title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: The occupants of Boat 8 spent the night rowing towards what they thought were the lights of a ship on the horizon, but turned around at daybreak when "Carpathia" actually arrived on the scene from the opposite direction. They had travelled further from the scene than any other lifeboat and had a long row back; it was not until 7:30 a.m. that they were picked up.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: The lowering of Boat 1 at 1:05 a.m. became one of the most controversial episodes in the aftermath of the disaster, both because the craft only contained 12 people and because of the alleged misconduct of two of its occupants, Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon and his wife, Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, famous as the dress designer "Lucile" of London, Paris and New York. The boat was one of "Titanic" two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40. Of the twelve people aboard, seven were crewmen and the remaining five were First Class passengers.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Its composition was not, however, a departure from Murdoch's interpretation of the "women and children first" directive. He had already allowed several married couples and single men to board lifeboats. Cosmo Duff Gordon had been standing on deck with his wife and her secretary, Miss Laura Mabel Francatelli, watching the launching of three other lifeboats when, as Boat 1 was being prepared, he asked Murdoch if his party could board. Murdoch assented and also allowed two Americans, Abram Salomon and Charles E. H. Stengel, to enter. He then instructed a group of six stokers to board, along with Lookout George Symons, whom he placed in charge of the boat. As the craft was lowered, Greaser Walter Hurst, watching the procedure from a lower deck, remarked to a crewmate: "If they are sending the boats away they might as well put some people in them."


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Boat 1 had room for about another 28 passengers but did not return to rescue those in the water after "Titanic" sank. Fireman Charles Hendrickson claimed he told his boat mates: "It's up to us to go back and pick up anyone in the water" but found no support. At least three other crewmembers, as well as the Duff Gordons, Salomon and Stengel, denied hearing any suggestion to go back or opposing any proposition to do so. In the media later, the Duff Gordons in particular were widely criticised for what was interpreted as their callousness in the face of the disaster. For instance, as "Titanic" sank, Lucile reportedly commented to her secretary: "There is your beautiful nightdress gone." Fireman Pusey replied that she shouldn't worry about losing her belongings because she could buy more. Pusey mentioned that the crew had lost all their kit and that their pay stopped from the moment of the sinking. Sir Cosmo responded: "Very well, I will give you a fiver each to start a new kit!" Aboard the rescue ship "Carpathia", he did as he promised, presenting each of the seven crewmen in his lifeboat a cheque for £5.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: When this act was made public, it was interpreted by much of the press as a bribe to prevent the crew from returning to the scene of the sinking to rescue others. The British Board of Trade's official inquiry into the disaster investigated the allegation but found the charge of bribery to be false. Even so, the publicity injured Sir Cosmo's reputation. A photograph of the occupants of Boat 1 was taken aboard the "Carpathia". Lucile had consented to a request from a "Carpathia" passenger, Dr. Frank Blackmarr, to take the image, but the sight of some of the crew posing in their lifejackets disturbed some fellow survivors who subsequently complained about the incident.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Lightoller launched Boat 6 at 1:10; it was photographed as it approached "Carpathia", revealing it to have had 29 people aboard, though it had a capacity of 65. Denver millionaire Margaret "Molly" Brown was among lifeboat number 6's most prominent occupants, along with Washington, D.C. writer and feminist Helen Churchill Candee, and English suffragettes Edith Bowerman and her mother Mrs. Edith Chibnall. Brown did not board voluntarily but was picked up by a crewman and dropped bodily into the boat as it was being lowered. Quartermaster Robert Hichens was placed in charge of the craft along with lookout Frederick Fleet. While being lowered, pleas from women in the boat for additional oarsmen forced Lightoller to solicit the crowd on deck for anyone who had sailing experience. Major Arthur Godfrey Peuchen of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club volunteered, shimmying down the falls (ropes) into the boat. Peuchen was the only adult male passenger whom Second Officer Lightoller permitted to board a lifeboat.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Relations among the occupants of Boat 6 were strained throughout the night. Hichens apparently resented Peuchen's presence, perhaps fearing the major would pull rank and take charge. The two men quarreled, and Hichens refused Peuchen's request that he assist him at the oars, since there was only one other man (Fleet) rowing.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: When "Titanic" sank, Peuchen, Brown and others urged Hichens to return to rescue people struggling in the water. Hichens refused, even ordering the men at the oars to stop rowing altogether. "There's no use going back," he called out. "There's only a lot of stiffs out there," adding: "It's our lives now, not theirs." The cries for help soon died. Brown now asked Hichens to let the women row to help keep them warm. When he balked, Brown ignored him and started passing out oars anyway. He protested and swore at her, and at one point moved to physically stop her. She told him to stay put or she'd throw him overboard. Others joined in to back her up, telling Hichens to keep quiet. But he continued swearing, shocking a stoker (transferred from Boat 16) who finally asked him: "Don't you know you're talking to a lady?" Taking an oar herself, Brown organised the other women in shifts, two to an oar. When her heroic actions were published in the press, she became known as the "Unsinkable Molly Brown." Brown's leadership was supported by Helen Candee, who herself assisted in the rowing despite a broken ankle received when she fell into the boat while boarding.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: After "Titanic" sank, lifeboat 6 eventually tied up with lifeboat 16. It was one of the last to reach "Carpathia", coming alongside at 8:00 a.m. Mrs Elizabeth Rothschild had her Pomeranian with her in the lifeboat. Initially, crew members of the "Carpathia" refused to take the dog aboard, but Mrs. Rothschild wouldn't board the rescue ship without it. The Pomeranian was one of only three dogs to survive the disaster.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Sixth Officer James Moody supervised the launching of Boat 16 at about 1:20 a.m. 40 people are believed to have been on board by the time it reached "Carpathia"; most of those aboard were said to be women and children from Second and Third Class. Master-at-arms Joseph Henry Bailey was put in charge of the lifeboat along with seamen Ernest Archer and James Forward. Among the occupants was stewardess Violet Jessop who survived the accidents that befell all of the "Olympic"-class liners: the collision of "Olympic" with in 1911, the sinking of "Titanic" in 1912, and that of "Britannic" in 1916.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: About 58 people were aboard Boat 14, with Wilde, Lightoller and Lowe supervising its launch. By the time it was launched at about 1:30 a.m., "Titanic" was well down in the water and some passengers still aboard were beginning to panic. Lowe fired three shots from his revolver to warn off a crowd of passengers pressing up against the rails. As the boat was lowered, a young man climbed over the rails and tried to hide under the seats. Lowe ordered him to leave at gunpoint, first threatening to "Throw him over-board", then appealing to him to "be a man – we've got women and children to save." The passenger returned to the deck where he was left lying face-down to await his fate.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: The boat reached the water safely, with Lowe himself aboard to take charge. After "Titanic" sank he brought together Boats 10, 12, 14 and Collapsible D, and transferred Boat 14's passengers to the other lifeboats. Then, assembling a crew of volunteers, he took his boat back to the scene of the sinking to try and find survivors. Lifeboat #4 was the only other lifeboat to rescue people from the sea. By the time Lowe's boat reached the scene of the sinking, the sea was filled with the bodies of hundreds of people who had died of hypothermia. Four men (Steward Harold Phillimore, First Class passenger William Fisher Hoyt, Third Class passenger Fang Lang and a fourth unknown person, possibly Second Class passenger Emilio Ilario Giuseppe Portaluppi) were pulled from the sea but most were already dead or dying. Hoyt died in the boat, while the other three survived.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: A few hours later Lowe rescued the survivors aboard Collapsible A, which was close to sinking, and brought them aboard lifeboat number 14. An experienced sailor, Lowe set up the lifeboat's mast and sail for better speed and maneuverability while searching for survivors, making it the only lifeboat to avail of sail power. The boat rendezvoused with "Carpathia" at about 7:15 a.m.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Lightoller and Wilde lowered Boat 12 at 1:30 a.m. with about 30 people aboard. It was first manned only by Able Seaman Frederick Clench and was subsequently put in the charge of Able Seaman John Poigndestre. A male passenger jumped into the boat as it was lowered past B Deck. Difficulty was encountered in unhooking the boat from the falls, requiring Poigndestre to use a knife to cut through the ropes. Several passengers from other boats were transferred into Boat 12 after the sinking and it was heavily overloaded by the time it reached "Carpathia" with at least 69 people aboard. It was the last lifeboat to be picked up by "Carpathia", at about 8:30 a.m.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: The lowering of Boat 9 at 1:30 a.m. with about 56 aboard was supervised by Murdoch, possibly with Moody assisting. Boatswain's Mate Albert Hames was put in charge with Able Seaman George McGough at the tiller. Most passengers were women, with two or three men who entered when no more women came forward. One elderly woman refused to board, making a great fuss, and retreated below decks. May Futrelle, the wife of novelist Jacques Futrelle, was likewise initially reluctant to board; but after her husband told her, "For God's sake, go! It's your last chance! Go!", an officer forced her into the boat. The millionnaire Benjamin Guggenheim brought Léontine Aubart, his French mistress, and her maid, Emma Sägasser, to Boat 9 before retiring to his stateroom with his valet, Victor Giglio. Both men removed their life jackets and put on their evening clothes. Guggenheim told a steward, "We've dressed in our best, and are prepared to go down like gentlemen. There is grave doubt that the men will get off. I am willing to remain and play the man's game if there are not enough boats for more than the women and children. I won't die here like a beast. Tell my wife I played the game out straight and to the end. No women shall be left aboard this ship because Ben Guggenheim was a coward."


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Kate Buss and her friend, Marion Wright, were standing with their shipboard acquaintances Douglas Norman and Dr. Alfred Pain, watching the boats being lowered, when a call came for "Any more ladies". The two men brought Buss and Wright to Boat 9, who beckoned Norman and Pain to join them. However, the men were barred from entering by crewmen on the deck. Horrified, Buss demanded to know why they had not been allowed aboard. Hames told her, "The officer gave the order to lower away, and if I didn't do so he might shoot me, and simply put someone else in charge, and your friends would still not be allowed to come." Norman and Pain both perished in the disaster. The boat was picked up by "Carpathia" several hours later, at about 6:15 a.m.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Boat 11 was lowered under Murdoch's supervision at 1:35 a.m. with Able Seaman Sidney Humphreys in charge. By now the lifeboats were being filled much closer to capacity, and Boat 11 is estimated to have carried about 70 people. One occupant, Steward James Witter, was knocked into the boat by a hysterical woman whom he was helping aboard as it was lowered. First Class passenger Edith Louise Rosenbaum, a Paris-based correspondent for Women's Wear Daily, brought along her toy pig, a music box that played the Maxixe and had been given to her as a good luck token by her mother. She was too frightened to enter the lifeboat, but when a crew member, mistaking her toy for a baby, tossed it in, she leaped in after it. The toy pig is now part of the collection of the National Maritime Museum in London. Second Class passenger Nellie Becker protested her way into lifeboat number 11, after an officer placed her son and younger daughter in the boat. She was initially prohibited from entering by Murdoch, who felt the boat was already too full, but eventually made her way aboard. In the chaos, however, her elder daughter Ruth was left behind and was instructed by Murdoch to head for lifeboat number 13.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: On reaching the water, lifeboat number 11 was nearly swamped by a jet of water being pumped out from the ship to stem the flooding. Tempers flared among the crowded passengers, some of whom had to stand, as the boat was rowed away from the ship. Rosenbaum offered some levity by using her musical pig to entertain the children underfoot. The lifeboat was met by "Carpathia" at about 7:00 a.m.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Boat 13 was partially filled from the Boat Deck and partially from A Deck after it had been lowered to that level when it was launched under the supervision of Murdoch and Moody at 1:40 a.m. Again, it was heavily occupied, with 65 people aboard and Leading Fireman Frederick Barrett in charge. The occupants were mainly Second and Third Class women and children. Among the men aboard was Lawrence Beesley, who subsequently wrote a popular book about the disaster. Dr. Washington Dodge was also aboard, having earlier seen his wife and young son aboard Boat 5. He owed his presence aboard the boat to the apparent guilty feelings of Steward F. Dent Ray, who had urged the Dodges to sail on "Titanic" in the first place. Just before Boat 13 was lowered, Ray bundled Dodge aboard. 12-year-old Second Class passenger Ruth Becker was placed in this boat by Moody after being prevented from entering the heavily overloaded lifeboat number 11 which her mother and two siblings had boarded. She was one of the few passengers who brought blankets from her stateroom into a boat, which were later used to keep the stokers, who were wearing sleeveless shirts, warm while rowing. Others did not want to board at all. A woman on deck became hysterical, crying, "Don't put me in that boat! I don't want to go in that boat! I've never been in an open boat in my life!" Ray told her, "You have got to go and you may as well keep quiet."


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: One male survivor, Daniel Buckley, reputedly managed to get into Boat 13 thanks to a female passenger who concealed him under her shawl. Buckley, a third-class passenger from County Cork in Ireland, was emigrating to the United States with a group of cousins and friends. He was among a group of steerage passengers who forced their way through a locked gate to the boat deck. He testified to the Senate inquiry into the sinking that he had helped put women and children in at least five lifeboats when he made a quick decision to jump in with a number of males. Buckley testified that, when two officers ordered the men to get out, a female passenger took pity on him, threw a shawl over him and pushed him down to hide him in the bottom of the boat. He believed that his savior was Madeleine Astor, though she was in Boat 4. Buckley later joined the 69th Infantry Regiment of the US Army during World War I, and was killed in action on 15 October 1918 during the Meuse–Argonne offensive. Buckley is credited with writing the folk song "Sweet Kingwilliamstown".


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: While it was being lowered, boat 13 was nearly swamped by "an enormous stream of water, three or four feet in diameter" coming from the condenser exhaust which was being produced by the pumps, far below, trying to purge the water that was flooding into "Titanic". The occupants had to push the boat clear using their oars and spars and reached the water safely. The wash from the exhaust caused the boat to drift directly under lifeboat number 15, which was being lowered almost simultaneously. Its lowering was halted just in time, with only a few feet to spare. The falls aboard lifeboat number 13 jammed and had to be cut free to allow the boat to get away safely from the side of "Titanic". According to passenger Delia McDermott, she climbed out of the boat early on to recover her new hat. A few hours later the occupants saw "Carpathia" coming to their rescue and began rowing towards it to an accompaniment of the Philip P. Bliss hymn, "Pull for the Shore". They were picked up at about 6:30 a.m.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Murdoch and Moody oversaw the lowering of Boat 15 concurrently with Boat 13 and it reached the water only a minute later, at 1:41 a.m. Fireman Frank Dymond was put in charge of what was the most heavily loaded boat at launching, with about 65 people aboard. It was so heavily loaded that the gunwales were reported to be far down in the water; one female passenger later said that when she leaned against the gunwale her hair trailed in the water. The boat was one of the last to be recovered by "Carpathia", at about 7:30 a.m.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: The lowering of Boat 2, the second of the two cutters, was overseen by Wilde and Smith at about 1:45 a.m. When Lightoller moved to the boat to get it ready for loading, he found that it was already filled with a large group of male passengers and crewmen. He ordered them out at gunpoint, telling them, "Get out of there, you damned cowards! I'd like to see every one of you overboard!" They fled, but had no way of knowing that his revolver was not loaded. Even at this late stage some boats were leaving with plenty of space aboard; Boat 2 appears to have been lowered with only 18 people aboard, out of a capacity of 40. The occupants were principally women, plus one male Third Class passenger, Anton Kink, who joined his wife and young daughter in the boat. Fourth Officer Boxhall was given charge of the boat.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: When "Titanic" sank at 2:20 a.m., Boxhall suggested to the occupants that they should go back to pick people up from the water. However, they refused outright. Boxhall found this puzzling, as only a short time before the women had pleaded with Smith for their husbands to be allowed to accompany them, yet now they did not want to go back to save them (although actually only one woman, Mrs. Walter Douglas, had left a husband on board). The boat was the first to reach "Carpathia", at 4:10 a.m.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Boat 10 was launched at about 1:50 A.M. with Able Seaman Edward Buley in charge. It appears to have had about 35 people aboard when it was launched. By this time "Titanic" was listing to port, making it increasingly difficult to launch lifeboats from that side of the ship, as the ship's list had created a gap of about between the deck and the sides of the port-side lifeboats. An attempt to board by a young French woman nearly ended in disaster when she jumped into the lifeboat fell short and she dropped into the gap. She was caught by the ankle by Dining Room Steward, William Burke, and was pulled back on board the ship by a person on the deck. She made it into the lifeboat safely on her second attempt. "Titanic" was clearly not far from sinking and this realisation led to an increased urgency to load the lifeboat; children were rushed aboard, one baby literally being thrown in and caught by a female passenger. A male passenger, whom Lowe later described as a "crazed Italian", rushed to the rail as the boat was being lowered and jumped in. Neshan Krekorian, an Armenian passenger from third class, is said to have jumped into Boat 10 as it was being lowered. Among the people on Boat 10 was the youngest "Titanic" passenger, nine-week-old Millvina Dean, who was also the last remaining survivor. She accompanied her mother, Mrs. Etta Dean, and older brother, Bertram. Two of those aboard were later transferred to another lifeboat, and it had 55 aboard when it met "Carpathia" a few hours later. It was the second to last lifeboat to be picked up, at 8:00 a.m.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Launched concurrently with Boat 10, with 42 people aboard, the last of the wooden lifeboats was launched under the supervision of Lightoller at 1:50 a.m. with Quartermaster Walter Perkis put in charge. It was actually one of the first lifeboats to be lowered on Captain Smith's suggestion that passengers should be loaded from the Promenade Deck rather than the Boat Deck. However, the captain had forgotten that – unlike on his previous command, "Titanic"s sister ship "Olympic" – the forward half of the Promenade Deck was enclosed. Lightoller ordered that the windows on the Promenade Deck's enclosure were to be opened, and moved on to deal with the other lifeboats. The windows proved unexpectedly difficult to open and to add to the problems, the lifeboat got caught up on "Titanic"s sounding spar, which projected from the hull immediately below the boat. The spar had to be chopped off to allow the lifeboat to progress. A stack of deck chairs was used as a makeshift staircase to allow passengers to climb up and through the windows and into the boat.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Among the occupants was Madeleine Astor, the pregnant wife of the American millionaire John Jacob Astor. She had endured a long wait, shuttling back and forth between the Promenade and Boat Decks as plans for loading the boat were made and discarded. Now she boarded, accompanied by her maid and nurse, and helped by Astor, who asked Lightoller if he could join her. Lightoller refused, telling him, "No men are allowed in these boats until the women are loaded first." Astor told Madeleine, "The sea is calm. You'll be all right. You're in good hands. I'll meet you in the morning." He did not survive.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: The Carters also reached Boat 4. William Carter helped his wife, Lucile, and daughter, also named Lucile, into the boat, but his son, Billy, had to leave his tan-and-black Airedale dog before he was allowed in the boat.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Of the seven members of the Ryerson party from First Class, only the five females were initially allowed to board, including Emily, her two daughters, Emily and Susan, the maid, and the governess. The son, John, was not allowed until his father Arthur stepped forward, proclaiming, "Of course, that boy goes with his mother. He is only 13." All survived except Arthur, who dutifully stayed behind.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Boat 4 appears to have had about 42 people aboard (about 40 women and children and two or three crew members) when it was lowered. As it had been ordered, Perkis steered the boat along the side of the ship in search for open gangways, since he had been told to take on board more passengers through them, but found no one. This way, the boat ended up near the davits of Boat 16 (which had been already launched), and two greasers, Thomas Ranger and Frederick William Scott, who were standing near them, climbed down the falls to Boat 4 (Scott fell into the water but was hauled aboard the lifeboat). The boat then rowed away from the ship in order to avoid suction. A third man, lamp trimmer Samuel Ernest Hemming, climbed down the falls of another lifeboat and swam over to Boat 4, which was about 200 yards away. Immediately after the sinking the boat rowed back to the wreckage to pick up more survivors (the only lifeboat to try immediately to do so). It picked up six or seven more men (trimmer Thomas Patrick Dillon, seaman William Henry Lyons, stewards Andrew Cunningham and Sidney Conrad Siebert, storekeeper Frank Winnold Prentice, and one or two more unidentified swimmers) from the water. Two (Siebert and Lyons) later died of exposure. The number of occupants later increased when other people were transferred from Boat 14 and Collapsible Boat D. By the time it reached "Carpathia" at 8:00 a.m. it had about 60 occupants including:


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Wilde and Murdoch oversaw the launch of the first of the collapsible Engelhardt lifeboats, with 44 people, which was retrieved from its stored position, the sides erected and the boat attached to the davits. The majority of the forward boats had gone by this time and most of the crowd on deck had moved aft as "Titanic"s bow dipped deeper into the water. The boat was rushed by a group of stewards and Third Class passengers who tried to climb aboard but were driven back by Purser McElroy, who fired two warning shots into the air, while Murdoch tried to hold the crowd back. Two First Class passengers, Hugh Woolner and Swedish industrialist Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson, came to the officers' assistance and dragged out two stewards who had made it into the lifeboat. With the assistance of Woolner and Steffansson, Murdoch and Wilde managed to load the lifeboat quickly but calmly. White Star Line chairman J. Bruce Ismay also assisted by rounding up women and children to bring them to Collapsible C. Captain Smith, who was observing events from the starboard bridge wing, ordered Quartermaster George Rowe to take command of the boat. After Wilde called repeatedly for women and children to enter, a number of men took up the remaining spaces in the lifeboat, including Ismay; his decision to save himself ultimately proved to be very controversial.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: The boat was lowered into the water at 2:00 a.m., becoming the last starboard-side boat to be successfully launched. By now "Titanic" was listing heavily to port, and the boat collided with the ship's hull as it descended towards the water. Those aboard used their hands and oars to keep the boat clear of the side of the ship. As "Titanic" went down 20 minutes later, Ismay turned his back on the sinking ship, unable to bear the sight. It was the first of the collapsible lifeboats to reach "Carpathia", at 5:45 a.m., and had about 43 people on board, including:


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: By the time Collapsible Boat D was launched at 2:05 a.m., there were still 1,500 people on board "Titanic" and only 47 seats in the lifeboat. Crew members formed a circle around the boat to ensure that only women and children could board. Two small boys were brought through the cordon by a man calling himself "Louis Hoffman". His real name was Michel Navratil; he was a Slovak tailor who had kidnapped his sons from his estranged wife and was taking them to the United States. He did not board the lifeboat and died when the ship sank. The identity of the children, who became known as the ""Titanic" Orphans", was a mystery for some time after the sinking and was only resolved when Navratil's wife recognized them from photographs that had been circulated around the world. Four year-old Michael Joseph Yusuf, who was earlier separated from his mother and sister, was placed in the lifeboat by crew members. The three boys were the last children to be rescued in a lifeboat. The elder of the brothers, Michel Marcel Navratil, was the last living male survivor of the disaster. First class passenger Archibald Gracie began escorting female passengers to the front of the ship. After spotting passengers Caroline Brown and Edith Evans together, he took them to the lifeboat - one on each arm. First Class passenger Edith Evans gave up her place in the lifeboat to Caroline Brown, who became the last passenger to enter a lifeboat from the davits. Evans tried to get in but fumbled as she couldn't reach over the gunwale, deciding to stay on the boat to wait and board another collapsible lifeboat. Evans became one of only four First Class women to perish in the disaster.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: In the end, about 25 people were on board when it left the deck under the command of Quartermaster Arthur Bright. Two first class passengers, Hugh Woolner and Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson, jumped from A-Deck (which had started to flood) into the boat as it was being lowered, with Björnström-Stefansson landing upside down in the boat's bow and Woolner landing half-out, before being pulled aboard by the occupants. Another first class passenger, Frederick Maxfield Hoyt, who had previously put his wife in the boat, jumped in the water immediately after, and was hauled aboard by Woolner and Björnström-Steffansson. The number of people on board later increased when 13 survivors, including R. Norris Williams and Rhoda Abbott, were transferred from Collapsible Boat A. "Carpathia" picked up those aboard collapsible D at 7:15 a.m.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: By 2:12 a.m., Lightoller, Moody and others were struggling to retrieve Collapsible Boats A and B from their places of storage on the roof of the officers' quarters. They rigged up makeshift ramps from oars and spars down which they slid the boats onto the Boat Deck. Unfortunately for all concerned, the boat broke through the ramp and landed upside-down on the deck. There was no time to right it as "Titanic" began her final break-up and plunge. Water swept across the Boat Deck, washing the upside-down lifeboat and many people into the sea. Wireless operator Harold Bride found himself trapped underneath the overturned hull. "Titanic"s increasing angle in the water and an opening expansion joint caused the stays supporting the forward funnel to snap and crash into the water, crushing swimmers in its path and pushing Collapsible B further away from the sinking ship. As "Titanic" went under, the lifeboat was left in the midst of hundreds of people swimming in the water. Several dozen people climbed onto its hull, including Lightoller, who then took charge of it. Also aboard were Jack Thayer (whose mother was saved with her maid in Boat #4, but whose father died), military historian Colonel Archibald Gracie, who later wrote a popular account of the disaster, and Chief Baker Charles Joughin. Bride managed to escape from the air pocket beneath the boat and made it onto the hull.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Those aboard Collapsible B suffered greatly during the night. The boat gradually sank lower into the water as the air pocket underneath it leaked away. The sea began to get up towards dawn, causing the boat to rock in the swell and lose more of its air. Lightoller organised the men on the hull to stand in two parallel rows on either side of the centreline, facing the bow, and got them to sway in unison to counteract the rocking motion caused by the swell. They were directly exposed to the freezing seawater, first up to their feet, then to their ankles and finally to their knees as the boat subsided in the water. For some, the ordeal proved too much and one by one they collapsed, fell into the water and died. The victims possibly included Jack Phillips, the first radio officer, and the third class passenger David Livshin, whose body was taken to the "Carpathia" on the following morning. About 30 men were left alive by the morning and were transferred into other lifeboats before being rescued by "Carpathia".


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Collapsible Boat A reached the deck the right way up and was being attached to the falls by Murdoch and Moody when it was washed off "Titanic" at 2:12 a.m. First class passenger Edith Evans was seen running across the boat deck to try and board the lifeboat, having just given up her space in Collapsible D. In the chaos, the canvas sides were not pulled up and the boat drifted away from the ship partially submerged and dangerously overloaded. Many of the occupants climbed in from the water but several died of hypothermia or fell back into the sea. Only 13 people were left alive and the survivors were later transferred into Collapsible Boat D. Among them were first class passenger R. Norris Williams, and third class passenger Mrs. Rhoda Abbott, the only female aboard, who had lost her two young sons in the water. Three bodies, including that of Mr. Thomson Beattie, were left in Collapsible A, which was allowed to drift off; they were not recovered until a month later, by , another White Star Line ship.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: "Titanic"s surviving passengers endured a cold night before being picked up by RMS "Carpathia" on the morning of 15 April. Boat 2 was the first to be recovered, at 4:10 a.m., with Boat 12 the last, at 8:15 a.m. Boats 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 16 were brought aboard "Carpathia", with the rest (including all four collapsible boats) set adrift. Collapsible Boat B was found again a few days later by the cable vessel "Mackay-Bennett" but an attempt to bring it on board failed and it was abandoned for good. Collapsible A was later recovered by the White Star liner "Oceanic" along with three decomposing bodies and taken back to New York to be placed with the other lifeboats recovered by the "Carpathia".


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: The 13 lifeboats retrieved by "Carpathia" were taken to the White Star Line's Pier 59 in New York, where souvenir hunters soon stripped them of much of their equipment. The "S.S. Titanic" nameplates which were not already stolen were removed by White Star Line workmen along with the rest of the identification plaques and the boats were then inventoried by the C.M. Lane Lifeboat Co. of Brooklyn. They were assessed for salvage at a collective value of £930 ($4,972) as the only salvageable items recovered from "Titanic", they remained in New York until at least December 1912, after that their whereabouts have been unknown since. One common misconception is that they may have been taken back to England aboard and installed on "Olympic", "Titanic"s sister ship, however this has since been disproven. They probably were either scrapped, left to rot in New York or quietly redistributed to other vessels sometime after December 1912.


title: Lifeboats of the Titanic

text: Although nothing remains of the original lifeboats, some surviving fittings can still be seen such as nameplates reading 'S.S. TITANIC' of which several are known to exist in museums and private collections, along with brass numbers, port plates reading 'LIVERPOOL', and house flags of the White Star Line, such as a burgee removed from the hull of one lifeboat by a souvenir hunter and now displayed in the museum of the "Titanic" Historical Society. A full-size, accurate replica lifeboat is now on display at the maritime museum in Falmouth, England and a less accurate one in Belfast at the "Titanic" Belfast visitor attraction.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: Don is a 1978 Indian Hindi-language crime action thriller film directed by Chandra Barot, starring Amitabh Bachchan, Zeenat Aman and Pran. Written by Salim–Javed, and produced by Nariman Irani, the film also features Iftekhar, Om Shivpuri, and Satyen Kappu in pivotal roles. Bachchan played dual roles, as the titular character and his lookalike simpleton. The plot revolves around Vijay, a Bombay slum-dweller who resembles the powerful criminal Don, being asked by Police Superintendent D'Silva to masquerade as Don after to the latter's death, in order to act as an informant for the police and track down the root of the criminal organization. The film features music by Kalyanji–Anandji, with lyrics by Anjaan and Indeevar.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: It was the third highest-grossing Indian film of 1978, and was classified a golden jubilee by Box Office India.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: The film spawned the "Don" franchise; Javed Akhtar's son Farhan Akhtar created a remake "" (2006) and its sequel "Don 2" (2011), both starring Shah Rukh Khan. It also inspired several South Indian remakes, notably the Tamil film "Billa" (1980), a breakthrough film for Rajinikanth. "Don" is also known for its theme music, which was used in the "American Dad!" episode "Tearjerker" (2008). The intro to "Yeh Mera Dil" was sampled by the Black Eyed Peas for the song "Don't Phunk with My Heart" (2005).


title: Don (1978 film)

text: The film begins with Don (Amitabh Bachchan) as one of the most powerful criminals in Mumbai who always eludes the authorities despite being wanted in eleven countries. Led by DSP D'Silva (Iftekhar) and Inspector Verma (Satyen Kappu), the police department is working with Interpol officer R.K. Malik (Om Shivpuri) in their attempts to nab Don. Along with the police, Don makes a few other enemies through his merciless approach to running his organization. At this point, one of his henchmen Ramesh (Sharad Kumar) fearfully decides to leave the business of crime and escape from India. However, Don learns about Ramesh's decision and gets hold of him during his attempt of elopement, killing him. This introduces Don to his two new enemies; Kamini (Helen), Ramesh's fiancée, and Roma (Zeenat Aman), Ramesh's sister. Kamini seduces Don in an attempt to have the police arrest him, but her plan backfires as Don outsmarts her and the police in his escape. In the process, Don kills Kamini, too. A shattered Roma swears to seek revenge from Don for her brother and sister-in-law's deaths. She gets her hair cut short, trains herself in judo and karate, and enters Don's gang after deceiving the members into believing that she too is on the wrong side of the law. Without suspecting any ulterior motive, Don is impressed with her fighting skills and allows her to work for them all.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: After several years of unsuccessful attempts, the police finally succeed in nabbing Don who, however, tricks them all and flees from the spot. During a police chase, he is badly injured by a gunshot inflicted by the police which leads to his sudden disappearance. That night, DSP D'Silva individually encounters a wounded Don hiding in his car and decides to take him into custody alive, to extract the source of the crime organisation that he relies on. While on their way to the police station, Don succumbs to his serious injuries in the car, botching DSP D'Silva's plan.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: Still wanting a chance to take down Don's gang, DSP D'Silva secretly gets Don's dead body buried in a graveyard while ensuring many people that he may still be alive. The only ones who are aware of Don's death are DSP D'Silva himself, the graveyard priest, and his followers. As luck would have it, D'Silva remembers his previous encounter with slum-dwelling simpleton and street performer Vijay (also Amitabh Bachchan), an exact doppelgänger of Don who is currently taking care of Deepu and Munni, two motherless children separated from their father. Meeting up with Vijay, DSP D'Silva reveals Don's death to him and hatches a plan to have Vijay impersonate Don, so that he can get the police to arrest the rest of the gang and find out the source of crime that they all rely on. As a startup, Vijay and DSP D'Silva stage an "accident" that lands Vijay in a hospital under police custody. This prompts Roma and Don's gang, currently led by Don's right-hand-man Narang (Kamal Kapoor) to kidnap Vijay from the hospital and take him to their hideout, allowing him to infiltrate the gang under the guise of having amnesia.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: Around the same time, a poor widower Jasjit (Pran) is released from prison after being arrested by DSP D'Silva few years ago for a past robbery he was involved in along with Narang. Jasjit took the job only with the intention of using the money to save his ill wife from death, but was caught by D'Silva in the act which resulted in his wife's death. He also intends to reunite with his children Deepu and Munni who are currently being taken care of by Vijay as they went missing after Jasjit's arrest.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: As part of his mission, Vijay finds a red diary containing all the addresses and contacts of the criminals and even the evidences regarding their activities. He replaces the diary with a blank one and heads to DSP D'Silva's house to hand him over the real diary. While Vijay is climbing to D'Silva's apartment, Roma chases him and attacks him in an attempt to avenge both Ramesh and Kamini's deaths. Vijay survives the attack and tries to explain to Roma that he is not Don but she refuses to believe him. DSP D'Silva intervenes and confesses about Don's death to Roma, who apologises to Vijay and agrees to help him out in taking down the gang members. Using the diary, DSP D'Silva learns that all of the gang members are working for a notorious crime lord Vardhaan Makhija who is serving as the source of crime in Mumbai (even Don and Narang are nothing more than just middlemen reporting to Vardhaan). Despite this, there is no indication in finding out Vardhaan's identity as it remains unknown. Meanwhile, Vijay announces to the gang members that he has regained his memory after learning more and more about Don's past through the diary.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: However, things take a drastic turn when the police, acting upon Vijay's information, raid the hideout during the celebrations and DSP D'Silva, the only witness to Vijay's true identity, is shot in the crossfire while Vijay and the gang members are arrested as Inspector Verma and Malik mistake Vijay for Don. In the hospital, Vijay desperately tries to make a gravely injured DSP D'Silva confess that he is not Don. Unfortunately, DSP D'Silva dies from his serious injuries and Vijay is imprisoned. He is forced to escape from the police truck while on the way to a high-security jail, and the commotion causes Narang and the gang members to finally learn that Vijay is an imposter, just as they too escape from captivity, swearing to kill him.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: Tangled in a web of confusion where the police refuse to believe he is Vijay while the gang members realise he is indeed not Don, Vijay learns that the diary (the sole evidence to prove his innocence) is stolen by Jasjit in order to track down Deepu and Munni. He meets Vijay and Roma who team up with him. However, the trio learn that Malik himself is actually Vardhaan who captured the real R.K. Malik (Pinchoo Kapoor) and posed as the latter to cover his crime, and that Vardhaan was the one who had murdered DSP D'Silva during the raid-up and had already exposed Roma's identity to the gang members, before having them kidnap Deepu and Munni so that the trio can surrender themselves and the diary to Vardhaan. After being captured by Vardhaan, Jasjit is reunited with Deepu and Munni and manages to escape the hideout with them, thanking Vijay for taking care of his children.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: Meeting up in the same graveyard where Don was buried, Vardhaan and his gang members who are holding Deepu and Munni hostages, have a long standoff with Vijay, Roma and Jasjit, resulting in Vardhaan grabbing the diary from Roma and throwing it in a fire. Eventually, he calls Inspector Verma and the police to the scene to have the trio and the gang members arrested so that he can get away scot-free. However, anticipating the possibility that Vardhaan would try to escape, Vijay cleverly reveals that the diary that he had thrown in the fire was actually the blank one that he had switched, just as he hands over the real diary to Verma, exposing Vardhaan's identity and occupation to the police. Eventually, Vardhaan and the gang members are arrested and sent to prison for their crimes while all charges against Vijay are dropped. The film ends with Vijay, Roma, Jasjit, Deepu and Munni happily walking away from the police station, satisfied that they took down Vardhaan and his gang members for good.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: Producer and cinematographer Nariman Irani was in a financial mess when his film "Zindagi Zindagi" (1972), starring Sunil Dutt flopped. He was in debt for Rs 1.2 million and couldn't pay the money off on a cinematographer's salary. When he was doing the cinematography for Manoj Kumar's major hit "Roti Kapada Aur Makaan" (1974), the film's cast (Amitabh Bachchan, Zeenat Aman, Pran) and crew (assistant director Chandra Barot) decided to help him out. They all recommended that he produce another film and that they would participate in its production. They all approached scriptwriting duo Salim–Javed (Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar), who gave them an untitled script that had already been rejected by the entire industry. The cinematographer Nariman Irani, while working on "Chhailla Babu", decided to borrow most of the plot of "Chhailla Babu" and shared a modified story idea with Chandra Barot, who made the new modified story as the film "Don" (1978). The script had a character named Don. Bachchan would play Don, and Barot would direct the film. Aman and Pran would play key roles in the film.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: The film took three-and-a-half years to complete. Before filming was completed, producer Irani died from an accident on the set of another film he was working on. Barot faced budget restraints but received aid. Barot showed the film to his mentor Manoj Kumar, who felt that the film was too tight and needed a song in the midst of the action-filled film, and so "Khaike Paan Banaraswala" was added into the film. "Don" was released without any promotion on 12 May 1978 and was declared a flop the first week. Within a week after an adding the song "Khaike Paan Banaraswala", the song by itself became a big hit, and by word of mouth spread, so by the second week, the film's fortunes were reversed, and the film was declared a blockbuster. The profits from the film were given to Irani's widow to settle her husband's debts.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: "Don" was produced on a budget of 70lakh ($860,000). Adjusted for inflation, its budget is equivalent to $ million (22crore) in 2016.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: The soundtrack of the film has been composed by the duo Kalyanji–Anandji, while the lyrics were written by Anjaan and Indeevar.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: According to film music expert Rajesh Subramanian, the song "Khaike Paan Banaraswala" was composed by Babla, the younger brother of a famous music director Kalyanji–Anandji.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle received accolades at filmfare for the tracks "Khaike Paan Banaraswala" and "Yeh Mera Dil" respectively, both of which have also been remixed in the remake.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: At the Indian box office, the film grossed 7crore ($8.6million). Adjusted for inflation, its box office gross is equivalent to $ million (218crore) in 2016.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: The film was remade in 2006 as "Don" starring Shah Rukh Khan in the lead role of Don and Vijay, Priyanka Chopra as Roma, Arjun Rampal as Jasjit, Boman Irani as D'Silva, and Om Puri as Malik. It was directed by Farhan Akhtar. With some changes in the script, the film proved to be one of the highest-grossing films of the year. A sequel to that film, "Don 2", was released on 23 December 2011.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: A sample from the song "Yeh Mera Dil" was used by The Black Eyed Peas for their hit song "Don't Phunk with My Heart" in 2005. The song won the Black Eyed Peas their first Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, while the composers for "Yeh Mera Dil", Kalyanji–Anandji, were awarded the BMI Award for being the originators of the melodies used in "Don't Phunk with My Heart."


title: Don (1978 film)

text: The third season "American Dad!" episode "Tearjerker" (2008) uses the 1978 "Don" theme music in its intro sequence.


title: Don (1978 film)

text: The third episode of the Marvel Studios television series "Ms. Marvel" features "Yeh Mera Dil" in a wedding dance sequence.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: Indigo is the ninth studio album by American singer, songwriter Chris Brown, released on June 28, 2019, by RCA Records. The album marks his second double album and serves as a follow-up to his eighth album "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" (2017). Brown enlisted and worked with several producers, including Smash David, Soundz, Hitmaka, Boi-1da, Scott Storch, OG Parker and many others. The album features various guest appearances by urban and pop artists, including Nicki Minaj, G-Eazy, Tory Lanez, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna, Trey Songz and Drake.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: The official recording sessions for the album began in August 2018 and ended in May 2019, with some songs being recorded earlier during the first months of 2018, while a couple songs from the extended edition were recorded a few years prior. The album's aesthetics feature a supernatural and spiritual imagery, conceived by Brown himself, and handled by graffiti artist Saturno, visual artist Jeff Cole, and 3D artists Circle Circle Math and Sarper Baran.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, making it his third number-one album in the country, and first in seven years, since "Fortune" (2012). Six official singles were released from "Indigo": "Undecided", "Back to Love", "Wobble Up", featuring Nicki Minaj and G-Eazy, "No Guidance", featuring Drake, and "Heat", featuring Gunna. "No Guidance" became the biggest hit from the album, peaking at number 5 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and topping the Rhythmic Airplay chart, until being unseated by the following released single, "Heat", at the top spot.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: In December 2017, soon after releasing his acclaimed first double-disc, "Heartbreak on a Full Moon", Brown started to work on new material. Later in the beginning of 2018 he worked on two collaboration mixtapes, that ended up never being released, one with R&B singer Jacquees, and another one with rapper Joyner Lucas, while still working on new songs for his next solo project, that was rumored to be called "Indigo".


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: The actual processing work of the project, after the drafting of its concept, began in August 2018, at the end of the "Heartbreak On A Full Moon tour", with "Undecided" being the first song composed following the idealization of the album, while a couple songs from the extended edition, dropped 3 months after the actual album, were composed during the realization of the previous album "Heartbreak on a Full Moon", with the song "Technology" made in 2016, and the song "Going At It" in December 2017. The album was fully recorded and mixed at Calabasas Sound in Los Angeles, with the exception of "Undecided", being recorded and mixed at Brown's home studio, named CBE Studios.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: Prior to its release the singer said that "Indigo" would focus on "energy, love, light, and happiness", saying that it reminded him of his previous albums "Chris Brown", "Graffiti" and "F.A.M.E.". Brown explained the album's title during an Instagram live, saying:


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: "Indigo" is an R&B album, which tends to a slightly more pop sound than its predecessor "Heartbreak on a Full Moon", containing as well genres such as dancehall and afrobeat. The album's sound in parts contains influences of tropical music, where songs with percussionist sounds from genres like dancehall, afropop and bounce music prevail, as in songs like "You Like That", "Juice", "Wobble Up", "Back to Love" and "Lurkin'".


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: On the disc there are 4 double tracks, where there's a progression of different musical productions, and they are "Emerald/Burgundy", "Natural Disaster/Aura", "Trust Issues/Act In" and "BP/No Judgment".


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: "Indigo"'s topics outline a positive turn that follows a bad period in a person's life, represented as the calm after the storm. In many parts of the album the singer describes how love, in his many forms, connects him to the enlightment of his spirituality. According to A.D. Amorosi of "The Inquirer", the album's themes mix spiritual awakening with sexuality. "Indigo", being the follow-up of "Heartbreak on a Full Moon", leaves the raw and personal songwriting of that album, as well as its dark and sultry mood, for a way more lighthearted sound and tone, still having few introspective songs like "All on Me" and "Don't Check on Me" that give a closer look at Brown's trials and tribulations.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: The cover art for the album was revealed on May 14, 2019, along with the back cover. The front cover artwork was designed by graffiti artist Saturno and features a purple-haired Chris Brown's face in space, surrounded by fictional monsters and flying saucers, while the back cover, designed by visual artist Jeff Cole, continues the supernatural theme with a levitating body over a pyramid. The CD's interior illustrations were handled by 3D artists and concept designers Circle Circle Math and Sarper Baran, that worked over a photoshoot done by Jake Miosge, Brown's official tour photographer.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: In December 2017, Brown showed that he was working on new songs teasing a "Michael Jackson-inspired" song on his Instagram profile, filming a video from his studio and playing the song supposedly called "Vampire Vibe". During the first months of 2018 he posted some snippets of new unreleased songs, showing that he was working on a collaboration mixtape with Jacquees, on another collaboration mixtape with Joyner Lucas, and on his album, rumored to be called "Indigo".


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: In January 2019, Brown announced a new deal with International global media and his label RCA Records, becoming one of the youngest artists to own his masters at age 29. "Indigo" was announced as the first album on this deal, with the release of the first single "Undecided" on January 4, 2019. Three days later Brown stated in an Instagram post that his new album would not be as lengthy as "Heartbreak on a Full Moon".


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: He later previewed and released the second official single from the album, "Back to Love", on April 11, 2019, getting a positive response from fans and critics. The following week he released the third single from the album, "Wobble Up", featuring Nicki Minaj and G-Eazy, announcing that the album would be released in June, also confirming a summer tour with Nicki Minaj, that ended up never happening. In an announcement made on May 2, 2019, Brown announced the list of artists he had been working with for the album, including Tory Lanez, Sage the Gemini, Tyga, Justin Bieber, Juicy J, Juvenile, H.E.R, Tank, Lil Jon, Lil Wayne, Joyner Lucas, Gunna and Drake. Some of these collaborations were surprising to the media, especially Drake, due to their public feud that lasted for several years. Two days later he said that "Indigo" would be a 30-track album, in reference to his 30th birthday.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: During Brown's birthday party on May 5, 2019, the singer previewed some songs from the album, and announced its release for June 21, 2019, later admitting a possible postponement to a week later, on June 28. He later revealed the artwork of the album and its track list between May and June 2019. On June 8, Brown released "No Guidance" featuring Drake as a single. It debuted at number nine on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, making it Chris Brown's 15th top-ten song, and becoming his highest-charting song as a lead artist since 2013's "Loyal" as well.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: "Indigo" was released on June 28, 2019. In August he hinted an upcoming deluxe version of the album, confirming it on September 27. On October 4, 2019, Brown released an expanded version of "Indigo" entitled "Indigo Extended", which included 10 additional songs, making the extended version a total of 42 songs.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: In January 2020 Brown announced on his Instagram profile that the album was about to get a "mini movie" visual version. Later on March 9, 2020 he confirmed its working posting a short video snippet of futuristic graphics accompanied by the song "Red". He captioned the video with "INDIGO MOVIE STARTS PRODUCTION SOON". However the mini movie ended up never happening, with speculations that it didn't because of the starting of COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: On June 10, 2019, Chris Brown announced an official headlining concert tour where he performed the album throughout United States, titled "Indigoat Tour". The tour began on August 20 in Portland, Oregon, at Moda Center, and ended on October 19 in Anaheim, California, at the Honda Center. The opening acts for the tour were Tory Lanez, Ty Dolla $ign, Joyner Lucas and Yella Beezy.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: Jay Cridlin of "Tampa Bay Times" said that the concert was "a guilty pleasure", wondering if supporting his unique talent should be wrong after the mistakes that he's done, expressing "At what point do we -- can we, should we -- forget about the blowups and restraining orders, and just marvel at the way Brown splits into a backflip and kick-spins a 360 during "Drunk Texting"?".


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: The tour was considered a big success, grossing over $30,100,000 in its 37 shows, selling out most of the venues, and being the third most successful hip-hop tour of 2019, after Travis Scott's "Astroworld – Wish You Were Here Tour" and Eminem's "Rapture 2019"


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: Trent Clark stated in the title of his review that, "“Indigo is a publicity stunt that needs a cease and desist" and found that "Listening to 32 songs straight through is a chore. Of course, all trespasses would be forgiven if "Indigo" was this era’s Trap&B "Thriller" but Brown, whose applauded prolificness hasn’t been behind a Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hit since 2007, opts to be the chaser instead of the creator." Clark pointed out that "There are aimless love ballads like anticlimactic ender “Play Catchup” or overwrought “You Like That” which bleed genericness", and that "there are reaches for commercial fodder that come off half-baked". Despite this, he also said that "The good side of the coin offers some positive counterbalance, however... Overtop a dreamy soundscape of chimes and hypnotic drums, Brown and H.E.R. harmonize their bones perfectly on the romantic “Come Together.” The buoyant “Troubled Waters” softens the mood deep into the album as the metaphor for being a lifeguard of love funnels rather nicely. And although it doesn’t meet the level of its celebrity expectations, the Drake-featured “No Guidance” serves as a timeless bluesy groove that most importantly, seals the coffin on a particularly nasty feud." Clark ended the review and found the album was "...the whiteboard of ideas and nobody bothered to find the dry eraser." and gave the album a 2.9 out of 5.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album two and a half stars out of five, and stated that while the album "allows more than enough space for the singer to sufficiently cover each one of his modes, that "On his own, Brown tends to tread water" and that "All of the referenced classics... are handled clumsily."


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: In the United States, "Indigo" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 108,000 album-equivalent units, which included 28,000 pure album sales in its first week, making it his third number-one album in the country. The album also accumulated 97.95 million on-demand audio streams in the United States for its track list of 32 songs. In its second week, the album remained in the top ten and fell to number three, earning just under 50,000 album-equivalent units. In its third week, the album dropped to number five on the chart, earning 42,000 album-equivalent units that week. Just over a month after its release, "Indigo" generated over 1 billion streams. On December 9, 2019, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over a million units in the United States. "Indigo" became Chris Brown's longest-running album on the "Billboard 200", spending over 100 weeks on the chart.


title: Indigo (Chris Brown album)

text: In Australia, the album opened at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart, becoming Brown's sixth top-ten album in the country. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number seven on the UK Albums Chart, Brown's seventh top-ten album on the chart.


title: 2022 Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation election

text: The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation election, 2022 is an election of members to the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation which governs Greater Mumbai, the largest city in India. The election dates are yet to be announced by the state election commission and could be held in March 2023.


text: Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) after the civic elections 2017 will now be with Nine new wards, three are in urban areas, three in western suburbs and three in eastern suburbs. The three wards in the city are Worli, Parel and Byculla, Bandra, Andheri, Dahisar in the western suburbs, Kurla, Chembur and Govandi in the eastern suburbs. overall will now be with 236 corporators. 127 seats is the reserved for women, out of which belonging to Scheduled Castes 8 seats reserved for women and 1 for woman belonging to Scheduled Tribes. There will be 118 seats for open Castes women total 219 seats will be for open group. 15 seats Scheduled Castes and 2 seats Scheduled Tribes will be reserved.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: Tyrol (; ; ) is a state ("Land") in western Austria. It comprises the Austrian part of the historical Princely County of Tyrol. It is a constituent part of the present-day Euroregion Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino (together with South Tyrol and Trentino in Italy). The capital of Tyrol is Innsbruck.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: The state of Tyrol is separated into two parts, divided by a strip. The larger territory is called North Tyrol ("Nordtirol") and the smaller area is called East Tyrol ("Osttirol"). The neighbouring Austrian state of Salzburg stands to the east, while on the south Tyrol has a border with the Italian province of South Tyrol (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol) which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire before the First World War. With a land area of , Tyrol is the third-largest state in Austria.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: Tyrol shares its borders with the federal state of Salzburg in the east and Vorarlberg in the west. In the north, it adjoins to the German state of Bavaria; in the south, it shares borders with the Italian province of South Tyrol and the Swiss canton of Graubünden. East Tyrol also shares its borders with the federal state of Carinthia to the east and Italy's Province of Belluno (Veneto) to the south.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: The state's territory is located entirely within the Eastern Alps at the Brenner Pass. The highest mountain in the state is the Großglockner, part of the Hohe Tauern range on the border with Carinthia. It has a height of 3,797 m (12,457.35 ft), making it the highest mountain in Austria.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: In ancient times, the region was split between the Roman provinces of Raetia (west of the Inn River) and Noricum. From the mid-6th century, it was resettled by Germanic Bavarii tribes. In the Early Middle Ages it formed the southern part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria, until the Counts of Tyrol, former "Vogt" officials of the Trent and Brixen prince-bishops at Tyrol Castle, achieved imperial immediacy after the deposition of the Bavarian duke Henry the Proud in 1138, and their possessions formed a state of the Holy Roman Empire in its own right.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: When the Counts of Tyrol died out in 1253, their estates were inherited by the Meinhardiner Counts of Görz. In 1271, the Tyrolean possessions were divided between Count Meinhard II of Görz and his younger brother Albert I, who took the lands of East Tyrol around Lienz and attached it (as "outer county") to his committal possessions around Gorizia ("inner county").


title: Tyrol (state)

text: The last Tyrolean countess of the Meinhardiner Dynasty, Margaret, bequeathed her assets to the Habsburg duke Rudolph IV of Austria in 1363. In 1420, the committal residence was relocated from Merano to Innsbruck. The Tyrolean lands were reunited when the Habsburgs inherited the estates of the extinct Counts of Görz in 1500.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: In the course of the German mediatization in 1803, the prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularized and merged into the County of Tyrol (which in the next year became a constituent land of the Austrian Empire), but Tyrol was ceded to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1805. Andreas Hofer led the Tyrolean Rebellion against the French and Bavarian occupiers. Later, South Tyrol was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy, a client state of the First French Empire, by Bavaria in 1810. After Napoleon's defeat, the whole of Tyrol was returned to Austria in 1814.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: Tyrol was a Cisleithanian "Kronland" (royal territory) of Austria-Hungary from 1867. The County of Tyrol then extended beyond the boundaries of today's state, including North Tyrol and East Tyrol; South Tyrol and Trentino ("Welschtirol") as well as three municipalities, which today are part of the adjacent Province of Belluno. After World War I, these lands became part of the Kingdom of Italy according to the 1915 London Pact and the provisions of the Treaty of Saint Germain. From November 1918, it was occupied by 20,000–22,000 soldiers of the Italian Army.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: Tyrol was the center of an important resistance group against Nazi Germany around Walter Caldonazzi, which united with the group around the priest Heinrich Maier and the Tyrolean Franz Josef Messner. The Catholic resistance group very successfully passed on plans and production facilities for V-1 rockets, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to the Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Maier and his group informed the American secret service OSS very early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. For after the war they planned an Austria united with South Tyrol and Bavaria.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: After World War II, North Tyrol was governed by France and East Tyrol was part of the British Zone of occupation until Austria regained independence in 1955.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: The capital, Innsbruck, is known for its university, and especially for its medicine. Tyrol is popular for its famous ski resorts, which include Kitzbühel, Ischgl and St. Anton. The 15 largest towns in Tyrol are:


title: Tyrol (state)

text: The gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 34.6 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 9% of the Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 40,900 euro or 136% of the EU27 average in the same year.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: Tyrol has long been a central hub for European long-distance routes and thus a transit land for trans-European trade over the Alps. As early as the 1st century B.C. Tyrol had one of the most important north–south links of the Roman Empire, the Via Claudia Augusta. Roman roads crossed the Tyrol from the Po Plain in present-day Italy, following the course of the Etsch and Eisack in present South Tyrol over the Brenner and then following the northern Wipp valley to Hall. From there roads branched along the River Inn. The Via Raetia went westwards and up onto the Seefeld Plateau, where it crossed into Bavaria where Scharnitz is today. The Porta Claudia, built in the early 17th century is a fortification that underlines the importance of the road in the Early Modern Period.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: Today Tyrol has international road, rail and air connections. Innsbruck Airport is Tyrol's international airport. In addition there are several smaller airports in various places such as St. Johann in Tirol, Höfen in the Außerfern or Langkampfen. Many public transit companies operate a common tariff scheme as part of the Tyrol Transport Association.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: The state is divided into nine districts ("Bezirke"); one of them, Innsbruck, is a statutory city. The districts and their administrative centres, from west to east and north to south, are:


title: Tyrol (state)

text: Kletzenbrot is a sweet bread made with dried fruits and nuts for the Advent season. Because it is associated with Tyrol it is also known as "Tyrolean Dried Fruit Bread".


title: Tyrol (state)

text: The question of which regional unit was the bearer of primary identification was raised in the 1987 Austrian Consciousness Survey.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: The possible answers were: the hometown (local patriotism), one's own province (regional patriotism), (Central) Europe (European consciousness), the world (cosmopolitanism).


title: Tyrol (state)

text: A research project led by Peter Diem offers a thoroughly comparable picture: In Vienna and Lower Austria, Austria patriotism dominated (1988) over territorial consciousness. In Upper Austria, Salzburg and Styria, national patriotism slightly outweighed state patriotism. In Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, national patriotism clearly dominated. When asked to rate their own national patriotism on a ten-point scale, 83% of Carinthians, 69% of Tyroleans, 63% of Vorarlbergers, Burgenlanders and Styrians, 59% of Upper Austrians, 55% of Lower Austrians, 47% of Viennese and 43% of Salzburgers gave it the highest value.


title: Tyrol (state)

text: The results of this study underline the assumption of a highly developed sense of national identity in most Austrian provinces. Peculiarly, the federal provinces are also largely "endogamous" in relation to other provinces, i.e. they correspond to what ethnologists would call a gentile association, a "tribe".


title: Tyrol (state)

text: It is therefore also permissible to identify the inhabitants of the Austrian provinces as the "tribes" that a book published in London would like to portray. (The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe, London 1994The Times guide to the peoples of Europe)


title: Australia Zoo

text: Australia Zoo is a zoo located in the Australian state of Queensland on the Sunshine Coast near Beerwah/Glass House Mountains. It is a member of the Zoo and Aquarium Association (ZAA), and is owned by Terri Irwin, the widow of Steve Irwin, whose wildlife documentary series "The Crocodile Hunter" and his family’s new show "Crikey! It's the Irwins" made the zoo a popular tourist attraction.


title: Australia Zoo

text: Australia Zoo was opened by Bob and Lyn Irwin on 3 June 1970 under the name Beerwah Reptile and Fauna Park. Their son Steve had helped his parents since childhood to care for crocodiles and reptiles and to maintain the growing number of animals in the zoo. In 1982 the park was renamed the Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park and the area was doubled with the purchase of another . Steve and Terri changed the name of their now growing wildlife park to Australia Zoo. As filming generated extra funds, Steve and Terri put all money raised from filming and merchandise into conservation and building new exhibits. Following Steve's accidental death from a stingray, Terri became the new owner of the zoo.


title: Australia Zoo

text: Australia Zoo won the Australian Tourism Awards for 2003–2004 in the category Major Tourist Attraction. In 2004, the Australian Animal Hospital was opened next to the zoo to help with animal care and rehabilitation. In 2010, Australia Zoo won Gold in the Queensland Tourism Awards for Major Tourist Attraction and in 2019, they won the RACQ People’s Choice Award – Experience & Services. Visitors will see a wide variety of birds, mammals, and reptiles, and can view crocodile feedings, and have hands-on animal encounters.


title: Australia Zoo

text: Australia Zoo was opened by Bob and Lyn Irwin on 3 June 1970 under the name Beerwah Reptile Park. Bob is a world-renowned herpetologist, who is regarded as a pioneer in the keeping and breeding of reptiles, while Lyn was one of the first to care for and rehabilitate sick and injured wildlife in southeast Queensland. Bob and Lyn passed on their love and respect for wildlife to their three children: Joy, Steve, and Mandy. Steve had helped Bob and Lyn since childhood to care for crocodiles and reptiles and to maintain the growing number of animals in the zoo. In 1982, the park was renamed the Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park and the area was doubled with the purchase of another . In 1987, the Crocodile Environmental Park was opened in an effort to aid saltwater crocodile protection. By the 1990s the Crocodile Environmental Park had become very popular and was seen as unique for its display of crocodile feeding within the park. The area was mainly used to house adult saltwater crocodiles that had been captured and relocated from the wild.


title: Australia Zoo

text: The 1990s brought many changes: Bob and Lyn retired and moved to Rosedale, Queensland, while Steve and Terri changed the name of their now growing wildlife park to Australia Zoo. As filming generated extra funds, Steve and Terri put all money raised from filming and merchandise into conservation and building new exhibits. Their philosophy was that the zoo animals came first, the zoo team came second, and the zoo visitors came third. The zoo also expanded with the creation of a management team and hiring around 50 staff. Australia Zoo won the Australian Tourism Awards for 2003-2004 in the category Major Tourist Attraction. In 2004, the Australian Animal Hospital was opened next to the zoo to help with animal care and rehabilitation. The facility was built in an old avocado packing shed, and was dedicated to Lyn. The facility had a single operating room, and with a staff of 20 full-time workers and 80 volunteers, it cared for up to 6,000 animals per year. Steve Irwin died in 2006, the same year Australia Zoo Retail won the Tourism Retailing Award from Qantas Australian Tourism Awards.


title: Australia Zoo

text: In 2007, the zoo and the Government of Queensland made a land deal involving giving a parcel of land from the Beerwah State Forest to Australia Zoo in return for land near Peachester State Forest which was transferred to the government for forestry. The swap permitted the development of an open-range safari attraction, allowing the zoo to expand to a world-class standard. In 2008, a new $5 million animal hospital, claimed to be the largest wildlife hospital in the world, opened next to the packing shed. The new facility is built of mud brick and hay. It contains two operating theaters with viewing areas for student veterinarians, two treatment rooms, intensive care units for mammals, birds, and reptiles, a X-ray room, and public areas including a drop-off area, pharmacy, nursery, and waiting room. A conference room in the building will be rented out to help generate operating funds.


title: Australia Zoo

text: On 15 March 2008 the Brisbane-based newspaper, "The Sunday Mail", claimed there are plans to sell Australia Zoo to Animal Planet and create a $100-million Disney-style wildlife theme park. Terri has publicly announced that she has no plans to sell the zoo, but is looking to expand the park. Despite rumours that she intended to return to the United States, Terri denied the claims and became an Australian citizen on 20 November 2009.


title: Australia Zoo

text: During the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, the Wildlife Hospital associated with the zoo treated its 90,000th injured animal.


title: Australia Zoo

text: The Australia Zoo business is owned by Australia Zoo Pty Ltd, but the land on which the zoo is located, and most of the surrounding area, is owned by Silverback Properties Pty Ltd.


title: Australia Zoo

text: The 'Mount Franklin Crocoseum' stadium at the zoo has a seating capacity of 5,000. It is used mostly for animal shows. At the time of its construction, it was the first in the world where snake, bird and crocodile shows were conducted. Australia Zoo calls this the 'Australia Zoo Wildlife Warriors Show'. This is also where the zoo presents concerts, such as the "Summer Down Under" series.


title: Australia Zoo

text: On 17 September 2011, the zoo opened its African Safari exhibit, a multi-species replica of the Serengeti ecosystem, showcasing zebras, white rhinos and giraffes interacting as they would in the wild. Also on display are cheetahs, but not in the area where the other animals are. There is also an exhibit for meerkats next to the big savanna The exhibit includes Queensland bottle trees reflecting the native African baobab tree and mock kopjes as seen in southern Africa.


title: Australia Zoo

text: Opened in April 2005, this exhibit houses Sumatran tigers (and formerly Asian mainland tigers). The exhibit was built to resemble the Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia. It is enclosed on two sides by glass, and includes an underwater viewing area.


title: Australia Zoo

text: Elephantasia is a Asian themed exhibit that opened in 2006 and is the largest elephant enclosure in Australia. It includes a wading pool with a fountain, and tropical gardens with shaded areas for the zoo's elephants. In October 2019 Australia Zoo imported four female Sumatran elephants. The elephants are on display in Elephantasia as of December 2021.


title: Australia Zoo

text: The Rainforest Aviary is an outdoor walk-through aviary housing about 150 birds, most of which are native to Australia. Adjacent to the Rainforest Aviary is the Birds of Prey aviary, which holds various species of raptors and other predatory birds.


title: Australia Zoo

text: Opened beside the Africa exhibit in December 2014 and named after Steve's daughter, Bindi's Island is a three-story "treehouse" built around a replica fig tree. It offers panoramic views of Australia Zoo, including the adjacent lemur island.


title: Australia Zoo

text: Visitors can eat at the open air upper story "Crikey! Cafe" (which seats up to 1,500), at the Dingo Diner, or at several food vending stands around the zoo.


title: Australia Zoo

text: To get around the zoo, visitors can take Steve's Safari Shuttle, a 'modified trailered bus' that operates on a bitumen (asphalt) roadway circuit. Visitors can also hire a caddie with guide to drive around the zoo for the day.


title: Australia Zoo

text: There are 4 walk-through enclosures that visitors can enter and feed kangaroos, wallabies, and koalas, and there is often an opportunity to pet a koala when staff are in the exhibit.


title: Australia Zoo

text: The zoo also offers a roving animal team that walks around the grounds throughout the day with various animals such as alligators, birds, snakes, and lizards. Visitors may have their photo taken with the animals and can purchase professional copies from the zoo's photo lab.


title: Australia Zoo

text: In April 2019 Australia Zoo announced $8 million project 'Camp Crocodile'. The wildlife camping experience is expected to lure over 39,000 visitors to the Sunshine Coast each year.


title: Australia Zoo

text: Wildlife Warriors runs a rescue operation and care station for any native wildlife which may be injured in accidents outside the zoo.


title: Australia Zoo

text: This effort is now supported by the Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital next to the zoo, which can care for up to 10,000 animals per year, with two operating theaters, two treatment rooms, intensive care units for mammals, birds, and reptiles, and an X-ray room, and was designed by WD Architects. The hospital is named in honor of Steve Irwin's mother Lynn Irwin, who died in a car accident in 2000.


title: Australia Zoo

text: This property was acquired with the assistance of the Australian government as part of the National Reserve System Programme. It is located on the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, and contains spring fed wetlands that provide a water source to threatened habitat and the Wenlock River.


title: Australia Zoo

text: Australia Zoo purchased the Iron Bark Station located at Blackbutt, Queensland in 1994. It is part of the great dividing Range, where the East coast meets the dry West. An additional was purchased in 1994 to save a dwindling koala population, with fewer than 12 koalas left in the area. Management immediately commenced reforestation, including 44,000 eucalypt trees for koalas. In 1998, another was purchased. In 1999, a release facility was established to rehabilitate native marsupials the area. Another was purchased in 1999 with funds from the Lynn Irwin Memorial fund (now Wildlife Warriors Worldwide), and another was added in 2002. In 2007, Bob Irwin became full-time manager of the station.


title: Australia Zoo

text: This conservation area was developed to protect endangered species, such as the woma python and yakka skink. It consists of 117,174 acres, in which various habitat types have been created, by Australia Zoo and the Australia Zoo Wildlife Warriors.


title: Australia Zoo

text: It is a place where endangered species can reestablish populations, and as of 2015, Terri purchased an additional 33,000 acres of land to expand this conservation habitat.


title: Samantha Marie Ware

text: Samantha Marie Ware (born September 3, 1991), also known by her singer stage name Sameya, is an American actress and singer. She is best known for portraying Jane Hayward in the sixth season of "Glee" (2015), as well as Angela Archer in the Netflix series "What/If" (2019). Ware also played Lily in the Nike web series "Margot vs. Lily" (2016).


title: Samantha Marie Ware

text: Hailing from Lincoln, Nebraska, Ware started her acting career while attending Doane University at the age of 19. She started acting in theater productions, being cast in a Las Vegas production of "The Lion King" as Nala and later in 2012 national tour for "The Book of Mormon", for which she won the Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Supporting Performer. She was subsequently cast in major roles on the TV series "Glee" and "What/If." She also played Peggy Schuyler and Maria Reynolds in the Chicago production of "Hamilton."


title: Samantha Marie Ware

text: In June 2020, Ware accused "Glee" series main cast member Lea Michele, with whom she worked in late 2014 during Ware's recurring role in the sixth season of the series, of being very rude to her on set, behaving with "traumatic microaggressions". Ware made her comments in direct response to Michele having posted a message on social media saying "George Floyd did not deserve this. This was not an isolated incident and it must end. #BlackLives Matter", though she did not specifically state that Michele's rude behavior towards new actors with minor roles was akin to the racism involved in the murder of George Floyd.


title: Samantha Marie Ware

text: Two other actors who co-starred with Michele in the main cast, Heather Morris and Amber Riley, made statements confirming that Michele could be frustratingly rude to everyone on set, but neither saw any link between her wide-ranging rudeness and the implication of Michele being racist. Michele responded with an apology, noting that the comments from numerous cast members in response to Ware's accusation had made her aware that her general treatment of all cast members during those years was "insensitive or inappropriate", a sign of "immaturity", understood that she was "unnecessarily difficult" towards others around her, and she would "keep working to better myself and take responsibility for my actions."


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: José Salvador Alvarenga (; born ) is a Salvadoran fisherman and author who was found on January 30, 2014, aged 36 or 37, on the Marshall Islands after spending 14 months adrift in a fishing boat in the Pacific Ocean beginning on November 17, 2012. He survived mainly on a diet of raw fish, turtles, small birds, sharks and rainwater. He swam to shore at Tile Islet, a small island that is part of Ebon Atoll, on January 30. Two locals, Emi Libokmeto and Russel Laikidrik, found him naked, clutching a knife and shouting in Spanish. He was treated in a hospital in Majuro before flying to his family home in El Salvador on February 10.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: Alvarenga's story was heavily reported worldwide despite initial criticism from skeptics. He is the first person in recorded history to have survived in a small boat lost at sea for more than a year.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: Alvarenga was born in Garita Palmera, Ahuachapán, El Salvador, to José Ricardo Orellana and María Julia Alvarenga. Orellana owns a flour mill and store in the town. He has a daughter who grew up in Garita Palmera with his parents, and several brothers who live in the United States. He left El Salvador in 2002 for Mexico, where he worked as a fisherman for four years, employed for a time by Villermino Rodríguez. At the time of his rescue, he had not been in touch with his family in eight years.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: On November 17, 2012, Alvarenga set out from the fishing village of Costa Azul, near Pijijiapan, off the coast of Chiapas, Mexico. An experienced sailor and fisherman, he was intent on a 30-hour shift of deep-sea fishing, during which he hoped to catch sharks, marlins, and sailfish. His usual fishing mate was unable to join him, so he arranged instead to bring along the inexperienced 23-year-old Ezequiel Córdoba, with whom he had not previously spoken, and whose surname he did not know.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: Shortly after embarking, their boat, a seven-meter (23-foot) topless fiberglass skiff equipped with a single outboard motor and a refrigerator-sized icebox for storing fish, was blown off course by a storm that lasted five days, during which the motor and most of the portable electronics were damaged. Though they had caught nearly of fresh fish, the pair were forced to dump it overboard to make the boat maneuverable in the bad weather. Alvarenga managed to call his boss on a two-way radio and request help before the radio's battery died. Having neither sails nor oars, no anchor, no running lights, and no other way to contact shore, the boat began to drift across the open ocean. Much of the fishing gear was also lost or damaged in the storm, leaving them with only a handful of basic supplies and little food.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: The search party organized by Alvarenga's employer failed to find any trace of the missing men and gave up after two days because visibility was poor. As days turned to weeks, they learned to scavenge their food from whatever sources presented themselves. Alvarenga managed to catch fish, turtles, jellyfish, and seabirds with his bare hands, and the pair occasionally salvaged bits of food and plastic refuse floating in the water. They collected drinking water from rainfall when possible, but more frequently were forced to drink turtle blood or their own urine. Alvarenga frequently dreamed about his favorite foods, as well as his parents.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: According to Alvarenga, Córdoba lost all hope around four months into the voyage after becoming sick from the raw food, and eventually died from starvation by refusing to eat. Alvarenga has said that he contemplated suicide for four days after Córdoba died, but his Christian faith prevented him from doing so. He related that Córdoba made him promise not to eat his corpse after he died, so he kept it on the boat. He sometimes spoke to the corpse, and after six days, feared he was becoming insane, so he threw it overboard.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: Alvarenga reported that he saw numerous transoceanic container ships but was unable to solicit help. He kept track of time by counting the phases of the moon. After counting his 15th lunar cycle, he spotted land: a tiny, desolate islet, which turned out to be a remote corner of the Marshall Islands. On January 30, 2014, he abandoned his boat and swam to shore, where he stumbled upon a beach house owned by a local couple. Alvarenga's journey had lasted 438 days.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: The length of his voyage has been variously calculated as . Some newspapers originally reported Alvarenga's tally of 15-plus lunar cycles as 16 months, but eventually corrected this to 13 months. According to Gee Bing, Marshall Islands' acting secretary of foreign affairs, Alvarenga's vital signs were all "good", with the exception of blood pressure, which was unusually low. Bing also said that Alvarenga had swollen ankles and struggled with walking. On February 6 the doctor treating him reported that his health had "gone downhill" since the day before and that he was on an IV drip to treat his dehydration.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: Alvarenga's parents, who had not been in contact with him for years, had feared he was dead long before he went missing, and they were overjoyed to discover he was still alive. His father said that he had prayed for his son while he was missing. His daughter, upon hearing that her father had been found, said that after he returned home, the "first thing I'll do is hug him and kiss him."


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: The implausibility of someone surviving so long at sea on a small craft led a number of commentators to doubt Alvarenga's story, though investigators were able to confirm some of the basic details. The owner of the boat he used, César Castillo, said that "it's incredible to survive that long. It's hard to think how anybody could go more than six or seven months without getting scurvy at least." However, in an interview, Claude Piantadosi of Duke University said that fresh meat from birds and turtles contains vitamin C and that eating a lot of it, as Alvarenga claims to have done, "would provide sufficient vitamin C to prevent scurvy." "The Guardian" found the Chiapas rescue services official, Jaime Marroquín, who was informed that a fishing boat had gone missing in the area on November 17, 2012. The official report identified the two fishermen as Cirilo Vargas and Ezequiel Córdova, and stated that both were in their 30s. Marroquín also indicated that according to the boat's owner, Vargas was born in El Salvador. The local authorities originally searched for Vargas and Córdova, but called off the search after two days, citing heavy fog and bad weather. In regard to the discrepancy between the names of the fishermen in the 2012 report and those of Alvarenga and Córdoba, "CBS News" reported that "records in Mexico are often filed with such mistakes". Another explanation was provided by Alvarenga's parents, as reported by "National Post", when they confirmed that in Mexico their son was known as "Cirilo".


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: Tom Armbruster, the United States ambassador to the Marshall Islands, acknowledged that it seems implausible for someone to survive at sea for 13 months, but that "it's also hard to imagine how someone might arrive on Ebon out of the blue. Certainly this guy has had an ordeal, and has been at sea for some time." Norman Barth, also of the American Embassy in the Marshall Islands, did the initial questioning of Alvarenga upon his arrival in Majuro and found him to be truthful. "The Guardian"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Jo Tuckman argued that the fact that a fishing boat had been reported missing on November 17, 2012 "lin[es] up" with Alvarenga's claim that he went to sea the following month and that this supports the view that "at least some of his story holds up". In addition, Erik van Sebille, an oceanographer at the University of New South Wales, said that it was entirely possible that sea currents could carry a boat from Mexico to the Marshall Islands. He also estimated that such a trip would take about 18 months, but said that 13 months was still plausible. Further support for his account came from a study by researchers from the University of Hawaii that modeled the path a boat might have taken after departing from the Pacific Coast in Mexico based on wind and current conditions, and concluded that it would end up "within 120 miles of Ebon", where Alvarenga actually landed. In April 2014, Alvarenga's lawyer told a press conference that he had passed a polygraph test while being asked about his voyage.


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: After 11 days in a hospital, Alvarenga was deemed healthy enough to return to El Salvador. However, he was diagnosed with anemia, had trouble sleeping and developed a fear of water. In 2015, he gave a series of interviews about his ordeal to the journalist Jonathan Franklin, who published his story as the book "438 Days: An Extraordinary True Story of Survival at Sea".


title: José Salvador Alvarenga

text: Shortly after the release of Alvarenga's book, the family of Ezequiel Córdoba sued Alvarenga for $1,000,000, accusing him of cannibalizing their relative in order to survive, despite their pact that Córdoba would not be eaten after death. Alvarenga's lawyer has denied this accusation.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: apocalyptic science fiction film directed by Craig Zobel and starring Margot Robbie, Chiwetel Ejiofor, and Chris Pine. Written by Nissar Modi, it is based on the 1974 posthumously published book of the same name by Robert C. O'Brien, though the plot differs in some significant ways. The film's plot also resembles that of the 1959 Harry Belafonte movie "The World, the Flesh and the Devil", which features a love triangle between a black engineer, white woman, and white man who may be the last people on Earth. The film was released on August 28, 2015, in the United States by Roadside Attractions. It received generally positive reviews from critics who mostly praised Robbie's performance. It grossed $121,461 at the box office.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: Nuclear-apocalypse survivor Ann Burden lives an agrarian life on her family's valley farmstead, sheltered from radioactive contaminants by rocky hillsides, favorable weather patterns, and an abundant ground-fed water supply. One day, Ann encounters refugee John Loomis. He claims to be an engineer, who, aided by medicines and a radiation suit, walked from a distant government bunker to Ann's valley. Loomis bathes in contaminated water, and immediately sickens, but is nursed back to health by Ann, who welcomes him into her farmhouse.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: Loomis regains his strength, and gradually, becomes part of Ann's humble rustic life. He helps Ann pump diesel from local petroleum pumps and gets the farm's long-disused tractor running to expand her gardens for the winter. Ann tells Loomis about her parents and younger brother who left the valley to find other survivors... but never returned. Loomis speculates hydro-electricity might be generated from the nearby waterfall, using a water-wheel fashioned from the Burden church's planks and beams. Ann is uncomfortable with this proposal, citing her father's involvement as preacher and her deeply-held Christian beliefs. Loomis chooses to not pursue the project further.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: Ann and Loomis grow closer, cultivating crops and preparing for long-term habitation. Their domestic accord is marred by occasional tensions, notably involving matters of religion and Loomis' drinking. The two come to the verge of initiating a sexual relationship, but Loomis demurs, claiming a sexual relationship will change them, and he needs more time.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: Mysterious phenomena (including stolen food supplies and a half-glimpsed shadowy figure) culminate in the arrival of a third survivor, Caleb. Although Ann welcomes Caleb into the farmhouse, Loomis resents Caleb, stating "whites belong with whites". Loomis questions Caleb's backstory and motives; Caleb repeatedly emphasizes the religious connection he shares with Ann (in stark contrast to Loomis).


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: The three survivors slowly settle into a marginally-stable partnership. Both men relate post-apocalyptic horrors they witnessed before reaching the valley; Loomis describes a radiation-sickened child begging him for death; later, he privately confides to Ann his belief the dying boy was her long-absent brother; Loomis confesses to the murder of the child. Caleb pressures Ann to go forward with the water-wheel project, and work commences on tearing down her father's church for materials. Perceiving their mutual attraction, Loomis awkwardly gives Ann consent to pursue a romantic relationship with Caleb, but belies his grief and anger in losing Ann through his remarks. Shortly thereafter, following a celebratory dinner, a heavily intoxicated Loomis tells Ann he loves her before passing out in a bedroom in Ann's home. After failing to wake Loomis, seeming to want his affection, Ann joins Caleb in the adjoining bathroom, where the two engage in sexual activity.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: Further tensions arise between Caleb and Loomis following the sexual encounter. The two men finish the water-wheel, moving it and its wooden flume into place atop the waterfall. Encumbered by the bulky radiation suit, Caleb slips twice during his rope-assisted climb up the slick mossy cliff-side. During the second slip, the two men silently lock eyes, both holding the rope, while Caleb teeters on the cliff's edge.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: Loomis returns to the farmhouse alone. Ann apologizes for her earlier indiscretion; Loomis claims Caleb left in search of other settlements. Ann takes this news badly, chasing after Caleb but not finding him, and lapses into a sullen silence. The farmhouse's electric lights and refrigeration are restored. Ann realizes Loomis moved her beloved church organ and three pews into the barn. Ann, playing a hymn, exchanges a distrustful glance at Loomis who is sitting and clasping his hands, as the scene fades to black.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: The three principal cast members were announced in May 2013, which at the time included Amanda Seyfried Seyfried, however, would eventually drop out and be replaced with Margot Robbie.