title: Piccadilly line

text: The intention is for the new trains to eventually operate on the Bakerloo, Central, Piccadilly and Waterloo & City lines. Resignalling work on the Piccadilly line was to begin in 2019 but this has since been shelved because of lack of funds. New trains were due to enter service in 2023, bringing an increase in peak frequencies from 24 to 27 tph. In March 2021, it was reported that the new trains would not enter service before 2025, that the increase in peak frequency from 24 to 27 tph would not take place until about 2027, and that any further increase to 30 tph would be delayed until the signalling system is upgraded, for which funds are not currently available.


title: Piccadilly line

text: There have previously been some proposals, predominantly by Slough Borough Council, to extend the line towards Slough railway station from Heathrow Terminal 5 station. A number of routes have been proposed, and the main ones pass very close to but do not call at Windsor. The current thinking, and most viable options are to support a western access link diverging from the Great Western Main Line just east of Langley station.


title: Piccadilly line

text: In 2005, a business case was prepared to re-open the disused York Road station, to serve the King's Cross Central development and help relieve congestion at King's Cross St Pancras.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Wesley Eure (born Wesley Eure Loper; August 17, 1951) is an American actor, singer, author, producer, director and educator. He is best known for appearing as Michael Horton on the American soap opera "Days of Our Lives" from 1974 to 1981, during which he also starred on the popular children's television series "Land of the Lost". He later hosted the popular children's game show "Finders Keepers" in 1987 and 1988, and co-created the children's educational television show "Dragon Tales" in 1999. He has also published several books, produced plays and been an organizer and fundraiser for several charities.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure was born Wesley Eure Loper in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on August 17, 1951. His father left the family when he was two years old, so his mother, Mary Jane Loper (February 6, 1927 - January 25, 2011), moved his sister Gai (born September 10, 1950) and him to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where Eure's grandmother lived. While Eure grew up in Mississippi, his mother obtained a bachelor's degree in psychology and began teaching. She subsequently took positions in Texas and Illinois, and became a drug abuse counselor with the state of Nevada. The Eures moved to Las Vegas, where his mother ran a methadone clinic and hosted a radio talk show about drug abuse. He spent his senior year of high school in Las Vegas.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure wanted to be an actor since the age of five, his love of performing stemming from a need for attention. While the family lived in Illinois, he enrolled in a summer program at Northwestern University, where he took acting lessons and won an award. His first break came when he was 17 years old and working part-time at the New Frontier Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas selling artwork. He was hired as a driver for Robert Goulet and Carol Lawrence during their summer tour. He spent most of 1968 and 1969 as their driver.


title: Wesley Eure

text: After the Goulet-Lawrence tour ended in New York City, Eure decided he would not return to high school and stayed.


title: Wesley Eure

text: After a few short months of auditions and odd jobs, in 1970 Eure became a cast member at the American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Connecticut. Hired more for his ability to make the cast and crew laugh than his acting skill, Eure worked with a dialect coach to get rid of his deep Southern accent. During his time in Stratford, he worked with Jane Alexander in "The Tempest", and appeared in "Mourning Becomes Electra", "Merry Wives of Windsor", "Twelfth Night", and many original works produced by the company. At the Bucks County Playhouse in Pennsylvania, he performed in "West Side Story" (portraying "Action" of the Jets) and then joined a musical comedy revue and traveled throughout the East Coast resort areas.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure moved to Los Angeles in 1973 after discovering it was cheaper to live there, but offered just as much opportunity to become an actor. He was hired to star in a pilot for a Kaye Ballard TV series, "The Organic Vegetables", created and produced by the team behind "The Monkees".


title: Wesley Eure

text: When that series was not picked up due to the 1973 writers' strike, Eure answered an ad in an industry trade publication to audition for a television show. He learned that David Cassidy was threatening to leave "The Partridge Family", and that the audition was for a role as a "neighbor boy" who would take over the lead in the family band from Cassidy. Eure won the audition, but never joined "The Partridge Family" after Cassidy agreed to stay on. The show was canceled before the next season started.


title: Wesley Eure

text: In 1974, Eure auditioned for and won a role on NBC's "Days of Our Lives". Eure had previously met producer Sid Krofft and was committed to do an audition for a new children's show he was working on. When Eure flew to New York City at the request of Broadway producer David Merrick to try out for a role in a theatrical production of "Candide", he didn't want to audition for Krofft due to his commitment to "Days" (and because he'd be playing a 16-year-old boy). But Eure auditioned and won the role of Will Marshall on "Land of the Lost". He kept his commitment to both shows after the Kroffts repeatedly asked him to star on "Land of the Lost".


title: Wesley Eure

text: From 1974 to 1981, Eure starred on NBC's "Days of Our Lives", playing the role of Mike Horton. He also starred as Will Marshall in Sid and Marty Krofft's children's adventure series, "Land of the Lost" from 1974 to 1976, filming this show and "Days of Our Lives" simultaneously. (The gold chain he wore on the show was a gift from his then-lover.) As a publicity stunt, Eure agreed to be billed simply as "Wesley" on "Land of the Lost", although he later regretted the decision. Eure's stardom in the 1970s led to a number of appearances on game shows. He was repeatedly asked to appear on both "Password" and "Match Game". He appeared on "Password" so often that he became a semi-regular on the show. He earned $2,000 to do a week's worth of shows (five shows), which took a single day to shoot.


title: Wesley Eure

text: In 1987, Eure became host of the Nickelodeon children's game show "Finders Keepers", and continued in this role through 1988. When the show was sold to Fox for its 1989 (and final) season, Fox declined to hire Eure as host.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure co-produced, wrote and acted in Fox Television's hidden-camera show "Totally Hidden Video" (which aired from 1989 to 1992). He also co-created "Dragon Tales", PBS Kids's Emmy-nominated animated series for preschoolers which began airing in 1999, and directed "Spy TV" for NBC in 2001.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure also hosted an educational DVD called "Power Over Poison" to teach kids how to avoid poisons, produced by WQED, the PBS station in Pittsburgh. Channel 9 TV in Australia hired Eure to be the permanent host of their "Tonight Show", but lost a ten-month immigration battle with Actor's Equity in Australia.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure appeared in 1978 as a murderer in "The Toolbox Murders" and as an evil man who is eaten by snakes in "Jennifer". While filming "Jennifer", Eure claims he had a difficult time working with the various snakes on the set, including the large boa constrictor that features in the climax. He later appeared in Hanna-Barbera's 1979 comedy "C.H.O.M.P.S.", which also starred Valerie Bertinelli, Red Buttons, Jim Backus, Hermione Baddeley, and Conrad Bain.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure and "Land of the Lost" co-star Kathy Coleman filmed cameo appearances for the 2009 film "Land of the Lost" starring Will Ferrell, but were edited out of the final cut.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Whenever his acting career seemed stalled, Eure continued to sing. He became friends with Shaun Cassidy and Leif Garrett, and some of his music was produced by Bobby Sherman, though a full album was never completed. Motown Records placed him under contract, and he was in a boy band whose music was produced by Mike Curb. He also sang a few times with the Jackson Five. He had a Las Vegas act at Harrah's casino.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure lived briefly in Bali after leaving "Totally Hidden Video". In 1992, Eure published his first children's novel "The Red Wings of Christmas". It has been called "the new American classic" by CNN, and was optioned by Disney for a full-length animated feature. The book was illustrated by Ron Palillo who played Arnold Horshack on the 1970s TV series "Welcome Back, Kotter".


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure's fifth book, "A Fish Out of Water", is his first pre-schooler book. The story of a bird and a fish that fall in love and make it work, it is used by schools to teach racial tolerance. The graduate art students at Meredith College in Raleigh, North Carolina illustrated it. He also wrote "The Whale That Ate the Storm".


title: Wesley Eure

text: Knightsbridge Publishing released two of his humor books, "Fun with Fax" and "On-the-Wall Off-the-Wall Office Humor."


title: Wesley Eure

text: For many years, Eure has given interactive lectures in elementary and secondary schools about reading and writing.


title: Wesley Eure

text: Eure has starred on the stage in shows like "Bus Stop", "Butterflies Are Free", "Love Sex and the IRS", as well as the musicals "I Love My Wife" and "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat". His company Games at Sea created, produced and directed on-board entertainment for cruise ships such as Crystal Cruises and Celebrity Cruise Line. For several years, Eure's "Blues Brothers 2000" live stage show appeared at Universal Studios Hollywood. He co-produced a Stephen Schwartz musical titled "Snapshots".


title: Wesley Eure

text: For many years, he was a fundraiser for the March of Dimes, and has also raised money through telethons and fund-raising campaigns for groups like the Variety Club and the Special Olympics. Eure has been a fundraiser for a number of HIV/AIDS causes, including hosting the LalaPOOLooza HIV/AIDS fundraiser in Palm Springs, California for many years, the Desert AIDS Project benefit and raising funds and assisting with Project Angel Food, which feeds homebound AIDS patients.


title: Wesley Eure

text: While working on "Days of our Lives", Eure supported his mother as she attended law school in her 50s. After graduating at the top of her class, she became his personal manager and attorney.


title: Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City

text: Holy Cross Cemetery is a Catholic cemetery at 5835 West Slauson Avenue in Culver City, California, operated by the Los Angeles Archdiocese.


title: Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City

text: Opened in 1939, Holy Cross comprises . It contains—amongst others—the graves and tombs of showbusiness professionals. Many celebrities are in the sections near "The Grotto" in the southwest part of the cemetery.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The Alpine A110 is a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive sports car introduced by French car manufacturer Alpine at the 87th Geneva International Motor Show in March 2017.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: Deliveries began in late 2017 for Continental European markets and in 2018 for the UK, Japan and Australia. Both in name and design, the A110 name had been previously used for the original Alpine A110 that was produced from 1961 to 1977.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: Based on an all-aluminium construction, the A110 is powered by a 1.8-litre turbocharged gasoline direct injection 4 valves per cylinder inline-four engine mated to a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission manufactured by Getrag. Developed by Renault–Nissan and reworked by Alpine engineers, the engine has an output of at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 2,000–5,000 rpm. According to Alpine, the A110 can accelerate from in 4.5 seconds, and has an electronically limited top speed of .


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The A110 is available in three trims: Pure, Première, and Legende. The Pure cars, the base trim, have 17-inch alloy wheels. The Première trim cars are technically the launch edition models which were limited to 1,955 units and were equipped with amenities such as forged alloy wheels, quilted leather Sabelt bucket sports seats, a reversing camera, and metallic blue exterior colour as standard. The Legende trim cars come with six-way adjustable sports seats, black or brown leather interior upholstery, and an upgraded hi-fi sound system along with specially designed wheels exclusive to this trim. All of the three trims share the same powertrain and transmission.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: Introduced in June 2019, the A110S is a high performance and lightweight variant of the A110. The A110S benefits from increased power output (from ) from its 1.8-litre turbocharged four-cylinder engine as well as stiffer springs, new anti-rollbars, dampers, and carbon-ceramic brakes. The ride height is lowered by and the car is fitted with special Michelin Pilot Sport 4 tyres having a stickier compound contributing to more grip on the tarmac.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The engine was retuned and a larger turbocharger installed. The peak power is achieved at 1400 rpm higher than the standard engine. The 7-speed dual-clutch transmission remains unchanged. The new springs and anti-roll bars are respectively 50 and 100 percent stiffer than the standard car. The ESC system has also been retuned to improve handling and comes with a full-defeat mode.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: Aesthetic changes include flag motifs, orange brake calipers and optional matte grey paintwork and lighter Fuchs alloy wheels. An optional carbon fibre roof with a gloss finish reduces from the total weight of the car which is .


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The A110S can accelerate from in 4.4 seconds (0.1 seconds faster than the standard car) and has an electronically limited top speed of .


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: Pre-orders for the special "First Edition" opened on December 7, 2016 via the Alpine app, and it was available in 13 countries in 1955 units, a reference to the brand's founding year. Customers who wanted to buy this special series had to pay a deposit of 2000 euros, choose the number and color of the body they wanted. Alpine says all units were booked in one weekend, but opened classic orders shortly after. The entire production was pre-booked in three days. In the contract, the brand recommends a selling price between 55,000 and 60,000 euros (for the "Première Edition") and announced that the first deliveries took place at the end of 2017. In March 2017, Alpine revealed its price, being 58,500 euros.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: This special edition was launched in 2020, and following its success, Alpine introduced an updated model of it in 2021, with visual updates and the same powertrain as the A110S.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The A110 Color Edition was launched in March 2020 alongside the A110 Légende GT, and comes in Sunflower Yellow, a contemporary reimagining of the Juane Tournesol color that was popular on Alpine models in the 60s and 70s. It also includes 18-inch GT wheels, translucent taillights and new headlight inserts.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: In May 2021, following the collaboration for "Alpine F1 x Felipe Pantone", the French carmaker and the Argentinian artist revealed a new edition of the A110 with a custom paint job, with only three produced.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: A series limited to 24 units, only offered in Japan, based on the A110S in three configurations: Alpine Blue with Deep Black roof, Abyss Blue with Thunder Gray roof or Iridescent White with Deep Black roof.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: In May 2022, Alpine celebrates its first F1 Grand Prix in Miami and has launched the "South Beach Colorway" package for the A110, which includes two special exterior shades created by the Alpine Atelier customization program. The new colors are Bleu Azur (teal) and Rose Bruyère (pink), coming with interior and exterior accents.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: Also in May 2022, Alpine revealed another new special edition A110, this one named after racing driver and Alpine founder Jean Rédélé, honoring the 100th anniversary of his birth, and had a limited production run of 100 units.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: In June 2022, the A110 Tour de Corse 75 edition was launched, inspired by the Berlinette rally car no. 7 which took part in the 1975 Tour de France. It was produced in only 150 units, allocated to specific markets.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The Alpine A110 R (which stands for "Radical") is a track-focused version that debuted on October 4, 2022, featuring a redesigned body kit and a more aggressive chassis setup.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: It has been lightened and received performance upgrades, which helps it accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.9 seconds and can reach a top speed of 285 km/h.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: Unveiled in October 2022, a few days after the A110 R, this limited run of 32 units was dedicated to racing driver Fernando Alonso.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The Alpine Vision is a concept car presented in February 2016 in Monaco which directly previewed the Alpine A110.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The Alpine A110 SportsX is a concept car based on the A110 Pure, presented at the 35th edition of the International Automobile Festival in January 2020.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The Alpine A110 E-ternité is an electric-powered A110 prototype presented in July 2022 on the occasion of the 2022 Formula 1 French Grand Prix. It is equipped with a electric motor with of torque, mated to a two-speed dual-clutch gearbox. The engine is powered by a lithium-ion battery from the Renault Mégane E-Tech Electric with a capacity of 60 kWh.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: In January 2021, Alpine signed an MoU with Lotus Cars for the development of the next generation A110, which is intended to enter production by 2025.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: In June 2021, Alpine (encompassing the recently renamed Renault Sport and Renault Formula One divisions) announced that its thirty-year partnership with BorgWarner would continue for the production of future Alpine powertrains. In addition to the next model of the A110 to be developed in partnership with Lotus, a B-segment compact sports car based on the CMF-B EV and a C-segment sports cross-over based on the CMF-EV were mentioned. BorgWarner's 2019 acquisition of Delphi Technologies has led to speculation that the next A110 may feature Delphi's silicon carbide inverter with a 800V traction pack, rather than a more common 400V system.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The Alpine A110 Cup was revealed in October 2017. This track-only version of the A110 utilizes the same chassis as the road car but has been modified to include a roll cage, adjustable suspension and racing brakes. The 1.8 L turbocharged engine is also similar to the street car but power has been upped to 270 hp that is transferred to the track through a bespoke racing sequential gearbox and Michelin racing tires. The car is designed for use in the new Alpine Elf Europa Cup series that will visit 6 tracks in Europe for its inaugural season. Only 20 cars will be built in its debut season and they are priced around €100,000 each.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: At the 2018 Geneva Motor Show, Alpine revealed a new GT4 version of the Alpine A110 Cup. This upgraded version of the A110 Cup comes with more power as well as revised aerodynamics highlighted by an extremely aggressive front splitter and a large rear wing. Customers of the original A110 Cup car are able to upgrade their cars to GT4 spec for a fee. The A110 GT4 began racing in the second half of 2018 so teams could test their new car in preparation for a championship hunt in the 2019 season.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The Alpine A110 Rally was announced in May 2019 and officially presented during the Rallye Mont-Blanc Morzine (5-7 September 2019). It is homologated by the FIA to Group R-GT specifications, its light aluminium chassis is derived from the Cup & GT4 versions and has 1.8-litre, 4-cylinder turbocharged engine delivering between 320 and 330 horsepower. In 2020 an Alpine Trophy championship consisting of five rounds of the 2020 FFSA French Tarmac Rally Championship calendar was created. The first two rounds of the championship were won by Emmanuel Guigou with a notable third overall at the Rallye Mont-Blanc Morzine 2020 a year after its official presentation.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The car attracted some attention in February 2018, when a company-provided car caught fire while being filmed for an episode of the British television programme, "Top Gear". The responding fire personnel were not able to control the fire, and the car was burnt to destruction. This was due to a fuel failure when driver Chris Harris said, “There’s a red light on the dashboard, smoke, smoke, smoke!”


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: James May remarked on the Alpine A110, pronounced (‘Alpeen’), "It has 248bhp, weighs the square root of diddly, and is the greatest thing to come out of France since the Mouli cheese grater." May eventually bought an Alpine in mid 2018 referring to it as his car of the year.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The A110 Premiere Edition appeared in "Gran Turismo Sport" via patch update 1.13 alongside the original model on February 28, 2018.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: The 2017 A110 was introduced as a playable car to "Forza Horizon 4" with the Season 17 Update which arrived on December 12, 2019.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: With Renault rebranding to Alpine for the 2021 Formula One World Championship, the brand introduced two cars exclusively used by drivers Fernando Alonso and Esteban Ocon to drive to the different tracks of the European leg of the season. The two cars have the same livery as the Alpine A521, along with their driver numbers on the bonnet.


title: Alpine A110 (2017)

text: Masahiro Sakurai in an interview with Katsuhiro Harada has said that he owns an Alpine A110 as his "for fun" car.


title: Jane Goldman

text: Jane Loretta Anne Goldman (born 11 June 1970) is an English screenwriter, author and producer. With Matthew Vaughn, she co-wrote the screenplays of "" (2014) and its sequel "" (2017), as well as "" (2011), "Kick-Ass" (2010) and "Stardust" (2007). Goldman also worked on the story of "" (2014), the sequel to "First Class", in partnership with Vaughn. Both met high critical praise for their partnership works.


title: Jane Goldman

text: Goldman's first solo screenplay was "The Woman in Black" (2012). She also wrote the script for "Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children", a 2016 film adaption of the novel, for Tim Burton.


title: Jane Goldman

text: She has also written the books "Dreamworld" (2000) and "The X-Files Book of the Unexplained" (1997), and presented her own TV series on the paranormal, "Jane Goldman Investigates", on the channel Living, in 2003 and 2004.


title: Jane Goldman

text: Goldman was raised in a liberal, middle-class family in north London, the only child of a Jewish father and a Buddhist mother. She attended the King Alfred School, an independent school in Hampstead, until the age of 15 before moving to the United States to follow Boy George on tour. Upon her return to the UK, she took a job as an entertainment reporter with the "Daily Star". When she was 16, she met TV presenter Jonathan Ross. They married in 1988, when Goldman was 18 years old. The couple have three children: two daughters and a son.


title: Jane Goldman

text: As a journalist, Goldman worked on newspapers and magazines such as "Just Seventeen", "Cosmopolitan", "The Times", "Evening Standard", "Zero", "Daily Star", "Total Guitar", "Game Zone" and "Sega Zone". At the age of 19, she became a freelance writer.


title: Jane Goldman

text: Goldman also wrote books: "Thirteen-Something" (1993), "Streetsmarts: A Teenager's Safety Guide" (1996), "Sussed and Streetwise" (1997), the two-volume best-selling series "The X-Files Book of the Unexplained" (1997), her first and only novel "Dreamworld" (2000), and "Do the Right Thing" (2007).


title: Jane Goldman

text: Between 2003 and 2004 she had her own television series. "Jane Goldman Investigates" researched the paranormal and was transmitted by channel Living between 2003 and 2004. Goldman is also in the production teams of a number of TV shows, such as "The Big Fat Quiz of the Year".


title: Jane Goldman

text: She made the jump to screenwriting, and was part of the writing team for David Baddiel's short-lived sitcom "Baddiel's Syndrome", in 2001. Later, she co-wrote the screenplay of "Stardust" (2007), based on the novel of the same name by Neil Gaiman and directed by Matthew Vaughn. Gaiman introduced Goldman to Vaughn to provide the director some help with the adaptation process. The film received many accolades and gave the screenwriters a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.


title: Jane Goldman

text: After "Stardust", Goldman became a frequent collaborator with director Matthew Vaughn, co-writing his next films, the comic-book adaptations "Kick-Ass" (2010) and "" (2011). Both films won strong praise amongst film critics. "Kick-Ass" enjoys a cult following and "X-Men: First Class" is considered by many critics to be one of the best of all X-Men films. Rotten Tomatoes consensus says: "With a strong script, stylish direction, and powerful performances from its well-rounded cast, "X-Men: First Class" is a welcome return to form for the franchise."


title: Jane Goldman

text: She continued to work in adaptations, and was also a co-writer with Vaughn and Peter Straughan for the 2011 drama-thriller "The Debt", which was based on the 2007 Israeli film "HaHov" and directed by John Madden. Goldman also adapted for Hammer "The Woman in Black", based on Susan Hill's horror novel. This film was directed by James Watkins and it is the first solo screenplay by Goldman. It was released in 2012 and met positive reviews. In March 2013, "The Woman in Black" won the Empire Award for Best Horror.


title: Jane Goldman

text: She is credited on "", the sequel to "First Class", as writing the story with Matthew Vaughn and Simon Kinberg.


title: Jane Goldman

text: With Vaughn, Goldman co-wrote the script for "" (2015), based on the comic book by Mark Millar and Dave Gibbons. She wrote the script for "Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children", an adaptation of the Ransom Riggs novel of the same name, which was directed by Tim Burton.


title: Jane Goldman

text: Goldman co-wrote the 2020 adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's Gothic romance "Rebecca", directed by Ben Wheatley.


title: Jane Goldman

text: Goldman is attached to various upcoming projects, including "Nonplayer", an adaptation of the sci-fi comic book by Nate Simpson for Warner Bros.; and a rewrite of the "Pinocchio" screenplay originally written by Bryan Fuller, She is also involved in adaptation of "Anubis", based on a science-fiction/comedy short story by Paul Murray. On 6 December 2017, it was announced Goldman would write a screenplay for Disney's live-action adaptation of "The Little Mermaid" with Rob Marshall being eyed to direct. The film will be released on May 26, 2023.


title: Jane Goldman

text: In May 2017, HBO announced Goldman was one of four writers working on a potential pilot for a "Game of Thrones" spin-off. In addition to Goldman, Carly Wray, Max Borenstein, and Brian Helgeland were also working on potential pilots. Goldman has been working and communicating with George R. R. Martin, the author of "A Song of Ice and Fire", the series of novels upon which the original series is based. "Game of Thrones" showrunners D. B. Weiss and David Benioff would also be executive producers for whichever project is picked up by HBO. In June 2018, it was confirmed that Goldman's pilot had been greenlit by HBO, and would focus on "the world's descent from the golden Age of Heroes into its darkest hour", thousands of years before the events of "Game of Thrones". In late October 2019, it was announced that HBO would not be moving forward with the pilot.


title: Jane Goldman

text: Alongside her husband, broadcaster Jonathan Ross, Goldman appeared as a character in Neil Gaiman's short story "The Facts in the Case of the Departure of Miss Finch" in 1996. Gaiman is a personal friend of the couple.


title: Richard Webber

text: Richard Webber, M.D., F.A.C.S is a fictional character from the ABC medical drama television series "Grey's Anatomy". The character was created by Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actor James Pickens Jr. since the start of the show in 2005. At the beginning of the show, he is the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital for 12 years. In season 6, he has to resign his position as chief and is briefly replaced by Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). Webber takes his position back as chief in season 7 but eventually resigns again in season 8 in order to protect Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). He goes back to being General Surgery attending, although all the staff still calls him "Chief" due to his history. Later, Richard accepts to become the head of the residency program mentoring the residents. In season 17 Richard is appointed Chief of Chiefs of the Catherine Fox foundation.


title: Richard Webber

text: He is a recovering alcoholic and this storyline is exploited in many episodes through the years, especially in seasons 6 and 15. Webber had an affair with Ellis Grey, Meredith's mother, before the beginning of the series and this impacts his relationship with several characters of the series such as his wife Adele (Loretta Devine) and Maggie Pierce, hospital surgeon who is later revealed to be his daughter.


title: Richard Webber

text: Richard Webber was born in 1954, the oldest of three children. His siblings are former hardware store owner Chris Webber, the father of his now-deceased niece, Sabrina and an unnamed younger sister. His mother was a music teacher and former receptionist Gail Webber, who played the cello. Gail (born 1918) died at age 46, when Richard was ten years old (circa 1964). Richard is not close to his younger siblings; they believe he thinks he is better than they are because he is a doctor. It is not known what inspired Webber to become a doctor or surgeon.


title: Richard Webber

text: Richard married his wife, Adele (Loretta Devine) on Valentine's Day. During their residency at Seattle Grace, he had an affair with Meredith's mother, Ellis Grey, although both were married to other people. Although Ellis left her husband, Richard could not bring himself to leave his wife, Adele (he would learn decades later that Adele had known about the affair all along and stayed with him anyway). He confessed in a later episode that he ended the affair because he believed that Ellis deserved better and that he had too much baggage. However, in Season 11, Webber admits to Meredith that his ego was simply jealous of Ellis' success as a surgeon, which is why the affair ended. After completing his residency, Richard left Seattle Grace to complete his fellowship. There are continuity errors regarding where exactly Richard built his career; at one point he states that with the exception of his fellowship, he spent his entire career at Seattle Grace. However, it is also established that he both taught and befriended Addison and Derek, presumably in New York (the majority of references within the show, as well as additional sources, indicate that a good portion of Richard's career was spent in Manhattan, rather than Seattle). He graduated from Northwestern University (as shown in the degree in his office)


title: Richard Webber

text: The enigmatic Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace is a leading figure in the show. Always vigilant, seeking and trying new things, his ambition is to see Seattle Grace as the top surgical program in the country. This sometimes leads him to make daring decisions. In the first season, the surgical program is presented as one of the best in the United States. Later in the series, his wife Adele asks him to retire, forcing him to choose between his career and their marriage. He tries to skirt around it, but Adele, tired of waiting, makes her choice and leaves him. He moves out and sleeps in his office for a short time. Since he learned of Ellis Grey's illness, Richard began visiting her regularly, but upon deciding to attempt a reconciliation with Adele, he realizes that he can no longer continue his emotional affair with Ellis. He attempts to patch things up with his wife, but is stunned to find out that she has apparently moved on to someone else. In the meantime, Richard makes plans to retire and must name his successor. He first thought of recommending Dr. Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) as his successor, but after the secret of Burke's tremor and cover-up came out, that plan is put on hold. Nevertheless, he tells the hospital board of his retirement but has yet to name his successor; Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Preston, Dr. Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) are all eagerly clamoring for the post. Richard eventually chooses Derek, but Derek tells Richard that he should remain chief.


title: Richard Webber

text: Near the end of the third season, Adele is admitted to the hospital and is discovered to be pregnant (at 52 years old). Though he believes the father to be the man Adele insinuated to be seeing months earlier, Richard stays by Adele's side as she is treated. However, due to complications, she loses the baby. Adele later admits to Richard that the baby, which was a boy, was actually his. At the conclusion of the third season, Richard and Adele decide to give their marriage another try.


title: Richard Webber

text: At the beginning of the fourth season, Richard and Adele declare that his work is the reason that their marriage has failed and separate. He consequently moves in with his friend Derek Shepherd in his trailer home and tries to repair his life as a divorcée for the remainder of the season until, by the end, he reasserts his good reputation to his wife and wins her back.


title: Richard Webber

text: At the start of the fifth season, Richard starts to deal with the fact that Seattle Grace's surgical program ranking has been suffering. Determined to repair his hospital's reputation, he has become determined to enforce a new tougher series of hospital rules. Adding to his new behavior, he seems to becoming more and more agitated by Meredith Grey's (Ellen Pompeo) presence in his life as she is a reminder to him of every mistake he has made over the years. Over the course of the season, he becomes resentful of his mentee in General Surgery, Dr. Bailey (Chandra Wilson)'s decision to leave the General Surgery program to embark upon a fellowship in Pediatric Surgery and attempts to prevent it in any way possible; he gives her an uninspiring letter of recommendation and buys a surgical robot for General Surgery to "lure" Dr. Bailey back to the program. However, as he finally comes to terms with Dr. Bailey's choice, she confides to the Chief that her husband has left her with an ultimatum - if she takes the fellowship in Pediatrics, he will divorce her. Dr. Bailey tells the Chief that she has decided that she will leave her husband herself, but that she still cannot take the Pediatrics fellowship, because she will now be a single mother.


title: Richard Webber

text: In the sixth season, he has been under a lot of stress. In the episode "New History" many of his colleagues believe he is having an affair due to his odd decisions and mistakes lately, but it is revealed at the end of the episode that the chief has gone back to drinking again. At first, he tells Meredith, who he has taken under his wing to help out learning new skills, that he wasn't an alcoholic, but rather in a state of depression, and he promised that his eggnog at Christmas would be his last drink. However Meredith discovers him at the bar very drunk, showing that he has indeed relapsed. He was given the choice by Derek and the board, to retire early or enter a rehab program where he would receive help for his drinking, and possibly gain his job back. Richard contemplated throwing away his career, which caused him and Derek to get in a shouting match. He later handed Derek the papers agreeing to enter rehab. After rehab, Richard returns as a General Surgery attending and performs awake surgery on Harper Avery. On the day of the shooting, he enters the hospital against police orders and presumably convinces Gary Clarke to shoot himself.


title: Richard Webber

text: Following the shooting, Derek impulsively quits as Chief and Richard is re-instated. It appears that his wife Adele is starting to show early symptoms of Alzheimer's and he starts a diabetes clinical trial based on Ellis' diaries. When he asks Meredith to be a part of his trial, she declines and joins Derek's trial on Alzheimer's instead. Adele later receives a spot on Derek's trial. During the trial, Meredith tampers with the drugs so that Adele does not receive the placebo. After the truth is revealed, which causes Meredith to lose her job, Richard takes the blame and steps down as chief of surgery to protect her, being replaced by Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). As Adele's condition deteriorates, Richard is forced to have her placed at Rose Ridge. Catherine Avery (Debbie Allen) comes to Seattle and develops an interest in Richard but he refuses her advances because he is a married man. However, discovering that Adele, who does not recognize him anymore, has started a relationship with a new man at Rose Ridge, he lets her go. In season 8, Richard and Catherine run into each other in the hotel where they are staying while in San Francisco to serve as examiners for the boards and have a one-night stand. However, Catherine's son Jackson (Jesse Williams), who was also there to take his boards and worked under Richard at Seattle Grace Mercy West, is horrified after finding out about the relationship.


title: Richard Webber

text: While on the way to Bailey's wedding, Richard gets a phone call alerting him that Adele has been rushed to the hospital. Bailey and Meredith perform emergency surgery, which was successful. However, it is revealed that Adele died of a heart attack while recovering in the ICU. He later embarks on a relationship with Catherine.


title: Richard Webber

text: A storm hits the hospital and creates a power outage. After operating on a former case of Bailey's, he goes in the electrical room and finds the man who was in charge of the generators lying on the ground. He sends him to an OR and stays in the room to restore the power but is seemingly electrocuted.


title: Richard Webber

text: In the premiere of the tenth season, Richard says that his parents were there at his white coat ceremony. When he gets electrocuted but seasons later, he explains how his mom died when he was younger.


title: Richard Webber

text: Richard slowly recovers from his electrical injuries after putting Meredith as his POA. Richard returns to work and is given a retirement package from Hunt on his birthday. Richard accepts an offer to become the head of the residency program mentoring the residents. He continues his relationship with Catherine and plans to propose. Richard chats with Dr. Maggie Pierce (Kelly McCreary) after her first day at Grey Sloan Memorial who says that it was surreal to work at a place that shares a name with Ellis Grey, her birth mother. Maggie bears a striking resemblance to Richard, suggesting that he is her father.


title: Richard Webber

text: As series 11 progresses, it is revealed through moments of flashbacks from Meredith that Maggie is in fact Richard's daughter, and that Ellis gave her up out of shame and suffering from depression. Upon finding out the truth, Richard doesn't tell Maggie the news straight away out of fear Maggie will reject and blame him for giving her up. This causes Richard to act strangely around her, causing Miranda Bailey to wonder if he is sleeping with her, Richard correcting her on this mistake causes other members of staff to find out the truth before Maggie. After the truth is revealed, Maggie is angry with Richard and ignores and rebuffs him for some time. Later on in the season, the pair are seen to have bonded and are now friends, with Richard and Meredith sharing stories with Maggie about Ellis.


title: Richard Webber

text: In the season 13 episode "The Room Where It Happens," when a male patient is wheeled into the OR, where Meredith, Hunt, and Edwards are waiting, Webber shows up to help having napped all day. Webber wants the patient to be given a name, he picks Gail, a cello player and music teacher. During the episode, each of the doctors has a flashback to a tragic incident from their past. We learn near the end of the episode, Gail was Webber's mother, who had advanced pancreatic cancer and died when he was ten.


title: Richard Webber

text: Webber again fell ill in season 16, but received treatment and returned in the first episode of season 17 consequently being thrown back in to work in the middle of the Covid-19 pandemic. Meredith gives Webber her power of attorney after contracting the virus, and in the winter finale of season 17, he makes the decision to put her on a ventilator.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: Isla Mujeres (, Spanish for "Women Island" (formally “Isla de Mujeres”) is an island where the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea meet, about off the Yucatán Peninsula coast in the State of Quintana Roo, Mexico. It is approximately long and wide. To the east is the Caribbean Sea with a strong surf and rocky coast, and to the west the skyline of Cancún can be seen across the waters. In the 2010 census, the namesake town on the island had a population of 12,642 inhabitants. The town is the seat of Isla Mujeres Municipality.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: Very little violent crime has been reported on the island over its history, leading the island to gain a reputation for its relaxed nature, with the safety of both residents and tourists being unusually high. The biggest danger to the residents of the island has historically been the threat of tropical storms and hurricanes, some of which have caused devastating damage, such as Hurricane Carmen and Hurricane Wilma.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: In Pre-Columbian times the island was sacred to the Maya goddess of childbirth and medicine, Ixchel. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century they named it ""Isla Mujeres"" because of the many images of goddesses. The first information available about Isla Mujeres is from the period between 564–1516 AD, when it was part of the Maya province called Ekab. There were 4 Maya provinces in what is today the State of Quintana Roo. The Maya also exploited the salt that the island produced in the "salinas" (small interior lagoons). The salt was used not only for the preservation of food and medicine but also as a generally accepted currency for commerce of goods along the whole Maya region. The Maya goddess Ixchel had a temple in what is today the Hacienda Mundaca (Mundaca's Plantation House). The island was also a favorite stopping place for pirates in the early 1800s. The shallow lagoon on the mainland side of the island was a good place for sailors to sit out major storms, careen their hulls and trade for salt. Pirates Henry Morgan, Jean Lafitte and Hernan Mundaca spent time there. Hernan Mundaca lived on the island for quite some time, building a large hacienda with which he hoped to entice a local beauty, Martiniana (Prisca) Gomez Pantoja, into marriage. She married someone else, to his regret. A small bit of his Hacienda is still there. It has served in the past as a zoo.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: A small Maya temple was once located on the southern tip of the island. However, in 1988, Hurricane Gilbert caused extensive damage, leaving most of the foundation but only a very small portion of the temple.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: Since the 1970s, along with nearby Cancún, there has been substantial tourist development in Isla Mujeres.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: Like much of the rest of the tourism industry, Isla Mujeres was economically devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic, although case numbers remained relatively low on the island.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: Transportation on the island of Isla Mujeres consists primarily of taxis or golf carts and moped scooters. there were 121 taxis, 500 golf carts, and 1500 moped scooters. There is also a bus service that runs from the downtown to the different neighborhoods, called "colonias" in Spanish (where most locals live). The island was formerly served by Isla Mujeres National Airport, but the airport and landing strip have since closed. Nowadays, locals, military personnel, and tourists can be seen jogging up and down the runway at various times throughout the day.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: There are two main ferry boat companies (UltraMar and Jetway) that run to the island from Puerto Juárez, Cancun, or Gran Puerto on the mainland. There are also many party boats that make day trips to Isla Mujeres. The island is popular with day trippers, but activity quiets down in the evening after the tour groups leave.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: Isla Mujeres has fostered a strong restaurant industry and culture, with many restaurants located throughout the island. There are numerous places to eat fresh seafood cooked with local and traditional recipes, and other restaurants offer Mexican, Yucatecan, Italian, Caribbean, Mediterranean, Israeli, French, Thai, Cuban, and Maya cuisine, among others. Hotel prices vary from cheap to very expensive at the resorts on the southwest end such as Hotel Villa Rolandi, and Playa Norte. In the north is El Centro (downtown), whose central axis, Hidalgo Street, is the main dining and entertainment area. Also located on the north end is a famous beach called Playa Norte, which has recovered quickly since Hurricane Wilma hit the area in 2005. Besides these attractions, swimming with dolphins can also be experienced at the Island. Isla Mujeres has been a popular location for destination weddings for several decades, with larger hotels on the island sometimes being used to house wedding parties. These weddings are performed throughout the island, primarily at beachside venues on the west or north side of the island, with ceremonies generally taking place on the beach.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: The island of Isla Mujeres is located close to one of many coral reefs such as the one located in Garrafon Park, which is an attraction popular for its snorkeling and scuba diving. The Cancún Underwater Museum, created by English sculptor Jason deCaires Taylor, is located off the western coast of Isla Mujeres. Isla Mujeres is also home to a population of sea turtles. Because of the recent endangerment of sea turtles in the area, a facility named Tortugranja was set up on the southern end of the island for their rehabilitation and breeding. This facility is open to the public.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: The island's relative proximity to Cuba has made it a popular stepping stone for Cubans trying to reach the United States in recent years.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: In addition to the Isla Mujeres' use as a popular day trip spot, many homes have been built on the island, including the homes of those who have lived on the island for generations, affluent condos or houses for seasonal use, snowbirds, fishermen, and those working in the island's tourism and restaurant industry. The island has also enjoyed a dedicated yacht and boating presence through the years, with many docks on the west coast, including some designated for seasonal use. In general, the island's population declines in the summer due to the decline of tourism during that season. Some of the residents on the island ferry to and from Cancún daily in order to attend school or work.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: Shopping on the island for residents was limited for many decades, leading day trips to Cancún (sometimes on a specialized ferry for automobiles and shipping trucks) to be a common necessity to purchase items such as a television or foods not stocked at one of the many minisupers (locally run convenience stores) or the downtown supermercado (supermarket) located in the city square. As the tourism industry increased in the later part of the 2000s, businesses such as Chedraui began to establish a presence, providing residents with less need for repeated trips to Cancún.


title: Isla Mujeres

text: There are a multitude of stadiums throughout the island, including a full scale baseball park and organized football venue along with makeshift dirt or sand fields which can commonly be seen played on by local children or organized teams. Technology on the island (particularly in the "colonias") was humble for many years, with the island slow to widely adopt innovations in entertainment beyond the standard television. By the early '00s, technologies such as cable television, the arcade cabinet (most commonly an original or repurposed Neo Geo) and cellular phones were beginning to become commonplace with local households.


title: If and only if

text: In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, "if and only if" (shortened as "iff") is a biconditional logical connective between statements, where either both statements are true or both are false.


title: If and only if

text: The connective is biconditional (a statement of material equivalence), and can be likened to the standard material conditional ("only if", equal to "if ... then") combined with its reverse ("if"); hence the name. The result is that the truth of either one of the connected statements requires the truth of the other (i.e. either both statements are true, or both are false), though it is controversial whether the connective thus defined is properly rendered by the English "if and only if"—with its pre-existing meaning. For example, "P if and only if Q" means that "P" is true whenever "Q" is true, and the only case in which "P" is true is if "Q" is also true, whereas in the case of "P if Q", there could be other scenarios where "P" is true and "Q" is false.


title: If and only if

text: In writing, phrases commonly used as alternatives to P "if and only if" Q include: "Q is necessary and sufficient for P", "for P it is necessary and sufficient that Q", "P is equivalent (or materially equivalent) to Q" (compare with material implication), "P precisely if Q", "P precisely (or exactly) when Q", "P exactly in case Q", and "P just in case Q". Some authors regard "iff" as unsuitable in formal writing; others consider it a "borderline case" and tolerate its use.


title: If and only if

text: In logical formulae, logical symbols, such as formula_1 and formula_2, are used instead of these phrases; see below.


title: If and only if

text: The corresponding logical symbols are "↔", "formula_2", and "≡", and sometimes "iff". These are usually treated as equivalent. However, some texts of mathematical logic (particularly those on first-order logic, rather than propositional logic) make a distinction between these, in which the first, ↔, is used as a symbol in logic formulas, while ⇔ is used in reasoning about those logic formulas (e.g., in metalogic). In Łukasiewicz's Polish notation, it is the prefix symbol 'E'.


title: If and only if

text: In most logical systems, one proves a statement of the form "P iff Q" by proving either "if P, then Q" and "if Q, then P", or "if P, then Q" and "if not-P, then not-Q". Proving these pair of statements sometimes leads to a more natural proof, since there are not obvious conditions in which one would infer a biconditional directly. An alternative is to prove the disjunction "(P and Q) or (not-P and not-Q)", which itself can be inferred directly from either of its disjuncts—that is, because "iff" is truth-functional, "P iff Q" follows if P and Q have been shown to be both true, or both false.


title: If and only if

text: Usage of the abbreviation "iff" first appeared in print in John L. Kelley's 1955 book "General Topology".


title: If and only if

text: Its invention is often credited to Paul Halmos, who wrote "I invented 'iff,' for 'if and only if'—but I could never believe I was really its first inventor."


title: If and only if

text: It is somewhat unclear how "iff" was meant to be pronounced. In current practice, the single 'word' "iff" is almost always read as the four words "if and only if". However, in the preface of "General Topology", Kelley suggests that it should be read differently: "In some cases where mathematical content requires 'if and only if' and euphony demands something less I use Halmos' 'iff'". The authors of one discrete mathematics textbook suggest: "Should you need to pronounce iff, really hang on to the 'ff' so that people hear the difference from 'if'", implying that "iff" could be pronounced as .


title: If and only if

text: Technically, definitions are "if and only if" statements; some texts — such as Kelley's "General Topology" — follow the strict demands of logic, and use "if and only if" or "iff" in definitions of new terms.


title: If and only if

text: However, this logically correct usage of "if and only if" relatively uncommon and overlooks the linguistic fact that the "if" of a definition is interpreted as meaning "if and only if". The majority of textbooks, research papers and articles (including English Wikipedia articles) follow the linguistic convention to interpret "if" as "if and only if" whenever a mathematical definition is involved (as in "a topological space is compact if every open cover has a finite subcover").


title: If and only if

text: Sufficiency is the converse of necessity. That is to say, given "P"→"Q" (i.e. if "P" then "Q"), "P" would be a sufficient condition for "Q", and "Q" would be a necessary condition for "P". Also, given "P"→"Q", it is true that "¬Q"→"¬P" (where ¬ is the negation operator, i.e. "not"). This means that the relationship between "P" and "Q", established by "P"→"Q", can be expressed in the following, all equivalent, ways:


title: If and only if

text: As an example, take the first example above, which states "P"→"Q", where "P" is "the fruit in question is an apple" and "Q" is "Madison will eat the fruit in question". The following are four equivalent ways of expressing this very relationship:


title: If and only if

text: Here, the second example can be restated in the form of "if...then" as "If Madison will eat the fruit in question, then it is an apple"; taking this in conjunction with the first example, we find that the third example can be stated as "If the fruit in question is an apple, then Madison will eat it; "and" if Madison will eat the fruit, then it is an apple".


title: If and only if

text: Euler diagrams show logical relationships among events, properties, and so forth. "P only if Q", "if P then Q", and "P→Q" all mean that P is a subset, either proper or improper, of Q. "P if Q", "if Q then P", and Q→P all mean that Q is a proper or improper subset of P. "P if and only if Q" and "Q if and only if P" both mean that the sets P and Q are identical to each other.


title: If and only if

text: Iff is used outside the field of logic as well. Wherever logic is applied, especially in mathematical discussions, it has the same meaning as above: it is an abbreviation for "if and only if", indicating that one statement is both necessary and sufficient for the other. This is an example of mathematical jargon (although, as noted above, "if" is more often used than "iff" in statements of definition).


title: If and only if

text: The elements of "X" are "all and only" the elements of "Y" means: "For any "z" in the domain of discourse, "z" is in "X" if and only if "z" is in "Y"."


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: Is Anyone Up? was an online pornographic website based on stolen and hacked photos that ceased operation in 2012. It allowed users to submit photographs or videos anonymously, mainly nude, erotic, and sexually explicit images. The site was closely associated with the metalcore and post-hardcore music scene, also featuring and depicting numerous nude photos of musicians of these genres.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: Is Anyone Up? was subject to great controversy because of the prevalence of revenge porn submissions to the service, many of which were submitted by former romantic partners without consent and with malicious intent. Many of the submitted revenge porn images were obtained as a result of multiple email account hacks. The ongoing incidents resulted in numerous lawsuits and even death threats aimed at Hunter Moore, founder and owner of Is Anyone Up?. The website was shut down on April 19, 2012.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: Is Anyone Up? was founded in late 2010. Founder Hunter Moore stated that the idea for the site came from a woman who he continually asked to send him suggestive pictures. He then created a blog, hosting nude photographs from anyone, and it eventually became isanyoneup.com. Moore profited off the website by running pornography ads and selling merchandise. For the month of November 2011, the website's revenue was $13,000, its server fees were $8,000, and its page views were over 30 million. Moore reported that he worked 19 hours a day, five days a week, managing the site, and had a team of six working for him, including two age-verification specialists, to ensure that everyone shown was at least 18 years old. Another partner, Sam Boyd, also spent time moderating and filtering requests.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: Submissions to the website usually followed the same formula, depicting a person's social networking website profile thumbnail (such as their Facebook or Twitter profile), then showing images of them clothed, before revealing images of their genitalia. In some cases, images showed people engaging in sexual acts such as masturbation. Each submission line then ended with a "reaction image", usually showing a still or animated gif file of a popular scene or Internet meme as a satirical "reaction" to the images shown.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: Moore stated that he took legal precautions before uploading images to the site, initially verifying the age of the people whose photographs were submitted through social networking sites. He sent the IP information of people who submitted photos of underage individuals to a lawyer in Las Vegas, who turned it over to law enforcement. Another category on the site, called "Daily Hate", featured angry reactions from people who had their pictures posted without their consent.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: On April 19, 2012, Moore sold the website to James McGibney, who runs Bullyville.com, a site which allows anonymous people to share details about people who have bullied or harassed them. Moore posted an open letter to BullyVille.com and on the isanyoneup.com domain explaining his decision.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: Is Anyone Up? was the subject of much controversy. Many individuals sued Moore or those associated with the Is Anyone Up? domain for the display of their nude images on the website. While some images were self-submitted, others were "revenge porn", which has been described as being "pornographic souvenirs from relationships gone sour".


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: In November 2011, Moore appeared on "Anderson" to discuss Is Anyone Up? while being confronted by two women who had been exposed on the website by an anonymous user. When one of the women criticized Moore for "helping" deceptive people who spread such photographs, he responded: "No one put a gun to your head and made you take these pictures. It's 2011, everything's on the Internet."


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: On August 21, 2012, BullyVille founder James McGibney posted an open letter to Hunter Moore on the main page of the isanyoneup domain, announcing a class action lawsuit and encouraging people to join in.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: Floridian rock band A Day to Remember refused to play at the 2011 Bamboozle festival, knowing Hunter Moore was in attendance. They demanded that he be removed from the venue because they objected to Moore's site hosting nude images of the band's bassist, Joshua Woodard, weeks beforehand.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: One morning in August 2011, Moore was attacked and stabbed with a pen by a woman featured on the website. Moore managed to escape with a shoulder wound that required surgery.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: In December 2011, social networking website Facebook reportedly threatened legal action against the website, blocked any linking to the isanyoneup.com domain through its site, and deleting the official "like" page from its database.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: On May 16, 2012, "The Village Voice" reported that Moore and Is Anyone Up? were the subject of an investigation by the FBI, as a large number of the pictures formerly hosted on the site were believed to have been illegally obtained by a hacker known as "Gary Jones". ABC "Nightline" revealed that the FBI investigation was started by Charlotte Laws after a photo of her daughter appeared on the website.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: In January 2014, Moore and his alleged aide Charles Evens were arrested by the FBI and indicted in a federal district court in California on charges of conspiracy, unauthorized access to a protected computer, and aggravated identity theft.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: In February 2015, Moore pled guilty to aggravated identity theft and aiding and abetting in the unauthorized access of a computer.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: On July 2, 2015, Charles Evens pleaded guilty to charges of computer hacking and identity theft, confessing to stealing hundreds of images from women's email accounts and selling them to Moore. U.S. District Judge Dolly M. Gee sentenced Evens to more than two years in jail and a fine of $2000. The same judge sentenced Moore in December 2015 to 2 1/2 years in a federal prison with three years supervision following his release. He also had to undergo a mental health evaluation and pay a $2000 fine.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: Previously mentioned Florida based metalcore group A Day to Remember have a song named "Life Lessons Learned The Hard Way" that describes an attack on Moore that was planned, but never carried out. The song also touches on the topic of a suicide that happened due to nude photos of the person were posted on the site, and subsequently spread throughout the internet.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: German metalcore group Electric Callboy have a single named "Is Anyone Up?" that describes the site's general idea and attributes. Electronic band Blood on the Dance Floor released the album Evolution in 2012, containing the song "Revenge Porn" which references the site and Hunter Moore in the lyrics. Electropop group Millionaires released a remix of the Ludacris song "My Chick Bad" titled "My Chick Bad (Remix)" that contained lyrics discussing posting images on Is Anyone Up?.


title: Is Anyone Up?

text: In July 2022, Netflix announced they were releasing a three part documentary series on July 27 about IsAnyoneUp.com titled, "The Most Hated Man on the Internet", featuring interviews with victims and law enforcement.


title: Chemical potential

text: In thermodynamics, the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition. The chemical potential of a species in a mixture is defined as the rate of change of free energy of a thermodynamic system with respect to the change in the number of atoms or molecules of the species that are added to the system. Thus, it is the partial derivative of the free energy with respect to the amount of the species, all other species' concentrations in the mixture remaining constant. When both temperature and pressure are held constant, and the number of particles is expressed in moles, the chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium, the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. In a system in diffusion equilibrium, the chemical potential of any chemical species is uniformly the same everywhere throughout the system.


title: Chemical potential

text: In semiconductor physics, the chemical potential of a system of electrons at zero absolute temperature is known as the Fermi energy.


title: Chemical potential

text: Particles tend to move from higher chemical potential to lower chemical potential because this reduces the free energy. In this way, chemical potential is a generalization of "potentials" in physics such as gravitational potential. When a ball rolls down a hill, it is moving from a higher gravitational potential (higher internal energy thus higher potential for work) to a lower gravitational potential (lower internal energy). In the same way, as molecules move, react, dissolve, melt, etc., they will always tend naturally to go from a higher chemical potential to a lower one, changing the particle number, which is the conjugate variable to chemical potential.


title: Chemical potential

text: A simple example is a system of dilute molecules diffusing in a homogeneous environment. In this system, the molecules tend to move from areas with high concentration to low concentration, until eventually, the concentration is the same everywhere. The microscopic explanation for this is based on kinetic theory and the random motion of molecules. However, it is simpler to describe the process in terms of chemical potentials: For a given temperature, a molecule has a higher chemical potential in a higher-concentration area and a lower chemical potential in a low concentration area. Movement of molecules from higher chemical potential to lower chemical potential is accompanied by a release of free energy. Therefore, it is a spontaneous process.


title: Chemical potential

text: Another example, not based on concentration but on phase, is an ice cube on a plate above 0 °C. An HO molecule that is in the solid phase (ice) has a higher chemical potential than a water molecule that is in the liquid phase (water) above 0 °C. When some of the ice melts, HO molecules convert from solid to the warmer liquid where their chemical potential is lower, so the ice cube shrinks. At the temperature of the melting point, 0 °C, the chemical potentials in water and ice are the same; the ice cube neither grows nor shrinks, and the system is in equilibrium.


title: Chemical potential

text: A third example is illustrated by the chemical reaction of dissociation of a weak acid HA (such as acetic acid, A = CHCOO):


title: Chemical potential

text: Vinegar contains acetic acid. When acid molecules dissociate, the concentration of the undissociated acid molecules (HA) decreases and the concentrations of the product ions (H and A) increase. Thus the chemical potential of HA decreases and the sum of the chemical potentials of H and A increases. When the sums of chemical potential of reactants and products are equal the system is at equilibrium and there is no tendency for the reaction to proceed in either the forward or backward direction. This explains why vinegar is acidic, because acetic acid dissociates to some extent, releasing hydrogen ions into the solution.


title: Chemical potential

text: Chemical potentials are important in many aspects of multi-phase equilibrium chemistry, including melting, boiling, evaporation, solubility, osmosis, partition coefficient, liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography. In each case the chemical potential of a given species at equilibrium is the same in all phases of the system.


title: Chemical potential

text: In electrochemistry, ions do "not" always tend to go from higher to lower chemical potential, but they "do" always go from higher to lower "electrochemical potential". The electrochemical potential completely characterizes all of the influences on an ion's motion, while the chemical potential includes everything "except" the electric force. (See below for more on this terminology.)


title: Chemical potential

text: The chemical potential "μ" of species "i" (atomic, molecular or nuclear) is defined, as all intensive quantities are, by the phenomenological fundamental equation of thermodynamics. This holds for both reversible and irreversible infinitesimal processes:


title: Chemical potential

text: where d"U" is the infinitesimal change of internal energy "U", d"S" the infinitesimal change of entropy "S", d"V" is the infinitesimal change of volume "V" for a thermodynamic system in thermal equilibrium, and d"N" is the infinitesimal change of particle number "N" of species "i" as particles are added or subtracted. "T" is absolute temperature, "S" is entropy, "P" is pressure, and "V" is volume. Other work terms, such as those involving electric, magnetic or gravitational fields may be added.


title: Chemical potential

text: This is an inconvenient expression for condensed-matter systems, such as chemical solutions, as it is hard to control the volume and entropy to be constant while particles are added. A more convenient expression may be obtained by making a Legendre transformation to another thermodynamic potential: the Gibbs free energy formula_3. From the differential formula_4 and using the above expression for formula_5, a differential relation for formula_6 is obtained:


title: Chemical potential

text: and the change in Gibbs free energy of a system that is held at constant temperature and pressure is simply


title: Chemical potential

text: In thermodynamic equilibrium, when the system concerned is at constant temperature and pressure but can exchange particles with its external environment, the Gibbs free energy is at its minimum for the system, that is formula_11. It follows that


title: Chemical potential

text: Use of this equality provides the means to establish the equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction.


title: Chemical potential

text: By making further Legendre transformations from "U" to other thermodynamic potentials like the enthalpy formula_13 and Helmholtz free energy formula_14, expressions for the chemical potential may be obtained in terms of these:


title: Chemical potential

text: These different forms for the chemical potential are all equivalent, meaning that they have the same physical content and may be useful in different physical situations.


title: Chemical potential

text: The Gibbs–Duhem equation is useful because it relates individual chemical potentials. For example, in a binary mixture, at constant temperature and pressure, the chemical potentials of the two participants A and B are related by


title: Chemical potential

text: where formula_18 is the number of moles of A and formula_19 is the number of moles of B. Every instance of phase or chemical equilibrium is characterized by a constant. For instance, the melting of ice is characterized by a temperature, known as the melting point at which solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium with each other. Chemical potentials can be used to explain the slopes of lines on a phase diagram by using the Clapeyron equation, which in turn can be derived from the Gibbs–Duhem equation. They are used to explain colligative properties such as melting-point depression by the application of pressure. Henry's law for the solute can be derived from Raoult's law for the solvent using chemical potentials.


title: Chemical potential

text: Chemical potential was first described by the American engineer, chemist and mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. He defined it as follows:


title: Chemical potential

text: Gibbs later noted also that for the purposes of this definition, any chemical element or combination of elements in given proportions may be considered a substance, whether capable or not of existing by itself as a homogeneous body. This freedom to choose the boundary of the system allows the chemical potential to be applied to a huge range of systems. The term can be used in thermodynamics and physics for any system undergoing change. Chemical potential is also referred to as partial molar Gibbs energy (see also partial molar property). Chemical potential is measured in units of energy/particle or, equivalently, energy/mole.


title: Chemical potential

text: In his 1873 paper "A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces", Gibbs introduced the preliminary outline of the principles of his new equation able to predict or estimate the tendencies of various natural processes to ensue when bodies or systems are brought into contact. By studying the interactions of homogeneous substances in contact, i.e. bodies, being in composition part solid, part liquid, and part vapor, and by using a three-dimensional volume–entropy–internal energy graph, Gibbs was able to determine three states of equilibrium, i.e. "necessarily stable", "neutral", and "unstable", and whether or not changes will ensue. In 1876, Gibbs built on this framework by introducing the concept of chemical potential so to take into account chemical reactions and states of bodies that are chemically different from each other. In his own words from the aforementioned paper, Gibbs states:


title: Chemical potential

text: In this description, as used by Gibbs, "ε" refers to the internal energy of the body, "η" refers to the entropy of the body, and "ν" is the volume of the body.


title: Chemical potential

text: The abstract definition of chemical potential given above—total change in free energy per extra mole of substance—is more specifically called total chemical potential. If two locations have different total chemical potentials for a species, some of it may be due to potentials associated with "external" force fields (electric potential energy, gravitational potential energy, etc.), while the rest would be due to "internal" factors (density, temperature, etc.) Therefore, the total chemical potential can be split into internal chemical potential and external chemical potential:


title: Chemical potential

text: i.e., the external potential is the sum of electric potential, gravitational potential, etc. (where "q" and "m" are the charge and mass of the species, "V" and "h" are the electric potential and height of the container, respectively, and "g" is the acceleration due to gravity). The internal chemical potential includes everything else besides the external potentials, such as density, temperature, and enthalpy. This formalism can be understood by assuming that the total energy of a system, formula_22, is the sum of two parts: an internal energy, formula_23, and an external energy due to the interaction of each particle with an external field, formula_24. The definition of chemical potential applied to formula_25 yields the above expression for formula_26.


title: Chemical potential

text: The phrase "chemical potential" sometimes means "total chemical potential", but that is not universal. In some fields, in particular electrochemistry, semiconductor physics, and solid-state physics, the term "chemical potential" means "internal" chemical potential, while the term electrochemical potential is used to mean "total" chemical potential.


title: Chemical potential

text: Electrons in solids have a chemical potential, defined the same way as the chemical potential of a chemical species: The change in free energy when electrons are added or removed from the system. In the case of electrons, the chemical potential is usually expressed in energy per particle rather than energy per mole, and the energy per particle is conventionally given in units of electronvolt (eV).


title: Chemical potential

text: Chemical potential plays an especially important role in solid-state physics and is closely related to the concepts of work function, Fermi energy, and Fermi level. For example, n-type silicon has a higher internal chemical potential of electrons than p-type silicon. In a p–n junction diode at equilibrium the chemical potential ("internal" chemical potential) varies from the p-type to the n-type side, while the total chemical potential (electrochemical potential, or, Fermi level) is constant throughout the diode.


title: Chemical potential

text: As described above, when describing chemical potential, one has to say "relative to what". In the case of electrons in semiconductors, internal chemical potential is often specified relative to some convenient point in the band structure, e.g., to the bottom of the conduction band. It may also be specified "relative to vacuum", to yield a quantity known as work function, however, work function varies from surface to surface even on a completely homogeneous material. Total chemical potential, on the other hand, is usually specified relative to electrical ground.


title: Chemical potential

text: In atomic physics, the chemical potential of the electrons in an atom is sometimes said to be the negative of the atom's electronegativity. Likewise, the process of chemical potential equalization is sometimes referred to as the process of electronegativity equalization. This connection comes from the Mulliken electronegativity scale. By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity, it is seen that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons., i.e.,


title: Chemical potential

text: In recent years, thermal physics has applied the definition of chemical potential to systems in particle physics and its associated processes. For example, in a quark–gluon plasma or other QCD matter, at every point in space there is a chemical potential for photons, a chemical potential for electrons, a chemical potential for baryon number, electric charge, and so forth.


title: Chemical potential

text: In the case of photons, photons are bosons and can very easily and rapidly appear or disappear. Therefore, at thermodynamic equilibrium, the chemical potential of photons is always and everywhere zero. The reason is, if the chemical potential somewhere was higher than zero, photons would spontaneously disappear from that area until the chemical potential went back to zero; likewise, if the chemical potential somewhere was less than zero, photons would spontaneously appear until the chemical potential went back to zero. Since this process occurs extremely rapidly (at least, it occurs rapidly in the presence of dense charged matter), it is safe to assume that the photon chemical potential is never different from zero.


title: Chemical potential

text: Electric charge is different because it is conserved, i.e. it can be neither created nor destroyed. It can, however, diffuse. The "chemical potential of electric charge" controls this diffusion: Electric charge, like anything else, will tend to diffuse from areas of higher chemical potential to areas of lower chemical potential. Other conserved quantities like baryon number are the same. In fact, each conserved quantity is associated with a chemical potential and a corresponding tendency to diffuse to equalize it out.


title: Chemical potential

text: In the case of electrons, the behaviour depends on temperature and context. At low temperatures, with no positrons present, electrons cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore, there is an electron chemical potential that might vary in space, causing diffusion. At very high temperatures, however, electrons and positrons can spontaneously appear out of the vacuum (pair production), so the chemical potential of electrons by themselves becomes a less useful quantity than the chemical potential of the conserved quantities like (electrons minus positrons).


title: Chemical potential

text: The chemical potentials of bosons and fermions is related to the number of particles and the temperature by Bose–Einstein statistics and Fermi–Dirac statistics respectively.


title: Chemical potential

text: Generally the chemical potential is given as a sum of an ideal contribution and an excess contribution:


title: Chemical potential

text: In an ideal solution, the chemical potential of species "i" (μ) is dependent on temperature and pressure.


title: Chemical potential

text: μ("T", "P") is defined as the chemical potential of pure species "i". Given this definition, the chemical potential of species "i" in an ideal solution is


title: Chemical potential

text: where "R" is the gas constant, and formula_30 is the mole fraction of species "i" contained in the solution. The chemical potential becomes negative infinity when formula_31, but this does not lead to nonphysical results because formula_31 means that species "i" is not present in the system.


title: Chemical potential

text: This equation assumes that formula_8 only depends on the mole fraction (formula_30) contained in the solution. This neglects intermolecular interaction between species "i" with itself and other species ["i"–("j"≠"i")]. This can be corrected for by factoring in the coefficient of activity of species "i", defined as γ. This correction yields


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä Oyj Abp (), trading internationally as Wärtsilä Corporation, is a Finnish company which manufactures and services power sources and other equipment in the marine and energy markets. The core products of Wärtsilä include technologies for the energy sector, including gas, multi-fuel, liquid fuel and biofuel power plants and energy storage systems; and technologies for the marine sector, including cruise ships, ferries, fishing vessels, merchant ships, navy ships, special vessels, tugs, yachts and offshore vessels. Ship design capabilities include ferries, tugs, and vessels for the fishing, merchant, offshore and special segments. Services offerings include online services, underwater services, turbocharger services, and also services for the marine, energy, and oil and gas markets. At the end of June 2018, the company employed more than 19,000 workers.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä has two main businesses; Energy Business focusing on the energy market, and Marine Business focusing on the marine market. The Marine Business is mainly present in Europe, China and East Asia, while its key Energy Business markets are South and South East Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. Wärtsilä has locations in around 80 countries but operates globally.


title: Wärtsilä

text: The company has signalled its intention to transform from an equipment maker to a smart marine and energy company, following acquisitions of companies such as Transas, Greensmith, Guidance Marine, and MSI, and the setting-up of "digital acceleration centres" in Helsinki, Singapore, Central Europe, and North America.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä was established when the governor of the county of North Karelia approved the construction of a sawmill in the municipality of Tohmajärvi, Grand Duchy of Finland on 12 April 1834. The sawmill was soon taken over by industrialist Nils Ludvig Arppe, who built ironworks in the premises. In 1898 the company was renamed Wärtsilä Ab.


title: Wärtsilä

text: In 1938 the diesel engine era began when Wärtsilä signed a licence agreement with Friedrich Krupp Germania Werft AG in Germany. The first diesel engine was produced in Turku, Finland in November 1942. During the following decades more focus was put on manufacturing diesel and gas engines with the acquisitions of the Swedish firm NOHAB in 1978, the French Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques (SACM), and the Dutch Stork-Werkspoor in 1989.


title: Wärtsilä

text: In 1997 Wärtsilä absorbed the diesel motor producing New Sulzer Diesel (NSD), which had been created by Sulzer in 1990.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Through acquisitions of marine propulsion systems supplier John Crane-Lips in 2002, marine automation company Total Automation in 2006, specialist equipment company Hamworthy in 2012 and L-3 Marine Systems International in 2014, Wärtsilä expanded their portfolio considerably.


title: Wärtsilä

text: The company services the merchant, offshore, cruise and ferry, naval, fishing, tugs, yachts and special vessel markets, and the offering includes ship design, main and auxiliary engines, auxiliary power systems, electrical and automation packages, propulsors (such as water jets, thrusters, propellers, and nozzles), seals, bearings, gears, rudders, scrubbers, boilers, and all related services, such as repair, configuration, upgrading, training, maintenance, and environmental services.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Customers comprise both shipyards and ship owners. The environmental products range from reduction of air emissions, such as NOx, SOx, CO, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to oily waste water treatment and other water systems such as ballast water management systems.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä Marine was an important Finnish shipbuilder from 1935 until 1989, building cruiseferries, cruise ships and a large share of the icebreakers of the world. The former Wärtsilä Marine Turku Shipyard is now owned by Meyer Werft under its Meyer Turku subsidiary and the Helsinki shipyard is operated by Arctech.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä is a provider of power plants in distributed and flexible power generation. The product portfolio consists of installations up to 600 MW, running on any gaseous or liquid fuels, such as Heavy fuel oil, natural gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG), different types and qualities of fuel oils, and renewable fuels like biogas and biofuel. In addition for the reliability of traditional base power generation, the engines have the capability to start and stop quickly and they maintain their efficiency in part load, which makes them well suited for peaking power production, smart grids, and emergency power systems. They can also utilize the combined cycle and cogeneration to produce steam or hot water for heating, and trigeneration for chilled water, which can be used for air conditioning.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä also provides products and services for grid stability management, utilization of gas flares, pumping applications (such as pump and compression drives), financial services, and project management services for projects concerning power generation.


title: Wärtsilä

text: In March 2018, the company announced that it had delivered the world's largest solar hybrid power plant, situated in Burkina Faso.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä provides about 25 percent of Bangladesh's total grid capacity, with the company's total power supply to Bangladesh rising to more than 4200 MW when a 105MW power plant being built by Baraka Shikalbaha Power Ltd goes fully operational in spring 2019.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä's wide energy products and systems footprint includes the US, Germany, the UK, China, Russia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Senegal, the Dominican Republic, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Morocco, Argentina, Sierra Leone, Brazil, Finland, Mauritius, Rwanda, Honduras, El Salvador, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Jordan and Oman.


title: Wärtsilä

text: The wholly owned service network consist of over 4,500 field services professionals in more than 160 locations in over 70 countries globally, with the installed base of over 180 000 MW. The focus lies on optimising operations and life cycle performance of land based power plants and ship installations.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä provides services, spare parts, maintenance, upgrades, and fuel conversions products for medium and low-speed gas and diesel engines and other related systems, propulsion systems, electrical & automation systems, boilers including environmental solutions regarding particulates and NOx, covering scrubber, selective catalytic reduction (SCRs), oxidation catalysts, ballast water treatment systems and oily-water systems, long-term service agreements, training, condition monitoring, and condition-based maintenance and advisory services.


title: Wärtsilä

text: In January 2017, Wärtsilä and Carnival Corporation announced a 12-year performance-based agreement worth 900 million euros.


title: Wärtsilä

text: On 1 October 2018 Wärtsilä announced that it would reorganize into two business areas, incorporating the Services business into the existing Marine and Energy businesses.


title: Wärtsilä

text: At the end of 2021, Wärtsilä's market share in marine medium-speed main engines was 62% and in auxiliary engines 5%. At the end of 2021 Wärtsilä's market share for gas and liquid fuel power plants was 5%.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä's biggest competitors in the marine market are MAN Energy Solutions, Caterpillar Inc. and Kongsberg Gruppen. Key competitors in the energy market include General Electric, Siemens, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Ansaldo Energia. When it comes to energy storage systems, Wärtsilä's main competitors include Tesla, Inc and Fluence Energy.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä produces a wide range of medium-speed diesel, gas and dual- and multi-fuel engines for marine propulsion, electricity generation on board ships and for land-based power stations.


title: Wärtsilä

text: A joint venture agreement between Wärtsilä and China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) for the take-over of Wärtsilä's 2-stroke engine business was announced in July 2014 and finalized in January 2015.


title: Wärtsilä

text: The engine models are generally identified by the cylinder bore diameter in centimeters, which range from for medium-speed and for low-speed engines. The smallest engine series, four-stroke medium-speed Wärtsilä 20, produces a modest per cylinder while the largest, two-stroke low-speed Wärtsilä RT-flex96C, has a maximum output of per cylinder. In addition, Wärtsilä also produces the most powerful medium-speed engine series in the world, Wärtsilä 64, with an output of per cylinder. Depending on the engine model, Wärtsilä offers medium-speed engines in both straight and V configurations with the number of cylinders ranging from four (4L20) to twenty (20V46F), and low-speed engines in inline configuration with five (5RT-flex35) to fourteen cylinders (14RT-flex96C). The most powerful low-speed engine ever produced by Wärtsilä, a 14-cylinder version of the RT-flex96C, produces and is used to propel the Mærsk E-class container ships.


title: Wärtsilä

text: In 2015, the Wärtsilä 31 engine achieved a Guinness World Records title for the most efficient 4-stroke diesel engine.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä revealed manipulation of fuel consumption tests after an internal audit in 2016, with a few hundred engines affected. According to the company, the customer impact of the deviations was marginal.


title: Wärtsilä

text: The company signed the United Nations Global Compact initiative in 2009. Common rules and guidance for all employees on Wärtsilä’s approach to responsible business practices are defined in the company’s Code of Conduct. Supplier requirements on sustainability, traceability, and business continuity planning are set out in the company’s Supplier Handbook.


title: Wärtsilä

text: Wärtsilä is included in several sustainability indices including the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices, FTSE4Good Index, Ethibel Sustainability Index (ESI) Excellence Europe, ECPI Indices, MSCI Global Sustainability Index Series, STOXX Global ESG Leaders index, and RobecoSAM Sustainability Yearbook.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Intrapersonal communication is the process by which an individual communicates within themselves, acting as both sender and receiver of messages, and encompasses the use of unspoken words to consciously engage in self-talk and inner speech.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Intrapersonal communication, also referred to as internal monologue, autocommunication, self-talk, inner speech, or internal discourse, is a person's inner voice which provides a running monologue of thoughts while they are conscious. It is usually tied to a person's sense of self. It is particularly important in planning, problem solving, self-reflection, self-image, critical thinking, emotions, and subvocalization (reading in one's head). As a result, it is relevant to a number of mental disorders, such as depression, and treatments like cognitive behavioral therapy which seek to alleviate symptoms by providing strategies to regulate cognitive behaviour. It may reflect both conscious and subconscious beliefs.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Intrapersonal communication is a broad concept, encompassing all types of internal communication, including for example the biological, and electrochemical communication that occurs between neurons and hormones. Intrapersonal communication is also typical for religious or artistic works. Prayers, mantras and diaries are good examples. In organisations and corporations, strategic plans and memos, for example, can function like mantras. But any text (or work) can become autocommunicational if it is able to be memorized and recited.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Intrapersonal communication provides individuals with the opportunity to participate in "imaginative interactions", by which they silently engage in conversation with another person, often as a means of selecting and rehearsing their intended spoken interpersonal communication with the actual person.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Intrapersonal communication also facilitates the process by which an individual engages in unspoken internal dialogue between different and sometimes conflicting attitudes, thoughts, and feelings, often as a way of resolving psychological conflicts and making decisions.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Internal discourse is a constructive act of the human mind and a tool for discovering new knowledge and making decisions. Along with feelings such as joy, anger, fear, etc., and sensory awareness, it is one of the few aspects of the processing of information and other mental activities of which humans can be directly aware. Inner discourse is so prominent in the human awareness of mental functioning that it may often seem to be synonymous with "mind".


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: An inner discourse takes place much as would a discussion with a second person. One example could be looking for a lost item and retracing one's steps with themself and debating the sequence of those steps until the item is found. Purposeful inner discourse starts with statements about matters of fact and proceeds with logical rigor until a solution is achieved.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: On this view of thinking, progress toward healthy thinking is made when one learns how to evaluate how well "statements of fact" are actually grounded, and when one learns how to avoid logical errors. But one must also take account of questions like why one is seeking a solution (such as asking why oneself wants to contribute money to a certain charity), and why one may keep getting results that turn out to be biased in fairly consistent patterns (such as asking why oneself never gives to charities that benefit a certain group).


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Intrapersonal communication can involve speaking aloud as in reading aloud, repeating what one hears, the additional activities of speaking and hearing (in the third case of hearing again) what one thinks, reads, or hears. This is considered normal although this does not exactly refer to intrapersonal communication as reading aloud may be a form of rhetorical exercise although expected in the relevant young age.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: In a theory of child development formulated by Lev Vygotsky, internal speech has a precursor in private speech (talking to oneself) at a young age.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: In the 1920s, Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget proposed the idea that private (or "egocentric") speechspeaking to oneself out loudis the initial form of speech, from which "social speech" develops, and that it dies out as children grow up. In the 1930s, Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky proposed that instead, private speech develops "from" social speech, and later becomes internalized as an internal monologue, rather than it dying out. This interpretation has come to be the more widely accepted approach, and is supported by empirical research.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Implicit is the idea of a social origin to inner speech is the possibility of "inner "dialogue""a form of "internal collaboration with oneself". However, Vygotsky believed inner speech takes on its own syntactic peculiarities, which are formal properties of syntactic objects which determine how they behave with respect to syntactic constraints and operations with heavy use of abbreviation and omission compared with oral speech (even more so compared with written speech).


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Andy Clark (1998) writes that social language is "especially apt to be co-opted for more private purposes of [...] self-inspection and self-criticism", although others have defended the same conclusions on different grounds.


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Human ability to talk to oneself and to think in words is a major part of the human experience of consciousness. From an early age, individuals are encouraged by society to evaluate our feelings carefully, but also to communicate the results the conclusions of this introspection. Simon Jones and Charles Fernyhough cite research suggesting that human ability to talk themselves is very similar to regular speech. This theory originates with the developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky, who observed that children will often narrate their actions out loud before eventually replacing the habit with the adult equivalent: sub-vocal articulation. During sub-vocal articulation, no sound is made but the mouth still moves. Eventually, adults may learn to inhibit their mouth movements, although they still experience the words as "inner speech".


title: Intrapersonal communication

text: Jones and Fernyhough cite other evidence for this hypothesis that inner speech is essentially like any other action.They mention that schizophrenics suffering auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) need only open their mouths in order to disrupt the voices in their heads. To try and explain more about how inner speech works, but also what goes wrong with AVH patients, Jones and Fernyhough adapt what is known as the "forward model" of motor control, which uses the idea of "efferent copies".