title: Ford Transit Connect

text: At the 2009 Chicago Auto Show, Ford confirmed development of a battery-powered version of the Transit Connect. Later at the Geneva Auto Show the same year, Ford showed a prototype electric version of the Ford Tourneo Connect passenger van, which is closely related to the Ford Transit Connect. Ford originally announced Smith Electric Vehicles would install the electric drivetrains and lithium-ion battery packs in the vehicles, but they later partnered with Azure Dynamics Corporation instead, with Johnson Controls-Saft as the battery supplier.


title: Ford Transit Connect

text: Production of the Transit Connect Electric began in December 2010, and Azure Dynamics is the official manufacturer of record. The official US Environmental Protection Agency range is and has a combined city/highway fuel economy rating of 62 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( equivalent) based on the five-cycle tests using varying driving conditions and climate controls. The electric van costs , which more than doubles the price of the gas-powered version even after federal and any state or local incentives for electric vehicles is discounted.


title: Ford Transit Connect

text: In 2004, Ford of Europe created the Ford Transit Connect X-Press, based upon a pre-production Transit Connect prototype and a 212 hp 2.0L engine of the Ford Focus RS. Using a short-wheelbase cargo van with a rear liftgate, the X-Press is fitted with the front suspension, four-wheel disc brakes, and steering of the Focus RS. The cargo bay is fitted with a full-body roll cage along with two spare tires.


title: Ford Transit Connect

text: During 2006, the Transit Connect X-Press saw minor exterior changes to better reflect the production vehicle.


title: Ford Transit Connect

text: The Ford Tourneo Connect is a leisure activity vehicle produced by Ford, which was first put into production in 2002 to the British market. Much like the Tourneo is a passenger version of the Transit, the Tourneo Connect was designed with rear windows and seats. Principally termed a commercial vehicle, Ford predicted relatively low sales of between 800–1000 mainly to taxi operators, due to its given status as a commercial vehicle. However, Ford described the Connect as a 'dual use' vehicle, equally able to meet business and leisure needs. It was put into production to rival the similar models of the Citroën Berlingo, Peugeot Partner, Volkswagen Caddy, Fiat Doblò and the Opel/Vauxhall Combo Tour.


title: Ford Transit Connect

text: The Connect, when first sold, was the only vehicle of its kind to offer folding and separately removable 60/40 split rear seats that allowed multiple seating formations and increased load capacity. It also boasted the option of twin sliding side load doors as well as rear doors or a tailgate, whereas neither of its main competitors have this option. The Connect's design emphasizes Ford's ideal that the vehicle be multipurpose.


title: Ford Transit Connect

text: Ford presented the Ford Tourneo Connect battery electric concept vehicle at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show. It features a 21 kWh lithium iron phosphate battery pack, a 50 kW permanent magnet motor, and a single-speed transmission, for a range of up to and top speed of about .


title: China Beach

text: China Beach is an American dramatic television series set at an evacuation hospital during the Vietnam War. The title refers to My Khe beach in the city of Đà Nẵng, Vietnam, nicknamed "China Beach" in English by American and Australian soldiers during the Vietnam War. The ABC TV drama aired for four seasons, from April 27, 1988 to July 22, 1991.


title: China Beach

text: Created by William Broyles Jr. and John Sacret Young, the series looks at the Vietnam War from the perspectives of the women, military personnel and civilians who were present during the conflict. John Wells took over most of the series beginning with the second season and many of the show's cast members appeared later on another Wells production, "ER".


title: China Beach

text: Set at the fictitious 510th Evacuation Hospital and R&R facility (the "Five-and-Dime"), the series' cast of characters includes US Army doctors and nurses, officers, soldiers, Red Cross volunteers and civilian personnel (American, French, and Vietnamese). The series also features the experiences of the characters when they return to the United States, either on leave or at the end of their tours of duty. The show does not shy away from showing the brutality of war; it provides a gritty view of the experience and its aftermath.


title: China Beach

text: The show was inspired in part by the book "Home Before Morning" (1983) written by the former U.S. Army Nurse Lynda Van Devanter. The show's character Nurse Colleen McMurphy roughly follows Van Devanter's experiences as a nurse in Vietnam. The book takes the reader from Van Devanter's wish to serve her country through the adventure she thought her deployment to Vietnam would be, her culture shock upon returning to "the States", and her struggles with PTSD. The show was cancelled before it could fully address McMurphy's PTSD issues. Van Devanter died in 2002.


title: China Beach

text: The title sequence theme song was "Reflections" by Diana Ross & the Supremes (the episode "Phoenix" instead used "We Gotta Get out of This Place" by Eric Burdon with Katrina & The Waves).


title: China Beach

text: "China Beach" was a critically lauded, but poorly rated series. ABC persisted with the show for four seasons, but the final season was put on hiatus in fall 1990 and did not air its finale until July 22, 1991. As a result of the scheduling, Dana Delany was eligible for (and ultimately won) a Best Actress Emmy Award in the fall of 1992, a year after the series broadcast its final episode and over a year and a half after many of the scenes were filmed.


title: China Beach

text: Before being released on DVD, the series' only home video release was the 97 minute pilot movie on Warner Home Video, in 1990 (cat no. 11971).


title: China Beach

text: In December 2012, it was announced that the series, among the most-requested television shows not available through either VHS or DVD following its broadcast run, would be issued on DVD in a box set (including new interviews with cast members and various bonus features) and released on April 15, 2013, through StarVista Entertainment (affiliated with TimeLife). The collection includes 302 songs heard during the series. To mark the show's 25th anniversary, a 21-disc collector's set was released October 1, 2013.


title: China Beach

text: Music rights long delayed the release on DVD. More than 250 songs were licensed; seventeen could not be, and were either deleted or replaced.


title: China Beach

text: John Sacret Young stated prior to the show's October 2013 DVD release that he was working on a follow-up novel, titled "Reflections", in which Colleen, now in her 60s and recently widowed, returned to Vietnam and reconnected with the retired Dick Richards and venture capitalist K.C. Koloski. Young had also hoped to adapt it into a TV movie. However, the novel was never published.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: Shadow of a Doubt is a 1943 American psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring Teresa Wright and Joseph Cotten. Written by Thornton Wilder, Sally Benson, and Alma Reville, the film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Story for Gordon McDonell. In 1991, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The film was also Alfred Hitchcock's favorite of all of his films.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: Charles Oakley lives alone in a rooming house. One day, his landlady tells him that two men came looking for him; he sees the two men waiting on the street in front of his room, and he decides to leave town.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: Charlotte "Charlie" Newton is a bored teenage girl living in the idyllic town of Santa Rosa, California. She receives wonderful news: Her mother's younger brother (her eponym), Charles Oakley, is arriving for a visit. Her uncle arrives, and at first, everyone is delighted with his visit, especially young Charlie. Uncle Charlie brings everyone presents. He gives his niece an emerald ring that has someone else's initials engraved inside. Charlie's father, Joseph Newton, works at a bank, and Uncle Charlie tells him he wants to open an account and deposit $40,000 ($ million today) at his bank.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: Two men appear at the Newton home, posing as interviewers working on a national survey. Uncle Charlie is upset and berates his sister for opening up her home to strangers. One of the men takes a photo of Uncle Charlie, who demands the film roll because he wants to avoid having his photo taken at any cost. The younger interviewer, Jack Graham, asks out young Charlie, and she guesses that he is really a detective. He explains that her uncle is one of two suspects who may be the "Merry Widow Murderer". Charlie refuses to believe it at first but then observes Uncle Charlie acting strangely, primarily with a news clipping from her father's newspaper that describes a murder. The initials engraved inside the ring he gave her match those of one of the murdered women, and during a family dinner, he reveals his hatred of rich widows.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: One night, when Charlie's father and his friend Herbie discuss how to commit the perfect murder, Uncle Charlie lets his guard down and describes elderly widows as "fat, wheezing animals"; he then says, "What happens to animals when they get too fat and too old?" Horrified, Charlie runs out. Uncle Charlie follows and takes her into a seedy bar. He admits he is one of the two suspects. He begs her for help; she reluctantly agrees not to say anything, as long as he leaves soon to avoid a horrible confrontation that would destroy her mother, who idolizes her younger brother. Detective Fred Saunders, Jack Graham's older colleague, tells Charlie that the photo they took of Uncle Charlie was sent for identification by witnesses. News breaks that an alternative suspect was chased by police and killed by an airplane propeller; it is assumed that he was the murderer. Jack tells young Charlie that he loves her and would like to marry her, and leaves.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: Uncle Charlie is delighted to be exonerated, but young Charlie knows all his secrets. Soon, she falls down dangerously steep stairs, which she later notices were cut through. Uncle Charlie says he wants to settle down, and young Charlie says she will kill him if he stays. Later that night, she is prodded by Uncle Charlie to get the car from the garage. The engine was left running, and the garage is full of exhaust fumes. She tries to turn the engine off, but the key is not in the ignition, and when she tries to leave, she finds the garage door jammed, and she is trapped in the garage. Mr. Newton's friend Herbie comes by and hears Charlie banging on the garage door and gets her out in time.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: Uncle Charlie announces he is leaving for San Francisco, along with a rich widow, Mrs. Potter. At the train station, young Charlie boards the train with her younger sister Ann and their brother to see Uncle Charlie's compartment. Uncle Charlie restrains his niece Charlie on the train as the children disembark, hoping to kill her by shoving her out after it picks up speed. However, in the ensuing struggle, he falls in front of an oncoming train. At his funeral, Uncle Charlie is honored by the townspeople. Jack has returned, and Charlie confesses that she withheld crucial information. They resolve to keep Uncle Charlie's crimes a secret.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: Alfred Hitchcock appears about 16 minutes into the film, on the train to Santa Rosa, playing bridge with Doctor and Mrs. Harry. Charlie is traveling on the train under the assumed name of Otis, and is lying down due to a migraine. Mrs. Harry is eager to help him, but her husband is not interested and keeps playing bridge. Doctor Harry replies to Hitchcock that he doesn't look well while Hitchcock is holding a full suit of spades, the best hand for bridge.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: The project began when the head of David Selznick's story department, Margaret McDonell, told Hitchcock that her husband Gordon had an interesting idea for a novel that she thought would make a good movie. His idea, called "Uncle Charlie", was based on the true story of Earle Nelson, a serial killer of the late 1920s known as "the Gorilla Man".


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: "Shadow of a Doubt" was both filmed and set in Santa Rosa, California, which was portrayed as a paragon of a supposedly peaceful, small, pre-War American city. Since Thornton Wilder wrote the original script, the story is set in a small American town, a popular setting of Wilder's, but with an added Hitchcock touch to it. In Patrick McGilligan's biography of Hitchcock, he said the film was perhaps the most American film that Hitchcock had made up to that time.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: The opening scenes take place in the East Ward (aka the "Ironbound"/"Down Neck" section of Newark, New Jersey). The city skyline and landmarks such as the Pulaski Skyway are featured in the opening shot. The location shots were used to comply with the wartime War Production Board restrictions of a maximum cost of $5,000 for set construction.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: The Newton family home is located at 904 McDonald Avenue in Santa Rosa, which is still standing. The stone railway station in the film was built in 1904 for the Northwestern Pacific Railroad and is one of the few commercial buildings in central Santa Rosa to survive the earthquake of April 18, 1906. The station is currently a visitor center. The library was a Carnegie Library which was demolished in 1964 due to seismic concerns. Some of the buildings in the center of Santa Rosa that are seen in the film were damaged or destroyed by earthquakes in 1969; much of the area was cleared of debris and largely rebuilt.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: The film was scored by Dimitri Tiomkin, his first collaboration with Hitchcock (the others being "Strangers on a Train", "I Confess" and "Dial M for Murder"). In his score, Tiomkin quotes the "Merry Widow Waltz" of Franz Lehár, often in somewhat distorted forms, as a leitmotif for Uncle Charlie and his serial murders. During the opening credits, the waltz theme is heard along with a prolonged shot of couples dancing.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: Upon release, the film received unanimously positive reviews. Bosley Crowther, critic for "The New York Times", loved the film, stating that "Hitchcock could raise more goose pimples to the square inch of a customer's flesh than any other director in Hollywood". "Time Magazine" called the film "superb", while "Variety" stated that "Hitchcock deftly etches his small-town characters and homey surroundings". The entertainment trade paper "The Film Daily" was yet another reviewer in 1943 that praised every aspect of the production. The publication predicted big “box office” for theaters presenting Hitchcock's latest work, although in its detailed review of "Shadow of a Doubt" the paper does mistakenly refer to the director's 1941 film "Suspicion" as "'Suspense'":


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: In a 1964 interview on "Telescope" with host Fletcher Markle, Markle noted, "Mr. Hitchcock, most critics have always considered "Shadow of a Doubt", which you made in 1943, as your finest film." Hitchcock replied immediately, "Me too." Markle then asked, "That is your opinion of it still?" Hitchcock replied, "Oh, no question." At the time, Hitchcock's most recent work was "Marnie". When later interviewed by François Truffaut, Hitchcock denied the suggestion that "Shadow of a Doubt" was his "favourite". But in the audio interview with Truffaut, Hitchcock confirmed it was his favourite film, and later reiterated that "Shadow of a Doubt" was his favorite film in his interview with Mike Douglas in 1969 and in his interview with Dick Cavett in 1972. Alfred Hitchcock's daughter Pat Hitchcock also said that her father's favorite film was "Shadow of a Doubt" in Laurent Bouzereau’s 2000 documentary "Beyond Doubt: The Making of Hitchcock's Favorite Film".


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: Today, the film is still regarded as a major work of Hitchcock's. Contemporary critic Dave Kehr called it Hitchcock's "first indisputable masterpiece." In 2005 film critic David Denby of "The New Yorker" called it Hitchcock's most "intimate and heart-wrenching" film. Based on 48 reviews on the website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has received a 100% approval rating, with a weighted average of 9.20/10. The site's consensus reads: "Alfred Hitchcock's earliest classic — and his own personal favorite — deals its flesh-crawling thrills as deftly as its finely shaded characters". On Metacritic it has a score of 94 out of 100, based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". When asked by critics as to an overarching theme for the film Hitchcock responded: "Love and good order is no defense against evil". In his book "Bambi vs. Godzilla", David Mamet calls it Hitchcock's finest film. In his 2011 review of the film, film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four and included it in his Great Movies list. In 2022, "Time Out" magazine ranked the film at No. 41 on their list of "The 100 best thriller films of all time".


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: The film was adapted for Cecil B. DeMille's "Lux Radio Theater" aired on January 3, 1944 with its original leading actress Teresa Wright and William Powell as Uncle Charlie (Patrick McGilligan said Hitchcock had originally wanted Powell to play Uncle Charlie, but MGM refused to lend the actor for the film). In 1950, "Shadow of a Doubt" was featured as a radio-play on "Screen Directors Playhouse". It starred Cary Grant as Uncle Charlie and Betsy Drake as the young Charlie. It was also adapted to the Ford Theater (February 18, 1949). "The Screen Guild Theater" adapted the film twice with Joseph Cotten, the first with Vanessa Brown as young Charlie, and the second with Deanna Durbin in the role. The "Academy Award Theater" production of "Shadow of a Doubt" was aired on September 11, 1946.


title: Shadow of a Doubt

text: The film has been remade twice: in 1958 as "Step Down to Terror", and again (under the original title) as a 1991 TV movie in which Mark Harmon portrayed Uncle Charlie.


title: Rectified spirit

text: Rectified spirit, also known as neutral spirits, rectified alcohol or ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin, is highly concentrated ethanol that has been purified by means of repeated distillation in a process called rectification. In some countries, denatured alcohol or denatured rectified spirit may commonly be available as "rectified spirit", because in some countries (though not necessarily the same) the retail of rectified alcohol in its non-denatured form is prohibited.


title: Rectified spirit

text: The purity of rectified spirit has a practical limit of 97.2% ABV (95.6% by mass) when produced using conventional distillation processes, as a mixture of ethanol and water becomes a minimum-boiling azeotrope at this concentration. However, rectified spirit is typically distilled in continuous multi-column stills at 96–96.5% ABV and diluted as necessary. Ethanol is a commonly used medical alcohol"spiritus fortis" is a medical term for ethanol with 95% ABV.


title: Rectified spirit

text: Neutral spirits can be produced from grains, corn, grapes, sugar beets, sugarcane, tubers, or other fermentable materials such as whey. In particular, large quantities of neutral alcohol are distilled from wine and/or by-products of wine production (pomace, lees). A product made from grain is "neutral grain spirit", while a spirit made from grapes is called "grape neutral spirit" or "vinous alcohol". These terms are commonly abbreviated as either GNS or NGS.


title: Rectified spirit

text: Neutral spirits are used in the production of several spirit drinks, such as blended whisky, cut brandy, most gins, some liqueurs and some bitters. As a consumer product, it is almost always mixed with other beverages to create drinks like alcoholic punch or Jello shots or is sometimes added to cocktails in place of vodka or rum. It is also used to make home made liqueurs, such as limoncello or cassis, and in cooking because its high concentration of alcohol acts as a solvent to extract flavors. Rectified spirits are also used for medicinal tinctures and as a household solvent. They are sometimes consumed undiluted; however, because the alcohol is so high-proof, overconsumption can cause alcohol poisoning more quickly than more traditional distilled spirits.


title: Rectified spirit

text: Neutral spirit is legally defined as spirit distilled from any material distilled at or above 95% ABV (190 US proof) and bottled at or above 40% ABV. When the term is used in an informal context rather than as a term of U.S. law, any distilled spirit of high alcohol purity (e.g., 170 proof or higher) that does not contain added flavoring may be referred to as neutral alcohol. Prominent brands of neutral spirits sold in the U.S. include:


title: Rectified spirit

text: "Grain spirit" is a legal classification for neutral spirit that is distilled from fermented grain mash and stored in oak containers.


title: Rectified spirit

text: Availability of neutral spirit for retail purchase varies between states. States where consumer sales of high-ABV neutral spirit are prohibited include California, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Iowa, and West Virginia. In Virginia, the purchase of neutral spirits requires a no-cost "Grain Alcohol Permit", issued "strictly for industrial, commercial, culinary or medicinal use". In 2017, Virginia approved the sale of up to 151 proof neutral spirits at its ABC stores without a permit. Pennsylvania sells 151 proof without a permit but requires one for 190 proof.


title: Rectified spirit

text: Within the european legislation, alcohol used in the production of some spirit drinks must be « ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin », which has to comply with the following requirements:


title: Rectified spirit

text: In Germany, rectified spirit is generically called "Primasprit" (colloquial) or, more technically, "Neutralalkohol". It is available in pharmacies, bigger supermarkets, and East European markets. In the former East Germany, it was available in regular stores. Primasprit is most often used for making homemade liqueurs; other types of use are rare. Most of the Primasprit produced in Germany is made from grain and is, therefore, a neutral grain spirit.


title: Rectified spirit

text: The import and sale of spirits containing more than 60% alcohol by volume is prohibited, so only weaker grain spirits are permitted.


title: Brothers Osborne

text: Brothers Osborne is an American country music duo consisting of brothers T.J. Osborne (lead vocals, rhythm guitar) and John Osborne (lead guitar, background vocals). Born in Deale, Maryland, the duo signed a recording contract with EMI Records Nashville in 2012 and began releasing music the following year. Their 2015 song "Stay a Little Longer" became a top five hit on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts, and their success led to the release of their debut studio album titled "Pawn Shop" the same year. Since then, Brothers Osborne have released the albums "Port Saint Joe" (2018) and "Skeletons" (2020).


title: Brothers Osborne

text: The duo have since had further hits with "It Ain't My Fault" (2017), "Shoot Me Straight" (2018), and "All Night" (2019), and as featured artists on Dierks Bentley's "Burning Man" (2019). Along with their own songwriting, their musical success is credited to producer Jay Joyce. Artists with whom they have worked include David Nail, Lee Ann Womack, and Lucie Silvas (the latter of whom is John's wife). Their musical style takes influence from Southern rock, and outlaw country, with particular emphasis on the styles of T.J.'s lead vocals and John's guitar playing. The duo attracted further media attention in February 2021 when T.J. came out as gay, making him the first openly gay artist on a major country music label.


title: Brothers Osborne

text: Brothers John Osborne (born 1982) and T.J. Osborne (born 1984) were two of five children raised in Deale, Maryland, a rural fishing community located along the Chesapeake Bay. In addition to their parents, who both wrote and played music regularly, their uncles and cousins also pursued musical hobbies. The family often gathered to perform music, inspiring the brothers' earliest musical aspirations. "Naturally, John and I wanted to participate and play with the family because it was fun. And that was where we cut our teeth," said T.J. Osborne in 2014. The brothers then started performing regularly with their father, John Osborne Sr. Together, they played in a band called "Deuces and a Quarter," while also helping their father with his day job as a plumber. When not performing, the brothers practiced music in their family's backyard shed.


title: Brothers Osborne

text: The duo continued performing more consistently through high school. They later represented their high school in the Anne Arundel County "Battle of the Bands" in 2000. Upon graduation, John attended Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee. T.J. soon followed his brother to the city after finishing high school. They first attempted to have separate careers. John began playing gigs as a sideman, while T.J. played upright bass and composed material for other artists. T.J. also made several demonstration records. Yet his own voice was considered "not generic enough" for many industry professionals. It was after this that the brothers started working together. For several years, the duo performed in clubs, bars and other small music venues. In 2011, they signed a publishing contract with Warner-Chappell. In 2012, the siblings secured a recording contract with EMI Nashville, a subdivision of Capitol Records and Nashville's Universal Music Group.


title: Brothers Osborne

text: In 2013, Brothers Osborne released their debut single titled "Let's Go There." The uptempo song became a minor hit, reaching the top 40 hit on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. Its limited radio success enforced their record label's decision to not release an album. The song was followed in 2014 by the single "Rum." It reached a similar "Billboard" chart position, which continued to halt an official album release from EMI. Instead, the label released a self-titled extended play later that year. The EP reached the top 25 of the "Billboard" Top Country Albums list and contained five tracks (including their 2014 single). Following its release, several music journalists named the pair on new artists lists, such as "Best of What's Next" or "Ones to Watch." Hannah Smith of "Vinyl" magazine praised the project and anticipated future success for the pair: "Brothers Osborne is a duo who are redefining the lines and following in the footsteps of trailblazers who have launched a revolution with their distinct music."


title: Brothers Osborne

text: Their third single "Stay a Little Longer" was issued in 2015. The song was originally included on their 2014 EP, but was re-recorded for the single release. "Stay a Little Longer" became the duo's first major hit, reaching the top five of the "Billboard" country chart. Its success led to the release of their first full-length album titled "Pawn Shop" (2016). The album contained material mostly penned by John and T.J. Osborne. It also featured vocal collaborations with Lee Ann Womack. "Pawn Shop" peaked at number three on the "Billboard" country albums chart and number 17 on the Billboard 200. "Pawn Shop" received four stars from Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine who called it "busy, but never overstuffed." Andrew Unterberger of "Spin" commented that the album was "setting the bar for the genre in 2016." Two additional singles were spawned following the record's release that later became hits: "21 Summer" and "It Ain't My Fault." The commercial success led the brothers to win five industry awards. Both the Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association named them as Vocal Duo of the Year in both 2016 and 2017, with the latter association also awarding New Vocal Duo in 2016. Also in 2016, the brothers co-wrote and sang on the track "Good at Tonight" on David Nail's album "Fighter". This song was also released as a single, charting at number 52 on Country Airplay late in the year.


title: Brothers Osborne

text: In early 2018, the brothers announced the release of their second studio record titled "Port Saint Joe." The album was named for the town of the same name, which was also where the duo recorded it. Its lead single was the song "Shoot Me Straight". It later reached the top 30 of the "Billboard" country songs chart. "Port Saint Joe" was officially released in April 2018 via EMI Nashville. Like its predecessor, "Port Saint Joe" was produced by Jay Joyce. It peaked at number two on the "Billboard" country albums list and number 15 on the Billboard 200. Joseph Hudak of "Rolling Stone" described the record as "a concise, 10-song effort." Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine called it a "clever, smart, adventurous, and hooky, creating a slow-rolling good-time vibe that doesn't lose its luster with repeated plays."


title: Brothers Osborne

text: Between 2018 and 2019, the brothers were part of several collaborative projects. In mid-2018, they were featured on Dierks Bentley's "Burning Man", a single from his studio album "The Mountain". The song became their biggest hit since "Stay a Little Longer," climbing to the top five of the "Billboard" country songs chart. In 2019, the duo collaborated with Maren Morris on a duet for her studio album "Girl". They also joined Brooks & Dunn on their 2019 album "Reboot", where they contributed to a re-recording of that duo's 1993 hit "Hard Workin' Man". Brothers Osborne were later nominated by the Country Music Association for their recent collaborative projects. In spring of 2019 The Brothers Osborne were featured guests on the PBS concert series "Bluegrass Underground" (now re-branded as "The Caverns Sessions").


title: Brothers Osborne

text: In October 2019, they released a live album recorded during three concerts at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. This was followed in July 2020 by the announcement of a third studio album, titled "Skeletons", which later was later released in October 2020. Also produced by Jay Joyce, the album included songs written by the brothers, with several Nashville songwriters. "Skeletons" debuted in the top five of the country albums chart and the top 50 on the Billboard 200. The album's first charted single is "All Night." "Skeletons" received a favorable response from Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, who rated the project four and half stars. Erlewine praised the duo's mixing of different styles and recognized that the brothers had become "comfortable in the skin." Erlewine concluded by saying, "...the great thing about Skeletons is how it sounds like they're appealing to wide quadrants of rock, pop, country, and Americana audiences without sounding like anything but themselves." Jonathan Bernstein of "Rolling Stone" rated "Skeletons" at three and a half stars. Bernstein commented that the record is "a remarkably engaging country-leaning rock record that shows off what the duo does best."


title: Brothers Osborne

text: At the end of 2021, the duo announced that they would be re-releasing "Skeletons" in 2022 with three additional songs. The first of these is "Younger Me", a song released as a promotional single earlier in 2021. This song was also nominated that year for Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance. Also included are "Headstone" and "Midnight Rider's Prayer", the latter of which incorporates elements of Willie Nelson's "On the Road Again". In November 2022, Brothers Osborne and The War and Treaty covered The Rolling Stones' "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)" on the Country Music Association awards.


title: Brothers Osborne

text: John Osborne is the main instrumentalist of the group, playing primarily electric guitar, while T.J. is the lead vocalist. Of their sound, "Spin" writer Andrew Unterberger said, "John's guitar slides a Hattori Hanzō sharpness, while T.J.’s vocals are wisely kept from going too thick with warbling vibrato, allowing them an understated vulnerability badly lacking in Nashville these days." Stephen Thomas Erlewine contrasted the duo with Sam Hunt and Chris Stapleton, saying that they have "the modern rhythmic snap of the former and the classicist structure of the latter." Allmusic describes the duo as recording "earthy, passionate country-rock", while "Country Standard Time" reviewer Jeffrey B. Remz noted influences of outlaw country and Southern rock in "Pawn Shop". He also compared T.J.'s "sonorous, ultra-deep voice" favorably to Trace Adkins and noting the variety of guitar styles played by John as "sometimes steely, sometimes twangy, sometimes rocking".


title: Brothers Osborne

text: John Osborne is married to British singer-songwriter Lucie Silvas. The two met in 2007 during a songwriting session, and married in 2015. That same year, John played guitar on and co-produced Silvas' studio album "Letters to Ghosts".


title: Brothers Osborne

text: On February 3, 2021, T.J. came out as gay, making him the first openly gay artist signed to a major country music label. The duo's song "Younger Me" was directly inspired by T.J.'s attempts to come out earlier in his life.


title: Brothers Osborne

text: Brothers Osborne have received six awards from the Academy of Country Music, five awards from the Country Music Association and nine nominations and one award from the Grammy Awards. Their sole Grammy Award was the Best Country Duo/Group Performance award in 2022.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: Fermi–Dirac statistics (F–D statistics) is a type of quantum statistics that applies to the physics of a system consisting of many non-interacting, identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle. A result is the Fermi–Dirac distribution of particles over energy states. It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, each of whom derived the distribution independently in 1926 (although Fermi derived it before Dirac). Fermi–Dirac statistics is a part of the field of statistical mechanics and uses the principles of quantum mechanics.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: F–D statistics applies to identical and indistinguishable particles with half-integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc.), called fermions, in thermodynamic equilibrium. For the case of negligible interaction between particles, the system can be described in terms of single-particle energy states. A result is the F–D distribution of particles over these states where no two particles can occupy the same state, which has a considerable effect on the properties of the system. F–D statistics is most commonly applied to electrons, a type of fermion with spin 1/2.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: A counterpart to F–D statistics is Bose–Einstein statistics (B–E statistics), which applies to identical and indistinguishable particles with integer spin (0, 1, 2, etc.) called bosons. In classical physics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics (M–B statistics) is used to describe particles that are identical and treated as distinguishable. For both B–E and M–B statistics, more than one particle can occupy the same state, unlike F–D statistics.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: Before the introduction of Fermi–Dirac statistics in 1926, understanding some aspects of electron behavior was difficult due to seemingly contradictory phenomena. For example, the electronic heat capacity of a metal at room temperature seemed to come from 100 times fewer electrons than were in the electric current. It was also difficult to understand why the emission currents generated by applying high electric fields to metals at room temperature were almost independent of temperature.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The difficulty encountered by the Drude model, the electronic theory of metals at that time, was due to considering that electrons were (according to classical statistics theory) all equivalent. In other words, it was believed that each electron contributed to the specific heat an amount on the order of the Boltzmann constant "k".


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: F–D statistics was first published in 1926 by Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac. According to Max Born, Pascual Jordan developed in 1925 the same statistics, which he called "Pauli statistics", but it was not published in a timely manner. According to Dirac, it was first studied by Fermi, and Dirac called it "Fermi statistics" and the corresponding particles "fermions".


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: F–D statistics was applied in 1926 by Ralph Fowler to describe the collapse of a star to a white dwarf. In 1927 Arnold Sommerfeld applied it to electrons in metals and developed the free electron model, and in 1928 Fowler and Lothar Nordheim applied it to field electron emission from metals. Fermi–Dirac statistics continues to be an important part of physics.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: For a system of identical fermions in thermodynamic equilibrium, the average number of fermions in a single-particle state is given by the Fermi–Dirac (F–D) distribution,


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: where is the Boltzmann constant, is the absolute temperature, is the energy of the single-particle state , and is the total chemical potential. The distribution is normalized by the condition


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: that can be used to express formula_2 in that formula_3 can assume either a positive or negative value.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: At zero absolute temperature, is equal to the Fermi energy plus the potential energy per fermion, provided it is in a neighbourhood of positive spectral density. In the case of a spectral gap, such as for electrons in a semiconductor, , the point of symmetry, is typically called the Fermi level or—for electrons—the electrochemical potential, and will be located in the middle of the gap.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The F–D distribution is only valid if the number of fermions in the system is large enough so that adding one more fermion to the system has negligible effect on . Since the F–D distribution was derived using the Pauli exclusion principle, which allows at most one fermion to occupy each possible state, a result is that formula_4 .


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The variance of the number of particles in state i can be calculated from the above expression for formula_5,


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: From the Fermi–Dirac distribution of particles over states, one can find the distribution of particles over energy. The average number of fermions with energy formula_7 can be found by multiplying the F–D distribution formula_5 by the degeneracy formula_9 (i.e. the number of states with energy formula_7),


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: When formula_12, it is possible that formula_13, since there is more than one state that can be occupied by fermions with the same energy formula_7.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: When a quasi-continuum of energies formula_15 has an associated density of states formula_16 (i.e. the number of states per unit energy range per unit volume), the average number of fermions per unit energy range per unit volume is


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: where formula_18 is called the Fermi function and is the same function that is used for the F–D distribution formula_5,


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The Fermi–Dirac distribution approaches the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution in the limit of high temperature and low particle density, without the need for any ad hoc assumptions:


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The classical regime, where Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics can be used as an approximation to Fermi–Dirac statistics, is found by considering the situation that is far from the limit imposed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for a particle's position and momentum. For example, in physics of semiconductor, when the density of states of conduction band is much higher than the doping concentration, the energy gap between conduction band and fermi level could be calculated using Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. Otherwise, if the doping concentration is not negligible compared to density of states of conduction band, the F–D distribution should be used instead for accurate calculation. It can then be shown that the classical situation prevails when the concentration of particles corresponds to an average interparticle separation formula_28 that is much greater than the average de Broglie wavelength formula_29 of the particles:


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: For the case of conduction electrons in a typical metal at = 300 K (i.e. approximately room temperature), the system is far from the classical regime because formula_31 . This is due to the small mass of the electron and the high concentration (i.e. small formula_32) of conduction electrons in the metal. Thus Fermi–Dirac statistics is needed for conduction electrons in a typical metal.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: Another example of a system that is not in the classical regime is the system that consists of the electrons of a star that has collapsed to a white dwarf. Although the temperature of white dwarf is high (typically = on its surface), its high electron concentration and the small mass of each electron precludes using a classical approximation, and again Fermi–Dirac statistics is required.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The Fermi–Dirac distribution, which applies only to a quantum system of non-interacting fermions, is easily derived from the grand canonical ensemble. In this ensemble, the system is able to exchange energy and exchange particles with a reservoir (temperature "T" and chemical potential "μ" fixed by the reservoir).


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: Due to the non-interacting quality, each available single-particle level (with energy level "ϵ") forms a separate thermodynamic system in contact with the reservoir.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: By the Pauli exclusion principle, there are only two possible microstates for the single-particle level: no particle (energy "E" = 0), or one particle (energy "E" = "ε"). The resulting partition function for that single-particle level therefore has just two terms:


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: This result applies for each single-particle level, and thus gives the Fermi–Dirac distribution for the entire state of the system.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The variance in particle number (due to thermal fluctuations) may also be derived (the particle number has a simple Bernoulli distribution):


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: This quantity is important in transport phenomena such as the Mott relations for electrical conductivity and thermoelectric coefficient for an electron gas, where the ability of an energy level to contribute to transport phenomena is proportional to formula_36.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: It is also possible to derive Fermi–Dirac statistics in the canonical ensemble. Consider a many-particle system composed of "N" identical fermions that have negligible mutual interaction and are in thermal equilibrium. Since there is negligible interaction between the fermions, the energy formula_37 of a state formula_38 of the many-particle system can be expressed as a sum of single-particle energies,


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: where formula_40 is called the occupancy number and is the number of particles in the single-particle state formula_41 with energy formula_42. The summation is over all possible single-particle states formula_41.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The probability that the many-particle system is in the state formula_38, is given by the normalized canonical distribution,


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: where formula_46, "e" is called the Boltzmann factor, and the summation is over all possible states formula_47 of the many-particle system.   The average value for an occupancy number formula_48 is


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: Note that the state formula_38 of the many-particle system can be specified by the particle occupancy of the single-particle states, i.e. by specifying formula_51 so that


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: where the formula_53 on the summation sign indicates that the sum is not over formula_54 and is subject to the constraint that the total number of particles associated with the summation is formula_55. Note that formula_56 still depends on formula_54 through the formula_58 constraint, since in one case formula_59 and formula_56 is evaluated with formula_61 while in the other case formula_62 and formula_56 is evaluated with formula_64  To simplify the notation and to clearly indicate that formula_56 still depends on formula_54 through formula_67 , define


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: so that the previous expression for formula_5 can be rewritten and evaluated in terms of the formula_70,


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: If the number of particles formula_75 is large enough so that the change in the chemical potential formula_76 is very small when a particle is added to the system, then formula_77  Taking the base "e" antilog of both sides, substituting for formula_78, and rearranging,


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: Substituting the above into the equation for formula_80, and using a previous definition of formula_81 to substitute formula_82 for formula_81, results in the Fermi–Dirac distribution.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: Like the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and the Bose–Einstein distribution the Fermi–Dirac distribution can also be derived by the Darwin–Fowler method of mean values (see Müller-Kirsten).


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: A result can be achieved by directly analyzing the multiplicities of the system and using Lagrange multipliers.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: having energy ε""  and containing a total of "n"  particles. Suppose each level contains "g"  distinct sublevels, all of which have the same energy, and which are distinguishable. For example, two particles may have different momenta (i.e. their momenta may be along different directions), in which case they are distinguishable from each other, yet they can still have the same energy. The value of "g"  associated with level "i" is called the "degeneracy" of that energy level. The Pauli exclusion principle states that only one fermion can occupy any such sublevel.


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The number of ways of distributing "n" indistinguishable particles among the "g "sublevels of an energy level, with a maximum of one particle per sublevel, is given by the binomial coefficient, using its combinatorial interpretation


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: For example, distributing two particles in three sublevels will give population numbers of 110, 101, or 011 for a total of three ways which equals 3!/(2!1!).


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: The number of ways that a set of occupation numbers "n" can be realized is the product of the ways that each individual energy level can be populated:


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: we wish to find the set of "n" for which "W" is maximized, subject to the constraint that there be a fixed number of particles, and a fixed energy. We constrain our solution using Lagrange multipliers forming the function:


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: Using Stirling's approximation for the factorials, taking the derivative with respect to "n", setting the result to zero, and solving for "n" yields the Fermi–Dirac population numbers:


title: Fermi–Dirac statistics

text: By a process similar to that outlined in the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics article, it can be shown thermodynamically that formula_89 and formula_90, so that finally, the probability that a state will be occupied is:


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: John "Jack" Silas Reed (October 22, 1887 – October 17, 1920) was an American journalist, poet, and communist activist. Reed first gained prominence as a war correspondent during the Mexican Revolution for "Metropolitan" and World War I for "The Masses". He is best known for his coverage of the October Revolution in Petrograd, Russia, which he wrote about in his 1919 book "Ten Days That Shook the World".


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed supported the Soviet takeover of Russia, even briefly taking up arms to join the Red Guards in 1918. He hoped for a similar Communist revolution in the United States, and co-founded the short-lived Communist Labor Party of America in 1919. He died in Moscow of spotted typhus in 1920. At the time of his death he may have soured on the Soviet leadership, but he was given a hero's burial by the Soviet Union, and is one of only three Americans buried at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: John Silas Reed was born on October 22, 1887, in his maternal grandparents' mansion in what is now the Goose Hollow neighborhood of Portland, Oregon. His grandmother's household had Chinese servants. Reed wrote of paying a nickel to a "Goose Hollowite" (young toughs in a gang in the working-class neighborhood below King's Hill) to keep from being beaten up. In 2001 a memorial bench dedicated to Reed was installed in Washington Park, which overlooks the site of Reed's birthplace (the mansion no longer exists).


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: His mother, Margaret (Green) Reed, was the daughter of Portland industrialist Henry Dodge Green, who had made a fortune founding and operating three businesses: the first gas & light company, the first pig iron smelter on the West Coast, and the Portland water works (he was its second owner). SW Green Avenue was named in his honor.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: John's father, Charles Jerome Reed, was born in the East and came to Portland as the representative of an agricultural machinery manufacturer. With his ready wit, he quickly won acceptance in Portland's business community. The couple had married in 1886, and the family's wealth came from the Green side, not the Reed side.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: A sickly child, young Jack grew up surrounded by nurses and servants. His mother carefully selected his upper-class playmates. He had a brother, Harry, who was two years younger. Jack and his brother were sent to the recently established Portland Academy, a private school. Jack was bright enough to pass his courses but could not be bothered to work for top marks, as he found school dry and tedious. In September 1904, he was sent to Morristown, a New Jersey prep school, to prepare for college. His father, who did not attend college, wanted his sons to go to Harvard. At Morristown Jack continued his poor classroom performance, but made the football team and showed some literary promise.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed failed his first attempt at Harvard College's admission exam but passed on his second try, and enrolled in the fall of 1906. Tall, handsome, and lighthearted, he threw himself into all manner of student activities. He was a member of the cheerleading team, the swimming team, and the dramatic club, served on the editorial boards of the "Lampoon" and "The Harvard Monthly", and was president of the Harvard Glee Club. In 1910 he held a position in the Hasty Pudding Theatricals, and also wrote music and lyrics for their show "Diana's Debut". Reed failed to make the football and crew teams, but excelled in swimming and water polo. He was also made "Ivy orator and poet" in his senior year.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed attended meetings of the Socialist Club, over which his friend Walter Lippmann presided, but never joined. The group introduced legislation into the state legislature, attacked the university for failing to pay its servants living wages, and petitioned the administration to establish a course on socialism. Reed later recalled:


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: All this made no ostensible difference in the look of Harvard society, and probably the club-men and the athletes, who represented us to the world, never even heard of it. But it made me, and many others, realize that there was something going on in the dull outside world more thrilling than college activities, and turned our attention to the writings of men like H.G. Wells and Graham Wallas, wrenching us away from the Oscar Wildian dilettantism which had possessed undergraduate litterateurs for generations.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed graduated from Harvard College in 1910. That summer he set out to see more of the "dull outside world," visiting England, France, and Spain before returning home to America the following spring. To pay his fare to Europe, Reed worked as a common laborer on a cattle boat. His travels were encouraged by his favorite professor, Charles Townsend Copeland ("Copey"), who told him he must "see life" if he wanted to successfully write about it.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed had determined to become a journalist, and set out to make his mark in New York, a center of the industry. Reed made use of a valuable contact from Harvard, Lincoln Steffens, who was establishing a reputation as a muckraker. He appreciated Reed's skills and intellect at an early date. Steffens landed his young admirer an entry-level position on "The American Magazine", where he read manuscripts, corrected proofs, and later helped with the composition. Reed supplemented his salary by taking an additional job as the business manager of a new short-lived quarterly magazine called "Landscape Architecture."


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed made his home in Greenwich Village, a burgeoning hub of poets, writers, activists, and artists. He came to love New York, relentlessly exploring it and writing poems about it. His formal jobs on the magazines paid the rent, but it was as a freelance journalist that Reed sought to establish himself. He collected rejection slips, circulating an essay and short stories about his six months in Europe, eventually breaking through in "The Saturday Evening Post." Within a year, Reed had other work accepted by "Collier's," "The Forum," and "The Century Magazine." One of his poems was set to music by composer Arthur Foote. The editors at "The American" came to see him as a contributor and began to publish his work.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed's serious interest in social problems was first aroused about this time by Steffens and Ida Tarbell. He moved beyond them to a more radical political position than theirs. In 1913 he joined the staff of "The Masses", edited by Max Eastman. Reed contributed more than 50 articles, reviews, and shorter pieces to this socialist publication.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: The first of Reed's many arrests came in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1913, for attempting to speak on behalf of strikers in the New Jersey silk mills. The harsh treatment meted out by the authorities to the strikers and the short jail term he served further radicalized Reed. He allied with the general socialist union, the Industrial Workers of the World. His account of his experiences was published in June as an article, "War in Paterson." During the same year, following a suggestion made by IWW leader Bill Haywood, Reed put on "The Pageant of the Paterson Strike" in Madison Square Garden as a benefit for the strikers.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: In the autumn of 1913, Reed was sent to Mexico by the "Metropolitan Magazine" to report the Mexican Revolution. He shared the perils of Pancho Villa's army for four months and was with Villa's Constitutional (Constitutionalist) Army (whose "Primer Jefe" political chief was Venustiano Carranza) when it defeated Federal forces at Torreón, opening the way for its advance on Mexico City. Reed adored Villa, but Carranza left him cold.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed's reporting on the Villistas in a series of outstanding magazine articles gained him a national reputation as a war correspondent. Reed deeply sympathized with the peons and vehemently opposed American intervention. Reed's reports were collected and published as the book "Insurgent Mexico" (1914).


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: On April 30, 1914, Reed arrived in Colorado, scene of the recent Ludlow massacre, which was part of the Colorado Coalfield War between the John D. Rockefeller, Jr.-owned Colorado Fuel & Iron Company and United Mine Workers union supporters. There he spent a little more than a week, during which he investigated the events, spoke on behalf of the miners, and wrote an impassioned article on the subject ("The Colorado War", published in July). He came to believe much more deeply in class conflict.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed spent summer 1914 in Provincetown, Massachusetts with Mabel Dodge and her son, putting together "Insurgent Mexico" and interviewing President Wilson on the subject. The resulting report, much watered down at White House insistence, was not a success.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: On August 14, 1914, shortly after Germany declared war on France, Reed set sail for neutral Italy, on assignment for the "Metropolitan". He met his lover Mabel Dodge in Naples, and the pair made their way to Paris. Reed believed the war was the result of imperialist commercial rivalries and felt little sympathy for any of the parties.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: In an unsigned piece titled "The Traders' War," published in the September 1914 issue of "The Masses," Reed wrote:


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: In France, Reed was frustrated by wartime censorship and the difficulty of reaching the front. Reed and Dodge went to London, and Dodge soon left for New York, to Reed's relief. The rest of 1914 he spent drinking with French prostitutes and pursuing an affair with a German woman. The pair went to Berlin in early December. While there, Reed interviewed Karl Liebknecht, one of the few socialists in Germany to vote against war credits. Reed was deeply disappointed by the general collapse in working-class solidarity promised by the Second International, and by its replacement with militarism and nationalism.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: He returned to New York in December and wrote more about the war. In 1915 he traveled to Central Europe, accompanied by Boardman Robinson, a Canadian artist and frequent "Masses" contributor. Traveling from Thessaloniki, they saw scenes of profound devastation in Serbia (including a bombed-out Belgrade), also going through Bulgaria and Romania. They passed through the Jewish Pale of Settlement in Bessarabia. In Chełm they were arrested and incarcerated for several weeks. At risk of being shot for espionage, they were saved by the American ambassador.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Traveling to Russia, Reed was outraged to learn that the American ambassador in Petrograd was inclined to believe they were spies. Reed and Robinson were rearrested when they tried to slip into Romania. This time the British ambassador (Robinson being a British subject) finally secured permission for them to leave, but not until after all their papers were seized in Kiev. In Bucharest, the duo spent time piecing together more of their journey. At one point Reed traveled to Constantinople in hopes of seeing action at Gallipoli. From these experiences he wrote the book, "The War in Eastern Europe," published in April 1916.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: After returning to New York, Reed visited his mother in Portland. There he met and fell in love with Louise Bryant, who joined him on the East coast in January 1916. Though happy, both also had affairs with others, in accordance with their bohemian circle and ideas about sexual liberation. Early in 1916 Reed met the young playwright Eugene O'Neill. Beginning that May, the three rented a cottage in Provincetown, Massachusetts, a summer destination on Cape Cod for many artists and writers from Greenwich Village. Not long after, Bryant and O'Neill began a romance.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: That summer Reed covered the Presidential nominating conventions. He endorsed Woodrow Wilson, believing that he would make good on his promise to keep America out of the war. In November 1916 he married Bryant in Peekskill, New York. The same year, he underwent an operation at Johns Hopkins Hospital to remove a kidney. He was hospitalized until mid-December. The operation rendered him ineligible for conscription and saved him from registering as a conscientious objector, as had been his intention. During 1916 he privately published "Tamburlaine and Other Verses", in an edition of 500 copies.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: As the country raced towards war, Reed was marginalized: his relationship with the "Metropolitan" was over. He pawned his late father's watch and sold his Cape Cod cottage to the birth control activist and sex educator Margaret Sanger.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: When Wilson asked for a declaration of war on April 2, 1917, Reed shouted at a hastily convened meeting of the People's Council in Washington: "This is not my war, and I will not support it. This is not my war, and I will have nothing to do with it." In July and August Reed continued to write vehement articles against the war for "The Masses", which the United States Post Office Department refused to mail, and for "Seven Arts." Due to antiwar articles by Reed and Randolph Bourne, the arts magazine lost its financial backing and ceased publication. Reed was stunned by the nation's pro-war fervor, and his career lay in ruins.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: On August 17, 1917, Reed and Bryant set sail from New York to Europe, having first provided the State Department with legally sworn assurances that neither would represent the Socialist Party at a forthcoming conference in Stockholm. The pair were going as working journalists to report on the sensational developments taking place in the fledgling republic of Russia. Traveling by way of Finland, the pair arrived in the capital city of Petrograd immediately after the failed military coup of monarchist General Lavr Kornilov. This was an attempt to topple the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky by force of arms. Reed and Bryant found the Russian economy in shambles. Several of the subject nations of the old empire, such as Finland and Ukraine, had gained autonomy and were seeking separate military accommodations with Germany.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed and Bryant were in Petrograd for the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks, headed by Vladimir Lenin, toppled the Kerensky government; the Bolsheviks believed this was the first blow of a worldwide socialist revolution.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Food shortages made the situation dire in the capital, and social disorder reigned. Reed later recalled:


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: The last month of the Kerensky regime was marked first by the falling off of the bread supply from 2 pounds a day to 1 pound, to half a pound, to a quarter of a pound, and, the final week, no bread at all. Holdups and crime increased to such an extent that you could hardly walk down the streets. The papers were full of it. Not only had the government broken down, but the municipal government had absolutely broken down. The city militia was quite disorganized and up in the air, and the street-cleaning apparatus and all that sort of thing had broken down—milk and everything of that sort.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: A mood for radical change was in the air. The Bolsheviks, seeking an all-socialist government and immediate end to Russian participation in the war, sought the transfer of power from Kerensky to a Congress of Soviets, a gathering of elected workers' and soldiers' deputies to be convened in October. The Kerensky government considered this a kind of coup, and moved to shut down the Bolshevik press. It issued warrants of arrest for the Soviet leaders and prepared to transfer the troops of the Petrograd garrison, believed to be unreliable, back to the front. A Military Revolutionary Committee of the Soviets, dominated by the Bolshevik Party, determined to seize power on behalf of the future Congress of Soviets. At 11 pm on the evening of November 7, 1917, it captured the Winter Palace, the seat of Kerensky's government. Reed and Bryant were present during the fall of the Winter Palace, the symbolic event that started the Bolshevik Revolution.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed was an enthusiastic supporter of the new revolutionary socialist government. He went to work for the new People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, translating decrees and news of the new government into English. "I also collaborated in the gathering of material and data and distributing of papers to go into the German trenches," Reed later recalled.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed was close to the inner circle of the new government. He met Leon Trotsky and was introduced to Lenin during a break of the Constituent Assembly on January 18, 1918. By December, his funds were nearly exhausted, and he took a job with American Raymond Robins of the International Red Cross. Robins wanted to set up a newspaper promoting American interests; Reed complied. But in the dummy issue he prepared, he included a warning beneath the masthead: "This paper is devoted to promoting the interests of American capital."


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly left Reed unmoved. Two days later, armed with a rifle, he joined a patrol of Red Guards prepared to defend the Foreign Office from counter-revolutionary attack. Reed attended the opening of the Third Congress of Soviets, where he gave a short speech promising to bring the news of the revolution to America, saying he hoped it would "call forth an answer from America's oppressed and exploited masses." American journalist Edgar Sisson told Reed that he was being used by the Bolsheviks for their propaganda, a rebuke he accepted.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: In January, Trotsky, responding to Reed's concern about the safety of his substantial archive, offered Reed the post of Soviet Consul in New York. As the United States did not recognize the Bolshevik government, Reed's credentials would almost certainly have been rejected and he would have faced prison (which would have given the Bolsheviks some propaganda material). Most Americans in Petrograd considered Reed's appointment a massive blunder. Businessman Alexander Gumberg met with Lenin, showing him a prospectus in which Reed called for massive American capital support for Russia and for setting up a newspaper to express the American viewpoint on the negotiations at Brest-Litovsk. Lenin found the proposal unsavory and withdrew Reed's nomination. Learning of Gumberg's intervention, Reed always denigrated him afterward.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed and Bryant wrote and published books about their Russian experiences. Bryant's "Six Red Months in Russia" appeared first, but Reed's "10 Days That Shook the World" (1919) garnered more notice.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Bryant returned to the United States in January 1918, but Reed did not reach New York City until April 28. On his way back, Reed traveled from Russia to Finland; he did not have a visa or passport while crossing to Finland. In Turku harbor, when Reed was boarding a ship on his way to Stockholm, Finnish police arrested him; he was held at Kakola prison in Turku until he was released. From Finland, Reed traveled to Kristiania, Norway via Stockholm.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Because he remained under indictment in the "Masses" case, federal authorities immediately met Reed when his ship reached New York, holding him on board for more than eight hours while they searched his belongings. Reed's papers, the material from which he intended to write his book, were seized. He was released upon his own recognizance after his attorney, Morris Hillquit, promised to make him available at the Federal Building the next day. His papers were not returned to him until November.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Back in America, Reed and Bryant defended the Bolsheviks and opposed the American intervention. Incensed at Russia's departure from the war against Germany, the public gave Reed a generally cold reception. While he was in Russia, his articles in "The Masses", particularly one headlined "Knit a straight-jacket for your soldier boy", had been instrumental in the government gaining an indictment for sedition against the magazine (antiwar agitation was considered sedition and treason).


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: The first "Masses" trial ended in a hung jury the day before Reed reached New York. The defendants, including him, were to be retried. He immediately posted $2,000 bail on April 29. The second "Masses" trial also ended in a hung jury.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: In Philadelphia, Reed stood outside a closed hall on May 31, and harangued a crowd of 1,000 about the case and the war until police dragged him away. He was arrested for inciting a riot, and posted $5,000 bail. Reed became more aggressively political, intolerant, and self-destructive. On September 14, he was arrested for the third time since returning from Russia, charged with violating the Sedition Act and freed on $5,000 bail. This was a day after possibly the largest demonstration for Bolshevik Russia was held in the United States (in The Bronx). Reed had passionately defended the revolution, which he seemed to think was coming to America as well. He tried to prevent Allied intervention in Russia, arguing that the Russians were contributing to the war effort by checking German ambitions in the Ukraine and Japanese designs on Siberia, but this argument came to naught.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: On February 21–22, 1919, Bryant was fiercely grilled before a Senate committee exploring Bolshevik propaganda activities in the US, but emerged resilient. Reed followed her. According to Homberger, his testimony was "savagely distorted" by the press. Later that day Reed went to Philadelphia to stand trial for his May speech; despite a hostile judge, press, and patriotic speech by the prosecutor, Reed's lawyer convinced the jury the case was about free speech, and he was acquitted. Returning to New York, Reed continued speaking widely and participating in the various twists of socialist politics that year. He served as editor of "The New York Communist," the weekly newspaper issued by the Left Wing Section of Greater New York.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Affiliated with the Left Wing of the Socialist Party, Reed with the other radicals was expelled from the National Socialist Convention in Chicago on August 30, 1919. The radicals split into two bitterly hostile groups, forming the Communist Labor Party of America (Reed's group, which he helped create) and, the next day, the Communist Party of America. Reed was the international delegate of the former, wrote its manifesto and platform, edited its paper, "The Voice of Labor", and was denounced as "Jack the Liar" in the Communist Party organ, "The Communist". Reed's writings of 1919 displayed doubts about Western-style democracy and defended the dictatorship of the proletariat. He believed this was a necessary step that would prefigure the true democracy "based upon equality and the liberty of the individual."


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Indicted for sedition and hoping to secure Comintern backing for the CLP, Reed fled America with a forged passport in early October 1919 on a Scandinavian frigate; he worked his way to Bergen, Norway as a stoker. Given shore leave, he disappeared to Kristiania, crossed into Sweden on October 22, passed through Finland with Ivar Lassy's help, and made his way to Moscow by train. In the cold winter of 1919–20, he traveled in the region around Moscow, observing factories, communes, and villages. He filled notebooks with his writing and had an affair with a Russian woman.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed's feelings about the revolution became ambivalent. Activist Emma Goldman had recently arrived aboard the "Buford", among hundreds of aliens deported by the United States under the Sedition Act. She was especially concerned about the Cheka. Reed told her that the enemies of the revolution deserved their fate, but suggested that she see Angelica Balabanoff, a critic of the current situation. He wanted Goldman to hear the other side.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Though facing the threat of arrest in Illinois, Reed tried to return to the United States in February 1920. At that time, the Soviets organized a convention to establish a United Communist Party of America. Reed attempted to leave Russia through Latvia, but his train never arrived, forcing him to hitch a ride in the boxcar of an eastbound military train to Petrograd. In March, he crossed into Helsinki, where he had radical friends, including Hella Wuolijoki, the future politician and member of parliament. With their help, he was hidden in the hold of a freighter.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: On 13 March, Finnish customs officials found Reed in a coal bunker on the ship. He was taken to the police station, where he maintained that he was seaman ""Jim Gormley"". Eventually, the jewels, photographs, letters, and fake documents he had in his possession forced him to reveal his true identity. Although beaten several times and threatened with torture, he refused to surrender the names of his local contacts. Because of his silence, he could not be tried for treason. He was charged and convicted of smuggling and having jewels in his possession (102 small diamonds worth $14,000, which were confiscated).


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: The US Secretary of State was satisfied with Reed's arrest and pressured the Finnish authorities for his papers. American authorities, however, remained indifferent to Reed's fate. Although Reed paid the fine for smuggling, he was still detained. His physical condition and state of mind deteriorated rapidly. He suffered from depression and insomnia, wrote alarming letters to Bryant, and on May 18 threatened a hunger strike. He was finally released in early June, and sailed for Tallinn, Estonia, on the 5th. Two days later, he traveled to Petrograd, recuperating from malnutrition and scurvy caused by having been fed dried fish almost exclusively. His spirits were high.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: At the end of June, Reed traveled to Moscow. After he discussed with Bryant the possibility of her joining him, she gained passage on a Swedish tramp steamer and arrived in Gothenburg on August 10. At the same time, Reed attended the second Comintern congress. Although his mood was as jovial and boisterous as ever, his physical appearance had deteriorated.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: During this congress, Reed bitterly objected to the deference other revolutionaries showed to the Russians. The latter believed the tide of revolutionary fervor was ebbing, and that the Communist party needed to work within the existing institutions—a policy Reed felt would be disastrous. He was contemptuous of the bullying tactics displayed during the congress by Karl Radek and Grigory Zinoviev, who ordered Reed to attend the Congress of the Peoples of the East to be held at Baku on August 15.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: The journey to Baku was a long one, five days by train through a countryside that was devastated by civil war and typhus. Reed was reluctant to go. He asked for permission to travel later, as he wanted to meet Bryant in Petrograd after she arrived from Murmansk. Zinoviev insisted that Reed take the official train: "the Comintern has made a decision. Obey." Reed, needing Soviet goodwill and unprepared for a final break with the Comintern, made the trip with reluctance. Years after having abandoned Communism himself, his friend Benjamin Gitlow asserted that Reed became bitterly disillusioned with the Communist movement because of his treatment by Zinoviev.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: During his time in Baku, Reed received a telegram announcing Bryant's arrival in Moscow. He followed her there, arriving on September 15, and was able to tell her of the events of the preceding eight months. He appeared older and his clothes were in tatters. While in Moscow, he took Bryant to meet Lenin, Trotsky, Lev Kamenev, and other leading Bolsheviks, and also to visit Moscow's ballet and art galleries.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed was determined to return to the United States but fell ill on September 25. At first thought to have influenza, he was hospitalized five days later and diagnosed with spotted typhus. Bryant spent all her time with him, but there were no medicines to be obtained because of the Allied blockade. Reed's mind started to wander; eventually he lost the use of the right side of his body and could no longer speak. His wife was holding his hand when he died in Moscow on October 17, 1920. After a hero's funeral, Reed's body was buried in Mass Grave No. 5 at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis next to Inessa Armand. Only three Americans have received this honor; the other two are C. E. Ruthenberg, the founder of Communist Party USA and Bill Haywood, a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World.


title: John Reed (journalist)

text: Reed's interpretation in popular culture has varied. Some, such as biographer Robert A. Rosenstone, have called him a romantic, while Upton Sinclair derided him as a "playboy of the revolution". For the Communist movement to which he belonged, Reed became a symbol of the international nature of the Bolshevik revolution, a martyr buried at the Kremlin wall amid solemn fanfare, his name to be uttered reverently as a member of the radical pantheon. Others, such as his old friend and comrade Benjamin Gitlow, claimed that Reed had begun to shun the bureaucracy and violence of Soviet Communism toward the end of his life. They sought to posthumously enlist Reed in their own anti-communist cause.


title: Dan Seals

text: Danny Wayland Seals (February 8, 1948 – March 25, 2009) was an American musician. The younger brother of Seals and Crofts member Jim Seals, he first gained fame as one half of the soft rock duo England Dan & John Ford Coley, who charted nine singles between 1976 and 1980, including the No. 2 "Billboard" Hot 100 hit "I'd Really Love to See You Tonight".


title: Dan Seals

text: After the duo disbanded, Seals began a solo career, starting in soft rock before shifting to country music. Throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s, he released 16 studio albums and charted more than 20 singles on the country charts. Eleven of his singles reached number one: "Meet Me in Montana" (with Marie Osmond), "Bop" (also a No. 42 pop hit), "Everything That Glitters (Is Not Gold)", "You Still Move Me", "I Will Be There", "Three Time Loser", "One Friend", "Addicted", "Big Wheels in the Moonlight", "Love on Arrival", and "Good Times". Five more of his singles also reached top ten on the same chart.


title: Dan Seals

text: Dan's childhood nickname of "England Dan" was given to him by his brother Jim Seals (later of Seals and Crofts). It was also Jim's idea to incorporate the name "England Dan" into England Dan & John Ford Coley. The nickname was a reference to the fact that, as a youngster, Dan had fixated on the Beatles and briefly affected an English accent.


title: Dan Seals

text: Dan joined with fellow W. W. Samuell High School classmate and longtime friend John Ford Coley to perform first as part of Dallas pop/psych group Southwest F.O.B. ('Free On Board'), whose material has been re-released on CD by the Sundazed label. As England Dan & John Ford Coley, Seals made use of a nickname he had acquired in childhood for an affected English accent he assumed due to his love of The Beatles. In 1970 they were signed by A&M records, but a lack of US hits led to their being dropped two years later. Seals later recalled


title: Dan Seals

text: that this led to a period of severe financial challenge which ended only when the duo signed to Big Tree Records and had a run of six US Top 40 hits from the mid-1970s, beginning with "I'd Really Love to See You Tonight", the pair's biggest hit, reaching No. 2 in 1976 and becoming their only gold single. Their other hits include "Nights Are Forever Without You" (No. 10 in 1976–77); "It's Sad to Belong" (No. 21) and "Gone Too Far" (No. 23), both in 1977; "We'll Never Have to Say Goodbye Again" (No. 9 in 1978); and their last Top 40 hit, "Love Is the Answer" (No. 10 in May 1979). After seven LPs, they disbanded in 1980 and Seals reinvented himself as a solo country-pop artist, signing with Atlantic Records in 1980.


title: Dan Seals

text: When Seals signed to Capitol Records in 1983 he shifted to Nashville and began to record as Dan Seals. He initially struggled, but his voice and sentimental manner suited Nashville at a time when country music began to soften its rural styling. Seals' solo career began to turn around with the single "God Must Be a Cowboy", the fourth and final single of his 1983 album "Rebel Heart". The song peaked at No 10 on the Billboard Country Singles chart, becoming the first in a string of 16 consecutive top ten and number one singles that stretched to 1990. A 1985 duet with Marie Osmond, "Meet Me in Montana", reached No 1 and Seals followed this with a run of eight chart-toppers. More hits followed, including his 11th country No 1 with a cover of Sam Cooke's "Good Times" in 1990. Just as the pop rock market had changed radically in the 1980s, so did country music in the 1990s with the arrival of Garth Brooks' turbo-charged anthems. Seals devoted more time to his family and his religion, the Baháʼí Faith, though he continued to record and tour; he performed at the Baháʼí World Congress in 1992.


title: Dan Seals

text: He kept the name England Dan for his debut album, "Stones". Although no single charted on the country chart, his first single ever as a solo artist "Late at Night" did peak at No. 57 on the US Hot 100. Otherwise, it was unsuccessful. His next album, "Harbinger", was unsuccessful commercially. None of its singles charted, and he turned his attention to country music and adapted his style to fit country radio's demands while still keeping his signature soft sound. He signed to Capitol Records in 1983.


title: Dan Seals

text: 1983's "Rebel Heart", his first album for Capitol, was much more successful than his first two albums. The first single, "Everybody's Dream Girl", peaked at No. 18. The next single "After You", however, charted lower, at No. 28. "You Really Go for the Heart" was even less successful, but still managed to crack the top 40, reaching No. 37. The album's last single, "God Must Be a Cowboy" was much more successful than the album's first three singles, becoming his first top 10 hit in early 1984, at No. 10. The album peaked at No. 40 on the country albums chart, his first album to enter Top Country Albums.


title: Dan Seals

text: His 1984 album "San Antone" was even more successful. "(You Bring Out) The Wild Side of Me", the album's first single, reached No. 9. The next single "My Baby's Got Good Timing" became his first Top 5, at No. 2. In early 1985, the album's third and final single "My Old Yellow Car" peaked at No. 9. This album peaked at No. 24 on the country albums chart.


title: Dan Seals

text: His 1985 album "Won't Be Blue Anymore" became his most successful studio album, reaching No. 1 on the country albums chart and earning RIAA gold certification. "Meet Me in Montana", a duet with Marie Osmond, became his first No. 1 hit in 1985 and the first of nine straight Number Ones. Written by Paul Davis, the single won the artists the Vocal Duo of the Year Award at the CMA awards in 1986. The album's next single, "Bop", also co-written by Paul Davis, with Jennifer Kimball, became his first solo No. 1 and was named Single of the Year at 1986's CMA awards. After it came "Everything That Glitters (Is Not Gold)", about a rodeo cowboy having to cope with single parenthood (written by Seals and fellow Texan Bob McDill).


title: Dan Seals

text: "On the Front Line" reached No. 12 on the country albums chart. The three singles from it all reached No. 1 in 1987: "You Still Move Me", "I Will Be There", and "Three Time Loser".


title: Dan Seals

text: Dan Seals released his first compilation album "The Best" in 1987. All of the songs included on the album were top ten hits. The lone new track "One Friend", which was originally included on 1984's "San Antone", was re-recorded for this collection and continued his No. 1 streak. The album peaked at No. 7 and was certified platinum.


title: Dan Seals

text: 1988 saw the release of Dan Seals' "Rage On" album. The first single, "Addicted", not only became a No. 1 country hit but also got its writer, Cheryl Wheeler, a contract with Capitol Records in 1989. The next single, the truck driving song "Big Wheels in the Moonlight", was released in late 1988, and reached No. 1 in early 1989, becoming his ninth No. 1 single in a row. This streak was broken when the album's third and final single "They Rage On" peaked at No. 5. The album peaked at No. 6, and is the second highest peaking of his albums.


title: Dan Seals

text: Dan Seals began the 1990s with his eighth album, "On Arrival". The first single "Love on Arrival" reached No. 1 in 1990, and stayed there for three weeks. After it came a cover of the Sam Cooke standard "Good Times". This cover was not only his last Number One, but also his last Top 40 hit, as the album's next two tracks ("Bordertown" and "Water Under the Bridge") failed to reach the top 40 in the United States, although they reached the top 40 in Canada.


title: Dan Seals

text: Dan Seals' second compilation album, titled "Greatest Hits" was released in 1991. It contained his hits from the albums "Won't Be Blue Anymore", "Rage On", and "On Arrival", along with a new track, "Ball and Chain", which was not released as a single.


title: Dan Seals

text: By this time, the country music landscape had changed abruptly, and Dan Seals found his style out of favor. He moved to Warner Bros. Records in 1991, and released "Walking the Wire". Only three of the five singles released from this album ("Sweet Little Shoe", "Mason Dixon Line", and "When Love Comes Around the Bend") actually charted, but none of them reached the top 40. One other single "We Are One" failed to chart. Additionally, the album failed to crack the top country albums chart.


title: Dan Seals

text: Although Dan Seals was a touring artist for the rest of the 1990s, he did release a few more albums on smaller labels throughout the decade, such as "Fired Up" in 1994, his final album for Warner Bros. He signed to Intersound and released "In a Quiet Room" in 1995, comprising acoustic versions of his earlier hits. He then switched to TDC and released "In a Quiet Room II" in 1998, followed by "Make It Home" in 2002.


title: Dan Seals

text: In the early 2000s, Dan embarked on various tours with his brother Jim (of Seals and Crofts fame), billing themselves as Seals & Seals, and performing their successful hits from Seals & Crofts and England Dan & John Ford Coley, Dan's hits from his solo career, and a few original songs written between the two brothers. A few shows featured Jim's sons Joshua on bass guitar and backing vocals, and Sutherland on electric guitar. The status of the original recordings is unknown.


title: Dan Seals

text: In 2008, Seals completed radiation treatments for mantle cell lymphoma at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville and at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, and received a stem cell transplant at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Maryland. He died at the age of 61, on March 25, 2009, at his daughter's home in Nashville.


title: Dan Seals

text: Prior to Seals' death, he recorded two duets with Juice Newton, for her 2010 release "", covering Heart's 1986 hit "These Dreams".


title: Dan Seals

text: Four years after Seals' death, Kenny Rogers recorded Seals' composition, "It's Gonna Be Easy Now." The track is featured as the closing number on Rogers' album "You Can't Make Old Friends".


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: Yaariyan () is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language coming-of-age romance film directed by Divya Khosla Kumar, and stars Himansh Kohli, Rakul Preet Singh and Nicole Faria. It marked the Hindi debut of the director as well as the leads. The film was produced by Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar under the banner of T-Series Super Cassettes Industries. The response to the promotional material on YouTube led the distributor to release the film two weeks earlier than initially planned. The film released on 10 January 2014 with 1200 screens release in India. The film received negative review from critics but was a box office success grossing ₹550 million against its ₹100 millions budget.


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: Living in a university campus set in Sikkim, Lakshya is the son of a martyred army officer but does not appreciate his father's sacrifice for the nation. Lakshya, Jiya – a college bombshell, Saloni – a geek, Pardy – a drummer, and Neil – a biker, are five close friends who are exploring the best moments of their lives in college, experiencing different relationships yet living an aimless life. Lakshya and his girlfriend, Jenny try to kiss in the library but get interrupted by Pardy and caught by the principal. Soon, in a function Lakshya and Jenny again try to use some personal time with Jiya taking her role for the function but things go awry when Jiya gets stripped from her saree in her underwear in front of the audience and Lakshya and Jenny hanging from a chain above. Jenny then dumps Lakshya. They come across a challenge when an Australian businessman buys the college campus and plans to build a casino instead but is ready to lease out the land to the college for 100 years only if they're able to defeat a team of Australian students in a five-round competition. The principal chooses the five students to take part in the challenge.


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: For the first three rounds they are sent to Australia where Lakshya meets his best friend and cousin Debu. During the first round of rock concert, the Australian band steals Lakshya and his band's song, and on protest they brutally beat Debu. While Debu is rushed to hospital, Lakshya and the band perform a Hindi song, eventually losing the first round. Saloni then wins the second round which is a chess competition. Unable to recover from his injuries, Debu succumbs to death in the hospital. Disturbed by his death, Saloni and Neil lose the third round of bike race, giving Australia a 2–1 lead.


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: The competition is then shifted to India with two more rounds to go. Lakshya discovers that Neil was the traitor who gave their song to the Australian band and intentionally lost the bike race to obtain an Australian immigration as promised by an Australian team member. Neil is now planning to lose the cycle race as well, but in order to fail his plan, Lakshya befriends Jannet and makes Neil believe that the Australians are double crossing him. Neil realizes his fault and decides to win the race, but fatefully falls from stairs breaking his leg. Lakshya takes his place and beats Australia in round four leading to a tie between both teams. In the final round of rock climbing, a team member of both teams has to collect his respective country's flag from the hill top and race back to college in order to win the competition. After crossing all the hurdles, Lakshya manages to win the race and the college celebrates their victory. The story ends with Lakshya and Saloni, Jiya and Pardy getting together while Neil repents his deeds. At the end, Lakshya and Saloni kiss but Lakshya is again distracted as his sight goes to another girl standing there.


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: Early 2012, Bhushan Kumar announced making a film in college romance genre and that Divya Khosla Kumar would be the director. Soon, an announcement was released that the cast of the film will include newcomers Himansh Kohli Rakul Preet Singh Nicole Faria and Evelyn Sharma as well as Gulshan Grover and Deepti Naval.


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: The shoot began in Mumbai followed by shoots in Sikkim and Darjeeling. In Darjeeling, the movie was shot in St Joseph's School, Darjeeling.


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: The film was also partially shot in Cape Town. Song Sunny Sunny was shot in the Bo-Kaap area of Cape Town.


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: The film received generally negative reviews. Madhureeta Mukherjee from "The Times of India" gave the movie 3 stars stating "Divya's debut film 'Yaariyan' is mounted on a large canvas with impressive production value."


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: Prithvi KC of Vellore Times has stated that the movie wasn't up to the hype created. Saibal Chatterjee for NDTV Movies gave the film 1 star out of 5, stating that" Yaariyan" "makes no sense at all". Paloma Sharma for Rediff gave the movie 0.5 out of 5 stars and wrote: "Yaariyan may be targeted at a young audience but every single teenager who chooses to watch it will be insulting their own intelligence".


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: Madhureeta Mukherjee from Times of India gave the film 2 stars out of 5. She stated that ""Yaariyan" is nothing to gush about, but the teenies can watch this one for a lark...and some yo-yo beats!".


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: Taran Adarsh for Bollywood Hungama gave the film 4 stars out of 5 and stated that" Yaariyan" is "A treat for youngsters and young at heart". "On the whole, "Yaariyan" has a gripping second half, smash hit musical score and the youthful romance that should lure and entice its target audience.". Tushar Joshi for "DNA India" praised the music of the film, and gave the film 2 stars out of 5 stating that the film is "strictly for those who want to enjoy the songs on the big screen". Mohar Basu for Koimoi gave the film 0 stars out of 5 stating that "there is no valid reason for you to watch Divya Khosla Kumar's "Yaariyan". It is dull, boring, pathetic and doesn't seem to get over it".


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: Yaariyan had a good first weekend of around Rs 150 million nett Yaariyan grossed around Rs 25.0 million nett on first Monday taking its four-day total to 190 million nett. Yaariyan had the same figure as Monday as it collected 25.0 million nett taking its five-day total to Rs 215.0 million nett Yaariyan collected around 27.5 million nett in second weekend. Made on a budget of 100 million. It collected 420 million.


title: Yaariyan (2014 film)

text: The soundtrack for the film was composed by Pritam. There is also a special number by Honey Singh titled "Sunny Sunny". Mithoon rendered tracks for this film as well. Arko also composed a track. First full track "ABCD" was released on 25 November 2013. "Baarish" was released on 29 November 2013. Audio album of the movie was released on 9 December 2013 on internet. Song "Allah Waariyan" was released on 11 December 2013. The song is sung by Shafqat Amanat Ali, and written as well as composed by Arko.


title: Nablus

text: Nablus ( ; ; , ; Samaritan Hebrew: , ; ) is a Palestinian city in the West Bank, located approximately north of Jerusalem, with a population of 126,132. Located between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, it is the capital of the Nablus Governorate and a commercial and cultural centre of the State of Palestine, home to An-Najah National University, one of the largest Palestinian institutions of higher learning, and the Palestine Stock Exchange. Nablus is under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority as part of Area A of the West Bank.


title: Nablus

text: The city traces its modern name back to the Roman period, when it was named "Flavia Neapolis" by Roman emperor Vespasian in 72 CE. During the Byzantine period, conflict between the city's Samaritan and newer Christian inhabitants peaked in the Samaritan revolts that were eventually suppressed by the Byzantines by 573, which greatly dwindled the Samaritan population of the city. Following the Arab-Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 7th century, the city was given its present-day Arabic name of "Nablus". After the First Crusade, the Crusaders drafted the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Council of Nablus, and its Christian, Samaritan, and Muslim inhabitants prospered. The city then came under the control of the Ayyubids and the Mamluk Sultanate. Under the Ottoman Turks, who conquered the city in 1517, Nablus served as the administrative and commercial centre for the surrounding area corresponding to the modern-day northern West Bank.


title: Nablus

text: After the city was captured by British forces during World War I, Nablus was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine in 1922. The 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw the entire West Bank, including Nablus, occupied and annexed by Transjordan. Since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the West Bank has been occupied by Israel; since 1995, it has been governed by the PNA as part of Area A of the West Bank. Today, the population is predominantly Muslim, with small Christian and Samaritan minorities.


title: Nablus

text: Flavia Neapolis ("new city of the emperor Flavius") was named in 72 CE by the Roman emperor Vespasian and applied to an older Samaritan village, variously called "Mabartha" ("the passage") or "Mamorpha". Located between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, the new city lay west of the Biblical city of Shechem which was destroyed by the Romans that same year during the First Jewish–Roman War. Holy places at the site of the city's founding include Joseph's Tomb and Jacob's Well. Because of the city's strategic geographic position and the abundance of water from nearby springs, Neapolis prospered, accumulating extensive territory, including the former Judean toparchy of Acraba.