title: Breakthrough Starshot

text: The German physicist Claudius Gros has proposed that the technology of the Breakthrough Starshot initiative may be used in a second step to establish a biosphere of unicellular microbes on otherwise only transiently habitable exoplanets. A Genesis probe would travel at lower speeds, at a speed 4.6% of the speed of light, which would take at least 90 years to get to Alpha Centauri A. The sail could be configured so that the stellar pressure from Alpha Centauri A brakes and deflects the probe toward Alpha Centauri B, where it would arrive after a few days. The sail would then be slowed again to 0.4% of the speed of light and catapulted towards Proxima Centauri. At that speed it will arrive there after another 46 years — about 140 years after its launch. It could hence be decelerated using a magnetic sail.


title: Steatorrhea

text: Steatorrhea (or steatorrhoea) is the presence of excess fat in feces. Stools may be bulky and difficult to flush, have a pale and oily appearance, and can be especially foul-smelling. An oily anal leakage or some level of fecal incontinence may occur. There is increased fat excretion, which can be measured by determining the fecal fat level. The definition of how much fecal fat constitutes steatorrhea has not been standardized.


title: Steatorrhea

text: Possible causes include exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, with poor digestion from lack of lipases, loss of bile salts, which reduces micelle formation, and small intestinal disease-producing malabsorption. Various other causes include certain medicines that block fat absorption or indigestible or excess oil/fat in diet.


title: Steatorrhea

text: The absence of bile secretion can cause the feces to turn gray or pale. Bile is responsible for the brownish color of feces. Other features of fat malabsorption may also occur such as reduced bone density, difficulty with vision under low light levels, bleeding, bruising, and slow blood clotting times.


title: Steatorrhea

text: Orlistat (also known by trade names Xenical and Alli) is a diet pill that works by blocking the enzymes that digest fat. As a result, some fat cannot be absorbed from the gut and is excreted in the feces instead of being metabolically digested and absorbed, sometimes causing oily anal leakage. Vytorin (ezetimibe/simvastatin) tablets can cause steatorrhea in some people.


title: Steatorrhea

text: Some studies have shown that stool lipids are increased when whole nuts are eaten, compared to nut butters, oils or flour and that lipids from whole nuts are significantly less well absorbed.


title: Steatorrhea

text: Consuming jojoba oil has been documented to cause steatorrhea and anal leakage because it is indigestible.


title: Steatorrhea

text: Consuming escolar and oilfish (sometimes mislabelled as butterfish) will often cause steatorrhea, also referred to as Gempylotoxism or Gempylid Fish Poisoning or keriorrhea.


title: Steatorrhea

text: The fat substitute Olestra, used to reduce digestible fat in some foods, was reported to cause leakage in some consumers during the test-marketing phase. As a result, the product was reformulated before general release to a hydrogenated form that is not liquid at physiologic temperature. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration warning indicated excessive consumption of Olestra could result in "loose stools"; however, this warning has not been required since 2003.


title: Steatorrhea

text: Steatorrhea should be suspected when the stools are bulky, floating and foul-smelling. Specific tests are needed to confirm that these properties are in fact due to excessive levels of fat. Fats in feces can be measured over a defined time (often five days). Other tests include the (13)C-mixed triglycerides test and fecal elastase, to detect possible fat maldigestion due to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, or various specific tests to detect other causes of malabsorption such as celiac disease.


title: Angela Yee

text: Angela Yee (born January 3, 1976) is an American radio personality. She hosted the nationally syndicated morning show "The Breakfast Club" along with DJ Envy and Charlamagne tha God. She is on the Board of Governors of the We Are Family Foundation and a board member of the American Foundation for the University of the West Indies. She is also the first-ever ambassador for the New York Public Library system. Since 2019, she has served as the BSE Global Diversity, Inclusion, and Community Engagement Ambassador.


title: Angela Yee

text: Angela Yee was born to a Chinese father and an Afro-Montserratian mother and raised in Flatbush, Brooklyn, in New York City. She attended Poly Prep in New York, entering through Prep for Prep. For her collegiate career, she attended Wesleyan University, majoring in English and graduating in 1997. She pursued employment in marketing and music after completing her studies.


title: Angela Yee

text: Yee garnered an internship with Wu-Tang Management to assist the CEO, Divine. Yee was lip-syncing the intro on the Wu-Tang Clan's “Reunited” music video. She also wrote all the skits on GZA's third studio album "Beneath the Surface".


title: Angela Yee

text: She then worked for Paul Rosenberg and Eminem's clothing company Shady Limited and saw an opportunity at Sirius Satellite Radio's marketing department. She asked Rosenberg if he could get her an interview because he had the connections through Shade 45. Rosenberg then said to her, "Well, you know what, they're looking for a female on the morning show, why don't you try it out and see if it works for you?"


title: Angela Yee

text: She hosted "Lip Service" and "The Morning After with Angela Yee" on Eminem's radio station, Shade 45, at Sirius Satellite Radio. She started her radio career at Sirius in 2005 as the co-host for "The Cipha Sounds Effect". When Cipha Sounds left Sirius in July 2008, Yee took over the hosting duties full-time and the show was renamed the "Shade 45 Morning Show Starring Angela Yee", and finally the name changed to "The Morning After with Angela Yee".


title: Angela Yee

text: In December 2010, Yee left Shade 45 and began hosting "The Breakfast Club" on Power 105.1, alongside DJ Envy and Charlamagne tha God. The show is known for being candid and asking tough questions to artists.


title: Angela Yee

text: "Weekends with the Breakfast Club" launched in March 2013 and was nationally syndicated in over 50 markets.


title: Angela Yee

text: "The Breakfast Club's" weekday show began national syndication in August 2013 and was featured in major American cities including New York City, Miami, Seattle, New Orleans, Houston, Detroit until the show's end in August 2022


title: Angela Yee

text: In 2019, Yee was bestowed with the Gracie Award, a national radio honor from the Alliance for Women in Media, for her work on "The Breakfast Club".


title: Angela Yee

text: In August 2020, Yee and her "Breakfast Club" co-hosts, DJ Envy and Charlamagne Tha God, were inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame.


title: Angela Yee

text: Yee worked as a correspondent for MTV2's "Sucker Free". She was a featured cast member on the 2013 VH1 reality show "The Gossip Game". The show spotlighted seven New York women in the radio and blogging industry. "The Breakfast Club" show debuted on Revolt on March 31, 2014. On March 21, 2020, Yee was featured on BET's "Being" series in the episode titled "Being: Angela Yee", a look into her daily life.


title: Angela Yee

text: Yee managed recording artists GZA, Jay Electronica, and most notably, 360, who propelled her management skills to the spotlight. She helped facilitate Jay Electronica's deal with Jay Z's Roc Nation. In 2016, Yee opened the fourth branch of her juice bar chain, Juices for Life, in Bedford-Stuyvesant, around the corner from her home. Her business partners are DJ Envy, one of her two co-hosts on "The Breakfast Club", and Styles P. In 2017, Yee partnered with Simon and Schuster/Atria Books to start a book club, called Kickin' It From the Stoop, to promote reading and literature. In 2018, Yee became the first-ever ambassador for the New York Public Library system. In January 2020, Yee hosted the Giving Gracefully Awards, an awards night that honors philanthropy among Olympic athletes and public figures.


title: Angela Yee

text: Yee is involved with a variety of philanthropic efforts. Beginning in 2013, Yee became involved with Dress for Success, an organization that provides disadvantaged women with professional attire as well as career development skills and support. Also in 2013, Yee posed for a breast cancer awareness campaign created by the organization Hairless 4 Her Awareness. In 2013, Yee became involved with Coats for Kids, an organization dedicated to bringing winter coats to children in need. In 2015, Yee hosted the 33rd Annual Coat for Kids Fundraiser and in subsequent years was present to hand-deliver coats and take photos with children and their families. Additionally in 2015, Yee served as host of the second annual Children Making Strides Against Childhood Cancer event. In December 2018, she teamed up with the National Black Justice Coalition to bring awareness to World AIDS Day. Also in 2018, Yee began hosting Run With Yee, a monthly 5K run in New York's Prospect Park, with the goal of promoting healthy lifestyles.


title: Angela Yee

text: In June 2022, Yee founded her own non-profit organisation ‘Well Road’ which is primarily focused on wellness and literacy.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The Venice Biennale (; ) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice, Italy by the Biennale Foundation. The biennale has been organised every year since 1895, which makes it the oldest of its kind. The main exhibition held in Castello, in the halls of the Arsenale and Biennale Gardens, alternates between art and architecture (hence the name "biennale"; "biennial"). The other events hosted by the Foundationspanning theatre, music, and danceare held annually in various parts of Venice, whereas the Venice Film Festival takes place at the Lido.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The Art Biennale (La Biennale d'Arte di Venezia), is one of the largest and most important contemporary visual art exhibitions in the world. So-called because it is held biannually (in odd-numbered years), it is the original biennale on which others in the world have been modeled. The exhibition space spans over 7,000 square meters, and artists from over 75 countries are represented in the collective exhibition spaces as well as in the national pavilions.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The Architecture Biennale (La Biennale d'Architettura di Venezia) is held in even-numbered years. Similarly to the Art Biennale, the exhibition is based one main exhibition in the arsenale halls, as well as national exhibitions hosted in the pavilions of the arsenale and Biennale gardens.


title: Venice Biennale

text: On April 19, 1893, the Venetian City Council passed a resolution to set up an biennial exhibition of Italian Art ("Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale") to celebrate the silver anniversary of King Umberto I and Margherita of Savoy.


title: Venice Biennale

text: A year later, the council decreed "to adopt a 'by invitation' system; to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too; to admit works by uninvited Italian artists, as selected by a jury."


title: Venice Biennale

text: The first Biennale, "I Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte della Città di Venezia (1st International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice)" (although originally scheduled for April 22, 1894) was opened on April 30, 1895, by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I and Margherita di Savoia. The first exhibition was seen by 224,000 visitors.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The event became increasingly international in the first decades of the 20th century: from 1907 on, several countries installed national pavilions at the exhibition, with the first being from Belgium. In 1910 the first internationally well-known artists were displayed: a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt, a one-man show for Renoir, a retrospective of Courbet. A work by Picasso "Family of Saltimbanques" was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public. By 1914 seven pavilions had been established: Belgium (1907), Hungary (1909), Germany (1909), Great Britain (1909), France (1912), and Russia (1914).


title: Venice Biennale

text: During World War I, the 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled. In 1920 the post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art, notably Impressionists and Post-Impressionists.


title: Venice Biennale

text: 1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists. Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there. In 1928 the Istituto Storico d'Arte Contemporanea (Historical Institute of Contemporary Art) opened, which was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 1930, the Biennale was transformed into an Ente Autonomo (Autonomous Board) by Royal Decree with law no. 33 of 13-1-1930. Subsequently, the control of the Biennale passed from the Venice city council to the national Fascist government under Benito Mussolini.


title: Venice Biennale

text: This brought on a restructuring, an associated financial boost, as well as a new president, Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata. Three entirely new events were established, including the Biennale Musica in 1930, also referred to as International Festival of Contemporary Music; the Venice Film Festival in 1932, which they claim as the first film festival in history, also referred to as Venice International Film Festival; and the Biennale Theatro in 1934, also referred to as International Theatre Festival.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 1933 the Biennale organized an exhibition of Italian art abroad. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section.


title: Venice Biennale

text: During World War II, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted: 1942 saw the last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, and the Art Exhibition in 1948.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. The Secretary General, art historian Rodolfo Pallucchini, started with the Impressionists and many protagonists of contemporary art including Chagall, Klee, Braque, Delvaux, Ensor, and Magritte, as well as a retrospective of Picasso's work. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her collection, later to be permanently housed at Ca' Venier dei Leoni.


title: Venice Biennale

text: 1949 saw the beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European—and later worldwide—movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into the canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964. From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of remarkable interventions in the Biennale's exhibition spaces.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe. 1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon the designation of the participating country. The 1957 Golden Lion went to Satyajit Ray's Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West.


title: Venice Biennale

text: 1962 included Arte Informale at the Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier, Hans Hartung, Emilio Vedova, and Pietro Consagra. The 1964 Art Exhibition introduced continental Europe to Pop Art (The Independent Group had been founded in Britain in 1952). The American Robert Rauschenberg was the first American artist to win the Gran Premio, and the youngest to date.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The student protests of 1968 also marked a crisis for the Biennale. Student protests hindered the opening of the Biennale. A resulting period of institutional changes opened and ending with a new Statute in 1973. In 1969, following the protests, the Grand Prizes were abandoned. These resumed in 1980 for the Mostra del Cinema and in 1986 for the Art Exhibition.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 1972, for the first time, a theme was adopted by the Biennale, called "Opera o comportamento" ("Work or Behaviour").


title: Venice Biennale

text: Starting from 1973 the Music Festival was no longer held annually. During the year in which the Mostra del Cinema was not held, there was a series of "Giornate del cinema italiano" (Days of Italian Cinema) promoted by sectorial bodies in campo Santa Margherita, in Venice.


title: Venice Biennale

text: 1974 saw the start of the four-year presidency of Carlo Ripa di Meana. The International Art Exhibition was not held (until it was resumed in 1976). Theatre and cinema events were held in October 1974 and 1975 under the title "Libertà per il Cile" (Freedom for Chile)—a major cultural protest against the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.


title: Venice Biennale

text: On 15 November 1977, the so-called "Dissident Biennale" (in reference to the dissident movement in the USSR) opened. Because of the ensuing controversies within the Italian left wing parties, president Ripa di Meana resigned at the end of the year.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 1979 the new presidency of Giuseppe Galasso (1979-1982) began. The principle was laid down whereby each of the artistic sectors was to have a permanent director to organise its activity.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 1980, the Architecture section of the Biennale was set up. The director, Paolo Portoghesi, opened the Corderie dell'Arsenale to the public for the first time. At the Mostra del Cinema, the awards were brought back into being (between 1969 and 1979, the editions were non-competitive). In 1980, Achille Bonito Oliva and Harald Szeemann introduced "Aperto", a section of the exhibition designed to explore emerging art. Italian art historian Giovanni Carandente directed the 1988 and 1990 editions. A three-year gap was left afterwards to make sure that the 1995 edition would coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Biennale.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The 1993 edition was directed by Achille Bonito Oliva. In 1995, Jean Clair was appointed to be the Biennale's first non-Italian director of visual arts while Germano Celant served as director in 1997.


title: Venice Biennale

text: For the Centenary in 1995, the Biennale promoted events in every sector of its activity: the 34th Festival del Teatro, the 46th art exhibition, the 46th Festival di Musica, the 52nd Mostra del Cinema.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 1999 and 2001, Harald Szeemann directed two editions in a row (48th & 49th) bringing in a larger representation of artists from Asia and Eastern Europe and more young artists than usual and expanded the show into several newly restored spaces of the Arsenale.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The 50th edition, 2003, directed by Francesco Bonami, had a record number of seven co-curators involved, including Hans Ulrich Obrist, Catherine David, Igor Zabel, Hou Hanru and Massimiliano Gioni.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The 51st edition of the Biennale opened in June 2005, curated, for the first time by two women, Maria de Corral and Rosa Martinez. De Corral organized "The Experience of Art" which included 41 artists, from past masters to younger figures. Rosa Martinez took over the Arsenale with "Always a Little Further." Drawing on "the myth of the romantic traveler" her exhibition involved 49 artists, ranging from the elegant to the profane.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 2007, Robert Storr became the first director from the United States to curate the Biennale (the 52nd), with a show entitled "Think with the Senses – Feel with the Mind. Art in the Present Tense".


title: Venice Biennale

text: Swedish curator Daniel Birnbaum was artistic director of the 2009 edition entitled "Fare Mondi // Making Worlds".


title: Venice Biennale

text: The Biennale in 2013 was curated by the Italian Massimiliano Gioni. His title and theme, "Il Palazzo Enciclopedico / The Encyclopedic Palace", was adopted from an architectural model by the self-taught Italian-American artist Marino Auriti. Auriti's work, The Encyclopedic Palace of the World was lent by the American Folk Art Museum and exhibited in the first room of the Arsenale for the duration of the biennale. For Gioni, Auriti's work, "meant to house all worldly knowledge, bringing together the greatest discoveries of the human race, from the wheel to the satellite," provided an analogous figure for the "biennale model itself...based on the impossible desire to concentrate the infinite worlds of contemporary art in a single place: a task that now seems as dizzyingly absurd as Auriti's dream."


title: Venice Biennale

text: Curator Okwui Enwezor was responsible for the 2015 edition. He was the first African-born curator of the biennial. As a catalyst for imagining different ways of imagining multiple desires and futures Enwezor commissioned special projects and programs throughout the Biennale in the Giardini. This included a Creative Time Summit, "e-flux journal"'s SUPERCOMMUNITY, Gulf Labor Coalition, The Invisible Borders Trans-African Project and Abounaddara.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The 2017 Biennale, titled "Viva Arte Viva", was directed by French curator Christine Macel who called it an "exhibition inspired by humanism". German artist Franz Erhard Walter won the Golden Lion for best artist, while Carolee Schneemann was awarded a posthumous Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The 2019 Biennale, titled "May You Live In Interesting Times", was directed by American-born curator Ralph Rugoff.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The 2022 edition was curated by Italian curator Cecilia Alemani entitled "The Milk of Dreams" after a book by British-born Mexican surrealist painter Leonora Carrington.


title: Venice Biennale

text: When the Venice Biennale was founded in 1895, one of its main goals was to establish a new market for contemporary art. Between 1942 and 1968 a sales office assisted artists in finding clients and selling their work, a service for which it charged 10% commission. Sales remained an intrinsic part of the biennale until 1968, when a sales ban was enacted. An important practical reason why the focus on non-commodities has failed to decouple Venice from the market is that the biennale itself lacks the funds to produce, ship and install these large-scale works. Therefore, the financial involvement of dealers is widely regarded as indispensable; as they regularly front the funding for production of ambitious projects. Furthermore, every other year the Venice Biennale coincides with nearby Art Basel, the world's prime commercial fair for modern and contemporary art. Numerous galleries with artists on show in Venice usually bring work by the same artists to Basel.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The formal Biennale is based at a park, the Giardini. The Giardini includes a large exhibition hall that houses a themed exhibition curated by the Biennale's director.


title: Venice Biennale

text: Initiated in 1980, the Aperto began as a fringe event for younger artists and artists of a national origin not represented by the permanent national pavilions. This is usually staged in the Arsenale and has become part of the formal biennale programme. In 1995 there was no Aperto so a number of participating countries hired venues to show exhibitions of emerging artists. From 1999, both the international exhibition and the Aperto were held as one exhibition, held both at the Central Pavilion and the Arsenale. Also in 1999, a $1 million renovation transformed the Arsenale area into a cluster of renovated shipyards, sheds and warehouses, more than doubling the Arsenale's exhibition space of previous years.


title: Venice Biennale

text: A special edition of the 54th Biennale was held at Padiglione Italia of "Torino Esposizioni – Sala Nervi" (December 2011 – February 2012) for the 150th Anniversary of Italian Unification. The event was directed by Vittorio Sgarbi.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The Giardini houses 30 permanent national pavilions. Alongside the Central Pavilion, built in 1894 and later restructured and extended several times, the Giardini are occupied by a further 29 pavilions built at different periods by the various countries participating in the Biennale. The first nation to build a pavilion was Belgium in 1907, followed by Germany, Britain and Hungary in 1909. The pavilions are the property of the individual countries and are managed by their ministries of culture.


title: Venice Biennale

text: Countries not owning a pavilion in the Giardini are exhibited in other venues across Venice. The number of countries represented is still growing. In 2005, China was showing for the first time, followed by the African Pavilion and Mexico (2007), the United Arab Emirates (2009), and India (2011).


title: Venice Biennale

text: The assignment of the permanent pavilions was largely dictated by the international politics of the 1930s and the Cold War. There is no single format to how each country manages their pavilion, established and emerging countries represented at the biennial maintain and fund their pavilions in different ways. While pavilions are usually government-funded, private money plays an increasingly large role; in 2015, the pavilions of Iraq, Ukraine and Syria were completely privately funded. The pavilion for Great Britain is always managed by the British Council while the United States assigns the responsibility to a public gallery chosen by the Department of State which, since 1985, has been the Peggy Guggenheim Collection. The countries at the Arsenale that request a temporary exhibition space pay a hire fee per square meter.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 2011, the countries were Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia and Slovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, Wales and Zimbabwe. In addition to this there are two collective pavilions: Central Asia Pavilion and Istituto Italo-Latino Americano. In 2013, eleven new participant countries developed national pavilions for the Biennale: Angola, Bosnia and Herzegowina, the Bahamas, Bahrain, the Ivory Coast, Kosovo, Kuwait, the Maldives, Paraguay, Tuvalu, and the Holy See. In 2015, five new participant countries developed pavilions for the Biennale: Grenada, Republic of Mozambique, Republic of Seychelles, Mauritius and Mongolia. In 2017, three countries participated in the Art Biennale for the first time: Antigua & Barbuda, Kiribati, and Nigeria. In 2017, four countries participated in the Art Biennale for the first time: Ghana, Madagascar, Malaysia, and Pakistan.


title: Venice Biennale

text: As well as the national pavilions there are countless "unofficial pavilions" that spring up every year. In 2009 there were pavilions such as the Gabon Pavilion and a Peckham pavilion. In 2017 The Diaspora Pavilion bought together 19 artists from complex, multinational backgrounds to challenge the prevalence of the nation state at the Biennale.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The Internet Pavilion () was founded in 2009 as a platform for activists and artists working in new media. Subsequent editions were held since, 2013, in conjunction with the biennale.


title: Venice Biennale

text: The Venice Biennale has awarded prizes to the artists participating at the Exhibition since the first edition back in 1895. Grand Prizes were established in 1938 and ran until 1968 when they were abolished due to the protest movement. Prizes were taken up again in 1986. The selections are made by the Board of la Biennale di Venezia, following the proposal of the curator of the International Exhibition.


title: Venice Biennale

text: Also upon the recommendation of the curator, the Biennale names the five members of its international jury, which is charged with awarding prizes to the national pavilions. The international jury awards the Golden Lion for best national participation, the Golden Lion for best participant in the international exhibition, and the Silver Lion for a "promising young participant" in the show. It may also designate one special mention to national participants, and a maximum of two special mentions to artists in the international exhibition.


title: Venice Biennale

text: On 26 July 1973, the Parliament approved the Organization's new statute for the Biennale. A "democratic" Board was set up. It included 19 members made up of representatives from the Government, the most important local organizations, major trade unions, and a representative of the staff. The Board was to elect the President and nominate the Sectorial Directors – one each for Visual arts, Cinema, Music, and Theatre.


title: Venice Biennale

text: In 1998 the Biennale was transformed into a legal personality in private law and renamed "Società di Cultura La Biennale di Venezia". The company structure – Board of directors, Scientific committee, Board of auditors and assembly of private backers – has a duration of four years. The areas of activity became six (Architecture, Visual arts, Cinema, Theatre, Music, Dance), in collaboration with the ASAC (the Historical Archives). The President is nominated by the Minister for Cultural Affairs. The Board of directors consists of the President, the Mayor of Venice, and three members nominated by the Regione Veneto, the Consiglio Provinciale di Venezia and private backers. Dance was added to the others.


title: Venice Biennale

text: For the 2013 edition, the main exhibition's budget was about $2.3 million; in addition, more than $2 million was raised mostly from private individuals and foundations and philanthropists. In 2015, the budget for the international exhibition was 13 million euros (about $14.2 million).


title: Battle of the Camel

text: The Battle of the Camel, also known as the Battle of Jamel or the Battle of Basra, took place outside of Basra, Iraq, in 36 AH (656 CE). The battle was fought between the army of the fourth caliph Ali, on one side, and the rebel army led by Aisha, Talha and Zubayr, on the other side. Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, while Aisha was a widow of Muhammad, and Talha and Zubayr were both prominent companions of Muhammad.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Ali emerged victorious from this battle, Talha and Zubayr were both killed, and Aisha was sent back to Hejaz afterward. The triumvirate had revolted against Ali ostensibly to avenge the assassination of the third caliph Uthman, though the leading roles of Aisha and Talha in inciting against Uthman are well-cited. The three also called for the removal of Ali and the appointment of his replacement by a Qurayshite council ("shura") which was to include Talha and Zubayr.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Ali and other senior companions frequently accused the third caliph Uthman () of deviating from the Quran and Sunna (precedents of Muhammad). Uthman was also widely accused of nepotism and corruption, and Ali is known to have protested Uthman's nepotism and his lavish gifts for his kinsmen. Ali also often protected outspoken and upright companions against the caliph's wrath. These included Abu Dharr and Ammar.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Among those actively opposing Uthman were also Muhammad's companions Talha and Zubayr, his widow Aisha, and some supporters of Ali. These supporters might have wanted to see Ali as the next caliph, though there is no evidence that he communicated or coordinated with them. Among them was Malik al-Ashtar, a leader of the religiously-learned (). Ali is said to have rejected the requests to lead the rebels, though he might have sympathized with their grievances about injustice. It is likely that some companions supported the protests with the hope of either deposing Uthman or changing his policies, thus underestimating the severity of the opposition to Uthman.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: As their grievances mounted, discontented groups from provinces began arriving in Medina in 35/656. On their first attempt, the Egyptian opposition sought the advice of Ali, who urged them to send a delegation to negotiate with Uthman, unlike Talha and Ammar who are said to have encouraged the Egyptians to advance on the town. Ali similarly asked the Iraqi opposition to avoid violence, which was heeded.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Ali also acted as a mediator between Uthman and the provincial dissidents more than once to address their economical and political grievances. In particular, he was a guarantor for Uthman's promises to the opposition but possibly declined to intervene further when the Egyptians intercepted an official letter ordering their punishment upon their return to Egypt. Uthman was assassinated shortly afterward in 656 by the Egyptians in a raid on his residence in Medina.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Ali played no role in the fatal attack, and his son Hasan was injured while standing guard at Uthman's besieged residence at the request of Ali. He also convinced the rebels not to prevent the delivery of water to Uthman's residence during the siege.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Beyond this, historians disagree about Ali's measures to protect the third caliph. Jafri and Madelung highlight Ali's multiple attempts for reconciliation during the two sieges, and Hinds believes that Ali could not have done anything more for Uthman, supporting whom would have meant supporting the infamous Umayyads. Donner and Gleave suggest that Ali was the immediate beneficiary of Uthman's death, though this is challenged by Madelung, who observes that Aisha would have not actively undermined Uthman's regime if Ali had been the prime mover of the rebellion and its future beneficiary. He and others note the deep-seated enmity of Aisha for Ali, which resurfaced immediately after his accession.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: On the other extreme, Veccia Vaglieri believes that Ali did not defend the caliph, and Caetani goes further, labeling Ali as the chief culprit in Uthman's assassination, even though the evidence seems to suggest otherwise.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: After Uthman's assassination, his tribesmen (the Umayyads) fled Medina, and the rebels and their Medinan allies controlled the city. While Talha enjoyed some support among the Egyptian rebels, Ali was preferred by the most of the Ansar (early Medinan Muslims) and the Iraqi rebels, who had earlier heeded Ali's opposition to the use of violence. Poonawala, Momen, Jafri, Donner, and Anthony add the (prominent) Muhajirun (early Meccan Muslims) to the above list of Ali's supporters.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: The caliphate was offered by these groups to Ali, who was initially reluctant to accept it, possibly wary of implicating himself in Uthman's regicide by becoming the next caliph. Ali eventually accepted the role, and some authors suggest that he did so to prevent further chaos, compelled by popular pressure. For others, that Ali allowed himself to be nominated by the rebels was an error for it left him exposed to accusations of complicity in Uthman's assassination.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Talha and Zubayr, both companions of Muhammad with ambitions for the high office, gave their pledges though they later broke their oaths, claiming that they had pledged allegiance to Ali under duress. They left Medina on the pretext of performing the (lesser pilgrimage).


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Veccia Vaglieri views their claims of violence as their invented justification for violating their pacts, adding that Ali had refused to give the two any posts in his government. Poonawala similarly writes that the two were unsuccessful in securing the governorships of Basra and Kufa for themselves. For the Shia Tabatabai (), the equal distribution of the treasury funds among Muslims by Ali might have been the main objection of Talha and Zubayr. Abbas suggests that the two jumped ship when Ali began to reverse Uthman's lavish entitlements for the ruling elite, while Jafri observes that Talha and Zubayr had amassed considerable wealth under Uthman. Alternatively, Gleave dismisses the (Sunni) reports that Talha and Zubayr did not pledge or did so under duress, saying that these reports reflect their authors' attempts to provide a fuller context for their subsequent rebellion against Ali.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Madelung argues that the election of Ali could have not happened without the pledge of Talha, as Ali's main rival, though he also suggests that Talha did not come to the ceremony voluntarily and was dragged there by al-Ashtar. In contrast, Mavani refers to "Nahj al-balagha" in which Ali rebukes Talha and Zubayr before the Battle of the Camel for breaking their oaths after voluntarily offering their support to Ali. Madelung also rejects the report by al-Tabari about Zubayr's refusal to pledge as legendary.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Muhammad's widow Aisha was already in Mecca at the time of the assassination, having left Medina earlier for the despite the pleas of Uthman, who believed her presence in Medina would restrain the rebels from attack. When she learned about Ali's election, she immediately began to mobilize the rebel party against Ali in favor of her close relatives, namely, Talha and Zubayr. She did so ostensibly to seek justice for Uthman, though McHugo and others question her motives, noting that she had earlier actively incited the Muslims against Uthman. Citing "Tarikh al-Ya'qubi" and "Tarikh" "Abulfeda", the Shia Tabatabai writes that Aisha only reacted after learning about Ali's accession (rather than Uthman's murder).


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Shortly before the assassination, writes Madelung, Aisha had told Marwan that she wished to toss the caliph into the sea. Immediately after Ali's succession, however, she blamed the murder on him, saying that a mere fingertip of Uthman was better than the whole of Ali. Veccia Vaglieri similarly writes that Aisha had been an opponent of Uthman, though she did not condone his murder, saying that she could not bear to witness that Ali, whom she deeply hated, had benefited from the assassination. In addition to complaining to Uthman for reducing her pension, she was critical of him for religious innovations and nepotism. The opposition of Aisha as a Mother of the Faithful added credibility to the subsequent rebellion against Ali.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: The Umayyads fled Medina after Uthman's assassination, notable among them Marwan. Most of them gathered in Mecca, though some made their way to Damascus. The Umayyads joined Talha and Zubayr in their opposition to Ali though their objectives were different. Mecca was thus in open rebellion against Ali. Some of the Umayyads later left the campaign as it became clear for them that Talha and Zubayr were eying the caliphate upon victory. These included Sa'id ibn al-As and Abd Allah ibn Khalid ibn Asid. Those who remained with the rebels included Marwan and Uthman's sons, namely, Aban and Walid.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: The opposition to Ali decried his leniency towards the rebels, and accused him of complicity in the assassination. They demanded that Ali punish those responsible for Uthman's assassination. They also called for the removal of Ali and for a (Qurayshite) council () to appoint his replacement. While Ali was openly critical of Uthman's conduct, he generally neither justified his violent death nor condemned the killers. Ali likely held Uthman responsible through his injustice for the protests which led to his death in an act of war. He nevertheless insisted that he would bring the murderers to justice in due course.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Talha, Zubayr, and Aisha had actively roused Muslims against Uthman. In particular, Talha and Aisha had most likely written to the provinces encouraging them to revolt against Uthman. Some, therefore, suggest that the aim of the rebels was the removal of Ali rather than justice for Uthman. The election of Ali had frustrated the ambitions of Talha and Zubayr for the caliphate, who also did not want to see the power leave the Quraysh after Uthman.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: These two and some others within the Quraysh wished to restore the caliphate of Quraysh on the principles laid by Abu Bakr () and Umar (). Fearing that Ali would end their privileged status as the ruling class of Islam, the Quraysh thus challenged Ali to safeguard their entitlements. Their fears were indeed soon confirmed as Ali opened the governorships to the Ansar. In the same vein, Veccia Vaglieri writes that the "popularity-seeking and anti-Qurayshi policies" of Ali were among the causes of the rebellion. Another camp that opposed Ali within the Quraysh was the Umayyads, who seem to have believed that the caliphate was their right after Uthman.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Under the leadership of Aisha, Talha and Zubayr, six to nine hundred Meccan rebels marched in October 656 on the garrison city of Basra, some 1300 kilometers away from Hejaz, where they were unable to muster much support. The war efforts were funded by the likes of Ya'la ibn Munya, Uthman's governor of Yemen who had brought Yemen's public funds with him to Mecca. Among others, al-Tabari () and al-Hamawi () write that Aisha was disheartened by the incessant howling of dogs at a place called Hawab on the way to Basra, which reminded her of Muhammad's warning to his wives years ago, "The day will come that the dogs of Hawab will bark at one of you, and that would be the day when she would be in manifest error." She was dissuaded from any change of plans by Talha and Zubayr. The two also quarrelled for leading the prayers throughout the campaign, possibly reflecting their rivalry for the caliphate, while Aisha mediated between them.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: The arrival of the rebels and their propaganda divided the Basrans for and against Ali, though they largely remained loyal to him, who had earlier replaced Uthman's unpopular governor with the upright Uthman ibn Hunayf from the Ansar. After a fierce but inconclusive fight, in which the chief of police Hukaym ibn Jabala and many others were killed, the two sides agreed to a truce until the arrival of Ali and the rebel army camped outside of Basra. Soon they raided the town on "a cold, dark night with wind and rain," killing many and seizing the control of Basra. The governor was tortured and then imprisoned.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Some (Sunni) traditions praise the moderation and self-defense of the rebels, though these are dismissed by Veccia Vaglieri. She notes that the rebels must have instigated the violence as they needed provisions and money, and it was unfavorable for them to wait for Ali. This last point is also echoed by Madelung. The rebels then asked Basrans to surrender those who had participated in Uthman's siege and some six hundred men were thus killed by the rebels. The murders and the distribution of town supplies among the rebels are said to have angered the residents, a large number of whom soon joined Ali in fighting.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Ali had set off in pursuit earlier with about seven hundred men but had failed to intercept the rebels in time. In al-Rabadha, he thus changed direction to Kufa and sent delegates to raise an army there. When his efforts were hampered by Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, the governor of Kufa whose support for Ali was only lukewarm, Ali deposed him, saying that he had not found Abu Musa trustworthy and that he would have removed him earlier had it not been for al-Ashtar's advice to confirm him after Uthman's assassination. Ali then sent his son Hasan and Ammar ibn Yasir or al-Ashtar himself to rally the support of the Kufans, who met the caliph outside of the town with an army of six to seven thousand men. Ali marched on Basra when his forces were ready.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: The two armies camped across from each other outside of Basra. After Ali appealed to the opposite camp, large numbers defected to his side, possibly tipping the numerical strength in his favor. Alternatively, Kennedy writes that Ali had brought a large following from Kufa whereas the rebels' support in Basra was modest. Afsaruddin has a similar view. In contrast, both armies are set at about 10,000 men by Hazleton. Both armies were also multi-tribal and many tribes had fighters on both sides, which must have created hesitation among the soldiers. Many also withdrew, either because they did not wish to fight other Muslims or because they did not want to take a side in a war between the prophet's cousin and his widow. This was apparently what the pro-Ali al-Ahnaf ibn Qays told Talha and Zubayr to keep his pro-Aisha tribesmen from fighting against Ali.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: A tent was pitched between the two armies where Ali, Talha, and Zubayr negotiated to avoid the impending war. There are some reports that Ali reminded Zubayr of an incident in their childhood when Muhammad had predicted that Zubayr would one day unjustly fight Ali. The details here are legendary for Madelung but he does conclude that the negotiations broke the resolve of Zubayr, who might have realized his small chances for the caliphate and perhaps the immorality of his bloody rebellion.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: At the negotiations, Aisha's party demanded the removal of Ali from office and a council to elect his successor, while Ali considered himself the legitimate caliph. The two sides also accused each other of responsibility in Uthman's assassination. The negotiations failed after three days and the two sides readied for battle. Alternatively, Nasr and Afsaruddin write that the negotiations were nearly successful but were sabotaged by Uthman's murderers, though Madelung argues that this account of al-Tabari is fictitious.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Before the battle, Ali ordered that the wounded or captured enemies should not be killed. Those throwing away their arms should not be fought, and those fleeing the battlefield should not be pursued. Only captured weapons and animals were to be considered war booty.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: After three days of failed negotiations, the battle took place near Basra on a December day in 656, lasting from noon to sunset. Ali is said to have barred his men from commencing the hostilities. Possibly in a last-ditch effort to avoid war, early sources widely report that he instead ordered one of his men to raise a copy of the Quran between the battle lines and appeal to its contents. When this man was shot and killed by the rebel army, Ali gave the order to advance. The rebels were thus the aggressors and Ali might have wanted them to be seen as such.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: The sources are silent about the tactical developments and Veccia Vaglieri suggests that the battle consisted of a series of duels and encounters, as this was the Arab custom at the time. Aisha was also led onto the battlefield, riding in an armored palanquin atop a red camel, after which the battle is named. Aisha was likely the rallying point of the rebel army, urging them to fight on with the battle cry of avenging Uthman. Adamec similarly suggests that Aisha was on the battlefield to give moral support to rebels. As a result of her presence on the battlefield, the fighting was particularly fierce around Aisha's camel.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Talha was soon killed by the Umayyad's Marwan, another rebel, who later told Uthman's son that he had taken care of one of the murderers of Uthman for him, indicating that he held Talha responsible in Uthman's assassination. Even so, Abbas suggests that Marwan's main motive in killing Talha was to rid his kinsman Mu'awiya of a serious contender for the caliphate. Marwan received only minor wounds during the battle and afterward joined the court of Muawiya in Damascus. Madelung similarly believes that the murder of Talha was premeditated and postponed by Marwan long enough for him to be confident that he would not face any retribution from a victorious Aisha.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Zubayr, an experienced fighter, left shortly after the battle began, possibly without having fought at all. Madelung and Veccia Vaglieri suggest that it was the serious misgivings of Zubayr about the justice of Aisha's cause that led Zubayr to desertion. Al-Ahnaf ibn Qays, a pro-Ali chief of the Banu Sa'd who had remained on the sidelines of the battle, learned about Zubayr's desertion. Some of his men then followed and killed Zubayr, not much so to please Ali, suggests Madelung, but rather for the dishonorable act of leaving his fellow Muslims behind in a civil war he had ignited.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: When the news of his death reached Ali, he commented that Zubayr had many times fought valiantly in front of Muhammad but that he had come to an evil end. For Madelung, the account preferred by Sunnis in which Ali cursed the killers of Zubayr and commended him is not credible.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: The deaths of Talha and Zubayr likely sealed the fate of the battle, despite the intense fighting that continued possibly for hours around Aisha's camel. One by one, Aisha's warriors stepped up to lead the camel and, one by one, they were killed. The fighting stopped only when Ali's troops succeeded in killing Aisha's camel and capturing the Mother of the Faithful. Surviving poems about the battle portray this final episode, while the lowest figures for the battle are 2500 dead from Aisha's side and 400-500 from Ali's army.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Aisha was treated with respect and temporarily housed in Basra. Nevertheless, both Ali and his representative Ibn Abbas severely reprimanded Aisha as they saw her responsible for the death and destruction and for leaving her home in defiance of the Quran's instructions for Muhammad's widows. Ali later ordered Aisha's half-brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr to escort her back to Mecca or Medina.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Following her defeat, Cappucci writes that Aisha acknowledged Ali's caliphate, and some traditions show Aisha's remorse and that she wished not to have lived to witness the battle. Her view of Ali might have not changed though, suggests Madelung. He cites a tradition related by Kabsha bint Ka'b ibn Malik, in which Aisha praises Uthman and regrets that she incited revolt against him (but not against Ali). At any rate, her defeat put an end to her political ambitions, and Aisha only engaged in a few minor political events henceforth. Her defeat was presumably cited to discourage medieval Muslim women from engaging in politics.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Ali announced a public pardon after the battle, setting free the war prisoners and prohibiting the enslavement of their women and children. The properties seized were to be returned to the enemy soldiers or their legal Muslim heirs. Ali instead compensated his army from the treasury of Basra. Ali's orders upset those who Madelung and Veccia Vaglieri describe as the radicals in his camp. These orders later became a rallying cry for the Kharijites against Ali. The discontented soldiers questioned why they were not allowed to take the enemy's possessions and enslave their women and children when shedding their blood was considered lawful. If that was to be the case, Ali retorted, they should have first decided whom among them would take possession of the prophet's widow.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Ali also extended his pardon to high-profile rebels such as Marwan and the sons of Uthman, Talha, and Zubayr. As related by a Qurayshite prisoner named Musahiq ibn Abd Allah ibn Makhrama al-Amiri, Ali asked them if he was not the closest to Muhammad in kinship and the most entitled to the leadership after his death. He then let them go after they pledged allegiance to him. A different report on the authority of Abu Mikhnaf states that a defiant Marwan was still let go without giving his oath of allegiance. Marwan soon joined Mu'awiya after the battle. For Madelung, that Ali released such a "dangerous and vicious enemy" signals how little he was willing to engage in the ongoing political games of the civil war.


title: Battle of the Camel

text: Before leaving Basra, Ali chastized its residents for breaking their oath of allegiance and dividing the community. He then appointed Ibn Abbas as the governor of Basra after receiving their renewed pledges. Shaban writes that Ali also divided the treasury funds equally there. Basra nevertheless remained a haven for years for pro-Uthman sentiments. The caliph soon set off for Kufa, arriving there in December 656 or January 657. He refused to reside in the governor's castle, calling it () and instead stayed with his nephew Ja'da ibn Hubayra. Kufa thus became Ali's main base of activity during his caliphate. With this move, the Medinan elite permanently lost their authority over the Muslim community, remarks Dakake. Kennedy highlights the strategic disadvantages of Medina, saying that it was far from population centers of Iraq and Syria, and heavily depended on grain shipments from Egypt.


title: Lea Thompson filmography

text: American actress Lea Thompson has performed in many well-known films and television series since the 1980s, among them "Howard the Duck", the "Back to the Future" trilogy and "Caroline in the City". She has directed for television since 2006.


title: Glynis Barber

text: Glynis Barber (born Glynis van der Riet; 25 October 1955) is a South African actress. She is known for her portrayals of Sgt. Harriet Makepeace in the British police drama "Dempsey and Makepeace", Glenda Mitchell in "EastEnders", DCI Grace Barraclough in "Emmerdale", Fiona Brake in "Night and Day", and Soolin in "Blake's 7". In 2022, she joined the cast of "Hollyoaks" as Norma Crow.


title: Glynis Barber

text: Barber was born in Durban, South Africa, the daughter of Heather Maureen (Robb) and Frederick Werndly Barry van der Riet.


title: Glynis Barber

text: Barber studied at the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts. Acting since 1978, securing small parts such as a secretary in 1980 in "Bognor", her breakthrough came in 1981 with her role as Soolin in Series 4 of the BBC science fiction television series "Blake's 7" although she had also played a different character in a Series 1 episode.


title: Glynis Barber

text: In 1982, she took the title role in the television series "Jane" playing a Second World War heroine. This series was filmed against a blue screen allowing for the addition of a cartoon background, an experimental technique in its day. However, Barber is best known for her mid-1980s role of Sgt. Harriet Makepeace in the police drama "Dempsey and Makepeace", where she met her future husband, Michael Brandon.


title: Glynis Barber

text: Since 1987, Barber has appeared frequently in plays, films and television series. She also starred in the LWT drama series "Night and Day" as Fiona Brake. In 2006, she joined the cast of ITV soap, "Emmerdale", playing the character of DCI Grace Barraclough, investigating the death of Tom King on Christmas Day. She exited the soap in September 2007, when her character was killed. In 2009, she appeared as hospital administrator Jean McAteer in "The Royal", another ITV drama series set in Yorkshire. In the same year, she and Brandon both appeared in an episode of the BBC series "New Tricks", entitled "The Truth Is Out There".


title: Glynis Barber

text: On 23 October 2009, it was announced she would play Glenda Mitchell the mother of Ronnie Mitchell, Roxy Mitchell and Danny Mitchell in "EastEnders" after Jill Gascoine withdrew from the role during her first day on set. On 27 February 2011, it was announced that Barber was to leave "EastEnders" in March 2011. In February 2015, Barber admitted that she would consider an "EastEnders" comeback. The star commented: "I’ve always felt that Glenda left with a few unresolved issues. It would be fun to go back and create a little bit of havoc!". Glenda returned for two episodes on 1 January 2016. Barber returned to "EastEnders" full-time in January 2017 before leaving once again in February.


title: Glynis Barber

text: In September 2013, she appeared in the ITV dancing show "Stepping Out" with husband Michael Brandon. In August 2019, Barber narrated "When Luxury Holidays Go Wrong" on "C5" and would later appear in the television series "The Outpost". Since 2019, she has been narrating the Channel 5 series "The Wonderful World of Chocolate". Then in 2022, she joined the cast of Channel 4 soap opera "Hollyoaks" as Norma Crow.


title: Glynis Barber

text: Her stage work has included "Macbeth", "Killing Time" with Dennis Waterman, "High Flyers" with Hugh Grant, "Make Me a Match" and "The Graduate". In 2011, Barber starred alongside Christopher Timothy and Denis Lill in Alan Ayckbourn's "Seasons Greetings", playing Belinda. In 2013, she played Melissa Gardner in "Love Letters" at Dundee Repertory Theatre along with Michael Brandon. Barber played Carole King's mother, Genie Klein, in the West End production of "Beautiful – The Carole King Musical" from its opening at the Aldwych Theatre on 24 February 2015 until 28 November 2015.


title: Glynis Barber

text: Her early film roles included the horror film "Terror", and the football drama "Yesterday's Hero" starring Ian McShane. She appeared as Lady Caroline in Michael Winner's 1983 remake of "The Wicked Lady", which starred Faye Dunaway. In 1989, she appeared as Elisabeth Jekyll in "Edge of Sanity", and the 1997 film "Déjà Vu" alongside Vanessa Redgrave. She appeared as Anthea Davis in "On the Nose" in 2001 along with Dan Aykroyd and Robbie Coltrane.


title: Glynis Barber

text: Barber married actor Paul Antony-Barber, whom she met at drama school, in 1976; the couple divorced in 1979. In the course of "Blake's 7" filming, she had a relationship with co-star Steven Pacey. Barber married her "Dempsey and Makepeace" co-star Michael Brandon on 18 November 1989; the couple have a son, Alex.


title: Simone Signoret

text: Simone Signoret (; born Simone Henriette Charlotte Kaminker; 25 March 1921 – 30 September 1985) was a French actress. She received various accolades, including an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, a César Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress, in addition to nominations for two Golden Globe Awards.


title: Simone Signoret

text: Signoret was born Simone Henriette Charlotte Kaminker in Wiesbaden, Germany, to Georgette (née Signoret) and André Kaminker, as the eldest of three children, with two younger brothers. Her father, a pioneering interpreter who worked in the League of Nations, was a French-born army officer from a Polish Jewish family, who brought the family to Neuilly-sur-Seine on the outskirts of Paris. Her mother, Georgette, from whom she acquired her stage name, was a French Catholic.


title: Simone Signoret

text: Signoret grew up in Paris in an intellectual atmosphere and studied English, German and Latin. After completing secondary school during the Nazi occupation, Simone was responsible for supporting her family and forced to take work as a typist for a French collaborationist newspaper, "Les nouveaux temps", run by Jean Luchaire.


title: Simone Signoret

text: During the occupation of France, Signoret mixed with an artistic group of writers and actors who met at the Café de Flore in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés quarter. By this time, she had developed an interest in acting and was encouraged by her friends, including her lover, Daniel Gélin, to follow her ambition. In 1942, she began appearing in bit parts and was able to earn enough money to support her mother and two brothers as her father, who was a French patriot, had fled the country in 1940 to join General De Gaulle in England. She took her mother's maiden name for the screen to help hide her Jewish roots.


title: Simone Signoret

text: Signoret's sensual features and earthy nature led to type-casting and she was often seen in roles as a prostitute. She won considerable attention in "La Ronde" (1950), a film which was banned briefly in New York as immoral. She won further acclaim, including an acting award from the British Film Academy, for her portrayal of another prostitute in Jacques Becker's "Casque d'or" (1951). She appeared in many French films during the 1950s, including "Thérèse Raquin" (1953), directed by Marcel Carné, "Les Diaboliques" (1954), and "The Crucible" ("Les Sorcières de Salem"; 1956), based on Arthur Miller's "The Crucible".


title: Simone Signoret

text: In 1958, Signoret acted in the English independent film, "Room at the Top" (1959), from which her emotionally powerful performance won her numerous awards including the Best Female Performance Prize at Cannes and the Academy Award for Best Actress. Not for nearly 40 years did another French actress receive an Oscar: Juliette Binoche (Supporting Actress, 1997) and Marion Cotillard (Best Actress, 2008). She was offered films in Hollywood, but turned them down for several years, continuing to work in France and England—for example, opposite Laurence Olivier in "Term of Trial" (1962). She earned a further Oscar nomination for her work on "Ship of Fools" (1965), and appeared in a few other Hollywood films before returning to France in 1969.


title: Simone Signoret

text: In 1962, Signoret translated Lillian Hellman's play "The Little Foxes" into French for a production in Paris that ran for six months at the Theatre Sarah-Bernhardt. She played the Regina role as well. Hellman was displeased with the production, although the translation was approved by scholars selected by Hellman.


title: Simone Signoret

text: Signoret's one attempt at Shakespeare, performing Lady Macbeth opposite Alec Guinness at the Royal Court Theatre in London in 1966 proved to be ill-advised, with some harsh critics; one referred to her English as "impossibly Gallic".


title: Simone Signoret

text: Signoret was never concerned with glamour, ignored sexist and ageist insults and continued giving finely etched performances. She won more acclaim for her portrayal of a weary madam in "Madame Rosa" (1977) and as an unmarried sister who unknowingly falls in love with her paralyzed brother via anonymous correspondence in "" (1980). She continued to appear in many movies before her death in 1985.


title: Simone Signoret

text: Signoret's memoirs, "Nostalgia Isn't What It Used To Be", were published in 1978. She also wrote a novel, "Adieu Volodya", published in 1985, the year of her death.


title: Simone Signoret

text: Signoret first married filmmaker Yves Allégret (1944–49), with whom she had a daughter Catherine Allégret, herself an actress. Her second marriage was to the Italian-born French actor Yves Montand in 1951, a union which lasted until her death; the couple had no children.


title: Simone Signoret

text: Signoret died of pancreatic cancer in Autheuil-Authouillet, France, aged 64. She was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris and Yves Montand was later buried next to her.


title: Soviet (council)

text: Soviets (singular: soviet; , , literally "council" in English) were political organizations and governmental bodies of the former Russian Empire, primarily associated with the Russian Revolution, which gave the name to the latter state of the Soviet Union. Soviets were the main form of government in the Russian SFSR, Free Territory, and to a much lesser extent were active in the Russian Provisional Government. It also can mean any workers' council that is socialist such as the Irish soviets. Soviets do not inherently need to adhere to the ideology of the later Soviet Union.


title: Soviet (council)

text: "Soviet" is derived from a Russian word meaning council, assembly, advice, harmony, or concord, and all ultimately deriving from the Proto-Slavic verbal stem of *vět-iti "to inform", related to the Slavic "věst" ("news"), English "wise", the root in "ad-vis-or" (which came to English through French), or the Dutch "weten" ('to know'; cf. "wetenschap" 'science').


title: Soviet (council)

text: For example, in Imperial Russia, the State Council, which functioned from 1810 to 1917, was referred to as a Council of Ministers.


title: Soviet (council)

text: According to the official historiography of the Soviet Union, the first workers' council (soviet) formed in May 1905 in Ivanovo (north-east of Moscow) during the 1905 Russian Revolution ("Ivanovsky Soviet"). However, in his memoirs, the Russian Anarchist Volin claims that he witnessed the beginnings of the St Petersburg Soviet in January 1905. The Russian workers were largely organized at the turn of the 20th century, leading to a government-sponsored trade-union leadership.


title: Soviet (council)

text: In 1905, as the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) increased the strain on Russian industrial production, the workers began to strike and rebel. The soviets represented an autonomous workers' movement, one that broke free from the government's oversight of workers' unions and played a major role in the 1905 Russian Revolution. Soviets sprang up throughout the industrial centers of Russia, usually organizing meetings at the factory level. These soviets disappeared after the revolution of 1905, but re-emerged under socialist leadership during the revolutions of 1917.


title: Soviet (council)

text: Soviets emerged as inclusive bodies to lead workers, and to organize strikes and to politically and militarily fight the government of Russian empire mainly through direct action, with the primary actors being non-totalitarian leftists, including socialist revolutionaries and anarchists as Lenin's party was a minority. During this time they established minor worker cooperatives though the operations were minor due to Russian crackdown on leftist organizations.


title: Soviet (council)

text: The popular organizations which came into existence during the February Revolution were called "Councils of Workmen's and Soldiers' Deputies." These bodies were supposed to hold things together under the provisional government until the election of a constituent assembly could take place; in a sense, they were vigilance committees designed to guard against counter-revolution. The Petrograd Soviet of 4,000 members was the most important of these, on account of its position in the capital and its influence over the garrison.


title: Soviet (council)

text: At the beginning of the Revolution, these soviets were under control of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and even the Mensheviks had a larger share of the elected representatives than the Bolsheviks. As World War I continued and the Russians met defeat after defeat, and the provisional government proved inadequate at establishing industrial peace, the Bolsheviks began to grow in support. By degrees, the Bolsheviks dominated with a leadership which demanded "all power to the soviets."


title: Soviet (council)

text: The Bolsheviks promised the workers a government run by workers' councils to overthrow the bourgeoisie's main government body - the Provisional Government. In October 1917, the provisional government was overthrown, giving all power to the Soviets. John Reed, an American eyewitness to the October Revolution, wrote, "Until February 1918 anybody could vote for delegates to the Soviets. Even had the bourgeoisie organised and demanded representation in the Soviets, they would have been given it. For example, during the regime of the Provisional Government there was bourgeois representation in the Petrograd Soviet – a delegate of the Union of Professional Men which comprised doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc."


title: Soviet (council)

text: Similarly, Leon Trotsky wrote in "Terrorism and Communism" (1920) that "In Petrograd, in November 1917, we also elected a Commune (Town Council) on the basis of the most democratic voting, without limitations for the bourgeoisie. These elections, being boycotted by the bourgeoisie parties, gave us a crushing majority. The democratically elected Council voluntarily submitted to the Petrograd Soviet... the Soviet Government placed no obstacle in the way of the bourgeois parties; and if the Cadets, the SRs and the Mensheviks, who had their press which was openly calling for the overthrow of the Soviet Government, boycotted the elections, it was only because at that time they still hoped soon to make an end of us with the help of armed force... If the Petrograd bourgeoisie had not boycotted the municipal elections, its representatives would have entered the Petrograd Council. They would have remained there up to the first Social Revolutionary and Cadet rising, after which...they would probably have been arrested if they did not leave the Council in good time, as at a certain moment did the bourgeois members of the Paris Commune."


title: Soviet (council)

text: Vladimir Lenin wrote that the soviets were originally politically open and inclusive entities, writing in "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (1918) that, "the disenfranchisement of the bourgeoisie is not a necessary and indispensable feature of the dictatorship of the proletariat. And in Russia, the Bolsheviks, who long before October put forward the slogan of proletarian dictatorship, did not say anything in advance about disenfranchising the exploiters. This aspect of the dictatorship did not make its appearance "according to the plan" of any particular party; it emerged of itself in the course of the struggle ... even when the Mensheviks (who compromised with the bourgeoisie) still ruled the Soviets, the bourgeoisie cut themselves off from the Soviets of their own accord, boycotted them, put themselves up in opposition to them and intrigued against them. The Soviets arose without any constitution and existed without one for more than a year (from the spring of 1917 to the summer of 1918). The fury of the bourgeoisie against this independent and omnipotent (because it was all—embracing) organisation of the oppressed; the fight, the unscrupulous, self—seeking and sordid fight, the bourgeoisie waged against the Soviets; and, lastly, the overt participation of the bourgeoisie (from the Cadets to the Right Socialist—Revolutionaries, from Pavel Milyukov to Alexander Kerensky) in the Kornilov mutiny – all this paved the way for the formal exclusion of the bourgeoisie from the Soviets."


title: Soviet (council)

text: The Bolsheviks and their allies came out with a program called "soviet government." The soviet system was described as "a higher type of state" and "a higher form of democracy" which would "arouse the masses of the exploited toilers to the task of making new history." Furthermore, it offered "to the oppressed toiling masses the opportunity to participate actively in the free construction of a new society". According to Lenin, the author of these quotations, soviet rule "is nothing else than the organized form of the dictatorship of the proletariat." A code of rules governing elections to the soviets was framed in March 1918, but the following classes were disqualified to vote: "Those who employ others for profit; those who live on incomes not derived from their own work – interest on capital, industrial enterprises or landed property; private business men, agents, middlemen; monks and priests of all denominations; ex-employees of the old police services and members of the Romanov dynasty; lunatics and criminals."


title: Soviet (council)

text: With village and factory soviets as a base, there arose a vast pyramid of district, cantonal, county and regional soviets, each with its executive soviet. Over and above these stood the "All-Russian Soviet Congress," which appointed an "All-Russian Central Executive Committee" of not more than 200 members, which in turn chooses the "Soviet of People's Commissaries" — the Ministry. Beginning with a minimum of three and maximum of 50 members for smaller communities, the maximum for town soviets was fixed at 1,000 members. The soviet system was seen as an alternative to parliamentary systems for administering republican governments.


title: Soviet (council)

text: As outlined in the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, and successively the 1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union and 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, the Soviets were the basis of government in the USSR. Factory and village Soviets would send delegates to town Soviets, and in turn the town Soviet would send delegates to the regional Soviet, town and regional Soviets elected delegates to the provincial Soviet, provincial Soviets sent delegates to the Soviet of the constituent republic, and the Soviets of the Union Republics sent delegates to the Congress of Soviets of the U.S.S.R. As of 1936, the election of delegates up the pyramid became direct with the creation of the Supreme Soviets.


title: Soviet (council)

text: Local constituents within the factory and village soviet would compile a list of what they want the government to do, and the role of the elected delegates was to carry out the given tasks. Unsatisfactory delegates are liable to recall by majority decision of the electorate: in the 30s, fifteen delegates were so recalled within four years in Moscow alone. There were very few full time administrative workers or state functionaries; instead, many citizens would take part in the day-to-day running of the government. In the 1940s, it was estimated that at any given time there were over a million people participating in the running of the Soviets.


title: Soviet (council)

text: Each Soviet has a variety of committees, parallel to the government departments in the USSR as a whole- public employees aided, advised and ran their relevant committees- for example, teachers would be on education sections, and doctors on healthcare sections:


title: Soviet (council)

text: The Union Republics, Provinces and Town Soviets had jurisdiction to run their own industry, take censuses, employ more doctors, teachers, and nurses, build schools, libraries and hospitals so long as it did not directly conflict with the national policy. More than half of the Union Republic’s income went towards local grants, and local Soviets were largely allowed to determine how their budget was spent.


title: Soviet (council)

text: Based on the Bolshevik view of the state, the word "soviet" extended its meaning to any overarching body that obtained the authority of a group of soviets. In this sense, individual soviets became part of a federal structure - Communist government bodies at local level and republic level were called "soviets", and at the top of the hierarchy, the Congress of Soviets became the nominal core of the Union government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), officially formed in December 1922. Successive Soviet Constitutions recognised the leading role of the Communist Party in politics, - the 1936 Constitution deemed it the "leading nucleus of all organisations of workers, whether public or state".


title: Soviet (council)

text: The soviets were structured as the instruments through which the Party governed the country. Thus the organs of the Communist Party (the highest being the Central Committee) made decisions on state policy, while the soviets acted as a system for public approval of implementing the Party's programme.


title: Soviet (council)

text: Later, in the USSR, local-government bodies were named soviet ("sovyet": council) with an adjective indicating the administrative level, customarily abbreviated: "gorsoviet" ("gorodskoy sovyet": city council), "raysoviet"/"raisoviet"' ("rayonny sovyet": raion council), "selsoviet" ("sel'sky sovyet": rural council), "possoviet" ("poselkovy sovyet": settlement council). In practice deputies in a soviet often worked in standing committees and carried out functions with the help of unpaid volunteers (the "aktiv" - ).


title: Soviet (council)

text: Although English speakers perceive the term as connoting the defunct Soviet Union, the same word is used in Russian for the Federation Council of the modern Russian Federal Assembly. Its untranslated name is Сове́т Федера́ции (Sovyet Federatsii).


title: Soviet (council)

text: Workers' councils, known as "rady delegatów robotniczych" (councils of workers' delegates) or simply "rady robotnicze" (workers' councils), were formed in Poland at various times throughout the 20th century. The first known examples occurred during the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907), part of the 1905 Russian Revolution, wherein workers in Congress Poland took control of factories and sometimes even entire towns until tsarist authorities quelled the rebellion using police and military forces; alongside Central Russia and Latvia, Congress Poland was one of the most active centres of the 1905 of revolution.


title: Soviet (council)

text: In 1918, soviets began popping up all around Poland, which was regaining independence after 123 years of colonial rule. Over 100 workers' councils operated there in the years 1918–1919, assembling around 500,000 workers and peasants. The most numerous and radical councils were located in Kraśnik, Lublin, Płock, Warsaw, Zamość, and Zagłębie Dąbrowskie. Although some of the "rady" managed to form self-defence units, the councils were dismantled by July 1919 – mostly due to suppression by the Polish government and withdrawal of support from the reformist Polish Socialist Party.


title: Soviet (council)

text: The "rady robotnicze" also appeared in the aftermath of World War II 1944–1947, in the Polish People's Republic during the Poznań protests of 1956 and Polish October, in 1970, as well as the strike committees and councils of 1980–1981.


title: Soviet (council)

text: In the wake of World War I, the Social Democrats took power in Bavaria, setting up a "People's State" under the leadership of Kurt Eisner, a popular Jewish writer. Eisner, an eccentric and well known figure in Munich, succeeded in carrying out a bloodless coup with a few hundred men on 7 November 1918, occupying the seat of parliament and government, and proclaiming a republic. He was assassinated three months after, whereupon a short-lived soviet republic was established by the Bavarian workers.


title: Soviet (council)

text: On 1 May 1919, the German Army, along with local Bavarian Freikorps, overthrew the nascent republic, massacring several hundred persons in the process, including many non-Communist. A Social Democratic government was thereupon restored, however, political power passed to the Bavarian right.


title: Soviet (council)

text: The political turmoil of post-war Bavaria was also the political springboard of Hitler's political career. Hitler, having returned to Munich in late November 1918, detested the soviet state (he elaborated on his aversion to it in his autobiographical work, "Mein Kampf", where he also claimed he once narrowly avoided arrest by the state). After the fall of the soviet administration in Bavaria, Hitler began his "first more or less political activity", informing a military commission regarding those involved in the short-lived soviet state. This work might have ensured his future employment in the Munich "Reichswehr" as an "educational officer" whose task was combating "dangerous" ideas like communism, pacifism, and democracy, among the army's ranks (many soldiers had taken part in the German Revolution, in fact it was begun by German sailors).


title: Soviet (council)

text: After the Nanchang uprising, the term was also used by the Chinese Communists in the 1920s taking control in some parts of the country, which were later declared as the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931. The CSR was China's first communist government in a structure that would later evolve into the People's Republic of China, but was ultimately wiped out by the Chinese Nationalist forces.


title: Soviet (council)

text: The term soon came to be used outside the former Russian Empire following 1917. The Limerick Soviet was formed in Ireland in 1919 at the beginning of the Irish War of Independence. A soviet republic was established in Bavaria on 7 April 1919. In 1920, the "Workers' Dreadnought" published "A Constitution for British Soviets" in preparation for the launch of the Communist Party (British Section of the Third International). Here the focus was on "household" soviets "[i]n order that mothers and those who are organisers of the family life of the community may be adequately represented."


title: John Tenta

text: John Anthony Tenta Jr. (June 22, 1963June 7, 2006) was a Canadian professional wrestler and sumo wrestler ("rikishi") best known for his work in the World Wrestling Federation as Earthquake, though initially known as Canadian Earthquake.


title: John Tenta

text: After a promising start to his sumo career, using the name Kototenzan, Tenta switched to professional wrestling and became a high-profile star for the WWF, feuding with Hulk Hogan and winning the WWF Tag Team Championship with partner, and personal friend, Typhoon.


title: John Tenta

text: His professional wrestling career also encompassed runs in World Championship Wrestling, where he was known as Avalanche and The Shark, All Japan Pro Wrestling and a return to WWF as Golga. Tenta died in 2006 after a long battle with bladder cancer.


title: John Tenta

text: John Tenta was born in Surrey, British Columbia. Named after his father, he was a large baby weighing 11 pounds, 3 ounces at birth. Inspired by professional wrestlers Gene Kiniski and Don Leo Jonathan, Tenta decided to pursue wrestling at age 6. He learned freestyle wrestling at North Surrey Secondary, becoming a Canadian junior champion in 1981. Shortly after his 18th birthday, he finished sixth in the super-heavyweight category at the World Junior Wrestling Championships in Vancouver. Tenta won an athletic scholarship to Louisiana State University (LSU), where he competed in NCAA-level collegiate wrestling. At LSU he was nicknamed "Big John" Tenta, lettering on the Tiger varsity wrestling team and participating on the football team. LSU dropped varsity wrestling to comply with Title IX in 1985, forcing Tenta to choose a new sport. Tenta then walked on to the LSU football team, where he played in some junior varsity games as a defensive lineman. He was also known as a "quiet giant" while employed as a bouncer at an LSU college bar, The Bengal. Tenta also played rugby union for the LSU Rugby Club.


title: John Tenta

text: Tenta then moved to Japan to pursue a career in sumo after being recruited by a former "yokozuna" who met Tenta on a trip to Vancouver. In October 1985, he joined a sumo stable, Sadogatake, run by former "yokozuna" Kotozakura Masakatsu (his stable also produced "ōzeki" Kotoōshū Katsunori from Bulgaria). Following tradition, the young "sumōtori" took the "shikona" name of , surname translated as Tenta the Harp.


title: John Tenta

text: Beginning the sport at age 22, he entered nearly seven years later than many non-college aspirants. The combination of his size—he already weighed 192 kg (423 lb) at a height of 6' 5.75" (197 cm)—and training as a wrestler were to his advantage in learning and advancing in the sport. The novice won all of his 24 bouts in his eight-month active career, and was later renamed , surname meaning Heavenly Mountain Harp. The novelty of being a rare Westerner Rikishi in the mid-1980s, and the third-ever Caucasian, garnered him press coverage, and he earned the additional nickname of the "Canadian Comet".


title: John Tenta

text: Despite doing well as a newcomer he soon quit the sport due to the difficulty of the sumo lifestyle and the toll the hard ring surface was taking on his body. Tenta commented, "Nothing I have ever done – not football, not college wrestling – compares with the kind of physical abuse you inflict on your body in sumo." In addition, the sumo world frowned on the large tattoo of a tiger on his left biceps and, though he covered it during matches, would have required him to remove it via skin graft before moving up to the higher-level competitions. In Japan, tattoos are associated with gangsters, and public display is widely prohibited. Tenta's decision to quit was criticized by his stablemaster, while the head of the Japan Sumo Association Kasugano (the former "yokozuna" Tochinishiki), said Tenta had become arrogant after his run of consecutive victories. "He thought it would be easy. But there is no job in this world that is harder. It is better for him to leave."


title: John Tenta

text: After leaving sumo, he quickly signed up for puroresu (Japanese pro wrestling) under the tutelage of Shohei "Giant" Baba. He made his professional wrestling debut with All Japan Pro Wrestling on May 1, 1987, teaming with Giant Baba and defeating Rusher Kimura and Goro Tsurumi. Tenta had a solid 18-month career, teaming with Baba, Jumbo Tsuruta, and The Great Kabuki, before getting the attention of American pro-wrestling promoters, as well as making tours in Vancouver for Al Tomko's NWA All Star Wrestling where he first competed as a babyface, but later turned heel when he began being managed by "Gentleman" Jonathan Sayers.


title: John Tenta

text: After making two dark-match appearances under his real name in March 1989, Tenta joined the WWF full-time in September 1989. In his first match after signing on, a dark match on September 21, 1989, he portrayed a lumberjack character named Earthquake Evans that was billed as being from the "Northern Yukon Territory" who was managed by Slick, and defeated Paul Roma. Tenta then made his WWF television debut on the November 11, 1989, edition of "WWF Superstars of Wrestling", where he was planted in the audience as a normal spectator at the taping held in Wheeling, West Virginia. During an in-ring interview with Gene Okerlund, Dino Bravo challenged The Ultimate Warrior to a strength competition. In order to demonstrate, Bravo and manager Jimmy Hart suggested that they pick a random audience member to come into the ring and sit on the backs of Bravo and the Ultimate Warrior as they did push-ups to see who could do the most. The Ultimate Warrior agreed, and Hart, after pretending to look around the audience, centered his attention on the very large Tenta who was sitting in the audience in casual clothing and appearing surprised. Tenta came down into the ring, identified himself as "John from West Virginia" and proceeded to sit on Bravo's back as he did a set of push-ups. During the Ultimate Warrior's set, however, Tenta leapt down onto the prone Ultimate Warrior using a seated senton that was adapted to be his signature move. Bravo and Tenta then beat and unleashed multiple big splashes on the prone Warrior. Both then celebrated as Tenta was inaugurated into the WWF as a heel with Hart as his manager. Tenta was pushed as The Canadian Earthquake – and by WrestleMania VI, simply Earthquake – an unstoppable monster heel who often sent his opponents out on a stretcher after repeatedly hitting them with his sitdown splash.


title: John Tenta

text: Earthquake's first PPV appearance was when he replaced Barry Windham on Randy Savage's team at the 1989 Survivor Series. Earthquake eliminated Hercules and survived the match, along with Savage and Dino Bravo. He made his WrestleMania debut at WrestleMania VI, defeating Hercules. Tenta's career peaked when he entered a feud with Hulk Hogan. The feud exploded in May 1990, when Earthquake snuck up on Hogan from behind during a segment of "The Brother Love Show" (on "WWF Superstars of Wrestling") and repeatedly crushed Hogan's ribs with his "Earthquake splash." Eventually, Hogan recovered and gained revenge on Earthquake and defeated him in a series of matches across the country, starting with Hogan's countout victory at SummerSlam 1990. Hogan and Earthquake were the final two participants in the 1991 Royal Rumble, with Hogan getting the victory. After his stint with Hogan, Earthquake attained another WrestleMania victory, defeating former Hart stable mate Greg Valentine at WrestleMania VII. On April 1, 1991, WWF held a joint show in Kobe with Japanese promotion Super World of Sports called SWS Wrestle Dream. Earthquake appeared to face Kōji Kitao, in a battle of two former sumo wrestlers. Kitao and Tenta broke kayfabe by being uncooperative with each other. Kitao didn't sell Earthquake's attacks and shot on him. The match ended when Kitao was disqualified for kicking the referee. After the match, Kitao immediately grabbed a microphone and began telling the audience that wrestling is fake and that Tenta never could really beat him, as other Japanese wrestlers attempted to restrain him. The incident led to Kitao being fired from SWS.


title: John Tenta

text: After WrestleMania VII, Earthquake instigated a feud with Jake "the Snake" Roberts, when in their match that aired on "WWF Superstars of Wrestling", he "squashed" Damien with his Earthquake splashes; Earthquake had tied up Roberts in the ropes before going on his rampage. In reality, Roberts' bag – one of two left at ringside for the match – contained pantyhose stuffed with hamburger, and a small motor to simulate a "live snake." When the match aired on "WWF Superstars of Wrestling", footage of Earthquake landing on Damien was interrupted with cutaway shots to that show's "Events Center," although the incident aired uninterrupted and uncensored during "WWF Prime Time Wrestling" the following week. Later, Earthquake participated in a skit on "WWF Prime Time Wrestling" where he cooked "Quakeburgers" on a grill and served them to co-hosts Vince McMahon, Bobby The Brain Heenan, and Lord Alfred Hayes; later, Earthquake revealed that the meat was ground from Damien's carcass. Heenan had already eaten three or four of the Burgers and Hayes was curious about the meat. Earthquake mentioned the animal from which the meat was taken rhymed with quake and Hayes said they were snake burgers. Hayes got sick and nearly threw up. Vince was angry over this and knocked the tray out of Earthquake's hands which knocked all the burgers onto the floor. Roberts and Earthquake feuded throughout most of late-spring and into the summer.


title: John Tenta

text: Later in 1991, Earthquake formed a tag team with Typhoon (Tenta's friend, Fred Ottman, who had previously wrestled as Tugboat before turning heel) called The Natural Disasters, managed by Jimmy Hart. Initially a heel tag team, the duo feuded with the Legion of Doom over the WWF World Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. Later, the Disasters turned face when Jimmy Hart betrayed them and joined forces with Money Inc., a team composed of Irwin R. Schyster and Ted DiBiase; Money Inc. had just won the tag titles from the Legion of Doom, and at WrestleMania VIII, they defeated Money Inc. by count-out but did not win the titles. Although Earthquake and Typhoon eventually won the tag titles (and defeated the Beverly Brothers at the 1992 SummerSlam pay-per-view to retain the titles), it wasn't long before Money Inc. regained the belts. Tenta left the WWF in January 1993 after losing via count-out to Bam Bam Bigelow the night after the Royal Rumble for a spell in Japan for WAR. He also had a brief stint in CMLL in late 1993.


title: John Tenta

text: He returned to the WWF in January 1994 when he assisted Bret Hart in a match with Shawn Michaels by countering Diesel's interference. He defeated Adam Bomb in a quick squash match at WrestleMania X. He then engaged in a short feud with Yokozuna, with whom he had a sumo match on "Raw" (the early days of Tenta's Sumo training were also revealed). Tenta won the sumo match. Earthquake was scheduled to face Owen Hart in a King of the Ring qualifying match. However, during a May 14, 1994 house show in San Jose, California, Earthquake had been injured by Yokozuna and Crush. Footage of Yokozuna hitting a Banzai Drop at the show was televised before the qualifying match to explain his absence in which Doink the Clown was his replacement. He again disappeared from WWF thereafter and returned to Japan for WAR.


title: John Tenta

text: Personal financial difficulties led Tenta to contact World Championship Wrestling. Hulk Hogan, a longtime friend, lobbied to have Tenta come in, and so Tenta left the WWF to join WCW. Before joining WCW, Tenta worked a tour of Japan for UWF International, where he teamed up with Super Vader. Tenta was introduced as Avalanche and was a member of Kevin Sullivan's The Three Faces of Fear, billed at 517lbs. He later aligned with Big Bubba Rogers and feuded with Sting and Randy Savage. At Clash of the Champions XXIX, Avalanche, The Butcher and Kevin Sullivan lost to Hulk Hogan, Sting and Dave Sullivan in a Six-Man Tag Team match with Mr. T as the special referee. At Starrcade, Avalanche lost to Sting by disqualification. At SuperBrawl V, Avalanche and Big Bubba Rogers lost to Sting and Randy Savage when Sting pinned Avalanche. At Uncensored, Avalanche lost to Randy Savage by disqualification. At Clash of the Champions XXX, Avalanche lost to Sting with The Guardian Angel as the special guest referee. The Avalanche name was dropped after WWF threatened legal action over similarities to the Earthquake character. Tenta returned under the ring name The Shark and joined the Dungeon of Doom faction. He believed this could be the beginning of a long term gimmick and even changed the tattoo on his arm of an LSU Tiger to that of a shark, a process that took 24 hours. Rumors were that WCW management forced him to do that, but in reality, it was Tenta himself that brought the idea up. At Fall Brawl (1995), Tenta teamed with other members of The Dungeon of Doom Kamala, The Zodiac and Meng with The Taskmaster) to face The Hulkamaniacs (Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, Lex Luger and Sting) in a WarGames match where they lost. On the October 9, 1995, edition of "WCW Monday Nitro", Shark lost to Sting in a match for the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship. on the November 20 episode of Nitro, Shark lost to Scott Norton. Shark competed in the WCW World War 3 (60 Man Battle Royal in Three Rings) for the vacant WCW World Heavyweight Championship which was won by Randy Savage.


title: John Tenta

text: He eventually left the Dungeon of Doom and wrestled under his real name after delivering a promo about the many other names and gimmicks he'd been forced into in the past, including the line "I'm not the Shark. I'm not a fish. I'm not an Avalanche. I'm a man". On the May 27 episode of Nitro, Shark lost to The Giant in a match for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. On the June 3 episode of Nitro, Tenta defeated Big Bubba by count-out. At the 1996 Great American Bash, he defeated Big Bubba Rogers; after the match Tenta cut Rogers' goatee off with a pair of scissors. On the June 17 episode of Nitro, Tenta defeated Big Bubba. On the July 1, 1996 edition of "Nitro", Tenta got another shot at the WCW World Heavyweight Championship against The Giant but failed to win the title. At Bash at the Beach 1996, Tenta defeated Big Bubba in a Carson City Silver Dollar match. During this time, Tenta began using "One Crazed Anarchist" as his entrance theme, which would later be adopted by Chris Jericho.


title: John Tenta

text: Following a match with the Dungeon of Doom's Giant, Big Bubba Rogers, who had just joined the Dungeon, shaved half of Tenta's head. Tenta said he wouldn't shave off the other half because he looked in the mirror and relived the embarrassment. He would go out to get the mail and his neighbors would laugh. The two went on to feud against one another, with Rogers shaving off Tenta's beard as well after Tenta lost another match to The Giant. On the September 9 episode of Nitro, Tenta defeated Randy Savage by count-out. On the March 3, 1997, edition of Nitro, Tenta joined Roddy Piper as a member of his "family." The angle was quickly dropped and Piper instead joined forces with the Four Horsemen, dropping the members of his "family." Tenta left WCW in early 1997.


title: John Tenta

text: In 1999, Tenta returned to WCW for one night wrestling under his real name when he defeated Lash LeRoux on Monday Nitro in a dark match.


title: John Tenta

text: After his feud with Rogers, Tenta left WCW and resurfaced in the WWF on the May 25, 1998, episode of "Raw is War" under the name Golga. He wrestled under a mask as one of the Oddities and the character had a fascination with Eric Cartman from the TV series "South Park". The gimmick was given to Tenta because he lost a considerable amount of weight, so much so that the WWF thought it wouldn't be believable for Tenta to reprise the Earthquake gimmick with the weight loss.


title: John Tenta

text: On the July 28 edition of "Raw is War", he defeated Marc Mero. At SummerSlam, The Oddities defeated Kaientai (Taka Michinoku, Dick Togo, Mens Teioh and Sho Funaki) in a Handicap match. On the September 5 edition of "Raw Saturday Night" Raw, The Oddities defeated the L.O.D and Droz in a six-man tag team match. On the September 12 edition of "Raw Saturday Night", The Oddities faced The Disciples of Apocalypse which ended in a No Contest when the top ring rope fell off. On the October 4 edition of "Heat", The Oddities defeated The Headbangers. On the October 17 edition of "Shotgun Saturday Night", Golga and Kurrgan defeated Too Much. On the October 18 edition of "Heat", The Oddities defeated Los Boricuas (Jose Estrada, Miguel Pérez, Jr. and Jesus Castillo). On the October 25 edition of "Heat", Golga lost to Jeff Jarrett. On the October 26 edition of "Raw is War", The Oddities and Insane Clown Posse lost to Kaientai in an 8-man tag team match by DQ when ICP shoved the referee. On November 16 edition of Raw, The Oddities lost to D-Generation X (New Age Outlaws and X-Pac). On the November 23 edition of "Raw is War", The Oddities were defeated by The Headbangers when the Insane Clown Posse turned on them. At , which took place in Tenta's hometown of Vancouver. The Oddities (Golga and Kurrgan) lost to The Headbangers.