title: Vernee Watson-Johnson

text: As a voice actress, she has been tied to Hanna-Barbera Productions and Warner Bros. Animation with roles in shows such as "Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels", "Laff-A-Lympics", "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo", "Animaniacs", "", "" and "Batman Beyond", as well as the feature film "The Ant Bully", and several video games related to these productions. From 1991 to 1992, she lent her voice to the show "Baby Talk", where she was the voice of baby Danielle (played by Alicia and Celicia Johnson). In 2006, Watson-Johnson had roles in three films: "The Ant Bully", "The Celestine Prophecy" and "". In 2017, Watson-Johnson was cast as Stella Henry on the soap opera "General Hospital", aunt of Donnell Turner's character Curtis Ashford. She won two Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Guest Performer in a Drama Series for the role in 2018 and 2019.


title: Vernee Watson-Johnson

text: She guest starred as Janice on Peacock's dramatic "Fresh Prince" reimagining "Bel-Air" in its ninth episode.


title: Vernee Watson-Johnson

text: Watson-Johnson has been married twice. Her first marriage was to Joe Duckett from 1976 until 1977, and was last married to photographer Van Johnson from 1979 to 1991. Watson-Johnson has a daughter named Sunde Jinia Johnson (b. 1983) and a son named Josh (b. 1987) with Johnson. In 2005, Watson-Johnson was a witness in Michael Jackson's child molestation trial.


title: Granny Smith

text: The Granny Smith, also known as a green apple or sour apple, is an apple cultivar which originated in Australia in 1868. It is named after Maria Ann Smith, who propagated the cultivar from a chance seedling. The tree is thought to be a hybrid of "Malus sylvestris", the European wild apple, with the domesticated apple "Malus domestica" as the polleniser.


title: Granny Smith

text: The fruit is hard, firm and with a light green skin and crisp, juicy flesh. The flavour is tart and acidic. It remains firm when baked, making it a popular cooking apple used in pies, where it can be sweetened. The apple goes from being completely green to turning yellow when overripe. The US Apple Association reported in 2019 that the Granny Smith was the third most popular apple in the United States of America.


title: Granny Smith

text: The Granny Smith cultivar originated in Eastwood, New South Wales, Australia (now a suburb of Sydney) in 1868. Its discoverer, Maria Ann Smith (née Sherwood), had emigrated to the district from Beckley, East Sussex in 1839 with her husband Thomas. They purchased a small orchard in the area in 1855–1856 and began cultivating fruit, for which the area was a well known centre in colonial Australia. Smith had eight children and was a prominent figure in the district, earning the nickname "Granny" Smith in her advanced years.


title: Granny Smith

text: The first description of the origin of the Granny Smith apple was not published until 1924. In that year, "Farmer and Settler" published the account of a local historian who had interviewed two men who had known Smith. One of those interviewed recalled that, in 1868, he (then twelve years old) and his father had been invited to Smith's farm to inspect a chance seedling that had sprung near a creek. Smith had dumped there, among the ferns, the remains of French crab-apples that had been grown in Tasmania. Another story recounted that Smith had been testing French crab-apples for cooking, and, throwing the apple cores out her window as she worked, had found that the new cultivar had sprung up underneath her kitchen windowsill. Whatever the case, Smith took it upon herself to propagate the new cultivar on her property, finding the apples good for cooking and for general consumption. Having "all the appearances of a cooking apple," they were not tart but instead were "sweet and crisp to eat." She took a stall at Sydney's George Street market, where the apples stored "exceptionally well and became popular" and "once a week sold her produce there."


title: Granny Smith

text: Smith died only a couple of years after her discovery (in 1870), but her work had been noticed by other local planters. Edward Gallard was one such planter, who extensively planted Granny Smith trees on his property and bought the Smith farm when Thomas died in 1876. Gallard was successful in marketing the apple locally, but it did not receive widespread attention until 1890. In that year, it was exhibited as "Smith's Seedling" at the Castle Hill Agricultural and Horticultural Show, and the following year it won the prize for cooking apples under the name ""Granny" Smith's Seedling." The apple was so highly successful that the following year, many were exhibiting Granny Smith apples at horticultural shows.


title: Granny Smith

text: In 1895, the New South Wales Department of Agriculture recognised the cultivar and had begun growing the trees at the Government Experimental Station in Bathurst, New South Wales, recommending the gazette of its properties as a late-picking cooking apple for potential export. Over the following years the government actively promoted the apple, leading to its widespread adoption. Its worldwide fame grew from the fact that it could be picked from March and stored till November. Enterprising fruit merchants in the 1890s and the 1900s experimented with methods to transport the apples overseas in cold storage. Because of its excellent shelf life, the Granny Smith could be exported long distances and most times of the year, at a time when Australian food exports were growing dramatically on the back of international demand. Granny Smiths were exported in enormous quantities after the First World War, and by 1975, 40 percent of Australia's apple crop was Granny Smith.


title: Granny Smith

text: By this time, it was being grown intensely elsewhere in the Southern Hemisphere, as well as in France and the United States. The advent of the Granny Smith apple is now celebrated annually in Eastwood with the Granny Smith Festival.


title: Granny Smith

text: Granny Smith apples are light green in colour. They are popularly used in many apple dishes, such as apple pie, apple cobbler, apple crumble, and apple cake. They are also commonly eaten raw as table apples, and at least one company (Woodchuck Hard Cider) makes Granny Smith varietal cider.


title: Granny Smith

text: It is moderately susceptible to fire blight and is very prone to scab, powdery mildew, and cedar apple rust.


title: Granny Smith

text: Granny Smith is much more easily preserved in storage than other apples, a factor which has greatly contributed to its success in export markets. Its long storage life has been attributed to its fairly low levels of ethylene production, and in the right conditions Granny Smiths can be stored without loss of quality for as long as a year. This cultivar needs fewer winter chill hours and a longer season to mature the fruit, so it is favoured for the milder areas of the apple growing regions. However, they are susceptible to superficial scald and bitter pit. Superficial scald may be controlled by treatment with diphenylamine before storage. It can also be controlled with low-oxygen storage. Pit can be controlled with calcium sprays during the growing season and with postharvest calcium dips.


title: Granny Smith

text: According to the US Apple Association website, it is one of the fifteen most popular apple cultivars in the United States.


title: Granny Smith

text: In 1968, the rock band The Beatles used an image of a Granny Smith apple as the logo for their corporation, Apple Corps Limited. For their record label, Apple Records, one side of vinyl albums featured the exterior of the fruit, while the other side of the recording featured a cross-section of the apple.


title: Granny Smith

text: Yoko Ono's 1966 artwork "Apple" used a Granny Smith apple in its 2015 recreation at New York City's Museum of Modern Art. John Lennon had taken a bite from the apple on display in its 1966 incarnation at the Indica Gallery in London.


title: Granny Smith

text: The Granny Smith was one of four apples honored by the United States Postal Service in a 2013 set of four 33¢ stamps commemorating historic strains, joined by Northern Spy, Baldwin, and Golden Delicious.


title: Sue Klebold

text: Susan Francis Klebold ("née" Yassenoff; born March 25, 1949) is an American author and activist. She is the mother of Dylan Klebold, one of the perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre that occurred on April 20, 1999. She is the author of "A Mother's Reckoning", a book about the signs she missed of Dylan's mental state.


title: Sue Klebold

text: Klebold was born in Columbus, Ohio, and worked in assistance services for the disabled for many years. She is now involved in suicide prevention and care for people with brain diseases.


title: Sue Klebold

text: Klebold has committed to donating the profits from her book to mental health charities, research, and suicide prevention, toward the goal of helping parents and professionals find more ways to detect and treat signs of mental distress.


title: Sue Klebold

text: In 2017, Klebold held a TED Talk discussing her son's involvement in the Columbine High School massacre where she explains the intersection between suicidal thoughts and homicidal tendencies, and her personal experiences both before and after the shooting.


title: Sue Klebold

text: A 2019 documentary film, "American Tragedy: Love Is Not Enough", profiles Klebold's journey from dealing with her son's actions to becoming a mental health advocate.


title: Sue Klebold

text: Born to Charlotte (née Haugh, 1921–1987) and Milton Rice Yassenoff (1919–1967) in Columbus, Ohio, she was the granddaughter of philanthropist Leo Yassenoff (1893–1971), a prominent member of the Jewish community in Columbus who left his multimillionaire inheritance to charity organizations. Columbus's Jewish Community Center was named after him.


title: Sue Klebold

text: Klebold grew up in Bexley, Ohio, along with her older sister Diane and younger brother Philip. She studied at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois and went on to go to Ohio State University in 1969, where she met Thomas Ernest Klebold (born April 15, 1947; Toledo, Ohio). The two became engaged, later marrying in July 1971. She later developed interest in working with people with mental disabilities and worked at a psychiatric hospital as a therapeutic arts teacher. In 1975 she earned a master's degree in educational sciences at Cardinal Stritch College in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.


title: Sue Klebold

text: On October 23, 1978, their first child was born; Byron Jacob. Two years later, they moved to Littleton, Colorado, in the Denver Metropolitan Area. Already in Colorado, she worked for Colorado Community College System where she helped disabled and vulnerable people to get into the social market. In September 1981, Dylan was born. He would attend Columbine High School from 1995 until his suicide in 1999. The Klebolds reportedly did not tolerate firearms in their house and were considered normal parents, prompting Sue Klebold to state "how ordinary our life before Columbine was."


title: Sue Klebold

text: After the murders at Columbine, the Klebold family issued a statement through their attorney, expressing condolences to the victims families, and in May 1999, she wrote personal letters to both the families of those killed and survivors who were injured, expressing similar sentiments. The Klebold family initially refused to believe Dylan's involvement in the massacre, but in an interview with Andrew Solomon, Sue Klebold stated that "seeing those videos was as traumatic as the original event [...] Everything I had refused to believe was true. Dylan was a willing participant and the massacre was not a spontaneous impulse." Investigators later concluded that Dylan had had depression and suicidal ideation for about two years, although his parents did not find these details until one year after the killings.


title: Sue Klebold

text: In April 2001, the Klebold parents, along with those of Dylan's accomplice Eric Harris, settled a lawsuit with the families of the victims for $1.6 million. After the lawsuits, Klebold's parents met with several of the victims' families. In July 2003, both the Klebold and Harris families testified under oath; their testimonies are sealed until the year 2027 under the National Archives and Records Administration.


title: Sue Klebold

text: In 2001, Sue Klebold was diagnosed with breast cancer, from which she is now in remission. Later on, she had post traumatic stress disorder and panic attacks.


title: Sue Klebold

text: In 2014, Sue and Thomas Klebold divorced after 43 years of marriage, citing differences in how they dealt with grief and that they did not have any common points of view on what had happened.


title: Sue Klebold

text: The Klebold parents avoided the press for the five years that followed the massacre on their attorney's advice, saying they feared they would be misinterpreted, and that they had received death threats. They broke their silence in 2004, speaking to "The New York Times" and later on for Andrew Solomon's book "Far From The Tree". In the latter, she was quoted as saying, "I know it would have been better for the world if Dylan had never been born. But I believe it would not have been better for me."


title: Sue Klebold

text: In 2009, Klebold wrote for Oprah Winfrey's "O Magazine", where she repeated that she had no idea that Dylan had been depressed and having suicidal thoughts. Columnist Mike Littwin criticized the essay in an opinion piece in the "Denver Post"; Littwin said that Klebold's account, while "eloquent", revealed little about Dylan, his and Harris' victims, or the rest of the Klebold family.


title: Sue Klebold

text: In 2016, she published "A Mother’s Reckoning: Living in the Aftermath of Tragedy," against her former husband's and son Byron's advice. The memoir ranked second on the "New York Times" best-seller list and grossed $427,200, which was donated to organizations advocating for suicide prevention, education about violence, and investigation of mental illnesses.


title: Sue Klebold

text: In 2016, Sue Klebold granted her first televised interview, to Diane Sawyer in the "ABC 20/20" special, "Silence Broken. A Mother's Reckoning". She told Sawyer: "I think we like to believe that our love and our understanding is protective, and that ‘if anything were wrong with my kids, I would know,’ but I didn't know, and I wasn't able to stop him from hurting other people. I wasn't able to stop his hurting himself and it's very hard to live with that." The reactions to her interview were mixed. Attorney General of Colorado, Cynthia Coffman, said that Klebold's interview could inspire other would-be shooters, and labeled her as "irresponsible". Conversely, Anne Marie Hochhalter, who was paralyzed in the attack, expressed sympathy for Klebold and commended her for committing to use proceeds from the book to help people with mental illness. Patrick Ireland, who was also severely injured during the attack, said that he "prefers to forget the shooters’ names and their families." Survivor Anne Marie Hochhalter further stated later on a Facebook post that she shared a link with Klebold and that she considered the letter written to her in the aftermath of the tragedy by Sue and Tom Klebold as "genuine and personal" compared to what she described was the "cold and robotic" letter by the Harris parents. Hochhalter's father also defended Klebold's decision to speak out, labelling the remarks by Coffman as "ignorant" and "insensitive" because he considers Klebold a "remorseful mother" who wants to raise awareness on mental health.


title: Sue Klebold

text: Sue Klebold also spoke of her connections with the family of Eric Harris, saying she contacts them "occasionally" and said that "no one should ever perceive their silence to be indifference." saying it is "too difficult to make themselves public."


title: Sue Klebold

text: She has also stated that she understands her son's murder–suicide in a different way now, saying that "coming to understand Dylan's death as a suicide opened the door to a new way of thinking for me about everything he had done," adding that, "whatever else he had intended, Dylan had gone to the school to die."


title: Sue Klebold

text: In an interview with British newspaper "The Guardian", she differentiated between her son and Harris saying that "they had different brain conditions. I believe Dylan had some kind of a mood disorder. I believe psychopathy is in a different category. [...] I don't want to say someone commits crimes because they have a mental illness – that is not true – but I believe strongly that both Dylan and Eric were victims of their own pathology, just as everyone else was a victim of that pathology." She also stated with Diane Sawyer that "[...] if I had recognized that Dylan was experiencing some real mental distress ... he would not have been there. He would have gotten help."


title: Sue Klebold

text: After featuring in the 2019 documentary "American Tragedy", she gave another interview, this time for Katherine Schwarzenegger's book "The Gift of Forgiveness".


title: Sue Klebold

text: In July 2021, Klebold appeared on BBC's "Storyville", where she told her story, along other American parents whose sons committed school shootings.


title: Toks Olagundoye

text: Olatokunbo Susan Olasobunmi Abeke "Toks" Olagundoye (born 16 September 1975) is a Nigerian actress. She is known for her role as Hayley Shipton in "Castle", Jackie Joyner-Kersee in the ABC TV sitcom "The Neighbors", and Mel Medarda in the animated Netflix series "Arcane".


title: Toks Olagundoye

text: Olatokunbo Susan Olasobunmi Abeke Olagundoye was born on 16 September 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria, to a Nigerian father and a Norwegian mother. As a youth, she was educated in Nigeria, Switzerland, and England. She received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in theatre from Smith College.


title: Toks Olagundoye

text: Olagundoye made her screen debuts on both TV and the big screen in 2002; in an episode of the television series "The Education of Max Bickford"; and in the film "Brown Sugar" later that same year. She appeared opposite Ruby Dee in an off-Broadway production "Saint Lucy's Eyes" in April 2001, and in 2005 she cofounded the theater company Three Chicks Theatre, which produced Andrea Lepcio's "One Nation Under" in 2008. Olagundoye has guest-starred on "Ugly Betty", "Law & Order", "", "Switched at Birth", "NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service" and "Prime Suspect". Her film credits include "A Beautiful Soul", "Come Back to Me", "Absolute Trust" and "The Salon".


title: Toks Olagundoye

text: In 2012 Olagundoye was cast as a series regular in the ABC comedy series "The Neighbors", playing the part of Jackie Joyner-Kersee until the series was canceled after two seasons in 2014. She later had starring roles in the two television pilots: "Feed Me", opposite Mary-Louise Parker for NBC; and Amazon's "Salem Rogers", co-starring with Leslie Bibb. Olagundoye joined the cast of ABC comedy-drama "Castle" in 2015 as a series regular in the role of Hayley Shipton.


title: Toks Olagundoye

text: From 2017 to 2021, she voiced Bentina Beakley for the 2017 reboot of "DuckTales". In 2019 Olagundoye had a recurring role on the final season of "Veep" playing Senator Kemi Talbot. Olagundoye does the voice acting for Mel Medarda in "Arcane: League of Legends" (2021). In 2021, she had a recurring role on the ABC series "The Rookie", and in 2022 was cast as one of leads in ABC revival of "L.A. Law".


title: Toks Olagundoye

text: On May 16, 2015, Olagundoye married Sean Quinn, whom she met on Twitter, after several years of dating. They have a son together.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: "The Colour Out of Space" is a science fiction/horror short story by American author H. P. Lovecraft, written in March 1927. In the tale, an unnamed narrator pieces together the story of an area known by the locals as the "blasted heath" in the hills west of the fictional town of Arkham, Massachusetts. The narrator discovers that many years ago a meteorite crashed there, poisoning every living being nearby; vegetation grows large but foul-tasting, animals are driven mad and deformed into grotesque shapes, and the people go insane or die one by one.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: Lovecraft began writing "The Colour Out of Space" immediately after finishing his previous short novel, "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward", and in the midst of final revision on his horror fiction essay "Supernatural Horror in Literature". Seeking to create a truly alien life form, he drew inspiration from numerous fiction and nonfiction sources. First appearing in the September 1927 edition of Hugo Gernsback's science fiction magazine "Amazing Stories", "The Colour Out of Space" became one of Lovecraft's most popular works, and remained his personal favorite of his short stories. It has been adapted to film several times, as "Die, Monster, Die!" (1965), "The Curse" (1987), "Colour from the Dark" (2008), "The Colour Out of Space" ("Die Farbe") (2010) and "Color Out of Space" (2019).


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: The narrator, an unnamed surveyor from Boston, describes his attempts to uncover the secrets behind a shunned place referred to by the locals of the hills west of Arkham as the "blasted heath". Unable to garner any information from the townspeople, the protagonist seeks out an old and allegedly crazy man by the name of Ammi Pierce, who relates his experiences with a farmer named Nahum Gardner and his family who used to live on the property.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: A meteorite crashed into Nahum's land over fifty years prior, in June 1882. At the time, local scientists take a sample from the meteorite, and are perplexed by several strange behaviors that it exhibits. The sample disappears overnight after being stored in a glass beaker. When attempting to take a second sample from the meteorite, the scientists reveal a globule encased in the meteorite emitting a strange color. It was "only by analogy that they called it a color at all", as it fell outside of the range of anything known in the visible spectrum. One of the scientists hits the globule with a hammer, and it disintegrates. Overnight, the meteorite disappears after being struck by bolts of lightning.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: The following season, Nahum's crops grow unnaturally large and abundant. When he discovers that, despite their appearance, they are inedible, he becomes convinced that the meteorite has poisoned the soil. Over the following year, the problem spreads to the surrounding plants and animals, altering them in unusual ways. All of the vegetation on the farm begins to become grey and brittle.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: Mrs. Gardner goes mad, and Nahum decides to keep her locked in the attic. Over time, the family becomes isolated from the neighboring farmers, and Pierce becomes their only contact with the outside world. Pierce informs Nahum that their well water has gone bad and suggests digging and drinking from a new one, but Nahum refuses to take his advice. Thaddeus, one of Nahum's sons, also goes mad, and Nahum locks him in a different room of the attic. The livestock start to take on disturbing forms and die off. Like the crops, their meat is inedible. Thaddeus dies in the attic, and Nahum buries his remains behind the farm. Merwin, another of Nahum's sons, vanishes while retrieving water from the contaminated well.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: After weeks of no contact with Nahum, Pierce visits the farmstead. He meets Nahum in his house, and realizes that he, like his wife and son, has also gone mad. When asked about Zenas, Nahum's last son who was accounted for, Nahum tells Pierce that Zenas "lives in the well". Pierce ascends the stairs to the attic and finds that Mrs. Gardner has taken on a horrible form. It is implied that Pierce kills her in an act of mercy. When he descends the stairs, he finds that Nahum too has become horribly deformed. Nahum has a moment of lucidity and tells Pierce that the color that arrived on the meteorite is responsible, and that it has been siphoning the life out of the surrounding area. Shortly afterwards, Nahum dies.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: Pierce leaves and returns to the farmstead with six men. The group discovers both Merwin's and Zenas's eroding skeletons at the bottom of the well, along with the bones of several other creatures. As they reflect upon their discoveries in the house, the color begins to pour out from the well. The trees start to convulse, and the greyed organic material on the farm begins to faintly glow with the color. The men flee the house as the color flies from the well into the sky and disappears. Pierce alone turns back after the color has gone and witnesses some residual part of the color attempt to ascend briefly, only to fail and return to the well. The knowledge that part of the color still resides on Earth is sufficient to disturb his mental state. When some of the men return the following day, they find only Pierce's dead horse, acres of grey dust, and untouched inorganic matter. Upon hearing the rumors of what has taken place, many of the residents of the surrounding area decide to move away.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: Lovecraft began writing "The Colour Out of Space" in March 1927, immediately after completing "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward". As he wrote the tale, however, he was also typing the final draft of his essay on horror fiction, "Supernatural Horror in Literature". Although the author himself claimed that his inspiration was the newly constructed Scituate Reservoir in Rhode Island, Lovecraft scholar S. T. Joshi believes that the planned Quabbin Reservoir in Massachusetts must have influenced him as well. American writer and pulp fiction enthusiast Will Murray cites paranormal investigator Charles Fort, and the "thunderstones" (lightning-drawing rocks that may have fallen from the sky) he describes in "The Book of the Damned", as possible inspirations for the behavior of the meteorite. Andy Troy argues that the story was an allegory for the coverage of the Radium Girls scandal in "The New York Times", with the symptoms of the Gardners matching the newspaper's description of radium necrosis.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: Lovecraft was dismayed at the all-too human depiction of aliens in other works of fiction, and his goal for "Colour" was to create an entity that was truly alien. In doing so, he drew inspiration from a number of sources describing colors outside of the visible spectrum. Most notably, Joshi points to Hugh Elliott's "Modern Science and Materialism", a 1919 nonfiction book that mentions the "extremely limited" senses of humans, such that of the many "aethereal waves" striking the eyes, "The majority cannot be perceived by the retina at all". Lovecraft had used this concept previously, in his 1920 short story, "From Beyond". Completed by the end of March, "The Colour Out of Space" first appeared in Hugo Gernsback's science fiction magazine "Amazing Stories" in September 1927. The story was illustrated by J. M. de Aragón, an artist who produced occasional artwork for the magazine.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: "The Colour Out of Space" became the only work from "Amazing Stories" to make Edward O'Brien's anthology of "The Best American Short Stories", appearing in the 1928 "Roll of Honor". Gernsback paid Lovecraft only $25 (approximately $ in present-day terms) and was late in doing so, leading Lovecraft to refer to the publisher as "Hugo the Rat". He never again submitted anything to the publication. Lovecraft did not write another major short story until the following year, when he authored "The Dunwich Horror", although he did pen "History of the Necronomicon" and "Ibid" as minor works in-between, as well as an account of a Halloween night's dream that he called "The Very Old Folk".


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: In addition to being Lovecraft's personal favourite of his short stories, critics generally consider "The Colour Out of Space" one of his best works, and the first with his trademark blending of science fiction and horror. Lovecraft scholar Donald R. Burleson referred to the tale as "one of his stylistically and conceptually finest short stories". Joshi praises the work as one of Lovecraft's best and most frightening, particularly for the vagueness of the description of the story's eponymous horror. He also lauded the work as Lovecraft's most successful attempt to create something entirely outside of the human experience, as the entity's motive (if any) is unknown and it is impossible to discern whether or not the "colour" is emotional, moral, or even conscious. His only criticism is that it is "just a little too long". E. F. Bleiler described "The Colour Out of Space" as "an excellent story, one of Lovecraft's finest works; in my opinion the best original story to appear in "Amazing Stories"". The text of "The Colour Out of Space", like many of Lovecraft's works, has fallen into public domain and can be accessed in several compilations of the author's work, as well as on the Internet. It also had a strong influence on Brian Aldiss's "The Saliva Tree", which has been seen as a rewriting of Lovecraft's tale. In 1984, the novel "The Color Out of Time" by Michael Shea was published as a sequel to the original novelette.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: The 1965 film "Die, Monster, Die!", directed by Daniel Haller, is based on "The Colour Out of Space". The film stars Nick Adams, Suzan Farmer, and Boris Karloff. Lovecraft scholar Don G. Smith claims that, of the scenes that are derived from Lovecraft's work, the "blasted heath doesn't live up to Lovecraft's description" and asserts that, overall, the film does not capture Lovecraft's intent to "...play...with the idea of an alien life form completely different from anything humans can imagine". Smith considers Haller's work an imitation of Roger Corman's Edgar Allan Poe films, rather than a serious attempt to adapt Lovecraft's tale. Another adaptation, "The Curse" (1987), was directed by David Keith and stars Wil Wheaton, Claude Akins, Cooper Huckabee, and John Schneider. It more closely follows the plot of Lovecraft's work, albeit set in the 1980s. Lovecraft scholar Charles P. Mitchell referred to the film as faithful to the author's original work, but Mitchell claimed that "[t]he last twenty minutes of the film are so disjointed that they virtually ruin the entire film".


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: The 2008 film "Colour from the Dark", directed by Ivan Zuccon, is an adaptation set in Italy. The film stars Michael Segal, Debbie Rochon, Marysia Kay, Gerry Shanahan, and Eleanor James. Bloody Disgusting praised the film, stating Zuccon "managed to do the famous writer's twisted tale of unseen terror a really fair share of justice by capturing the bleak, grotesque and utterly frightening atmosphere of the source material very, very well". The 2010 film "Die Farbe" ("The Color"), directed by Huan Vu, is an adaptation set in Germany. It is shot mainly in black and white, the exception being the "Colour" itself. S. T. Joshi described it as "the best Lovecraft film adaptation ever made". The 2018 film "Annihilation"—itself based on the 2014 novel of the same name by Jeff VanderMeer—contains numerous plot similarities with Lovecraft's story, most prominently a colorful alien entity that crash lands on earth and begins mutating nearby plant and animal life.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: A new version was adapted by writer/director Richard Stanley and released in 2019 under the title "Color Out of Space". This film stars Nicolas Cage and Joely Richardson, and was produced by Elijah Wood through his production company SpectreVision. It has a contemporary setting but keeps Lovecraft's plot intact. It is intended to be the first film in a trilogy of Lovecraft adaptations set in a shared universe.


title: The Colour Out of Space

text: Stephen King says that his 1987 novel "The Tommyknockers", in which residents of a small town in rural Maine are physically and mentally affected by the emanations from an alien ship unearthed in the nearby woods, and a major character is also named Gardner, was strongly influenced by "The Colour Out of Space". Like many of his works at that time, it was adapted into a TV miniseries, broadcast in 1993; in 2018 it was reportedly to be developed as a feature film.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Rubén Marinelarena Gallego (; born November 20, 1979) is an American politician and U.S. Marine combat veteran, having served and deployed as a USMCR Corporal during Operation Iraqi Freedom, who is the U.S. Representative for Arizona's 7th congressional district. A Democrat, he previously served as a member of the Arizona House of Representatives, serving as assistant minority leader from 2012 until he resigned to run for Congress. Gallego was elected to Congress in 2014. His district includes most of southern, western, and downtown Phoenix, along with a portion of Glendale. He served as the national chair of Eric Swalwell's 2020 presidential campaign.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego was born in Chicago, and is a first-generation American, with a Colombian mother and a Mexican father.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Along with his three sisters, he was raised by a single mother. The family eventually moved to Evergreen Park, Illinois, and he graduated from Evergreen Park Community High School.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego attended Harvard, where he became a member of Sigma Chi, and earned a B.A. in international relations.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: After college, Gallego joined the Marines. After completing School of Infantry (SOI) training, he deployed to Iraq with Lima Company, 3rd Battalion, 25th Marine Regiment. The 3/25 lost 46 Marines and two Navy corpsmen between January 2005 and January 2006. Gallego's best friend died during combat operations in Iraq.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego's desire to help fellow combat veterans motivated him to get involved in politics. In 2009, he served as the Chief of Staff for District 7 City Phoenix City Councilman Michael Nowakowski before he was elected vice chair of the Arizona Democratic Party. The next year, he was elected to the Arizona State House, representing Arizona District 16.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: In 2011, "The Arizona Republic" named Gallego a distinguished freshman lawmaker. His first successful bill granted in-state tuition status to veterans residing in Arizona. Gallego supports the repeal of Arizona SB 1070. He considers education Arizona's most important long-term priority. In 2012, Gallego was elected assistant minority leader.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego founded the group Citizens for Professional Law Enforcement with the goal of recalling Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, citing Arpaio's illegal immigration policies and his use of taxpayer money to investigate Barack Obama's citizenship.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego worked for Strategies 360 as Director of Latino and New Media operations. He also worked for Riester, one of Arizona's largest public relations firms.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: On February 27, 2014, Gallego announced his candidacy for Congress in Arizona's 7th congressional district. Although not required to give up his seat under Arizona's resign-to-run laws (since he was in the final year of his state House term), Gallego resigned from the Arizona House in March 2014.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Mayday PAC, a super PAC seeking to reduce the role of money in politics, announced its endorsement of Gallego because of his evolution on the issue of campaign finance reform. On February 28, 2013, Gallego voted against an amendment that sought to raise campaign finance limits for federal candidates and abolish all limits for state candidates, HB 2523. He has since been a vocal supporter of the Government By the People Act.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego won a five-way Democratic primary—the real contest in this heavily Democratic, majority-Latino district—with 48.9% of the vote. He won the general election with 74% of the vote. He has been reelected three times, never dropping below 70% of the vote. He faced only a Green candidate in 2018, and defeated Republican challengers in 2016 and 2020. Considered a progressive politician, Gallego has been encouraged by several left-wing organizations to run for Senate in the 2024 election against incumbent Kyrsten Sinema.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego supports the full legalization of marijuana. He supports cap and trade legislation, carbon taxes, and increasing funding for renewable, clean energy.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego opposed the 2022 overturning of "Roe v. Wade", describing the decision as "rolling back women's rights".


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego opposed the building of the Rosemont mine in Arizona, saying it would have a "devastating" environmental impact. He has sponsored efforts to require operators of public water systems to report when lead is found in water. He supports gun buyback programs. He also supports Obamacare and opposed its attempted repeal.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego supported efforts to repeal Don't Ask, Don't Tell. He opposes efforts to deport undocumented immigrants while they wait to be eligible for citizenship. He has co-sponsored efforts to require lawyers for children who are at risk of being deported.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego opposes the privatization of Social Security. He also opposes allowing people to put Social Security taxes in personal retirement accounts. As of October 2021, Gallego had voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: On August 7, 2008, Gallego changed his name from Ruben Marinelarena to Ruben Marinelarena Gallego to honor his mother, Elisa Gallego, who raised him and his three siblings on her own after his father abandoned the family in his childhood.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego was married to Kate Widland Gallego, who was later elected mayor of Phoenix. They divorced in 2017, just before the birth of their child. He became engaged to Sydney Barron in 2020 and they married in 2021.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego sits on the board of Valley Citizens League and the President's Community Advisory Board for South Mountain Community College.


title: Ruben Gallego

text: Gallego served in the Marines Lima Company, the hardest-hit unit of the Iraq War. He wrote "They Called Us "Lucky": The Life and Afterlife of the Iraq War's Hardest Hit Unit", published in 2021.


title: Stella Adler

text: Stella Adler (February 10, 1901 – December 21, 1992) was an American actress and acting teacher. She founded the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York City in 1949. Later in life she taught part time in Los Angeles, with the assistance of her protégée, actress Joanne Linville, who continued to teach Adler's technique. Her grandson Tom Oppenheim now runs the school in New York City, which has produced alumni such as Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel, Elaine Stritch, Kate Mulgrew, Kipp Hamilton, Jenny Lumet, and Jeff Celentano.


title: Stella Adler

text: Irene Gilbert, a longtime protégée and friend, ran the Stella Adler Studio of Acting in Los Angeles until her death. The Los Angeles school continues to function as an acting studio and houses several theaters. Alumni of the Stella Adler-Los Angeles school include Mark Ruffalo, Benicio del Toro, Brion James, Salma Hayek, Clifton Collins Jr., Herschel Savage and Sean Astin.


title: Stella Adler

text: Stella Adler was born in Manhattan's Lower East Side in New York City. She was the youngest daughter of Sara and Jacob P. Adler, the sister of Luther and Jay Adler, and half-sister of Charles Adler and Celia Adler, star of the Yiddish Theater. All five of her siblings were actors. The Adlers comprised the Jewish American Adler acting dynasty, which had its start in the Yiddish Theater District and was a significant part of the vibrant ethnic theatrical scene that thrived in New York from the late 19th century to the 1950s. Adler became the most famous and influential member of her family. She began acting at the age of four as a part of the Independent Yiddish Art Company of her parents.


title: Stella Adler

text: Adler began her acting career at the age of four in the play "Broken Hearts" at the Grand Street Theatre on the Lower East Side, as a part of her parents' Independent Yiddish Art Company. She grew up acting alongside her parents, often playing roles of boys and girls. Her work schedule allowed little time for schooling, but when possible, she studied at public schools and New York University. She made her London debut, at the age of 18, as Naomi in "Elisa Ben Avia" with her father's company, in which she appeared for a year before returning to New York. In London, she met her first husband, Englishman Horace Eliashcheff; their brief marriage, however, ended in a divorce.


title: Stella Adler

text: Adler made her English-language debut on Broadway in 1922 as the Butterfly in "The World We Live In", and she spent a season in the vaudeville circuit. In 1922–23, the renowned Russian actor-director Konstantin Stanislavski made his only U.S. tour with his Moscow Art Theatre. Adler and many others saw these performances, which had a powerful and lasting impact on her career and the 20th-century American theatre. She joined the American Laboratory Theatre in 1925; there, she was introduced to Stanislavski's theories, from founders and Russian actor-teachers and former members of the Moscow Art Theater—Richard Boleslavsky and Maria Ouspenskaya. In 1931, with Sanford Meisner and Elia Kazan, among others, she joined the Group Theatre, New York, founded by Harold Clurman, Lee Strasberg, and Cheryl Crawford, through theater director and critic, Clurman, whom she later married in 1943. With Group Theatre, she worked in plays such as "Success Story" by John Howard Lawson, two Clifford Odets plays, "Awake and Sing!" and "Paradise Lost", and directed the touring company of Odets's "Golden Boy" and "More to Give to People". Members of Group Theatre were leading interpreters of the method acting technique based on the work and writings of Stanislavski.


title: Stella Adler

text: In 1934, Adler went to Paris with Harold Clurman and studied intensively with Stanislavski for five weeks. During this period, she learned that Stanislavski had revised his theories, emphasizing that the actor should create by imagination rather than memory. Upon her return, she broke away from Strasberg on the fundamental aspects of method acting. In 1982, the day Strasberg died, Adler is said to have remarked, "It will take the theatre decades to recover from the damage that Lee Strasberg inflicted on American actors."


title: Stella Adler

text: In January 1937, Adler moved to Hollywood. There, she acted in films for six years under the name Stella Ardler, occasionally returning to the Group Theater until it dissolved in 1941. Eventually, she returned to New York to act, direct, and teach, the latter first at Erwin Piscator's Dramatic Workshop at the New School for Social Research, New York City, before founding Stella Adler Conservatory of Theatre in 1949. In the following years, she taught Marlon Brando, Steve McQueen, Dolores del Río, Robert De Niro, Elaine Stritch, Martin Sheen, Manu Tupou, Harvey Keitel, Melanie Griffith, Peter Bogdanovich, and Warren Beatty, among others, the principles of characterization and script analysis. She also taught at the New School, and the Yale School of Drama. For many years, Adler led the undergraduate drama department at New York University, and became one of America's leading acting teachers.


title: Stella Adler

text: Stella Adler was much more than a teacher of acting. Through her work she imparts the most valuable kind of information—how to discover the nature of our own emotional mechanics and therefore those of others. She never lent herself to vulgar exploitations, as some other well-known so-called "methods" of acting have done. As a result, her contributions to the theatrical culture have remained largely unknown, unrecognized, and unappreciated.


title: Stella Adler

text: In 1988, she published "The Technique of Acting" with a foreword by Marlon Brando. From 1926 until 1952, she appeared regularly on Broadway. Her later stage roles include the 1946 revival of "He Who Gets Slapped" and an eccentric mother in the 1961 black comedy "Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mama's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad". Among the plays she directed was a 1956 revival of the Paul Green/Kurt Weill antiwar musical "Johnny Johnson". She appeared in only three films: "Love on Toast" (1937), "Shadow of the Thin Man" (1941), and "My Girl Tisa" (1948). She concluded her acting career in 1961, after 55 years. During that time, and for years after, she became a renowned acting teacher.


title: Stella Adler

text: Adler was the only member of the Group Theatre to study with Konstantin Stanislavski. She was a prominent member of the Group Theatre, but differences with Lee Strasberg over Stanislavski's system (later developed by Strasberg into method acting) made her leave the group. She once said: "Drawing on the emotions I experienced — for example, when my mother died — to create a role is sick and schizophrenic. If that is acting, I don't want to do it."


title: Stella Adler

text: Adler met with Stanislavski again later in his career and questioned him on Strasberg's interpretation. He told her that he had abandoned emotional memory, which had been Strasberg's dominant paradigm, but that they both believed that actors did not have what is required to play a variety of roles already instilled inside them, and that extensive research was needed to understand the experiences of characters who have different values originating from different cultures.


title: Stella Adler

text: Like Stanislavski, Adler understood the "gold hidden" inside the circumstances of the text. Actors should stimulate emotional experience by imagining the scene's "given circumstances," rather than recalling experiences from their own lives. She also understood that 50% of the actor's job is internal (imagination, emotion, action, will) and 50% is externals (characterization, way of walking, voice, face). To find what works for the character, the actors must study the circumstances of the text and make their choices based on what one gets from the material.


title: Stella Adler

text: For instance, if a character talks about horse riding, one needs to know something about horse riding as an actor, otherwise one will be faking. More importantly, one must study the values of different people to understand what situations would have meant to people, when those situations might mean nothing in the actor's own culture. Without this work, Adler said that an actor walks onto the stage "naked". This approach is one for which both Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro became famous.


title: Stella Adler

text: Adler also trained actors' sensory imagination to help make the characters' experiences more vivid. She believed that mastery of the physical and vocal aspects of acting was necessary for the actor to command the stage, and that all body language should be carefully crafted and voices need to be clear and expressive. She often referred to this as an actor's "size" or "worthiness of the stage". Her biggest mantra was perhaps "in your choices lies your talent", and she encouraged actors to find the most grand character interpretation possible in a scene; another favorite phrase of hers regarding this was "don't be boring".


title: Stella Adler

text: Singer-songwriter Janis Ian studied under Adler in the early 1980s to help her feel more comfortable on stage, and the two women remained close friends until Adler's death. In her autobiography "Society's Child" (2008), Ian recalled that Adler had little patience for students who weren't progressing as she wanted, going so far on one occasion as to give one of her students a dime and tell her to call her mother to pick her up because "she had no business in the theater." On another occasion, Ian relates, Adler forcibly ripped a dress off another actress's body to get the actress to play a scene a different way.


title: Stella Adler

text: Devo Cutler-Rubenstein credits Adler for inspiring her that a character is made real through one's imagination. She cites a story when she studied with Adler, who slowly peeled her bra off under her clothes, while lecturing about Tennessee Williams in Los Angeles, "You listened to me, didn't you, because you were fascinated with what I was doing with my bra?" Devo says Adler insisted on the truth living in our imagination and that it was an "unending pool of information and research to be accessed."


title: Stella Adler

text: Adler married three times, first to Horace Eliascheff, the father of her only child Ellen, then from 1943 to 1960 to director and critic Harold Clurman, one of the founders of the Group Theatre. She was finally married to physicist and novelist Mitchell A. Wilson, who died in 1973. From 1938 to 1946, she was sister-in-law to actress Sylvia Sidney. Sidney was married to her brother Luther at the time and provided Stella with a nephew. Even after Sidney and Luther divorced, she and Sylvia remained close friends.


title: Stella Adler

text: On December 21, 1992, Adler died from heart failure at the age of 91 in Los Angeles. She was interred in Mount Carmel Cemetery in Glendale, New York.


title: Stella Adler

text: Adler's technique, based on a balanced and pragmatic combination of imagination and memory, is hugely credited with introducing the subtle and insightful details and a deep physical embodiment of a character. Elaine Stritch once said: "What an extraordinary combination was Stella Adler—a goddess full of magic and mystery, a child full of innocence and vulnerability." In the book "Acting: Onstage and Off", Robert Barton wrote: "[Adler] established the value of the actor putting himself in the place of the character rather than vice versa ... More than anyone else, Stella Adler brought into public awareness all the close careful attention to text and analysis Stanislavski endorsed."


title: Stella Adler

text: In 2004, the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin acquired Adler's complete archive along with a small collection of her papers from her former husband Harold Clurman. The collection includes correspondence, manuscripts, typescripts, lecture notes, photographs, and other materials. Over 1,100 audio and video recordings of Adler teaching from the 1960s to the 1980s have been digitized by the Center and are accessible on site. The archive traces her career from her start in the New York Yiddish Theater District to her encounters with Stanislavski and the Group Theatre to her lectures at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting.


title: Stella Adler

text: In 2006, she was honored with a posthumous star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in front of the Stella Adler Theatre at 6773 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Stella Adler

text: The acting schools Adler founded still operate today in New York City and Los Angeles. Her method, based on use of the actor's imagination, has been studied by actors such as Robert De Niro, Elaine Stritch, Martin Sheen, Diana Muldaur, Dolores del Río, Bob Crane, Roy Scheider, Vincent D'Onofrio, Mark Ruffalo, Warren Beatty, Michael Imperioli, Salma Hayek, Sean Astin, Barbara Stuart, Joyce Meadows, Steven Bauer, Judd Nelson, Christoph Waltz, Benicio del Toro, and Marlon Brando, who served as the New York studio's honorary chairman until his death and was replaced by Warren Beatty. The Stella Adler Studio of Acting in New York opened a new studio in Los Angeles named the Art of Acting Studio in 2010 and is run by the Adler family.


title: ReFS

text: Resilient File System (ReFS), codenamed "Protogon", is a Microsoft proprietary file system introduced with Windows Server 2012 with the intent of becoming the "next generation" file system after NTFS.


title: ReFS

text: ReFS was designed to overcome problems that had become significant over the years since NTFS was conceived, which are related to how data storage requirements had changed. These requirements arose from two major changes in storage systems and usage – the size of storage in use (large or massive arrays of multi-terabyte drives now being fairly common), and the need for continual reliability. As a result, the file system needs to be self-repairing (to prevent disk checking from being impractically slow or disruptive), along with abstraction or virtualization between physical disks and logical volumes.


title: ReFS

text: The key design advantages of ReFS include automatic integrity checking and data scrubbing, elimination of the need for running chkdsk, protection against data degradation, built-in handling of hard disk drive failure and redundancy, integration of RAID functionality, a switch to copy/allocate on write for data and metadata updates, handling of very long paths and filenames, and storage virtualization and pooling, including almost arbitrarily sized logical volumes (unrelated to the physical sizes of the used drives).


title: ReFS

text: Microsoft Windows and Windows Server include , a command-line utility that can be used to diagnose heavily damaged ReFS volumes, identify remaining files, and copy those files to another volume.


title: ReFS

text: Some NTFS features are not implemented in ReFS. These include object IDs, 8.3 filename, NTFS compression, Encrypting File System (EFS), transactional NTFS, extended attributes, and disk quotas. Dynamic disks with mirrored or striped volumes are replaced with mirrored or striped storage pools provided by Storage Spaces; however, automated error-correction is only supported on mirrored spaces. Data deduplication was missing in early versions of ReFS. It was implemented in v3.2, debuting in Windows Server v1709.


title: ReFS

text: Support for alternate data streams and hard links was initially not implemented in ReFS. In Windows 8.1 64-bit and Server 2012 R2 the file system reacquired support for alternate data streams only, with lengths of up to 128K, and automatic correction of corruption when integrity streams are used on parity spaces. ReFS had initially been unsuitable for Microsoft SQL Server instance allocation due to the absence of alternate data streams.


title: ReFS

text: ReFS was initially added to Windows Server 2012 only, with the aim of gradual migration to consumer systems in future versions; this was achieved as of Windows 8.1. The initial versions removed some NTFS features, such as disk quotas, alternate data streams, and extended attributes. Some of these were re-implemented in later versions of ReFS.


title: ReFS

text: In early versions (2012–2013), ReFS was similar to or slightly faster than NTFS in most tests, but far slower when full integrity checking was enabled, a result attributed to the relative newness of ReFS.


title: ReFS

text: The ability to create ReFS volumes was removed in Windows 10's 2017 Fall Creators Update for all editions except Enterprise and Pro for Workstations.


title: ReFS

text: Starting with Windows Server 2022, its bootx64.efi natively supports the ReFS boot feature, and allows the system to be installed and run in a special way on a volume formatted with ReFS v3. If it is a volume formatted with ReFS v1, it cannot be booted with ReFS.


title: ReFS

text: ReFS has some different versions, with various degrees of compatibility between operating system versions. Aside for development versions of the filesystem, usually, later operating system versions can mount filesystems created with earlier OS versions (backwards compatibility). Some features may not be compatible with the feature set of the OS. The version, cluster size and other features of the filesystem can be queried with the command "fsutil fsinfo refsinfo volumename".


title: ReFS

text: At the Storage Developer Conference 2015, a Microsoft developer presented enhancements of ReFS expected to be released with Windows Server 2016 and included in Technical Preview 4, titled "ReFS v2". It highlighted that ReFS now included capabilities for very high speed moving, reordering, and cloning of blocks between files (which can be done for all blocks of a file). This is particularly needed for virtualization, and is stated to allow fast provisioning, diff merging, and tiering. Other enhancements cover the redo log (for synchronous disk writes), parallelization, efficient tracking of uninitialized sparse data and files, and efficient 4k I/O.


title: ReFS

text: Windows Insider Preview 22H2 and 23H2 (builds 226** and 25***) support ReFS volume compression using LZ4 and zstd algorithms.


title: ReFS

text: Other operating systems have competing file systems to ReFS, of which the best known are ZFS and Btrfs, in the sense that all three are designed to integrate data protection, snapshots, and silent high-speed background healing of corruption and data errors.


title: ReFS

text: In 2012, Phoronix wrote an analysis of ReFS vs Btrfs, a copy-on-write file system for Linux. Their features are similar, with both supporting checksums, RAID-like use of multiple disks, and error detection/correction. However, ReFS lacks copy-on-write snapshots and compression, both found in Btrfs and ZFS.


title: ReFS

text: In 2014, a review of ReFS and assessment of its readiness for production use concluded that ReFS had at least some advantages over two of its main file system competitors.


title: ReFS

text: , Microsoft has not published any specifications for ReFS, nor have any working open-source drivers been made. A third-party open-source project to document ReFS is on GitHub.


title: Hwang Jin Yi (film)

text: Hwang Jin Yi () is a 2007 South Korean biographical drama film directed by Chang Yoon-hyun. Based on Hong Seok-jung's 2002 novel "Hwangjini" (which won the Manhae Prize for Literature in 2004), the film is about the life of Hwang Jin-yi, the most famous courtesan (or "gisaeng") in Korean history, starring Song Hye-kyo in the title role.


title: Hwang Jin Yi (film)

text: Raised as an aristocrat in 16th century Joseon, an era when class status dictated one's destiny, Hwang Jin-yi discovers a shocking secret about her birth: she was born illegitimate. She therefore belongs to the lower class, and has no recourse but to give up her aristocratic status. Before embarking on the life of a gisaeng, she decides to give up her virginity to a man of her own choosing, and spends her first night with Nomi, a long-time family servant, whom she is aware loves her deeply. As a gisaeng, Jin-yi becomes celebrated for her legendary beauty, wit, and talents in singing, dancing and poetry. But although she is surrounded by an entourage of noblemen showering her with gifts and admiration, she lives a solitary life of tragic isolation. Jin-yi's only solace is the game she and the local governor play on her noble clients, tricking them into exposing their hypocrisies. But when a bandit leader matching Nomi's description is spotted in the region, Jin-yi begins to question the life she endures.


title: Hwang Jin Yi (film)

text: "Hwang Jin Yi" was highly anticipated due to the star power of Song Hye-kyo, and many expected the film to be a box office hit. It received 1,270,644 admissions nationwide; however, due to its budget, it was not enough for the producers to turn a profit.


title: Snipe hunt

text: A snipe hunt is a type of practical joke or fool's errand, in existence in North America as early as the 1840s, in which an unsuspecting newcomer is duped into trying to catch a nonexistent animal called a "snipe". Although snipe are an actual family of birds, a "snipe hunt" is a quest for an imaginary creature whose description varies.


title: Snipe hunt

text: The target of the prank is led to an outdoor spot and given instructions for catching the snipe; these often include waiting in the dark and holding an empty bag or making noises to attract the creature. The others involved in the prank then leave the newcomer alone in the woods to discover the joke. As an American rite of passage, snipe hunting is often associated with summer camps and groups such as the Boy Scouts. In France, a similar joke is called "hunting the dahut".


title: Snipe hunt

text: Although snipe are a real family of birds, the "snipe hunt" is a practical joke, often associated with summer camps and other types of outdoor camping, in which the victim is tricked into engaging in a hunt for an imaginary creature.


title: Snipe hunt

text: Snipe hunters are typically led to an outdoor spot at night and given a bag or pillowcase along with instructions that can include either waiting quietly or making odd noises to attract the creatures. The other group members leave, promising to chase the snipe toward the newcomer; instead, they return home or to camp, leaving the victims of the prank alone in the dark to discover that they have been duped and left "holding the bag".


title: Snipe hunt

text: The snipe hunt is a kind of fool's errand or wild-goose chase, meaning a fruitless errand or expedition, attested as early as the 1840s in the United States. It was the most common hazing ritual for boys in American summer camps during the early 20th century, and is a rite of passage often associated with groups such as the Boy Scouts. In camp life and children's folklore, the snipe hunt provides an opportunity to make fun of newcomers while also accepting them into the group.


title: Snipe hunt

text: Setting the stage for the prank is often done with imaginative descriptions of the snipe, similar to tall tales. For instance, the snipe is said to resemble a cross between a jackrabbit and a squirrel; a squirrel-like bird with one red and one green eye; a small, black, furry bird-like animal that only comes out during a full moon, and so on. According to "American Folklore: An Encyclopedia":


title: Snipe hunt

text: In another variation, a bag supposedly containing a captured snipe is theatrically brought to the campsite after a group hunt; the snipe quickly "escapes" unseen when the bag is opened.


title: Snipe hunt

text: A similar practical joke in France is known as "hunting the dahut". While the description of the prey differs from the North American snipe hunt, the nature of the joke is the same.


title: Snipe hunt

text: In Spain, a similar joke is called ('hunting gamusinos'). The is an imaginary animal creature with no defined description.


title: Snipe hunt

text: A snipe hunt features prominently in the plot and title of an episode of "Cheers". The men of the bar send Frasier Crane on a snipe hunt in the Season 3 episode "The Heart is a Lonely Snipe Hunter."


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The PlayStation 3 technical specifications describe the various components of the PlayStation 3 (PS3) video game console.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The PS3 uses the Cell microprocessor, which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC-based "Power Processing Element" (PPE) and six accessible Synergistic Processing Elements (SPEs). A seventh runs in a special mode and is dedicated to aspects of the OS and security, and an eighth is a spare to improve production yields. PlayStation 3's Cell CPU achieves a theoretical maximum of 179.2 GFLOPS in single precision floating point operations and up to 15 GFLOPS double precision.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The PS3 has 256 MB () of Rambus XDR DRAM, clocked at CPU die speed. The PPE has 64 KB () L1 cache and 512 KB L2 cache, while the SPEs have 2 MB local memory (256 KB per SPE), connected by the Element Interconnect Bus (EIB) with up to 307.2 Gbit/s bandwidth.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: According to Nvidia, the RSX—the graphics processing unit (GPU)—is based on the NVIDIA G70 (previously known as NV47) architecture. The GPU is clocked at 500 MHz and makes use of 256 MB GDDR3 RAM clocked at 650 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.3 GHz. The RSX has a floating-point performance of 192 GFLOPS.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The PS3 received several component revisions which served to reduce power consumption. This in turn resulted in production savings, lower heat production, lower cooling requirements and quieter operation. Since launch, the Cell processor shrank from 90 nm to 45 nm. The RSX GPU also saw reduction in size over periodic revisions of the PS3.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: Major improvements were introduced with the PS3 Slim. It utilizes a 45 nm Cell which results in a 34% reduction in power consumption over the previous 65 nm Cell model; the last Slim model further decreases power consumption with the move to a 40 nm RSX and later 28 nm on the CECH-43xx models.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: On all models of the PS3, the last seven characters of the serial number make up the console's model number. This begins with "CECH", followed by a letter indicating what model the system is. The last two characters of the model number indicate what region the system is from.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: In terms of audio, the PS3 supports a number of formats, including 7.1 digital audio, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master Audio and others; audio output is possible over stereo RCA cables (analog), optical digital cables, or HDMI. The PS3 slim features an upgraded HDMI chip that allows bitstreaming of lossless audio codecs to an external receiver (earlier versions had to decode the signal internally before outputting it via LPCM).


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: In the early 60 GB (1 GB = 1 billion bytes) and 80 GB configurations, flash memory can also be used, either Memory Sticks; CompactFlash cards; or SD/MMC cards. All models support USB memory devices; flash drives and external hard drives are both automatically recognized. However, they must be formatted with the FAT32 file system.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: Earlier systems supported up to four USB 2.0 ports at the front (20 and 60 GB models, as well as the NTSC 80 GB), but the 40 GB and 80 GB PAL models only have two USB ports. All models released after August 2008 have been reduced to two USB ports at the front, as well as dropping CompactFlash and SD card support.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The original PlayStation 3's case was designed by Teiyu Goto of Sony, and uses the same typeface as the marketing materials for the film "Spider-Man 3". It has a glossy piano-black finish, and the power and eject buttons are touch-sensitive.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The PlayStation 3 Slim is quieter and more compact than its predecessor. The engraved logo is an update of the PS2's with curved edges.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The PlayStation 3 Super Slim weighs at least 25% less than the Slim due in part to the slot-loading Blu-ray drive being replaced with a top-load disc reader similar to the original PlayStation's, but with a sliding cover.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The power consumption of the initial PlayStation 3 units, based on 90 nm Cell CPU, ranges from 170–200 W during normal use, despite having a 380 W power supply.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The power consumption of newer 40 GB PlayStation 3 units (65 nm process Cell/90 nm RSX), ranges from 120-140 W during normal use.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The power consumption of "slim" PlayStation 3 (45 nm process Cell/40 nm RSX) ranges from 65 to 84 W during normal use.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The power supply can operate on both 60 Hz and 50 Hz power grids. It uses a standard IEC 60320 C14 (IEC 60320 C8 for the PS3 slim) connector and a C13 (C7 for the PS3 slim) power cord appropriate for the region it is being used in. The power supply on the "fat" model is 380 W. This was reduced to 250 W in the 120 GB "Slim" model. PS3 Slim models have labels indicating localized input requirements for power (120 V 60 Hz for North American and Japanese models and 220-240 V 50 Hz for European and Australian models), however teardowns have revealed the Slim power supplies are still universal.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: Blu-ray disc read speed maximum is 2× (72 Mbit/s [8.58 MB/s]) (1 Mbit = 1 million bits), region coded type allowing the use of:


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: Compact disc read speed maximum is 24× (29.49 Mbit/s [3.51 MB/s]), region coded type allowing the use of:


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The PlayStation 3 Sixaxis is a controller that is very similar in appearance to that of its predecessors, the DualShock and DualShock 2. The SIXAXIS features finer analog sensitivity; more trigger-like R2 and L2 buttons; a PS ("home") button; and a USB mini-B port for charging the internal battery and for wired play. The PlayStation 3 supports up to 7 simultaneous controllers over Bluetooth. The Sixaxis is named for its ability to detect motion in the full six degrees. The Sixaxis controller also has no vibration feature.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: At its press conference at the 2007 Tokyo Game Show, Sony announced the DualShock 3 (trademarked DUALSHOCK 3), a PlayStation 3 controller with the same function and design as the Sixaxis, but with vibration capability. Hands-on accounts describe the controller as being slightly heavier than the standard Sixaxis controller, and capable of vibration forces comparable to the DualShock 2.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The PlayStation 3 Memory Card Adaptor is a device that allows data to be transferred from PlayStation and PlayStation 2 memory cards to the PlayStation 3's hard disk. The device has a cable that connects to the PS3's USB port on one end, and features a legacy PS2 memory card port on the other end.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: Using Bluetooth, the PlayStation 3 BD Remote allows users to control videos and music on Blu-ray Disc and DVD. In Japan, the device was available starting December 7, 2006. The PS3 will accept signals only via its Bluetooth Remote, as the console does not have an infrared receiver; this prevents the use of universal remotes with the system. The Blu-ray Disc movie "" was included with the initial 400,000 release copies of the PS3 in North America, while the first 500,000 European PlayStation Network activations after launch received a free copy of the Blu-ray release of "Casino Royale".


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: On April 25, 2007, Sony announced the PlayStation Eye. This is an updated version of the PlayStation 2 peripheral, the EyeToy. The camera is capable of capturing 60 frames per second video at 640×480 resolution and 120 frame/s video at 320×240 resolution. The four-channel microphone on the Eye can block out background noise. The camera supports live video chat and voice chat without a headset, and was launched in the United States on October 23, 2007, for US$39.99, and in Australia on November 8, 2007, for A$79.95. It was also bundled with the card game "The Eye of Judgment" released in the United States on the same day as the camera itself for US$69.99, and in Japan and Australia on October 25, 2007, for JP¥9,980 and A$159.95, respectively.


title: PlayStation 3 technical specifications

text: The PlayStation 3 does not include interfaces for legacy PlayStation peripherals, though IGN.com tested a legacy controller using a PS2-to-USB adapter, finding that it is compatible, though most other devices (such as the "Guitar Hero" controller) may not be compatible. However, with the release of firmware 1.70 for the PlayStation 3, Sony has added support for previous Guitar Hero controllers with generic PS2-to-USB adapters (although the whammy bar is not functional). Nyko started production on the "Play Adaptor", a PS2-to-USB adapter allowing for guitars and other PlayStation 2 peripherals to be used on the PlayStation 3 and was scheduled for release in Q2/2007, but Nyko stated at the end of March that the production of this device had been postponed due to compatibility problems with the PS3. The PS3 supports both the USB EyeToy camera/webcam and SOCOM Headset for video and voice chat. A memory card adapter is available so users can copy their old PS/PS2 game saves to a virtual memory card on the PS3's hard drive.<ref name="ps1/ps2 data"></ref> The PlayStation 3 can also use Memory Sticks to store and save data for PlayStation and PlayStation 2 software. New PlayStation 3 systems no longer support PS2 playback (whether through use of the Emotion Engine and Graphics Synthesizer hardware or through the Graphics Synthesizer and software emulation of the Emotion Engine using the Cell Broadband Engine).


title: Pradyumna

text: Pradyumna () is the eldest son of the Hindu deities Krishna and his chief consort, Rukmini. He is considered to be one of the four vyuha avatars of Vishnu. According to the Bhagavata Purana, Pradyumna was the rebirth of Kamadeva, the god of love. The Mahabharata states that Pradyumna was a portion of Sanat Kumara.


title: Pradyumna

text: The Harivamsa describes the chatur-vyuha, consisisting of the Vrishni heroes Vasudeva, Sankarsana, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha, that would later be the basis for the Vaishnava concept of primary quadrupled expansion, or avatara.


title: Pradyumna

text: Pradyumna is also a name of the Hindu god Vishnu, mentioned to be one of the 24 Keshava Namas (names).


title: Pradyumna

text: Pradyumna was the son of Krishna and the sixty-first grandson of Adinarayana. His mother was Rukmini, whom Krishna had eloped with from Vidarbha during her swayamvara on her request. Pradyumna was born in Dvaraka. He was the reincarnation of the demigod Kamadeva, the deity having previously been burnt to ashes formerly by the fury of Shiva.


title: Pradyumna

text: According to the Bhagavata Purana, within 10 days of Pradyumna's birth, he was abducted by the asura Shambara. Recognising him as his foe, the asura threw him into the ocean. The infant was swallowed by a mighty fish, which was caught by fishermen and presented to Shambara, whose cooks cut it open in the kitchen, discovering a child. The child is given to Mayavati, who was the earthly incarnation of Rati. Recognising the son of Krishna as her divine consort, Rati fell in love with him once more. Years passed until Pradyumna flowered into adolescence, raised by Mayavati. When chastised by the deity for her amorous notions towards him, she explained to him the circumstances of his new birth. She bestowed Pradyumna with the mystic art of "mahamaya", which dispelled all magic. The youth then summoned the asura to battle, where the latter first attacked him with a club, and followed with his daitya magic. Hundreds of weapons belonging to guhyakas, gandharvas, pisacas, and uragas (celestial snakes) were amassed to combat him, but all fell before the son of Krishna. Drawing his sharp-edged sword, he beheaded the asura. Accompanied with his wife, he descended upon the palace in Dvaraka like a cloud with lightning, the crowds of noble women mistaking his handsome countenance and bluish-black curling locks for Krishna himself. Rukmini, however, recognised him as her own son. Krishna manifested himself to the scene along with Vasudeva and Devaki, and together with the residents of Dvaraka, embraced the couple and rejoiced.


title: Pradyumna

text: Pradyumna's first wife was Mayavati, the incarnation of Kamadeva's wife Rati. At first, Pradyumna objected, but upon explanation, he realised that she was, in fact, his eternal consort. He also married Rukmavati, the daughter of his maternal uncle, Rukmi. It is said that Princess Rukmavati found his valour, comeliness, and charm beyond words, and insisted on marrying him at her swayamvara. With her, he fathered, Krishna's grandson and favourite, and also considered a "vyuha" avatar of Vishnu, Aniruddha. Prabhavati was an asura princess who she fell in love with Pradyumna, and so he eloped with her.


title: Pradyumna

text: Soon, Pradyumna became a constant companion of his father Krishna and was well-liked by the people of Dvaraka. Pradyumna was a mighty Maharathi warrior. He possessed the extremely rare Vaishnavastra, which was one of the most powerful weapons in the universe. He was one of the very few people to know the secret of the Chakravyuha. According to the Mahabharata, Pradyumna trained Abhimanyu and the Upapandavas in warfare when the Pandavas were in exile. But Pradyumna did not participate in the Kurukshetra War as he went on a pilgrimage with his uncle Balarama and the other Yadavas. He was, however, an active participant in the Ashvamedha Yagna, which was later conducted by Yudhishthira.


title: Pradyumna

text: Pradyumna defended Dvaraka against Shalva, the king of the Shalva Kingdom, along with his father, uncle and brothers. In the Harivamsa, Pradyumna alone repelled the attack of Jarasandha.


title: Pradyumna

text: Pradyumna was later killed in an intoxicated brawl, along with all the other members of the Yadava clan. His grandson, Vajra, was the only survivor of Yadu lineage after this incident.


title: Pradyumna

text: One of the epithets of Pradyumna in literature, such as in Harivamsa 99, is "Makaradhvaja", meaning "he whose banner or standard is the crocodile". A pillar capital with the effigy of a Makara crocodile found at Besnagar near the Heliodorus pillar dedicated to Vasudeva, is also attributed to Pradyumna. In the Mahabharata, the Makara is associated with Krishna's son and Kamadeva, the God of Love, suggesting that they are identical.


title: Pradyumna

text: As per the Bhagavata Purana, Canto 10, Chapter 61, Aniruddha was the son of Pradyumna and Rukmavati. He was later abducted by Usha (daughter of Bana Daitya and granddaughter of Mahabali), who wished to marry him. Usha's father, Banasura, however, imprisoned Aniruddha, creating a battle between Krishna and Shiva. In the battle, Pradyumna defeated Shiva's son Kartikeya, who fled on his peacock. At the end of the war, Banasura lost, and Aniruddha and Usha were married. Aniruddha is said to have been very much like his grandfather Krishna, to the extent that some consider him to be a "jana avatar", an avatar of Vishnu. Aniruddha's son was Vajra. Vajra was known to be an invincible warrior and was the only survivor of the Yadu Dynasty after the Yadus' battle. According to some sources, Vajra then had 16 idols of Krishna and other gods carved from a rare, imperishable stone called Braja and built temples to house these idols in and around Mathura so as to feel the presence of Krishna. It is said that Pradyumna and Arjuna were equivalent in their skills.


title: Pradyumna

text: The Jain version of the story of Pradyumna is mentioned in the "Pradyumna-charitra" (poem in 18 canons) of Rajchandra, written in 1878 AD.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: The Boxtrolls is a 2014 American stop-motion animated fantasy comedy film directed by Graham Annable and Anthony Stacchi (in their feature directorial debuts) loosely based on the 2005 novel "Here Be Monsters!" by Alan Snow. It is produced by Laika. Set in the fictional European country of Norvenia in the late-19th century, the film tells the story of Eggs, a human boy raised by trash-collecting trolls, known as "Boxtrolls", as he attempts to save them from Archibald Snatcher, a pest exterminator. This film was the animated film debut of Isaac Hempstead-Wright, who voices Eggs, the main protagonist and features the voices of Ben Kingsley, Elle Fanning, Dee Bradley Baker, Steve Blum, Toni Collette, Jared Harris, Nick Frost, Richard Ayoade, Tracy Morgan, and Simon Pegg.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: Laika unveiled a slate of projects in development, among which was also an animated feature film adaptation of the Alan Snow novel "Here Be Monsters!" in June 2008. While the animation technique wasn't yet decided upon, Stacchi was set to direct the film. On February 7, 2013, Laika announced that it would be released in October 2014, which later changed to September 2014 in May 2013. Originally focused on all five species of creatures found in the original book, Knight noted that the script ultimately was hollow with all the monsters noting that didn't really have anything to say. As the result, the team ended up focusing on the Boxtrolls as Knight thought there was something that was really compelling about that group of characters. Dario Marianelli compose the film's musical score.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: The film was released in the United States on September 26, 2014, by Focus Features, and received generally positive reviews from critics. It earned $108 million on a $60 million budget. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, a Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and a BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film, but lost to "Big Hero 6", "How to Train Your Dragon 2" and "The LEGO Movie", respectively.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: In the summer of 1896, in the hill-top Victorian era town of Cheesebridge, Norvenia, rumors abound that subterranean trolls (known as Boxtrolls for the cardboard boxes they wear) have kidnapped a baby. Pest exterminator Archibald Snatcher strikes a deal with the city's leader Lord Portley-Rind to exterminate every Boxtroll in exchange for membership in the city's cheese-loving council called the White Hats, despite the fact that he himself is severely allergic to cheese.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: In actuality, the Boxtrolls are peaceful and emerge from underground at night to scavenge for discarded items with which to make useful inventions. A human boy named Eggs lives among them, cared for by a Boxtroll named Fish. As Eggs grows up, he becomes dismayed by the disappearing Boxtrolls seized by Snatcher. After Lord Portley-Rind's daughter Winnie sees Eggs with two Boxtrolls, Snatcher captures Fish. Eggs sneaks to the surface to find Fish and emerges in an annual fair to commemorate the disappearance of the "Trubshaw Baby" who was allegedly killed by Boxtrolls.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: Disgusted by the town's inaccurate portrayal of the creatures, Eggs follows Winnie. After a brief exchange, he asks her for directions to Snatcher's headquarters, located at an abandoned factory, where Eggs rescues Fish. They are caught in the escape. Snatcher recognizes Eggs as the Trubshaw Baby and reveals that all the captured Boxtrolls are building him a machine. Winnie, who covertly followed Eggs, overhears this exchange. She then helps Fish and Eggs escape from Snatcher and they take shelter in the Boxtrolls' caves, where Fish explains that Eggs' father had given him to them to protect him from Snatcher. Winnie agrees to help Eggs tell Portley-Rind the truth.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: At a ball held to commemorate the purchase of a giant cheese wheel called the Briehemoth, which was foolishly made using the funds for a children's hospital, Eggs tries to confront Portley-Rind, but is confronted by Snatcher (disguised as a woman named "Madame Frou-Frou"). Whilst trying to avoid Snatcher, Eggs inadvertently knocks the cheese wheel into a river. Eggs announces himself to the party as the Trubshaw Baby, but no one believes him, including Portley-Rind, who is too upset about losing the cheese wheel.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: Eggs tries to persuade the remaining Boxtrolls to flee for their own safety, but unknowingly demoralises them. Snatcher digs into the caves and captures them all. Eggs awakens to find his father Herbert Trubshaw a prisoner beside him. He sees the Boxtrolls stacked in a crusher and begs them to leave their boxes and run, but they are seemingly killed by the crusher.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: Snatcher drives his machine to Lord Portley-Rind's house, shows him the flattened boxes as proof of the Boxtrolls' extinction, and demands Portley-Rind's white hat in exchange for killing the last Boxtroll, which is actually Eggs disguised. The Boxtrolls, who have escaped from the crusher, free Eggs while Herbert reveals himself, causing Portley-Rind and the citizens to realize that Snatcher lied to them. With his plot exposed, Snatcher tries to take Portley-Rind's hat by force; two of his henchmen, Mr. Trout and Mr. Pickles, turn against him and help the Boxtrolls disable the machine, which falls on Snatcher's right-hand man Mr. Gristle and crushes him to death. Eggs and Snatcher are thrown clear and land on the recovered Briehemoth, which triggers Snatcher's cheese allergy and causes him to swell to a grotesque size. He seizes Winnie and forces Lord Portley-Rind to give up his hat in exchange for her safety, but after tasting an aged cheese sample, his cheese allergy finally sets off and he explodes into pieces, killing him.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: With Snatcher's plot foiled, the townspeople and Boxtrolls agree to form a peaceful coexistence with each other. Winnie tells the tale of Snatcher's end to a crowd while Fish, Eggs and Herbert drive off in one of Herbert's contraptions.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: In June 2008, Laika unveiled a slate of projects in development, among which was also an animated feature film adaptation of the Alan Snow novel "Here Be Monsters!", eventually to become "The Boxtrolls". The animation technique wasn't yet decided upon, but Anthony Stacchi was set to direct the film. Laika announced on February 7, 2013, that the adaptation would be their next 3D stop motion feature, under the title "The Boxtrolls". Directed by Stacchi and Graham Annable, Laika CEO Travis Knight noted that the biggest challenge of the film was to condense a 550-page novel down to a 90-minute film. Initially the film focused on all five species of creatures found in the original book, but Knight noted that the script "ultimately was hollow" with all the monsters noting "It didn't really have anything to say." The team ended up focusing on the Boxtrolls as Knight thought "there was something that was really compelling about that group of characters".


title: The Boxtrolls

text: On February 7, 2013, Focus Features originally set the film for an October 17, 2014, release, In May 2013, the release date was changed to September 26, 2014. Focus Features holds worldwide distribution rights to "The Boxtrolls", and Universal Pictures International released the movie overseas (with eOne Distribution handling Canada).


title: The Boxtrolls

text: On June 11, 2014, two new trailers, one for the US and one for the UK, were released by the studio. The film premiered at the Venice Film Festival on August 31, 2014.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: "The Boxtrolls" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 20, 2015, by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment, a new edition from Shout! Factory under license from Universal was released on August 31, 2021.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: On December 4, 2013, composer Dario Marianelli was hired to score "The Boxtrolls", the first animated feature film of his career. On August 30, 2014, it was announced that WaterTower Music would release a soundtrack album for the film on September 23, 2014.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: "The Boxtrolls" grossed $50.8 million in North America and $57.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $108.2 million, against a budget of $60 million.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: In the United States and Canada, it earned $17.2 million in its opening weekend from 3,464 theaters, debuting at number three at the box office behind "The Equalizer" and "The Maze Runner". It had a strong 3.5x weekend multiplier off its $4.9 million opening day, which is more front-loaded than "Coraline" (3.8x) but played much less front-loaded than "ParaNorman" (3.11x). It set the record for the biggest opening weekend for Laika surpassing 2009's "Coraline" ($16.8 million), and the second-biggest for a stop-motion animation film behind Laika's 2005 co-production, "Corpse Bride" ($19.1 million).


title: The Boxtrolls

text: In other territories, "The Boxtrolls" earned $5.1 million from 1,806 screens in 16 countries in its opening weekend. In terms of total earnings, its largest markets are the United Kingdom and Ireland ($13.8 million), Australia ($5.8 million), and Mexico ($5 million). It is Laika's highest-grossing film overseas, surpassing "ParaNorman"s $51.1 million.


title: The Boxtrolls

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78% based on 176 reviews, with an average rating of 7.10/10. The site's critical consensus states: "While it's far from Laika's best offering, "The Boxtrolls" is still packed with enough offbeat wit and visual splendor to offer a healthy dose of all-ages entertainment." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 77% overall positive score and a 61% "definite recommend".


title: The Boxtrolls

text: Tom Huddleston of "Time Out" gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Breathlessly paced and surreally funny, "The Boxtrolls" fizzes with visual invention and wild slapstick. But the grotesquerie is overbearing." Alonso Duralde of "The Wrap" gave the film a negative review, saying "A surprisingly charmless and aimless movie from Laika Studios, who previously crafted the wonderfully dark "Coraline" and "ParaNorman", this latest venture seems destined to disturb young viewers while thoroughly boring their parents." Amy Nicholson of "LA Weekly" gave the film a B+, saying ""The Boxtrolls" is a kiddie charmer that makes you laugh, cower and think of Hitler. That's an unusual trifecta, but then again, this is an unusual film." James Rocchi of Film.com gave the film a 5.8 out of 10, saying ""The Boxtrolls" is a swing-and-miss for Laika; when you move forward with revolutionary techniques while standing still in terms of your themes, stories and settings, no amount of technical trickery or animation genius can bring the boring to vivid life." Jake Coyle of the Associated Press gave the film a positive review, saying ""The Boxtrolls", despite a rather uncertainly structured story by screenwriters Irena Brignull and Adam Pava, has its pleasantly demented charms." Kyle Smith of the "New York Post" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Engaging as it is to look at, this stop-motion animation film from the young Oregon studio Laika seems to have been masterminded by people thinking, "Everyone loves Pixar. So let's do everything the opposite!""


title: The Boxtrolls

text: A. A. Dowd of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a B+, saying "In an age when most cartoon companies have traded pens for pixels, the magicians at Laika continue to create fantastically elaborate universes out of pure elbow grease." John Hartl of "The Seattle Times" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Visually the film is a feast, stuffed with little jokes and surprises and the kind of black humor that Alfred Hitchcock heartily enjoyed." Brian Truitt of "USA Today" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "A delectable treat that balances themes of identity and class warfare with Monty Python-style political skewering, quirky humor and dairy jokes." Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "One gets the sense that directors Anthony Stacchi and Graham Annable have their hearts in the action sequences and not in the characters, and that's a problem." Michael Phillips of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film two out of four stars, saying ""The Boxtrolls" remains relentlessly busy up through its final credits, and it's clever in a nattering way. But it's virtually charmless." Michael O'Sullivan of "The Washington Post" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The story of "The Boxtrolls", in lesser hands, might have turned out only so-so. Under Laika's loving, labor-intensive touch, it takes on a kind of magic." Richard Corliss of "Time" gave the film a positive review, saying ""The Boxtrolls" has its penny-dreadful moments, but it's mostly a larkish stroll through a cemetery where the monsters are the good guys."


title: The Boxtrolls

text: Ethan Gilsdorf of "The Boston Globe" gave the film a positive review, saying "Like one of its wondrously designed steampunky contraptions, "The Boxtrolls" is a marvelous thing to behold, and watch spin, even if it doesn't go anywhere terribly interesting." Bruce Demara of the "Toronto Star" gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "From Laika, the animation studio that brought you such memorably quirky classics as "Coraline" and "ParaNorman" comes another totally offbeat and original tale for kids (and adults) looking for something a little more challenging and completely off the wall." Rafer Guzman of "Newsday" gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying ""The Boxtrolls" has moments of humor and imagination, but American children may not be its ideal audience." A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" gave the film a positive review, saying "In "The Boxtrolls", old-fashioned stop-motion animation is combined with new-style 3-D cinematography to charming effect." David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a mixed review, saying "There's a crucial shortage of heart here, from the messy storytelling to the hit-or-miss humor and unattractive visuals." Steve Persall of the "Tampa Bay Times" gave the film a D, saying ""The Boxtrolls" is a visually repellent pile of stop-motion animation, populated by grotesques and filmed in the palette of an exhumed casket's interior. It can frighten small children and bore anyone, with its cracked, cackled British wit." Joe Neumaier of the "New York Daily News" gave the film two out of five stars, saying "Kids who get a kick out of the macabre will enjoy this exquisitely crafted but tedious film."


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The Royal Standards of the United Kingdom refers to either one of two similar flags used by King Charles III in his capacity as Sovereign of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. Two versions of the flag exist, one for general use in Scotland and the other for use elsewhere.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Although almost universally called a standard, such flags when used in the United Kingdom are banners of arms, as they comprise the shield of the Royal Arms. From the 1960s until her death in 2022, Queen Elizabeth II had several personal flags designed for her use as sovereign of certain Commonwealth realms. These heraldic flags are similar to those of the British "Royal Standard" in being banners of the nation's arms but feature a device found in the Queen's general personal flag (a blue disc containing a wreath of gold roses encircling a crowned letter 'E').


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is flown when the Monarch is in residence in one of the royal palaces and on his car, ship, or aeroplane. It may be flown on any building, official or private, during a visit by the Monarch, if the owner or proprietor so requests. It famously replaces the Union Flag over the Palace of Westminster when the Monarch visits during the State Opening of Parliament. The Royal Standard was flown aboard the royal yacht when it was in service and Queen Elizabeth II was on board. The only church that may fly a Royal Standard, even without the presence of the Sovereign, is Westminster Abbey, a Royal Peculiar.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: When the Queen visited the United States in 1991, she was provided with a Cadillac limousine that flew both her standard and the Stars and Stripes, an acknowledgement of the "special relationship" that exists between the two nations.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: The Royal Standard is flown at royal residences only when the sovereign is present. If the Union Flag flies above Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle or Sandringham House, it signals that the King is not in residence. In 1934, King George V permitted his subjects in Scotland to display the ancient Royal Standard of Scotland as part of his silver jubilee. Today, it flies above Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle when the Monarch is not in residence.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: When the Monarch attends Parliament at the Palace of Westminster, the Royal Standard flies from Victoria Tower.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Unlike the Union Flag, the Royal Standard should never be flown at half-mast, even after the demise of the Crown, as there is always a sovereign on the throne. It flew at half-mast for several hours from the death of Edward VII until George V discovered the error.


title: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom

text: Controversy arose regarding the lack of a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997. The Queen was then in summer residence at Balmoral; and according to established custom, no flag was displayed over Buckingham Palace, as the monarch was not present. The Queen proposed a compromise whereby the Union Flag would be flown at half-mast on the day of Diana's funeral. The Union Flag was also flown at half-mast over Buckingham Palace as a mark of respect on the first anniversary of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, on Bank Holiday, Monday, 31 August 1998. Since then, the Union Flag has flown regularly in the monarch's absence and has been lowered to half-mast to mark several occasions such as the death of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, the September 11 attacks, the 7 July 2005 London bombings and the death of Elizabeth II.