title: Araneta family

text: The Araneta Group is a private and diversified company established owned by the Araneta Family since 1954 that holds the key businesses established by J. Amado Araneta. During Amado's leadership, he expanded the family's real estate businesses, farmlands, and sugar plantations. The company is currently owned by Amado's son, Jorge L. Araneta since 1970, and presently owns, operates and invests in Real Estate Development, Investments, Leisure & Entertainment, Fast Food Restaurant franchises, and Hospitality businesses.


title: Araneta family

text: The Araneta Group began its operations in 1908 as a diversified company, until the company's ownership was transferred to J. Amado Araneta, with interests in real estate and agriculture sectors, particularly in the sugar plantations industry. As the family's sugar plantations in Negros Island continue to grow during the country's recovery from World War 2, Amado purchased of land, located within Highway 54 (now EDSA), Aurora Boulevard, and P. Tuazon Boulevard, from the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1954, and purchased the remaining a year later. Amado merged his companies in 1954 and began his real estate developments in the area in 1956, as he sold a portion of the property to the Philippine National Bank, in order for the company to set up a branch within the while maintaining ownership on the property's land, and later erected the first Aguinaldo Department Store beyond Manila, while relocating his company's offices to the area. In 1957, Amado launched one of his largest projects, the Araneta Coliseum and was completed in 1960. Since then, Amado inaugurated many buildings in the complex, such as the Araneta Enterprise Building in 1956, the New Frontier Theater in 1967, and the Coliseum Farmers Market and Shopping Center in 1969.


title: Araneta family

text: As time grew by, Amado expanded his business until his retirement in 1970, when his son, Jorge L. Araneta took helm of his company and his businesses. Since then, the company expanded it's interests and investments from real estate, agriculture, investments and entertainment to fast food restaurant franchises in the 1970s, after the purchase of franchising rights of Pizza Hut, and lodging sectors, after the grand opening of the Novotel Manila Araneta City in 2015. Correspondingly, the company is regarded as one of the pioneers of the country's entertainment and leisure development sectors, and serves as one of the biggest private conglomerates in the country.


title: Araneta family

text: LBC Express, founded as the Luzon Brokerage Corporation, was founded by Carlos "Linggoy" Araneta. The company's current CEO is Miguel Angel A. Camahort.


title: Araneta family

text: Ramon Araneta ventured into advertising through Ace Advertising Agency (AAA) (now known as Ace Saatchi & Saatchi, wholly owned by the France-based Publicis group through its Saatchi & Saatchi network of agencies).


title: Araneta family

text: Joachim Araneta Durante, standing as the CEO of his own beach resort in Siargao Island and Hotel in Cebu City.


title: Rabia Bala Hatun

text: Rabia Bala Hatun (Ottoman Turkish; رابعہ بالا سلطان died January 1324) was the wife of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. She was the daughter of the famous Sheikh Edebali and the mother of Alaeddin Pasha of the Ottoman Empire.


title: Rabia Bala Hatun

text: Edebali's daughter is called by different names in the sources. Sheikh Edebali's daughter is referred to as "Rabia" in the history of Uric, and as "Malhun" in those of Aşıkpaşazade, Neşri, Rüstem paşa and Lütfi Paşa.


title: Rabia Bala Hatun

text: From the central government records regarding the property she received at the time of her marriage; the village of Kozağaç in the district of Bilecik, where the dervish hospice of her father was located. Her father Sheikh Edebali was an influential religious leader in the Ottoman territories.


title: Rabia Bala Hatun

text: She died in 1324. Although she preceded her husband, Osman, she was buried with her father in Bilecik.


title: Rabia Bala Hatun

text: In the 2019 Turkish historical fiction TV series "", Bala Sultan is portrayed by Turkish actress Özge Törer.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo, S.A.B. de C.V. (also known simply as Bimbo) is a Mexican multinational company with a presence in over 33 countries located in the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. It has an annual sales volume of 15 billion dollars and is currently listed on the Mexican stock exchange with the ticker BIMBO.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo has 134,000 employees, 196 bakery plants, 3 million points of sale, a distribution network with 57 thousand routes all over the world. The company has more than 100 brands and 13 thousand products, like Bimbo, Tía Rosa, Entenmann's, Pullman, Rainbo, Nutrella, Marinela, Oroweat, Sara Lee, Thomas', Arnold and Barcel. Its strategic associations include Alicorp (Peru); Blue Label (Mexico); Fincomún, Galletas la Moderna, Grupo Nutresa (Colombia); Mundo Dulce (Argentina); among others.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo began operations in Mexico City on December 2, 1945, with Panificación Bimbo, S.A. as the official name. The company started with 34 employees, selling cellophane-wrapped large and small white loaf bread, rye bread, and toast bread. Lorenzo Servitje Sendra, José T. Mata, Jaime Sendra Grimau, Jaime Jorba Sendra, and Alfonso Velasco, were the partners who started the bakery company.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: The name "Bimbo" was chosen among other candidates such as PanRex, Pan NSE (initials in Spanish for Nutritious, Tasty, and Economic), Sabrosoy, Pan Lirio, and Pan Azteca. The name was formed as the combination of the "Bambi" and "Dumbo" films, the favourite films of Marinela, Lorenzo Servitje's daughter. Later, the founders would find out that "bimbo" is an Italian slang for children (shortened from "bambino)", and that in China the phoneme for bread (面包/Miànbāo) is similar to the name of the brand.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: The brand's ambassador, the Bimbo Bear, was also created in 1945. It all began with a bear drawing in a Christmas Card given to Jaime Jorba. Anita Mata, Jaime Sendra's wife, was the one who added distinct features such as the hat, the apron, and the bread under its arm. Finally, Alfonso Velasco rearranged the shape of the nose to reflect the cleanness, whiteness, and softness.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: By 1948, Grupo Bimbo had nine different products like white bread, toast bread, black bread, sweet bread, buns, and muffins. Thanks to the production growth, in 1949, the first branch outside of Mexico City was opened in Puebla, Mexico.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: By the 1950s, Grupo Bimbo took its products to more people with the "38", a delivery truck with speakers that helped promote the products. Shortly afterward, the portfolio extended with the addition of Bimbo Bear Donuts, Bimbollos, Medias Noches (hot dog bread), and Colchones.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: On its tenth anniversary, in 1955, Grupo Bimbo had 700 employees and 140 vehicles. In 1956, the company opened Bimbo de Occidente (Bimbo of the West) factory with Roberto Servitje as its general manager, and, in 1958, launched Gansito, a chocolate-covered snack cake filled with strawberry jam and cream.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In the 1960s, Grupo Bimbo kept expanding with its arrival in Monterrey, Mexico, and its first administrative restructuring in 1963, which lead to the creation of its corporate structure. A year later, in 1964, the company acquired the rights in Mexico of Quality Bakers of America's brand, Sunbeam.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In the 1970s, the company had significant growth in several areas. In 1971, Barcel, one of its most important brands, began operations; In 1972, it opened its bakery plant located in Azcapotzalco, Mexico City, the largest in Latin America and one of the ten largest in the world, at the time.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: During this decade, Grupo Bimbo entered the marmalade market with Carmel (1973); inaugurated Suandy and Tía Rosa (1974), began the production of Conchas Bimbo (1975); and launched Ricolino, the company's leading sweets and chocolate brand, and Bubulubu with it (1978). By the end of the 1970s, Grupo Bimbo was formed by 3 companies, 12 plants, and 15,000 employees; during this time, Roberto Servitje was appointed CEO.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: At the beginning of the 1980s, Grupo Bimbo presented relevant internal and external changes. It started quoting on the Mexican Stock Exchange, trading 15% of its shares, and in 1986 a new organizational structure was generated, from which a single industrial group was created. In these years, exports to the United States of America began (1984); Bimbo Centroamerica was created (1989) with the construction of a plant in Guatemala, which was completed in 1990.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In the early 1990s, Milpa Real tortillas and Lonchibon were added to its brands. In 1993, opened its new corporate building in Santa Fe, Mexico City, and in 1995, acquired Coronado, an enterprise specialized in "cajeta"-based products. During this decade a further expansion in Latin America took place, with the arrival of Bimbo in Argentina and the opening of the regional corporate (1991), as well as the Ideal plant in Chile (1995). In 1994, Groupo Bimbo purchased La Hacienta, a tortilla maker in California expanding its operations in the U.S. market. In 1997, it furthered its US based offerings to the U.S. bread market with the purchase of Pacific Prides Bakery, San Diego, CA and in 1998 when it purchased Mrs Baird's Bakeries in Texas, Bimbo Bakeries USA (BBU) was born.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Finally, in 1997, Daniel Servitje was appointed the company's CEO, setting a new course for Grupo Bimbo's operations worldwide.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: At the beginning of the 21st century, Grupo Bimbo added brands such as Plus Vita and Pullman in Brazil (2001); Joyco, the manufacturer of Duvalín, Bocadín and Lunetas (2004); El Globo and La Corona (2005); and Nutrella of Brazil (2008) to its portfolio.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In 2006, the company began operations in the Asian market with the acquisition of the Panrico Bakery in Beijing, China, and strengthen its presence in the United States of America with of George Weston Limited bakery, owner of brands such as Thomas, Oroweat, Arnold, Boboli, Stroehmann and Freihofer's in 2009.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In this decade, Grupo Bimbo consolidated itself as the largest bakery company in the world by acquiring Sara Lee North American Fresh Bakery in the United States; Fargo in Argentina; and Bimbo Iberia in Spain and Portugal, in 2011. A year later, the company completed its most important conversion to renewable energy with the inauguration of the Piedra Larga wind farm (in Oaxaca, Mexico), which supplies several of Grupo Bimbo's facilities, as well as its electric vehicles fleet with "green" energy.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In the following years, Grupo Bimbo acquired several companies to boost its global growth strategy, some of the most prominent were: in 2014, Canada Bread (Canada) and Supan (Ecuador); in 2015, Vachon (Canada); and, in 2016, Panettiere (Colombia), General Mills (Argentina) and Panrico S.A.U. (Spain and Portugal).


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In 2017, began operations in África and continued its growth in Africa, with the acquisition of Grupo Adghal in Morocco; East Balt, one of the most important foodservice companies in China, France, Italy, Morocco, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United States; and by purchasing 65% of the Ready India Private Limited's (Ready Roti) shares. This year, Grupo Bimbo added to its portfolio brands like Bays English Muffins (United States) and Stonemill Bakehouse (Canada).


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In 2018, the company continued its expansion and completed the purchase of Nutra Bien brands in Chile and El Paisa in Colombia, in order to grow in South America; Grupo Mankattan, a leader in the baking industry in China, thriving its growth in the fast-food channel in that country. That same year, Grupo Bimbo joined the RE100 initiative, committing to being 100% renewable, energy-wise, by 2025. It also became the first Mexican company to issue Clean Energy Certificates for Distributed Generation.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In 2019, it kept promoting some of its corporate social responsibility initiatives like the Good Neighbor program, Reforestamos México (Reforestation), and Limpiemos México (Clean-up). Among these campaigns, Without Leaving Trace stood out, with which Grupo Bimbo committed that 100% of its packaging will be recyclable, biodegradable, and/or compostable by 2025.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In February 2020, Grupo Bimbo expanded its operations and arrived in Kazakhstan, through Bimbo QSR (Quick Service Restaurants), a strategic association agreement was signed with Food Town, the exclusive supplier of buns and McDonald's franchisee in that country. With this agreement, the company expanded its presence to 33 countries.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: In May 2022, Grupo Bimbo agreed to sell its confectionery business, Ricolino, to the Chicago-headquartered food processing company, Mondelēz International for approximately US$1.3 billion.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo is composed, in a first tier, of a Shareholders' Meeting, whose task is to appoint the members of the Board of Directors, which must be made up of a minimum of 5 directors and a maximum of 21; 25% of them should be independent agents. The following tier is the Steering Committee, which is established as follows:


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo manages its environmental actions through the platform "A Sustainable Way", formed by four strategic pillars:


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo set itself the objective of minimizing its environmental impact through the improvement and consolidation of technologies related to renewable energy, energy efficiency, and compensation of resources. To achieve this, the company joined the RE100 pact, committing itself to be 100% renewable by 2025 (energy-wise). The RE100 climate program is made up of large multinational companies to boost their processes with natural energy.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo uses air energy provided by wind farms: Piedra Larga (Mexico), Santa Rita East (USA), and three in Argentina. The first, located in the state of Oaxaca, has an installed capacity of 90 MW, which provides energy to 70% of its work centers in Mexico and avoids the annual emission of 180,000 tons of into the atmosphere. For its part, the second is located in Texas, has a capacity of 100 MW, and supplies 100% renewable energy to its operations in the United States.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: The bakery has the largest electric vehicle fleet in Mexico and one of the most robust in Latin America. It currently has 41 hybrid utility cars and more than 500 electric delivery vehicles, the latter developed by Moldex, a Grupo Bimbo's subsidiary that provides technological solutions. The company committed to growing its electric fleet in Mexico and incorporating 4,000 electric cars by 2024, 1,000 during each year.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo also developed Bimbo Solar, a self-supply system inaugurated in 2018 to install solar roofs, more than 71 distributed generation systems, with a capacity of 25 MW, and thus avoid the emission of approximately 21,000 tons of . annually. This program stands out for having a solar roof with 308 panels, in the Grupo Bimbo corporate building in Mexico City; the largest solar roof in Mexico, and the second in Latin America in its Metropolitan Distribution Center; as well as one of the largest solar roofs in Chile.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo focuses its efforts to reduce the water footprint under the following lines of action: reduction of consumption; water treatment and reuse; and new technologies. The company fostered responsible use through dry cleaning techniques, semi-wet formats, or steam. The result of this process has saved the equivalent to 186,000,000 liters since 2016.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: The company has standardized the treatment and reuse of water for green areas' irrigation, sanitary services, and vehicle washing. Grupo Bimbo reports that 82% of the water used worldwide is treated in its plants and has also incorporated rainwater in 108 work centers that, during 2019, collected more than 2.5 million rainwater liters worldwide.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo launched, in 2019, the "Without Leaving a Trace" campaign, to minimize its impact on the environment. Through a Comprehensive Waste Management strategy, the company focuses on packaging innovation, waste reduction and reuse, and post-consumer management. The main goal of this strategy is that, by 2025, 100% of its packaging are recyclable, biodegradable, and/or compostable.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: To achieve this, the company has committed to continuously improve its packaging, making use of new technologies to reduce the impact on the environment. Currently, all Grupo Bimbo's packaging in Mexico that can incorporate d2w technology (under the ASTMD 6954-18 standard) is already biodegradable. Additionally, in 2019, Grupo Bimbo developed its first 100% compostable packaging for the brand Vital, which has the OK Compost certificate, for domestic and industrial processes, issued by the TÜV institute in Austria, meaning that it biodegrades and is naturally reintegrated into the environment.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Throughout its value chain, Grupo Bimbo promotes actions to reduce and recycle waste. Its goal is to achieve, at least, 90% waste recycling in its global operations. To achieve this, today it has 43 plants with zero waste to landfills and 144 plants with more than 80% recycling, and it has implemented circular economy projects.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: The company also takes part in different post-consumer programs that promote recycling in countries such as Mexico, the United States, Canada, Spain, Portugal, and Brazil.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo has promoted an environmental strategy, collaborating with suppliers, focused on caring for biodiversity. The company works with strategic suppliers, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in soy, sesame, and palm traceability programs; with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in various sustainable agriculture programs.


title: Grupo Bimbo

text: Grupo Bimbo focuses on maintaining an environmental balance and, therefore, promotes initiatives such as Reforestamos México AC, created in 2002, whose mission is the conservation of forest ecosystems. From 2012 to 2019, this organization has managed to plant 96,609 trees in various Mexican locations and, in the last year, collaborated with 90 companies to reforest 133.95 hectares of forests in 12 different entities.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: Sarah Lockwood Winchester (née Pardee; 1839 – September 5, 1922) was an American heiress who amassed great wealth after the death of her husband, William Wirt Winchester, and her mother in law, Jane Ellen Hope. Her inheritance included $20 million ($ million in ) as well as a 50% holding in the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, which made her one of the wealthiest women in the world at the time.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: Sarah Winchester is best known for using her vast fortune to continue construction on the Winchester mansion in San Jose, California, for 22 years. Popular legends, which began during her lifetime, held that she was convinced she was cursed by the spirits of those killed by the Winchester rifle, and the only way to protect herself was to continually add on to her California home. This legend was further exaggerated by John and Mayme Brown, theme park developers, who bought the property with the intention of turning it into an attraction. Sarah, however, wasn't obsessed with building due to fear of being haunted; in fact, most of the anomalies in the house were due to quick repairs made after the 1906 earthquake destroyed much of the house.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: Since her death, the sprawling Winchester Mystery House has become a popular tourist attraction, known for its staircases that lead to nowhere, along with its many winding corridors and doors that lead to walls or sudden drops.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: She was born the daughter of Leonard Pardee and his wife Sarah W. (née Burns), in Summer 1839 in New Haven, Connecticut. On September 30, 1862, in New Haven, Sarah married William Wirt Winchester, the only son of Oliver Winchester, the owner of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Sarah and William had one daughter, Annie Pardee Winchester, who was born on June 15, 1866 and died on July 25, 1866 of marasmus.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: In the span of one year, 1881, she lost her mother, her father-in-law, and finally her husband William, who died of tuberculosis.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: In 1886, she purchased a small, two-story farmhouse and ranch in San Jose, California. The property was called Llanada Villa, and would later become known as the Winchester Mystery House.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: In 1888 Winchester purchased 140 acres of land, the majority of what is now downtown Los Altos, California, to use as a ranch. She also purchased a farmhouse, now known as the Winchester-Merriman House, for her sister and brother-in-law. The house is listed on the Historic Resources Inventory of the Los Altos Historical Commission.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: In the 1920s Mrs Winchester also maintained a houseboat on San Francisco Bay at Burlingame, California, which became known as "Sarah's Ark", as it was reputedly kept there as insurance against her fear of a second great flood, such as the Biblical one experienced by Noah and his family, but a more mundane answer is that many people of her social standing in California at that time had houseboats or yachts. The "Ark" was located near the eucalyptus grove at Winchester Road, south of what was to become the intersection of Anza Boulevard and U.S. Highway 101. The ark was destroyed by fire in 1929.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: She died at Llanada Villa on September 5, 1922, at 10:45pm of heart failure. A service was held in Palo Alto, California, and her remains lay at Alta Mesa Cemetery until they were transferred, along with those of her sister, to New Haven, Connecticut. She was buried next to Sarah's husband and an infant child in Evergreen Cemetery. She left a will written in thirteen sections, which she signed thirteen times. The belongings in Winchester Mystery House were left to her niece, Marian I. Marriott, who auctioned off almost everything.


title: Sarah Winchester

text: Following her death, the home was auctioned to the highest bidder, who then turned it into an attraction for the public; the first tourists walked through the house in February 1923, five months after Winchester died.


title: Underscore

text: An underscore, ; also called an underline, low line, or low dash; is a line drawn under a segment of text. In proofreading, underscoring is a convention that says "set this text in italic type", traditionally used on manuscript or typescript as an instruction to the printer. Its use to add emphasis in modern documents is a deprecated practice. The underscore character, , originally appeared on the typewriter and was primarily used to emphasise words as in the proofreader's convention. To produce an underscored word, the word was typed, the typewriter carriage was moved back to the beginning of the word, and the word was overtyped with the underscore character.


title: Underscore

text: In modern usage, underscoring is achieved by markup or with combining characters. The original free-standing underscore character continues in use to create visual spacing within a sequence of characters, where a whitespace character is not permitted (e.g., in computer filenames, email addresses, and in Internet URLs). In contexts where no formatting is supported such as in instant messaging, or older email formats, the 'enclosing underscores' markup is sometimes used as a proxy for underlining the word(s) enclosed ( for ).


title: Underscore

text: The underscore is used as a diacritic mark, "combining low line", , in some languages of Egypt, some languages using the Rapidolangue orthography in Gabon, Izere in Nigeria, and indigenous languages of the Americas such as Shoshoni and Kiowa.


title: Underscore

text: The combining diacritic, , (Macron below) is similar to the combining low line but its mark is shorter. The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter results in an unbroken underline when it is run together: compare and (only the latter should look like abc).


title: Underscore

text: In printed documents underlining is generally avoided, with italics or small caps often used instead, or (especially in headings) using capitalization, bold type or greater body height (font size). In a manuscript to be typeset, various forms of underlining (see below) were therefore conventionally used to indicate that text should be set in special type such as italics, part of a procedure known as markup.


title: Underscore

text: A series of underscores (like __________ ) may be used to create a blank to be filled in by hand on a paper form. It is also sometimes used to create a horizontal line; other symbols with similar graphemes, such as hyphens and dashes, are also used for this purpose.


title: Underscore

text: In web browsers, default settings typically distinguish hyperlinks by underlining them (and usually changing their color), but both users and websites can change the settings to make some or all hyperlinks appear differently (or even without distinction from normal text).


title: Underscore

text: As early output devices (Teleprinters, CRTs and line printers) could not produce more than one character at a location, it was not possible to underscore text, so early encodings such as ITA2 and the first versions of ASCII had no underscore. IBM's EBCDIC character-coding system, introduced in 1964, added the underscore, which IBM referred to as the "break character". IBM's report on NPL (the early name of what is now called PL/I) leaves the character set undefined, but specifically mentions the break character, and gives as an example identifier. By 1967 the underscore had spread to ASCII, replacing the similarly shaped left-arrow character, (see also: PIP). C, developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, allowed the underscore in identifiers.


title: Underscore

text: Underscore predates the existence of lower-case letters in many systems, so often it had to be used to make multi-word identifiers, since CamelCase (see below) was not available.


title: Underscore

text: Underscores inserted between letters are very common to make a "multi-word" identifier in languages that cannot handle spaces in identifiers. This convention is known as "snake case" (the other popular method is called camelCase, where capital letters are used to show where the words start).


title: Underscore

text: An underscore as the first character in an ID is often used to indicate an internal implementation that is not considered part of the API and should not be called by code outside that implementation. In Dart, all private properties of classes must start with an underscore; this usage is also common in other languages such as C++ even though those provide keywords to indicate that members are private. It is extensively used to hide variables and functions used for implementations in header files. In fact, the use of a single underscore for this became so common that C compilers had to standardize on a "double" leading underscore (for instance codice_1) for actual built-in variables to avoid conflicts with the ones in header files. PHP "reserves all function names starting with __ as magical."


title: Underscore

text: Python uses names that both start and end with double underscores for magic members used for purposes such as operator overloading and reflection, and names starting but not ending with a double underscore to denote private member variables of classes which should be mangled in a manner which prevents them from colliding with members of derived classes unless the classes have the same name ( in class will be mangled to ). By convention, members starting with a single underscore are considered private or protected, although this behavior only has inherent effect for modules, where statements by default import all names that do not start with an underscore, unless an export list is explicitly defined by the module.


title: Underscore

text: A variable named with just an underscore often has special meaning. codice_2 or codice_3 is the previous command or result in many interactive shells, such as those of Python, Ruby, and Perl. In Perl, codice_4 is a special array variable that holds the arguments to a function. In Clojure, it indicates an argument whose value will be ignored.


title: Underscore

text: In some languages with pattern matching, such as Prolog, Standard ML, Scala, OCaml, Haskell, Erlang, and the Wolfram Language, the pattern codice_3 matches any value, but does not perform binding.


title: Underscore

text: HTML has a presentational element codice_6 that was originally used to underline text; this usage was deprecated in HTML4 in favor of the CSS style codice_7. In HTML5, the tag reappeared but its meaning was changed significantly: it now "represents a span of inline text which should be rendered in a way that indicates that it has a non-textual annotation". This facility is intended for example to provide a red wavy line underline to flag spelling errors at input time but which are not to be embedded in any stored file (unlike an emphasis mark, which would be).


title: Underscore

text: The elements may also exist in other markup languages, such as MediaWiki. The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) provides an extensive selection of related elements for marking editorial activity (insertion, deletion, correction, addition, etc.).


title: Underscore

text: Unicode has a free-standing underscore at U+005F, which is a legacy of the typewriter practice of underlining using backspace and overtype. Modern practice uses the combining diacritic "combining low line" at U+0332 ◌̲ that results in an underline when run together: u̲n̲d̲e̲r̲l̲i̲n̲e̲. Unicode also has the combining macron below, a single letter diacritic.


title: Underscore

text: In plain-text applications, including plain-text e-mails, where emphasis markup is not possible, the desired emphasis is often indicated by surrounding words with underscore characters. For example, "You must use an _emulsion_ paint on the ceiling".


title: Underscore

text: Some applications will automatically add emphasis to text manually bracketed by underscores, either by underlining or by italicizing it (e.g. may render or "string").


title: Underscore

text: Underline (typically red or wavy or both) is often used by spell checkers (and grammar checkers) to denote misspelled or otherwise incorrect text.


title: Underscore

text: Depending on local conventions, the following kinds of underlines may be used inline on manuscripts to indicate the special typefaces to be used:


title: Underscore

text: In Chinese, the underline is a little-used punctuation mark for proper names (; pinyin: zhuānmínghào; literally "proper name mark", used for personal and geographic names). Its meaning is somewhat akin to capitalization in English and should never be used for emphasis even if the influence of English computing makes the latter sometimes occur. A wavy underline (; pinyin: shūmínghào; literally, "book title mark") serves a similar function, but marks names of literary works instead of proper names.


title: Underscore

text: In the case of two or more adjacent proper names, each individual proper name is separately underlined so there should be a slight gap between the underlining of each proper name.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Jai Lava Kusa is a 2017 Indian Telugu-language action film written and directed by K. S. Ravindra and produced by Nandamuri Kalyan Ram under his banner N. T. R. Arts. The film stars Jr. NTR in a triple role, alongside Raashi Khanna and Nivetha Thomas. The film also features Ronit Roy in his Telugu film debut, Posani Krishna Murali, Pradeep Rawat, Pavitra Lokesh, Sai Kumar, Nassar, Hamsa Nandini, Abhimanyu Singh and Harish Uthaman in the supporting roles.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The film follows identical triplets, Jai, Lava and Kusa, who get separated at a young age and follow different paths in life. Jai becomes an evil criminal, Kusa becomes a small-time crook and Lava becomes a bank manager. Jai, the eldest of identical triplets was sidelined at a very young age due to stammering. He then develops hatred for his younger brothers and creates havoc in their lives as they all reunite as adults.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The film was launched formally on 10 February 2017, whereas the commencement of principal photography took place the very same day. Shooting took place on Hyderabad, excluding for few scenes shot at Pune, and was wrapped up in September 2017. The film score and soundtrack was composed by Devi Sri Prasad, with cinematography by Chota K. Naidu and editing by Kotagiri Venkateshwara Rao and Thammi Raju.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The film was released in 4000 screens, during the first day of the Navratri season on 21 September 2017. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with Jr. NTR's performance in triple role was praised, whereas the writing received criticism. The film collected over 130 crore worldwide and was successful at the box office. It was screened in Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival in Category of "Best of Asia" in South Korea.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Identical triplets Jai, Lava, and Kusa are being taken care of by their maternal uncle. Jai, who is fond of his brothers, always gets beaten by his maternal uncle, who shows partiality to only Lava and Kusa due to Jai's battarism. They have different personalities and seek a humble life through stage drama performances. The maternal uncle allowed only Lava and Kusa to act in drama performances, while Jai is not allowed due to his stammering disability, although Jai has a talent in speech delivery and also in way of acting. Lava and Kusa also started sidelining and humiliating Jai. Even though, Lava and Kusa tried to see Jai at their mother's death, because the person who loved Jai a lot at that time is Jai's mother. An instigated and humiliated Jai later sets the drama stage on fire and flees.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: After 20 years, all three brothers have become adults. They have separated, they are scattered and seek their own lives in different places. Kusa, an expert mugger with a happy-go-lucky attitude who does anything with money, mugs a huge amount of money to fly to the United States, but the plan eventually backfires as the money becomes worthless due to demonetization. He happens to meet his twin brother Lava, a bank manager who adheres to his principles and runs an ethical life. Lava is an example of over goodness and gets entangled in many problems in his life because of it, with the fear of losing his job, he gives a loan for land to build a lake but the buyer cheats on Lava because the buyer used the loan to build a beer shop. And his love, Priya, his marriage broker whom he had fallen in love with when his marriage was fixed and he realized about his love towards her when she did not talk to, meet or see him. Kusa hatches a plan to go to the bank and impersonate Lava, while Lava tries to make Priya, whose marriage was fixed, fall for him. He says that she too loves him but does not accept him because of her family, and she never said that she does not love him and only says to go. Priya soon accepts his love. However, Kusa cheats on Lava and runs away with the money.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Priya disappears, and her father files a kidnap case on Lava because her younger sister claims that she saw Lava kidnap Priya and run away. Priya's father, sister, and a police officer arrive at Lava's house. Lava swears that he did not kidnap Priya. He then receives a call from a colleague, V. A. Rajini, at his bank. She says that there is footage of him stealing money in the bank's locker room. Lava, realizing that Kusa had cheated him, asks the police officer to find Kusa. Kusa is already captured by the police officer and is tied up inside of a truck, where Lava and the police officer go. Lava confronts Kusa and asks him about the whereabouts of Priya. Kusa says that he did not kidnap Priya but did take the money. Lava and Kusa venture that if both of them are alive, Jai may also be. The police officer reveals his identity as Kaakha, who is Jai's mentor, and says that Jai's name is not Jai but Ravan. He pretends to arrest them so that he can bring Lava and Kusa to Ravan (Jai).


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Kaakha narrates the story about Jai after the fire accident. He says that Ravan (Jai) actually started the fire on purpose and then fled to a dangerous town ruled by gangsters in which Kaakha met Jai and raised him as his own under the name Ravan. Ravan is now a powerful and ruthless dictator who now controls large-scale organized crime and mining in Odisha. Ravan (Jai) was trying to gain a seat in national politics to establish his influence all over the nation and began to campaign for elections, but his anger made him an enemy to the public. He has brought them to his house to use Lava and his kindness to woo the people into voting for Ravan (Jai). Kaakha also tells that Ravan learned the weaknesses of both Lava and Kusa and kidnapped Priya and stole the money, respectively. After knowing the truth about Ravan (Jai), Lava and Kusa are taken to Ravan (Jai)'s house. Ravan (Jai) shows Lava and Kusa Priya and the money, respectively. Ravan (Jai) tells Lava his role and Kusa that he has to love Simran, a woman who hates Ravan. Ravan (Jai) also says that they have to change their outfits like him and follow his mentor Kaakha. An empathetic Lava realizes his mistake in his childhood and tries to change Ravan as Jai, with the help of Priya, while Kusa tries to escape from Ravan. Meanwhile, Lava succeeds by gaining the love of the public while impersonating Ravan (Jai). Kusa meets Simran, who is trying to take revenge on Ravan for her brother's death, who used to work for Ravan (Jai) but ended up getting killed by Ravan's enemies.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Kusa makes a deal with Simran that she has to act like Ravan's lover so that Kusa can get his money back and Simran can take her revenge on Ravan (Jai). Kusa tells the truth to Lava and Priya about his deal with Simran. Ravan (Jai) overhears the plan and angrily tries to kill Lava and Kusa. Lava begs Ravan (Jai) to leave Kusa. Just then, he receives a call in which he is told that he is the frontrunner for winning the election and will soon become the central minister. Lava and Kusa hatch a plan to bring their brother back with them. They do a play in which emotional breakdowns occur in trying to convince Ravan (Jai) to be their brother again. Ravan (Jai), overcome with emotion, storms out. Later, it is known that Ravan is secretly trying to kill his brothers. The next day, Lava and Kusa drive a car that has a bomb attached to it. After they leave, Ravan (Jai) reveals his plan to kill Lava and Kusa. The uncle begs Ravan (Jai) to save Lava and Kusa, but Ravan (Jai) does not listen. Then, the uncle asks Kaakha to tell Ravan (Jai) to not kill Lava and Kusa. Kaakha learns that he told Kusa this, thinking that he was Ravan (Jai). Kusa tells the plan to Lava while they are driving, and they understand Ravan (Jai) and decide to die.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Sarkar, who is seeking to take revenge on Ravan (Jai) for his win in the election, stops the car. Sarkar thinks that there are only twins and says that whoever reveals their identity as Ravan (Jai) will be killed and the other will be spared. Both Lava and Kusa pretend to be Ravan (Jai), and in frustration, Sarkar shoots Lava. As Kusa is screaming Lava's name after he is shot, Sarkar thinks that Kusa is Ravan if the person that he just shot is Lava. A fight ensues to try and kill them both. Raavan arrives, saving both Lava and Kusa. However, in the ensuing fight, he is gravely injured, yet is successful in killing Sarkar. Jai conveys his affection to his brothers before succumbing to his injuries.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: After the success of "Janatha Garage" (2016), N. T. Rama Rao Jr., signed his next project tentatively titled "#NTR27", under the direction of screenwriter Vakkantham Vamsi, marking his debut as a film director and to be produced by his family banner N. T. R. Arts. Although the project was eventually announced on 20 May 2016 (which coincided with Jr. NTR's birthday), in September 2016, sources stated that the project was shelved after the actor was not satisfied with the script. In October 2016, reports had stated that Anil Ravipudi will direct "#NTR27", as he was keen to direct Jr. NTR. A "Behindwoods" article report stated that he had earlier discussed a story in which NTR was to play a blind person which didn't work out, but the actor seemed keen to work with Anil and asked him to come up with another script, for which he immediately came up with a new idea. However, on 26 December 2016, Nandamuri Kalyan Ram took to Twitter to announce that "#NTR27" will be directed by K. S. Ravindra. Kalyan Ram stated that he will produce the film under the home banner N. T. R. Arts, which will be made on a huge scale, and he also planned to hire top technicians in order to get very best product in technical standards and production values.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: In February 2017, Raashi Khanna was signed to play the lead actress opposite Jr. NTR and a source revealed that her role will have huge importance in the film. On 25 March 2017, Hamsa Nandini was signed to play a cameo appearance in the film, whereas the same month, Nivetha Thomas of "Gentleman" fame was signed to play the second female lead. Samantha Akkineni was initially added to the cast as one of the three female leads, and reports stated that she will play a negative role, although she turned down the offer. On 21 April 2017, Nanditha Raj was added to the cast to play a special cameo in the film. Priyadarshi Pullikonda confirmed his inclusion in the film and stated that he shot for three days.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: In April 2017, the makers decided to rope in Kannada actor Duniya Vijay, as the main antagonist, and offered a call sheet to complete his portions with in 15 days. While the actor was banned by the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce, due to the freak accident held at the sets of "Maasthi Gudi" (2017) claimed the lives of two stuntmen. The makers hired Bollywood actor Ronit Roy to play the antagonist, marking his debut in Telugu film industry.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The team initially hired C. K. Muraleedharan to handle the cinematography for the film, however due to creative differences, the makers replaced him with Chota K. Naidu after Muraleedharaan opted out of the project. Devi Sri Prasad was hired to score the music, while A. S. Prakash was assigned as the art director.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: In April 2017, the production house announced that the Hollywood prosthetics and Legacy Effects expert Vance Hartwell who earlier worked in movies like "Lord of the Rings trilogy", "Enthiran" (2010), "Iron Man" (2008) and "Shutter Island" (2010), was signed to take care of NTR's look in the movie, and was flown down from Los Angeles to take the measurement for a facial mask, in which NTR would play three characters in the film. Anil Paduri of Advitha Creative Studios was hired as the visual effects supervisor.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The film was formally launched in Hyderabad on 10 February 2017, at the new office of N. T. R. Arts. The ceremony was attended by Nandamuri Harikrishna, Nandamuri Ramakrishna, V.V. Vinayak, Dil Raju, Shirish, B. V. S. N. Prasad, Yalamanchili Ravi, Kilaru Sitish, S. Radha Krishna, Suryadevara Naga Vamsi and others. The honorary clap was given by Jr. NTR while the camera was switched on by Nandamuri Harikrishna . Director V.V. Vinayak directed the first shot, which was picturised on the photos of deities.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Principal photography began in February 2017 in Hyderabad while Jr. NTR joined the sets in the mid of March. A wedding scene between the lead pair NTR and Raashi Khanna was picturized in the surrounding area of Chilkur. Actor Priyadarshi also joined this shoot. Nandamuri Harikrishna, father of Jr. NTR and Kalyan Ram, visited the shooting spot in latter half of March and a picture of him on the sets revealed that one of the characters played by Jr. NTR is a bank manager named "N. Lava Kumar". The team spent to erect a massive set at Ramoji Film City where a major portion of filming took place. Bollywood actor Ronit Roy joined the shoot in the mid June 2017 and some action sequences were shot in a stone quarry in Hyderabad.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The shooting of the film got further delayed, after Jr. NTR was hired to host for the Telugu version of "Bigg Boss Season 1" for Star Maa. The film's second schedule in Pune was held on 26 July 2017, were a couple of songs and scenes were shot accordingly, which was expected to take place for 20 days. On the first day of the schedule, Tarak changed 42 different costumes for 13 scenes, all being shot in a single day, which impressed the film's crew members. The film's major portion of shooting was completed on 15 August, excluding for three songs, with NTR started dubbing for his portions ofn 22 August. On 28 August, Tamannah was hired for an item number, which was shot in a single day. The shooting finished in September 2017.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The film's music is composed by Devi Sri Prasad, with lyrics written by Chandrabose and Ramajogayya Sastry. Chandrabose penned the song "Ravana" in 90 minutes. Originally planned for a grand audio launch on 23 July 2017, the event was cancelled due to the unpleasant weather prevailing in Hyderabad. The album was directly released online on 7 August 2017, at a formal press meet held in Hyderabad, with the film's cast and crew being present. The audio jukebox was unveiled by Lahari Music, which bought the film's audio rights, through its official YouTube channel and received positive response, with the jukebox crossing 1 million views within 12 hours of its release.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Mridula Ramadugu of "Firstpost" stated "The "Jai Lava Kusa" album is an ode to Ravana. Except for one track, most tunes have a "Ravana" theme to them and the Devi Sri Prasad (DSP) album has most elements except one." "Indiaglitz" stated "The album is surely not a one-man show. It's a five-men show – DSP, Chandrabose, Jai, Lava and Kusa." "123Telugu" reviewed as "Jai Lava Kusa's audio is a decent outing for Devi Sri Prasad".


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Initially planned for a Dusshera release, "Jai Lava Kusa" was scheduled for a worldwide theatrical release ahead of the Dusshera festival, on 21 September 2017, and also coinciding with the day of Navratri. The film was released in more than 4000 screens, marking it the second highest release for a Telugu film after "", and also the biggest release in Jr. NTR's career. The film opened in 975 screens in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, 225 screens in Karnataka and other parts of India, 190 screens in the US and 162 screens in the UK, Gulf, Australia, Germany and other international markets. The film released earlier on United States on 20 September, where it was premiered in more than 70 locations.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: On the occasion of Sri Rama Navami (5 April 2017), the makers announced the title of the movie as "Jai Lava Kusa".


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The pre-release event was held on 3 September 2017, at a grand ceremony held at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad. The film's theatrical trailer was released on the same day, and crossed 3 million views within 24 hours.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The theatrical rights in the Nizam region were sold to , whereas the Ceded theatrical rights were sold to . In the Uttar Andhra region, the film made a business of before release. The theatrical rights of both Guntur & Krishna regions were sold to . The business in the Godavari East and West regions, were of and . The theatrical rights in the Nellore region were sold to . Thus the film earned , from the theatrical rights in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The film earned more than in the worldwide theatrical rights, which includes Karnataka for , Tamil Nadu for , Rest of India (excluding Kerala) for and overseas theatrical rights for . The distribution rights were not finalized in Vizag, as there were no buyers for the film.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The film made a pre-release business of , with satellite rights being sold to , Hindi dubbing rights for and audio rights for .


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: In the end of June 2017, a couple of leaked stills and a teaser from the movie surfaced online and went viral on the internet. The production house was upset over the matter and requested the fans not to share them on the social media. Some of the culprits were later identified and arrested. It was later revealed that the teaser was not the finalized one and it was just a rough cut. A man named Ganesh was arrested on the charges of leaking the teaser online. Producer Kalyan Ram approached the cybercrime department and lodged a complaint over this issue.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: In July 2017, there were reports claimed that the script of the film was stolen from director Puri Jagannadh. It was initially proposed that Puri and Jr NTR were supposed to do a film together and had discussed a similar character during their meeting last December. While the film was expected to be made on a huge scale the makers, but it didn't materialise following certain creative differences, as Jr. NTR had liked the script, but wanted a few changes to the background story, whereas Puri didn't agree with him and said. A source from the film's team claimed that, "When Puri watched the first teaser of the film, which released on 6 July 2017, he realised that the Jai's characterisation is exactly what he had proposed to Jr NTR for their film. Since his main plot has already been stolen, Puri cannot go ahead and make the film. He will have to scrap the story, which was supposed to translate into a 100 crore film."


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The satellite rights of the film were sold to Gemini TV for , whereas the Hindi dubbing satellite rights of the film were sold to Zee Network for . The film had a television premiere on 13 January 2018, ahead of Sankranthi, and registered a TRP rating of 17.7 in the first premiere. The Hindi dubbed version titled "The Power of 3 - Jai Luv Kush" was premiered on Zee Cinema on 13 May 2018.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: The film opened to mixed response from critics. Sridhar Adivi of "The Times of India" gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating ""Jai Lava Kusa" has everything that one expects in a star film — comedy, action, drama, romance, etc. Box-office revenues apart, Jr NTR has once again proved with this film what a fine actor he is." Srivatsan of "India Today" gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and stated "Jai Lava Kusa is yet another star vehicle that begins on a rather high note." Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" stated ""Jai Lava Kusa" gets predictable and even melodramatic, but NTR holds it together with a class act." "123Telugu" gave 3.25 out of 5 stating "Jai Lava Kusa is NTR's one-man show".


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Writing for "The Indian Express", Manoj Kumar R. gave 3 out of 5 stating "First and major reason not to give Jai Lava Kusa a miss this weekend is the fact that for the first time fans will get to see Jr NTR play a triple role. Jr NTR has excelled at performing all three roles, while effortlessly switching between Jai, Lava and Kusa showing the stark contract in their characters." Hemanth Kumar of "Firstpost" gave 3 out of 5 stating "There are, in fact, three reasons to watch the film: NTR, NTR, NTR. Perhaps there's no other film in recent times which celebrates an actor to this extent, and it expects us to do the same. Because beyond this, nothing else seems to matter." Karthik Keramalu of Hindustan Times gave the film 3 out of 5 and stated "Jai Lava Kusa works when it brings the emotional angle of the brothers to forefront and this is the angle we wish was exploited more effectively."


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: "The New Indian Express" gave the film 3 out of 5 stating "Jai Lava Kusa draws its prowess from NTR who pulls off three contrasting roles with great fervour and enthusiasm." Vikram Venkateshwaran of "Bloomberg Quint" reviewed it as ""Jai Lava Kusa", at almost three hours is almost completely devoid of lags, and runs through like a breeze. It's NTR Jr all the way through till the end. And for the price of one ticket, you get three heroes, all fully fleshed out. And that, is one heck of a weekend deal." Sowmya Rajendran of "The News Minute" reviewed ""Jai Lava Kusa" is Junior NTR all the way and he lives up to the massive expectations." Suresh Kavirayani of Deccan Chronicle gave 3 out of 5 and stated "Jai Lava Kusa is a good film, conceptually, but the director has only been partially successful in executing his vision. Jr NTR's powerful performances make this film worth a watch for his fans."


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: In contrast, "Behindwoods" gave the film a rating of 2.25 out of 5 stating "Tarak's supreme efforts gone in vain!!! A missed opportunity". "Indiaglitz" gave the film 2.75 out of 5 and stated "JLK is NTR's show, lock, stock, and barrel. The story line is decent. The screenplay has its share of flaws and the first half is underwhelming. The climax fight should have been much better. The emotional content (read the brotherly sentiment) could help the film sail through." "Sify" gave 2.75 out of 5 stating ""Jai Lava Kusa" is Jr NTR's show totally from the first episode to the last scene. In particularly he has shown his acting caliber once again in the role of Jai. But the movie has uneven narration - some parts are good, some are cliched."


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Jai Lava Kusa earned ₹32.10 crore in the opening day from the Telugu states, and collected ₹46.6 crore worldwide. The film earned ₹25 crore in the second day, taking its total collections up to second day, to ₹71 crore. The film's opening weekend collection stood at ₹90.3 crore. At the sixth day, the film collected more than ₹103 crore. According to "The Times of India", the film's grossed ₹129 crore in two weeks. The film earned a share of ₹57.79 crore to its distributors across Telugu states. The film completed 50-day theatrical run in 12 centres.


title: Jai Lava Kusa

text: Jai Lava Kusa earned $589,000 from its premiere shows in the United States, breaking the opening record of "Janatha Garage" (2016), which earned $584,000. As of 2 October, the film earned $1.5 million at the US box office.


title: Nicholas Farrell

text: Nicholas C. Frost (born 1955), known professionally as Nicholas Farrell, is an English stage, film, and television actor.


title: Nicholas Farrell

text: Farrell was educated at Fryerns Grammar and Technical School in Basildon, Essex, followed by the University of Nottingham and the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, alongside fellow pupil Daniel Day-Lewis.


title: Nicholas Farrell

text: Farrell's early screen career included the role of Aubrey Montague in the 1981 film "Chariots of Fire". In 1983, he starred as Edmund Bertram in a television adaptation of the Jane Austen novel, "Mansfield Park". In 1984, he appeared in "" and "The Jewel in the Crown".


title: Nicholas Farrell

text: Since then, his film and television work has included several screen adaptations of Shakespeare's works, including Kenneth Branagh's 1996 "Hamlet", in which he played Horatio, a role he had played previously with Branagh for the Royal Shakespeare Company. He has also appeared in film adaptations of "Twelfth Night" (1996), "Othello" (1995) and "In the Bleak Midwinter" (1995). He provided the voice of Hamlet for the animated television adaptation "" (1992). He played the role of Albert Dussell in the 2009 adaption of "The Diary of Anne Frank", a BBC production. In 2011, he played Margaret Thatcher's close friend and advisor Airey Neave in "The Iron Lady". In 2014, he portrayed Eyre Crowe in the British documentary drama miniseries "37 Days", about the weeks leading up to World War I.


title: Nicholas Farrell

text: Other television appearances have included two "Agatha Christie's Poirot" films, "Sharpe's Regiment", "To Play the King", "Roman Mysteries", "Torchwood" and "Collision". He has also appeared in episodes of "Lovejoy", "Foyle's War", "Absolute Power", "Spooks", "Midsomer Murders", "Drop the Dead Donkey", "Call the Midwife" and "Casualty". He also voiced the Golem Pump 19 in the 2010 two-part adaption of "Terry Pratchett's Going Postal".


title: Nicholas Farrell

text: Farrell's theatre work includes performances of "The Cherry Orchard", "Camille" and "The Crucible" as well as Royal Shakespeare Company productions of "The Merchant of Venice", "Julius Caesar" and "Hamlet". In the 2011 Chichester Festival he played schoolmasters Dewley and Crocker-Harris in the double bill of "South Downs" and "The Browning Version".


title: Nicholas Farrell

text: Farrell also appeared in the Grace Kelly biopic "Grace of Monaco" alongside Nicole Kidman and Tim Roth, and the short film "The Pit and the Pendulum: A Study in Torture", based on Edgar Allan Poe's short story.


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: "Say My Name" (originally titled "Everybody Wins") is the seventh episode of the fifth season of the American television crime drama series "Breaking Bad", and the 53rd overall episode of the series. Written and directed by Thomas Schnauz, it aired on AMC on August 26, 2012.


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: The title of the episode is a phrase repeatedly spoken by Walt (Bryan Cranston) during his encounter with Declan (Louis Ferreira).


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: This episode marks Jonathan Banks's final "Breaking Bad" appearance. Banks and Bryan Cranston both received high praise from critics for their performances. Banks later returned as Mike Ehrmantraut for the "Breaking Bad" prequel spin-off, "Better Call Saul", and starred as a series regular, in addition to the sequel film "El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie".


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: Walter White, Mike Ehrmantraut, and Jesse Pinkman meet with Declan, their Phoenix-based competitor. Instead of agreeing to Declan's offer to purchase the heisted methylamine for $15 million in exchange for removing Walt's blue meth from the drug market, Walt offers a counterproposal: to sell his superior product through Declan's distribution network in exchange for a substantial share of the business and a one-time, $5 million payment to Mike for his share. Declan initially refuses but upon realizing Walt is the now legendary Heisenberg he is left no choice but to accept.


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: Walt avoids Jesse's attempts to leave with his share of the money. Meanwhile, Mike learns through the bugs that the DEA has a search warrant for his house. He stashes a car with a go bag with cash, a passport, and a gun in an airport parking lot. When Hank and Steve Gomez search his house, they find nothing. Later, Hank instructs Steve to follow Mike's attorney, Dan Wachsberger, catching him in the act of depositing the illegal drug cash.


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: Jesse confronts Walt and demands his share of the money. Walt angrily accuses Jesse of having nothing in his life, but his attempts to manipulate Jesse fail, and he ultimately leaves without his money, angering Walt further. Walt is forced to cook his next batch of meth with Todd, who proves to be much more subordinate and better at following orders than Jesse. Pretending to be distraught over Skyler White, Walt visits Hank at his office and manages to remove the bugs, but overhears Gomez telling Hank that they have arrested Dan and that he plans on telling everything he knows about Mike. Walt frantically calls Mike, who is at a park with his granddaughter Kaylee, and tells him the DEA is coming for him. Upon the arrival of the police, Mike is forced to flee the park without saying goodbye to Kaylee.


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: Mike asks Saul Goodman to retrieve the go bag for his getaway, but Saul fears the DEA will follow him. When Jesse volunteers to help, Mike refuses his assistance out of concern that Jesse would be spotted, leaving Walt to retrieve the bag. When Walt meets with Mike, he refuses to hand over the bag unless Mike tells him the names of the nine men he is paying off. Mike takes the bag anyway and accuses Walt of having arrogantly ruined their ideal situation working for Gus Fring. Walt storms off, and returns as Mike is about to leave, impulsively shooting him. Mike tries to get away, but – mortally wounded – ultimately resigns himself to sitting on a log by the river. After Walt catches up to him, he realizes he could have just asked Lydia Rodarte-Quayle for the names, and that shooting Mike was unnecessary. Walt attempts to apologize, but Mike tells him to "shut the fuck up and let me die in peace" and succumbs to his wound seconds later.


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: This episode marks the final "Breaking Bad" appearance of Mike Ehrmantraut (Jonathan Banks) as a series regular. Show creator Vince Gilligan talked about Mike's death and why it was one of his favorite moments of the series:


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: "Say My Name" was watched by 2.98 million viewers and received a 1.4 rating among viewers aged 18–49, the series' highest ratings and viewers at the time.


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: The episode received highly positive reviews from critics with many critics singling out Jonathan Banks and Bryan Cranston for particular praise. The episode is recognized by many critics as one of the best in the series. TV Fanatic's Matt Richenthal gave "Say My Name" a five-star rating, calling it "one of the best in series history." Seth Amitin of "IGN" gave the episode a 9 out of 10 rating, calling it "mind-blowing", but stating that "I hate to see Mike go out like that. He deserved more. I literally can't give this higher than a 9.0, it was just too sad of an ending." Alan Sepinwall of HitFix thought the episode was "a mostly tremendous episode of a drama", adding the death of Mike "is just a gorgeous, devastating scene", but he was unimpressed by the plotting that led to Mike showing any trust for Walt in that situation, writing that it was a contrived way to ensure that Walt would be in a position to kill Mike per the requirements of the overall show story.


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: Thomas Schnauz was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for writing this episode.


title: Say My Name (Breaking Bad)

text: In 2019, The Ringer ranked "Say My Name" as the 8th best out of the 62 total "Breaking Bad" episodes.


title: Carol Connors (actress)

text: Carol Connors is an American former pornographic actress. She starred in about 20 adult movies between 1971 and 1981. Married to fellow former porn star Jack Birch, she is the mother of actress Thora Birch.


title: Carol Connors (actress)

text: Connors began her adult entertainment career in the early 1970s, achieving fame in "Deep Throat" in 1972 and "The Erotic Adventures of Candy" in 1978. In 1979, she starred in Gail Palmer's "Candy Goes to Hollywood." In 1981, she directed and starred in "Desire for Men."


title: Carol Connors (actress)

text: Connors also appeared on "The Gong Show," where she eventually became one of Chuck Barris's introducers. Her debut on the program, in 1977, was as a song-and-dance contestant. Said Connors, "I was awarded nine points by the two men judges and two points by Jaye P. Morgan, one for each ... bosom." She was subsequently invited back for frequent appearances as one of the hostesses who introduced Barris at the start of the show. Her "Gong Show" appearances were parodied in "Candy Goes To Hollywood."


title: Carol Connors (actress)

text: Connors also appeared alongside Aldo Ray in "Sweet Savage," a porn western film, in 1979. The movie was shot on location at Apacheland Movie Ranch in Apache Junction, Arizona.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: Spielvereinigung Greuther Fürth (), commonly known as Greuther Fürth (), is a German football club based in Fürth, Bavaria. They play in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of the German football league system, following relegation from the Bundesliga in the 2021–22 season.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: Founded in 1903, the most successful era for Greuther Fürth came in the pre-Bundesliga era in the 1910s and 1920s, when the club won three German championships in 1914, 1926, and 1929 respectively and finished as runners-up in 1920. In the 2012–13 season, the club played in the Bundesliga for the first time, having won promotion from the 2. Bundesliga; it was relegated back to the 2. Bundesliga at the end of the season. On 23 May 2021 they were promoted back to the Bundesliga for the second time. Upon placing 18th in the Bundesliga table in the 2021–22 season, they were relegated back to 2. Bundesliga.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: The origins of "SpVgg Fürth" are in the establishment on 23 September 1903 of a football department within the gymnastics club "Turnverein 1860 Fürth". The footballers went their own way as an independent club in November 1906, after they did not get enough support from "TV Fürth". The team played in the Ostkreisliga and took divisional titles there in 1912, 1913 and 1914 before moving on to participate in the Süddeutsche (South German) regional playoffs for the national championship round. Right from the beginning, there was a great rivalry between the SpVgg Fürth and the 1. FC Nürnberg, predicated on the historical rivalry between the two neighbouring cities. The club grew rapidly, and by 1914, it had 3,000 members and was the largest sports club in Germany. When the club built their own stadium, Sportpark Ronhof, in 1910, it was the biggest stadium in Germany at the time.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: Fürth won their first national title in winning the 1914 German football championship under English coach William Townley with left winger Julius Hirsch, who had joined the team the prior season. They faced VfB Leipzig – the defending champions with three titles to their credit – in the final held on 31 May in Magdeburg. A 154-minute-long thriller, the longest completed game in German football history (the 1922 Final was abandoned after 189 minutes due to darkness), ended with Fürth scoring a golden goal to secure the title.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: The team had a solid run of successes through the 1920s and into the early 1930s, beginning with an appearance in the national final in 1920 against 1. FC Nürnberg, which was the dominant side of the decade. The rivalry between the two clubs was such that a star player with SpVgg was forced to leave after he married a woman from the city of Nuremberg. In 1924, for the first and only time, the German national side was made up exclusively of players from just two sides – Fürth and 1. FC Nürnberg – and players of the two teams slept in separate rail coaches.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: SpVgg showed regularly on the national stage, advancing to the semi-finals in 1923 and 1931. They claimed two more championships – in 1926 and 1929 – with both of those victories coming at the expense of Hertha BSC. Through this period, the club played five finals in the Süddeutscher Pokal (en:South German Cup), coming away as cup winners on four occasions. On 27 August 1929, the association was joined by "FC Schneidig Fürth".


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: German football was re-organized in 1933 under the Third Reich into 16 top flight Gauligen. Fürth became part of the Gauliga Bayern, but their success over the next dozen seasons was limited to a division title there in 1935, alongside regular appearances in competition for the Tschammerpokal, predecessor to today's DFB-Pokal (German Cup).


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: After the war the team struggled through three seasons in the Oberliga Süd (I) before slipping to the Landesliga Bayern (II). "SpVgg" quickly recovered itself and returned to Oberliga play the next season. They won the title there in 1950 and went on to the national playoffs, advancing as far as the semi-finals before being eliminated 1–4 by VfB Stuttgart. In 1954, two players from the "SpVgg", Karl Mai and Herbert Erhardt, were members of the "Miracle of Bern" team that won Germany's first World Cup.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: Fürth remained a first division side until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963. The club did not qualify as one of the sixteen teams that made up the new unified national first division and they found themselves playing second division football in the Regionalliga Süd, where they were generally a mid-table side whose best finish was third-place result in 1967. The club played in the 2. Bundesliga from its inception in 1974 until 1983 with their best performance a fourth-place result in 1978–79. They slipped to playing in the tier III Bayernliga, with a short three-year spell in the fourth division Landesliga Bayern-Mitte in the late 1980s. At this time, the club started to have large financial problems. In 1990, Fürth celebrated a 3–1 victory in the opening round of the DFB-Pokal play over first division side Borussia Dortmund before going out 0–1 to 1. FC Saarbrücken in the second round. They returned to the Bayernliga (III) in 1991 and the Regionalliga Süd (III) in 1994. But still, the club's financial issues became bigger, and they were forced to sell their ground to the local businessman Conny Brandstätter. As the financial problems continued to grow, the president of "SpVgg", Edgar Burkhart, arranged a deal with Helmut Hack, president of TSV Vestenbergsgreuth, to let "TSV" join the "SpVgg" and changing the name of the "Spielvereinigung" to the name "SpVgg Greuther Fürth", which is still in use. The "SpVgg" so had the chance to get back in both financial and on-pitch success, while "TSV" could grow bigger in the city of Fürth than it would have been possible in the village of Vestenbergsgreuth.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: Meanwhile, the small village team of "TSV Vestenbergsgreuth" was established 1 February 1974 and debuted as a fourth division side. They advanced into the Amateur Oberliga Bayern (III) in 1987, just as SpVgg Fürth was descending to play in the division the more junior club had just escaped. "TSV" took part in the national amateur playoff round in 1988 and 1995. Their best performance came in the 1995 DFB-Pokal when they upset Bayern Munich 1–0, and then beat FC 08 Homburg 5–1, before being eliminated in the third round of the competition by VfL Wolfsburg on penalty kicks.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: At the time when Vestenbergsgreuth's football branch was incorporated in 1996, in which TSV's football players came over to Fürth, both clubs were playing at about the same level in Regionalliga Süd (III). The SpVgg was runner-up behind long-term rival 1. FC Nürnberg in the division the next year, and so earned promotion back to the 2. Bundesliga after 18 years, and played in the second tier at the first time since 1979. At this time, the "Sportpark Ronhof", now called "Playmobil Arena", faced the first major redevelopment since the post-war years and the construction of the old main stand in 1950. They built new stands on three of the four sides of the pitch, a roofed seating stand on the opposite side of the main stand, an uncovered terrace in the north end, and an uncovered mixed standing and seating area in the south of the stadium, as well as installing floodlights in the "Ronhof" the first time ever. With the modernized stadium and a clever transfer strategy, they have consistently finished in the top half of the 18-team table in the 2000s, despite having one of the lowest budgets most of the time. On 1 July 2003, the club added former workers' club "Tuspo Fürth" to its tradition through a merger. In 2008, the stadium faced another redevelopment, as the standing terrace in the north got a roof, and a VIP building was installed near to the old main stand. With this work, the main stand became the last piece of the stadium that has not been redeveloped. In that time, Fürth has come close to renewing its ancient rivalry with Nürnberg at the Bundesliga level, narrowly missing promotion in each of the first two seasons of the 2010s. On 23 April 2012, Fürth finally gained promotion to the Bundesliga in the 2011–12 season, they eventually went on to win the 2. Bundesliga under manager Mike Büskens. With promotion, the 1998 built south stand was demolished, and a new one was installed, gaining a capacity increase from 14,500 to 18,000, as well as providing a roof on the south for the first time.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: However, Fürth had a difficult first season in the Bundesliga as the club amassed only four victories in the 34-game campaign, one of them at the ground of their rivals 1. FC Nürnberg, when the de facto relegated side won 1–0, giving the fans of the "Kleeblatt" a peaceful feeling about the relegation. The club also set an infamous record by becoming the first club in Bundesliga history to not win a single home game during the regular season. The club finished last in the league with 21 points and was relegated back to the 2. Bundesliga.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: The following season, despite not aiming for promotion, the club was a strong contender for a direct return to the Bundesliga. A third place in the final standings qualified the team for the promotion play-offs, where it faced Hamburger SV. After a 0–0 draw in Hamburg, the club missed out on promotion on the away goal rule when the return leg ended 1–1. In the following seasons, they struggled to be as strong as they were before the Bundesliga promotion. They nearly got relegated to the 3. Liga in the 2014–15 season, when only a narrow win against later promoted club SV Darmstadt 98 on matchday 33, and other teams not winning on matchday 34, kept them in the league. In the same season, on early matchday 2, they gained a historic 5–1 home victory in the Frankenderby, their highest-ever home win in a derby. In the following two years, the "Spielvereinigung" finished mid-table, with not having either fear of getting relegated or gaining promotion. This period of their newer history is characterized by the relegation of "FCN" in 2014, and both rivals playing each year since then. In the 2016–17 season, the "Kleeblatt" won both derbies of the regular season for the first time since the 1970s, and finished above Nuremberg for the first time since the 1950s. In early 2016, the 1950-built main stand was demolished, and the construction of a new main stand started. Before the 2017–18 season, the construction of the new main stand was finished. With a 3–1 victory over Fortuna Düsseldorf on 17 September 2017, the club managed to become leader of the all-time league table of the 2. Bundesliga.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: By finishing second in the 2020–21 season, Greuther Fürth gained promotion to the Bundesliga for the second time in the club's history. Under manager Stefan Leitl, the team secured promotion on the last matchday of the season with a 3–2 victory over Fortuna Düsseldorf.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: Fürth also fields a strong reserve side which has played in the Oberliga Bayern (IV) since the 2001–02 season and finished second there in 2006–07. A second place in 2007–08 meant the team was qualified to play in the Regionalliga Süd in 2008–09.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: 1. FC Nürnberg is by far the SpVgg's biggest rival, going back to the early days of German football when, at times, those two clubs dominated the national championship. Matches between both teams also called as "Frankenderby". Both competed against each other again in the 2012–13 Bundesliga season and the 2014–15 2. Bundesliga season.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: William Townley, had three turns as coach of SpVgg Fürth in 1911–1913, 1926–1927, and 1930–1932 and led the club to two championships.


title: SpVgg Greuther Fürth

text: In September 2012, former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, whose family fled Nazi Germany in 1938, attended a SpVgg match against Schalke 04. He had promised to attend a game at the Ronhof stadium if the team were promoted to the top-flight Bundesliga. As a child, Kissinger had tried to watch games there, despite it being against his parents' wishes. Kissinger is an honorary member of SpVgg, and for decades he kept himself informed about match results and held contact to the club. During his time serving in the White House in the 1970s, he reportedly asked his staff to have the team's weekend result ready for him on Monday mornings. He visited his hometown and the club several times and attended a Bundesliga match in 2012 during the team's first season in the Bundesliga.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Over the past two centuries, the relationship between black people and Mormonism has included both official and unofficial discrimination.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: From the mid-1800s to 1978, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) prevented most men of black African descent from being ordained to the church's lay priesthood, barred black men and women from participating in the ordinances of its temples and opposed interracial marriage. Since black men of African descent could not receive the priesthood, they were excluded from holding leadership roles and performing these rituals. However, in 1978, the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve issued Official Declaration 2, which officially ended the LDS Church's temple and priesthood restrictions.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: The LDS Church's stance towards slavery also alternated several times during its history, from one of neutrality, to one of anti-slavery, to one of pro-slavery. Many leaders, including Ezra Taft Benson, were vocally opposed to the civil rights movement. At times, Joseph Smith advocated both for and against slavery.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: The LDS Church taught its members that temple ordinances such as the endowment and marriage sealings are necessary for the highest level of salvation. As early as 1844, leaders suggested that black people were less valiant in the pre-existence. The church's first presidents, Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, claimed that black skin was the result of the Curse of Cain or the Curse of Ham.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: In recent decades, the LDS Church has condemned racism and it has also increased its proselytization efforts and outreach in black communities. It still faces accusations of perpetuating implicit racism by not acknowledging, apologizing or adequately paying for its past discriminatory practices and beliefs.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Under church president Russell M. Nelson, the church launched initiatives to cooperate with the NAACP in 2019, leading Nelson to speak at the NAACP national convention in 2019 and leading the church to issue joint statements with the national leaders of the NAACP in 2020. In June 2020, a spokesperson for the NAACP criticized the LDS Church for not taking more action. In the church's October 2020 general conference, multiple leaders spoke against racism. In June 2021, the LDS Church announced plans to spend over $9 million in cooperation with the NAACP and the United Negro College Fund over the next three years.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: In 2008, there were about one million black LDS Church members worldwide. There are also at least five operating LDS Church temples in Africa with 14 more temples in some stage of development or construction, in addition to temples in the Dominican Republic, Haiti and several other temples in the African diaspora.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: The priesthoods of most other Mormon denominations, such as the Community of Christ, Bickertonite, and Strangite, have always been open to members of all races.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: One of the justifications which the LDS Church used for its discriminatory policy was its belief that black individual's pre-existent spirits were not as virtuous as white pre-existent spirits. Brigham Young rejected the idea, but Orson Pratt supported it. Formally, this justification appeared as early as 1908 in a "Liahona" magazine article. Joseph Fielding Smith supported the idea in his 1931 book "The Way to Perfection", stating that the priesthood restriction on black people was a "punishment" for actions in the pre-existence. In a letter in 1947, the First Presidency wrote in a letter to Lowry Nelson that black people were not entitled to the full blessings of the gospel, and referenced the "revelations [...] on the preexistence" as a justification. In 1952, Lowry published a critique of the racist policy in an article in "The Nation". Lowry believes it was the first time the folk doctrine that blacks were less righteous in the pre-existence was publicized to the non-Mormon world.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: The LDS Church also used this explanation in its 1949 statement which explicitly barred black people from holding the priesthood. An address by Mark E. Peterson was widely circulated by BYU's religious faculty in the 1950s and 1960s and they used the "less valiant in the pre-existence" explanation to justify racial segregation, a view which Lowell Bennion and Kendall White, among other members, heavily criticized. The apostle Joseph Fielding Smith also taught that black people were less faithful in the preexistence. A 1959 report by the U. S. Commission on Civil Rights found that the LDS Church in Utah generally taught that non-whites had inferior performance in the pre-earth life.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: After the priesthood ban was lifted in 1978, church leaders refuted the belief that black people were less valiant in the pre-existence. In a 1978 interview with "Time" magazine, Spencer W. Kimball stated that the LDS Church no longer held to the theory that those of African descent were any less valiant in the pre-earth life.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: In a 2006 interview for the PBS documentary "The Mormons", apostle Jeffrey R. Holland called the idea that blacks were less valiant in the pre-existence an inaccurate racial "folklore" invented in order to justify the priesthood ban, and the reasons for the previous ban are unknown. The church explicitly denounced any justification of the priesthood restriction which was based on views of events which occurred in the pre-mortal life in the "Race and the Priesthood" essay which was published on its website in 2013.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: According to the Bible, after Cain killed Abel, God cursed him and put a mark on him, but the Bible does not state what the nature of the mark was. The Pearl of Great Price, another Mormon book of scripture, describes the descendants of Cain as dark-skinned, and church president Brigham Young stated, "What is the mark? You will see it on the countenance of every African you ever did see..." In another biblical account, Ham discovered his father Noah drunk and naked in his tent. Because of this, Noah cursed Ham's son, Canaan to be "servants of servants". Although the scriptures do not mention Ham's skin color, some doctrines associated the curse with black people and used it to justify slavery.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Joseph Smith and Brigham Young both referred to the curse as a justification for slavery at some point in their lives. Prior to the Latter Day Saint settlement in Missouri, Joseph Smith, like many other Northerners, was opposed to slavery, but softened his opposition to slavery during the Missouri years, going as far as writing a very cautious justification of the institution. Following the Mormon Extermination Order and violent expulsion of the church from the slave state, Joseph Smith openly embraced abolitionism and preached the equality of all of God's children, in 1841 stating that if opportunity for blacks were equal to the opportunity provided to whites, blacks could perform as well or even outperform whites. Brigham Young, however, while seemingly open to blacks holding the priesthood in his earlier years and praising of black members of the church, later used the curse as justification of barring blacks from the priesthood, banning interracial marriages, and opposing black suffrage. He stated that the curse would one day be lifted and that black people would be able to receive the priesthood post-mortally.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Young once taught that the devil was black, and his successor as church president, John Taylor, taught on multiple occasions that the reason that black people (those with the curse of Cain) were allowed to survive the flood was so that the devil could be properly represented on the earth through the children of Ham and his wife Egyptus. The next president, Wilford Woodruff also affirmed that millions of people have Cain's mark of blackness drawing a parallel to modern Native American's "curse of redness". None of these ideas are accepted as official doctrine of the church.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: In a 1908 "Liahona" article for missionaries, an anonymous but church-sanctioned author reviewed the scriptures about blackness in the "Pearl of Great Price". The author postulated that Ham married a descendant of Cain. Therefore Canaan received two curses, one from Noah, and one from being a descendant of Cain. The article states that Canaan was the "sole ancestor of the Negro race" and explicitly linked his curse to be "servant of servants" to black priesthood denial. To support this idea, the article also discussed how Pharaoh, a descendant of Canaan according to LDS scripture, could not have the priesthood, because Noah "cursed him as pertaining to the Priesthood".


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: In 1931, apostle Joseph Fielding Smith wrote on the same topic in "The Way to Perfection: Short Discourses on Gospel Themes", generating controversy within and without Mormonism. For evidence that modern blacks were descended from Cain, Smith wrote that "it is generally believed that" Cain's curse was continued through his descendants and through Ham's wife. Smith states that "some of the brethren who were associate with Joseph Smith have declared that he taught this doctrine." In 1978, when the church ended the ban on the priesthood, apostle Bruce R. McConkie taught that the ancient curse of Cain and Ham was no longer in effect.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: General authorities in the LDS Church favored Smith's explanation until 2013, when a Church-published online essay disavowed the idea that black skin is the sign of a curse. The Old Testament student manual, which is published by the church and is the manual currently used to teach the Old Testament in LDS institutes, teaches that Canaan could not hold the priesthood because of the cursing of Ham his father, but makes no reference to race.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: According to the Book of Moses, the people of Canaan were a group of people that lived during the time of Enoch, before the Canaanites mentioned in the Bible. Enoch prophesied that the people of Canaan would war against the people of Shum, and that God would curse their land with heat, and that a blackness would come upon them. When Enoch called the people to repentance and established Zion, he taught everyone except the people of Canaan. The Book of Abraham identifies Pharaoh as a Canaanite. There is no explicit connection from the antediluvian people of Canaan to Cain's descendants, the Canaanites descended from Ham's son Canaan or modern black people. However, the Book of Moses identifies both Cain's descendants and the people of Canaan as black and cursed, and they were frequently used interchangeably. Bruce R. McConkie justified restrictions on teaching black people because Enoch did not teach the people of Canaan.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Early church leaders believed that souls of everyone in the celestial kingdom (the highest degree of heaven) would be "white in eternity." They often equated whiteness with righteousness, and taught that originally God made his children white in his own image. A 1959 report by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights found that most Utah Mormons believed "by righteous living, the dark-skinned races may again become 'white and delightsome'." Conversely, the church also taught that white apostates would have their skins darkened when they abandoned the faith.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Several black Mormons were told that they would become white. Hyrum Smith told Jane Manning James that God could give her a new lineage, and in her patriarchal blessing promised her that she would become "white and delightsome". In 1808, Elijah Abel was promised that "thy soul be white in eternity". Darius Gray, a prominent black Mormon, was told that his skin color would become lighter. In 1978, apostle LeGrand Richards clarified that the curse of dark skin for wickedness and promise of white skin through righteousness only applied to Indians, and not to black people.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: In 2013, the LDS Church published an essay refuting these ideas, describing prior reasoning for the restriction as racial "folk beliefs", and teaching that blackness in Latter-day Saint theology is a symbol of disobedience to God and not necessarily a skin color.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, shifted his public attitude toward slavery several times, eventually coming to take an anti-slavery stance later in his life.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Initially, Smith expressed opposition to slavery, but, after the church was formally organized in 1830, Smith and other authors of the church's official newspaper, "The Evening and Morning Star", avoided any discussion of the controversial topic. The major reason behind this decision was the mounting contention between the Mormon settlers, who were primarily abolitionists, and the non-Mormon Missourians, who usually supported slavery. Church leaders like Smith often attempted to avoid the topic and took a public position of neutrality during the Missouri years.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: On December 25, 1832, Smith authored the document, "Revelation and Prophecy on War." In this text, Smith stated that "wars ... will shortly come to pass, beginning at the rebellion of South Carolina [and] ... poured out on all nations." He went on to say that "it shall come to pass, after many days, slaves shall rise up against their masters, who shall be marshaled and disciplined for war." It was another two decades until the document was formally disclosed by the church to the general public. The document would later be canonized by the church as Section 87 of the Doctrine and Covenants.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: During the Missouri years, Smith attempted to maintain peace with the members' pro-slavery neighbors. In August 1835, the church issued an official statement, declaring that it was not "right to interfere with bond-servants, nor baptize them contrary to the will and wish of their masters" nor cause "them to be dissatisfied with their situations in this life." After this time, the official policy of the church was not to baptize slaves without the consent of the slaveowner, but this was only loosely enforced and some slaves, such as 13-year-old Samuel D. Chambers, were baptized in secret. In April 1836, Smith published an essay sympathetic to the pro-slavery cause, arguing against a possible "race war", providing cautious justification of slavery based on the biblical , and stating that Northerners had no "more right to say that the South shall not hold slaves, than the South have to say that the North shall."


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Anti-Mormon sentiment among the non-Mormon Missourians continued to rise. A manifesto was published by many Missouri public officials, stating that "In a late number of the Star, published in Independence by the leaders of the sect, there is an article inviting free Negroes and mulattoes from other states to become 'Mormons,' and remove and settle among us." The manifesto continued: "It manifests a desire on the part of their society, to inflict on our society an injury that they know would be to us entirely insupportable, and one of the surest means of driving us from the country; for it would require none of the supernatural gifts that they pretend to, to see that the introduction of such a caste among us would corrupt our blacks, and instigate them to bloodshed." Eventually, the contention became too great and violence broke out between the Latter-day Saints and their neighbors in a conflict now referred to as the Missouri Mormon War. Governor Lilburn Boggs issued Executive Order 44, ordering the members of the church to leave Missouri or face death. The Latter Day Saints were forcibly removed and came to settle in Nauvoo, Illinois.


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: During the Nauvoo settlement, Smith began preaching abolitionism and the equality of the races. During his presidential campaign, Smith called for "the break down [of] slavery", writing that America must "Break off the shackles from the poor black man, and hire him to labor like other human beings." He advocated that existing slaves be purchased from their masters using funds gained from the sale of public lands and the reduction of the salaries of federal congressmen, and called for the several million newly freed slaves to be transported to Texas. Joseph Smith wished to free all slaves through this process by 1850. Mormon historian Arnold K. Garr has noted that Smith's chief concern was not slavery but the exercise of executive power. On February 7, 1844, Smith would write that "Our common country presents to all men the same advantages, the facilities, the same prospects, the same honors, and the same rewards; and without hypocrisy, the Constitution, when it says, 'We, the people of the United States, ... do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America,' meant just what it said without reference to color or condition, ad infinitum."


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Smith was apparently present at the priesthood ordination of Elijah Abel, a man of partial African descent, to the offices of both elder and seventy, and allowed for the ordination of a couple of other black men into the priesthood of the early church. Smith's successor, Brigham Young, would later adopt the policy of prohibiting black people from receiving the priesthood after Smith's death. In 1841, Joseph Smith stated that if the opportunity to blacks were equal to the opportunity provided to whites, black people could perform as well or even outperform whites. Joseph Smith stated, in reference to black individuals, "They have souls, and are subjects of salvation. Go into Cincinnati or any city, and find an educated negro, who rides in his carriage, and you will see a man who has risen by the powers of his own mind to his exalted state of respectability."


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Smith argued that blacks and whites would be better off if they were "separate but legally equal", at times advocating for segregation and stating "Had I anything to do with the negro, I would confine them by strict law to their own species, and put them on a national equalization."


title: Black people and Mormonism

text: Historian Fawn Brodie stated in her biography of Smith that he crystallized his hitherto vacillating views on black people with his authorship of "The Book of Abraham", one of the LDS church's foundational texts, which justifies a priesthood ban on ancient Egyptians, who inherited the curse of the black skin on the basis of their descent from Noah's son Ham. Brodie also wrote that Smith developed the theory that black skin was a sign of neutral behavior during a pre-existent war in heaven. The official pronouncements of the church's First Presidency in 1949 and 1969 also attributed the origin of the priesthood ban to Joseph Smith, stating that the reason "antedates man's mortal existence." Several other scholars, such as Armand Mauss and Lester E. Bush, have since contested this theory, though, citing that a priesthood ban was never, in fact, implemented in Joseph Smith's time, and that Smith allowed for the ordination of several black men to the priesthood and even positions of authority within the church. Critics of Brodie's theory that the priesthood ban began with Joseph Smith generally agree that the ban actually originated as a series of racially-motivated administrative policies under Brigham Young, rather than revealed doctrine, which were inaccurately represented as revelation by later general authorities of the church. The denial of the priesthood to blacks can easily be traced to Brigham Young, but there is no contemporary evidence that would suggest it originated with Joseph Smith. Mauss and Bush found that all references to Joseph Smith supporting the doctrine were made long after his death and seem to be the result of an attempted reconciliation of the contrasting beliefs and policies of Brigham Young and Joseph Smith. Young himself also never associated the priesthood ban with Joseph Smith's teachings, nor did most of the earliest general authorities. Mauss and Bush detailed various problems with the theory that the Book of Abraham justified a priesthood restriction on black people, pointing out that the effort to link Pharaoh and the Egyptian people with "black skin" and the antediluvian people of Canaan was "especially strained" and the lack of specificity in the account made such beliefs somewhat ungrounded. Outside of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, most other Latter-day Saint churches remained open to the ordination of blacks into the priesthood.