title: Kagemusha

text: "Kagemusha" was released theatrically in Japan on April 26, 1980, where it was distributed by Toho. It was released in the United States theatrically on October 6, 1980, where it was distributed by Twentieth Century Fox. The theatrical version in the United States had a 162-minute running time. It was released on home video in the United States with a 180-minute running time in 2005.


title: Kagemusha

text: "Kagemusha" was the number one Japanese film on the domestic market in 1980, earning in distribution rental income. It earned within ten days of release at 217 Japanese theaters. The film grossed a total of () in Japanese box office gross receipts.


title: Kagemusha

text: Overseas, the film grossed in the United States (equivalent to over adjusted for inflation in 2021) from ticket sales. In France, where it released on 1 October 1980, the film sold 904,627 tickets, equivalent to an estimated gross revenue of approximately (). This brings the film's total estimated worldwide gross revenue to approximately .


title: Kagemusha

text: "Kagemusha" won numerous honours in Japan and abroad, marking the beginning of Kurosawa's most successful decade in international awards, the 1980s. At the 1980 Cannes Film Festival, "Kagemusha" shared the Palme d'Or with "All That Jazz". "Kagemusha" was nominated for two Academy Awards: (Best Art Direction (Yoshirō Muraki) and Best Foreign Language Film).


title: Kagemusha

text: In 2016, "The Hollywood Reporter" ranked the film 10th among 69 counted winners of the "Palme d'Or" to date, concluding "Set against the wars of 16th-century Japan, Kurosawa’s majestic samurai epic is still awe-inspiring, not only in its historical pageantry, but for imagery that communicates complex ideas about reality, belief and meaning."


title: Bangers and mash

text: Bangers and mash, also known as sausages and mash, is a traditional British dish, consisting of sausages served with mashed potatoes. It may consist of one of a variety of flavoured sausages made of pork, lamb, or beef (often specifically Cumberland sausage). The dish is usually served with onion gravy, but may also include fried onions and peas.


title: Bangers and mash

text: This dish, even when cooked at home, may be thought of as an example of pub grub, meaning it is relatively quick and easy to make in large quantities.


title: Bangers and mash

text: In 2009, the dish was listed as Britain's most popular comfort food in a survey commissioned by TV channel "Good Food".


title: Bangers and mash

text: Although it is sometimes stated that the term "bangers" has its origins in World War II, the term was actually in use at least as far back as 1919. The term "bangers" is attributed (in common usage in the UK) to the fact that sausages made during World War I, when there were meat shortages, were made with such a high water content that they were liable to pop under high heat when cooked.


title: Tonkatsu

text: The word "tonkatsu" is a combination of the Sino-Japanese word "ton" () meaning "pig", and "katsu" (), which is a shortened form of "katsuretsu" (), an old transliteration of the English word "cutlet."


title: Tonkatsu

text: Tonkatsu originated in Japan during the Meiji Era in the late 19th century, a dish derived from European-style breaded and fried meat cutlets. European katsuretsu (loanword/gairaigo for cutlet) was usually made with beef; the pork version was created in 1899 at a restaurant serving European-style foods, named Rengatei in Tokyo, Japan. It's a type of yōshoku — Japanese versions of European cuisine invented in the late 19th and early 20th centuries — and was called katsuretsu or simply katsu.


title: Tonkatsu

text: Either a or cut may be used; the meat is usually salted, peppered, dredged lightly in flour, dipped into beaten egg and then coated with "panko" (bread crumbs) before being deep fried.


title: Tonkatsu

text: Tonkatsu is then sliced into bits and served, commonly with shredded cabbage. It is most commonly eaten with a type of thick brown sauce called tonkatsu sauce or simply "sōsu" (sauce), "karashi" (mustard), and perhaps a slice of lemon. It is usually served with rice, miso soup and "tsukemono" and eaten with chopsticks. It may also be served with "ponzu" and grated "daikon" instead of tonkatsu sauce.


title: Tonkatsu

text: In Nagoya and surrounding areas, miso katsu, tonkatsu eaten with a hatchō miso-based sauce, is a speciality.


title: Tonkatsu

text: Variations on tonkatsu may be made by sandwiching an ingredient such as cheese or shiso leaf between the meat, and then breading and frying. For the calorie conscious, konnyaku is sometimes sandwiched in the meat.


title: Tonkatsu

text: In general, breaded and deep-fried foods are called "furai" (frys). "Furai" of mammal or bird meats, such as pork, beef, or chicken are called "katsu" (cutlet). "Furai" of ingredients other than that are just called "furai", such as "aji-furai" (fried horse mackerel) and "ebi-furai" (fried prawn).


title: Tonkatsu

text: "Tonkatsu" and other "furai"s are never called tempura. Tempura is not breaded, and is not seen as a kind of "furai".


title: Tonkatsu

text: "Tonkatsu" is also popular as a sandwich filling ("katsu sando"), or served on Japanese curry to become "katsukarē". "Tonkatsu" is sometimes simmered with egg and broth, then served on a big bowl of rice as "katsudon". There is also katsu rice, which is pork cutlet on rice topped with demi-glace sauce.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: Michael Len Williams II (born March 23, 1989), known professionally as Mike Will Made It (often stylized as Mike WiLL Made-It) or simply Mike Will, is an American music producer and rapper. He is best known for producing trap beats for several Southern hip hop and pop artists on various commercially successful singles, including "Black Beatles" and "Powerglide" by Rae Sremmurd, "Mercy" by Kanye West, "No Lie" by 2 Chainz, "Bandz a Make Her Dance" by Juicy J, "Pour It Up" by Rihanna, "Love Me" by Lil Wayne, "Body Party" by Ciara, "We Can't Stop" by Miley Cyrus, "Formation" by Beyoncé, and "Humble" by Kendrick Lamar. He has released six mixtapes and one studio album, "Ransom 2".


title: Mike Will Made It

text: Williams was born in Marietta, Georgia, the youngest of three children; he has two older sisters. His father, Michael Williams Sr., is a former IBM executive who worked as a club DJ in the 1970s. His mother, Shirley Williams, a former bank loan officer, was once in a gospel group, singing for Dottie Peoples. He grew up in a musical family as his uncle was an accomplished guitar player and one of his older sisters was a drum major in the Olympics. While growing up, Mike Will was athletic, participating in many sports, including basketball, baseball, and football, with dreams of becoming a professional athlete.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: His life also centered around a love of hip-hop music. Mike Will first developed his talent for music by re-playing popular instrumentals that he heard on the radio while he and his friends would freestyle to them. In several interviews, Will has mentioned, in particular, re-playing the instrumental for "Still Fly", a popular song by the southern rap group Big Tymers, on a Casio brand keyboard, and has also mentioned re-playing "Young'n (Holla Back)" by New York rapper Fabolous on production equipment at a local music store.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: At age 14, Mike Will began to develop his own beats on a Korg ES1 beat machine, which his father bought for him as a Christmas present from the local music store Mars Music. As Mike Will became more accomplished, he also began to use production equipment, including the Korg Triton, the Akai MPC1000, the Yamaha Motif, and the Roland Fantom. By the time Mike Will was 16, he was spending time at local recording studios in Atlanta, trying to shop his beats to established artists. He was initially ignored, but eventually one of his beat tapes made its way into the hands of Gucci Mane, who then invited Mike Will to Patchwerk studios, an Atlanta recording studio.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: Upon graduating high school, Mike Will enrolled at Georgia State University to pursue undergraduate studies mainly due to pressure from his parents, but chose to take a hiatus and eventually dropped out after several semesters, with a 3.1 GPA, to focus on his music career. During this hiatus, he produced his first hit. Upon hearing one of his produced singles "Tupac Back" began to enjoy success on the "Billboard" rap and Hot 100 charts, Mike Will decided to quit school and focus on his music career full-time. He has since advised aspiring music producers not to drop out of college if they are not sure of their own future career outcome or lacking a defined plan before entering the industry.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: In an interview with "XXL", Mike Will said, "Gucci Mane was the first [major artist] to ever rap on my beat." Mike Will first met Gucci Mane at Atlanta recording studio, PatchWerk Recording Studios, and upon introducing himself and giving Gucci Mane a CD of beats, Gucci Mane proceeded to freestyle over each of the instrumentals. He then offered Mike Will $1,000 for one of his beats. The two artists began releasing songs together, such as "East Atlanta 6", and a number of songs from Gucci Mane's mixtape, "No Pad, No Pencil". After developing this close relationship with Gucci Mane, he began working with other big-name Atlanta rappers such as Future, Waka Flocka Flame, Rocko, and 2 Chainz.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: In 2011, Mike Will released his first single, "Tupac Back", performed by Meek Mill and Rick Ross, from the compilation album "Self Made Vol. 1". The single was released on April 5, 2011, and peaked at No. 31 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs "Billboard" chart. This came after Mike Will submitted some of his beats to an A&R for Rick Ross' Maybach Music Group label.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: Also in 2011, Mike Will worked with Atlanta rapper Future, producing several popular and noteworthy songs together, including "Ain't No Way Around It", "Itchin", and three songs from Future's 2012 major label debut album "Pluto": "Neva End", "Truth Gonna Hurt You", and "Turn On the Lights". "Turn On the Lights" was promoted as a single, and to date has peaked at No. 2 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs "Billboard chart".


title: Mike Will Made It

text: On December 27, 2011, Mike Will released his first mixtape, "Est. in 1989 (Last of a Dying Breed)". It was released in conjunction with popular mixtape website LiveMixtapes.com. "Est. in 1989" includes a mix of exclusive songs and songs from Mike Will's catalog, and features artists such as Gucci Mane & 1017 Brick Squad, Future, Waka Flocka Flame, Kanye West & GOOD Music, 2 Chainz, Lil Boosie, Ludacris, Lil Wayne.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: On March 23, 2012, Mike Will partnered with popular music site The FADER to announce the second installment of his mixtape series, "Est. in 1989 Pt. 2", and to release the mixtape's first single, "Back 2 the Basics", which features his manager/rapper Gucci Mane, founder/CEO/president of Brick Squad and Waka Flocka Flame. The project "Est. in 1989 Pt. 2" features songs with Diddy, 2 Chainz, Juicy J, Future, Lil Wayne, T.I., Mac Miller, French Montana, Jeremih, and others. The album was released again on July 24, 2012, in partnership with LiveMixtapes.com.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: Will has also worked extensively with Atlanta rapper 2 Chainz, producing "La La", which features Busta Rhymes, from 2 Chainz, then known as Tity Boi, "Codeine Cowboy" mixtape and "Got One" from 2 Chainz's "T.R.U. REALigion" mixtape. According to an interview with "Complex" magazine, Mike Will has been working together with 2 Chainz "since 2008, when he was Tity Boi...We're kind of like family." In 2012, Mike Will produced the lead single, "No Lie", from 2 Chainz' debut album, "Based on a T.R.U. Story", released via Def Jam. The single, which features popular recording artist Drake, was released May 8, 2012, and debuted in the top 50 of the "Billboard" Hot 100, ultimately peaking at No. 1 on "Billboard"s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The single has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, selling over 500,000 copies digitally.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: In 2012, Mike WiLL Made-It produced "Bandz a Make Her Dance", a single for Taylor Gang rapper Juicy J that also features Lil Wayne and 2 Chainz. The song was listed as one of the 25 Best Songs of Summer 2012 by "Complex" magazine, and as of September 2012, the single had peaked at No. 14 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: Mike Will, alongside producers Kanye West, Mike Dean, Lifted, and Anthony Kilhoffer, co-produced the G.O.O.D. Music single "Mercy", which features vocals by Kanye West, Big Sean, 2 Chainz, and Pusha T. "Mercy", released April 3, 2012, served as the lead single from the G.O.O.D. Music compilation album "Cruel Summer", and peaked at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while reaching No. 13 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Other notable production efforts for Mike Will include the single "Way Too Gone", featuring Future from Young Jeezy's 2011 studio album "", "Just a Sign" from B.o.B's second studio album "Strange Clouds" and "Pour It Up" from Rihanna's 2012 studio album, "Unapologetic".


title: Mike Will Made It

text: In 2012 interviews, Mike Will mentioned upcoming work with Kanye West, Brandy, Big Sean, and Pusha T.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: The third installment of the series, entitled "Est. in 1989 2.5" was released on December 24, 2012. The mixtape featured guest appearances from Gucci Mane, Future, Rihanna, Big Sean, Trinidad Jame$, Lil Wayne, and other artists.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: Mike Will executive produced Miley Cyrus's fourth studio album "Bangerz" (2013), including its lead single "We Can't Stop". He produced eight tracks on "Bangerz" and six tracks on Cyrus' other project "Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz".


title: Mike Will Made It

text: On September 9, 2013, Mike Will premiered his commercial debut single "23", featuring Wiz Khalifa, Juicy J and Miley Cyrus. He revealed that he had signed with Interscope Records to release his debut album. His debut album will also feature Beyoncé, Future, Kendrick Lamar, and 2 Chainz.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: On June 17, 2014, Mike Will Made It released the first single from his mixtape, "Buy the World", featuring Future, Lil Wayne and Kendrick Lamar. On December 15, 2014, he released his fifth mixtape, "Ransom". Featured artists include Big Sean, Juicy J, 2 Chainz, Lil Wayne, and Kendrick Lamar.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: On March 24, 2017, he released "Ransom 2". The bigger names showcase a quick flip through Mike Will's contact list: Rihanna, Kendrick Lamar, Future, Pharrell, Lil Wayne, Big Sean, Migos, YG, and more.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: On August 21, 2020, Mike Will released the single "Bang Bang" with rapper Chief Keef. He also announced that his upcoming project is "74%" done. On November 6, 2020, Mike Will released the song, "What That Speed Bout!?" with rappers Nicki Minaj and YoungBoy Never Broke Again. It is the lead single to his upcoming album, "Michael".


title: Mike Will Made It

text: In interviews, Mike Will has named several musical influences on his own production work. In a "Behind the Beats" interview with "Complex" magazine, he says that he "always admired Dr. Dre's drums", and calls Timbaland "the first crazy pop producer... He brought so many artists to the game." As a southern producer, he says, he "was also looking up to Shawty Redd. He was the first producer to really bring that dark trap energy and sound." He also refers to DJ Toomp as "my big brother or my mentor", saying, "I love what he does." In an interview, with AOL's The Boombox, Mike WiLL also cites Pharrell as a producer that he respects.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: Mike Will uses a variety of production equipment to create beats. His gear includes the Korg Triton, Akai MPC 1000, Logic Pro, FL Studio, Yamaha Motif, and the Roland Fantom-X.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: In 2006, Mike Will started his own production company called . In 2013, he founded Ear Drummer Records (initially known as Eardruma Records) and signed the label to Interscope Records on December 19, 2013. In 2014, Mike Will signed Rae Sremmurd and Two-9 to the label.


title: Mike Will Made It

text: The BET Hip Hop Awards were established in 2006 by the Black Entertainment Television network to celebrate hip-hop performers, producers, and music video directors.


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish is the fourth book of the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" "trilogy of six books" written by Douglas Adams. Its title is the message left by the dolphins when they departed Planet Earth just before it was demolished to make way for a hyperspace bypass, as described in "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". A song of the same name was featured in the 2005 film adaptation of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy".


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: While hitchhiking through the galaxy, Arthur Dent is dropped off on a planet in a rainstorm. He appears to be in England on Earth, even though he had seen the planet destroyed by the Vogons. He has been gone for several years, but only a few months have passed on Earth. He hitches a lift with a man named Russell and his sister Fenchurch (nicknamed "Fenny"). Russell explains that Fenny, who is sitting in a drugged state in the back seat of the car, became delusional after worldwide mass hysteria, in which everyone hallucinated "big yellow spaceships" (the Vogon destructor ships that "demolished" the Earth). Arthur becomes curious about Fenchurch, but he is dropped off before he can ask more questions. Inside his inexplicably undamaged home, Arthur finds a gift-wrapped bowl inscribed with the words "So long and thanks for all the fish", into which he puts his Babel Fish. Arthur thinks that Fenchurch is somehow connected to him and to the Earth's destruction. He still has the ability to fly whenever he lets his thoughts wander.


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: Arthur puts his life in order, and then tries to find out more about Fenchurch. He happens to find her hitchhiking and picks her up. He obtains her phone number, but shortly thereafter loses it. He discovers her home by accident when he searches for the cave in which he had lived on prehistoric Earth; Fenchurch's flat is built on the same spot. Arthur and Fenchurch find more circumstances connecting them. Fenchurch reveals that, moments before her "hallucinations", she had an epiphany about how to make everything right, but then blacked out. She has not been able to recall the substance of the epiphany. Eventually discovering that Fenchurch's feet do not touch the ground, Arthur teaches her how to fly. They have sex in the skies over London.


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: In her conversation with Arthur, Fenchurch learns about his adventures hitchhiking across the galaxy, and Arthur learns that all the dolphins disappeared shortly after the world hallucinations. Arthur and Fenchurch travel to California to see John Watson, an enigmatic scientist who claims to know why the dolphins disappeared. Watson has abandoned his original name in favour of "Wonko the Sane", because he believes that the rest of the world's population has gone mad. Watson shows them another bowl with the words "So long and thanks for all the fish" inscribed on it, and encourages them to listen to it. The bowl explains audibly that the dolphins, aware of the planet's coming destruction, left Earth for an alternate dimension. Before leaving, they pulled the Earth from a parallel universe into this one and transported everyone and everything onto it from the one about to be destroyed. After the meeting, Fenchurch tells Arthur that, while he lost something and later found it, she found something and later lost it. She desires that they travel to space together, and that they reach the site where God's Final Message to His Creation is written.


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: Ford Prefect discovers that the "Hitchhiker's Guide" entry for Earth has been updated to include the volumes of text that he originally wrote, instead of the previous truncated entry, "Mostly harmless". Curious, Ford hitchhikes across the galaxy to reach Earth. Eventually he uses the ship of a giant robot to land in the centre of London, causing a panic. In the chaos, Ford reunites with Arthur and the two of them and Fenchurch commandeer the robot's ship. Arthur takes Fenchurch to the planet where God's Final Message to His Creation is written, where they discover Marvin. Due to previous events, Marvin is now approximately 37 times older than the known age of the universe and is barely functional. With Arthur's and Fenchurch's help, Marvin reads the Message ("We apologise for the inconvenience"), utters the final words "I think... I feel good about it", and dies happily.


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: The novel has a very different tone from the previous books in the series. It is a romance, and also moves around in time more erratically than its predecessors. It is set largely on Earth; Arthur only returns to outer space in the final chapters. The different tone also reflects the rushed nature of the writing; Adams' editor Sonny Mehta moved in with him to ensure that the book met its deadline, which had been repeatedly extended. As a result, Adams later stated that he was not entirely happy with the book, which includes several jarring authorial intrusions, which his biographer Neil Gaiman described as "patronising and unfair".


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: The book also reflects a significant shift in Adams's view of computers. In the previous books, computers had been portrayed quite negatively, reflecting Adams' views on the subject at the time. However, between the writing of "Life, the Universe and Everything" and "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish", his attitude toward technology changed considerably. Having been taken to a computer fair, he became enamored of the first model of the Macintosh; the start of a long love affair with the brand (he claimed to have bought two of the first three Macs in the UK, the other being bought by his friend Stephen Fry). In "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish", Arthur Dent purchases an Apple computer for the purpose of star mapping in order to pinpoint the location of the cave he lived in on prehistoric Earth, and although Adams mocks Arthur's methodology (noting that he really has no idea of how to go about such a task), the computer itself is not disparaged, and produces the correct result despite Arthur's haphazard approach. In a later essay, Adams noted that some people had accused him of being a "turncoat" because of this change in his attitudes.


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: In 1993, "Library Journal" said that "So Long, and Thanks for all the Fish" was "filled with loopy humor and pretzel logic that makes Adams' writing so delightful". Betsy Shorb, reviewing for "School Library Journal", said that "the humor is still off-the-wall but more gentle than the other books. The plot is more straight forward and slightly less bizarre than its predecessors". Dave Langford reviewed "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish" for "White Dwarf" #62, and stated that "Sequelholism has drained Adams of his high-speed inventiveness which made him famous. No doubt he'll agree with me all the way to the bank".


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: There have been three audiobook recordings of the novel. The first was an abridged edition, recorded in the mid-1980s by Stephen Moore, best known for playing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in the radio series, LP adaptations and in the TV series. In 1990, Adams himself recorded an unabridged edition, later re-released by New Millennium Audio in the United States and available from BBC Audiobooks in the United Kingdom. In 2006, actor Martin Freeman, who had played Arthur Dent in the 2005 movie, recorded a new unabridged edition of the audiobook.


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: The Quandary Phase of the radio series is drawn from "So Long and Thanks for All the Fish", but is not a direct audiobook reading.


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: The dedication thanks, among others, "Mogens and Andy and all at Huntsham Court for a number of unstable events". This refers to the then country hotel in Devon where Adams retreated in the summer of 1984 to work on the book but instead enjoyed drinking wine with the owners and Steve Meretzky who had joined him to work on the "Hitchhiker's" video game.


title: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish

text: NOFX's seventh studio album was titled So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes in an obvious homage to this book.


title: Comedy drama

text: Comedy drama, also known by the portmanteau "dramedy", is a genre of dramatic works that combines elements of comedy and drama. The modern, scripted-television examples tend to have more humorous bits than simple comic relief seen in a typical hour-long legal or medical drama, but exhibit far fewer jokes-per-minute as in a typical half-hour sitcom.


title: Comedy drama

text: Examples from United States television include: "M*A*S*H", "Moonlighting", "The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd", "Northern Exposure", "Ally McBeal", "Sex and the City", "Desperate Housewives" and "Scrubs". The term "dramedy" was coined to describe the late 1980s wave of shows, including "The Wonder Years", "Hooperman", "Doogie Howser, M.D." and "Frank's Place".


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: "Welcome to the Black Parade" is a song from American rock band My Chemical Romance's third studio album, "The Black Parade" (2006). It was released on September 12, 2006, as the album's lead single, with the studio version available on the band's Myspace on September 2, 2006. The music video for the single was recognized as MTV's "Greatest Music Video of the Century" in 2017. The song topped the UK Singles Chart, reached number nine on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and was named one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: A demo of the song entitled "The Five of Us Are Dying" was included on their 2016 reissue album "The Black Parade/Living with Ghosts".


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: My Chemical Romance started writing the song since their start as a band, although in a different style. It was inspired and heavily influenced by Frank Sinatra's "My Way", was slower, and was called "The Five of Us Are Dying". The band did not include it in their first two albums due to their feeling it was incomplete. After moving to Los Angeles to make their third album, they added a fast punk beat, changed the lyrics, and altered the chords of the chorus. The recording process was "very complex" due to the many layers in the song but "fun", according to guitarist Ray Toro, who extolled the end result:


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: Toro used a Les Paul with a Seymour Duncan "Phat Cat" pickup. His Marshall DSL100 amplifier broke down during preproduction, so instead he used a Marshall JCM800 borrowed from producer Rob Cavallo. The JCM800 continued to be used for the recording sessions, since the band liked its loud and "ball[sy]" sound.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: The video for the single was directed by Samuel Bayer, known for his work with Nirvana and Green Day. The music video was released on September 26, 2006, in the UK and Canada, and was released on September 27, 2006, in the US. It was heavily played on MTV. It features the Patient (the main character of the album, played by Lukas Haas) dressed in a hospital gown, and being taken by death in the form of a "Black Parade". On the main float stands My Chemical Romance playing "Welcome to the Black Parade". Behind the float are dozens of masked figures.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: The setting of the music video transitions from a hospital room to a surreal cityscape with ash-covered wreckage, black snow and destroyed buildings.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: Tom Breihan of the Village Voice regarded the video as "revealing a new stage of [My Chemical Romance's] persona". He also ranked it 7th on the 10 best music videos of the 2006.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: All the costumes were designed by costume designer Colleen Atwood. The costumes have inspired outfits, such as Lil Nas X's during his 2022 Grammy's performance. Other artists that have referenced the marching band uniforms include Post Malone.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: The song became the group's first number one in the UK on October 15, 2006, staying there for two weeks, and later rose to number one on the Modern Rock charts on October 26, 2006, where it would stay for seven weeks. It is the band's most enduring success and their highest-charting single to date on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 9. The song ranked at number 17 on "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "The 100 Best Songs of 2006". It was nominated for the Kerrang! Award for Best Single. The song was made downloadable for "Rock Band" and "". ITV used the song in a video montage in its final Formula One broadcast at the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix, after losing the rights to broadcast F1 in 2009 and beyond to the BBC. The video featured several prominent F1 drivers (such as Nico Rosberg, Jenson Button, Rubens Barrichello, David Coulthard and Sebastian Vettel) as well as ITV presenters (and retired commentator Murray Walker) lipsynching to the song.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: The song was also used by the Los Angeles Kings during the 2012 Stanley Cup Playoffs as part of a video intro at the team's home games. The song also opened the team's Stanley Cup Champions rally and banner raising ceremony at the Staples Center.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: The song was featured in the ending scene of the Netflix TV series "Lucifer,"and the opening scene to the film "Clerks III".


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: “Welcome to the Black Parade” received critical acclaim. Time magazine's Josh Tyrangiel ranked the song in his top 10 songs of 2006, calling it "audacious, goofy and insanely catchy attempt at merging "Bohemian Rhapsody" and "Born to Run" into a rock opera" and saying it was a sign of an "Us vs. Them moment in the generational divide". David Fricke from Rolling Stone praised Way's "full rock-hero tilt" singing of the vocal hook ("We'll carry on."). Entertainment Weekly positively compared the song to "Bohemian Rhapsody". The Village Voice said pollsters generally preferred the song to the album.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: The song debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 71 for the chart week of September 30, 2006, becoming their highest debut for a single. It peaked at number 9 on the Hot 100 in its 17th and 18th week on the chart, becoming the band's first and only top ten Hot 100 hit. "Welcome to the Black Parade" became and currently is their highest-charting single, beating their 2005 single "Helena" at number 33, their second-highest-charting single. In addition, it topped Modern Rock Tracks for seven weeks in a row, and is the band's only number one on this chart to date. "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" was their previous highest-charting single on Modern Rock Tracks, where it peaked at number 4.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: In the UK, the single knocked Razorlight's "America" off the number one spot on October 15, 2006, after extensive airplay. The single was number 26 in the UK's top 40 singles of 2006, selling 169,000 units. The song was certified double platinum in the UK on August 26, 2022, representing sales of at least 1,200,000 copies.


title: Welcome to the Black Parade

text: The opening piano note of the song, a G, has become iconic due to the popularity of the song, especially among fans of emo rock. Andrew Lloyd Webber, for example, asked his Twitter followers what they thought when listening to the note, as a reference to the song. The note has been used to promote Emo-themed event "Emo Fight" as well as The Black Parade/Living with Ghosts, a reissue of "The Black Parade".


title: CSI: Cyber

text: CSI: Cyber (Crime Scene Investigation: Cyber) is an American police procedural drama television series that premiered on March 4, 2015, on CBS. The series, starring Patricia Arquette and Ted Danson, is the third spin-off of "" and the fourth series in the "CSI" franchise. On May 12, 2016, CBS canceled the series after two seasons.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: The series follows an elite team of FBI Special Agents tasked with investigating cyber crimes in North America. Based out of Washington, D.C., the team is supervised by Deputy Director Avery Ryan, an esteemed Ph.D. Ryan is a behavioral psychologist turned "cyber shrink" who established the FBI Cyber Crime division and heads a "hack-for-good" program, a scheme in which the criminals she catches can work for her in lieu of receiving a prison sentence. Ryan works with D.B. Russell, a left-coast Sherlock Holmes and career Crime Scene Investigator who joins the team after a stint as Director of the . Together, Russell and Ryan head a team including Elijah Mundo, Daniel Krumitz (aka Krummy), Raven Ramirez, and Brody Nelson, who work to solve Internet-related murders, cyber theft, hacking, sexual offenses, blackmail, and any other crime deemed to be cyber-related within the FBI's jurisdiction.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: The first season of "CSI: Cyber" is headlined by Patricia Arquette, as Special Agent Avery Ryan. James Van Der Beek, Peter MacNicol, Shad Moss, Charley Koontz, and Hayley Kiyoko also star.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: The second season of "CSI: Cyber" is headlined by Patricia Arquette, as Deputy Director Avery Ryan, and Ted Danson as Director D.B. Russell. James Van Der Beek, Shad Moss, Charley Koontz, and Hayley Kiyoko also star.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: On February 18, 2014, CBS announced plans to launch a new spin-off of the franchise titled "CSI: Cyber". Deadline.com reported that the series would focus on cyber investigations, as opposed to the forensic investigations seen in "CSI", "", and "", stating that "[Anthony E.] Zuiker has been at the forefront of entertainment’s digital conversion, experimenting in the arena for the past decade." Zuiker, who wrote digi-novel "Level 26", spent time in Washington meeting with the CIA, FBI, and DOD as part of his research for his 2009 CBS project "Cyber Crimes" (which was not picked up to series and likely inspired "CSI: Cyber"). It was announced that the series would be based on the work of producer Mary Aiken, a pioneering cyber psychologist. The pilot episode was penned by Zuiker, Carol Mendelsohn, and Ann Donahue, and aired on April 30, 2014. CBS announced that it had officially picked up the series on May 10, 2014. The first season, comprising 13 episodes, premiered in March 2015. The second and final season consisted of 18 episodes.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: The series is executive produced by creators Carol Mendelsohn, Anthony E. Zuiker, and Ann Donahue, former "" executive producer Pam Veasey (who acts as showrunner), Jonathan Littman, and Jerry Bruckheimer. Mary Aiken, on whom the show is based, is attached as a series producer. Peter MacNicol departed the main cast at the end of the first season, whilst CBS announced on May 11, 2015, that "CSI: Cyber" was renewed for a second season. On June 25, 2015, Moss confirmed in an interview on "The Project" that season 2 would include 22 episodes. Season 2 was reduced from 22 to 18 episodes, ending with the episode titled "Legacy".


title: CSI: Cyber

text: On March 5, 2014, Patricia Arquette was cast as Special Agent Avery Ryan in a Spring episode of "CSI". Ryan was described as being "tasked with solving high octane crimes that start out in the cyber world and play out in real life". Charley Koontz was the next actor to be cast, playing a character then named Daniel Krummitz, an Agent that " rarely, if ever, goes home". Peter MacNicol joined the cast on August 1, 2014, as Assistant Director Stavros Sifter, "a shrewd and savvy networker; a charmer with a hint of malice". Koontz and MacNicol's characters were later renamed Daniel Krumitz and Simon Sifter, respectively. These announcements were swiftly followed by the casting of James Van Der Beek as the male lead, in the role of Elijah Mundo. Mundo was described as "an expert in battlefield forensics recruited by Patricia Arquette’s character". Shad Moss announced his casting on August 20, 2014, via his Instagram account. He was later confirmed to be playing "Baby Face" Nelson. Rounding out the original cast was Hayley Kiyoko as Raven Ramirez, described as a character who "will possess a dark secret in her front story which Ryan won’t even know until it’s too late". Kiyoko was cast on October 29, 2014.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: Following the cancellation of "", it was announced that Ted Danson would be joining the "Cyber" cast as D.B. Russell, the newly appointed Director of Next Generation Cyber Forensics.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: "CSI: Cyber"'s primary photography takes place at CBS' Studio Center in the Los Angeles, California neighborhood of Studio City. Numerous outdoor scenes are filmed locally in the Los Angeles area, including Matteo Street, Spring Street, Main Street, the Arroyo Seco, and the Colorado Street Bridge.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: The series' theme song is "I Can See for Miles" by The Who, and the series' music composers are Jeff Russo and Ben Decter. Songs featured throughout the first season include: "Thunderbolt" by Justin Prime and Sidney Samson (episode 2), "Take a Ride" by Rattle Box (episode 4), "Re-Creation" by Strikez (episode 5), "With Me" by Underglow (episode 6), "Five Foot Two, Eyes of Blue" by Art Landry and His Orchestra (episode 8), "Get Your Hands Up" by Uforik (episode 9), "Let Go for Tonight" by Foxes (episode 10), and "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)" by Marvin Gaye (episode 12). The second season features music by Underglow ("Save the Day", episode 1), With Lions ("Jitterbug", episode 2), Savoy ("Pump it Up", episode 3) and Motabeatz ("Watch Your Back", episode 5). The show also features additional music by electronic music producer Nick Chiari, who produces under the alias Grabbitz.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: The first season of "CSI: Cyber" received mixed reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 35%, based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While stocked with impressive talent, "CSI: Cyber" fails to add anything truly new to the franchise, settling for a slightly modernized twist on the same typical crimefighting scenarios." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 45 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: CSI: Cyber

text: Producers announced intentions to break the "Guinness World Record" for largest ever TV simulcast drama on March 4, 2015, with the episode "" airing in 150 countries in addition to digital streaming. They succeeded in breaking the record by airing "CSI: Cyber"s backdoor pilot in 171 countries.


title: CSI: Cyber

text: The series has been sold to Channel 5 in the United Kingdom, CTV in Canada, Rai 2 in Italy, Network Ten in Australia, Prime in New Zealand, RTÉ2 in Ireland, TF1 in France, AXN in Asia and Latin America, RTL 5 in The Netherlands, Nova in Bulgaria, Skai TV in Greece, HOT Zone in Israel, TV3 in Estonia, Kanal 5 in Sweden and Denmark, and MTV3 in Finland.


title: Gen Urobuchi

text: Urobuchi graduated from Wako University with a degree in History. He aspired to become a novelist and after seeing Shizuku and Kizuato by Leaf, he felt confident about the range of expression that games have. He then started working at Nitroplus and worked on "Phantom of Inferno" as his debut series.


title: Gen Urobuchi

text: In choosing names for the characters he develops, Urobuchi has stated that he shies away from selecting generic names that would match their personalities and instead opts for more unusual names that he believes would eliminate noise when fans try finding information on the characters with search engines. In a discussion with Urobuchi, manga writer Kazuo Koike contrasted this decision with the naming style in his own works, which emphasized more forthright names that were easier to remember. However, he found that Urobuchi's method could be effective for allowing viewers to "involve themselves deeper into the story and actively work to understand the characters." Urobuchi also said he attempts to keep at least one trait in common between each individual character and himself so that he can always identify with them on some level.


title: Deidre Hall

text: Deidre Ann Hall is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Marlena Evans on NBC's daytime drama "Days of Our Lives", whom she has played for over 45 years.


title: Deidre Hall

text: Hall has won many awards for her portrayal of Marlena, including two Best Actress Soapy Awards in 1982 and 1983. Hall has won three Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in 1984, 1985, and 1995.


title: Deidre Hall

text: The third of five children born to John and Jeanie Hall, Deidre and her twin sister, Andrea, were born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and raised in Lake Worth, Florida along with a brother, John Terry Hall and two other siblings. At age 12, Hall was elected Junior Orange Bowl Queen. She is a graduate of Lake Worth High School, Class of 1965, and studied psychology before sidetracking into acting.


title: Deidre Hall

text: Along with her sister, Andrea, Hall appeared in press materials for the 1952 Hudson Twin-H-Power engine. In her late teens, Hall traveled to Los Angeles for the summer – while attending Palm Beach Junior College – and there she landed some modeling jobs and commercials through an agent. Quickly, she began appearing in television shows, thinking it was temporary until landing a serious career as a psychologist. In a later interview, she recalled that one day, she realized that acting was her serious career.


title: Deidre Hall

text: In 1976, she portrayed the superheroine Electra Woman in "Electra Woman and Dyna Girl", a Sid and Marty Krofft live action children's show that aired on Saturday mornings.


title: Deidre Hall

text: Hall appeared on a number of shows, including "Emergency!" (as Nurse Sally Lewis in the first two seasons), and "The Young and the Restless" (as Barbara Anderson), before joining "Days of Our Lives" in 1976 as Dr. Marlena Evans. In an interview, Hall said that she thought that she would have no chance to land the role of Marlena, considering that she was unsure about a career in soap operas, as well as having to compete against established soap opera veterans for the role. Hall was cast, though, and the role skyrocketed her to fame, which was proved by fan protests when a 1979 NBC promo hinted that Hall's character would be killed off. Two separate daytime television magazines named Hall the best soap actress of 1983.


title: Deidre Hall

text: In 1986, Hall began playing Jesse Witherspoon on the family drama "Our House", which ran for two seasons on NBC. Wilford Brimley, who was 13 years older than Hall, played her father-in-law in the series; Chad Allen, her son; Shannen Doherty, her older daughter. Hall initially reacted without concern on playing on two television series at a time, explaining that she filmed "Our House" on weekdays while taping "Days of our Lives" on Saturdays. However, she left "Days of our Lives" in 1987 when it became too difficult to co-ordinate her prime time and daytime schedules. "Our House" was cancelled in 1988, though she did not immediately return to the soap opera.


title: Deidre Hall

text: Hall made guest appearances on a variety of prime time shows until March 1991, when she made a return to "Days of our Lives". This decision was a result of a request by producer Ken Corday, who hoped her return would have influence on the low ratings. According to the actress, she was approached to play a new character, but she refused and insisted on portraying Marlena, with a contract for six months only. Producers were reluctant to give into Hall's requests, fearing that the fans would leave after six months when she left. However, she remained on contract with the show for 18 more years until January 24, 2009, when she was terminated because of budget cuts mandated by NBC. Her salary on "Days of Our Lives" was in the range of $60,000 per month, much higher than most other daytime serial actors. Hall has appeared in more than 3,800 episodes.


title: Deidre Hall

text: In 1995, Hall produced and starred in "Never Say Never: The Deidre Hall Story", a made-for-TV movie about her personal struggles to become a mother. Her longtime "Days" co-star Suzanne Rogers (Maggie Horton) is featured in the program.


title: Deidre Hall

text: Since at least early 2009, Hall has occasionally guest-hosted "Clout", a talk radio program syndicated through Air America Media. In 2010, Hall and her writing partner Lynne Bowman wrote "Deidre Hall's Kitchen Closeup." In 2011, Hall guest-starred on the season finale of Lifetime's "Drop Dead Diva". She and Drake Hogestyn reprised their roles as Marlena Evans and John Black on September 26, 2011.


title: Deidre Hall

text: In between her marriages to Barbour and Dubelko, Hall dated Louisiana State Senator Ned Randolph in the early 1980s. She made several campaign appearances during Randolph's run for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 1982, which he lost to incumbent Gillis William Long.


title: Deidre Hall

text: The Hall Family was one of the founding families of the town of Meriden, Connecticut, and Deidre is descended from two notable Halls. John Hall immigrated from England and settled in Boston in 1625. Another ancestor, Lyman Hall, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence.


title: Brood parasite

text: Brood parasites are animals that rely on others to raise their young. The strategy appears among birds, insects and fish. The brood parasite manipulates a host, either of the same or of another species, to raise its young as if it were its own, usually using egg mimicry, with eggs that resemble the host's.


title: Brood parasite

text: The evolutionary strategy relieves the parasitic parents from the investment of rearing young. This benefit comes at the cost of provoking an evolutionary arms race between parasite and host as they coevolve: many hosts have developed strong defenses against brood parasitism, such as recognizing and ejecting parasitic eggs, or abandoning parasitized nests and starting over. It is less obvious why most hosts do care for parasite nestlings, given that for example cuckoo chicks differ markedly from host chicks in size and appearance. One explanation, the mafia hypothesis, proposes that parasitic adults retaliate by destroying host nests where rejection has occurred; there is experimental evidence to support this. Intraspecific brood parasitism also occurs, as in many duck species. Here there is no visible difference between host and parasite eggs, which may be why the parasite eggs are so readily accepted. In eider ducks, the first and second eggs in a nest are especially subject to predation, perhaps explaining why they are often laid in another eider nest.


title: Brood parasite

text: Brood parasitism is an evolutionary strategy that relieves the parasitic parents from the investment of rearing young or building nests for the young by getting the host to raise their young for them. This enables the parasitic parents to spend more time on other activities such as foraging and producing further offspring.


title: Brood parasite

text: Among specialist avian brood parasites, mimetic eggs are a nearly universal adaptation. The generalist brown-headed cowbird may have evolved an egg coloration mimicking a number of their hosts. Size may also be important for the incubation and survival of parasitic species; it may be beneficial for parasitic eggs to be similar in size to the eggs of the host species.


title: Brood parasite

text: The eggshells of brood parasites are often thicker than those of the hosts. For example, two studies of cuckoos parasiting great reed warblers reported thickness ratios of 1.02 : 0.87 and 1.04 : 0.81. The function of this thick eggshell is debated. One hypothesis, the puncture resistance hypothesis, states that the thicker eggshells serve to prevent hosts from breaking the eggshell, thus killing the embryo inside. This is supported by a study in which marsh warblers damaged their own eggs more often when attempting to break cuckoo eggs, but incurred less damage when trying to puncture great reed warbler eggs put in the nest by researchers. Another hypothesis is the laying damage hypothesis, which postulates that the eggshells are adapted to damage the eggs of the host when the former is being laid, and prevent the parasite's eggs from being damaged when the host lays its eggs. In support of this hypothesis, eggs of the shiny cowbird parasitizing the house wren and the chalk-browed mockingbird and the brown-headed cowbird parasitizing the house wren and the red-winged blackbird damaged the host's eggs when dropped, and sustained little damage when host eggs were dropped on them.


title: Brood parasite

text: Most avian brood parasites have very short egg incubation periods and rapid nestling growth. In many brood parasites, such as cuckoos and honeyguides, this short egg incubation period is due to internal incubation periods up to 24 hours longer in cuckoos than hosts. Some non-parasitic cuckoos also have longer internal incubation periods, suggesting that this longer internal incubation period was not an adaptation following brood parasitism, but predisposed birds to become brood parasites. This is likely facilitated by a heavier yolk in the egg providing more nutrients. Being larger than the hosts on hatching is a further adaptation to being a brood parasite.


title: Brood parasite

text: Bird parasites mitigate the risk of egg loss by distributing eggs amongst a number of different hosts. As such behaviours damage the host, they often result in an evolutionary arms race between parasite and host as they coevolve.


title: Brood parasite

text: Some host species have strong rejection defenses, forcing the parasitic species to evolve excellent mimicry. In other species, hosts do not defend against parasites, and the parasitic mimicry is poor.


title: Brood parasite

text: Intraspecific brood parasitism among coots significantly increases the reproductive fitness of the parasite, but only about half of the eggs laid parasitically in other coot nests survive. This implies that coots have somewhat effective anti-parasitism strategies. Similarly, the parasitic offspring of bearded reedlings, compared to offspring in non-parasitic nests, tend to develop much more slowly and often do not reach full maturity.


title: Brood parasite

text: Given that the cost to the host of egg removal by the parasite is unrecoverable, the best strategy for hosts is to avoid parasitism in the first place. This can take several forms, including selecting nest sites which are difficult to parasitize, starting incubation early so they are already sitting on the nests when parasites visit them early in the morning, and aggressively defending their territory.


title: Brood parasite

text: Once a parasitic egg has arrived in a host's nest, the next most optimal defense is to eject the parasitic egg. This requires the host to distinguish which eggs are not theirs, by identifying pattern differences or changes in the number of eggs. Eggs may be ejected by grasping, if the host has a large enough beak, or by puncturing. When the parasitic eggs are mimetic, hosts may mistake one of their own eggs for a parasite's. A host might also damage their own eggs while trying to eject a parasite's egg.


title: Brood parasite

text: Among hosts that do not eject parasitic eggs, some abandon parasitized nests and start over again. However, at high enough parasitism frequencies, this becomes maladaptive as the new nest will most likely also be parasitized. Some host species modify their nests to exclude the parasitic egg, either by weaving over the egg or by rebuilding a new nest over the existing one. For instance, American coots may kick the parasites' eggs out, or build a new nest beside the brood nests where the parasites' chicks starve to death. In the western Bonelli's warbler, a small host, small dummy parasitic eggs were always ejected, whilst with large dummy parasitic eggs, nest desertion was more frequent.


title: Brood parasite

text: There is a question as to why the majority of the hosts of brood parasites care for the nestlings of their parasites. Not only do these brood parasites usually differ significantly in size and appearance, but it is also highly probable that they reduce the reproductive success of their hosts. The "mafia hypothesis" proposes that when a brood parasite discovers that its egg has been rejected, it destroys the host's nest and injures or kills the nestlings. The threat of such a response may encourage compliant behavior from the host. Mafia-like behavior occurs in the brown-headed cowbird of North America, and the great spotted cuckoo of Europe. The great spotted cuckoo lays most of its eggs in the nests of the European magpie. It repeatedly visits nests it has parasitised, a precondition for the mafia hypothesis. Experimentally, nests from which the parasite's egg has been removed are destroyed by the cuckoo, supporting the hypothesis. An alternative explanation is that the destruction encourages the magpie host to build a new nest, giving the cuckoo another opportunity for parasitism. Similarly, the brown-headed cowbird parasitises the prothonotary warbler. Experimentally, 56% of egg-ejected nests were predated upon, against 6% of non-ejected nests. 85% of parasitized nests rebuilt by hosts were destroyed. Hosts that ejected parasite eggs produced 60% fewer young than those that accepted the cowbird eggs.


title: Brood parasite

text: Common cuckoo females have been proposed to select hosts with similar egg characteristics to her own. The hypothesis suggests that the female monitors a population of potential hosts and chooses nests from within this group. Study of museum nest collections shows a similarity between cuckoo eggs and typical eggs of the host species. A low percentage of parasitized nests were shown to contain cuckoo eggs not corresponding to the specific host egg morph. In these mismatched nests a high percent of the cuckoo eggs were shown to correlate to the egg morph of another host species with similar nesting sites. This has been pointed to as evidence for selection by similarity. The hypothesis has been criticised for providing no mechanism for choosing nests, nor identifying cues by which they might be recognised.


title: Brood parasite

text: Sometimes hosts are completely unaware that they are caring for a bird that is not their own. This most commonly occurs because the host cannot differentiate the parasitic eggs from their own. It may also occur when hosts temporarily leave the nest after laying the eggs. The parasites lay their own eggs into these nests so their nestlings share the food provided by the host. It may occur in other situations. For example, female eiders would prefer to lay eggs in the nests with one or two existing eggs of others because the first egg is the most vulnerable to predators. The presence of others' eggs reduces the probability that a predator will attack her egg when a female leaves the nest after laying the first egg.


title: Brood parasite

text: Sometimes, the parasitic offspring kills the host nest-mates during competition for resources. For example, parasitic cowbird chicks kill the host nest-mates if food intake for each of them is low, but not if the food intake is adequate.


title: Brood parasite

text: In many socially monogamous bird species, there are extra-pair matings resulting in males outside the pair bond siring offspring and used by males to escape from the parental investment in raising their offspring. In duck species such as the goldeneye, this form of cuckoldry is taken a step further, as females often lay their eggs in the nests of other individuals. Intraspecific brood parasitism has been recorded in 234 bird species, including 74 Anseriformes, 66 Passeriformes, 32 Galliformes, 19 Charadriiformes, 8 Gruiformes, 6 Podicipediformes, and small numbers of species in other orders.


title: Brood parasite

text: Interspecific brood-parasites include the indigobirds, whydahs, and honeyguides in Africa, cowbirds, Old World cuckoos, black-headed ducks, and some New World cuckoos in the Americas. Seven independent origins of obligate interspecific brood parasitism in birds have been proposed. While there is still some controversy over when and how many origins of interspecific brood parasitism have occurred, recent phylogenetic analyses suggest two origins in Passeriformes (once in New World cowbirds: Icteridae, and once in African Finches: Viduidae); three origins in Old World and New World cuckoos (once in Cuculinae, Phaenicophaeinae, and in Neomorphinae-Crotophaginae); a single origin in Old World honeyguides (Indicatoridae); and in a single species of waterfowl, the black-headed duck ("Heteronetta atricapilla").


title: Brood parasite

text: Most avian brood parasites are specialists which parasitize only a single host species or a small group of closely related host species, but four out of the five parasitic cowbirds (all except the screaming cowbird) are generalists which parasitize a wide variety of hosts; the brown-headed cowbird has 221 known hosts. They usually lay only one egg per nest, although in some cases, particularly the cowbirds, several females may use the same host nest.


title: Brood parasite

text: The common cuckoo presents an interesting case in which the species as a whole parasitizes a wide variety of hosts, including the reed warbler and dunnock, but individual females specialize in a single species. Genes regulating egg coloration appear to be passed down exclusively along the maternal line, allowing females to lay mimetic eggs in the nest of the species they specialize in. Females generally parasitize nests of the species which raised them. Male common cuckoos fertilize females of all lines, which maintains sufficient gene flow among the different maternal lines to prevent speciation.


title: Brood parasite

text: The mechanisms of host selection by female cuckoos are somewhat unclear, though several hypotheses have been suggested in attempt to explain the choice. These include genetic inheritance of host preference, host imprinting on young birds, returning to place of birth and subsequently choosing a host randomly ("natal philopatry"), choice based on preferred nest site (nest-site hypothesis), and choice based on preferred habitat (habitat-selection hypothesis). Of these hypotheses the nest-site selection and habitat selection have been most supported by experimental analysis.


title: Brood parasite

text: A mochokid catfish of Lake Tanganyika, "Synodontis multipunctatus", is a brood parasite of several mouthbrooding cichlid fish. The catfish eggs are incubated in the host's mouth, and—in the manner of cuckoos—hatch before the host's own eggs. The young catfish eat the host fry inside the host's mouth, effectively taking up virtually the whole of the host's parental investment.


title: Brood parasite

text: A cyprinid minnow, "Pungtungia herzi" is a brood parasite of the percichthyid freshwater perch "Siniperca kawamebari", which live in the south of the Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku, and in South Korea. Host males guard territories against intruders during the breeding season, creating a patch of reeds as a spawning site or "nest". Females (one or more per site) visit the site to lay eggs, which the male then defends. The parasite's eggs are smaller and stickier than the host's. 65.5% of host sites were parasitised in a study area.


title: Brood parasite

text: There are many different types of cuckoo bees, all of which lay their eggs in the nest cells of other bees, but they are normally described as kleptoparasites (Greek: klepto-, to steal), rather than as brood parasites, because the immature stages are almost never fed directly by the adult hosts. Instead, they simply take food gathered by their hosts. Examples of cuckoo bees are "Coelioxys rufitarsis", "Melecta separata", "Nomada" and "Epeoloides".


title: Brood parasite

text: Kleptoparasitism in insects is not restricted to bees; several lineages of wasp including most of the Chrysididae, the cuckoo wasps, are kleptoparasites. The cuckoo wasps lay their eggs in the nests of other wasps, such as those of the potters and mud daubers.


title: Brood parasite

text: True brood parasitism is rare among insects. Cuckoo bumblebees (the subgenus "Psithyrus") are among the few insects which, like cuckoos and cowbirds, are fed by adult hosts. Their queens kill and replace the existing queen of a colony of the host species, and then use the host workers to feed their brood.


title: Brood parasite

text: A true brood-parasitic wasp is "Polistes sulcifer". This paper wasp has lost the ability to build its own nest, and relies on its host, "P. dominula", to raise its brood. The adult host feeds the parasite larvae directly, unlike typical kleptoparasitic insects. Such insect social parasites are often closely related to their hosts, an observation known as Emery's rule.


title: Brood parasite

text: Host insects are sometimes tricked into bringing offspring of another species into their own nests, as with the parasitic butterfly, "Phengaris rebeli", and the host ant "Myrmica schencki". The butterfly larvae release chemicals that confuse the host ant into believing that the "P. rebeli" larvae are actually ant larvae. Thus, the "M. schencki" ants bring back the "P. rebeli" larvae to their nests and feed them, much like the chicks of cuckoos and other brood-parasitic birds. This is also the case for the parasitic butterfly, "Niphanda fusca", and its host ant "Camponotus japonicus". The butterfly releases cuticular hydrocarbons that mimic those of the host male ant. The ant then brings the third instar larvae back into its own nest and raises them until pupation.


title: SAP ERP

text: SAP ERP is an enterprise resource planning software developed by the German company SAP SE. SAP ERP incorporates the key business functions of an organization. The latest version of SAP ERP (V.6.0) was made available in 2006. The most recent SAP enhancement package 8 for SAP ERP 6.0 was released in 2016. It is now considered legacy technology, having been superseded by SAP S/4HANA.


title: SAP ERP

text: An ERP was built based on the former SAP R/3 software. SAP R/3, which was officially launched on 6 July 1992, consisted of various applications on top of SAP Basis, SAP's set of middleware programs and tools. All applications were built on top of the SAP Web Application Server. Extension sets were used to deliver new features and keep the core as stable as possible. The Web Application Server contained all the capabilities of SAP Basis.


title: SAP ERP

text: An architecture change took place with the introduction of mySAP ERP in 2004. R/3 Enterprise was replaced with the introduction of ERP Central Component (SAP ECC). The SAP Business Warehouse, SAP Strategic Enterprise Management and Internet Transaction Server were also merged into SAP ECC, allowing users to run them under one instance. The SAP Web Application Server was wrapped into SAP NetWeaver, which was introduced in 2003. Architectural changes were also made to support an enterprise service architecture to transition customers to a Service-oriented architecture.


title: SAP ERP

text: The latest version, SAP ERP 6.0, was released in 2006. SAP ERP 6.0 has since then been updated through SAP enhancement packs, the most recent: SAP enhancement package 8 for SAP ERP 6.0 was released in 2016.


title: SAP ERP

text: SAP ERP consists of several modules, including Financial Accounting (FI), Controlling (CO), Asset Accounting (AA), Sales & Distribution (SD),SAP Customer Relationship Management (SAP CRM), Material Management (MM), Production Planning (PP), Quality Management (QM), Project System (PS), Plant Maintenance (PM), Human Resources (HR), Warehouse Management (WM). Traditionally an implementation is split into:


title: SAP ERP

text: It is estimated that "for a Fortune 500 company, software, hardware, and consulting costs can easily exceed $100 million (around $50 million to $500 million). Large companies can also spend $50 million to $100 million on upgrades. Full implementation of all modules can take years", which also adds to the end price. Midsized companies (fewer than 1,000 employees) are more likely to spend around $10 million to $20 million at most, and small companies are not likely to have the need for a fully integrated SAP ERP system unless they have the likelihood of becoming midsized and then the same data applies as would a midsized company.


title: SAP ERP

text: Independent studies have shown that deployment and maintenance costs of a SAP solution can vary depending on the organization. For example, some point out that because of the rigid model imposed by SAP tools, a lot of customization code to adapt to the business process may have to be developed and maintained. Some others pointed out that a return on investment could only be obtained when there was both a sufficient number of users and sufficient frequency of use.


title: SAP ERP

text: SAP Transport Management System (STMS) is a tool within SAP ERP systems to manage software updates, termed "transports", on one or more connected SAP systems. The tool can be accessed from transaction code STMS. This should not be confused with SAP Transportation Management, a stand-alone module for facilitating logistics and supply chain management in the transportation of goods and materials.


title: SAP ERP

text: The latest version (SAP ERP 6.0) was made available in 2006. Since then, additional functionality for SAP ERP 6.0 has been delivered through SAP Enhancement Packages (EhP).


title: SAP ERP

text: These Enhancement Packages allow SAP ERP customers to manage and deploy new software functionality. Enhancement Packages are optional; customers choose which new capabilities to implement.


title: SAP ERP

text: The technical installation of business functions does not change the system behavior. The installation of new functionalities is decoupled from its activation and companies can choose which business functions they want to activate. This means that even after installing a new business function, there is no change to existing functionality before activation. Activating a business function for one process will have no effect on users working with other functionalities.


title: Sharib Hashmi

text: Sharib Hashmi (born 25 January 1976) is an Indian actor, writer, producer and director who works in the Hindi cinema. He is best known for portraying J.K. Talpade in the Amazon Prime Video series "The Family Man" (2019-2021).


title: Sharib Hashmi

text: Sharib Hashmi was born in Malad, Mumbai, into a middle-class family. His father, Z. A. Johar, was a noted film journalist. Sharib did his schooling from St. John's Model English High School and graduated from Bhavan's College in Mumbai, India.


title: Sharib Hashmi

text: In 2012, he obtained a major role in "Filmistaan", alongside Inaamulhaq and Kumud Mishra. He played a supporting role in "Jab Tak Hai Jaan", which starred Shahrukh Khan, Anushka Sharma and Katrina Kaif.


title: Sharib Hashmi

text: Later, he worked on films like "Badmashiyaan" (2015), "Phullu Phullu" (2017), "Vodka Diaries" (2018), "Batti GUI Meter Chalu" (2018), "Nakkash" (2019), "Ujda Chaman" (2019), "Darbaan" (2020) and Vikram Vedha (2022).


title: Sharib Hashmi

text: Sharib Hashmi's other work has included the Amazon Prime production Blockbuster Series "The Family Man" and Voot Select blockbuster "Asur".


title: Sharib Hashmi

text: In 2020, he appeared in the television series "A Viral Wedding", "Scam 1992", and worked in numerous commercials, television web series and films.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: The Sweetest Thing is a 2002 American comedy film directed by Roger Kumble and written by Nancy Pimental, who based the characters on herself and friend Kate Walsh. It stars Cameron Diaz, Christina Applegate, and Selma Blair.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: A group of men are interviewed regarding Christina Walters; they consider her a player and a user of men in the swinging singles market. She is a 28-year-old successful interior designer living in San Francisco near Chinatown.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: Christina meets up with her friend Courtney Rockcliffe, a divorce lawyer. They console their friend and roommate Jane, who had recently broken up with her boyfriend, by taking her out to a dance club. Jane feels out of place, so Christina grabs a man named Peter to set Jane up with, but he berates Christina for her methods before disappearing for the night. While in the bathroom with Courtney, she calls him by name, leading her to suspect that he got under Christina's skin and she is actually in love with him, which she denies.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: After running into Peter again, Christina buys him a drink and they spend time together. He explains that he will be attending a wedding on Saturday, and that he is at the club with his obnoxious, womanizing brother Roger to celebrate. He invites Christina and Courtney to an after-party at their hotel, but Christina goes home and later regrets not going.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: The next day, Christina cannot stop talking about Peter, while Jane pays an embarrassing visit to the dry cleaner. Courtney arranges for Christina and herself to travel to Somerset, where Peter's brother's wedding is to take place, and they meet Jane's boyfriend. After they leave in Courtney's Saab 9-5, Christina and Courtney go on a series of misadventures including an exploding toilet, a glory hole discovery, and a motorcyclist who is led to believe Courtney is receiving cunnilingus while driving.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: Meanwhile, Jane encounters her boyfriend at her retail job and is nearly caught having sex with him in a changing room. When Christina and Courtney finally arrive in Somerset, they visit a store to replace their wet and ruined clothes, only to come out in extremely gaudy, indiscreet outfits. Christina begins having second thoughts, but a series of coincidences causes a change of heart, and they attend Peter's brother's wedding. However, they discover that it is Peter, not Roger, who is getting married, and the pair nearly ruin the ceremony in their attempt to escape. Peter and his fiancée then decide that they do not want to marry each other and they call off the wedding.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: Christina and Courtney return home and help Jane get out of a sexual situation where the emergency crew was called in. Christina is back to a newly unfulfilled life of being single again. Later, Peter finds Christina's address in the log at the store they bought their clothes in and tracks her down. Christina, determined not to fear the commitment, kisses Peter and then walks away disappointed.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: Sometime later, Courtney is dating a doctor and is clearly very attracted to him, and Peter is interviewed like the men at the beginning of the film, retelling his version of the events calling her a bitch and a player, but ultimately reveals that he and Christina are together, having gotten married and are living very happily with Jane and Courtney and Roger as well.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: An unrated version was also released on DVD with some extra scenes added, including a musical performance by Diaz, Applegate and Blair, known as "The Penis Song".


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: On its opening weekend, it earned US$9,430,667 on 2,670 screens, ranking #3 behind "Changing Lanes" and "Panic Room". It eventually grossed US$68,696,770 worldwide.


title: The Sweetest Thing

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 26% based on 110 reviews, with an average rating of 4.30/10. The consensus calls the film "a collection of hit-or-miss gags tied together by a thin plot". On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 32 out of 100, based on 30 critics. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade C+ on scale of A to F.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: The FB Radom MSBS Grot (, ) is a modular assault rifle developed and manufactured by FB "Łucznik" Radom.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: There are two basic variants of the rifle: a conventional layout assault rifle and a bullpup. The MSBS is the first machine carbine fully designed and produced completely in Poland since World War II as well as the largest firearms sale contract taken on by the Polish arms industry since 1989.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: The MSBS rifle was in development since 2007 by the Military University of Technology (WAT) in Warsaw with cooperation from the firearms manufacturer FB Radom, and was designed to replace the FB Beryl rifle used by the Polish military since 1997.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: During initial tests conducted by the Military University of Technology, the MSBS rifle and its counterpart HK416 were subjected to comparative testing of the barrel and hand-guard for overheating during an intensive firing schedule. According to the tests, MSBS yielded the better results of the two rifles despite having a relatively light and longer barrel profile. Additional tests have also shown that MSBS is less susceptible to jamming when using lower quality ammunition or when it is insufficiently maintained, and had a more manageable recoil when fired in full-auto compared to other assault rifles chambered in the 5.56 cartridge, such as FB Beryl, HK416, FN SCAR-L or CZ BREN 2.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: One of the main design characteristics of the MSBS rifle is the "modular weapon system". If necessary, a soldier can sacrifice, for example, one standard assault rifle to quickly repair a light machine gun during a firefight. Another feature of the rifle is barrel changeability, as found on the Steyr AUG. This means a soldier may be able to adapt their rifle based on the environment they are in, such as converting a carbine to a designated marksman rifle, in order to engage targets at a greater range. The benefits of this feature allow an infantry squad to have fewer "unique" weapons. MSBS may also be used with components other than the ones manufactured domestically, and it is the first Polish rifle fully compliant with the NATO standards. The MSBS rifle features fully ambidextrous controls and Picatinny rail, and it may also be fed from standard STANAG magazines.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: Currently, the rifle is in service with the Polish Territorial Defence Forces and is scheduled to replace FB Beryl as the primary infantry weapon and service rifle of the Polish Armed Forces. Following the adoption of the rifle by the Polish military, the "Grot" moniker has been added to the MSBS name in honor of the Home Army commander, General Stefan "Grot" Rowecki.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 10,000 Grot C16A2 rifles were sent to the Ukrainian military.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: On May 9, 2022, the public was informed about the conclusion of an agreement between the Polish Armaments Group and an undefined East African country for the supply of an unspecified number of MSBS Grot rifles with additional equipment.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: The following variants were designed based on the requests from the Polish Armed Forces to replace currently used firearms such as the AKM, FB Beryl, FB Mini-Beryl, and Pallad grenade launcher.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: The MSBS GROT is a selective fire modular assault rifle which is capable of semi-automatic, 3-round burst and fully automatic fire. It has a cyclic rate of fire of around 700–900 rounds per minute.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: Both the Classic and Bullpup variants are planned in 5 different configurations and have many common interchangeable parts and can be in future converted from one to the other.:


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: Currently only conventional layout assault rifle, carbine, representational and semi-auto versions are available. Bullpup layout, grenade launcher, squad automatic weapon and designated marksman rifle are not produced. Modules for conversion between versions also are not available. Conversions kit to caliber 7.62×39mm is available.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: Since the Polish ministry of defence ordered 53,000 of the MSBS assault rifles, Fabryka Broni has introduced a military naming designation for the MSBS series.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: M(x) – number of series (x stands for the generation, for examples, "M1" means first generation, "M2" is second generation, "M3" is planned third generation)


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: The MSBS-7.62N is a semi-automatic sniper rifle/designated marksman rifle chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: The MSBS-7.62N project began in the end of 2015 when Polish Military of Defence announced analytical works for the replacement program of their SVD Dragunov marksman rifle and supplement the bolt-action TRG-22 and Tor sniper rifles currently in service. It was led by the team of Fabryka Broni Łucznik-Radom and Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna (WAT) engineers.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: The MSBS-7.62N has two different configurations; one with a 508 mm (20 in) barrel with a fixed adjustable stock and the other with 406 mm (16 in) barrel with the MSBS Grot C's adjustable side-folding stock. Both configurations are part of the MSBS family and some of the parts of the rifle, such as the stock, handguard, pistol grip, and trigger are interchangeable between 5.56m and 7.62m models.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: The MSBS-7.62N is designed as a semi-automatic rifle but project engineers declared that a fully automatic configuration can be developed if required.


title: FB MSBS Grot

text: In September, 2019 the MSBS-7.62N was officially announced at MSPO 2019, but since 2022 its production has still not been started.


title: Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1976

text: This is a list of "Billboard" magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1976. The Top 100, as revealed in the year-end edition of Billboard dated December 25, 1976, is based on Hot 100 charts from the issue dates of November 8, 1975 through October 30, 1976.


title: Gert Fröbe

text: Karl Gerhart "Gert" Fröbe (; 25 February 1913 – 5 September 1988) was a German actor. He was best known in English-speaking countries for his work as Auric Goldfinger in the James Bond film "Goldfinger", as Peachum in "The Threepenny Opera", as Baron Bomburst in "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang", as Hotzenplotz in "Der Räuber Hotzenplotz", General Dietrich von Choltitz in "Is Paris Burning?" and Colonel Manfred von Holstein in "Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines".


title: Gert Fröbe

text: Fröbe was born in Oberplanitz, today part of Zwickau. He was initially a violinist, but he abandoned it for Kabarett and theatre work.


title: Gert Fröbe

text: In September 1944, theatres in Germany were closed down and Fröbe was drafted into the German Army, where he served until the end of the war.


title: Gert Fröbe

text: After his party membership became known after World War II, Israel banned Fröbe's films until Mario Blumenau, a Jewish survivor, revealed just eight weeks later that his life and his mother's were probably saved when Fröbe hid them from the Nazis.


title: Gert Fröbe

text: Fröbe gained fame in one of the first German films made after the Second World War, called "Berliner Ballade" ("The Ballad of Berlin", 1948). His character's name, "Otto Normalverbraucher" ( Otto Average Consumer), became the German term equivalent to "Average Joe".


title: Gert Fröbe

text: He was cast as the villain in the Swiss-West German-Spanish film "Es geschah am hellichten Tag" ("It Happened in Broad Daylight", 1958), with the original screenplay written by Friedrich Dürrenmatt. His role as a serial killer of children drew the attention of the producers of the James Bond movie "Goldfinger" (1964) and he was chosen to play one of the best remembered villains of the series, gold tycoon Auric Goldfinger. He later remarked, "The ridiculous thing is that since I played Goldfinger in the James Bond film there are some people who still insist on seeing me as a cold, ruthless villain – a man without laughs."


title: Gert Fröbe

text: Fröbe made several appearances in all-star casts in the 1960s, including the films "The Longest Day" (1962), "Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines" (1965), "Is Paris Burning?" (1966),"Triple Cross" (1966) and "Monte Carlo or Bust" (1969).


title: Gert Fröbe

text: During the 1980s, Fröbe played small parts in Mercedes Benz W123 commercials, helping to promote the coupé and the sedan.


title: Gert Fröbe

text: Fröbe died in Munich in September 1988 at age 75 from a heart attack. He was buried at the Waldfriedhof cemetery in Icking.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: The rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body and its environment.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: The law is frequently qualified to include the condition that the temperature difference is small and the nature of heat transfer mechanism remains the same. As such, it is equivalent to a statement that the heat transfer coefficient, which mediates between heat losses and temperature differences, is a constant.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: This condition is generally met in heat conduction (where it is guaranteed by Fourier's law) as the thermal conductivity of most materials is only weakly dependent on temperature. In convective heat transfer, Newton's Law is followed for forced air or pumped fluid cooling, where the properties of the fluid do not vary strongly with temperature, but it is only approximately true for buoyancy-driven convection, where the velocity of the flow increases with temperature difference. Finally, in the case of heat transfer by thermal radiation, Newton's law of cooling holds only for very small temperature differences.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: When stated in terms of temperature differences, Newton's law (with several further simplifying assumptions, such as a low Biot number and a temperature-independent heat capacity) results in a simple differential equation expressing temperature-difference as a function of time. The solution to that equation describes an exponential decrease of temperature-difference over time. This characteristic decay of the temperature-difference is also associated with Newton's law of cooling.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: Isaac Newton published his work on cooling anonymously in 1701 as "Scala graduum Caloris. Calorum Descriptiones & signa" in "Philosophical Transactions", volume 22, issue 270.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: Newton did not originally state his law in the above form in 1701. Rather, using today's terms, Newton noted after some mathematical manipulation that "the rate of temperature change" of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body and its surroundings. This final simplest version of the law, given by Newton himself, was partly due to confusion in Newton's time between the concepts of heat and temperature, which would not be fully disentangled until much later.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: In 2020, Maruyama and Moriya repeated Newton's experiments with modern apparatus, and they applied modern data reduction techniques. In particular, these investigators took account of thermal radiation at high temperatures (as for the molten metals Newton used), and they accounted for buoyancy effects on the air flow. By comparison to Newton's original data, they concluded that his measurements (from 1692 to 1693) had been "quite accurate".


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: Convection cooling is sometimes said to be governed by "Newton's law of cooling." When the heat transfer coefficient is independent, or relatively independent, of the temperature difference between object and environment, Newton's law is followed. The law holds well for forced air and pumped liquid cooling, where the fluid velocity does not rise with increasing temperature difference. Newton's law is most closely obeyed in purely conduction-type cooling. However, the heat transfer coefficient is a function of the temperature difference in natural convective (buoyancy driven) heat transfer. In that case, Newton's law only approximates the result when the temperature difference is relatively small. Newton himself realized this limitation.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: A correction to Newton's law concerning convection for larger temperature differentials by including an exponent, was made in 1817 by Dulong and Petit. (These men are better-known for their formulation of the Dulong–Petit law concerning the molar specific heat capacity of a crystal.)


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: Another situation that does not obey Newton's law is radiative heat transfer. Radiative cooling is better described by the Stefan–Boltzmann law in which the heat transfer rate varies as the difference in the 4th powers of the absolute temperatures of the object and of its environment.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: The statement of Newton's law used in the heat transfer literature puts into mathematics the idea that "the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body and its surroundings". For a temperature-independent heat transfer coefficient, the statement is:


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: The heat transfer coefficient "h" depends upon physical properties of the fluid and the physical situation in which convection occurs. Therefore, a single usable heat transfer coefficient (one that does not vary significantly across the temperature-difference ranges covered during cooling and heating) must be derived or found experimentally for every system that is to be analyzed.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: Formulas and correlations are available in many references to calculate heat transfer coefficients for typical configurations and fluids. For laminar flows, the heat transfer coefficient is usually smaller than in turbulent flows because turbulent flows have strong mixing within the boundary layer on the heat transfer surface. Note the heat transfer coefficient changes in a system when a transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: The physical significance of Biot number can be understood by imagining the heat flow from a hot metal sphere suddenly immersed in a pool to the surrounding fluid. The heat flow experiences two resistances: the first outside the surface of the sphere, and the second within the solid metal (which is influenced by both the size and composition of the sphere). The ratio of these resistances is the dimensionless Biot number.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: If the thermal resistance at the fluid/sphere interface exceeds that thermal resistance offered by the interior of the metal sphere, the Biot number will be less than one. For systems where it is much less than one, the interior of the sphere may be presumed always to have the same temperature, although this temperature may be changing, as heat passes into the sphere from the surface. The equation to describe this change in (relatively uniform) temperature inside the object, is the simple exponential one described in Newton's law of cooling expressed in terms of temperature difference (see below).


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: In contrast, the metal sphere may be large, causing the characteristic length to increase to the point that the Biot number is larger than one. In this case, temperature gradients within the sphere become important, even though the sphere material is a good conductor. Equivalently, if the sphere is made of a thermally insulating (poorly conductive) material, such as wood or styrofoam, the interior resistance to heat flow will exceed that at the fluid/sphere boundary, even with a much smaller sphere. In this case, again, the Biot number will be greater than one.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: Values of the Biot number smaller than 0.1 imply that the heat conduction inside the body is much faster than the heat convection away from its surface, and temperature gradients are negligible inside of it. This can indicate the applicability (or inapplicability) of certain methods of solving transient heat transfer problems. For example, a Biot number less than 0.1 typically indicates less than 5% error will be present when assuming a lumped-capacitance model of transient heat transfer (also called lumped system analysis). Typically, this type of analysis leads to simple exponential heating or cooling behavior ("Newtonian" cooling or heating) since the internal energy of the body is directly proportional to its temperature, which in turn determines the rate of heat transfer into or out of it. This leads to a simple first-order differential equation which describes heat transfer in these systems.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: Having a Biot number smaller than 0.1 labels a substance as "thermally thin," and temperature can be assumed to be constant throughout the material's volume. The opposite is also true: A Biot number greater than 0.1 (a "thermally thick" substance) indicates that one cannot make this assumption, and more complicated heat transfer equations for "transient heat conduction" will be required to describe the time-varying and non-spatially-uniform temperature field within the material body. Analytic methods for handling these problems, which may exist for simple geometric shapes and uniform material thermal conductivity, are described in the article on the heat equation.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: Simple solutions for transient cooling of an object may be obtained when the internal thermal resistance within the object is small in comparison to the resistance to heat transfer away from the object's surface (by external conduction or convection), which is the condition for which the Biot number is less than about 0.1. This condition allows the presumption of a single, approximately uniform temperature inside the body, which varies in time but not with position. (Otherwise the body would have many different temperatures inside it at any one time.) This single temperature will generally change exponentially as time progresses (see below).


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: The condition of low Biot number leads to the so-called lumped capacitance model. In this model, the internal energy (the amount of thermal energy in the body) is calculated by assuming a constant heat capacity. In that case, the internal energy of the body is a linear function of the body's single internal temperature.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: The lumped capacitance solution that follows assumes a constant heat transfer coefficient, as would be the case in forced convection. For free convection, the lumped capacitance model can be solved with a heat transfer coefficient that varies with temperature difference.


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: A body treated as a lumped capacitance object, with a total internal energy of formula_16 (in joules), is characterized by a single uniform internal temperature, The heat capacitance, of the body is formula_17 (in J/K), for the case of an incompressible material. The internal energy may be written in terms of the temperature of the body, the heat capacitance (taken to be independent of temperature), and a reference temperature at which the internal energy is zero:


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: Applying the first law of thermodynamics to the lumped object gives where the rate of heat transfer out of the body, may be expressed by Newton's law of cooling, and where no work transfer occurs for an incompressible material. Thus,


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: where the time constant of the system is The heat capacitance formula_21 may be written in terms of the object's specific heat capacity, formula_22 (J/kg-K), and mass, formula_23 (kg). The time constant is then


title: Newton's law of cooling

text: The temperature difference between the body and the environment decays exponentially as a function of time.


title: Scotiabank Arena

text: Scotiabank Arena (French: "Aréna Scotiabank)", formerly known as Air Canada Centre (ACC), is a multi-purposed arena located on Bay Street in the South Core district of Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the home of the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). In addition, the minor league Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League (AHL) and the Raptors 905 of the NBA G League play occasional games at the arena. The arena was previously home to the Toronto Phantoms of the Arena Football League (AFL) and the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League. Scotiabank Arena also hosts other events, such as concerts, political conventions and video game competitions.


title: Scotiabank Arena

text: The arena is in size. It is owned and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Ltd. (MLSE), which also owns the Leafs and the Raptors, as well as their respective development teams.


title: Scotiabank Arena

text: The building was constructed in 1941 as the Toronto Postal Delivery Building for postal deliveries and was temporarily used by the Department of National Defence during World War II. After the war, the building was transferred to Canada Post in 1946 where it functioned as the main postal terminal for Metropolitan Toronto until 1989 when Canada Post moved its services to the Eastern Avenue facility. The Postal Building was sold to a consortium of developers but was reverted to Canada Post ownership in 1993 due to financial woes, but the new ownership of the soon-to-be Toronto Raptors basketball team acquired the building in December 1994 to construct the new arena. However, the Raptors were acquired by Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd., the owners of the Maple Leafs hockey team in 1998 during construction that began a year prior, to replace their outdated Maple Leaf Gardens arena. The arena was opened on February 19, 1999 at the cost of $288 million ($499 million as of 2022) with the Leafs played the Montreal Canadiens the following night and the Raptors played the Vancouver Grizzlies the next night.


title: Scotiabank Arena

text: In 2018, Scotiabank Arena was the 13th busiest arena in the world and the busiest in Canada. It is also the most photographed location in Canada on Instagram according to BuzzFeed. Scotiabank Arena is connected to Union Station's railway, subway and regional bus services and is connected to the PATH.


title: Scotiabank Arena

text: The venue is located on land that was once part of Toronto's inner harbour. Infill of the inner harbour began in the 1850s and accelerated with the arrival of the railroad resulting in the current-day shape of downtown. By 1858, the site was located between two wharves (Rees Wharf and Tinnings Wharf). As land was expanded southward, it remained under government control as possible locations for various Union Station expansions. The majority of the land was still part of the lake up until the early 1900s. By 1925, the northern parcel of the property was turned into Bayside Park, which had been part of an early proposal that was to have seen the lands south of the rail corridor transformed into an extensive lakeside park that followed today's Esplanade. The remaining land was most likely under the control of Central Harbour Terminals.


title: Scotiabank Arena

text: In the 1930s, the property became the proposed home to Canada Post's Toronto Postal Delivery Building. In the 1920s, a postal handling facility already existed in the east wing of the city's then-new Union Station (Downtown Toronto's third major train station). However, it quickly reached capacity by the 1930s due to major population growth of Toronto and its surrounding region. In 1937, the Postmaster General appealed to the Minister of Public Works to approve a new replacement facility at the corner of Bay Street and Fleet Street (now Lake Shore Boulevard). Approval was granted by the federal Department of Public Works in part to stimulate the depression impacted construction industry. Design and construction of the warehouse built with steel and concrete would begin in 1938. Designed by Charles B. Dolphin, it is a building that incorporates a combination of Art Deco and Art Moderne architectural style. The original building would be built for around $2 million (CAD) ($ in dollars). The building was strategically located south of Union Station and was connected directly to the train platforms via an underground tunnel. Trains would be able to directly unload mail and move it directly to the mail sorting centre.


title: Scotiabank Arena

text: Amid World War II, upon completion in 1941, the building would be temporarily handed over to the Department of National Defence for wartime storage purposes, and be finally turned over to Canada Post in 1946. Required modifications were made to the building to return it to its postal delivery purposes as a result of alterations done by the Department of National Defence. After the refurbishment work was completed in 1948, the building now possessed the capability and equipment for proper mail sorting and other mailing processing functions. Though it was designed as a mail sorting warehouse, it was also the home of Postal Station "A", which served mostly institutional and commercial clients. The ground floor was where the mail was dropped off by both railway carts and postal vans. Unsorted mail was moved by conveyor belts to the top floor and via gravity-fed mail chutes sorted by size and destination. Eventually, the sorted mail would end up back on the ground floor where it would be sent out for delivery. The building would be used as a postal sorting centre up until 1989.