text: "A. Marriage in this state shall consist only of the union of one man and one woman. Neither this Constitution nor any other provision of law shall be construed to require that marital status or the legal incidents thereof be conferred upon unmarried couples or groups."


title: Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state

text: "B. A marriage between persons of the same gender performed in another state shall not be recognized as valid and binding in this state as of the date of the marriage."


text: "C. Any person knowingly issuing a marriage license in violation of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor."


text: " §43-3.1. Recognition of marriage between persons of same gender prohibited. A marriage between persons of the same gender performed in another state shall not be recognized as valid and binding in this state as of the date of the marriage."


text: Section 5a. Policy regarding marriage. "It is the policy of Oregon, and its subdivisions, that only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or legally recognized as a marriage."


text: "It is hereby declared to be the strong and longstanding public policy of this Commonwealth that marriage shall be better one man and one woman. A marriage between persons of the same sex which was entered into in another state or foreign jurisdiction, even if valid where entered into, shall be void in this Commonwealth."


text: "A marriage between one man and one woman is the only lawful domestic union that shall be valid or recognized in this State. This State and its political subdivisions shall not create a legal status, right, or claim respecting any other domestic union, however denominated. This State and its political subdivisions shall not recognize or give effect to a legal status, right, or claim created by another jurisdiction respecting any other domestic union, however denominated. Nothing in this section shall impair any right or benefit extended by the State or its political subdivisions other than a right or benefit arising from a domestic union that is not valid or recognized in this State. This section shall not prohibit or limit parties, other than the State or its political subdivisions, from entering into contracts or other legal instruments."


text: "(A) All persons, except mentally incompetent persons and persons whose marriage is prohibited by this section, may lawfully contract matrimony."


text: (B) No man shall marry "his mother, grandmother, daughter, granddaughter, stepmother, sister, grandfather's wife, son's wife, grandson's wife, wife's mother, wife's grandmother, wife's daughter, wife's granddaughter, brother's daughter, sister's daughter, father's sister, mother's sister, or "another man.


text: (C) No woman shall marry "her father, grandfather, son, grandson, stepfather, brother, grandmother's husband, daughter's husband, granddaughter's husband, husband's father, husband's grandfather, husband's son, husband's grandson, brother's son, sister's son, father's brother, mother's brother, or "another woman.


text: "A marriage between persons of the same sex is void ab initio and against the public policy of this State."


text: "Only marriage between a man and a woman shall be valid or recognized in South Dakota. The uniting of two or more persons in a civil union, domestic partnership, or other quasi-marital relationship shall not be valid or recognized in South Dakota."


text: "Marriage is a personal relation, between a man and a woman, arising out of a civil contract to which the consent of parties capable of making it is necessary. Consent alone does not constitute a marriage; it must be followed by a solemnization."


text: "Any marriage contracted outside the jurisdiction of this state, except a marriage contracted between two persons of the same gender, which is valid by the laws of the jurisdiction in which such marriage was contracted, is valid in this state."


text: "The historical institution and legal contract solemnizing the relationship of one (1) man and one (1) woman shall be the only legally recognized marital contract in this state. Any policy or law or judicial interpretation, purporting to define marriage as anything other than the historical institution and legal contract between one (1) man and one (1) woman, is contrary to the public policy of this state and shall be void and unenforceable in Tennessee. If another state or foreign jurisdiction issues a license for persons to marry and if such marriage is prohibited in this state by the provisions of this section, then the marriage shall be void and unenforceable in this state."


text: "(a) Tennessee's marriage licensing laws reinforce, carry forward, and make explicit the long-standing public policy of this state to recognize the family as essential to social and economic order and the common good and as the fundamental building block of our society. To that end, it is further the public policy of this state that the historical institution and legal contract solemnizing the relationship of one (1) man and one (1) woman shall be the only legally recognized marital contract in this state in order to provide the unique and exclusive rights and privileges to marriage."


text: "(b) The legal union in matrimony of only one (1) man and one (1) woman shall be the only recognized marriage in this state."


text: "(c) Any policy, law or judicial interpretation that purports to define marriage as anything other than the historical institution and legal contract between one (1) man and one (1) woman is contrary to the public policy of Tennessee."


text: "(d) If another state or foreign jurisdiction issues a license for persons to marry, which marriages are prohibited in this state, any such marriage shall be void and unenforceable in this state."


text: "(b) This state or a political subdivision of this state may not create or recognize any legal status identical or similar to marriage."


text: "(a) A man and a woman desiring to enter into a ceremonial marriage must obtain a marriage license from the county clerk of any county of this state."


text: Chapter 6. Suit for dissolution of marriage - Section 6.204. Recognition of same-sex marriage of union.


text: "(2) No other domestic union, however denominated, may be recognized as a marriage or given the same or substantially equivalent legal effect."


text: "(1) (a) It is the policy of this state to recognize as marriage only the legal union of a man and a woman as provided in this chapter."


text: "(b) Except for the relationship of marriage between a man and a woman recognized pursuant to this chapter, this state will not recognize, enforce, or give legal effect to any law creating any legal status, rights, benefits, or duties that are substantially equivalent to those provided under Utah law to a man and a woman because they are married."


text: "(2) Nothing in Subsection (1) impairs any contract or other rights, benefits, or duties that are enforceable independently of this section. "


text: "Marriage is the legally recognized union of two people. When used in this chapter or in any other statute, the word "marriage" shall mean a civil marriage. Terms relating to the marital relationship or familial relationships shall be construed consistently with this section for all purposes throughout the law, whether in the context of statute, administrative or court rule, policy, common law, or any other source of civil law."


text: "That only a union between one man and one woman may be a marriage valid in or recognized by this" "Commonwealth and its political subdivisions."


text: "This Commonwealth and its political subdivisions shall not create or recognize a legal status for relationships of unmarried individuals that intends to approximate the design, qualities, significance, or effects of marriage. Nor shall this Commonwealth or its political subdivisions create or recognize another union, partnership, or other legal status to which is assigned the rights, benefits, obligations, qualities, or effects of marriage."


text: "(1) Marriage is a civil contract between two persons who have each attained the age of eighteen years, and who are otherwise capable."


text: "(3) Where necessary to implement the rights and responsibilities of spouses under the law, gender specific terms such as husband and wife used in any statute, rule, or other law must be construed to be gender neutral and applicable to spouses of the same sex."


text: "A public act, record or judicial proceeding of any other state, territory, possession or tribe respecting a relationship between persons of the same sex that is treated as a marriage under the laws of the other state, territory, possession, or tribe, or a right or claim arising from such relationship, shall not be given effect by this state."


text: "Marriage, so far as its validity at law is concerned, is a civil contract, to which the consent of the parties capable in law of contracting is essential, and which creates the legal status of husband and wife."


text: "(1) If any person residing and intending to continue to reside in this state who is disabled or prohibited from contracting marriage under the laws of this state goes into another state or country and there contracts a marriage prohibited or declared void under the laws of this state, such marriage shall be void for all purposes in this state with the same effect as though it had been entered into in this state."


text: "Marriage is a civil contract between a male and a female person to which the consent of the parties capable of contracting is essential."


text: 20-1-111. Foreign marriages. All marriage contracts which are valid by the laws of the country in which contracted are valid in this state.


title: Huế

text: Huế () is the capital of Thừa Thiên Huế province in central Vietnam and was the capital of Đàng Trong from 1738 to 1775 and of Vietnam during the Nguyễn dynasty from 1802 to 1945. The city served as the old Imperial City and administrative capital for the Nguyễn dynasty and later functioned as the administrative capital of the protectorate of Annam during the French Indochina period. It contains a UNESCO-designated site, the Complex of Huế Monuments, which is a popular tourist attraction. Alongside its moat and thick stone walls the complex encompasses the Imperial City of Huế, with palaces and shrines; the Forbidden Purple City, once the emperor's home; and a replica of the Royal Theater.


title: Huế

text: Nearly 4.2 million visitors had visited the city in 2019 and many of its historic landmarks are still undergoing restoration.


title: Huế

text: The oldest ruins in Hue belong to the Kingdom of Lam Ap, dating back to the 4th century AD. The ruins of its capital, the ancient city of Kandarpapura (lit. 'the city where Śiva burnt Kama'), is now located in Long Tho Hill, three kilometers to the west of the city. Kandarpapura might have only been established during the reign of Kandarpadharma (r. 629–640) and it was named after the king, certainly it may be not the name of the capital of former Lam Ap kingdom. Another Champa ruin in the vicinity, the ancient city of Hoa Chau is dated back to the 9th century.


title: Huế

text: In 1306, the King of Champa, Che Man offered Vietnam two Cham prefectures, O and Ly, in exchange for marriage with a Vietnamese princess named Huyen Tran. The Vietnamese King Tran Anh Tong accepted this offer. He took and renamed O and Ly prefectures to Thuan prefecture and Hóa prefecture, respectively, the two being often referred collectively to as Thuan Hoa region.


title: Huế

text: In 1592, the Mac dynasty was forced to flee to Cao Bang province and the Le emperors were enthroned as "de jure" Vietnamese rulers under the leadership of Nguyen Kim, the leader of Le dynasty loyalists. Later, Kim was poisoned by a Mạc dynasty general which paved the way for his son-in-law, Trinh Kiem, to take over the leadership. Kim's eldest son, Nguyen Uông, was also assassinated in order to secure Trinh Kiem's authority. Nguyen Hoang, another son of Nguyen Kim, feared a fate like Nguyen Uong's so he pretended to have a mental illness. He asked his sister Ngoc Bao, who was a wife of Trinh Kiem, to entreat Trinh Kiem to let Nguyen Hoang govern Thuan Hoa, the furthest south region of Vietnam at that time.


title: Huế

text: Because Mac dynasty loyalists were revolting in Thuan Hoa, and Trinh Kiem was busy fighting the Mac dynasty forces in northern Vietnam during this time, Ngoc Bao's request was approved, and Nguyen Hoang went south. After Hoàng pacified Thuan Hoa, he and his heir Nguyen Phuc Nguyen secretly made this region loyal to the Nguyen family; then they rose against the Trinh Lords. Vietnam erupted into a new civil war between two "de facto" ruling families: the clan of the Nguyen lords and the clan of the Trinh lords.


title: Huế

text: The Nguyen lords chose Thua Thien, a northern territory of Thuan Hoa, as their family seat. In 1687 during the reign of Nguyen lord- Nguyen Phuc Tran, the construction of a citadel was started in Phu Xuan, a village in Thua Thien Province. The citadel was a powerful symbol of Nguyen family rather than a defensive building because the Trịnh lords' army could not breach Nguyen lords' defense in the northern regions of Phú Xuân. In 1744, Phu Xuan officially became the capital of central and southern Vietnam after Nguyen lord- Nguyen Phuc Khoat proclaimed himself Vo Vương ("Vo King" or "Martial King" in Vietnamese). Among westerners living in the capital at this period was the Portuguese Jesuit João de Loureiro from 1752 onwards.


title: Huế

text: However, Tay Son rebellions broke out in 1771 and quickly occupied a large area from Quy Nhon to Binh Thuan Province, thereby weakening the authority and power of the Nguyen lords. While the war between Tây Sơn rebellion and Nguyễn lord was being fought, the Trịnh lords sent south a massive army and easily captured Phú Xuân in 1775. After the capture of Phú Xuân, the Trịnh lords' general Hoang Ngu Phuc made a tactical alliance with Tay Son and withdrew almost all troops to Tonkin and left some troops in Phu Xuan. In 1786, Tây Sơn rebellion defeated the Trịnh garrison and occupied Phú Xuân. Under the reign of the emperor Quang Trung, Phú Xuân became the Tây Sơn dynasty capital. In 1802, Nguyen Anh, a successor of the Nguyen lords, recaptured Phu Xuan and unified the country. Nguyen Anh rebuilt the citadel entirely and made it the Imperial City capital of all of Vietnam.


title: Huế

text: In 1802, Nguyen Phuc Anh (later Emperor Gia Long) succeeded in establishing his control over the whole of Vietnam, thereby making Hue the national capital.


title: Huế

text: Minh Mang (r. 1820–40) was the second emperor of the Nguyen dynasty, reigning from 14 February 1820 (his 29th birthday) until his death, on 20 January 1841. He was a younger son of Emperor Gia Long, whose eldest son, Crown Prince Canh, had died in 1801. Minh Mang was well known for his opposition to French involvement in Vietnam, and for his rigid Confucian orthodoxy.


title: Huế

text: During the French colonial period, Hue was in the protectorate of Annam. It remained the seat of the Imperial Palace until 1945, when Emperor Bao Dai abdicated and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) government was established with its capital at Ha Noi (Hanoi), in the north.


title: Huế

text: While Bao Dai was proclaimed "Head of the State of Vietnam" with the help of the returning French colonialists in 1949 (although not with recognition from the communists or the full acceptance of the Vietnamese people), his new capital was Sai Gon (Saigon), in the south.


title: Huế

text: The city was also the battleground for the Battle of Huế, which was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War. During the Republic of Vietnam, Hue, being very near the border between the North and South, was vulnerable in the Vietnam War. In the Tet Offensive of 1968, during the Battle of Hue, the city suffered considerable damage not only to its physical features but also to its reputation from combination of American military bombing of historic buildings held by the North Vietnamese and from the massacre at Hue.


title: Huế

text: After the war's conclusion in 1975, many of the historic features of Huế were neglected because they were seen by the victorious communist regime and some other Vietnamese as "relics from the feudal regime"; the Communist Party of Vietnam doctrine described the Nguyen dynasty as "feudal" and "reactionary". There has since been a change of policy, however, and many historical areas of the city are being restored and the city is being developed as a centre for tourism and transportation for central Vietnam.


title: Huế

text: The city is located in central Vietnam on the banks of the Perfume River, just a few miles inland from the East Sea. It is about south of Hanoi and about north of Ho Chi Minh City. Huế is bordered by Quảng Điền District and South China Sea to the north, Hương Thủy town to the south and east, Phú Vang District to the east and Hương Trà town to the west. Located on the two banks of the Perfume River, north of Hai Van Pass, from Danang, from Thuan An Seaport and Phu Bai International Airport and from Chan May Port. The natural area is and the population in 2012 is estimated at 344,581 people. As of 2021, after the territorial expansion, the city has a total area of and the population is 652,572 people (including those who are not registered residents).


title: Huế

text: Located near Truong Son mountain range, Hue city is a plain area in the lower reaches of the Perfume and Bo rivers, with an average altitude of 3–4 m above sea level and often flooded when the river's headwaters Huong has medium and large rainfall. This plain area is relatively flat, although there are alternating hills and low mountains such as Ngu Binh mountain and Vong Canh Hill.


title: Huế

text: Huế features a tropical monsoon climate ("Am") under the Köppen climate classification, falling short of a tropical rainforest climate because there is less than of rain in March and April. The dry season is from February to August, with high temperatures of . The rainy season is from August to January, with a flood season from October onwards. The average rainy season temperature is , although it has fallen as low as .


title: Huế

text: In the center of Vietnam, Hue was the capital of Vietnam for approximately 150 years during feudal times (1802–1945), and the royal lifestyle and customs have had a significant impact on the characteristics of the people of Hue. That impact can still be felt today.


title: Huế

text: Historically, the qualities valued by the royal family were reflected in its name-giving customs, which came to be adopted by society at large. As a rule, royal family members were named after a poem written by Minh Mạng, the second emperor of the Nguyen dynasty. The poem, "Đế hệ thi", has been set as a standard frame to name every generation of the royal family, through which people can know the family order as well as the relationship between royal members. More importantly, the names reflect the essential personality traits that the royal regime would like their offspring to uphold. This name-giving tradition is proudly kept alive and nowadays people from Huế royal family branches (normally considered 'pure' Huế) still have their names taken from the words in the poem.


title: Huế

text: The design of the modern-day "ao dai", a Vietnamese national costume, evolved from an outfit worn at the court of the Nguyen Lords at Hue in the 18th century. A court historian of the time described the rules of dress as follows:


title: Huế

text: This outfit evolved into the "áo ngũ thân", a five-paneled aristocratic gown worn in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Inspired by Paris fashions, Nguyen Cat Tuong and other artists associated with Hanoi University redesigned the "ngũ thân" as a modern dress in the 1920s and 1930s. While the "ao dai" and "non-la" are generally seen as a symbol of Vietnam as a whole, the combination is seen by Vietnamese as being particularly evocative of Hue. Violet-coloured "ao dai" are especially common in Hue, the color having a special connection to the city's heritage as a former capital.


title: Huế

text: The cuisine of Hue forms the heart of Central Vietnamese cuisine, but one of the most striking differences is the prominence of vegetarianism in the city. Several all-vegetarian restaurants are scattered in various corners of the city to serve the locals who have a strong tradition of eating a vegetarian meal twice a month, as part of their Buddhist beliefs. Another feature of Hue dishes that sets them apart from other regional cuisines in Vietnam is the relatively small serving size with refined presentation, a vestige of its royal cuisine. Hue cuisine is notable for often being very spicy.


title: Huế

text: Hue cuisine has both luxurious and popular rustic dishes. With such a rich history, Hue's royal cuisine combines both taste and aesthetics. It consists of several distinctive dishes from small and delicate creations, originally made to please the appetites of Nguyen feudal lords, emperors, and their hundreds of concubines and wives.


title: Huế

text: Additionally, Hue is also famous for it delicious sweet desserts such as Lotus seeds sweet soups, Lotus seed wrapped in logan sweet soup, Areca flower sweet soup, Grilled pork wrapped in cassava flour sweet soup, and Green sticky rice sweet soup.


title: Huế

text: The imperial court practiced various religions such as Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. The most important altar was the Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth, where the monarch would offer each year prayers to the Heaven and Earth.


title: Huế

text: In Hue, Buddhism enjoyed stronger support than elsewhere in Vietnam, with more monasteries than anywhere else in the country serving as home to the nation's most famous monks.


title: Huế

text: In 1963, Thich Quang Duc drove from Hue to Saigon to protest anti-Buddhist policies of the South Vietnamese government, setting himself on fire on a Saigon street. Photos of the self-immolation became some of the enduring images of the Vietnam War.


title: Huế

text: Thich Nhat Hanh, a world-famous Zen master who originated from Hue and lived for years in exile including France and the United States, returned to his home town in October 2018 and resided there at the Tu Hieu pagoda until his death in 2022.


title: Huế

text: Hue is well known for its historic monuments, which have earned it a place in UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. The seat of the Nguyen emperors was the Imperial City, which occupies a large, walled area on the north side of the Perfume River. Inside the citadel was a forbidden city where only the emperors, concubines, and those close enough to them were granted access; the punishment for trespassing was death. Today, little of the forbidden city remains, though reconstruction efforts are in progress to maintain it as a historic tourist attraction.


title: Huế

text: Roughly along the Perfume River from Hue lie myriad other monuments, including the tombs of several emperors, including Minh Mang, Khai Dinh, and Tu Duc. Also notable is the Thien Mu Pagoda, the largest pagoda in Hue and the official symbol of the city.


title: Huế

text: A number of French-style buildings lie along the south bank of the Perfume River. Among them are Hue High School for the Gifted, the oldest high school in Vietnam, and Hai Ba Trung High School.


title: Huế

text: The Huế Museum of Royal Fine Arts on 3 Le Truc Street also maintains a collection of various artifacts from the city.


title: Huế

text: In addition to the various touristic attractions in Hue itself, the city also offers day-trips to the Demilitarized Zone lying approximately north, showing various war settings like The Rockpile, Khe Sanh Combat Base or the Vinh Moc tunnels.


title: Huế

text: Most of the hotels, bars, and restaurants for tourists in Hue are located in Pham Ngu Lao, Chu Van An and Vo Thi Sau street, which together form the backpacker district.


title: Huế

text: In the first 11 months of 2012, Hue received 2.4 million visitors, an increase of 24.6% from the same period of 2011. 803,000 of those 2.4 million visitors were foreign guests, an increase of 25.7%. Although tourism plays a key role in the city's socioeconomic development, it also has negative impacts on the environment and natural resource base. For example, services associated with tourism, such as travel, the development of infrastructure and its operation, and the production and consumption of goods, are all energy-intensive. Research by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network has identified traditional 'garden houses' as having the potential to increase tourist traffic and revenue. Apart from the environmental, economic and cultural benefits provided by garden houses, their promotion could pave the way for other low carbon development initiatives.


title: Huế

text: The Hue Central Hospital, established in 1894, was the first Western hospital in Vietnam. The hospital, providing 2078 beds and occupying 120,000 square meters (30 acres), is one of three largest in the country along with Bach Mai Hospital in Hanoi and Cho Ray Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, and is managed by the Ministry of Health.


title: Huế

text: Hue Railway Station provides a rail connection to major Vietnamese cities, via the North-South Railway. Phu Bai International Airport is just south of the city centre.


title: EA Sports UFC 4

text: EA Sports UFC 4 is a mixed martial arts fighting video game developed by EA Vancouver and published by EA Sports. Serving as the sequel to "EA Sports UFC 3" (2018), it was released on August 14, 2020 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.


title: EA Sports UFC 4

text: Like its predecessor, "UFC 4" is a fighting game based on the mixed martial arts promotion Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). There are 229 unique fighters, with 81 alternate versions. The game features a career mode, which was designed to be an "onboarding experience" to teach the player the basics of four MMA disciplines which include boxing, kickboxing, wrestling, and jiujitsu. The goal of the career mode, which allows players to create their own custom fighter, is to become the G.O.A.T. (which stands for "greatest of all time"). As players progress in the game, they can choose to accept or decline fights, which will affect the development of the fighter's career. The control scheme was also improved and streamlined to make the game more accessible. Multiplayer modes, including Blitz Battles, and Online World Championships, would also be available. In addition to fighting in The Octagon, players can also fight in Backyard and Kumite, which resembles an underground fighting arena. However, unlike its predecessor, Ultimate Team would not return in "UFC 4".


title: EA Sports UFC 4

text: The game was officially announced on July 12, 2020. Similar to "UFC 3", the game utilized the Real Player Motion technology, which was designed to make clinches believable. The tech also helped create new takedown animations which respond to how players play the game. EA also recruited Daniel Cormier and Jon Anik to provide commentary for the game. Joe Rogan, who provided the commentary for previous games, did not return due to his dislike for voiceover in video games. Players who pre-ordered the game would get exclusive access to play as Tyson Fury and Anthony Joshua. On the day of announcement, EA also revealed that Israel Adesanya and Jorge Masvidal would be the cover fighters for the game. The game was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on August 14, 2020.


title: EA Sports UFC 4

text: According to review aggregator Metacritic, the game received generally positive reviews upon release.


title: EA Sports UFC 4

text: "IGN" praised the new submission system and career mode, but said that "longstanding problems still remain in the ground game and some dated visuals". "Push Square" stated that it was "significantly better" than its predecessor, however, "Hardcore Gamer" said it was "fun albeit bland". "GamesRadar" praised the clinches but criticised the camera. Brian Shea, writing for "Game Informer", described the submission system as one of the game's best additions. He further described the game as the "terrific next step" for EA's "UFC" franchise.


title: EA Sports UFC 4

text: The game was heavily criticised by fans for the addition of in-game advertisements that were added two weeks after the game's release. A post on Reddit showing advertisements in the game for the second season premiere of the Amazon Prime Video television series "The Boys", which included two full-screen pop-ups at the beginning and end of the replay, a smaller pop-up on the timer overlay during gameplay, and the show and service's logos layered in the middle of the Octagon canvas, garnered over 86,000 upvotes as of September 5, 2020. EA later apologised for the inconvenience and removed the pop-up advertising in response to the backlash.


title: EA Sports UFC 4

text: The game topped the sales chart in the UK, however first-week physical sales were down 47% on "UFC 3". The game was also number 1 in Australia, New Zealand, and the EMEA, but only got to number 28 in Japan. It got to number 2 in the USA, behind Madden, setting a sales record for the franchise. In North America, it was the 16th most downloaded game of 2021 on PSN.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: God's Own Country is a 2017 British romantic drama film written and directed by Francis Lee in his feature directorial debut. The film stars Josh O'Connor and Alec Secăreanu. The plot follows a young sheep farmer in Yorkshire whose life is transformed by a Romanian migrant worker.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: Upon release, the film received widespread acclaim from critics, who praised the performances (particularly O'Connor's) and story, as well as commending it as a promising start for Lee. It was the only UK-based production to feature in the world drama category at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the world cinema directing award.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: In Yorkshire, Johnny lives on the family farm with his father, Martin, and grandmother, Deirdre. Due to his father having suffered a stroke and his grandmother's age, much of the day-to-day running of the farm falls to Johnny. In his free time, Johnny engages in binge drinking and furtive sexual encounters with other men. Returning late to the farm after such an encounter with a young auctioneer, he is berated by his father because a calf has died from a breech birth in his absence.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: Gheorghe, a Romanian migrant worker, is hired as extra help for the lambing season. He arrives and spends his first night in a caravan that the family has organised as his accommodation. As the ewes have moved away from the main part of the farm, and as part of the farm's boundary wall remains unrepaired by Johnny, it is decided that Johnny and Gheorghe should spend several days camping nearer to the animals. When one of the ewes gives birth to an unconscious runt, Johnny is intrigued when Gheorghe is able to resuscitate and care for it. One morning, after Johnny refers to Gheorghe yet again as a "gypsy", Gheorghe tackles him to the ground and warns Johnny not to speak that way to him again.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: The next day, the two men again engage in a fight which results in Johnny performing fellatio on Gheorghe and the two men have rough and passionate sex in the dirt. While Johnny initially does not acknowledge the encounter, the two share cigarettes and a sugar packet for their cup noodles throughout the day. That night, Gheorghe resists Johnny's aggressive move to have sex, instead patiently showing him that sex can also be tender, and the two men kiss for the first time.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: Returning to the farm, Johnny invites Gheorghe to stay with him in the house, but Gheorghe elects to remain in the caravan. When Martin suffers a second stroke, Johnny realises that the running of the farm is now entirely his responsibility, and asks Gheorghe if he will stay with him. When Gheorghe expresses uncertainty over whether they can stay together and maintain the farm simultaneously, Johnny reacts poorly, drinking to excess and engaging in another random sexual encounter. When Gheorghe realises what Johnny has done, he abruptly leaves the farm.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: Martin is released from the hospital but is now fully debilitated. Johnny, desperate to make up with Gheorghe, tells his father that he will stay to run the farm, but that things must be run on his terms. Martin gives his tacit approval to Johnny, who sets off to bring Gheorghe back to the farm. After he finds Gheorghe working in Scotland, the two men reconcile. Gheorghe returns with Johnny; the caravan is taken away, and Gheorghe moves into the house.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: Also Harry Lister Smith, Melanie Kilburn, Liam Thomas, Patsy Ferran, Moey Hassan, Naveed Choudhry, Sarah White and John McCrea have been cast in supporting roles.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: The film is partly based on writer and director Francis Lee's own life, where he also had to make a decision to either stay and work on his family's farm or go off to drama school.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: The film was shot in Yorkshire, specifically around the Silsden area of Keighley in West Yorkshire, with some other scenes being shot in Keighley Bus Station and Airedale General Hospital with Haworth and Otley also featuring as backdrops for the film.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: The production was financed in part through the British Film Council's iFeature programme with additional funding being secured from Creative England.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on 23 January 2017. It was the only production from the United Kingdom that featured in the world drama category in the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. It went onto screen at the Berlin International Film Festival on 11 February 2017.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: Shortly after, Picturehouse Entertainment, Orion Pictures and Samuel Goldwyn Films acquired UK and US distribution rights respectively. It was released in the United Kingdom on 1 September 2017. The film was banned in Malaysia, China and some Arab countries due to explicit sex scenes between the two protagonists. Likewise, Romania was the only country in Eastern Europe where the film was screened.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: , "God's Own Country" has grossed a worldwide total of $2.6 million, which includes $1.2 million in the United Kingdom.


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: "God's Own Country" received critical acclaim. The film holds a 98% approval rating based on 125 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.96/10, on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. The site's critical consensus reads: "A quiet, moving rumination on loneliness and newfound intimacy, "God's Own Country" marks an outstanding directorial debut for Francis Lee." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 85 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: The Sundance Film Festival's listing for "God's Own Country" says that "you can smell the mud in this movie" while also describing Francis Lee as a major new talent and the film as "one not to be missed." Peter Bradshaw, writing in "The Guardian", gave the film four stars out of five. Bradshaw described the film as "an almost, but not quite a Dales "Brokeback,"" and also as a "very British love story, bursting at the seams with unspoken emotions, unvoiced fears about the future, and a readiness to displace every emotion into hard physical work".


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: At the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival the film received the Harvey Award, presented by the Teddy Awards programme for LGBT-related films in conjunction with a reader jury from the German LGBT magazine "Männer".


title: God's Own Country (2017 film)

text: Ed Potton, writing in "The Times", gave the film four stars out of five and described the film as "splendid" and "[a] potent film, a Yorkshire "Brokeback Mountain"".


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur, or simply Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur, is an upcoming American animated television series based on the characters of the same name by Marvel Comics. The series will be produced by Disney Television Animation, Marvel Animation, Titmouse, and Cinema Gypsy Productions, with animation services being provided by Flying Bark Productions. It will premiere on Disney Channel on February 10, 2023 and on Disney+ shortly after the premiere.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: During discussions with Marvel Studios regarding a potential role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), president Louis D'Esposito showed actor and comic book fan Laurence Fishburne the comic book "Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur". Having read the original "Moon-Boy and Devil Dinosaur" comic book as a child, "Moon Girl" piqued Fishburne's interest. He afterwards began reading the comics, which gave him the inspiration to create an animated series based on the duo.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: On February 20, 2018, it was reported that Marvel Animation and Cinema Gypsy Productions were developing a "Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur" series for Disney Channel Worldwide. Laurence Fishburne (a long-time Marvel alumni; having played the title character in "" and Bill Foster in "Ant-Man and the Wasp") and Helen Sugland are set to executive-produce the series.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: On August 24, 2019, during the D23 Expo, Fishburne revealed that the series was to be released in 2020 on Disney Channel, with Disney Television Animation being set to co-produce the series, marking the first time Disney and Marvel worked together on an animated series. Steve Loter will executive-produce the series alongside Fishburne and Sugland. Jeff Howard and Kate Kondell will work on the series as co-producers and story editors. Loter was hired as executive-producer due to his experience on female-centered shows such as Disney's "Kim Possible" (2002-2007).


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: Fisburne said that "Disney Channel is the perfect platform to explore this pint-sized female African American superhero and [he] can't wait for their audience to enjoy the lighthearted adventures of Lunella and Devil Dinosaur", while Cort Lae, Marvel Family and Entertainment's then-senior vice president, said that "[Moon Girl's] adventures with giant buddy, Devil Dinosaur, are filled with so much wonder and joy, and this historic partnership with Disney Television Animation and Cinema Gypsy Productions proved the right formula to bring them to television".


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: In February 2021, it was reported that Rodney Clouden will serve as supervising producer for the series, while Pilar Flynn will produce. Due to Disney Television Animation's studios having closed in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the series was produced remotely. The producers worked on the series as if it were a feature film, with each script receiving a "color script" as with films, and each episode being treated as a "mini-movie".


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: In October 2022, the series was renewed for a second season. The series was renewed after a positive reception from both Disney and Marvel executives. Rafael Chaidez will take over as producer for season two, while Flynn and Clouden will serve as co-executive producers alongside Kondell. Kondell will also serve as story editor alongside Halima Lucas, the latter whom will also be a co-producer alongside Ben Juwono, who will replace Clouden as supervising director.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: The series features a writing and directing crew consisting entirely of female LGBTQ+ writers of color, as the showrunners wanted the profuction team to reflect the diversity within New York City, where the show is set. The crew also worked alongside Disney production coordinator Almen March to identify moments to add diversity to the show via background or speaking characters, as well as to calculate the representation per episode. Loter, who lives in New York City, said that it was important for the crew to "make sure they've got New York right", wanting to respect the city's "vibe" and "tone". The series features an episodic format while also including serialized elements, with a story arc unfolding throughout the first season.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: According to star Diamond White, the series features "levels of emotions" that were absent from the original comic. The series potrays the relationship between the duo as "a partnership" instead of "a pet/owner dynamic", with Devil becoming fiercely loyal to Moon Girl and feeling "at home with her" due to how she treats him.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: The series features several obscure characters from Marvel comics. The characters included were selected due to potential roles they could play in the story, interest from the producers, and/or recommendations from Marvel; the producers were particularly interested in featuring characters that hadn't been adapted to other media before, such as , as their obscurity allowed the creators to make changes that fitted within the show's narrative. The series was also described as "complimentary" to the MCU, with the creators including multiple nods to the franchise througth the series.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: In February 2021, it was reported that White and Tatasciore will voice the titular duo, with Woodard, Williams, Zamata, and Fowler providing the voices of Lunella/Moon Girl's grandparents and parents, respectively, and Barer as her best friend, Casey. It was also reported that Fishburne will voice The Beyonder in a recurring capacity. Additional recurring and guest roles were announced the San Diego Comic Con in July 2022.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: Voice recordings for season one were done remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Williams, whose work on the show was his first role during the pandemic, received help from his wife to prepare to record his lines from their home. Several dialogues between Moon Girl and Casey were add-libbed by White and Barer. While providing the vocal effects for Devil, Tatasciore was given a script with lines for him, which he would later work into animal vocals.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: Animation services will be provided by Titmouse, Inc. and Flying Bark Productions. Titmouse will also work on visual development for the series. Flying Bark, whose employees were fans of the source material, was hired due to the studio's work on "Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Animation lead Kat Kosmala created a series of rules for the animators, among them being that the character animation must draw the viewers' attention, the action must be "simple and direct", and simplifaction should be used only for designs. The visual style is meant to "[lean] heavy into [a] 2D graphic comicbook sensibility".


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: Multiple animation styles were used per episode. For the New York sequences, the producers drew inspiration from graffiti artists, as well as artists such as Andy Warhol, for the series' art style, in order potray New York in a more realistic style than most animated shows, while also potraying the city as its own character. Graffiti artists were hired to work on the graffiti depicted througth the show in order to show accurate graffitis. The camera movement was also meant to evoke the feeling of a real-life city recording, with "forced tight shots" and "object obstruction". The musical sequences feature a more abstract art style that is more colorful and action-focused. Flashback sequences feature a simpler graphic style with colors that "quickly enhance emotional beats".


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: The producers also wanted the animation to "feel like an illustrated moving comic book", so the artists drew inspiration from comic books from the 1970s, featuring a lack of "perfect shapes" and "edgy line work", while having a hand-drawn feel. The animation also drew inspiration from "" (2018), with the producers wanting the animation to be as energetic as possible within a budget for a TV series.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: Lead character designer Jose Lopez wanted the characters to have multiple shapes that were "fun to look at", such as Moon Girl's silhoutte changing whrn she dons her superhero outfit. He also wanted Devil Dinosaur to look like "a mean dinosaur" while also being "believable as a lovable pet". He also drew inspiration from comic strip artist Bill Watterson, of whom Lopez is a fan of.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: In July 2022, it was announced that Raphael Saadiq would serve as the executive music producer for the show. He also provided both the score and songs for the show. Loter, a fan of Saadiq, approached him to work on the project during an autograph signing. Each episode features a different song by Saadiq, depicted in-universe as part of a mix-tape Moon Girl listens to; the songs were written before animation work began so the animators coukd sinchronize the songs to the sequence. Saadiq included different musical genres in the soundtrack in order to reflect the diversity within New York City. The first episode features a song titled "Where You Come From", which Loter described as "a love letter to New York". Saadiq also wrote songs for the series' villains.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: The show's theme song, "Moon Girl Magic", was performed written by Saadiq alongside Halima Lucas and Taura Stinson, and performed by star Diamond White. The song was written by Saadiq with "a similar energy" to "Juice" by Lizzo, and received an "instant green-light" by the executives, which is rare for most theme songs for a TV series. Saadiq said he wanted the song to both "uplifting" and "happy", while White was excited to "bring Lunella's voice to the show in a singing way". The title sequence was storyboarded by supervising director Ben Juwono, who drew inspiration from the music video for Cyndi Lauper's "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" and storyboarded it to play to "Juice", as the theme song had not been written by that point. The song was released as a single in November 14, 2022.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: "Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur" is set to premiere on Disney Channel on February 10, 2023. The series was originally scheduled to be released in 2020, before being delayed to 2022, and later to its current premiere date.


title: Marvel's Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur

text: A teaser trailer showing clips from the opening was released by executive-producer Laurence Fishburne in December 15, 2020. An official clip was released during the San Diego Comic-Con 2022, while the first trailer was released during the D23 Expo. The series' intro was released during the New York Comic-Con 2022, with a music video for the theme song was released in November 14, 2022.


title: Sean Teale

text: Sean Teale (born 18 June 1992) is a British actor, known for his roles as Prince Condé in "Reign", Nick Levan in "Skins", and Ben Larson in the Syfy series "Incorporated." He also co-starred in the Fox sci-fi/drama series "The Gifted".


title: Sean Teale

text: Teale grew up in Putney, London. He is of Venezuelan, Spanish, and Welsh descent. His father, Noel, is an IT consultant and his mother, Fini, works at a design advertising agency. Teale attended Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith where he played rugby and football and took drama.


title: Sean Teale

text: His performance in a school play was spotted by an agent in the audience. Teale decided to switch his focus from sports to drama after his agents advised him to renounce for fear of damaging his looks. He began auditions as he was preparing for his A-levels in History, Drama and Economics. He has deferred his place at the University of Manchester studying History and Economics to pursue his acting career.


title: Sean Teale

text: In January 2010 Teale played Derek in the short film "Sergeant Slaughter, My Big Brother" directed by Greg Williams starring Tom Hardy. Winner of Best Direction at the Chicago Short Film Fest 2010, the film was released into the film festival circuit in 2011. In the same year he played a werewolf in Nickelodeon’s "Summer in Transylvania".


title: Sean Teale

text: Teale gained popularity in 2011, when he landed a lead role as Nick Levan in the fifth and sixth series of E4 BAFTA-winning drama "Skins", after originally auditioning for Rider, a minor role. Subsequently he appeared in History Channel's "The Bible", a 10-hour docudrama created by Mark Burnett, and played regular roles in the second series of the period dramas "Mr Selfridge" and "Reign".


title: Sean Teale

text: In 2012 he was cast in "Abominable Snowman" (originally called "Deadly Descent"), a horror TV film directed by Marko Mäkilaakso and released on the American channel Syfy. In March 2012 he filmed, in Birmingham, "We Are the Freaks", a teen comedy directed by Justin Edgar first screened at the Edinburgh International Film Festival 2013 and released in cinemas in 2014.


title: Sean Teale

text: In 2015 he was in James McTeigue's thriller film "Survivor" and "The Red Tent", a biblical television series filmed in Morocco. He starred in the short-lived USA Network TV series "Incorporated" in 2016.


title: Sean Teale

text: Beginning in autumn 2017, Teale began his new role as Marcos Diaz, also known by his handle of "Eclipse," in Atlanta's barely-futuristic mutant world of mostly young people with special powers—where they are now hunted as criminals—in the new Fox sci-fi/drama series "The Gifted". Although based on the "Marvel Comics"' "X-Men" feature film series, "The Gifted" takes place in an alternate timeline where all of The X-Men are missing. Eclipse can manipulate photons. Diaz grew up parentless, starting out as a younger man running drugs between México and the U.S., leading to his current passion of trafficking at-risk hunted mutants to relative safety.


title: David Paymer

text: David Emmanuel Paymer (born August 30, 1954) is an American actor, comedian, and television director. He has been in films such as "Mr. Saturday Night", "Quiz Show", "Searching for Bobby Fischer", "City Slickers", "Crazy People", "State and Main", "Payback", "Get Shorty", "Carpool", "The American President", "The Hurricane", "Ocean's Thirteen", and "Drag Me to Hell". He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1992 for "Mr. Saturday Night." He played the lead role as the Boss in "Bartleby", an adaptation of Herman Melville's "Bartleby, the Scrivener." He played a mob boss in the television series "Line of Fire".


title: David Paymer

text: Paymer was born in Oceanside, New York, the son of Sylvia, a travel agent, and Marvin Paymer, a pianist and musical director who originally worked in the scrap metal business. They divorced in 1973. Paymer is Jewish; his mother was born in Belgium and left for the United States to escape the Nazi occupation. Paymer has a brother, Steve, and graduated from the University of Michigan with a BA in theater and psychology. He is married to Liz Georges; they have two children.


title: David Paymer

text: Paymer's acting career began in 1979 with the film "The In-Laws". He has appeared in over 90 films in his career. He has also appeared in many popular television shows, including "Taxi", "Happy Days", "L.A. Law", "Cheers", "Ghost Whisperer", "" , "Entourage" , "Diff'rent Strokes" and "Family Ties". He has had recurring roles on "Cheers", "Murphy Brown", and "The Larry Sanders Show". He has also appeared in such films as "Amistad", "City Hall", "RFK", and "Into the West". He received an Academy Award nomination for "Mr. Saturday Night". His voice-over work includes Sheldon in the Kids' WB cartoon series "Channel Umptee-3," and neurotic Welsh Terrier Mel in "."


title: David Paymer

text: Paymer has directed episodes of several popular television series, including "Gilmore Girls", "Grey's Anatomy", "One Tree Hill", "Melrose Place", "Everwood", "Brothers & Sisters" and "Bunheads". He did a cameo appearance in an AT&T commercial in 2011. Also in Kids from Fame song Hi Fidelity.


title: David Paymer

text: He has appeared on the stage. In 2022 Paymer reprised his Mr. Saturday Night role thirty years later, appearing in the musical adaptation.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Robert "Waddy" Wachtel (born May 24, 1947) is an American musician, composer and record producer, most notable for his guitar work. Wachtel has worked as session musician for other artists such as Linda Ronstadt, Stevie Nicks, Kim Carnes, Randy Newman, Keith Richards, The Rolling Stones (lead guitar on "Saint of Me"), Jon Bon Jovi, James Taylor, Iggy Pop, Warren Zevon, Bryan Ferry, Michael Sweet, Jackson Browne, and Andrew Gold, both in the studio and live.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Wachtel was born May 24, 1947, in Jackson Heights in the New York City borough of Queens. At about age 9–10, Wachtel began to learn to play the guitar, taking lessons with teacher Gene Dell (who insisted that he learn to play right-handed despite being naturally left-handed) until about age 14. At that age, he says, he began writing songs.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Wachtel also studied with Rudolph Schramm, who was the head of the NBC staff orchestra and went on to teach music at Carnegie Hall. Schramm tried to get Wachtel to take piano lessons, but Wachtel was intent on playing guitar so Schramm agreed to give him guitar lessons three times a week on rhythm, melody and harmony.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: After performing with local bands in the New York area, Wachtel formed his own band, The Orphans, who played in Connecticut and New Hampshire. Eventually the band settled into a regular bar band routine, playing in Newport, Rhode Island, where Wachtel took lessons from Sal Salvador. When the Orphans disbanded, he formed another band, Twice Nicely. At the suggestion of Bud Cowsill (of The Cowsills), he brought Twice Nicely to Los Angeles in 1968 where they recorded a few demos, but after two years, Wachtel decided to work as a session player.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: In 1972, he made an appearance in the film "The Poseidon Adventure" as the bass player in a fictitious band on stage in the dining room when the ship capsizes.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Wachtel has composed and played instruments for film scores including "Joe Dirt", "Up in Smoke", "Nice Guys Sleep Alone", "The Longest Yard", "The Benchwarmers", "Grandma's Boy", "", "Strange Wilderness", "The House Bunny", and "". He has also composed, produced, or performed in songs with Warren Zevon, Joe Walsh, Jackson Browne, Linda Ronstadt and others.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: In 1972, he was hired by Warren Zevon to play guitar on The Everly Brothers' "Stories We Could Tell" album and join them in a subsequent tour.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: By 1973, he played with Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks on their first album "Buckingham Nicks" (credited as 'Waddy', no surname), and on tour. Later, when Nicks and Buckingham joined Fleetwood Mac, he played rhythm guitar on their 1975 album "Fleetwood Mac" on the track "Sugar Daddy".


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: In 1980, he wrote, recorded and sang lead vocals on an album for producer Peter Asher with members of Linda Ronstadt's band, including musicians Don Grolnick, Dan Dugmore, Stanley Sheldon and Rick Marotta. Both the group and the album were titled Ronin. Released on the Mercury label, the record never charted.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Production credits include albums by Stevie Nicks, Keith Richards, Jackson Browne, Bryan Ferry, The Church, Sand Rubies, George Thorogood and the Destroyers and Warren Zevon. Wachtel co-wrote several songs with Zevon including "Werewolves of London". He also co-wrote the Warren Zevon song "Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead" from the album "Mr. Bad Example". He performed on and co-produced the first two Zevon albums.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Wachtel also shares co-writing credits with Stevie Nicks on a few tracks such as "Annabel Lee", and "I Don't Care".


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Wachtel has been credited on some albums as Bob Wachtel, but some online sources have incorrectly credited him as Richard Wachtel on albums on which he was credited as having played guitar.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Wachtel was arrested in 1998 on suspicion of possession of child pornography after images were found on a computer he had at home. Wachtel pleaded no contest and was placed on probation for three years.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Musician Brett Tuggle defended Wachtel saying "there is no way that Stevie would have him in her band if she thought he was guilty of any wrongdoing."


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: A detective of the Los Angeles juvenile sex crimes division reported that Wachtel produced copies of the computer-stored images which he kept in his bedroom.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Wachtel plays a 1960 Gibson Les Paul and 1957 Fender Stratocaster. He said in a 1980 interview that the newest made guitar he owned was a 1964 Fender Stratocaster. Wachtel purchased the Les Paul guitar from Stephen Stills for $350. In September 2014 the Gibson Custom Shop chose the 1960 Les Paul Waddy Wachtel guitar for their new Collector's Choice series.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Wachtel performs regularly with the Waddy Wachtel Band in the Los Angeles area, notably at The Joint from 2000 through 2013. The band at that time included Phil Jones, Rick Rosas, Bernard Fowler and Blondie Chaplin, among others. He continues to gig with his band, with some personnel changes, while retaining Fowler and Chaplin. Many famous artists have performed with the band as special guests.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: Wachtel appeared on the 2010 Grammy Award television show backing Taylor Swift's live presentation. In Swift's duet with Nicks on the song "Rhiannon", Wachtel was featured on lead guitar.


title: Waddy Wachtel

text: As of 2020, Wachtel is performing with a group of other Southern California classic rock veterans in a group called "The Immediate Family" along with Danny Kortchmar, Leland Sklar, Russ Kunkel, and Steve Postell.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: WrestleMania VII was the seventh annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on March 24, 1991, at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles, California in the United States. Fourteen matches were shown during the live broadcast, with one dark match held before the event.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The main event saw Hulk Hogan defeat Sgt. Slaughter for the WWF Championship as part of a storyline in which Sgt. Slaughter portrayed an Iraqi sympathizer during the United States' involvement in the Gulf War. Significant events on the undercard included The Undertaker's WrestleMania debut and the beginning of his renowned winning streak, a retirement match between Randy Savage and The Ultimate Warrior leading to the former's reuniting with estranged love Miss Elizabeth, as well as the final televised match of the original Hart Foundation, after which Bret Hart became primarily a singles wrestler.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: WrestleMania is considered the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) flagship pay-per-view (PPV) event, having first been held in 1985. It is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. It was the first of the WWF's original four pay-per-views, which includes Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which were eventually dubbed the "Big Four". WrestleMania VII was originally scheduled to be held on March 24, 1991, in Los Angeles, California at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, but the WWF decided to move the event to the adjacent Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The WWF's stated reason for the venue change was that it had security concerns in the wake of Sgt. Slaughter's portrayal of an Iraqi sympathizer during the Gulf War. This was dismissed by outlets such as SLAM! Sports of Canada, who chalked up the venue change to poor advanced ticket sales, and the company having difficulty filling the estimated 100,000 seats available. According to former WWF executive Bruce Prichard, both were accurate statements. In his "Something to Wrestle With" podcast, Prichard said that even if the WWF had sold out the Coliseum, the scope of the event was too large for police to ensure its security. Prichard explained further in an interview with Kayfabe Commentaries that the WWF would have had to foot the entire bill for the amount of security necessary to keep the wrestlers and fans safe from all potential issues, citing both the possibility of an outside attack and the crime rate of the surrounding neighborhood. Dave Meltzer in the Wrestling Observer Newsletter wrote that between 11,900 and 15,000 tickets were sold before the move. He also reported that no tickets had to be refunded, indicating that sales were under 15,500. Comp tickets were believed to help fill the show's crowd.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The tagline for the event was ""Superstars and Stripes Forever"," and is remembered for its theme of American patriotism in the wake of the Gulf War. American flags were hung all over the arena and the ring apron and banners were colored red, white, and blue, which was the basis for the main event between Hulk Hogan and Sgt. Slaughter for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: This was the first WrestleMania not to feature Jesse "The Body" Ventura as a color commentator. Gorilla Monsoon hosted the event with Bobby Heenan. When Heenan had to manage at ringside in the opening match and again during Mr. Perfect's Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship defense, Monsoon was joined on the commentary by Jim Duggan and "Lord" Alfred Hayes respectively. In addition, Regis Philbin helped with commentary on the main event while Alex Trebek served as the ring announcer.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Willie Nelson sang a rendition of "America the Beautiful" before the show. Other celebrity guests in attendance for WrestleMania VII included Philbin, Trebek, and Marla Maples as backstage announcers. George Steinbrenner, Paul Maguire, Macaulay Culkin, Donald Trump, Lou Ferrigno, Chuck Norris, Beverly D'Angelo and Henry Winkler appeared as spectators. Bob Costas was scheduled to make an appearance, but he canceled weeks before the event due to his objection to the main event angle.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The artist for the promotional poster is renowned illustrative painter Joe Jusko known mainly for his work within the comic book industry.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Randy Savage required surgery on a broken thumb in late January before the event. The injury required him to miss several matches leading up to WrestleMania.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The two main feuds entering WrestleMania in 1991 were between Hulk Hogan and WWF Champion Sgt. Slaughter and The Ultimate Warrior and "Macho King" Randy Savage, and in a way, both were intertwined.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Warrior had defeated Hogan for the WWF Championship at WrestleMania a year earlier and entered 1991 as the champion. In the meantime, Sgt. Slaughter had returned to the WWF near the end of 1990 after spending five years wrestling in the American Wrestling Association. When he returned, Slaughter announced that he had turned his back on his country and had become an Iraqi sympathizer and follower of Saddam Hussein. He had also revealed an alliance with an Iraqi military leader, General Adnan, who became his advisor (Adnan having followed Slaughter from the AWA to participate in the angle). This coincided with the increasing tension in the Middle East that was going on at that time, which eventually would lead to Operation Desert Storm and American involvement in the conflict. Slaughter would eventually set his sights on the Warrior, and the two agreed to a match at the Royal Rumble in January 1991.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Savage, meanwhile, was trying to regain the WWF Championship that he had lost at WrestleMania V to Hogan and challenged Warrior repeatedly to give him a shot. Warrior continually refused to do so and Savage decided to seek another remedy. During the match between Warrior and Slaughter, Savage and his manager Queen Sherri came to ringside and got involved in the match. Warrior picked up an interfering Sherri and tossed her from the ring onto Savage. Slaughter capitalized by driving Warrior down, leaving him hanging over the second rope. Savage then struck Warrior with his royal scepter as Slaughter kept the referee's attention, knocking the champion unconscious. Slaughter then hit an elbow drop on the Warrior and pinned him to become the new champion. After he came to and realized what Savage had done, Warrior charged to the back looking for Savage. He then issued a challenge for a retirement match for the two at WrestleMania, which Savage accepted.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Hogan, having no connection with the ongoing story to this point, entered the Royal Rumble match as its defending champion. He won the match by eliminating his old rival Earthquake last, then went backstage to be interviewed by Gene Okerlund. During the course of the interview, the word was relayed to the two that Slaughter and Adnan were celebrating their triumph by defacing an American flag. Hogan then promised to stand up for his country and take the title from Slaughter as soon as possible, and was later named the #1 contender for the WWF Championship, which he had not contended for since losing the title to the Warrior at WrestleMania VI.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Leading up to the show, Hogan continued to cite the ongoing real-life war in their feud. On one episode of WWF Prime Time Wrestling, Hogan stated that Iraq would surrender in the war at the moment he defeated Slaughter.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The opening bout was a singles match pitting the Brooklyn Brawler against Koko B. Ware. Ware defeated the Brooklyn Brawler by pinfall. This was a dark match that did not air on the pay-per-view broadcast.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The second bout, and the first bout to air on the pay-per-view broadcast, was a tag team match pitting the Barbarian and Haku against the Rockers. The Rockers won the bout when Shawn Michaels pinned Haku with a flying bodypress.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The third bout was a singles match between Dino Bravo and the Texas Tornado. The Texas Tornado won the bout by pinfall following a discus punch.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The fourth bout was a singles match between the British Bulldog and the Warlord. The British Bulldog won the bout by pinfall following a running powerslam.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The fifth bout was a tag team match in which WWF Tag Team Champions the Hart Foundation defended their titles against the Nasty Boys. The Nasty Boys defeated the Hart Foundation to win their first WWF Tag Team Championship when Jerry Sags struck Jim Neidhart with a motorcycle helmet, enabling Brian Knobbs to pin him.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The sixth bout was a blindfold match between Jake Roberts and Rick Martel. Roberts won the bout by pinfall following a DDT.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The seventh bout was a singles match between Jimmy Snuka and The Undertaker. The Undertaker won the bout by pinfall following a "Tombstone Piledriver".


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The eighth bout was a retirement match between Randy Savage and the Ultimate Warrior. During the match between Savage and the Warrior, Savage's estranged valet Miss Elizabeth was spotted in the crowd. During the course of the match, cameras kept cutting to her as she grew concerned for Savage's wellbeing. Despite taking five of Savage's diving elbow drops, Warrior won the match after hitting the Macho King with three jumping shoulder blocks and forced Savage to retire. After the match, Sherri came into the ring and attacked Savage, which prompted Elizabeth to charge into the ring and fight off the former Queen and save Savage. Shocked to see what Elizabeth had done for him, Savage had an emotional reunion with his former manager and held the ring ropes open for her so she could exit, turning Savage into a face for the first time in over two years.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The ninth bout was a tag team match pitting Demolition against Genichiro Tenryu and Kōji Kitao. Tenryu and Kitao won the bout when Tenryu pinned Smash following a powerbomb.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The tenth bout was a singles match between in which WWF Intercontinental Champion Mr. Perfect defended his title against Big Boss Man. Big Boss Man won the bout by disqualification after the Barbarian and Haku attacked him, meaning Hennig retained his title.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The eleventh bout was a singles match between Earthquake and Greg Valentine. Earthquake won a short squash match by pinfall following an "Earthquake Splash".


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The twelfth bout was a tag team match pitting the Legion of Doom against Power and Glory. The Legion of Doom won a short squash match when Animal pinned Paul Roma following a "doomsday device".


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The thirteenth bout was a singles match between Ted DiBiase and Virgil. Virgil won the bout by countout after Roddy Piper caused DiBiase to fall out of the ring and he was unable to re-enter in time.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The fourteenth bout was a singles match between The Mountie and Tito Santana. The Mountie won the bout by pinfall after electrocuting Santana with his cattle prod.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The main event saw WWF Champion Sgt. Slaughter defend his title against Hulk Hogan. Hogan defeated Slaughter by pinfall following a leg drop to win his third WWF Championship.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The official attendance of WrestleMania VII held at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena was 16,158. Journalist Dave Meltzer reported that the paid attendance was approximately 10,500.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: The Undertaker's victory debut at the event marked the beginning of his undefeated WrestleMania streak.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Backstage as Hogan was being interviewed on his victory over Sgt. Slaughter, Slaughter attacked Hogan by throwing a fireball in his face. Hogan quickly recovered from the attack and defended the belt primarily against Slaughter, largely in "Desert Storm" (i.e., no-disqualification) matches. He also had to deal with the returning Iron Sheik, who was now competing as Colonel Mustafa. Hogan and the Ultimate Warrior eventually teamed up at SummerSlam 1991, defeating Slaughter, Mustafa, and their manager, General Adnan, in a two-vs.-three handicap match.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Savage returned to television in a non-wrestling role as a color commentator for the WWF's flagship syndicated program, "Superstars"; although a fan favorite to the crowd, much of his commentary was heel-leaning. Meanwhile, the storyline with Miss Elizabeth continued, culminating with Savage proposing to her in the ring leading to an on-air wedding at SummerSlam 1991 dubbed "The Match Made in Heaven". (The wedding was kayfabe, as Savage and Elizabeth were already legally married.)


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Virgil and Ted DiBiase feuded with each other until November 1991, including facing off at SummerSlam 1991 when DiBiase lost his Million Dollar Belt to Virgil. After DiBiase won his belt back in November with the help of The Repo Man (formerly Smash of Demolition), their feud ended at the This Tuesday in Texas PPV when DiBiase and Repo Man defeated Virgil and Tito Santana in a tag team match.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: Genichiro Tenryu and Kōji Kitao were on loan from the Japanese promotion Super World of Sports. The WWF co-promoted several cards in Japan with the group, including two Tokyo Dome shows on March 30 and December 12, 1991. Although SWS folded in June 1992, Tenryu's follow-up promotion, WAR, co-promoted the WWF's first Japanese tour in 1994.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: After WrestleMania VII, The Hart Foundation disbanded. Bret Hart and Jim Neidhart went into singles competition. Bret Hart went on to singles success, defeating Mr. Perfect for the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship at SummerSlam 1991, and later in 1992 would win the WWF Championship when he defeated Ric Flair in his father's home town of Saskatoon in Saskatchewan, Canada. Neidhart would later in 1991 form a tag team called "The New Foundation" with Hart's younger brother Owen.


title: WrestleMania VII

text: This would be the final Wrestlemania appearance for André the Giant. André would appear at ringside during the Intercontinental Championship match and assist the Big Boss Man in fending off the Heenan Family. He would make sporadic appearances for the rest of the year before his passing in 1993.


title: Precession

text: Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In an appropriate reference frame it can be defined as a change in the first Euler angle, whereas the third Euler angle defines the rotation itself. In other words, if the axis of rotation of a body is itself rotating about a second axis, that body is said to be precessing about the second axis. A motion in which the second Euler angle changes is called "nutation". In physics, there are two types of precession: torque-free and torque-induced.


title: Precession

text: In astronomy, "precession" refers to any of several slow changes in an astronomical body's rotational or orbital parameters. An important example is the steady change in the orientation of the axis of rotation of the Earth, known as the precession of the equinoxes.


title: Precession

text: Torque-free precession implies that no external moment (torque) is applied to the body. In torque-free precession, the angular momentum is a constant, but the angular velocity vector changes orientation with time. What makes this possible is a time-varying moment of inertia, or more precisely, a time-varying inertia matrix. The inertia matrix is composed of the moments of inertia of a body calculated with respect to separate coordinate axes (e.g. , , ). If an object is asymmetric about its principal axis of rotation, the moment of inertia with respect to each coordinate direction will change with time, while preserving angular momentum. The result is that the component of the angular velocities of the body about each axis will vary inversely with each axis' moment of inertia.


title: Precession

text: The torque-free precession rate of an object with an axis of symmetry, such as a disk, spinning about an axis not aligned with that axis of symmetry can be calculated as follows:


title: Precession

text: where is the precession rate, is the spin rate about the axis of symmetry, is the moment of inertia about the axis of symmetry, is moment of inertia about either of the other two equal perpendicular principal axes, and is the angle between the moment of inertia direction and the symmetry axis.


title: Precession

text: When an object is not perfectly solid, internal vortices will tend to damp torque-free precession, and the rotation axis will align itself with one of the inertia axes of the body.


title: Precession

text: For a generic solid object without any axis of symmetry, the evolution of the object's orientation, represented (for example) by a rotation matrix that transforms internal to external coordinates, may be numerically simulated. Given the object's fixed internal moment of inertia tensor and fixed external angular momentum , the instantaneous angular velocity is


title: Precession

text: Precession occurs by repeatedly recalculating and applying a small rotation vector for the short time ; e.g.:


title: Precession

text: for the skew-symmetric matrix . The errors induced by finite time steps tend to increase the rotational kinetic energy:


title: Precession

text: this unphysical tendency can be counteracted by repeatedly applying a small rotation vector perpendicular to both and , noting that


title: Precession

text: Torque-induced precession (gyroscopic precession) is the phenomenon in which the axis of a spinning object (e.g., a gyroscope) describes a cone in space when an external torque is applied to it. The phenomenon is commonly seen in a spinning toy top, but all rotating objects can undergo precession. If the speed of the rotation and the magnitude of the external torque are constant, the spin axis will move at right angles to the direction that would intuitively result from the external torque. In the case of a toy top, its weight is acting downwards from its center of mass and the normal force (reaction) of the ground is pushing up on it at the point of contact with the support. These two opposite forces produce a torque which causes the top to precess.


title: Precession

text: The device depicted on the right (or above on mobile devices) is gimbal mounted. From inside to outside there are three axes of rotation: the hub of the wheel, the gimbal axis, and the vertical pivot.


title: Precession

text: To distinguish between the two horizontal axes, rotation around the wheel hub will be called "spinning", and rotation around the gimbal axis will be called "pitching". Rotation around the vertical pivot axis is called "rotation".


title: Precession

text: First, imagine that the entire device is rotating around the (vertical) pivot axis. Then, spinning of the wheel (around the wheelhub) is added. Imagine the gimbal axis to be locked, so that the wheel cannot pitch. The gimbal axis has sensors, that measure whether there is a torque around the gimbal axis.


title: Precession

text: In the picture, a section of the wheel has been named . At the depicted moment in time, section is at the perimeter of the rotating motion around the (vertical) pivot axis. Section , therefore, has a lot of angular rotating velocity with respect to the rotation around the pivot axis, and as is forced closer to the pivot axis of the rotation (by the wheel spinning further), because of the Coriolis effect, with respect to the vertical pivot axis, tends to move in the direction of the top-left arrow in the diagram (shown at 45°) in the direction of rotation around the pivot axis. Section of the wheel is moving away from the pivot axis, and so a force (again, a Coriolis force) acts in the same direction as in the case of . Note that both arrows point in the same direction.


title: Precession

text: The same reasoning applies for the bottom half of the wheel, but there the arrows point in the opposite direction to that of the top arrows. Combined over the entire wheel, there is a torque around the gimbal axis when some spinning is added to rotation around a vertical axis.


title: Precession

text: It is important to note that the torque around the gimbal axis arises without any delay; the response is instantaneous.


title: Precession

text: In the discussion above, the setup was kept unchanging by preventing pitching around the gimbal axis. In the case of a spinning toy top, when the spinning top starts tilting, gravity exerts a torque. However, instead of rolling over, the spinning top just pitches a little. This pitching motion reorients the spinning top with respect to the torque that is being exerted. The result is that the torque exerted by gravity – via the pitching motion – elicits gyroscopic precession (which in turn yields a counter torque against the gravity torque) rather than causing the spinning top to fall to its side.


title: Precession

text: Precession or gyroscopic considerations have an effect on bicycle performance at high speed. Precession is also the mechanism behind gyrocompasses.


title: Precession

text: Precession is the change of angular velocity and angular momentum produced by a torque. The general equation that relates the torque to the rate of change of angular momentum is:


title: Precession

text: Due to the way the torque vectors are defined, it is a vector that is perpendicular to the plane of the forces that create it. Thus it may be seen that the angular momentum vector will change perpendicular to those forces. Depending on how the forces are created, they will often rotate with the angular momentum vector, and then circular precession is created.


title: Precession

text: where is the moment of inertia, is the angular velocity of spin about the spin axis, is the mass, is the acceleration due to gravity, is the angle between the spin axis and the axis of precession and is the distance between the center of mass and the pivot. The torque vector originates at the center of mass. Using , we find that the period of precession is given by:


title: Precession

text: Where is the moment of inertia, is the period of spin about the spin axis, and is the torque. In general, the problem is more complicated than this, however.


title: Precession

text: The special and general theories of relativity give three types of corrections to the Newtonian precession, of a gyroscope near a large mass such as Earth, described above. They are:


title: Precession

text: In astronomy, precession refers to any of several gravity-induced, slow and continuous changes in an astronomical body's rotational axis or orbital path. Precession of the equinoxes, perihelion precession, changes in the tilt of Earth's axis to its orbit, and the eccentricity of its orbit over tens of thousands of years are all important parts of the astronomical theory of ice ages. "(See Milankovitch cycles.)"


title: Precession

text: Axial precession is the movement of the rotational axis of an astronomical body, whereby the axis slowly traces out a cone. In the case of Earth, this type of precession is also known as the "precession of the equinoxes", "lunisolar precession", or "precession of the equator". Earth goes through one such complete precessional cycle in a period of approximately 26,000 years or 1° every 72 years, during which the positions of stars will slowly change in both equatorial coordinates and ecliptic longitude. Over this cycle, Earth's north axial pole moves from where it is now, within 1° of Polaris, in a circle around the ecliptic pole, with an angular radius of about 23.5°.


title: Precession

text: The ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus (c. 190–120 BC) is generally accepted to be the earliest known astronomer to recognize and assess the precession of the equinoxes at about 1° per century (which is not far from the actual value for antiquity, 1.38°), although there is some minor dispute about whether he was. In ancient China, the Jin-dynasty scholar-official Yu Xi (fl. 307–345 AD) made a similar discovery centuries later, noting that the position of the Sun during the winter solstice had drifted roughly one degree over the course of fifty years relative to the position of the stars. The precession of Earth's axis was later explained by Newtonian physics. Being an oblate spheroid, Earth has a non-spherical shape, bulging outward at the equator. The gravitational tidal forces of the Moon and Sun apply torque to the equator, attempting to pull the equatorial bulge into the plane of the ecliptic, but instead causing it to precess. The torque exerted by the planets, particularly Jupiter, also plays a role.


title: Precession

text: The orbits of planets around the Sun do not really follow an identical ellipse each time, but actually trace out a flower-petal shape because the major axis of each planet's elliptical orbit also precesses within its orbital plane, partly in response to perturbations in the form of the changing gravitational forces exerted by other planets. This is called perihelion precession or apsidal precession.


title: Precession

text: In the adjunct image, Earth's apsidal precession is illustrated. As the Earth travels around the Sun, its elliptical orbit rotates gradually over time. The eccentricity of its ellipse and the precession rate of its orbit are exaggerated for visualization. Most orbits in the Solar System have a much smaller eccentricity and precess at a much slower rate, making them nearly circular and nearly stationary.


title: Precession

text: Discrepancies between the observed perihelion precession rate of the planet Mercury and that predicted by classical mechanics were prominent among the forms of experimental evidence leading to the acceptance of Einstein's Theory of Relativity (in particular, his General Theory of Relativity), which accurately predicted the anomalies. Deviating from Newton's law, Einstein's theory of gravitation predicts an extra term of , which accurately gives the observed excess turning rate of 43″ every 100 years.


Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) is a civil service training institute on public policy and public administration in India. The academy's main purpose is to train civil servants of the IAS cadre and also conduct the Foundation Course of Group-A Central Civil Services. After completion of training, the trainee officers of IAS cadre are awarded an MA (Public administration) from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. It has been functioning under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions since 1985.


title: Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration

text: On April 15, 1958, the then Union Home Minister Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant announced in the Lok Sabha, that the Government would set up a National Academy of Administration, where training would be given to all the recruits of the Civil Services. The Ministry of Home Affairs also decided to amalgamate the IAS Training School, Delhi and the IAS Staff College, Shimla to form a National Academy of Administration to be set up in Mussoorie in 1959. The Academy underwent two names changes. In October 1972, it was renamed as Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy of Administration and the institution got its present name of Lal Badhur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) in July 1973. The training of first batch of officers started at Metcalf House in Delhi on April 13, 1959 with 115 officers. In September 1959, the academy shifted to Charleville Hotel in Mussoorie which had been the first hotel to be built in this hill station. The hotel was purchased by the government from private hands.


text: Originally, the main building of the hotel was built in 1854 by General Wilkinson and was purchased by Mr. Hobson, a retired manager of Mussorrie Bank, in 1861. In 1905, Queen Mary of the UK, then titled the Princess of Wales, had stayed in the hotel. The writer Rudyard Kipling stayed at the hotel in 1888. In 1984, a fire destroyed the main hotel building.


text: The academy functioned from its inception through October 31, 1970 under Home Ministry, moving to another ministry until April 1977, and then again under the Home Ministry until March 1985. From April 1985 on, the academy has functioned under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. In 1988, the academy established the National Informatics Centre Training Unit (NICTU). In 1989, the academy established the National Society for Promotion of Development Administration Research and Training (NSDART), now known as the National Institute of Administration Research (NIAR).


text: In India, most officers of the premier civil services of the country are selected through competitive Civil Services Examinations administered by the Union Public Service Commission. Applicants who are accepted attend LBSNAA for a four-month Foundation Course. In this course, the feeling of "equality" among all the trainees is introduced.


text: After this, officers of the Indian Administrative Service continue their professional training at the academy, while officers of other services proceed to respective staff colleges, such as the Sushma Swaraj Institute of Foreign Service in New Delhi for Indian Foreign Service officers. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in Hyderabad for Indian Police Service officers and the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy in Dehradun for Indian Forest Service officers, National Academy of Customs Indirect Taxes and Narcotics for Indian Revenue Service officers, etc.


text: The academy also began conducting Mid-Career Training Programs for officers of the Indian Administrative Service in 2007. Officers with about 15 years of service who are due to become Joint Secretaries undergo the Phase IV Mid-Career Training Program, while officers with about eight years of service undergo the Phase III Mid-Career Training Program. To provide the most comprehensive knowledge base for training, the academy is working with world-renowned think tanks and Ivy League research institutions. In conjunction with the partnerships with Google and Siddhartha Paul Tiwari, the academy introduced training in the latest technologies. This helped trainees gain insight into the most recent innovations in the field. The academy also conducts a number of short-duration training programs in various aspects of governance and public administration.


text: The academy is assisted in research in areas of governance and public administration by a number of research centers, some of them having an autonomous status. The most important research center of the academy is the National Institute of Administrative Research headed by an executive director. The academy also has the Center for Disaster Management, the Centre for Rural Studies, the Gender Centre, and the Centre for Rural Credit.


text: The newly constructed Aadharshila and Gyanshila buildings have faculty and staff offices, and computer and lecture halls. Sampoornanand Auditorium is the largest central hall used for cultural programs and functions. Indira Bhavan campus about 1 km from the main campus hosts the short-term programs.


text: The academy has a large sports complex, a library, computer facilities and Wi-Fi, and several hostels for resident students.


title: Goose barnacle

text: Goose barnacles, also called stalked barnacles or gooseneck barnacles, are filter-feeding crustaceans that live attached to hard surfaces of rocks and flotsam in the ocean intertidal zone. Goose barnacles formerly made up the taxonomic order Pedunculata, but research has resulted in the classification of stalked barnacles within multiple orders of the infraclass Thoracica.


title: Goose barnacle

text: Some species of goose barnacles such as "Lepas anatifera" are pelagic and are most frequently found on tidewrack on oceanic coasts. Unlike most other types of barnacles, intertidal goose barnacles (e.g. "Pollicipes pollicipes" and "Pollicipes polymerus") depend on water motion rather than the movement of their cirri for feeding, and are therefore found only on exposed or moderately exposed coasts.


title: Goose barnacle

text: In the days before it was realised that birds migrate, it was thought that barnacle geese, "Branta leucopsis", developed from this crustacean through spontaneous generation, since they were never seen to nest in temperate Europe, hence the English names "goose barnacle", "barnacle goose" and the scientific name "Lepas anserifera" (, "goose"). The confusion was prompted by the similarities in colour and shape. Because they were often found on driftwood, it was assumed that the barnacles were attached to branches before they fell in the water. The archdeacon of Brecon, Gerald of Wales, made this claim in his "Topographia Hiberniae".


title: Goose barnacle

text: Since barnacle geese were thought to be "neither flesh, nor born of flesh", they were allowed to be eaten on days when eating meat was forbidden by Christianity, though it was not universally accepted. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II examined barnacles and noted no evidence of any bird-like embryo in them, and the secretary of Leo of Rozmital wrote a very skeptical account of his reaction to being served the goose at a fast-day dinner in 1456.


title: Goose barnacle

text: In Portugal and Spain, the species "Pollicipes pollicipes" is a widely consumed and expensive delicacy known as "percebes". "Percebes" are harvested commercially in the Iberian northern coast, mainly in Galicia and Asturias, but also in the Southwestern Portuguese coast (Alentejo) and are also imported from other countries within its range of distribution, particularly from Morocco. A larger but less palatable species ("Pollicipes polymerus") was also imported to Spain from Canada until 1999, when the Canadian government ceased exports due to depletion of stocks.


title: Goose barnacle

text: In Spain, percebes are lightly boiled in brine and served whole and hot under a napkin. To eat percebes, the diamond shaped foot is pinched between thumb and finger and the inner tube pulled out of the scaly case. The claw is removed and the remaining flesh is swallowed.


title: Goose barnacle

text: Historically, the indigenous peoples of California used to eat the stem after cooking it in hot ashes.


title: Yeshiva

text: A yeshiva (; ; pl. , or ) is a traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of Rabbinic literature, primarily the Talmud and halacha (Jewish law), while Torah and Jewish philosophy are studied in parallel. The studying is usually done through daily "shiurim" (lectures or classes) as well as in study pairs called "chavrusas" (Aramaic for 'friendship' or 'companionship'). "Chavrusa"-style learning is one of the unique features of the yeshiva.


title: Yeshiva

text: In the United States and Israel, different levels of yeshiva education have different names. In the United States, elementary-school students enroll in a "cheder", post-bar mitzvah-age students learn in a "metivta", and undergraduate-level students learn in a "beit midrash" or "yeshiva gedola" (). In Israel, elementary-school students enroll in a "Talmud Torah" or "cheder", post-bar mitzvah-age students learn in a "yeshiva ketana" (), and high-school-age students learn in a "yeshiva gedola". A kollel is a yeshiva for married men, in which it is common to pay a token stipend to its students. Students of Lithuanian and Hasidic yeshivot gedolot (plural of yeshiva gedola) usually learn in yeshiva until they get married.


title: Yeshiva

text: Historically, yeshivas were for men only. Today, all non-Orthodox yeshivas are open to females. Although there are separate schools for Orthodox women and girls, ("midrasha" or "seminary") these do not follow the same structure or curriculum as the traditional yeshiva for boys and men.


title: Yeshiva

text: Alternate spellings and names include "yeshivah" (; , sitting (n.); "metivta" and "mesivta" ( "methivta"); "beth midrash"; Talmudical academy, rabbinical academy and rabbinical school. The word "yeshiva" is applied to the activity of learning in class, and hence to a learning "session."


title: Yeshiva

text: The transference in meaning of the term from the learning session to the institution itself appears to have occurred by the time of the Talmudic Academies in Babylonia, Sura and Pumbedita, which were known as "shte ha-yeshivot" (the two colleges).


title: Yeshiva

text: The Mishnah tractate Megillah contains the law that a town can only be called a "city" if it supports ten men ("batlanim") to make up the required quorum for communal prayers. Similarly, every beth din ("house of judgement") was attended by a number of pupils up to three times the size of the court (Mishnah, tractate Sanhedrin). According to the Talmud, adults generally took two months off every year to study. These being Elul and Adar the months preceding the pilgrimage festivals of Sukkot and Pesach, called "Yarḥei Kalla" (Aramaic for "Months of Kallah"). The rest of the year, they worked.


title: Yeshiva

text: The Geonic period takes its name from "Gaon", the title given to the heads of the three yeshivas which existed from the third to the thirteenth century. The Geonim acted as the principals of their individual yeshivot, and as spiritual leaders and high judges for the wider communities tied to them. The yeshiva conducted all official business in the name of its Gaon, and all correspondence to or from the yeshiva was addressed directly to the Gaon.


title: Yeshiva

text: Throughout the Geonic Period there were three yeshivot, each named for the cities in which they were located: Jerusalem, Sura, and Pumbedita; the yeshiva of Jerusalem would later relocate to Cairo, and the yeshivot of Sura and Pumbedita to Baghdad, but retain their original names. Each Jewish community would associate itself with one of the three yeshivot; Jews living around the Mediterranean typically followed the yeshiva in Jerusalem, while those living in the Arabian Peninsula and modern-day Iraq and Iran typically followed one of the two yeshivot in Baghdad. There was however, no requirement for this, and each community could choose to associate with any of the yeshivot.


title: Yeshiva

text: The yeshiva served as the highest educational institution for the Rabbis of this period. In addition to this, the yeshiva wielded great power as the principal body for interpreting Jewish law. The community regarded the Gaon of a yeshiva as the highest judge on all matters of Jewish law. Each yeshiva ruled differently on matters of ritual and law; the other yeshivot accepted these divisions, and all three ranked as equally orthodox. The yeshiva also served as an administrative authority, in conjunction with local communities, by appointing members to serve as the head of local congregations. These heads of a congregation served as a link between the congregation and the larger yeshiva it was attached to. These leaders would also submit questions to the yeshiva to obtain final rulings on issues of dogma, ritual, or law. Each congregation was expected to follow only one yeshiva to prevent conflict with different rulings issued by different yeshivot.


title: Yeshiva

text: The yeshivot were financially supported by a number of means, including fixed voluntary, annual contributions; these contributions being collected and handled by local leaders appointed by the yeshiva. Private gifts and donations from individuals were also common, especially during holidays, consisting of money or goods.