title: Auchan

text: Auchan's second Greater Houston location opened in southeast Houston in September 2000, in a former Target store, which Auchan heavily renovated (and partially built up on) prior to opening, the most obvious example being the entrances, designed to make it look huge, despite its past as a Target. Kaplan said, "Auchan had solid business its first years, but with only two stores in the country, the company lacked buying power and economy-of-scale advantages." In early January 2003 Auchan announced that both of its U.S. stores were making losses and were going to be closed; Auchan stated that it was instead going to concentrate its expansion in Asia and Europe, and on January 6, 2003, Auchan closed the two money-losing stores, ending all American operations after 15 years. Auchan USA sold its first Houston location to Ho Enterprises. Lewis Food Town occupied about of the space, with the rest of the space taken by other tenants, which makes the store a bit like a mini-mall today. Kaplan said that by 2003, "the Houston market is saturated with huge discounters and large grocery stores." In addition, many similar stores, including an H-E-B Food and Drug Store, the Hong Kong Supermarket, a Sam's Club, and a Wal-Mart had opened in proximity to the west Houston Auchan. In Europe, zoning laws would prevent such a high concentration of similar stores. Kaplan further added that "In Europe, shopping malls are not as prevalent as they are in America, and Auchan's everything-under-one-roof concept has greater appeal" in Europe rather than in the United States. The second former Auchan is now used by a local scaffolding company, and was used as a shelter for Hurricane Katrina victims in 2005 and Hurricane Ike victims in 2008 due to its large space.


title: Auchan

text: According to study by ASM Sales Force Agency, Auchan was cheapest shop in Poland, in class of shops that study checks.


title: Auchan

text: On 24 April 2013, the eight-story "Rana Plaza" commercial building collapsed in Savar, a sub-district near Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. At least 1,127 people died and over 2,438 were injured. The factory housed a number of separate garment factories employing around 5,000 people, several shops, and a bank and manufactured apparel for brands including the Benetton Group, Joe Fresh, The Children's Place, Primark, Monsoon, and DressBarn. Of the 29 brands identified as having sourced products from the Rana Plaza factories, only 9 attended meetings held in November 2013 to agree a proposal on compensation to the victims. Several companies refused to sign including Walmart, Carrefour, Mango, Auchan and Kik. The agreement was signed by Primark, Loblaw, Bonmarché and El Corte Ingles.


title: Auchan

text: Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began on February 24, many international, particularly Western companies pulled out of Russia. Auchan, with nearly 300 stores and 41,000 employees in Russia, has been criticized for not announcing any scaling down of its operations, unlike most of its Western competitors.


title: Strike the Blood

text: On Itogami Island, a man-made island south of Japan which has developed into a monster and demon sanctuary (), Kojo Akatsuki is suspected of being the Fourth Progenitor, a powerful vampire who could potentially disrupt the balance of power among the world's three ruling progenitors.


title: Strike the Blood

text: Kojo was an ordinary high schooler before becoming a vampire and is reluctant to use the powers which he barely controls. Yukina Himeragi is a neophyte Sword Shaman whose first mission is to 'observe' him.


title: Strike the Blood

text: Before long, Kojo is the centre of attention of many who are concerned about the risks he represents. Kojo and Yukina befriend various students and others, some of whom are attracted to Kojo, and whose situations drive his libido, which provides the source of much of his power.


title: Strike the Blood

text: "Strike the Blood" began as a light novel series written by Gakuto Mikumo and illustrated by Manyako. ASCII Media Works has published 22 main volumes and two side story volumes from May 10, 2011, to August 7, 2020 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint. Yen Press published the English language edition from September 22, 2015, to November 22, 2022.


title: Strike the Blood

text: The manga was serialized from June 2012 to December 2016 in ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki Daioh" magazine.


title: Strike the Blood

text: The first tankōbon volume was released on December 15, 2012 and the concluding tenth volume on March 27, 2017. The English language edition, published by Yen Press, was released between October 15, 2015 and April 17, 2018.


title: Strike the Blood

text: A 24-episode anime adaptation produced by Silver Link and Connect began airing on October 4, 2013 on AT-X. The series is directed by Hideyo Yamamoto with scripts by Hiroyuki Yoshino and character design by Keiichi Sano. The first opening theme song is by Kisida Kyoudan & The Akebosi Rockets, and the first ending theme song is "Strike my soul" by Yuka Iguchi. The second opening theme is "Fight 4 Real" by Altima and the second ending theme is "Signal" by Kanon Wakeshima. Crunchyroll (with distribution by Discotek Media) released the anime series in a combined Blu-ray/DVD format on November 8, 2016.


title: Strike the Blood

text: On March 15, 2015, publisher Dengeki Bunko announced that a two-part OVA based on an original story by creator Gakuto Mikumo would be released by year's end. On August 14, 2015, further details were announced for "Strike the Blood: Kingdom of the Valkyria" which would be released on DVD/BD on November 25 and December 23 of that year. The opening theme is by Iguchi and the ending theme is by Wakeshima.


title: Strike the Blood

text: A second 4 volume, 8-episode OVA series based on the 9th light novel, co-produced by Silver Link and Connect and with returning director Hideyo Yamamoto, was released between November 21, 2016 and May 24, 2017. The opening theme song is "Blood on the EDGE" by Kishida Kyōdan & The Akeboshi Rockets and the ending theme song is by Risa Taneda.


title: Strike the Blood

text: A third 10-episode OVA series, produced by Connect and with returning director Hideyo Yamamoto, debuted on December 19, 2018, and concluded on September 29, 2019. The opening theme song is "Blood and Emotions" by Kishida Kyōdan & The Akeboshi Rockets and the ending theme song is "Love Stoic" by Taneda.


title: Strike the Blood

text: Another OVA titled "Strike the Blood: Kieta Seisō-hen" ("The Lost Holy Spear") was released on January 29, 2020. A fourth OVA series, projected at 12 episodes, debuted on April 8, 2020, and concluded on June 30, 2021. Kishida Kyōdan & The Akeboshi Rockets perform the opening theme song, while Taneda performs the ending theme song. The staff from the third OVA series returned to reprise their roles. On May 15, 2020, it was announced that volume 2 was pushed back from June 24 to July 29 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Strike the Blood

text: After the conclusion of "Strike the Blood IV", a fifth and final 4-episode OVA series titled "Strike the Blood Final" has been announced. It was released in 2 2-episode Blu-ray and DVD volumes; the first on March 30, 2022 and the second on July 29, 2022, after being delayed one month from June 29. The ending theme song is "Engagement ~Yakusoku~" by Risa Taneda.


title: Strike the Blood

text: All the three volumes of the anime series' release on DVD charted among the weekly best-selling Japan's animation DVD ranking, with each compilation selling over 1,000 copies. The Blu-ray discs were also among the best-selling of a week, and have sold over 4,000 copies per volume.


title: Strike the Blood

text: Season three's second volume was reported to have sold over 7000 BRD copies in its first week of release.


title: Strike the Blood

text: Theron Martin of the Anime News Network gave the show a B rating, praising its “Entertaining action, highly appealing female character designs, chemistry between Kojo and Yukina.” and highlighted the originality to, “...Make the male harem lead a fledgling vampire (albeit a very powerful one) who is still figuring out the ways of being a vampire.” but criticized it in that, “Most character and story elements are retreads, artistic quality control issues late in the series, how Kojo became a vampire is not sufficiently detailed.”


title: Strike the Blood

text: While nothing about the characters or the story arcs stands out, the series does deliver quite well on the action front and does excel in one important aspect: it has an exceptionally appealing array of female character designs to surround Kojo with. Keiichi Sano, whose other prominent character design effort was Heaven's Memo Pad, strikes gold here with designs that range from merely pretty to absolutely gorgeous.


title: Strike the Blood

text: Despite its lack of freshness, Strike the Blood executes well enough, and establishes a convincing enough relationship between Kojo and Yukina, that it still proves plenty entertaining. It may be built on a tried-and-true formula which has developed over the past few years, but it does not mess it up by striving for anything too grand, by deigning to inflict preachy ramblings on its audience (see Index), or by generally failing to make sense (see Asura Cryin’).


title: Strike the Blood

text: On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed "Strike the Blood" among 38 anime and manga titles banned in the People's Republic of China by the Central People's Government (State Council).


title: Ice Lake (microprocessor)

text: Ice Lake is Intel's codename for the 10th generation Intel Core mobile and 3rd generation Xeon Scalable server processors based on the Sunny Cove microarchitecture. Ice Lake represents an Architecture step in Intel's Process-Architecture-Optimization model. Produced on the second generation of Intel's 10 nm process, 10 nm+, Ice Lake is Intel's second microarchitecture to be manufactured on the 10 nm process, following the limited launch of Cannon Lake in 2018. However, Intel altered their naming scheme in 2020 for the 10 nm process. In this new naming scheme, Ice Lake's manufacturing process is called simply 10 nm, without any appended pluses.


title: Ice Lake (microprocessor)

text: Ice Lake CPUs are sold together with the 14 nm Comet Lake CPUs as Intel's "10th Generation Core" product family. There are no Ice Lake desktop or high-power mobile processors; Comet Lake fulfills this role. Sunny Cove-based Xeon Scalable CPUs (codenamed "Ice Lake-SP") officially launched on April 6, 2021. Intel officially launched Xeon W-3300 series workstation processors on July 29, 2021.


title: Ice Lake (microprocessor)

text: Ice Lake's direct successor in mobile is Tiger Lake, a third-generation 10 nm processor family using the new Willow Cove microarchitecture and integrated graphics based on the new Intel Xe microarchitecture. Ice Lake-SP will be succeeded by Sapphire Rapids, powered by Golden Cove cores. Several mobile Ice Lake CPUs were discontinued on July 7, 2021.


title: Ice Lake (microprocessor)

text: Ice Lake is built on the Sunny Cove microarchitecture. Intel released details of Ice Lake during Intel Architecture Day in December 2018, stating that the Sunny Cove core Ice Lake would be focusing on single-thread performance, new instructions, and scalability improvements. Intel stated that the performance improvements would be achieved by making the core "deeper, wider, and smarter".


title: Ice Lake (microprocessor)

text: Ice Lake features Intel's Gen11 graphics, increasing the number of execution units to 64, from 24 or 48 in Gen9.5 graphics, achieving over 1 TFLOPS of compute performance. Each execution unit supports 7 threads, meaning that the design has 512 concurrent pipelines. Feeding these execution units is a 3 megabyte L3 cache, a four-fold increase from Gen9.5, alongside the increased memory bandwidth enabled by LPDDR4X on low-power mobile platforms. Gen11 graphics also introduces tile-based rendering and Coarse Pixel Shading (CPS), Intel's implementation of variable-rate shading (VRS). The architecture also includes an all-new HEVC encoder design. On August 1, 2019, Intel released the specifications of Ice Lake -U and -Y CPUs. The Y-series CPUs lost their -Y suffix and m3 naming. Instead, Intel uses a trailing number before the GPU type to indicate their package power; "0" corresponds to 9W, "5" to 15W, and "8" to 28W. Furthermore, the first two numbers in the model number correspond to the generation of the chip, while the third number dictates the family the CPU belongs to (i3, i5, etc.); thus, a 1035G7 would be a 10th generation Core i5 with a package power of 15 watts and a G7 GPU.


title: Ice Lake (microprocessor)

text: Pre-orders for laptops featuring Ice Lake CPUs started in August 2019, followed by shipments in September.


title: Austin Pendleton

text: Austin Campbell Pendleton (born March 27, 1940) is an American actor, playwright, theatre director, and instructor. He is known as a prolific character actor on the stage and screen who has appeared in films including "Catch-22" (1970); "What's Up, Doc?" (1972); "The Front Page" (1974); "The Muppet Movie" (1979), "Short Circuit" (1986); "Mr. and Mrs. Bridge" (1990); "My Cousin Vinny" (1992); "Amistad" (1997); "A Beautiful Mind" (2001), which earned him a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture nomination; and "Finding Nemo" (2003).


title: Austin Pendleton

text: Pendleton received a Tony Award nomination for Best Direction of a Play for the Broadway revival of "The Little Foxes" in 1981. He has received two Drama Desk Award nominations and the recipient of a Special Drama Desk Award in 2007. He also received a Obie Award for Best Director for the 2011 off-Broadway revival of "Three Sisters". Recent Broadway credits include "Choir Boy" in 2016 and "The Minutes" in 2022.


title: Austin Pendleton

text: Pendleton was born in Warren, Ohio, the son of Thorn Pendleton, who ran a tool company, and Frances ("" Manchester) Pendleton, a professional actress. He graduated from the University School, a private all-boys school in Shaker Heights, Ohio, in 1957. A childhood friend was Roger Ailes, later of Fox News.


title: Austin Pendleton

text: Pendleton is a 1961 graduate of Yale University, and as a member of the Yale Dramatic Association, collaborated in 1958 with lyricist Peter Bergman in writing two musical plays that starred Philip Proctor: "Tom Jones" and "Booth Is Back In Town". Proctor and Bergman later formed half of The Firesign Theatre comedy group.


title: Austin Pendleton

text: Pendleton first received critical acclaim in 1964 for his performance as Motel in the original Broadway cast of "Fiddler on the Roof". He appeared in "The Last Sweet Days of Isaac" (for which he won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Performance and an Obie Award), "The Diary of Anne Frank", "Goodtime Charley", and "Up from Paradise", and many other plays. In August 2006, Pendleton played the Chaplain in Bertolt Brecht's "Mother Courage and Her Children" with Meryl Streep and Kevin Kline in the New York Shakespeare Festival/Public Theater production directed by George C. Wolfe at the Delacorte Theater. In 2007, he appeared as Friar Lawrence in the Public Theater's production of Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" at the Delacorte.


title: Austin Pendleton

text: Pendleton wrote the plays "Uncle Bob", "Booth", and "Orson's Shadow", all of which were staged off-Broadway. "Uncle Bob" had its off-Broadway premiere in 2001 at The SoHo Playhouse, starring George Morfogen—for whom the role of Bob was written—and Joseph Gordon-Levitt, making his New York theatre debut. The critically acclaimed production was directed by Courtney Moorehead and produced by Steven Sendor.


title: Austin Pendleton

text: As a director, Pendleton has worked extensively on and off Broadway. His direction of Elizabeth Taylor and Maureen Stapleton in Lillian Hellman's "The Little Foxes" garnered him a Tony Award nomination in 1981. Additional directing credits include "The Runner Stumbles" by Milan Stitt (1977), "Spoils of War" by Michael Weller (1988), and "The Size of the World" by Charles Evered (1996).


title: Austin Pendleton

text: Pendleton is also a member of The Mirror Theater Ltd's Mirror Repertory Company, directing the company's 1984 production of Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts, starring Geraldine Page, Sabra Jones, and Victor Slezak. His play "H6R3", a compilation of "Henry VI" and "Richard III" intended to make the story line clearer and strengthen the women's parts, became a benefit production of The Mirror Theater Ltd at the then Promenade Theater in New York. Pendleton played Richard in this performance, Sabra Jones performed Elizabeth, Lynn Redgrave played Mad Margaret, Charles McAteer was Lord Rutland, Geraint Wyn Davies played Henry VI, Daniel Gerroll played Buckingham, and Lisa Pelikan played Lady Anne.


title: Austin Pendleton

text: In 2009, Pendleton directed "Uncle Vanya", starring Maggie Gyllenhaal and Peter Sarsgaard, at the Classic Stage Company. The same year he directed Tennessee Williams's "Vieux Carré" at The Pearl Theatre Company. In 2010, Pendleton directed two plays, "Bus Stop" at the Olney Theater and "Golden Age" at the Philadelphia Theatre Company. His 2011 directing of "Three Sisters" won him an Obie Award. In 2012, he directed a production of "Detroit" at the National Theatre in London.


title: Austin Pendleton

text: Pendleton served as artistic director of the Circle Repertory Company with associate artistic director Lynne Thigpen. The company closed in 1996. He teaches acting at HB Studio and directing at The New School. Pendleton has been involved with the Steppenwolf Theatre in Chicago since directing Ralph Pape's "Say Goodnight, Gracie" for the 1979-80 season, and is an ensemble member there. His acting credits at Steppenwolf include "Uncle Vanya", "Valparaiso", and "Educating Rita".


title: Austin Pendleton

text: Pendleton is the subject of "Starring Austin Pendleton", a documentary in which colleagues including Meryl Streep, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Olympia Dukakis, and Ethan Hawke discuss his life and legacy.


title: Austin Pendleton

text: As a member of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company, Pendleton starred in Tracy Letts's play "The Minutes" in Chicago, which has since transferred to Broadway.


title: Lamniformes

text: The Lamniformes (, from Greek "lamna" "fish of prey") are an order of sharks commonly known as mackerel sharks (which may also refer specifically to the family Lamnidae). It includes some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the great white, as well as more unusual representatives, such as the goblin shark and megamouth shark.


title: Lamniformes

text: Members of the order are distinguished by possessing two dorsal fins, an anal fin, five gill slits, eyes without nictitating membranes, and a mouth extending behind the eyes. Species in two families of Lamniformes – Lamnidae and Alopiidae – are distinguished for maintaining a higher body temperature than the surrounding water.


title: Lamniformes

text: Members of the group include macropredators, generally of medium-large size, including the largest macropredatory shark ever, the extinct "Otodus megalodon," as well as large planktivores.


title: Lamniformes

text: The oldest member of the group is the small (~ long) carpet shark-like "Palaeocarcharias," known from the Middle and Late Jurassic, which shares the distinctive tooth histology of most lamniform sharks, which lack orthodentine. Lamniformes underwent a major adaptive radiation during the Cretaceous and became prominent elements of oceanic ecosystems. They reached their highest diversity during the Late Cretaceous, but severely declined during the K-Pg extinction, before rebounding to a high but lower diversity peak during the Paleogene. Lamniformes have severely declined over the last 20 million years, with only 15 species alive today, compared to over 290 extant species in the Carcharhiniformes, which have evolved into medium and large body sizes during the same timeframe. The causes of the decline are uncertain, but are likely to have involved both biotic factors like competition and non-biotic factors like temperature and sea level.


title: Lamniformes

text: The order Lamniformes includes 10 families with 22 species, with a total of seven living families and 17 living species:


title: Lamniformes

text: In 2010, Greenpeace International added the shortfin mako shark ("Isurus oxyrinchus") to its seafood red list.


title: Color space

text: A color space is a specific organization of colors. In combination with color profiling supported by various physical devices, it supports reproducible representations of colorwhether such representation entails an analog or a digital representation. A color space may be arbitrary, i.e. with physically realized colors assigned to a set of physical color swatches with corresponding assigned color names (including discrete numbers infor examplethe Pantone collection), or structured with mathematical rigor (as with the NCS System, Adobe RGB and sRGB). A "color space" is a useful conceptual tool for understanding the color capabilities of a particular device or digital file. When trying to reproduce color on another device, color spaces can show whether shadow/highlight detail and color saturation can be retained, and by how much either will be compromised.


title: Color space

text: A "color model" is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers (e.g. triples in RGB or quadruples in CMYK); however, a color model with no associated mapping function to an absolute color space is a more or less arbitrary color system with no connection to any globally understood system of color interpretation. Adding a specific mapping function between a color model and a reference color space establishes within the reference color space a definite "footprint", known as a <dfn>gamut</dfn>, and for a given color model, this defines a color space. For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different absolute color spaces, both based on the RGB color model. When defining a color space, the usual reference standard is the CIELAB or CIEXYZ color spaces, which were specifically designed to encompass all colors the average human can see.


title: Color space

text: Since "color space" identifies a particular combination of the color model and the mapping function, the word is often used informally to identify a color model. However, even though identifying a color space automatically identifies the associated color model, this usage is incorrect in a strict sense. For example, although several specific color spaces are based on the RGB color model, there is no such thing as the singular RGB color space.


title: Color space

text: In 1802, Thomas Young postulated the existence of three types of photoreceptors (now known as cone cells) in the eye, each of which was sensitive to a particular range of visible light. Hermann von Helmholtz developed the Young–Helmholtz theory further in 1850: that the three types of cone photoreceptors could be classified as short-preferring (blue), middle-preferring (green), and long-preferring (red), according to their response to the wavelengths of light striking the retina. The relative strengths of the signals detected by the three types of cones are interpreted by the brain as a visible color. But it's not clear that they thought of colors as being points in color space.


title: Color space

text: The color-space concept was likely due to Hermann Grassmann, who developed it in two stages. First, he developed the idea of vector space, which allowed the algebraic representation of geometric concepts in "n"-dimensional space. Fearnley-Sander (1979) describes Grassmann's foundation of linear algebra as follows:


title: Color space

text: With this conceptual background, in 1853, Grassmann published a theory of how colors mix; it and its three color laws are still taught, as Grassmann's law.


title: Color space

text: Colors can be created in printing with color spaces based on the CMYK color model, using the subtractive primary colors of pigment (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black). To create a three-dimensional representation of a given color space, we can assign the amount of magenta color to the representation's X axis, the amount of cyan to its Y axis, and the amount of yellow to its Z axis. The resulting 3-D space provides a unique position for every possible color that can be created by combining those three pigments.


title: Color space

text: Colors can be created on computer monitors with color spaces based on the RGB color model, using the additive primary colors (red, green, and blue). A three-dimensional representation would assign each of the three colors to the X, Y, and Z axes. Note that colors generated on a given monitor will be limited by the reproduction medium, such as the phosphor (in a CRT monitor) or filters and backlight (LCD monitor).


title: Color space

text: Another way of creating colors on a monitor is with an HSL or HSV color model, based on hue, saturation, brightness (value/brightness). With such a model, the variables are assigned to cylindrical coordinates.


title: Color space

text: Many color spaces can be represented as three-dimensional values in this manner, but some have more, or fewer dimensions, and some, such as Pantone, cannot be represented in this way at all.


title: Color space

text: Color space conversion is the translation of the representation of a color from one basis to another. This typically occurs in the context of converting an image that is represented in one color space to another color space, the goal being to make the translated image look as similar as possible to the original.


title: Color space

text: The RGB color model is implemented in different ways, depending on the capabilities of the system used. The most common general-used incarnation is the 24-bit implementation, with 8 bits, or 256 discrete levels of color per channel. Any color space based on such a 24-bit RGB model is thus limited to a range of 256×256×256 ≈ 16.7 million colors. Some implementations use 16 bits per component for 48 bits total, resulting in the same gamut with a larger number of distinct colors. This is especially important when working with wide-gamut color spaces (where most of the more common colors are located relatively close together), or when a large number of digital filtering algorithms are used consecutively. The same principle applies for any color space based on the same color model, but implemented in different bit depths.


title: Color space

text: CIE 1931 XYZ color space was one of the first attempts to produce a color space based on measurements of human color perception (earlier efforts were by James Clerk Maxwell, König & Dieterici, and Abney at Imperial College) and it is the basis for almost all other color spaces. The CIERGB color space is a linearly-related companion of CIE XYZ. Additional derivatives of CIE XYZ include the CIELUV, CIEUVW, and CIELAB.


title: Color space

text: RGB uses additive color mixing, because it describes what kind of "light" needs to be "emitted" to produce a given color. RGB stores individual values for red, green and blue. RGBA is RGB with an additional channel, alpha, to indicate transparency. Common color spaces based on the RGB model include sRGB, Adobe RGB, ProPhoto RGB, scRGB, and CIE RGB.


title: Color space

text: CMYK uses subtractive color mixing used in the printing process, because it describes what kind of inks need to be applied so the light "reflected" from the substrate and through the inks produces a given color. One starts with a white substrate (canvas, page, etc.), and uses ink to subtract color from white to create an image. CMYK stores ink values for cyan, magenta, yellow and black. There are many CMYK color spaces for different sets of inks, substrates, and press characteristics (which change the dot gain or transfer function for each ink and thus change the appearance).


title: Color space

text: YIQ was formerly used in NTSC (North America, Japan and elsewhere) television broadcasts for historical reasons. This system stores a luma value roughly analogous to (and sometimes incorrectly identified as) luminance, along with two chroma values as approximate representations of the relative amounts of blue and red in the color. It is similar to the YUV scheme used in most video capture systems and in PAL (Australia, Europe, except France, which uses SECAM) television, except that the YIQ color space is rotated 33° with respect to the YUV color space and the color axes are swapped. The YDbDr scheme used by SECAM television is rotated in another way.


title: Color space

text: YPbPr is a scaled version of YUV. It is most commonly seen in its digital form, YCbCr, used widely in video and image compression schemes such as MPEG and JPEG.


title: Color space

text: xvYCC is a new international digital video color space standard published by the IEC (IEC 61966-2-4). It is based on the ITU BT.601 and BT.709 standards but extends the gamut beyond the R/G/B primaries specified in those standards.


title: Color space

text: HSV (hue, saturation, value), also known as HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) is often used by artists because it is often more natural to think about a color in terms of hue and saturation than in terms of additive or subtractive color components. HSV is a transformation of an RGB color space, and its components and colorimetry are relative to the RGB color space from which it was derived.


title: Color space

text: HSL (hue, saturation, lightness/luminance), also known as HLS or HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) is quite similar to HSV, with "lightness" replacing "brightness". The difference is that the "brightness" of a pure color is equal to the brightness of white, while the "lightness" of a pure color is equal to the lightness of a medium gray.


title: Color space

text: Early color spaces had two components. They largely ignored blue light because the added complexity of a 3-component process provided only a marginal increase in fidelity when compared to the jump from monochrome to 2-component color.


title: Color space

text: CIEXYZ, sRGB, and ICtCp are examples of absolute color spaces, as opposed to a generic RGB color space.


title: Color space

text: A non-absolute color space can be made absolute by defining its relationship to absolute colorimetric quantities. For instance, if the red, green, and blue colors in a monitor are measured exactly, together with other properties of the monitor, then RGB values on that monitor can be considered as absolute. The CIE 1976 L*, a*, b* color space is sometimes referred to as absolute, though it also needs a white point specification to make it so.


title: Color space

text: A popular way to make a color space like RGB into an absolute color is to define an ICC profile, which contains the attributes of the RGB. This is not the only way to express an absolute color, but it is the standard in many industries. RGB colors defined by widely accepted profiles include sRGB and Adobe RGB. The process of adding an ICC profile to a graphic or document is sometimes called "tagging" or "embedding"; tagging, therefore, marks the absolute meaning of colors in that graphic or document.


title: Color space

text: A color in one absolute color space can be converted into another absolute color space, and back again, in general; however, some color spaces may have gamut limitations, and converting colors that lie outside that gamut will not produce correct results. There are also likely to be rounding errors, especially if the popular range of only 256 distinct values per component (8-bit color) is used.


title: Color space

text: One part of the definition of an absolute color space is the viewing conditions. The same color, viewed under different natural or artificial lighting conditions, will look different. Those involved professionally with color matching may use viewing rooms, lit by standardized lighting.


title: Color space

text: Occasionally, there are precise rules for converting between non-absolute color spaces. For example, HSL and HSV spaces are defined as mappings of RGB. Both are non-absolute, but the conversion between them should maintain the same color. However, in general, converting between two non-absolute color spaces (for example, RGB to CMYK) or between absolute and non-absolute color spaces (for example, RGB to L*a*b*) is almost a meaningless concept.


title: Color space

text: A different method of defining absolute color spaces is familiar to many consumers as the swatch card, used to select paint, fabrics, and the like. This is a way of agreeing a color between two parties. A more standardized method of defining absolute colors is the Pantone Matching System, a proprietary system that includes swatch cards and recipes that commercial printers can use to make inks that are a particular color.


title: Temür Khan

text: Öljeytü Khan (Mongolian: Өлзийт; Mongolian script: '; ), born Temür ( ; ; October 15, 1265 – February 10, 1307), also known as Emperor Chengzong of Yuan"' () by his temple name "Chengzong", was the second emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China, ruling from May 10, 1294 to February 10, 1307. Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the sixth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. He was an able ruler of the Yuan dynasty, and his reign established the patterns of power for the next few decades. His name means "blessed iron Khan" in the Mongolian language.


title: Temür Khan

text: Temür was a son of the Crown Prince Zhenjin and a grandson of the Yuan founder Kublai Khan. During his rule, the western khanates of the Mongol Empire accepted the supremacy of the Yuan dynasty.


title: Temür Khan

text: Temür was born the third son of Zhenjin of the Borjigin and Kökejin (Bairam-Egechi) of the Khunggirad on October 15, 1265. Because Kublai's first son Dorji died early, his second son and Temür's father, Zhenjin, became the crown prince. However, he died in 1286 when Temür was 21 years old. Kublai remained close to Zhenjin's widow Kökejin, who was high in his favor. Like his grandfather Kublai, Temür was a follower of Buddhism.


title: Temür Khan

text: Temür followed his grandfather Kublai to suppress the rebellion of Nayan (Naiyan) and other rival relatives in 1287. Then he and Kublai's official, Oz-Temür, came to guard the Liao River area and Liaodong in the east from Nayan's ally, Qadaan, and defeated him. Kublai appointed Temür the princely overseer of Karakorum and surrounding areas in July 1293. Three Chagatai princes submitted to him while he was defending Mongolia (they fled to Chagatai Khanate soon and returned to Yuan dynasty again during the reign of Temür).


title: Temür Khan

text: After Kublai Khan died in 1294, Kublai's old officials urged the court to summon a kurultai in Shangdu. Because Zhenjin's second son Darmabala had already died in 1292, only his two sons, Gammala and Temür, were left to succeed. It was proposed that they hold a competition over who had better knowledge of Genghis Khan's sayings. Temür won and was declared the emperor.


title: Temür Khan

text: Temür Khan was a competent emperor of the Yuan dynasty. He kept the empire the way Kublai Khan left it though he did not make any great achievements. He continued many of Kublai Khan's economic reforms and tried to recover the economy from the expensive campaigns of Kublai Khan's reign. He allowed the empire to heal from the damage caused by the Vietnam Campaign. Many other high posts of his empire were filled with people of different origin, including Mongols, Han, Muslims and a few Christians.


title: Temür Khan

text: Ideologically, Temür's administration showed respect for Confucianism and Confucian scholars. Shortly after his accession, Temür issued an edict to revere Confucius. Temür appointed Harghasun, who was particularly close to the Confucian scholars, right grand chancellor in the secretariat. Nevertheless, the Mongol court did not accept every principle of Confucianism. Temür bestowed new guards and assets on his mother and renamed her ordo (great palace-tent or camp) Longfugong palace, which became a center of Khunggirad power for the next few decades. Mongol and westerner statesmen were assisted by an array of Chinese administrators and Muslim financiers. The most prominent Muslim statesman was Bayan (Баян), great-grandson of Saiyid Ajall Shams al-Din, who was in charge of the Ministry of Finance. Under Mongol administrators Oljei and Harghasun, the Yuan court adopted policies that were designed to ensure political and social stability. Orders were given that portraits be painted of the khagans and khatuns during the reign of Temür.


title: Temür Khan

text: The number of the Tibetans in the administration gradually increased. The Khon family of Tibet was honored, and one of them became an imperial son-in law in 1296. Temür reversed his grandfather's anti-Taoist policy and made Taoist Zhang Liusun co-chair of the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. In 1304, Temür appointed the Celestial master of Dragon and Tiger Mountain as head of the Orthodox Unity School. He banned sales and distillation of alcohol in Mongolia in 1297, and the French historian René Grousset applauded his activity in the book, "The Empire of Steppes".


title: Temür Khan

text: Temür was opposed to imposing any additional fiscal burden on the people. Exemptions from levies and taxes were granted several times for part or all of the Yuan. After his enthronement, Temür exempted Khanbaliq (Dadu, modern Beijing) and Shangdu from taxes for a year. He also exempted the Mongol commoners from taxation for two years. In 1302 he prohibited the collection of anything beyond the established tax quotas. The financial state of the government deteriorated, however, and the draining of monetary reserves greatly weakened the credibility of the paper currency system. Corruption among officials of the Yuan became a problem.


title: Temür Khan

text: During the last years of Temür, a peace among the Yuan dynasty and the western Mongol khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate) was achieved around 1304 after the Kaidu–Kublai war that had lasted for more than 30 years and caused the permanent division of the Mongol Empire. Temür Khan was recognized as their nominal suzerain. While the peace itself was short-lived and the war soon resumed, this established the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the western khanates that lasted for a few decades.


title: Temür Khan

text: Because his only son Teshou died a year earlier (January 1306), Temür died without a male heir, in the capital Khanbaliq on February 10, 1307.


title: Temür Khan

text: Soon after his enthronement in 1294, Temür called off all preparations for further expansions to Japan and the Đại Việt, whose new ruler ignored his grandfather's envoy in 1291. Temür sent his messengers to Japan and Champa to demand submissions. Champa accepted the terms, but Kamakura shogunate declined, and the Japanese Wokou attacked Ningbo in Zheijiang province late in his reign. The rulers of Đại Việt, Burma, and Sukhotai visited Khanbaliq to greet him as their overlord in 1295, 1297, and 1300. In response to the visit from the prince of Burma, he aborted the Burmese campaign and said to all his ministers: "They are our friendly subjects. Do not attack their people". Temür also released envoys of Đại Việt to show his goodwill, and the Tran court began to send tributary missions. But Temür's government had to quell rebellions in the southwestern mountainous area, led by tribal chieftains like Song Longji and female leader Shejie in 1296. It took long months for the generals Liu Shen and Liu Guojie to suppress these rebellions.


title: Temür Khan

text: By the request of the Burmese prince, Tribhuvanaditya, Temür dispatched a detachment of the Yuan army to Burma in 1297. They successfully repelled the Shans from Myanmar. Temür also received envoys from Siam and Cambodia. He dispatched Zhou Daguan to Khmer Cambodia in 1296, and Zhou wrote an account about his journey. In 1299 Athinkaya murdered his brother Tribhuvanaditya, who submitted to Temür in 1297. In 1300, a punitive expedition was launched against Burma for dethroning Temür's protectorate, Tribhuvanaditya. The Shan warlords of Babai-Xifu, who were quarreling over the royal succession of Pagan, also raided the Yuan realms. Temür sent his Yunnan-based force in turn to halt the advance of Babaixifu (Lanna Kingdom of Chiangmai) in 1301–1303. Although those campaigns were fruitless, Athinkaya and the Shan lords offered their submission. The costly expedition spurred rebellions of a Yunnan official, Song Longji, and the Gold-Tooths (ancestors of the Dai people) in 1301–03. The revolts were eventually suppressed. After Temür Khan ordered to withdraw his army from Burma, Central and southern Burma soon came under the Tai rulers who paid nominal tribute to the Yuan dynasty.


title: Sarah Khan

text: appears in Urdu-language television series. She made her acting debut with a supporting role in 2012 Hum TV's serial "Badi Aapa" and followed by other brief roles in several series. Khan is best known for her portrayal as Miraal in Hum TV's drama "Sabaat".


title: Sarah Khan

text: She rose to prominence with the role of Farisa in the Moomal-produced romantic "Alvida" (2015) and later on appeared as Saba in the mystery drama "Mohabbat Aag Si" (2015), which earned her a Hum Award for Best Supporting Actress. She subsequently garnered wide recognition for portraying leading roles in the romantic drama "Tumhare Hain", the black magic-based "Nazr-e-Bad" (both 2017), "Belapur Ki Dayan" (2018), which earned her a Best Actress nomination at Hum Awards. Further praise came for her performance in the mystery drama "Band Khirkiyan" (2018), "Raqs e Bismil" (2020) and "Laapata" (2021).


title: Sarah Khan

text: Khan made her acting debut as a supporting role in 2012, "Badi Aapa" aired on Hum TV, where she played the role of the daughter of the main characters. Next, she appeared in a telenovela serial "Mirat-ul-Uroos" which was broadcast on Geo TV in the same year. She played the featuring role of Humna alongside Mehwish Hayat, Mikaal Zulfiqar, Ahsan Khan, Samina Ahmad, and Ayesha Khan.


title: Sarah Khan

text: Khan followed it with supporting roles in much successful television series. Her breakthrough came with a negative character of a selfish opportunist in 2015 in the romantic drama "Alvida" with Sanam Jung, and Imran Abbas Naqvi. The drama was aired on Hum TV and she also got nomination for this act. In the same year, she gave a wonderful performance in the drama "Mohabbat Aag Si" and got an award for best actor in a supporting role. She played the role of a brave housewife, Saba as a supporting actress along with Azfar Rehman. In 2014, she appeared in a soap series "Bhool" with Sanam Chaudhry, Behroze Sabzwari, and Fazila Qazi. The drama was based on some political intrigue and received several awards, including a Hum Award for Best Actress Popular for her. In 2018 she did a role in "Belapur Ki Dayan", where she was the Dayan in the drama along with Adnan Siddiqui and Ammar Khan. She is at present busy in shooting of Meri Jaan Pahle Aap which is expected to release this year.


title: Sarah Khan

text: Khan married Pakistani singer and songwriter Falak Shabir in July 2020. On 8 October 2021, Shabir announced the birth of their daughter.


title: T'Nia Miller

text: T'Nia Miller (born 1980) is a British actress, known for her appearances in television series including "Witless" (2016–2018), "Years and Years" (2019), "Free Rein" (2019), "The Haunting of Bly Manor" (2020), and "Foundation" (2021).


title: T'Nia Miller

text: Miller made her professional acting debut in 2007, in three episodes of the Channel 4 drama series "Dubplate Drama" as Nadine. She then made appearances in "The Bill" and "Holby City", before her first starring role as JJ in the 2012 feature film "Stud Life". After making guest appearances in British television series such as "Babylon", "Banana", "Cucumber", "Doctor Who", "Guilt" and "Born to Kill", Miller scored her first starring role as DC Wilton in the BBC Three thriller series "Witless", a role she played from 2016 to 2018. In June 2017, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera "Doctors" as Bev Lomax. In 2019, Miller was cast in the BBC drama miniseries "Years and Years" as Celeste Bisme-Lyons. "Years and Years" was created by Russell T Davies, whom Miller had worked with on the Channel 4 programmes "Banana" and "Cucumber". In 2019, she appeared in the Netflix series "Free Rein" as Claire Wright, In 2020, Miller appeared in the Netflix series "Sex Education" as Maxine Tarrington, and later in the year, she starred in the Netflix series "The Haunting of Bly Manor" as Hannah Grose. In 2021, Miller starred in the AMC series "La Fortuna" as Susan McLean and in the Apple TV+ series "Foundation" as Zephyr Halima.


title: T'Nia Miller

text: Miller is openly lesbian. Miller trained at the Guildford School of Acting, from which she graduated in 2004. She is divorced and has two children.


title: T'Nia Miller

text: Miller is known for her shaved head, and when asked about it, she said: "I used to hide behind my hair all the time. I had this long, relaxed hair, and I was thinking, 'What am I trying to say? What is that about?' It sort of was a lightbulb moment, and I said: 'You know what? I'm gonna cut it off. I start from ground zero and grow an afro.' I was sitting in the barber shop, and he cut my hair and I fell in love with my skull... and I never turned back. And actually, it's afforded me to be able to play a diverse range of roles – it had totally the opposite effect that I feared. Where I thought I'd be very limited to what I'd be seen for, it's done the opposite. So this was born out of an integrity of loving the self and not having to hide, and loving the fact that I'm an African."


title: Julie Warner

text: Juliet Mia Warner (born ) is an American actress. She is best known as Danni on "Family Law" (1999–2001) and Megan on "Nip/Tuck" (2003-2006), Elaine in "Mr. Saturday Night" (1992), Michelle in "Tommy Boy" (1995), Micki in "Wedding Bell Blues" (1996), and Dean York in "Chalk It Up" (2016). She also appeared in the 1989 HBO Special “The Diceman Cometh” with comedian Andrew Dice Clay.


title: Julie Warner

text: Warner was born to Naomi, an independent marketing consultant, and Neil Warner, a composer and pianist. Her paternal grandfather, Jack Shilkret, and paternal great uncle, Nathaniel Shilkret, were composers. Warner attended the Dalton School at age twelve. There she met an agent who advised Warner to consider acting. Shortly thereafter, Warner landed a role on the soap opera "Guiding Light". Warner studied theater arts at Brown University. After her graduation, Warner moved to Los Angeles, where she worked as a waitress while auditioning for acting. She is Jewish.


title: Julie Warner

text: Warner performed in conservatory theater and summer stock theater and appeared in two episodes of "", "Booby Trap" in 1989 and "Transfigurations" in 1990. She also made commercials for products, including Pert Plus.


title: Julie Warner

text: Warner's most famous roles include her 1991 breakout co-starring performance with Michael J. Fox in "Doc Hollywood", then her co-starring role with Billy Crystal in 1992's "Mr. Saturday Night". She was in "Indian Summer" in 1993, "The Puppet Masters", based on Robert A Heinlein's novel of the same name in 1994, and "Tommy Boy" in 1995. Also in 1995, she portrayed Amy Sherman in "Pride and Joy". She played the role of Danni Lipton in the TV series "Family Law", and the recurring character Megan O'Hara in "Nip/Tuck". In 2005, Warner began starring as the wife to Howie Mandel in his short-lived hidden camera/situation comedy "Hidden Howie: The Private Life of a Public Nuisance" and later appeared in the 2006 film "Stick It". Other screen credits include a guest appearance on an episode of "House". She starred in the 2008 Hallmark Channel movie "Our First Christmas", where she plays a mother trying to navigate the difficult waters of combining two families after the deaths of her own and her new husband's spouses. In 2009, she played Rose Pinchbinder in the children's TV show "True Jackson, VP" in the episode "Keeping Tabs". In 2012, she guest starred in a season seven episode of "Dexter", "Chemistry", as the sister of Hannah McKay's dead husband.


title: Julie Warner

text: In June 1995, Warner married writer-director Jonathan Prince. They have a son named Jackson, born in 1997. They are now divorced.


title: Air Tractor AT-802

text: The Air Tractor AT-802 is an American agricultural aircraft that may also be adapted into fire-fighting or armed versions. It first flew in the United States in October 1990 and is manufactured by Air Tractor The AT-802 carries a chemical hopper between the engine firewall and the cockpit. In the U.S., it is considered a Type III SEAT, or Single Engine Air Tanker.


title: Air Tractor AT-802

text: In its standard configuration, the aircraft utilizes conventional landing gear (two main wheels and a tail wheel). However, a number of aircraft have been converted to the Fire Boss aerial firefighting configuration, which utilizes Wipaire 10000 amphibious floats, so that it can land on a traditional runway or on water. The Fire Boss can scoop water from a lake or river for use on a fire. In addition to the standard fuselage-mounted retardant tank, the Fire Boss can have optional foam tanks in the floats. Operations with floats installed have been shown to produce a shorter and narrower retardant drop pattern than wheeled AT-802s.


title: Air Tractor AT-802

text: In response to the United States Air Force's LAAR program and the growing requirement for light counter-insurgency aircraft, Air Tractor developed an armed model, the AT-802U, in 2008, with engine and cockpit armor, a bulletproof windscreen, self-sealing fuel tanks, and structural reinforcements for the carriage of of payload. A reinforced wing spar was certified for 12,000 hours of flight time, and the AT-802U was displayed in 2009 at the Paris Air Show.


title: Air Tractor AT-802

text: The AT-802 has also been used in counter-drug operations in the USSOUTHCOM AOR by the U.S. Department of State as a delivery vehicle for herbicides and defoliants over narcotics production facilities.


title: Air Tractor AT-802

text: Ten AT-802i were converted by IOMAX USA into an armed configuration with Roketsan Cirit 2.75" rockets and guided bombs for the UAE Air Force. The UAE operated them until November 2015 when they were replaced by the first three of 24 Archangels on order from Iomax. The Archangel is based on a similar cropduster airframe, that of the Thrush Model 660, however to create the Archangel the basic Model 660 undergoes a much more extensive rebuild in the course of its militarization. Six of the UAE AT-802i were transferred to the Jordanian Air Force with a further three being transferred to the Yemeni Government Forces where they have been used in the 2015 Yemeni Civil War. Reports place Emirati aircraft in Libya flown by contract pilots.


title: Air Tractor AT-802

text: In January 2017, the US State Department approved a deal for twelve AT-802 aircraft for the Kenya Defence Forces, although as of June 2017 a contract for the proposed sale had not been signed.


title: Air Tractor AT-802

text: On 1 August 2022, United States Special Operations Command indicated they would purchase up to 75 AT-802U Sky Warden aircraft to support special operations forces in fighting irregular wars. Air Tractor will manufacture the airframes and L3Harris will then modify them into the Armed Overwatch mission configuration. The planes are intended to perform armed intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions at low cost in permissive environments from austere locations, and will allow SOCOM to remove the aging U-28A Draco from combat service. The Sky Warden can deploy guided weapons including the APKWS rocket, GBU-12 laser-guided bomb, and Hellfire and Griffin missiles; it has a six-hour loiter time at a radius. The initial contract is for $170 million, with a ceiling of $3 billion for purchase of the full fleet. The plan is for five squadrons of 15 planes, one deployed at a time, three undergoing maintenance, and one for training. Initial service entry is expected in 2026, with all delivered and full operating capability reached in 2029.


title: Sea glass

text: Sea glass and beach glass are naturally weathered pieces of glass, which often have the appearance of tumbled stones. "Sea glass" is physically and chemically weathered glass found on beaches along bodies of salt water. These weathering processes produce natural frosted glass. "Genuine sea glass" can be collected as a hobby and is used for decoration, most commonly in jewelry. "Beach glass" comes from fresh water and is often less frosted in appearance than sea glass. Sea glass takes 20 to 40 years, and sometimes as much as 100 to 200 years, to acquire its characteristic texture and shape. It is also colloquially referred to as "drift glass" from the longshore drift process that forms the smooth edges. In practice, the two terms are used interchangeably.


title: Sea glass

text: Sea glass begins as normal shards of broken glass that are then persistently tumbled and ground until the sharp edges are smoothed and rounded. In this process, the glass loses its slick surface but gains a frosted appearance over many years.


title: Sea glass

text: Naturally produced sea glass ("genuine sea glass") originates as pieces of glass from broken bottles, broken tableware, or even shipwrecks, which are rolled and tumbled in the ocean for years until all of their edges are rounded off, and the slickness of the glass has been worn to a frosted appearance.


title: Sea glass

text: Sea glass can be found all over the world, but the beaches of the northeast United States, Bermuda, Scotland, the Isle of Man, northeast and northwest England, Mexico, Hawaii, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Nova Scotia, Australia, Italy and southern Spain are famous for their bounty of sea glass, bottles, bottle lips and stoppers, art glass, marbles, and pottery shards. The best times to look are during spring tides (especially the perigean and proxigean tides) and during the first low tide after a storm.


title: Sea glass

text: Glass from inland waterways such as the Chesapeake Bay and the Great Lakes is known as beach glass. It is similar to sea glass, but in the absence of wave rigor and oceanic saline, content is typically less weathered. Beach glass from inland regions often has prominently embossed designs or letters on it, which can make tracing its origin less challenging. The outer surface of beach glass shards may also be texturally varied, with one side frosty and the other shiny. This is most likely because they are pieces broken off from larger glass objects which are themselves still embedded in mud, silt or clay, slowly being exposed by wave action and erosion.


title: Sea glass

text: The color of sea glass is determined by its original source, and most sea glass comes from bottles. Besides pieces of glass, colored sea pottery pieces are often also found.


title: Sea glass

text: The most common colors of sea glass are kelly green, brown, white, and clear. These colors predominantly come from glass bottles mostly used by companies that sell beer, juices, soft drinks, and other beverages. The clear or white glass comes from clear plates and glasses, windshields, windows, and assorted other sources.


title: Sea glass

text: Less common colours include jade, amber (from bottles for whiskey, medicine, spirits, and early bleach bottles), golden amber or amberina (mostly used for spirit bottles), lime green (from soda bottles during the 1960s), forest green, and ice- or soft blue (from soda bottles, medicine bottles, ink bottles, and fruit jars from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, windows, and windshields). These colors are found about once for every 25 to 100 pieces of sea glass found.


title: Sea glass

text: Uncommon colors of sea glass include a type of green, which comes primarily from early to mid-1900s Coca-Cola, Dr Pepper, and RC Cola bottles as well as beer bottles. Soft green colors could come from bottles that were used for ink, fruit, and baking soda. These colors are found once in every 50 to 100 pieces.


title: Sea glass

text: Purple sea glass is very uncommon, as is citron, opaque white (from milk bottles), cobalt and cornflower blue (from early Milk of Magnesia bottles, poison bottles, artwork, Bromo-Seltzer and Vicks VapoRub containers), and aqua (from Ball Mason jars and certain 19th century glass bottles). These colors are found once for every 200 to 1,000 pieces found.


title: Sea glass

text: Extremely rare colors include gray, pink (often from Great Depression-era plates), teal (often from Mateus wine bottles), black (older, very dark olive green glass), yellow (often from 1930s Vaseline containers), turquoise (from tableware and art glass), red (often from old Schlitz bottles, car tail lights, dinnerware, or nautical lights, it is found once in about every 5,000 pieces), and orange (the least common type of sea glass, found once in about 10,000 pieces). These colors are found once for every 1,000 to 10,000 pieces collected. Some shards of black glass are quite old, originating from thick eighteenth-century gin, beer, and wine bottles.


title: Sea glass

text: Old black glass bottles that had iron slag added during production to increase strength and opaqueness were at times broken in shipment. These were then jettisoned at the beachside wharf upon landfall. They originally contained such things as wine, gin, whiskey, medicines, and liquids subject to light damage. The bottles that survived the long and often rough voyage were refilled once emptied of the original contents and recycled, sometimes for many decades. They were refilled with local spirits, herbal tinctures, extracts, and medicinals.


title: Sea glass

text: As the glass craft gained knowledge the bottles became thinner. Quality improved in glass formulations and purity, as well as strides in technical improvements in glass-making techniques all aid in placing a piece of sea glass in a loosely defined era. Along with knowledge of historical trading partners that visited the search locations, production sources can be deduced, but a single feature is not a reliable indicator of origin. Many similar features over a broad sample narrow the choices. Particular substances became associated with certain color, and shapes of bottles. These all help define country of origin. Medicines and liquor were often sold in green bottles; olive green was the most common color for gin, but brown was also used as well as cobalt blue. Whiskey was contained in green and brown bottles as well. The liquor bottles for sea shipment were oftentimes square so as to use space more efficiently in shipping crates. Poisons were almost always in blue bottles. Round, mallet, and squat cylinder black glass bottles were all made, and shape correlates to age of the bottles with some overlap. Correlations exist today: brown beer bottles, and of course the globally recognized shape of the Coca-Cola green glass bottle.


title: Sea glass

text: In the Caribbean, many nations traded, and pirates plundered them all. So glass from many producer countries can be found with examples going back to the 15th century. Old slave trading ports are good search locations. As are former colonial ports in the slave-molasses-rum triangle. All former colonial locations with sea trade routes, and the motherland shipping ports are prime search areas.


title: Sea glass

text: For instance, in Jamaica there are influxes of Spanish, African, English, American, East Indian, Chinese, and Jews (who incidentally arrived about the same time Christopher Columbus' son arrived to settle the island in 1510 and many later shipped with the Caribbean pirate crews) and other Europeans scattered throughout the historical record. The majority of black glass found on the island of Jamaica is English glass produced from the later 1600s until the 1800s in England. Sea glass arrived in Jamaica with the old world supply chain first established in the 15th century. The Spanish considered Santiago (Jamaica) a backwater to Cuba, and this allowed the English to relieve them of it in 1655 without much resistance. The first man-made glass most likely arrived with Christopher Columbus on his 2nd voyage when he claimed the island for Spain in 1494. He is reported to have landed at Dry Harbor, Discovery Bay on the north coast. Whether any of the glass on board became sea glass is part of the romance and wonder of beachcombing.


title: Sea glass

text: Black glass is often green or brown when held up to light, although it appears black to the unaided eye. Weathering and oxidation, together with UV light interacting with metallic oxides and chemicals in the glass and seawater are all factors affecting the color of sea glass over long exposure and time frames. In texture and color black sea glass resembles black beach rock, very much resembling the extrusive igneous rock basalt, or weathered black obsidian, a natural black volcanic glass. Gas bubbles are often trapped in old glass, impurities and irregularities in the original bottles were common and one indicator of age. Early examples were hand blown, later ones utilized a mold. Due to the inherent strength, larger pieces of old black glass are more common, including pieces that survived for centuries. Potential age of black beach glass found depends on the search location. Small pieces require a trained eye to spot. Texture, along with color, are useful in searches. Black glass is the rarest of all the sea/beach glasses due to age and difficulty in finding it. However, if a reliable location is found, it can produce a considerable amount of material.


title: Sea glass

text: Collectors should be aware of the historical nature of the location, and the fact that gathering old items is considered cultural theft in some areas of the world. In other areas sea glass is just another piece of trash on the beach. Most sea glass' historical context is lost to the sea, but its mere presence in some areas is the heritage and legacy of the location. National treasures made of former trash exist, such as is Glass Beach at Fort Bragg, California. The glass at Fort Bragg is mostly from the mid-20th century.


title: Sea glass

text: Like collecting shells, fossils, or stones, combing shorelines for sea glass is a hobby many beach-goers and beachcombers enjoy. Hobbyists often fill decorative jars with their collections and take great pleasure in tracing a shard's provenance while artisans craft pieces of jewelry, stained glass and other decorative pieces from sea glass. Some collectors use their collections in creating works of art by putting them in cement or other adhesive to create a mosaic.


title: Sea glass

text: In North America, the hobby has the North American Sea Glass Association, which organizes a yearly conference and issues a newsletter. There is also a guide that includes a survey of major sea glass collectors and the artists that use it to create a variety of items.


title: Sea glass

text: Authentic sea and beach glass is becoming rarer and harder to find. More people are actively searching for it, and the shift to other materials such as plastic for containers has greatly reduced the number of glass containers dumped in the sea.


title: Sea glass

text: This scarcity has led to some artisans and crafters tumbling poorer pieces of sea glass shards to create what is called "twice-tossed" glass, while others create artificial sea glass, or "craft glass", from ordinary glass pieces using a rock tumbler. While such glass is chunkier than most true sea glass, lacks its romantic provenance, and differs in many technical ways (e.g., long-term exposure to water conditions creates an etched surface on the glass that cannot be duplicated artificially), it does meet the demand of crafters at a cheaper price and in a wider range of colors. In order to make artificial sea glass, a tumbler, sand, and glass are necessary.


title: Sea glass

text: A number of characteristics highlight the differences between artificial sea glass and natural sea glass, starting with the coloration and surface texture of each piece. An example of natural sea glass will usually have a frosty, almost powdery texture at different points. One of the most reliable indicators for natural sea glass is a "C" shaped design all over the outside of the sample. If the design is located on the piece, it is authentic sea glass, since artificial glass will typically not have that particular design. Sea glass usually comes from broken glass bottles or other household items, so pieces found on beaches will not be perfectly shaped, unlike artificial sea glass, often sold as beach glass.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Andrew Eugene Pettitte (; born June 15, 1972) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily for the New York Yankees. He also pitched for the Houston Astros. Pettitte won five World Series championships with the Yankees and was a three-time All-Star. He ranks as MLB's all-time postseason wins leader with 19.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte was drafted by the Yankees organization in 1990, and he signed with them roughly a year later. After debuting in the major leagues in 1995, Pettitte finished third in voting for the American League (AL) Rookie of the Year Award. In 1996, he led the AL with 21 wins and was runner-up for the AL Cy Young Award. Two years later, he was the Yankees' Opening Day starter. Pettitte established himself as one of the "Core Four" players who contributed to the Yankees' late-1990s dynasty that produced four championships. Pettitte won the 2001 AL Championship Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award in helping his team win the pennant. After spending nine seasons with the Yankees—a stint in which he won at least 12 games each season—Pettitte signed with the Astros in 2004. He rejoined the Yankees in 2007 and later that season admitted to using human growth hormone to recover from an elbow injury in 2002. Pettitte's second tenure with the team lasted six seasons, interrupted by a one-year retirement in 2011, and also produced a fifth World Series championship in 2009. He retired after the 2013 season.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte's pitching repertoire included a four-seam and cut fastball and several off-speed pitches such as a slider, curveball, and changeup. A left-handed pitcher, he had an exceptional pickoff move to first base, which allowed him to record 98 career pickoffs. Among Yankees pitchers, Pettitte ranks first in strikeouts (2,020), third in wins (219), and tied for first in games started (438). He won the most games of any pitcher in the 2000s. The Yankees retired his uniform number 46 and dedicated a plaque to him in Monument Park in 2015.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte was born on June 15, 1972, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He is of Italian and Cajun descent, and the younger of two children born to Tommy and JoAnn Pettitte. He moved to Texas while in the third grade. Pettitte attended Deer Park High School in Deer Park, Texas, where he pitched for the school's baseball team. His fastball ranged from between . Pettitte also played center and nose guard for the school's football team.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Recruited by San Jacinto College North in Houston, Texas, he opted to play college baseball when coach Wayne Graham compared him to Roger Clemens.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: The Yankees selected Pettitte in the 22nd round, with the 594th overall selection, of the 1990 Major League Baseball draft.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: As Pettitte enrolled in a junior college rather than a four-year school, the Yankees retained the right to sign him as a draft-and-follow prospect. On May 25, 1991, he signed with the Yankees, receiving an $80,000 signing bonus ($ in current dollar terms), double the Yankees' initial offer.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: In 1991, Pettitte pitched for the Gulf Coast Yankees of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League and Oneonta Yankees of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League, making six starts for each team. With Oneonta, Pettitte teamed up with catcher Jorge Posada, his longtime batterymate, for the first time. Pettitte threw a knuckleball at the time. Posada struggled to catch the knuckleball, prompting Pettitte to abandon the pitch.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: In 1992, Pettitte pitched for the Greensboro Hornets of the Class A South Atlantic League. He pitched to a 10–4 win–loss record and a 2.20 earned run average (ERA), with 130 strikeouts and 55 walks, in 27 games started. That season, Pettitte and Posada first played with Derek Jeter. Pettitte pitched for the Prince William Cannons of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League in the 1993 season, finishing the year with an 11–9 record, a 3.04 ERA, 129 strikeouts, and 47 walks in 26 starts. He also made one start for the Albany-Colonie Yankees of the Class AA Eastern League during the season. Pettitte began the 1994 season with Albany-Colonie, where he had a 7–2 record and 2.71 ERA in 11 starts, before receiving a promotion to the Columbus Clippers of the Class AAA International League. With Columbus, Pettitte had a 7–2 record and a 2.98 ERA in 16 starts. The Yankees named him their minor league pitcher of the year.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: "Baseball America" ranked Pettitte the 49th-best prospect in baseball prior to the 1995 season. In spring training, Pettitte competed for a spot in the starting rotation with Sterling Hitchcock. Hitchcock won the competition, and Pettitte opened the season in the bullpen, making his major league debut with the Yankees on April 29, 1995. The Yankees demoted him back to the minors on May 16 to allow him to continue starting. Eleven days later, he was recalled due to an injury to Jimmy Key. With Scott Kamieniecki and Mélido Pérez also suffering injuries, Pettitte became a member of the starting rotation. He recorded his first major league win on June 7. He continued to perform well through July, leading Yankees' starters in ERA. Pettitte won six of his last seven starts, finishing the season with a 12–9 record and a 4.17 ERA, and placed third in American League (AL) Rookie of the Year Award balloting, behind Marty Cordova and Garret Anderson. He started Game 2 of the 1995 American League Division Series (ALDS) against the Seattle Mariners, allowing four runs in seven innings. The Mariners won the series three games to two.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Believing Pettitte to be the superior pitcher, the Yankees traded Hitchcock prior to the 1996 season. Starting the season in the rotation, Pettitte had a 13–4 record at the end of the first half of the season, and made the AL All-Star team. He did not appear in the 1996 MLB All-Star Game, due to a sore arm. He led the AL with 21 wins and finished third in winning percentage (.724), and eighth in ERA (3.87). He finished second to Pat Hentgen for the AL Cy Young Award, with the smallest difference in voting since 1972. Hentgen won the award in part because he pitched more complete games than Pettitte. The Yankees defeated the Texas Rangers in the 1996 ALDS and the Baltimore Orioles in the 1996 American League Championship Series (ALCS). Pettitte won two games against the Orioles, and had his opportunity for a third start in the series cancelled by rain. Pettitte started Game 1 of the 1996 World Series against the Atlanta Braves. He allowed seven runs in innings in the first game, but outdueled John Smoltz in Game 5, which the Yankees won 1–0. The Yankees defeated the Braves in Game 6 to win the series, four games to two.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: In 1997, Pettitte tied for first in games started (35), and also led the league in pickoffs (14), and double plays induced (36). He was third in the league in innings pitched (IP) (; a career high), fourth in ERA (2.88), wins (18), and winning percentage (.720), sixth in complete games (4), eighth in strikeouts (166), and tenth in walks per nine innings (2.43). Pettitte finished fifth in the AL Cy Young Award voting. In 1998, he was seventh in the league in complete games (5; a career high), and eighth in wins (16). In the 1998 ALCS, Pettitte allowed four home runs in Game 3 against the Cleveland Indians. The Yankees won the series, and defeated the San Diego Padres in the 1998 World Series. Pettitte started in Game 4, defeating Kevin Brown in the deciding game of the series.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: The Yankees won the 1999 World Series. They continued their success in the 2000 season. Pettitte finished third in the AL in wins (19), sixth in winning percentage (.679), and seventh in complete games (3). He finished off the season with his fourth World Series Title. In 2001, he made the All-Star team for the second time and was named the ALCS Most Valuable Player, after winning Games 1 and 5 against the Seattle Mariners in the 2001 ALCS. He was third in the AL in walks per nine innings (1.84), and eighth in strikeouts (164) and strikeouts per nine innings (7.36).


title: Andy Pettitte

text: The following year, he was ninth in the AL in winning percentage (.722) and complete games (3). Pettitte continued his success through 2003. Pettitte was second in the league in wins (21), fifth in winning percentage (.724), sixth in strikeouts (180; a career high) and strikeouts per nine innings (7.78; a career-best), eighth in games started (33), and ninth in walks per nine innings (2.16). He won the Warren Spahn Award, given annually to the best left-handed pitcher in baseball.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte became a free agent after the 2003 season. Interested in playing closer to his Deer Park home, and feeling that the Yankees were not interested in re-signing him, Pettitte signed a three-year, $31.5 million contract with the Houston Astros of the National League (NL). He switched his uniform number to No. 21, in honor of Roger Clemens, who previously wore that number in Boston and Toronto. His 2004 season, in which he held batters to a .226 batting average, was shortened by elbow surgery to repair a torn flexor tendon.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte returned to form in the 2005 season to help the Astros reach the 2005 World Series. His 2.39 ERA was a career-best, and second in the NL behind teammate Clemens. He was also second in the league walks/9 IP (1.66) and LOB percentage (79.7%; a career best), third in sacrifice hits (15), fifth in wins (17), and eighth in winning percentage. (.654). He held left-handed batters, who over his career have outhit righties when batting against him, to a .200 batting average, had a career-best 4.17 SO/BB ratio.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte went 14–13 with a 4.20 ERA during the 2006 season as the Astros missed the playoffs. He tied for the National League lead in starts (35), tied for sixth in pickoffs (4), and was eighth in double plays induced (26), and tenth in strikeouts (178) and batters faced (929).


title: Andy Pettitte

text: After the 2006 season, Pettitte signed a one-year, $16 million contract with the New York Yankees with a player option for 2008 worth $16 million. The Astros had offered Pettitte $12 million for a one-year contract. Pettitte won his 200th career game on September 19, 2007. In 2007, he led the American League in starts (34), was seventh in batters faced (916), and was ninth in innings pitched (), finishing the regular season with a 15–9 win–loss record. He also had the 5th-lowest HR/9 innings pitched ratio in the AL (0.67).


title: Andy Pettitte

text: After the season, Pettitte declined his 2008 option, becoming a free agent. The Yankees offered Pettitte salary arbitration, and Pettite accepted the Yankees offer. He signed a one-year, $16 million contract with the Yankees on December 12.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: On September 21, 2008, Pettitte was the last starting pitcher for the Yankees at Yankee Stadium. He recorded his 2,000th career strikeout in the second inning, striking out Baltimore Orioles catcher Ramón Hernández. Pettitte led the Yankees in innings pitched in 2008 with 204. Over 14 seasons, Pettitte has averaged 158 strikeouts a season, the same number as he accumulated in 2008.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte agreed to a one-year, $5.5 million contract with incentives on January 26, 2009. Based on incentives such as innings pitched and days on the active roster, Pettitte eventually earned $10.5 million for 2009. Pettitte began the 2009 season as the Yankees' fourth starter, behind CC Sabathia, A. J. Burnett, and Chien-Ming Wang, followed by Joba Chamberlain.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte was the winning pitcher as the Yankees beat the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in Game 6 of the ALCS on October 25, 2009, to clinch the series and advance to the World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies. This brought his career total of series-clinching wins to five, breaking the record he previously shared with Roger Clemens, Catfish Hunter and Dave Stewart.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte drove in his first postseason run during Game 3 of the World Series when he got a single to center field that scored Nick Swisher. He was the winning pitcher for that game. Pettitte pitched Game 6 of the 2009 World Series on three days of rest. Experts were critical of the decision to pitch the 37-year-old on short rest, but Pettitte again was the winning pitcher in Game 6, defeating the Philadelphia Phillies 7–3. He extended his record career total series-clinching wins to six, and extended his record for post-season career wins to 18. He became the first pitcher in Major League Baseball history to start and win three series-clinching playoff games in the same year. Derek Lowe also won three series in 2004, but with one of his wins coming in relief. Additionally, on September 27 against the Red Sox, Pettitte had been the winning pitcher in the division-clinching game.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte filed for free agency after the 2009 season. He re-signed with the Yankees, receiving a one-year contract worth $11.75 million. In the first half of the 2010 season, Pettitte went 11–2 with a 2.70 ERA, earning an appearance in the 2010 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Pettitte finished the season with an 11–3 record and a 3.28 ERA, his lowest since 2005.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: After months of speculation about his future, Pettitte announced his retirement on February 4, 2011. He spent the year away from professional baseball.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte agreed to join the Yankees in spring training in 2012 as a guest instructor. Stating that his return gave him "the itch", Pettitte signed a minor league contract with the Yankees worth $2.5 million on March 16, 2012. Pettitte began the season in the minor leagues pitching in games for different affiliates to build his endurance and pitch count. Pettitte returned on May 13, allowing four runs over innings in a loss to the Seattle Mariners 6–2. During a game against the Cleveland Indians on June 27, 2012, Pettitte was hit hard on his ankle by a ground ball. Shortly thereafter, it was announced that Pettitte had a fractured left fibula and would be out for at least six weeks. Pettitte returned on September 19, 2012 against the Blue Jays, pitching five scoreless innings. He finished the season with a 5–4 record and a 2.87 ERA in 12 games started. He also made two postseason appearances.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte re-signed with the Yankees for the 2013 season, agreeing to a one-year, $12 million contract. On May 17, 2013, Pettitte was put on the 15-day disabled list due to a strained left trapezius muscle. He was activated on June 3. On June 8, Pettitte recorded his 250th career win against the Seattle Mariners, becoming the 47th pitcher in major league history to achieve as many wins. On July 1, in a game against the Minnesota Twins, Pettitte struck out Justin Morneau, thereby passing Whitey Ford as the Yankees all-time strikeout leader with 1,958. He struck out his 2,000th batter as a Yankee on September 6.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte announced on September 20 that he would retire at the end of the season. Teammate Mariano Rivera convinced him to announce it before the end of the season. Pettitte made his last regular season start at Yankee Stadium on September 22. Pettitte's last major league start, on September 28 against the Astros in Houston, tied Ford for the most games started in Yankees history (438). Pettitte pitched a complete game, allowing only one run on five hits and receiving the victory. The Astros honored his career during the game.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte won 20 games in a season twice, posting 21–8 records in 1996 and 2003. He was part of seven American League pennant-winning teams, one National League pennant-winning team and five World Series championship teams. He holds the record for most wins in postseason history with 19. He is the only MLB pitcher since 1930 to win at least 12 games in each of his first nine seasons. Pettitte recorded the second-most career pickoffs (98) behind Steve Carlton (144).


title: Andy Pettitte

text: For his career, Pettitte had a 256–153 win–loss record with a 3.85 ERA and 2,448 strikeouts in 3,316 innings. He also never had a losing season in the major leagues. Among Yankees pitchers, Pettitte ranks first in strikeouts (2,020), tied-first in games started (438), and third in wins (219). Pettitte and Rivera have combined for a record 81 (11 in the playoffs) win-save combinations, the most in history. They, along with teammates Derek Jeter and Jorge Posada, have been noted as the "Core Four", as they were teammates for the five World Series won by the Yankees between 1996 and 2009. His 148 wins from 2000 to 2009 were the most of the decade.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte was 19–10 with a 3.81 ERA in the postseason. He holds the all-time postseason record for most wins, games started (44) and innings pitched (). In 2009, he became the second pitcher in history to win three series-clinching games (ALDS, ALCS and World Series) in the same postseason (following Derek Lowe in 2004). When Pettitte started Game 3 of the 2009 World Series, he passed Christy Mathewson and Waite Hoyt, with the second most World Series starts. Whitey Ford is in front with 22 starts. Pettitte played in eight different World Series (seven with the Yankees, and one with the Astros), and been on the winning end of 19 postseason series—both of which were tops among active players.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: On February 16, 2015, the Yankees announced that they would be retiring Pettitte's number 46 on August 23, 2015.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: When the National Baseball Hall of Fame ballot for 2019 was announced, Pettitte and former teammate Mariano Rivera were two of 20 players appearing on the ballot for the first time. Pettitte received 9.9% of the vote, which was above the 5% minimum required to remain on the ballot, but well short of the 75% required for election. He received 11.3% of the vote in the 2020 balloting, 13.7% of the vote in 2021 balloting, and 10.7% of the vote in 2022 balloting. A player may appear on the ballot a maximum of 10 times.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: On September 30, 2006, the "Los Angeles Times" reported that former relief pitcher Jason Grimsley, during a raid by federal agents investigating steroids in baseball on June 6, 2006, named Pettitte as a user of performance-enhancing drugs. The "Times" reported that Pettitte was one of five names blacked out in an affidavit filed in federal court. Grimsley had told investigators that he got amphetamines, anabolic steroids, and human growth hormone (HGH) from someone (later named as Kirk Radomski) recommended to him by former Yankees trainer Brian McNamee, who is a personal strength coach for Roger Clemens and Pettitte. However, on October 3, 2006, "The Washington Post" reported that San Francisco United States attorney Kevin Ryan said that the "Los Angeles Times" report contained "significant inaccuracies." Contrary to the initial "Los Angeles Times" report, neither the name of Clemens nor Pettitte appeared in the affidavit submitted by Grimsley.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte was one of several Yankees named in the Mitchell Report, released on December 13, 2007. Mitchell and his staff received the information on Pettitte from McNamee, who told them he injected Pettitte with HGH on 2–4 occasions in 2002 so that he would heal from an elbow injury more quickly. Pettitte verified McNamee's claim, admitting to using the HGH on two occasions in 2002, as it was meant to help heal an injury, and not to enhance his performance. Pettitte said he felt an obligation to return to the team as quickly as possible. He denied any further usage of HGH during his career; he also denied use of steroids or any other performance-enhancing drug.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: On February 13, 2008, in an affidavit made public as part of a hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Oversight and Governmental Reform, Pettitte admitted to additional injections of HGH twice in one day in 2004, using HGH obtained via prescription for his seriously ill father. Also in this affidavit, Pettitte recalled being told by former Yankees teammate Clemens in 1999 or 2000 that Clemens had recently received injections of HGH. Clemens claimed during the noted hearing that Pettitte "misremembered" Clemens's 1999 or 2000 HGH remark, alleging that what Pettitte really heard was Clemens's reporting of his wife's use of HGH at that time, though earlier during this same hearing Clemens denied knowing of any use of HGH by his wife. McNamee corroborated Pettitte's recollection of events.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: On February 18, 2008, Pettitte reported to Yankees spring training and apologized to both Yankees and Astros fans for his past drug use. In the press conference, he said the performance-enhancing-drug scandal has put a "strain" on his relationship with Clemens, his close friend and former teammate.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte threw a four-seam fastball, a cutter, a curveball, a sinker, a changeup to right-handed batters, and a slider. His out pitch was a cutter at 84–88 mph with good inside break on right-handed batters, resulting in a lot of ground ball outs and double plays. Before his original 2011 retirement, his fastball was measured in the lower 90s and his curveball was about 74–76 mph. As a left-handed pitcher, Pettitte had an exceptional pickoff move to first base, allowing him to record 98 career pickoffs.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: Pettitte met his wife, Laura, in high school. They have four children: Josh, Jared, Lexy, and Luke. Pettitte and his wife are devout Christians. The family resides in Houston, although Pettitte also owned a home in Westchester County, New York before putting it up for sale in 2020.


title: Andy Pettitte

text: All three of Pettitte's sons have played baseball. Josh was selected by the Yankees in the 37th round of the 2013 MLB draft, but enrolled at Baylor University rather than sign a professional contract. He played at Rice University after transferring from Baylor in April 2014, before announcing his retirement on Instagram after a series of injuries in February 2018. His son, Jared, played for the University of Houston before transferring to Dallas Baptist University in 2020. He signed a professional contract with the Miami Marlins. , Luke is a junior on the baseball team at Second Baptist School. Pettitte's daughter plays volleyball at Dallas Baptist University.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: Robert Louis Johnson (born April 8, 1946) is an American entrepreneur, media magnate, executive, philanthropist, and investor. He is the co-founder of BET, which was acquired by Viacom in 2001. He also founded RLJ Companies, a holding company that invests in various business sectors. Johnson is the former majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. He became the first African-American billionaire in 2001. Johnson's companies have counted among the most prominent African-American businesses in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: Johnson was born in 1946 in Hickory, Mississippi, the ninth out of ten children to Edna and Archie Johnson. His mother was a schoolteacher and his father was a farmer. His parents moved the family to Freeport, Illinois, when he was a child. He was an honors student in high school. Johnson graduated from the University of Illinois in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in social studies. While at the University of Illinois, Johnson became a member of the Beta chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. He received a master's degree in public affairs from the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University in 1972.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: He launched Axiom Bank N.A founded by Robert Johnson, who also founded the Black Entertainment Network (BET). He’s the former husband of Sheila Johnson, CEO of Salamander Hotels and Resorts and owner of Salamander Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club in Palm Harbor.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: After graduating from Princeton, Johnson found a job in Washington, D.C., which introduced him to the television industry. He served as the public affairs director for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In this position is where he learned of the power and untapped potential of television. Around the same time he also worked as the director of communications for the Washington, D.C. office of the National Urban League. Johnson worked as a press secretary for Congressman Walter E. Fauntroy. He later became vice president of government relations at the National Cable and Television Association (NCTA). In 1980, Johnson launched Black Entertainment Television, which became a full-fledged channel in 1983.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: Johnson left NCTA in 1979 to create Black Entertainment Television, the first cable television network aimed at African-Americans. When the network launched in 1980, it only aired for two hours on Friday night. BET first turned a profit in 1985 and it became the first black-controlled company listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991. In 1998, Johnson and Liberty Media bought all outstanding shares of the company. This purchase gave Johnson 42% of the company. Viacom acquired BET in 2001 for a reported $3 billion; Johnson earned over $1 billion from the sale, making him the first black American billionaire. He remained BET CEO until 2006.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: Johnson founded The RLJ Companies, a holding company with a diverse portfolio including hotel real estate investment, private equity, financial services, asset management, automobile dealerships, sports and entertainment, and Video lottery terminal gaming. The RLJ Companies is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: By January 2009, Ion Media had another subchannel network, Urban TV, in the works with him targeted to African-Americans.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: Axiom Bank N.A. Maitland, Florida, was founded by Robert Johnson, who also founded the Black Entertainment Network (BET). As of 2013, Johnson was a member of the board of directors for RLJ Lodging Trust, RLJ Entertainment, Inc., KB Home, Lowe's Companies, Inc., Strayer Education, Think Finance, Inc., NBA Board of Governors, The Business Council, and the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture. Johnson has also served as a member of the board of directors for several other companies and organizations, including US Airways, Hilton Hotels, General Mills, the United Negro College Fund, and Deutsche Bank's Americas Advisory Board.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: Johnson became the first African-American majority club owner of a major American sports league team with his 2002 purchase of the Charlotte Bobcats. In 2010, Johnson sold his majority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats to Michael Jordan.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: In 2016, Johnson finalized a partnership agreement with AMC Networks through his RLJ Company after launching his own video on demand streaming service Urban Movie Channel in 2014. According to the agreement, AMC will use its programming and distribution clout to benefit Acorn and UMC. Additionally, the RLJ-AMC partnership will allow for greater investment in content from African-American creatives, Johnson emphasized. The agreement called for AMC to provide RLJ with a $60 million loan on a seven-year term and $5 million on a one-year term. AMC has received warrants to purchase at least 20 million shares or the equivalent of 50.1% of the company. The time frame for exercising those warrants is open-ended, AMC said.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: In 2011, Johnson worked with Morgan Freeman to raise funds for hurricane preparedness in the Bahamas. Johnson released a neckwear line in coordination with PVH and The Ella Rose Collection, the RLJ Ella Rose Africa Tie Collection, in 2012 to benefit the charitable organization Malaria No More.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: In 2007, Johnson created the Liberia Enterprise Development Fund with a $30 million investment. The fund provides credit for Liberian entrepreneurs.


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: In January 2008, Johnson became the target of criticism for remarks he made to supporters of presidential candidate Hillary Clinton about another candidate, Senator (and eventual party nominee and election winner) Barack Obama. Johnson said, "As an African-American, I'm frankly insulted that the Obama campaign would imply that we are so stupid that we would think Bill and Hillary Clinton, who have been deeply and emotionally involved in black issues when Barack Obama was doing something in the neighborhood that I won't say what he was doing, [but] he said it in his book." This statement was widely interpreted as a criticism of Obama's acknowledged use of marijuana in his youth. The Clinton campaign denied this, submitting that the comments were referring to Obama's work as a community organizer. In subsequent days, Johnson was roundly criticized for his comments as hypocritical given the prodigious glorification of drug use and sale by artists prominently featured on BET. On January 17, 2008, Johnson sent Obama the following apology:


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: On April 14, 2008, Johnson made comments to the effect that Obama would not be the Democratic Party's leading candidate if he were not black, in defense of a similar comment made by Geraldine Ferraro. He also went on to say "I make a joke about Obama doing drugs [and it's] 'Oh my God, a black man tearing down another black man.'"


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: During the 2020 election, Johnson made comments implying that he supported President Trump, stating "[w]here I come out as a businessman, I will take the devil I know over the devil I don't know anytime of the week."


title: Robert L. Johnson

text: Johnson married Sheila Johnson in 1969. They divorced in 2001 and have two children. Johnson began dating Lauren Wooden, who is 33 years his junior, in 2010. As of 2016, Wooden was pursuing an international business-management doctorate in Paris. They married in May 2016; Greg Mathis officiated, and divorced in 2020.


title: Jack Fox (actor)

text: Jack Louis Fox (born 17 September 1985) is a British actor. He is part of the Fox family. He is the fourth son of James Fox and his late wife Mary, his uncles are Robert and Edward Fox. Fox began his career in television starring in the critically acclaimed Fresh Meat (2011). Roles in the Golden Globe-nominated National Geographic series Genius, BBC One’s Privates, Upstart Crow, NBC's Dracula, ITV’s Mr. Selfridge, Lewis, Midsomer Murders, and Crackle’s Snatch followed. He played a leading Role in Sky Atlantic's Riviera (2019), which smashed records for their biggest debut series ever, making it their most downloaded show in history. He continues to play a lead role in Andrew Davies's ITV/Masterpiece (PBS) produced Sanditon (2020-present). Most recently he can be seen in BBC One's hit drama Cheaters (2022).


title: Jack Fox (actor)

text: His film work includes, but is not limited to, the Oscar-nominated BAFTA winning feature Theeb, Johnny English, The Messenger, Kids in Love, Blood Moon.


title: Jack Fox (actor)

text: Fox was born to actor James Fox and Mary Elizabeth Piper on 17 September 1985 in London. He is the younger brother of Thomas, Laurence, Robin, and Lydia Fox, as well as the nephew of producer Robert Fox and actor Edward Fox (father to Emilia and Freddie). He went to preparatory school at the Milbourne Lodge School, and then attended The King's School, Canterbury. Following that, he attended the University of Leeds, studying philosophy and theology, where he gained a 2:1.


title: Jack Fox (actor)

text: Having left Leeds University, in 2009 Fox’s first professional role was playing Perkin Warbeck, in Channel 4’s Tv Mini Series, . His next role was to be found in ITV’s Lewis, in which he played the guest lead character of Alfie Wilkinson, opposite Kevin Whatley. In 2011, Fox was cast opposite Edmund Kingsley in Pierre Granier-Deferre’s Beast, in which he turned heads as the frightening and capable Robert. He then went onto star in Aml Ameen’s written and directed Hoorah, a military PTSD thriller. At the end of 2011, Fox was then cast in Channel 4’s critically acclaimed Fresh Meat, created by Jessie Armstrong and Sam Bain, in which he demonstrated his comedic touch, playing Ralph, a manipulative counterweight to Jack Whitehall’s JP, in an arc that spanned two seasons. A leading role in BBC One’s Privates, followed, in which he played the malevolent Private White-Bowne, directed by Brynn Higgins. At the start of 2013, Fox was then cast in NBC’s Dracula, as the expert swordsman Alastair Harvey, before moving onto ITV’s Mr. Selfridge.