. Immediately after, a group of cloaked cultists, who were using the channel as a site for demonic worship, discover the skaters and attack them. Using a pistol and their skateboards, the skateboarders kill the cultists, though Taylor is set on fire while Shaun is stabbed by one of the cultists and bleeds out during the fight. As a demonic roar sounds, the dead cultists rise as reanimated skeletons and mount a second attack. During the second attack, Jason and Danny use the fireworks they bought earlier to destroy several of the skeletons. The two proceed to skate back toward the border as the creature the cultists were attempting to summon appears from a storm drain. The creature eats the wounded Taylor along with his camera.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: Returning to the frame story, the news broadcasting the chase is warning that several fires have broken out across the city. Kevin still continues to chase the truck, at one point encountering a woman in a trance with her nose bleeding. Kevin tries to get a taxicab to stop, but the driver refuses to. The driver also helps his friend, a porn director, film a striptease with a young woman in the backseat. Suddenly, the woman pulls a gun on him, revealing that the director had previously been sold pornographic footage of her by her ex, and the exposure had apparently ruined her life. She forces him to strip by threatening to shoot his crotch. The director fights back, strangling her, but all three are killed when a police car flips through the air and crushes the taxi. The film transitions to the epilogue.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: At dawn, Kevin finally catches up to the truck. He finds it sitting in the empty river basin he had been filming Iris near at the beginning of the film, body parts strewn on the ground around it. He examines the driver's seat only to find it empty, with a pair of disembodied hands duct taped to the wheel. Upon examining the back of the truck, he finds a number of televisions stacked atop each other, as in the first two movies. Iris appears on one of the TV screens and demands that Kevin upload the footage to broadcasters and the internet as well. At first, he refuses, mentioning that the videos are causing people all over the city to go insane, but when Iris begins to brutally mutilate herself, he relents and pushes a button labeled "UPLOAD". With the deed done, he exits the truck as the image of Iris on the screen continues to taunt him. Outside, he discovers Iris, having actually been dead for some time, slumped against the truck with her cellphone stuck in her mouth. Kevin pulls the phone out of her mouth and sees that it is in selfie-mode. He stares in shock at himself on the screen with his nose bleeding, implying he is affected by the videos as well. The closing shot of the film, set to the finale from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, is a view of the Los Angeles skyline, smoke billowing up, lights flickering on and off, and a helicopter circling overhead, revealing the uploaded videos have gone viral and have begun to affect thousands, thus fulfilling the grander threat introduced in the first two films.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: A surreal short with no dialogue that follows a sinister, shadowy organization that is tracking a serial killer.<br>"Note": This short was cut at the last minute since it did not fit in with the overall theme of the film. (It was mostly cut due to not being a found-footage film). The short is included as an extra on the film's DVD and Blu-ray release, starting after the credits for the main film end.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: The film was released through Video on Demand on October 23, 2014, and was released in select theaters on November 21. The home-release on Blu-ray disc and DVD was on February 17, 2015, through Magnet Releasing. Magnet Releasing premiered the film on March 20, 2015, on Netflix Instant. It grossed $239,266 in home video sales.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 34% and an average rating of 3.69/10 based on 32 reviews. The site's consensus reads, ""V/H/S Viral" is hardly a sensation as it cycles through the franchise's least frightening vignettes yet". Metacritic gives the film a score of 38/100 based on reviews from 12 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews" from critics.


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: Peter Debruge of "Variety" described the film as "three playful yet thoroughly disposable experiments in short-form p.o.v. cinema". Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "Lacking the originality of the first film and the superior entries of the second, "V/H/S Viral" spirals downwards towards the same sort of obsolescence as the home video format that provides its title." A. A. Dowd of "The A.V. Club" rated it D+ and called it "slapdash and ineffectual". Jordan Hoffman of "The Guardian" rated it 1/5 stars and wrote, "Besides one bright spot involving razor-sharp genitals, this horror compilation is bereft of thrills, scares or creativity." Shawn Macomber of "Fangoria" rated it 3/4 stars and wrote that the change in tone from previous entries in the film series will alienate some fans but is a "welcome breather". Brad McHargue of Dread Central rated it 4/5 stars and wrote, "The shorts that comprise "V/H/S Viral" are inventive enough to make up for the blunder that is Sarmiento's wraparound, even if each one breaks the found footage 'rules' in egregious ways." Luke Owen of Flickering Myth writes “Dante the Great has some amazing visuals, a wickedly fun fight scene and an amazing style. Both Vigalondo's Parallel Monsters and Bishop's Dante the Great deserve to be in a much better anthology horror movie.”


title: V/H/S: Viral

text: In June 2020, it was announced that a reboot of the "V/H/S" franchise was in development, with a fourth installment titled "V/H/S/94," written by David Bruckner. The film was said to take the franchise in a different direction, with each anthology short film converging for the first time into a unified narrative. "V/H/S/94" had its world premiere at Fantastic Fest on September 26, 2021, and opened to positive critical reviews, with the initial reactions being that it was a "return to form" for the series.


title: Goods

text: and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product. A common distinction is made between goods which are transferable, and services, which are not transferable.


title: Goods

text: A good is an "economic good" if it is useful to people but scarce in relation to its demand so that human effort is required to obtain it.


title: Goods

text: In contrast, free goods, such as air, are naturally in abundant supply and need no conscious effort to obtain them.


title: Goods

text: Private goods are things owned by people, such as televisions, living room furniture, wallets, cellular telephones, almost anything owned or used on a daily basis that is not food-related.


title: Goods

text: A consumer good or "final good" is any item that is ultimately consumed, rather than used in the production of another good. For example, a microwave oven or a bicycle that is sold to a consumer is a final good or consumer good, but the components that are sold to be used in those goods are intermediate goods. For example, textiles or transistors can be used to make some further goods.


title: Goods

text: Commercial goods are construed as tangible products that are manufactured and then made available for supply to be used in an industry of commerce. Commercial goods could be tractors, commercial vehicles, mobile structures, airplanes, and even roofing materials. Commercial and personal goods as categories are very broad and cover almost everything a person sees from the time they wake up in their home, on their commute to work to their arrival at the workplace.


title: Goods

text: Commodities may be used as a synonym for economic goods but often refer to marketable raw materials and primary products.


title: Goods

text: Although common goods are tangible, certain classes of goods, such as information, only take intangible forms. For example, among other goods an apple is a tangible object, while news belongs to an intangible class of goods and can be perceived only by means of an instrument such as print or television.


title: Goods

text: Goods may increase or decrease their utility directly or indirectly and may be described as having marginal utility. Some things are useful, but not scarce enough to have monetary value, such as the Earth's atmosphere, these are referred to as 'free goods'.


title: Goods

text: In normal parlance, "goods" is always a plural word, but economists have long termed a single item of goods "a good".


title: Goods

text: In economics, a bad is the opposite of a good. Ultimately, whether an object is a good or a bad depends on each individual consumer and therefore, not all goods are goods to all people.


title: Goods

text: Goods' diversity allows for their classification into different categories based on distinctive characteristics, such as tangibility and (ordinal) relative elasticity. A tangible good like an apple differs from an intangible good like information due to the impossibility of a person to physically hold the latter, whereas the former occupies physical space. Intangible goods differ from services in that final (intangible) goods are transferable and can be traded, whereas a service cannot.


title: Goods

text: Price elasticity also differentiates types of goods. An elastic good is one for which there is a relatively large change in quantity due to a relatively small change in price, and therefore is likely to be part of a family of substitute goods; for example, as pen prices rise, consumers might buy more pencils instead. An inelastic good is one for which there are few or no substitutes, such as tickets to major sporting events, original works by famous artists, and prescription medicine such as insulin. Complementary goods are generally more inelastic than goods in a family of substitutes. For example, if a rise in the price of beef results in a decrease in the quantity of beef demanded, it is likely that the quantity of hamburger buns demanded will also drop, despite no change in buns' prices. This is because hamburger buns and beef (in Western culture) are complementary goods. It is important to note that goods considered complements or substitutes are relative associations and should not be understood in a vacuum. The degree to which a good is a substitute or a complement depends on its relationship to other goods, rather than an intrinsic characteristic, and can be measured as cross elasticity of demand by employing statistical techniques such as covariance and correlation.


title: Goods

text: Goods can be classified based on their degree of excludability and rivalry (competitiveness). Considering excludability can be measured on a continuous scale, some goods would not be able to fall into one of the four common categories used.


title: Goods

text: There are four types of goods based on the characteristics of rival in consumption and excludability: Public Goods, Private Goods, Common Resources, and Club Goods. These four types plus examples for anti-rivalry appear in the accompanying table.


title: Goods

text: Goods that are both non-rival and non-excludable are called public goods. In many cases, renewable resources, such as land, are common commodities but some of them are contained in public goods. Public goods are non-exclusive and non-competitive, meaning that individuals cannot be stopped from using them and anyone can consume this good without hindering the ability of others to consume them. Examples in addition to the ones in the matrix are national parks, or firework displays. It is generally accepted by mainstream economists that the market mechanism will under-provide public goods, so these goods have to be produced by other means, including government provision. Public goods can also suffer from the Free-Rider problem.


title: Goods

text: Private goods are excludable goods, which prevent other consumers from consuming them. Private goods are also rivalrous because one good in private ownership cannot be used by someone else. That is to say, consuming some goods will deprive another consumer of the ability to consume the goods. Private goods are the most common type of goods. They include what you have to get from the store. For examples food, clothing, cars, parking spaces,etc. An individual who consumes an apple denies another individual from consuming the same one. It is excludable because consumption is only offered to those willing to pay the price.


title: Goods

text: Common-pool resources are rival in consumption and non-excludable. An example is that of fisheries, which harvest fish from a shared common resource pool of fish stock. Fish caught by one group of fishermen are no longer accessible to another group, thus being rivalrous. However, oftentimes, due to an absence of well-defined property rights, it is difficult to restrict access to fishermen who may overfish.


title: Goods

text: Club goods are excludable but not rivalrous in the consumption. That is, not everyone can use the good, but when one individual has claim to use it, they do not reduce the amount or the ability for others to consume the good. By joining a specific club or organization we can obtain club goods; As a result, some people are excluded because they are not members. Examples in addition to the ones in the matrix are cable television, golf courses, and any merchandise provided to club members. A large television service provider would already have infrastructure in place which would allow for the addition of new customers without infringing on existing customers viewing abilities. This would also mean that marginal cost would be close to zero, which satisfies the criteria for a good to be considered non-rival. However, access to cable TV services are only available to consumers willing to pay the price, demonstrating the excludability aspect.


title: Goods

text: Economists set these categories for these goods and their impact on consumers. The government is usually responsible for public goods and common goods, and enterprises are generally responsible for the production of private and club goods. But this pattern does not fit for all the goods as they can intermingle.


title: Goods

text: In 1977, Nobel winner Elinor Ostrom and her husband Vincent Ostrom proposed additional modifications to the existing classification of goods so to identify fundamental differences that affect the incentives facing individuals. Their definitions are presented on the matrix.


title: Goods

text: Elinor Ostrom proposed additional modifications to the classification of goods to identify fundamental differences that affect the incentives facing individuals


title: Goods

text: The additional definition matrix shows the four common categories alongside providing some examples of fully excludable goods, Semi-excludable goods and fully non-excludeable goods. Semi-excludable goods can be considered goods or services that a mostly successful in excluding non-paying customer, but are still able to be consumed by non-paying consumers. An example of this is movies, books or video games that could be easily pirated and shared for free.


title: Goods

text: Goods are capable of being physically delivered to a consumer. Goods that are "economic intangibles" can only be stored, delivered, and consumed by means of media.


title: Goods

text: Goods, both tangibles and intangibles, may involve the transfer of product ownership to the consumer. Services do not normally involve transfer of ownership of the service itself, but may involve transfer of ownership of goods developed or marketed by a service provider in the course of the service. For example, sale of storage related goods, which could consist of storage sheds, storage containers, storage buildings as tangibles or storage supplies such as boxes, bubble wrap, tape, bags and the like which are consumables, or distributing electricity among consumers is a service provided by an electric utility company. This service can only be experienced through the consumption of electrical energy, which is available in a variety of voltages and, in this case, is the "economic goods" produced by the electric utility company. While the service (namely, distribution of electrical energy) is a process that remains in its entirety in the ownership of the electric service provider, the goods (namely, electric energy) is the object of ownership transfer. The consumer becomes an electric energy owner by purchase and may use it for any lawful purposes just like any other goods.


title: Malwa

text: Malwa is a historical region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin. Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic upland north of the Vindhya Range. Politically and administratively, it is also synonymous with the former state of Madhya Bharat which was later merged with Madhya Pradesh. At present the historical Malwa region includes districts of western Madhya Pradesh and parts of south-eastern Rajasthan. Sometimes the definition of Malwa is extended to include the Nimar region south of the Vindhyas.


title: Malwa

text: The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient Malava Kingdom. It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the Avanti Kingdom, The Mauryans, the Malavas, the Guptas, the Paramaras, the Delhi Sultanate, the Malwa sultans, the Mughals and the Marathas. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the Malwa Agency of British India was merged into Madhya Bharat (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.


title: Malwa

text: Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several prominent people in the history of India have lived in Malwa, including the poet and dramatist Kalidasa, the author Bhartrihari, the mathematicians and astronomers Varahamihira and Brahmagupta, and the polymath king Bhoja. Ujjain had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and Indore is now the largest city and commercial centre.


title: Malwa

text: Overall, agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Malwa. The region has been one of the important producers of opium in the world. Wheat and soybeans are other important cash crops, and textiles are a major industry.


title: Malwa

text: Several early Stone Age or Lower Paleolithic habitations have been excavated in eastern Malwa. The name "Malwa" is derived from the name of the ancient Indian tribe of "Malavas". The name "Malava" is said to be derived from the Sanskrit term "Malav", which means "part of the abode of "Lakshmi"". The location of the Malwa or "Moholo", mentioned by the 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang, is plausibly identified with present-day Gujarat. The region is cited as "Malibah" in Arabic records, such as "Kamilu-t Tawarikh" by Ibn Asir.


title: Malwa

text: The Malwa Culture was a Chalcolithic archaeological culture which existed in the Malwa region, as well as nearby parts of Maharashtra to the south, during the 2nd millennium BCE.


title: Malwa

text: Ujjain, also known historically as "Ujjaiyini" and "Avanti", emerged as the first major centre in the Malwa region during India's second wave of urbanisation in the 7th century BC (the first wave was the Indus Valley Civilization). Around 600 BC an earthen rampart was built around Ujjain, enclosing a city of considerable size. Ujjain was the capital city of the Avanti kingdom, one of the prominent mahajanapadas of ancient India. In the post-Mahabharata period—around 500 BC—Avanti was an important kingdom in western India; it was ruled by the Haihayas, a people who were responsible for the destruction of Naga power in western India.


title: Malwa

text: The region was conquered by the Nanda Empire in the mid-4th century BC, and subsequently became part of the Maurya Empire. Ashoka, who was later a Mauryan emperor, was governor of Ujjain in his youth. After the death of Ashoka in 232 BC, the Maurya Empire began to collapse. Although evidence is sparse, Malwa was probably ruled by the Kushanas, the Shakas and the Satavahana dynasty during the 1st and 2nd century CE. Ownership of the region was the subject of dispute between the Western Kshatrapas and the Satavahanas during the first three centuries AD. Ujjain emerged a major trading centre during the 1st century AD.


title: Malwa

text: Malwa became part of the Gupta Empire during the reign of Chandragupta II (375–413), also known as "Vikramaditya", who conquered the region, driving out the Western Kshatrapas. The Gupta period is widely regarded as a golden age in the history of Malwa, when Ujjain served as the empire's western capital. The astronomer Varahamihira was based in Ujjain, which emerged as a major centre of learning, especially in astronomy and mathematics. Around 500, Malwa re-emerged from the dissolving Gupta Empire as a separate kingdom; in 528, Yasodharman of Malwa defeated the Hunas, who had invaded India from the north-west. During the seventh century, the region became part of Harsha's empire, who disputed the region with the Chalukya king Pulakesin II of Badami in the Deccan.


title: Malwa

text: In 756 AD Gurjara-Pratiharas advanced into Malwa. In 786 the region was captured by the Rashtrakuta kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of Kannauj until the early part of the tenth century. The Emperors of the Rashtrakuta dynasty appointed the Paramara rulers as governors of Malwa. From the mid-tenth century, Malwa was ruled by the Paramaras, who established a capital at Dhar. King Bhoja, who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great polymath philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, architecture, construction, town planning, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Malwa became an intellectual centre of India, and became home to a major astronomical observatory, attracting scholars from all over India including Bhāskara II. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate. Malwa was several times invaded by the south Indian Western Chalukya Empire.


title: Malwa

text: Dilawar Khan, previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the Mughal conqueror Timur attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the "Malwa Sultanate" and established a capital at Mandu, high in the Vindhya Range overlooking the Narmada River valley. His son and successor, Hoshang Shah (1405–35), developed Mandu as an important city. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by Mahmud Khalji (1436–69), the first of the Khalji sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the Deccan. The Muslim sultans invited the Rajputs to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the Sesodia Rajput kings of Mewar.During that time Much of the Malwa was conquered by Rana Sanga of Mewar who appointed one of his close allies Medini Rai as ruler of Malwa under his lordship. Chanderi was capital of his kingdom.After the defeat of Rajput confederation in Battle of Khanwa near Agra against Babur which was fought for Supremacy of Northern India between Rajputs and Mughals.Babur then siege Chanderi offering Shamsabad to Medini rai instead of Chanderi as it was capital of his kingdom and was of great importance but Rai refused Babur offer and choose to die. He was defeated by Babur in January 1528 at Battle of Chanderi and Babur conquer the fort.


title: Malwa

text: Gujarat stormed Mandu in 1518. In 1531, Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, captured Mandu, executed Mahmud II (1511–31), and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed. The Mughal emperor Akbar captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a subah (province) of his empire. The Malwa Subah existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century. During the 17th century much of Western Malwa was held by the Rathors of the Ratanawat branch. The Ratanawats later broke into several states which later became Ratlam State, Sitamau State and Sailana State. Some of the lesser states were Multhan and Kachi-Baroda.


title: Malwa

text: As the Mughal state weakened after 1700, the Marathas held sway over Malwa under dispatchment of Baji Rao I under leadership of Chimnaji Appa, Nemaji Shinde and Chimnaji Damodar were the first Maratha generals to cross the boundary of Maharashtra and to invade in Malwa in 1698. Subsequently, Malharrao Holkar (1694–1766) became leader of Maratha armies in Malwa in 1724, and in 1733 the Maratha Peshwa granted him control of most of the region, which was formally ceded by the Mughals in 1738. Ranoji Scindia, noted Maratha commander, established his headquarters at Ujjain in 1721. This capital was later moved to Gwalior State by Daulatrao Scindia. Another Maratha general, Anand Rao Pawar, established himself as the Raja of Dhar in 1742, and the two Pawar brothers became Rajas of Dewas State.


title: Malwa

text: At the end of the 18th century, Malwa became the venue of fighting between the rival Maratha powers and the headquarters of the Pindaris, who were irregular plunderers. The Pindaris were rooted out in a campaign by the British general Lord Hastings, and further order was established under Sir John Malcolm. The Holkar dynasty ruled Malwa from Indore and Maheshwar on the Narmada until 1818, when the Marathas were defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, and the Holkars of Indore became a princely state of the British Raj.


title: Malwa

text: After 1818 the British organised the numerous princely states of central India into the Central India Agency; the Malwa Agency was a division of Central India, with an area of and a population of 1,054,753 in 1901. It comprised the states of Dewas State (senior and junior branch), Jaora, Ratlam, Sitamau and Sailana, together with a large part of Gwalior, parts of Indore and Tonk, and about 35 small estates and holdings. Political power was exercised from Neemuch.


title: Malwa

text: Upon Indian independence in 1947, the Holkars and other princely rulers acceded to India, and most of Malwa became part of the new state of Madhya Bharat, which was merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956.


title: Malwa

text: The Malwa region occupies a plateau in western Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Rajasthan (between and ), with Gujarat in the west. The region includes the Madhya Pradesh districts of Agar, Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Ujjain, and parts of Guna and Sehore, and the Rajasthan districts of Jhalawar and parts of Kota, Banswara and Pratapgarh.


title: Malwa

text: Malwa is bounded in the north-east by the Hadoti region, in the north-west by the Mewar region, in the west by the Vagad region and Gujarat. To the south and east is the Vindhya Range and to the north is the Bundelkhand upland.


title: Malwa

text: The plateau is an extension of the Deccan Traps, formed between 60 and 68 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. In this region the main classes of soil are black, brown and "bhatori" (stony) soil. The volcanic, clay-like soil of the region owes its black colour to the high iron content of the basalt from which it formed. The soil requires less irrigation because of its high capacity for moisture retention. The other two soil types are lighter and have a higher proportion of sand.


title: Malwa

text: The average elevation of the plateau is 500 m. Some of the peaks over 800 m high are at Sigar (881 m), Janapav (854 m) and Ghajari (810 m). The plateau generally slopes towards the north. The western part of the region is drained by the Mahi River, while the Chambal River drains the central part, and the Betwa River and the headwaters of the Dhasan and Ken rivers drain the east. The Shipra River is of historical importance because of the Simhasth mela, held every 12 years. Other notable rivers are Parbati, Gambhir and Choti Kali Sindh.


title: Malwa

text: Due to its altitude of about 550 to 600 meters above mean sea level, the region has comparatively cool evenings against the hot days during the summer season. Even if the day temperature reaches 42 to 43 degrees Celsius, the night temperatures are always in range of 20 to 22 degrees making the climate much cooler than the other areas of the region. The cool morning wind, the "karaman", and an evening breeze, the "", make the summers less harsh. The term "Shab-e-Malwa", meaning dusk in Malwa (from "shab", Urdu for night), was introduced by the Mughals.


title: Malwa

text: The year is popularly divided into three seasons: summer, the rains, and winter. Summer extends over the months of Chaitra to Jyestha (mid-March to mid-May). The average maximum temperature during the summer months is 37 °C, which typically rises to around 40 °C on a few days. The rainy season starts with the first showers of Aashaadha (mid-June) and extends to the middle of Ashvin (September). Most of the rain falls during the southwest monsoon spell, and ranges from about 80 cm in the west to about 10.5 cm in the east. Indore and the immediately surrounding areas receive an average of 90 cm of rainfall a year. The growing period lasts from 90 to 150 days, during which the average daily temperature is below 30 °C, but seldom falls below 20 °C. Winter is the longest of the three seasons, extending for about five months (mid-Ashvin to Phalgun, i.e., October to mid-March). The average daily minimum temperature ranges from 6 °C to 9 °C, though on some nights it can fall as low as 3 °C. Some cultivators believe that an occasional winter shower during the months of Pausha and Maagha—known as Mawta—is helpful to the early summer wheat and germ crops.


title: Malwa

text: The region is part of the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, Narmada valley dry deciduous forests, and Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests.


title: Malwa

text: Vegetation: The natural vegetation is tropical dry forest, with scattered teak "(Tectona grandis)" forests. The main trees are "Butea", "Bombax", "Anogeissus", "Acacia", "Buchanania" and "Boswellia". The shrubs or small trees include species of "Grewia, Ziziphus mauritiana, Casearia, Prosopis, Capparis, Woodfordia, "Phyllanthus," and "Carissa".


title: Malwa

text: Wildlife: Sambhar "(Cervus unicolor)", Blackbuck "(Antilope cervicapra)", and Chinkara "(Gazella bennettii)" are some common ungulates.


title: Malwa

text: During the last century, deforestation has happened at a fast rate, leading to environmental problems such as acute water scarcity and the danger that the region is being desertified.


title: Malwa

text: The population of the Malwa region was 22,773,993 in 2011, with a population density of a moderate 270/km. The annual birth rate in the region was 31.6 per 1000, and the death rate 10.3. The infant mortality rate was 93.8, slightly higher than the overall rate for the Madhya Pradesh state.


title: Malwa

text: There are numerous tribes in the region, such as the Bhils—and their allied groups, the Meos the Bhilalas, Barelas and Patelias—and the Meenas, who all differ to a remarkable degree from the regional population in their dialects and social life. They encompass a variety of languages and cultures. Some tribes of the region, notably the Kanjars, were notified in the 19th century for their criminal activities, but have since been denotified. A nomadic tribe from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, the Gadia Lohars—who work as "lohars" (blacksmiths)—visit the region at the start of the agricultural season to repair and sell agricultural tools and implements, stopping temporarily on the outskirts of villages and towns and residing in their ornate metal carts. The Kalbelia is another nomadic tribe from Rajasthan that regularly visits the region.


title: Malwa

text: Malwa has a significant number of Dawoodi Bohras, a subsect of Shia Muslims from Gujarat, who are mostly businessmen by profession. Besides speaking the local languages, the Bohras have their own language, Lisan al-Dawat. The Patidars, who probably originated from the Kurmis of Punjab, are mostly rural farmers who settled in Gujarat around 1400.