title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Also known as one of the more memorable episodes for fourth season was "The Black Dahlia". The real-life infamous unsolved Black Dahlia LA murder case from 1947 is thrust back into headlines as bones with identical cuts to the historical case are discovered under an old building being demolished. In the episode, Hunter and McCall solve the famous murder case 41 years to the day (1947–88) as the episode aired on the anniversary date of the real-life murder. As a special message at the end states, the real-life case is still open, and the real killer has never been found.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Opening Credits changed, most notably removal of the gun and car "action" clips used in previous seasons. This reflected a change in the format where the frequent car chases and shootouts from the first three seasons were dropped and the show became more of a standard police procedural, with only occasional action scenes.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: For the fifth season, George Geiger took on the role of executive producer, having worked in the same capacity on "Scarecrow and Mrs. King", as well as a brief stint as co-executive producer on "Miami Vice". In the first four seasons, Hunter and McCall typically worked on cases together, allowing the producers to showcase the chemistry between the actors, but the fifth season increasingly had them working apart, ostensibly to lessen the workload of Dryer and Kramer and to allow richer, more complex stories. So instead of jeans and an old sports jacket, Hunter often was seen in a full suit and tie.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: One of the most memorable episodes of the fifth season was the special three-part episode "City Under Siege", which had a special introduction for each of the three parts. It dealt with a psychotic woman named Iris Smith (Cec Verrell) and her crazy boyfriend, Billy Joe Powell (Daniel Quinn), who terrorized the city of Los Angeles, committing multiple murders against people who the woman felt had "wronged" her in some way.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Hunter was one of the intended victims, having arrested Billy Joe years earlier for a series of murders in which he killed his female victims with a straight razor. One sub-plot focused on the huge crime spree throughout the city and the pressure the police department was under to get it under control. Another sub-plot involved a corrupt Deputy Chief named Curtis Moorehead (Robert Vaughn), who continually hamstrung the entire police department's efforts to find Iris and Billy Joe in order to further his own ends.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Further compounding the problem was Jack Small (James Sikking), a local resident who aggressively took the law into his own hands to combat the local crime wave, earning him a reputation in his neighborhood as an urban vigilante. He had a teenage daughter, Debbie (Brynn Horrocks) who was a good-hearted but troubled young woman whom McCall befriended while she was working undercover at her high school investigating the murder of one of the teachers named Sandra Clemens. Sandra was Iris' old teacher whom she had a grudge against for stopping her from stealing lunch money from a fellow student. Another subplot of the story revolved around Johnny Youngblood (Craig Hurley), a mover and shaker at the school who dealt in various shady enterprises. Also appearing in a guest-starring role was real-life journalist, Saida Pagan as television reporter, Saida Rodrigues Pagan. In part two, Laurelle Brooks guest-starred as Allison, a naive high-school cheerleader who falls under Johnny's charms and unknown to her, make a videotape of them having sex. At the end of the episode, statistics were presented showing a reduction of crime in Los Angeles that year. The fifth season placed 17th in the Nielsen ratings.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Uniformed officers costumes changed, dropping the Metro Police shoulder patch of previous four seasons, leaving the uniforms looking more the real LAPD. Door shields on patrol cars also changed to look like those of LAPD.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: By the sixth season, Dryer's growing influence had won him the role of executive producer. Probably the most remembered episode of the sixth season was "Unfinished Business". During this episode, the audience learns that Hunter and McCall had actually once slept together, causing a rift in their working relationship. Fred Dryer stated that this episode was filmed to try to appease fans and the network, who were constantly wanting Hunter and McCall to get together. However, Fred Dryer and Stepfanie Kramer stated they did not want that to happen, because once it did, "Hunter" would become "Hart To Hart".


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Another memorable episode this season was "Yesterday's Child". In this episode, a Vietnamese man visits Hunter and pleads with him to take on the case of a robbery and murder at an upscale car dealership, of which his son was the main suspect. Over the course of the conversation, Hunter discovers that the 17-year-old suspect was actually his own son. The boy is revealed to be the product of a relationship Hunter had with a woman while he was in Vietnam.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Also for this season, homicide was moved to the more updated Parker Center, instead of the old downtown division building. However, at the end of the sixth season, which placed 26th in the Nielsen ratings, Stepfanie Kramer decided to leave the series to pursue a career in music. Kramer's character was written out in the season's two-part finale showing the McCall character marrying an old flame and moving out of Los Angeles.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: For the seventh and final season, NBC shifted the show to 10 pm on Wednesdays. A new female co-star, Darlanne Fluegel as Officer Joanne Molenski, was brought in. However, she reportedly had creative differences with Fred Dryer, and halfway through the season, she decided she wanted out. Her character was murdered by a female serial killer in the two-part episode "Fatal Obsession". Her replacement for the second half of the season was Lauren Lane as Sgt. Chris Novak, supposedly a former girlfriend of Hunter's. Hunter's signature unmarked vehicle, a moss green 1977 Dodge Monaco, was also finally replaced (after an accident with Molenski's cruiser in the season's first episode) by an updated new silver 1990 Ford LTD Crown Victoria. Hunter was now also back to wearing jeans and a shirt. Also for the first time (aside from the sixth-season finale), Hunter made sporadic appearances in uniform.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: However, the new partners and changes did little to boost ratings (47th in the Nielsen standings). A salary dispute involving Dryer led to the show being discontinued at the end of the season.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Four years after the original series ended, a reunion NBC TV movie, "The Return of Hunter: Everyone Walks in L.A.", had Dryer and Charles Hallahan reprise their roles as Rick Hunter and Charlie Devane. Hunter had now also been promoted to lieutenant. Airing on March 6, 1995, the movie seemed to take the "Dirty Harry" idea as the plot—a psycho wants fame and/or to be noticed and begins terrorizing the city to gain media attention. Along the way, he becomes infatuated with attention from Hunter, eventually wanting to kill him. Stepfanie Kramer, pregnant at the time, did not reprise her role as Dee Dee McCall. The TV-movie co-starred Barry Bostwick, Miguel Ferrer, and John C. McGinley.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Seven years later in November 2002, 11 years after the original series ended, the reunion TV movie "Hunter: Return to Justice" made its premiere to strong ratings. This time, Stepfanie Kramer returned to her role as McCall, and the show's setting switched from Los Angeles to San Diego—as Hunter's current L.A. partner is killed in the line of duty.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Given the success of the TV movie, Cannell, Dryer, and NBC attempted to bring back "Hunter" as a regular series: the April 2003 airing of another TV movie, "Hunter: Back in Force", served as the pilot for the new series. The network decided to broadcast three new one-hour episodes of "Hunter" ("Vaya Sin Dios", "Untouchable", and "Dead Heat"). Another two episodes were filmed (as originally five episodes were to be aired), but never shown in the U.S, as NBC decided to cancel the new series. Fred Dryer later cited "creative difficulties" and budget constraints as the reasons for the revival's unexpected end.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: In the pilot television film, Hunter drove a blue 1977 Dodge Monaco and a 1970 Ford LTD. Because Hunter constantly was getting into wrecks chasing suspects and regularly "busted" up any police car he was given, the department would only issue him older model cars that would barely run. Once the series started (fall 1984), during the first season, Hunter drove a 1972 Chevrolet Impala, a 1971 Chevrolet Nova, a 1974 Plymouth Satellite, and a 1979 Chevrolet Caprice Classic. A 1971 Impala was actually shown exploding to end the episodes using Chevrolets. Monacos seemed to be the police car of choice, as the second season had Hunter occasionally driving a junker multiple-colored side panel 1977 Monaco (jokingly referred to as the "Partridge Family" Monaco), as well as other '77 models in yellow, brown, and black. After the show was more "established" and starting with the third season and through the first episode of seventh season, Hunter drove a moss green 1977 Monaco. This car was in better condition than the previous Monacos and became Hunter's trademark vehicle — to the point that when it was destryed in the third season, it was replaced with an identical one. During the seventh and last season, Detective Hunter drove a new silver 1990 Ford LTD Crown Victoria.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: During the first two seasons, McCall drove a garnet red and silver 1984 Dodge Daytona Turbo Z. Then starting with season three and on through season five, McCall drove a bright red 1987 Daytona Shelby Z (Sometimes though, a "Turbo Z" badge on this Daytona is also clearly visible). During the sixth season - her final season, she drove a gold-colored 1990 Dodge Dynasty. (An episode during the fourth or fifth season showed the outside of what was supposedly McCall's house and a yellow 1987 Ford Mustang was out front. However, McCall is only shown driving it once and then it was never shown again.)


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Both Officer Joanne Molenski and Sgt. Chris Novak, during last season, drove a tan/beige 1990 LTD Crown Victoria.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: In the first reunion film, "The Return of Hunter: Everyone Walks in L.A.", Hunter drove a black 1995 Ford Crown Victoria. In "Hunter: Return to Justice", McCall drove a silver 2002 Mercedes Benz CLK320 convertible. In "Hunter: Back in Force" and the subsequent new series, Hunter drove a black 2003 Crown Victoria Police Interceptor and McCall occasionally drove a black 2003 Ford Expedition.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: In 2009, a film adaptation was announced to be in development with a screenplay by Frank Lupo and Fred Dryer, to be directed by Lupo for Columbia Pictures, Anchor Bay Films, and Warner Bros. Pictures.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Anchor Bay Entertainment released the first three seasons of "Hunter" on Region 1 DVD between January 2005 and January 2006. Due to poor sales, no further seasons were released.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: On October 14, 2009, Mill Creek Entertainment was announced to have acquired the rights to several Stephen J. Cannell series, including "Hunter". They subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: On July 27, 2010, Mill Creek released "Hunter - The Complete Series", a 28-disc collection featuring all 152 episodes of the series.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: On November 10, 2011, Mill Creek Entertainment released "The Return of Hunter" TV special on DVD in a four-pack.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: On November 12, 2015, Tiberius Film in Germany released "Hunter - The Complete Series", a 42-disc collection featuring all 152 episodes of the series in a special edition case, complete with an episode guide and collector's cards. The same collection was released as a standard edition on May 4, 2017. These releases are encoded Region 2.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: Due to music rights issues, on both the Anchor Bay Entertainment and Mill Creek Home Entertainment, certain original songs throughout the series have been replaced with newer recordings. The German releases from Tiberius Film are complete and uncut, featuring the original broadcast soundtracks.


title: Hunter (1984 American TV series)

text: On April 29, 2022, Visual Entertainment released "Hunter - The Complete TV Series", a special collection featuring all 152 episodes of the series plus the TV movie "The Return of Hunter".


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Regenerative agriculture is a conservation and rehabilitation approach to food and farming systems. It focuses on topsoil regeneration, increasing biodiversity, improving the water cycle, enhancing ecosystem services, supporting biosequestration, increasing resilience to climate change, and strengthening the health and vitality of farm soil.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Regenerative agriculture is not a specific practice itself. Rather, proponents of regenerative agriculture use a variety of sustainable agriculture techniques in combination. Practices include recycling as much farm waste as possible and adding composted material from sources outside the farm. Regenerative agriculture on small farms and gardens is often based on philosophies like permaculture, agroecology, agroforestry, restoration ecology, keyline design, and holistic management. Large farms are also increasingly adopting such techniques, and often use "no-till" and/or "reduced till" practices.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: As soil health improves, input requirements may decrease, and crop yields may increase as soils are more resilient against extreme weather and harbor fewer pests and pathogens.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Most plans to mitigate climate change focus on "reducing greenhouse gas emissions." Regenerative agriculture, i.e. the capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by growing plants that move that carbon dioxide into the soil, is pretty nearly the only currently-functioning technology available for drawing down greenhouse gases that are already in the atmosphere, mostly through the cultivation and nurturing of forests and permanent perennial pastures and grasslands.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Regenerative agriculture is based on various agricultural and ecological practices, with a particular emphasis on minimal soil disturbance and the practice of composting. Maynard Murray had similar ideas, using sea minerals. His work led to innovations in no-till practices, such as "slash and mulch" in tropical regions. Sheet mulching is a regenerative agriculture practice that smothers weeds and adds nutrients to the soil below.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: In the early 1980s, the Rodale Institute began using the term ‘regenerative agriculture’. Rodale Publishing formed the Regenerative Agriculture Association, which began publishing regenerative agriculture books in 1987 and 1988.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: However, the institute stopped using the term in the late 1980s, and it only appeared sporadically (in 2005 and 2008), until they released a white paper in 2014, titled "Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Climate Change". The paper's summary states, "we could sequester more than 100% of current annual CO emissions with a switch to common and inexpensive organic management practices, which we term 'regenerative organic agriculture.'" The paper described agricultural practices, like crop rotation, compost application, and reduced tillage, that are similar to organic agriculture methods.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: In 2002, Storm Cunningham documented the beginning of what he called "restorative agriculture" in his first book, "The Restoration Economy". Cunningham defined restorative agriculture as a technique that rebuilds the quantity and quality of topsoil, while also restoring local biodiversity (especially native pollinators) and watershed function. Restorative agriculture was one of the eight sectors of restorative development industries/disciplines in "The Restoration Economy".


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Indigenous cultures have long been privy to the innate knowledge of many of regenerative agriculture's techniques. These practices have existed for centuries, but the term itself has only been around for some decades, and as of late, has increasingly showed up in academic research since the early to mid 2010s in the fields of environmental science, plant science, and ecology. As the term expands in use, many books have been published on the topic and several organizations started to promote regenerative agriculture techniques. Allan Savory gave a TED talk on fighting and reversing climate change in 2013. He also launched The Savory Institute, which educates ranchers on methods of holistic land management. Abe Collins created LandStream to monitor ecosystem performance in regenerative agriculture farms. Eric Toensmeier had a book published on the subject in 2016. However, researchers at Wageningen University in the Netherlands found there to be no consistent definition of what people referencing "regenerative agriculture" meant. They also found that most of the work around this topic were instead the authors' attempt at shaping what regenerative agriculture meant.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Founded in 2013, 501(c)3 non-profit Kiss the Ground was one of the first to publicize the term to a broader audience. Today the group runs a series of media, farmland, education, and policy programs to raise awareness around soil health and support farmers who aim to transition from conventional to regenerative land management practices. The film "Kiss the Ground", executive produced by Julian Lennon and Gisele Bündchen and narrated by Woody Harrelson, was released on Netflix in 2020. Soil Health Academy and Farmers Footprint are among other educational platforms based in the United States.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Several large corporations have also announced regenerative agriculture initiatives in the last few years. In 2019, General Mills announced an effort to promote regenerative agriculture practices in their supply chain. The farming practices have received criticism from academic and government experiments on sustainability in farming. In particular, Gunsmoke Farm partnered with General Mills to transition to regenerative agriculture practices and become a teaching hub for others. Experts from the area have expressed concerns about the farm now doing more harm than good, with agronomist Ruth Beck stating that "Environmental marketing got ahead of what farmers can actually do".


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: In February 2021, the regenerative agriculture market gained traction after Joe Biden's Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack made reference to it during his Senate Confirmation hearing. The Biden Administration wants to utilize $30 billion from the USDA's Commodity Credit Corporations to incentive farmers to adopt sustainable practices. Vilsack stated in the hearing, "It is a great tool for us to create the kind of structure that will inform future farm bills about what will encourage carbon sequestration, what will encourage precision agriculture, what will encourage soil health and regenerative agricultural practices." After this announcement from the Biden Administration, several national and international corporations announced initiatives into regenerative agriculture. During the House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture's first hearing on climate change, Gabe Brown, a proponent of regenerative agriculture, testified about the role of regenerative agriculture in both the economics and sustainability of farming.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: In 2021, PepsiCo announced that by 2030 they will work with the farmers in their supply chain to establish regenerative agriculture practices across their approximately 7 million acres. In 2021, Unilever announced an extensive implementation plan to incorporate regenerative agriculture throughout their supply chain. VF Corporation, the parent company of The North Face, Timberland, and Vans, announced in 2021 a partnership with Terra Genesis International to create a supply chain for their rubber that comes from sources utilizing regenerative agriculture. Nestle announced in 2021 a $1.8 billion investment in regenerative agriculture in an effort to reduce their emissions by 95%.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: A recent trend of small-scale farmers have been taking the lead in adopting regenerative agriculture principles.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Several days before the opening of 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference a report was published, sponsored by some of the biggest agricultural companies. The report was produced by Sustainable Markets Initiative an organisation of companies, trying to become climate friendly, established by the king Charles III. According to the report, Regenerative agriculture is already implemented on 15% of all cropland. Despite it the rate of transition is "far too slow" and must be tripled by the year 2030 for preventing the global temperature to pass the threshold of 1.5 degrees above preindustrial level. Agricultural practices must immediately change for not "destroying the planet". One of the authors emphasised that “The interconnection between human health and planetary health is more evident than ever before.” The authors propose a set of measures for accelerating the transition, like creating metrics for measuring how much the farming is sustainable and pay the farmers who will change their farming mode to more sustainable. They want to present their propositions in the summit.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: There are several individuals, groups, and organizations that have attempted to define what the principles of regenerative agriculture are. In their review of the existing literature on regenerative agriculture, researchers at Wageningen University created a database of 279 published research articles on regenerative agriculture. Their analysis of this database found that people using the term regenerative agriculture were using different principles to guide regenerative agriculture efforts. The 4 most consistent principles were found to be, 1) enhancing and improving soil health, 2) optimization of resource management, 3) alleviation of climate change, and 4) improvement of water quality and availability.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: The organization The Carbon Underground created a set of principles that have been signed on to by a number of non-profits and corporations including Ben & Jerry's, Annie's, and the Rodale Institute, which was one of the first organization to use the term "Regenerative Agriculture". The principles they've outlined include building soil health and fertility, increase water percolation and retention, increasing biodiversity and ecosystem health, and reducing carbon emissions and current atmospheric CO levels.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: The group Terra Genesis International based in Thailand, and VF Corporation's partner in their regenerative agriculture initiative, created a set of 4 principles, which include:


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Conventional agricultural practices such as plowing and tilling release carbon dioxide (CO) from the soil by exposing organic matter to the surface and thus promoting oxidation. It is estimated that roughly a third of the total anthropogenic inputs of CO to the atmosphere since the industrial revolution have come from the degradation of soil organic matter and that 30–75% of global soil organic matter has been lost since the advent of tillage-based farming. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with conventional soil and cropping activities represent 13.7% of anthropogenic emissions, or 1.86 Pg-C y. The raising of ruminant livestock also contributes GHGs, representing 11.6% of anthropogenic emissions, or 1.58 Pg-C y. Furthermore, runoff and siltation of water bodies associated with conventional farming practices promote eutrophication and emissions of methane.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Regenerative agriculture practices such as no-till farming, rotational grazing, mixed crop rotation, cover cropping, and the application of compost and manure have the potential to reverse this trend. No-till farming reintroduces carbon back into the soil as crop residues are pressed down when seeding. Some studies suggest that adoption of no-till practices could triple soil carbon content in less than 15 years. Additionally, 1 Pg-C y, representing roughly a fourth to a third of anthropogenic CO emissions, may be sequestered by converting croplands to no-till systems on a global scale.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Regenerative grazing management, particularly adaptive multipaddock (AMP) grazing, has been shown to reduce soil degradation compared to continuous grazing and thus has the potential to mitigate carbon emissions from soil. Crop rotation and maintenance of permanent cover crops help to reduce soil erosion as well, and in conjunction with AMP grazing, may result in net carbon sequestration. One study suggests that total conversion of livestock raising to AMP grazing practices coupled with conservation cropping has the potential to convert North American farmlands to a carbon sink, sequestering approximately 1.2 Pg-C y. Over the next 25–50 years, the cumulative sequestration potential is 30-60 Pg-C. Additions of organic manures and compost further build soil organic carbon, thus contributing to carbon sequestration potential.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: A research made by the Rodale institute suggests that a worldwide transition to regenerative agriculture can soak more than 100% of the CO2 currently emitted by people.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Soil organic matter is the primary sink of nutrients necessary for plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, sulfur, and molybdenum. Conventional tillage-based farming promotes rapid erosion and degradation of soil organic matter, depleting soil of plant nutrients and thus lowering productivity. Tillage, in conjunction with additions of inorganic fertilizer, also destroys soil microbial communities, reducing production of organic nutrients in soil. Practices that restore organic matter may be used to increase the total nutrient load of soil. For example, regenerative management of ruminant livestock in mixed-crop and grazing agroecosystems has been shown to improve soil nutrient cycling by encouraging the consumption and decomposition of residual crop biomass and promoting the recovery of nitrogen-fixing plant species. Regenerative crop management practices, namely the use of crop rotation to ensure permanent ground cover, have the potential to increase soil fertility and nutrient levels if nitrogen-fixing crops are included in the rotation. Crop rotation and rotational grazing also allow the nutrients in soil to recover between growing and grazing periods, thus further enhancing overall nutrient load and cycling.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Conventional agricultural practices are generally understood to simplify agroecosystems through introduction of monocultures and eradication of diversity in soil microbial communities through chemical fertilization. In natural ecosystems, biodiversity serves to regulate ecosystem function internally, but under conventional agricultural systems, such control is lost and requires increasing levels of external, anthropogenic input. By contrast, regenerative agriculture practices including polycultures, mixed crop rotation, cover cropping, organic soil management, and low- or no-tillage methods have been shown to increase overall species diversity while reducing pest population densities. Additionally, practices that favor organic over inorganic inputs aid in restoring below-ground biodiversity by enhancing the functioning of soil microbial communities. A survey of organic and conventional farms in Europe found that on the whole, species across several taxa were higher in richness and/or abundance on organic farms compared to conventional ones, especially species whose populations have been demonstrably harmed as a direct result of conventional agriculture.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: AMP grazing can help improve biodiversity since increased soil organic carbon stocks also promotes a diversity of soil microbial communities. Implementation of AMP in North American prairies, for example, has been correlated with an increase in forage productivity and the restoration of plant species that had previously been decimated by continuous grazing practices. Furthermore, studies of arid and semiarid regions of the world where regenerative grazing has been practiced for a long time following prior periods of continuous grazing have shown a recovery of biodiversity, grass species, and pollinator species. Furthermore, crop diversification ensures that the agroecosystem remains productive when facing lower levels of soil fertility. Higher levels of plant diversity led to increases in numerous factors that contribute to soil fertility, such as soil N, K, Ca, Mg, and C, in CEC and in soil pH.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Some members of the scientific community have criticized as exaggerated and unsupported by evidence some of the claims made by proponents of regenerative agriculture.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: One of the prominent proponents of regenerative agriculture, Allan Savory, claimed in his TED talk that holistic grazing could reduce carbon-dioxide levels to pre-industrial levels in a span of 40 years. According to Skeptical Science: "it is not possible to increase productivity, increase numbers of cattle and store carbon using any grazing strategy, never-mind Holistic Management [...] Long term studies on the effect of grazing on soil carbon storage have been done before, and the results are not promising.[...] Because of the complex nature of carbon storage in soils, increasing global temperature, risk of desertification and methane emissions from livestock, it is unlikely that Holistic Management, or any management technique, can reverse climate change."


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: According to a 2016 study published by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, the actual rate at which improved grazing management could contribute to carbon sequestration is seven times lower than the claims made by Savory. The study concludes that holistic management cannot reverse climate change. A study by the Food and Climate Research Network in 2017 concluded that Savory's claims about carbon sequestration are "unrealistic" and very different from those issued by peer-reviewed studies.


title: Regenerative agriculture

text: Tim Searchinger and Janet Ranganathan have expressed concerns about emphasis upon "Practices That Increase Soil Carbon at the Field Level" because "overestimating potential soil carbon gains could undermine efforts to advance effective climate mitigation in the agriculture sector." Instead Tim Searchinger and Janet Ranganathan say, "preserving the huge, existing reservoirs of vegetative and soil carbon in the world’s remaining forests and woody savannas by boosting productivity on existing agricultural land (a land sparing strategy) is the largest, potential climate mitigation prize of regenerative and other agricultural practices. Realizing these benefits requires implementing practices in ways that boost productivity and then linking those gains to governance and finance to protect natural ecosystems. In short, produce, protect and prosper are the most important opportunities for agriculture."


title: Blake Clark

text: Blake Clark (born February 2, 1946) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He is best known as Chet Hunter on "Boy Meets World" and Harry "The Hardware Store Guy" on "Home Improvement". Clark has voiced Slinky Dog in the "Toy Story" franchise starting with 2008's "", having inherited the role from his close friend Jim Varney, who died of lung cancer in 2000.


title: Blake Clark

text: Clark was born and raised in Macon, Georgia, on February 2, 1946. He graduated from LaGrange College in 1969 with a degree in the performing arts.


title: Blake Clark

text: Clark is a veteran of the Vietnam War, having served as a first lieutenant in the United States Army with the 5th Infantry Division. During his time in the army, Clark was also a member of the 101st Airborne Division known as the "Screaming Eagles."


title: Blake Clark

text: He has been cast in numerous Adam Sandler films including "The Waterboy", "Little Nicky", "Mr. Deeds", "Eight Crazy Nights", "50 First Dates", "I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry", "Bedtime Stories", "Grown Ups", and "That's My Boy". He has also made guest appearances in numerous television series, including "Home Improvement", "Boy Meets World", "The Jamie Foxx Show", "The Drew Carey Show", "Girl Meets World", and "Community". He was also Fred the chauffeur in "Remington Steele". Starting with "Toy Story 3", Clark has voiced Slinky Dog in the "Toy Story" franchise, in place of his close friend Jim Varney, Slinky's original voice actor in the first two films, who died of lung cancer on February 10, 2000. When "Toy Story 3" was still in production after Varney had died, Pixar searched for someone who sounded like Varney and fortunately found Clark, who "very much captures the essence and spirit of Slinky Dog's character."


title: Blake Clark

text: Clark is married to his wife Sharon. Together, they have two sons, one of whom, Travis Clark, is also a comedian.


title: Bro Code

text: In popular culture, the Bro Code is a friendship etiquette to be followed among men or, more specifically, among members of the bro subculture. The term was invented and popularized by Barney Stinson, a character from the television show "How I Met Your Mother". Katherine Connor Martin, head of content creation at Oxford Dictionaries, recognized Stinson as "the quintessence of a certain iteration of the contemporary bro".


title: Bro Code

text: The notion of an unwritten set of rules that govern the relationship between male friends is present in American popular culture at least since 1991. In the "Seinfeld" episode "The Stranded", which aired on November 27 that year, Jerry Seinfeld says the following monologue, in one of his stand-up bits:


title: Bro Code

text: "Bros before hoes" (that is, "man friends before women") is a well-known, slang expression about how men should not abandon their male friends for women they are interested in.


title: Bro Code

text: The "bros before hoes" expression is often regarded as the "golden rule" of male friendship, and it has been common slang at least since 2001. It was later used by "The Office" character Michael Scott in "A Benihana Christmas" in 2006, and further popularized by the TV show character Barney Stinson from "How I Met Your Mother".


title: Bro Code

text: Inspired by the notion of Bro Code that they developed in their sitcom, "How I Met Your Mother" creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas, and one of the show's writers, Matt Kuhn, wrote a book called "The Bro Code". Published by Simon & Schuster, the book covers 150 rules written in articles of what "bros" should or should not do. The book was penned by Barney Stinson and also credited with Kuhn, who also wrote the entries of Barney's blog, mentioned in the series. The book was first shown in the episode "The Goat". Greig Dymond of CBC.ca calls the book "a tongue-in-cheek guide to etiquette for horn-dog dudes." At the end of each episode, a vanity card is used to display a random rule from the Bro Code, similar to what is done on Chuck Lorre–produced shows.


title: British Rail

text: British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most of the overground rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. It was formed from the nationalisation of the Big Four British railway companies, and was privatised in stages between 1994 and 1997. Originally a trading brand of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission, it became an independent statutory corporation in January 1963, when it was formally renamed the British Railways Board.


title: British Rail

text: The period of nationalisation saw sweeping changes in the railway. A process of dieselisation and electrification took place, and by 1968 steam locomotives had been entirely replaced by diesel and electric traction, except for the Vale of Rheidol Railway (a narrow-gauge tourist line). Passengers replaced freight as the main source of business, and one-third of the network was closed by the Beeching cuts of the 1960s in an effort to reduce rail subsidies.


title: British Rail

text: On privatisation, responsibility for track, signalling and stations was transferred to Railtrack (which was later brought under public control as Network Rail) and that for trains to the train operating companies.


title: British Rail

text: The British Rail Double Arrow logo was formed of two interlocked arrows showing the direction of travel on a double track railway and was nicknamed "the arrow of indecision". It is now employed as a generic symbol on street signs in Great Britain denoting railway stations, and is still printed on railway tickets as part of the Rail Delivery Group's jointly managed National Rail brand.


title: British Rail

text: The rail transport system in Great Britain developed during the 19th century. After the grouping of 1923 under the Railways Act 1921, there were four large railway companies, each dominating its own geographic area: the Great Western Railway (GWR), the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) and the Southern Railway (SR). During World War I, the railways were under state control, which continued until 1921. Complete nationalisation had been considered, and the Railways Act 1921 is sometimes considered as a precursor to that, but the concept was rejected. Nationalisation was subsequently carried out after World War II, under the Transport Act 1947. This Act made provision for the nationalisation of the network as part of a policy of nationalising public services by Clement Attlee's Labour Government. British Railways came into existence as the business name of the Railway Executive of the British Transport Commission (BTC) on 1 January 1948 when it took over the assets of the Big Four.


title: British Rail

text: There were also joint railways between the Big Four and a few light railways to consider (see list of constituents of British Railways). Excluded from nationalisation were industrial lines like the Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway. The London Underground – publicly owned since 1933 – was also nationalised, becoming the London Transport Executive of the British Transport Commission. The Bicester Military Railway was already run by the government. The electric Liverpool Overhead Railway was also excluded from nationalisation.


title: British Rail

text: The Railway Executive was conscious that some lines on the (then very dense) network were unprofitable and hard to justify socially, and a programme of closures began almost immediately after nationalisation. However, the general financial position of BR became gradually poorer until an operating loss was recorded in 1955. The Executive itself had been abolished in 1953 by the Conservative government, and control of BR transferred to the parent Commission. Other changes to the British Transport Commission at the same time included the return of road haulage to the private sector; however, BR retained its own (smaller) inhouse road haulage service.


title: British Rail

text: The report, latterly known as the "Modernisation Plan", was published in January 1955. It was intended to bring the railway system into the 20th century. A government White Paper produced in 1956 stated that modernisation would help eliminate BR's financial deficit by 1962, but the figures in both this and the original plan were produced for political reasons and not based on detailed analysis. The aim was to increase speed, reliability, safety, and line capacity through a series of measures that would make services more attractive to passengers and freight operators, thus recovering traffic lost to the roads. Important areas included:


title: British Rail

text: The government appeared to endorse the 1955 programme (costing £1.2 billion), but did so largely for political reasons. This included the withdrawal of steam traction and its replacement by diesel (and some electric) locomotives. Not all modernisations would be effective at reducing costs. The dieselisation programme gave contracts primarily to British suppliers, who had limited experience of diesel locomotive manufacture, and rushed commissioning based on an expectation of rapid electrification; this resulted in numbers of locomotives with poor designs and a lack of standardisation. At the same time, containerised freight was being developed. The marshalling yard building programme was a failure, being based on a belief in the continued viability of wagon-load traffic in the face of increasingly effective road competition, and lacking effective forward planning or realistic assessments of future freight. A 2002 documentary broadcast on BBC Radio 4 blamed the 1950s decisions for the "beleaguered" condition of the railway system at that time.


title: British Rail

text: During the late 1950s, railway finances continued to worsen; whilst passenger numbers grew after restoring many services reduced during the war, and in 1959 the government stepped in, limiting the amount the BTC could spend without ministerial authority. A White Paper proposing reorganisation was published in the following year, and a new structure was brought into effect by the Transport Act 1962. This abolished the commission and replaced it by several separate boards. These included a British Railways Board, which took over on 1 January 1963.


title: British Rail

text: Following semi-secret discussions on railway finances by the government-appointed Stedeford Committee in 1961, one of its members, Dr Richard Beeching, was offered the post of chairing the BTC while it lasted and then became the first Chairman of the British Railways Board.


title: British Rail

text: A major traffic census in April 1961, which lasted one week, was used in the compilation of a report on the future of the network. This report—"The Reshaping of British Railways"—was published by the BRB in March 1963. The proposals, which became known as the Beeching cuts, were dramatic. A third of all passenger services and more than 4,000 of the 7,000 stations would close. Beeching, who is thought to have been the author of most of the report, set out some dire figures. One third of the network was carrying just 1% of the traffic. Of the 18,000 passenger coaches, 6,000 were said to be used only 18 times a year or less. Although maintaining them cost between £3m and £4m a year, they earned only about £0.5m.


title: British Rail

text: Most of the closures were carried out between 1963 and 1970 (including some which were not listed in the report), while other suggested closures were not carried out. The closures were heavily criticised at the time. A small number of stations and lines closed under the Beeching programme have been reopened, with further reopenings proposed.


title: British Rail

text: A second Beeching report, "The Development of the Major Trunk Routes", followed in 1965. This did not recommend closures as such but outlined a "network for development". The fate of the rest of the network was not discussed in the report.


title: British Rail

text: The basis for calculating passenger fares changed in 1964. In future, fares on some routes—such as rural, holiday and commuter services—would be set at a higher level than on other routes; previously, fares had been calculated using a simple rate for the distance travelled, which at the time was 3d per mile second class, and 4½d per mile first class (equivalent to £ and £ respectively, in ).


title: British Rail

text: In 1966, a "Whites only" recruitment policy for guards at Euston station was dropped after the case of Asquith Xavier, a migrant from Dominica, who had been refused promotion on those grounds, was raised in Parliament and taken up by the then Secretary of State for Transport, Barbara Castle.


title: British Rail

text: Passenger levels decreased steadily from 1962 to the late 1970s, and reached a low in 1982. Network improvements included completing electrification of the Great Eastern Main Line from London to Norwich between 1976 and 1986 and the East Coast Main Line from London to Edinburgh between 1985 and 1990. A mainline route closure during this period of relative network stability was the 1500 V DC-electrified Woodhead line between Manchester and Sheffield: passenger service ceased in 1970 and goods in 1981.


title: British Rail

text: The 1980s and 1990s saw the closure of some railways which had survived the Beeching cuts a generation earlier but which had seen passenger services withdrawn. This included the bulk of the Chester and Connah's Quay Railway in 1992, the Brierley Hill to Walsall section of the South Staffordshire line in 1993, while the Birmingham to Wolverhampton section of the Great Western Railway was closed in three phases between 1972 and 1992.


title: British Rail

text: A further British Rail report from a committee chaired by Sir David Serpell was published in 1983. The Serpell Report made no recommendations as such but did set out various options for the network, including, at their most extreme, a skeletal system of less than 2000 route km. This report was not welcomed, and the government decided to quietly leave it on the shelf. Meanwhile, BR was gradually reorganised, with the regional structure finally being abolished and replaced with business-led sectors. This process, known as "sectorisation", led to far greater customer focus on the dedicated sectors.


title: British Rail

text: Following the election of Labour in 1964, on a platform of revising many of the cuts, Tom Fraser instead authorised the closure 1,071 mi of railway lines, following the recommendations from the "Beeching Report" even lines not considered closing. After he resigned in 1967, his replacement Barbara Castle continued the line and station closures but introduced the first Government rail subsidies for socially necessary but unprofitable railways in the Transport Act 1968. Part of these provisions was the creation of a passenger transport executive or PTE within larger metropolitan areas. Prior to this, public transport was run by individual local authorities and private companies, with little co-ordination. The PTEs took over the responsibility (but not ownership) of managing local rail networks.


title: British Rail

text: This was the first real subdivision of BR since its inception in 1949, and likely saved many lines earmarked for closure, notably the Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway, which now forms part of the Merseyrail network.


title: British Rail

text: Upon sectorisation in 1982, three passenger sectors were created: InterCity, operating principal express services; London & South East (renamed Network SouthEast in 1986) operating commuter services in the London area; Provincial (renamed Regional Railways in 1989) responsible for all other passenger services. In the metropolitan counties local services were managed by the Passenger Transport Executives. Provincial was the most subsidised (per passenger km) of the three sectors; upon formation, its costs were four times its revenue. During the 1980s British Rail ran the Rail Riders membership club aimed at 5- to 15-year-olds.


title: British Rail

text: Because British Railways was such a large operation, running not just railways but also ferries, steamships and hotels, it has been considered difficult to analyse the effects of nationalisation.


title: British Rail

text: Prices rose quickly in this period, rising 108% in real terms from 1979 to 1994, as prices rose by 262% but RPI only increased by 154% in the same time.


title: British Rail

text: Following nationalisation in 1948, British Railways began to adapt the corporate liveries on the rolling stock it had inherited from its predecessor railway companies. Initially, an express blue (followed by GWR-style Brunswick green in 1952) was used on passenger locomotives, and LNWR-style lined black for mixed-traffic locomotives, but later green was more widely adopted.


title: British Rail

text: Development of a corporate identity for the organisation was hampered by the competing ambitions of the British Transport Commission and the Railway Executive. The Executive attempted to introduce a modern Art Deco-style curved logo, which could also serve as the standard for station signage totems. BR eventually adopted the common branding of the BTC as its first corporate logo, a lion astride a spoked wheel, designed for the BTC by Cecil Thomas; on the bar overlaid across the wheel, the BTC's name was replaced with the words "British Railways". This logo, nicknamed the "Cycling Lion", was applied from 1948 to 1956 to the sides of locomotives, while the oval style was adopted for station signs across Great Britain, each coloured according to the appropriate BR region, using the Gill Sans font first adopted by LNER in 1923.


title: British Rail

text: In 1956, the BTC was granted a heraldic achievement by the College of Arms and the Lord Lyon, and then BTC chairman Brian Robertson wanted a grander logo for the railways. BR's second corporate logo (1956–1965), designed in consultation with Charles Franklyn, adapted the original, depicting a rampant lion emerging from a heraldic crown and holding a spoked wheel, all enclosed in a roundel with the "British Railways" name displayed across a bar on either side. This emblem soon acquired the nickname of the "Ferret and Dartboard". A variant of the logo with the name in a circle was also used on locomotives.


title: British Rail

text: The zeal for modernisation in the Beeching era drove the next rebranding exercise, and BR management wished to divest the organisation of anachronistic, heraldic motifs and develop a corporate identity to rival that of London Transport. BR's design panel set up a working party led by Milner Gray of the Design Research Unit. They drew up a Corporate Identity Manual which established a coherent brand and design standard for the whole organisation, specifying Rail Blue and pearl grey as the standard colour scheme for all rolling stock; Rail Alphabet as the standard corporate typeface, designed by Jock Kinneir and Margaret Calvert; and introducing the now-iconic corporate Identity Symbol of the Double Arrow logo. Designed by Gerald Barney (also of the DRU), this arrow device was formed of two interlocked arrows across two parallel lines, symbolising a double-track railway. It was likened to a bolt of lightning or barbed wire, and also acquired a nickname: "the arrow of indecision". A mirror image of the double arrow was used on the port side of BR-owned Sealink ferry funnels. The new BR corporate identity and Double Arrow were rolled out in 1965, and the brand name of the organisation was truncated to "British Rail".


title: British Rail

text: The uniformity of BR branding continued until the process of sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s. Certain BR operations such as Inter-City, Network SouthEast, Regional Railways or Railfreight began to adopt their own identities, introducing logos and colour schemes which were essentially variants of the British Rail brand. Eventually, as sectorisation developed into a prelude to privatisation, the unified British Rail brand disappeared, with the notable exception of the Double Arrow symbol, which has survived to this day and serves as a generic trademark to denote railway services across Great Britain. The BR Corporate Identity Manual is noted as a piece of British design history and there are plans for it to be re-published.


title: British Rail

text: With its creation in 1948, British Railways was divided into regions which were initially based on the areas the former Big Four operated in; later, several lines were transferred between regions. Notably, these included the former Great Central lines from the Eastern Region to the London Midland Region, and the West of England Main Line from the Southern Region to Western Region


title: British Rail

text: In 1982, the regions were abolished as the service provider (but retained for administration) and replaced by "business sectors", a process known as sectorisation.


title: British Rail

text: The maintenance and remaining engineering works were split off into a new company, British Rail Maintenance Limited. The new sectors were further subdivided into divisions.


title: British Rail

text: This ended the BR blue period as new liveries were adopted gradually. Infrastructure remained the responsibility of the regions until the "Organisation for Quality" initiative in 1991 when this too was transferred to the sectors. The Anglia Region was created in late 1987, its first General Manager being John Edmonds, who began his appointment on 19 October 1987. Full separation from the Eastern Region – apart from engineering design needs – occurred on 29 April 1988. It handled the services from and , its western boundary being , and .


title: British Rail

text: The former BR network, with the trunk routes of the West Coast Main Line, East Coast Main Line, Great Western Main Line, Great Eastern Main Line and Midland Main Line, and other lines.


title: British Rail

text: Policing on (and within) the network was carried out British Transport Police (BTP). In 1947 the Transport Act created the British Transport Commission (BTC), which unified the railway system. On 1 January 1949, the British Transport Commission Police (BTCP) were created, formed from the four old railway police forces, the London Transport Police, canal police and several minor dock forces. In 1957 the Maxwell-Johnson enquiry found that policing requirements for the railway could not be met by civil forces and that it was essential that a specialist police force be retained. On 1 January 1962, the British Transport Commission Police ceased to cover British Waterways property and exactly a year later when the BTC was abolished the name of the force was amended to the British Transport Police. This name and its role within policing on the rail network was continued post-1994.


title: British Rail

text: Despite its nationalisation in 1947 "as one of the 'commanding heights' of the economy", according to some sources British Rail was not profitable for most (if not all) of its history. Newspapers reported that as recently as the 1990s, public rail subsidy was counted as profit; as early as 1961, British Railways were losing £300,000 a day.


title: British Rail

text: Although the company was considered the sole public-transport option in many rural areas, the Beeching cuts made buses the only public transport available in some rural areas. Despite increases in traffic congestion and road fuel prices beginning to rise in the 1990s, British Rail remained unprofitable. Following sectorisation, InterCity became profitable. InterCity became one of Britain's top 150 companies, providing city centre to city centre travel across the nation from Aberdeen and Inverness in the north to Poole and Penzance in the south.


title: British Rail

text: In 1979 the incoming Conservative Government led by Margaret Thatcher was viewed as anti-railway, and did not want to commit public money to the railways. However, British Rail was allowed to spend its own money with government approval. This led to a number of electrification projects being given the go-ahead, including the East Coast Main Line, the spur from Doncaster to Leeds, and the lines in East Anglia out of London Liverpool Street to Norwich and King's Lynn. The list with approximate completion dates includes:


title: British Rail

text: In the Southwest, the South West Main Line from Bournemouth to Weymouth was electrified along with other infill 750 V DC 3rd rail electrification in the south. In 1988, the line to Aberdare was reopened. A British Rail advertisement ("Britain's Railway", directed by Hugh Hudson) featured some of the best-known railway structures in Britain, including the Forth Rail Bridge, Royal Albert Bridge, Glenfinnan Viaduct and London Paddington station. London Liverpool Street station was rebuilt, opened by Queen Elizabeth II, and a new station was constructed at Stansted Airport in 1991. The following year, the Maesteg line was reopened. In 1988, the Windsor Link Line, Manchester was constructed and has proven to be an important piece of infrastructure.


title: British Rail

text: Before the introduction of APTIS (Accountancy and Passenger Ticket Issuing System), British Rail used the Edmondson railway ticket, first introduced in the 1840s and phased out in the early 1970s. Tickets issued from British Rail's APTIS system had a considerable amount of information presented in a consistent, standard format. The design for all tickets was created by Colin Goodall. This format has formed the basis for all subsequent ticket issuing systems introduced on the railway network – ticket-office-based, self-service and conductor-operated machines alike. APTIS survived in widespread use for twenty years but, in the early 2000s, was largely replaced by more modern PC-based ticketing systems. Some APTIS machines in the Greater London area were modified as APTIS-ANT (with no obvious difference to the ticket issued) to make them Oyster card compatible. The last APTIS machines were removed at the end of 2006 as there was no option to upgrade them to accept Chip and PIN credit card payments. The last APTIS-ANT ticket to be issued in the UK using one of the machines was at Upminster station on 21 March 2007.


title: British Rail

text: Before the rail network was privatised, British Rail introduced several discount cards through the APTIS that were available to certain demographics, issued either by National or Regional schemes:


title: British Rail

text: In 1989, the narrow-gauge Vale of Rheidol Railway was preserved, becoming the first part of British Rail to be privatised.


title: British Rail

text: Between 1994 and 1997, British Rail was privatised. Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack on 1 April 1994. Passenger operations were later franchised to 25 private-sector operators. Of the six freight companies, five were sold to Wisconsin Central to form EWS while Freightliner was sold in a management buyout.


title: British Rail

text: The Waterloo & City line, part of Network SouthEast, was not included in the privatisation and was transferred to London Underground in April 1994. The remaining obligations of British Rail were transferred to BRB (Residuary) Limited.


title: British Rail

text: The privatisation, proposed by the Conservative government in 1992, was opposed by the Labour Party and the rail unions. Although Labour initially proposed to reverse privatisation, the New Labour manifesto of 1997 instead opposed Conservative plans to privatise the London Underground. Rail unions have historically opposed privatisation, but former Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen general secretary Lew Adams moved to work for Virgin Rail Group, and said on a 2004 radio phone-in programme: "All the time it was in the public sector, all we got were cuts, cuts, cuts. And today, there are more members in the trade union, more train drivers, and more trains running. The reality is that it worked, we’ve protected jobs, and we got more jobs."


title: British Rail

text: The narrow-gauge Vale of Rheidol Railway in Ceredigion, Wales, became part of British Railways at nationalisation. Although built as a working railway, in 1948 the line was principally a tourist attraction. British Rail operated the line using steam locomotives long after the withdrawal of standard-gauge steam. The line's three steam locomotives were the only ones to receive TOPS serial numbers and be painted in BR Rail Blue livery with the double arrow logo. The Vale of Rheidol Railway was privatised in 1989 and continues to operate as a private heritage railway.


title: British Rail

text: Other preserved lines, or heritage railways, have reopened lines previously closed by British Rail. These range from picturesque rural branch lines like the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway to sections of mainline such as the Great Central Railway. Many have links to the National Rail network, both at station interchanges, for example, the Severn Valley Railway between and Kidderminster Town, and physical rail connections like the Watercress Line at .


title: British Rail

text: Although most are operated solely as leisure amenities, some also provide educational resources, and a few have ambitions to restore commercial services over routes abandoned by the nationalised industry.


title: British Rail

text: British Railways operated ships from its formation in 1948 on several routes. Many ships were acquired on nationalisation, and others were built for operation by British Railways or its later subsidiary, Sealink. Those ships capable of carrying rail vehicles were classed under TOPS as Class 99.


title: British Rail

text: Sealink was originally the brand name for the ferry services of British Rail in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Services to France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were run by Sealink UK as part of the Sealink consortium, which also used ferries owned by French national railways (SNCF), the Belgian Maritime Transport Authority Regie voor Maritiem Transport/Regie des transports maritimes (RMT/RTM) and the Dutch Stoomvaart Maatschappij Zeeland (Zeeland Steamship Company).


title: British Rail

text: Historically, the shipping services were exclusively an extension of the railways across the English Channel and the Irish Sea in order to provide through, integrated services to mainland Europe and Ireland. As international travel became more popular in the late 1960s and before air travel became generally affordable, the responsibility for shipping services was taken away from the British Rail Regions and, in 1969, centralised in a new division – British Rail Shipping and International Services Division.


title: British Rail

text: With the advent of car ferry services, the old passenger-only ferries were gradually replaced by roll-on/roll-off ships, catering for motorists and rail passengers as well as road freight. However, given that there was now competition in the form of other ferry companies offering crossings to motorists, it became necessary to market the services in a normal business fashion (as opposed to the previous almost monopolistic situation). Thus, with the other partners mentioned above, the brand name Sealink was introduced for the consortium.


title: British Rail

text: In the late 1960s, as demand for international rail travel declined and the shipping business became almost exclusively dependent on passenger and freight vehicle traffic, the ferry business was incorporated as Sealink UK Limited on 1 January 1979, a wholly owned subsidiary of the British Railways Board, but still part of the Sealink consortium. In 1979, Sealink acquired Manx Line, which offered services to the Isle of Man from Heysham.


title: British Rail

text: On 27 July 1984 the UK Government sold Sealink UK Limited to Sea Containers for £66m and the company was renamed Sealink British Ferries. The sale excluded the operations of Hoverspeed, the Isle of Wight services and the share in the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company, as well as the Port of Heysham. In 1996, the Sealink name disappeared when the UK services, by then owned by Stena, were re-branded as Stena Line. The agreement with the SNCF on the Dover to Calais route also ended at this time, and the French-run Sealink services were rebranded as SeaFrance.


title: British Rail

text: The joint hovercraft services of British Rail in association with the French SNCF. British Rail Hovercraft Limited was established in 1965, under authority given to it by the British Railways Act 1967 and started its first service in 1966. Sea speed started cross-Channel services from Dover to Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer, France using SR-N4 hovercraft in August 1968.


title: British Rail

text: Incorporated on 31 October 1969, British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL) was a wholly owned railway systems engineering subsidiary of the British Railways Board. Created through the Transport Act 1968, to manage BR's thirteen workshops, it replaced the British Rail Workshops Division, which had existed since 1948. The works managed by BREL were Ashford, Crewe, Derby Locomotive Works, Derby Litchurch Lane, Doncaster, Eastleigh, Glasgow, Horwich Foundry, Shildon, Swindon, Temple Mills, Wolverton and York. BREL began trading in January 1970. In 1989 BREL was sold to a consortium of Asea Brown Boveri and Trafalgar House.


title: British Rail

text: A family of railway carriages designed and built by British Rail workshops (from 1969 British Rail Engineering Limited) between 1964 and 1975. They were of steel construction.


title: British Rail

text: In the 1970s, British Rail developed tilting train technology in the Advanced Passenger Train; there had been earlier experiments and prototypes in other countries, notably Italy. The objective of the tilt was to minimise the discomfort to passengers caused by taking the curves of the West Coast Main Line at high speed. The APT also had hydrokinetic brakes, which enabled the train to stop from 150 mph within existing signal spacings.


title: British Rail

text: The introduction into service of the Advanced Passenger Train was to be a three-stage project. Phase 1, the development of an experimental APT (APT-E), was completed. This used a gas turbine-electric locomotive, the only multiple unit so powered that was used by British Rail. It was formed of two power cars (numbers PC1 and PC2), initially with nothing between them and later, two trailer cars (TC1 and TC2). The cars were made of aluminium to reduce the weight of the unit and were articulated. The gas turbine was dropped from development due to excessive noise and the high fuel costs of the late 1970s. The APT-E first ran on 25 July 1971. The train drivers' union, ASLEF, black-listed the train due to its use of a single driver. The train was moved to Derby (with the aid of a locomotive inspector). This triggered a one-day strike by ASLEF that cost BR more than the research budget for the entire year.


title: British Rail

text: Phase 2, the introduction of three prototype trains (APT-P) into revenue service on the Glasgow – London Euston route, did occur. Originally, there were to have been eight APT-P sets running, with minimal differences between them and the main fleet. However, financial constraints led to only three being authorised after two years of discussion by the British Railways Board. The cost was split equally between the Board and the Ministry of Transport. After these delays, considerable pressure grew to put the APT-P into revenue-service before they were fully ready. This inevitably led to high-profile failures as a result of technical problems.


title: British Rail

text: These failures led to the trains being withdrawn from service while the problems were ironed out. However, by this time, managerial and political support had evaporated. Consequently, phase 3, the introduction of the Squadron fleet (APT-S), did not occur, and the project ended in 1982.


title: British Rail

text: Although the APT never properly entered service, the experience gained enabled the construction of other high-speed trains. The APT powercar technology was imported without the tilt into the design of the Class 91 locomotives, and the tilting technology was incorporated into Italian State Railway's "Pendolino" trains, which first entered service in 1987.


title: British Rail

text: The InterCity 125, or High-Speed Train, was a diesel-powered passenger train built by British Rail Engineering Limited between 1975 and 1982 that was credited with saving British Rail. Each set is made up of two Class 43 power cars, one at each end and four to nine Mark 3 carriages. The name is derived from its top operational speed of .


title: British Rail

text: The prototype InterCity 125 (power cars 43000 and 43001) set the world speed record for diesel traction at on 12 June 1973. This was succeeded by a production set reaching in November 1987.


title: British Rail

text: By the early 1980s British Rail operated a large fleet of first generation DMUs, which had been constructed in prior decades to various designs. While formulating its long-term strategy for this sector of its operations, British Rail planners recognised that there would be considerable costs incurred by undertaking refurbishment programmes necessary for the continued use of these ageing multiple units, particularly due to the necessity of handling and removing hazardous materials such as asbestos. In light of the high costs involved in retention, planners examined the prospects for the development and introduction of a new generation of DMUs to succeed the first generation.


title: British Rail

text: In 1984/1985, two experimental DMU designs were put into service: the British Rail Engineering Limited built Class 150 and Metro-Cammell built Class 151. Both of these used hydraulic transmission and were less bus-like than the Pacers. After trials, Class 150 was selected for production, entering service from 1987. Reliability was much improved by the new units, with depot visits being reduced from two or three times a week to fortnightly.


title: British Rail

text: The late 1980s and early 1990s also saw the development of secondary express services that complemented the mainline Intercity routes. Class 155 and Class 156 Sprinters were developed to replace locomotive-hauled trains on these services, their interiors being designed with longer distance journeys in mind. Key Scottish and Trans-Pennine routes were upgraded with new Class 158 Express Sprinters, while a network of 'Alphaline' services was introduced elsewhere in the country.


title: British Rail

text: By the end of the 1980s, passenger numbers had increased and costs had been reduced to two-and-a-half times revenue.


title: British Rail

text: Under the process of British Rail's privatisation, operations were split into 125 companies between 1994 and 1997. The ownership and operation of the infrastructure of the railway system was taken over by Railtrack. The Telecomms infrastructure and British Rail Telecommunications was sold to Racal, which in turn was sold to Global Crossing and merged with Thales Group. The rolling stock was transferred to three private rolling stock companies (ROSCOs); Angel Trains, Eversholt Rail Group and Porterbrook. Passenger services were divided into 25 operating companies, which were let on a franchise basis for a set period, whilst freight services were sold off completely. Dozens of smaller engineering and maintenance companies were also created and sold off.


title: British Rail

text: British Rail's passenger services came to an end upon the franchising of ScotRail with the last service being a "Caledonian Sleeper" service from Glasgow and Edinburgh to London on 31 March 1997. The final service it operated was a Railfreight Distribution freight train from Dollands Moor to Wembley on 20 November 1997. The British Railways Board continued in existence as a corporation until early 2001, when it was replaced by the Strategic Rail Authority as part of the implementation of the Transport Act 2000.


title: British Rail

text: Since privatisation, many groups have campaigned for the renationalisation of UK Rail services, most notably 'Bring Back British Rail'. Various interested parties also have views on the privatisation of British Rail.


title: British Rail

text: The renationalisation of the railways of Britain continues to have popular support. Polls in 2012 and 2013 showed 70% and 66% support for renationalisation, respectively.


title: British Rail

text: Due to rail franchises sometimes lasting over a decade, full renationalisation would take years unless compensation was paid to terminate contracts early.


title: British Rail

text: When the infrastructure-owning company Railtrack ceased trading in 2002, the Labour government set up the not-for-dividend company Network Rail to take over the duties rather than renationalise this part of the network. However, in September 2014, Network Rail was reclassified as a central government body, adding around £34 billion to public sector net debt. This reclassification had been requested by the Office for Budget Responsibility to comply with pan-European accounting standard ESA10.


title: British Rail

text: The Green party has committed to bringing the railways 'back into public ownership' and has maintained this impetus when other parties argued to maintain the status quo. In 2016, Green MP, Caroline Lucas, put forward a Bill that would have seen the rail network fall back into public ownership step by step, as franchises come up for expiry.


title: British Rail

text: Under Jeremy Corbyn (2015–2020), the Labour Party pledged to gradually renationalise British Rail franchises if elected, as and when their private contracts expire, creating a "People's Railway". In a pledge during his successful leadership campaign to succeed Corbyn, Keir Starmer said that renationalising rail would remain as Labour Party policy under his leadership. Following the COVID-19 pandemic decimating franchise revenues and making them unviable, in 2021 the government announced it would take back responsibility for the operations of passenger services through Great British Railways with service provision to be contracted to private operators.


title: British Rail

text: In 1989, the ITV sketch show "Spitting Image" parodied Hugh Hudson's 1988 "British Rail, Britain's Railway" advert on the plans of the then Conservative British Government to privatise the railways featuring many of the show's puppets (including the show's portrayal of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher), numerous BR trains and landmarks and even a cardboard cutout of Thomas the Tank Engine.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Brahmotsavam () is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language family melodrama film written and directed by Srikanth Addala. The film was co-produced by Prasad V. Potluri under the banner PVP cinema in association with G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment. It starts Mahesh Babu, Kajal Aggarwal, Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Pranitha Subhash. Gopi Sundar scored the film while Mickey J. Meyer composed the film's soundtrack album. R. Rathnavelu and Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao handled the film's cinematography and editing respectively.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The film's story was based on the lines of Addala's previous directorial "Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu" (2013), which also featured Mahesh Babu and samantha Ruth Prabhu. The plot follows Babu, the son of a reputed entrepreneur and a well-respected person in the family, who was engaged to his cross-cousin, but falls in love with an NRI. However, after his cousin's father learns this, it leads to tension in the family, while Babu hopes to bring peace.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Addala worked on the film's script for more than a year, announced on collaborating for a new project with Babu in October 2014. Babu signed this project before the completion of his previous film "Srimanthudu" (2015). The film was launched on 31 May 2015, whereas principal photography commenced in August 2015. Major portions of the film were shot at the Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad, with filming also took place in Ooty, Chennai and Varanasi, before the shooting process being wrapped in March 2016. Released on 20 May 2016, the film received highly negative response from both critics and the audience for its bad direction, screenplay, illogical and disjointed sequences & character design of the actors. and was a box office bomb, grossing only 63.70 crore amidst a budget of 75 crore.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Chantibabu, a well established paint business entrepreneur and well-respected persona in family and society, lives in Vijayawada with his wife Mahalakshmi and son Babu, a friendly and charming bachelor who looks after his father's business. His younger daughter lives in London with her husband. Mahalakshmi's four stepbrothers run the business with Chantibabu. Although their families live in different houses, they celebrate every occasion together.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Peddabbai, Mahalakshmi's eldest stepbrother, is envious about his brother-in-law's fame as his father lends Chantibabu for his business establishment. Everyone confers the credit to Chantibabu. Peddabbai stays separate from the crowd and celebration. His wife Rajyalakshmi suggests marrying their daughter to Babu to reduce his pain. Peddabbai struggles on how to put this idea in front of his brother-in-law. Chantibabu learns of his intentions and decides to speak with Babu.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Kasi Annapurna, a free-spirited NRI from Australia arrives in India. Her father was a friend to Chantibabu and drops her at their home. Babu and Kasi develop feelings for each other but differ on the idea of living with family as Kasi loves to live more individually and wants to explore more in life. The family goes on a tour to Ooty, where Kasi expresses her thoughts to Babu, and they decide to break up. Before bidding goodbye, the two kiss. Peddabbai then leaves Ooty. This worries Chantibabu, so he calls everyone home to settle down the disturbances. Peddabbai bursts out on Chantibabu and asks to leave him and his family. Saddened, Chantibabu dies.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Babu's sister's friend from London, visits the family while on her way to Brahmotsavam. Babu tries to rebuild the relation with Peddabbai, which does not work. He leaves for a road trip with her. He meets, interacts, and shares experiences with his distant relatives of seven generations. In the due course, Babu and his sister's friend get closer and meet Peddabbai, who is now a big shot. Pranitha is about to get hooked with a minister's son. Peddabbai willingly does this to show off but wants Babu to be his son-in-law. Peddabbai asks her to leave Babu for the sake of his daughter. Respecting his words, she leaves for Brahmotsavam, kissing Babu tearfully. Peddabbai decides to go after the minister's son alliance. He holds a grand wedding and does not invite Babu and Mahalakshmi.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: In order to keep his father's pride, Babu and Mahalakshmi go to the marriage. Peddabbai insults them. After a series of confrontations, he learns that Chantibabu has left the whole property on his name, stating "Peddabbai was there in each and every moment of his life, in his good and bad times, and he is completely worth it". Peddabbai cries kneel-down in front of Babu and apologises to him. Things return to normal, and the whole family goes to Brahmotsavam to talk to Babu's love interest about Babu and her wedding.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: A source close to director Srikanth Addala told IANS in mid October 2014 that Addala would collaborate with Mahesh Babu for a film. Babu was impressed with Addala's new script and accepted to work with him after completing his existing commitments. Addala worked on the film's script for more than a year. The filming was expected to begin in May 2015 once Babu completes the shoot of "Srimanthudu" (2015). The film was tentatively titled as "Brahmotsavam" and Addala said in late December 2014 that it would be a family drama adding that he would begin the casting process soon.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Prasad V. Potluri accepted to bankroll the film under the banner PVP Cinema and wanted Babu to sign a three-film deal once he returns from his holiday in Dubai; this film being the first of the three and the remaining two in 2016. On 8 January 2015, Addala told IANS that the film is almost confirmed and added that it is too early to share any more information. Babu chose to act in this film disregard to the box office performance of Addala's previous film "Mukunda" (2014) and the film was expected to be a romantic entertainer. Mickey J. Meyer was signed in on to compose the film's music.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: R. Rathnavelu was confirmed as the film's director of photography in early May 2015. A special logo of the film's title featuring both Venkateswara feet and a poorna kumbham in addition was released on 30 May 2015, a day before the official launch ceremony. The poster confirmed A. Sreekar Prasad and Thota Tharani as the film's editor and art director respectively. An official statement from the makers confirmed that the film would be a bilingual shot simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil with the same title, marking Babu's first direct Tamil film. After opining that the script has the potential to commercially succeed in both the languages without making much changes, Babu accepted the proposal of a Telugu-Tamil bilingual. However, the plan was later on dropped.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The makers tried to approach Rajinikanth for a brief yet key role as per the film's script. They approached Rakul Preet Singh to play the female lead and she evinced interest to be a part of the film after the first round of discussions. The film's team announced a casting call on 4 March 2015 for male and female characters; the requirements being an age group of 15 – 50 years and four photographs two full size and close up photographs each. A source from the film's unit reported Samantha Ruth Prabhu as one of the three female leads of the film in a statement to IANS on 15 April 2015, adding that Taapsee Pannu and Pranitha Subhash were called for a look test on the next day for the other two female lead roles.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Of the three female lead roles, the first two reportedly would have full-length roles while the third would pale in comparison. Sources close to the film's unit later added that parallel, wide open discussions were on regarding the female lead selection where a section of the technicians believe that fresh faces should be cast opposite Babu while a few opted for the inclusion of established female leads. A 30-day audition was held at Hyderabad from mid-April 2015. Babu, however, insisted that he would work with the actresses whose pairing with him received positive response from his fans. Rakul Preet Singh's manager confirmed her inclusion as one of the three female leads days later to the media. Though she denied signing the film during the promotions of "Pandaga Chesko" (2014), an official statement confirmed her and Pranitha as the female leads.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Jayasudha, Rao Ramesh and Tanikella Bharani were confirmed as a part of the film's supporting cast during the official launch ceremony. The makers chose Sathyaraj to play Babu's father in the film. The film's unit told IANS that his presence in a major role would appeal to Tamil audience as the film was promoted as a Telugu-Tamil bilingual. Mannara was rumoured to be approached by the makers for the second female lead role. The film's executive producer Rajiv later revealed that Mannara was never approached for any character in the film. Rajiv added that her manager approached the makers for a role after the rumour began spreading and they rejected the proposal as no character suited her.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Samantha replaced Rakul Preet Singh in mid June 2015 after the latter failed to adjust her call sheet due to scheduling conflicts. Brahmaji inclusion in the film's cast was confirmed in late June 2015. Kajal Aggarwal told IANS on 28 June 2015 that she has been signed as one of the film's female leads. At the same time, a press release confirmed the inclusion of Revathi and Naresh in the film's supporting cast. The former of the two was reported to play Babu's mother in the film. Also, Pranitha's character was reported to be a cameo appearance. Tulasi joined the film's supporting cast in early July 2015, and was chosen to play Aggarwal's mother in the film. Chandini Chowdary was signed to make a cameo appearance in late September 2015.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Pavani Gangireddy was signed to play Babu's sister in the film, which she called a "more than the typical token hero's sister". In December 2015, Aggarwal revealed that she would be seen as a non-resident Indian in the film, adding that "Brahmotsavam" "is largely based on characters and not on leads" and that in the ensemble cast, each character is crucial in the film. At the same time, PVP Cinema announced another casting call for real life families who are interested in participating in the film's shoot. Saranya Ponvannan inclusion in the film's cast was confirmed in mid-February 2016. In mid-March 2016, Pranitha revealed that she would play a traditional Telugu girl-next-door character from a very protective family, very bubbly and taking only the good from any situation in life. The character would sport simple kurtis and patiala pants. She further revealed that it will be the typical bava-maradalu (cousins) connection found in a Telugu household.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Principal photography commenced on 31 May 2015. Babu allotted ninety days of call sheet without any lengthy breaks for the film which was expected to be wrapped up by December 2015. The filming was delayed as Babu was busy promoting "Srimanthudu" and was expected to resume from late August 2015. The regular filming commenced on 16 September 2015 with a song shot in a set erected by Tharani and a crew of 513 members at Ramoji Film City. Babu along with 21 other artists participated in the song's shoot. Raju Sundaram choreographed the song on which 35 million was spent. During the film's shoot Shah Rukh Khan, Varun Dhawan and Kriti Sanon, who were shooting for "Dilwale" (2015) in Hyderabad, met Babu on the sets. The first schedule was wrapped up on 30 September 2015. The second schedule commenced on 5 October 2015 at Ramoji Film City in another set.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: After taking a two-week break, Babu joined the film's sets in Hyderabad in early November 2015. The makers wanted to complete most of the film's shoot in the fresh schedule commenced, as many actors and actresses were involved. Filming continued at Ramoji Film City and Sathyaraj joined the film's sets in mid November 2015. Few scenes on Babu and Aggarwal were filmed at Chilkur before wrapping up the schedule. A fresh schedule commenced from 28 November 2015 again at Ramoji Film City. Upon its completion, filming continued at Ooty from 12 December 2015. After filming scenes on Babu, Sathyaraj and Pranitha, a song was filmed on the principal cast in a set erected by Tharani. The schedule was wrapped up by the end of December 2015.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Apart from the Ambattur industrial estate, the film was shot in and round Chennai from 11 to 15 January 2016. By then, 60% of the film shooting was wrapped up. The next schedule commenced from 19 January 2016 at Hyderabad. "Brahmotsavam" was later filmed in Varanasi from 1 March 2016, to 13 March 2016 before shifting to New Delhi and Udaipur for further shoot. The completion of the schedule meant wrapping up the principal photography, except for a song and few patchwork scenes which were planned to be filmed in Hyderabad. The North India schedule was wrapped up on 14 March 2016.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The film was considered to be a film glorifying Babu's onscreen image as a lovable boy and a responsible son. During the film's official launch ceremony, Addala spoke about the film's theme by stating, "There would be beauty and happiness if some people are together. If there is a family with many members and if they celebrate every moment like a Utsavam, it is a Brahmotsavam", adding that the film's story would be on the lines of his previous directorial "Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu" (2013) which starred Babu and Samantha along with Daggubati Venkatesh and Anjali.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: A source from the film's unit revealed that "Brahmotsavam" is all about family values and celebrating traditions. The bonding between the protagonist and his father along with the backdrop of his mother's family are the centerpiece of the film. The three female leads play an important role in the manner in which the protagonist realises the value of family when they go out on a journey exploring the family lineage and their place in the larger scheme of family links.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: For the film's soundtrack, Addala brought in his regular collaborator Mickey J. Meyer to score music for "Brahmotsavam". In early March 2016, Meyer recorded a song entitled "Vacchindi Kada" whose vocals were provided by Abhay Jodhpurkar. Later, the team approached Gopi Sundar to score the background music for this film. The film's audio was initially scheduled to launch on 25 March, but later postponed to 8 April, to coincide with Ugadi. The makers planned for grand arrangements for the audio release event at Tirupati. But the makers announce that the audio launch will be delayed, as Meyer had to compose the last song of the film. The audio was launched in a grand ceremony on 14 April 2016 at JRC Convention Centre in Hyderabad, with the presence of the cast and crew and other celebrities. The songs were released digitally on the day of the launch.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The audio received mostly positive response. "Behindwoods" gave the soundtrack 2.75 out of 5 stating, "Brahmotsavam is a breezy album from Mickey J Meyer which lives up to the film's theme and promises what it delivers." "Indiaglitz" gave 3.25 out of 5 and stated "An album with a pronounced traditional (and in one place, even folkish) sound and patois." "Bollywoodlife" stated the album as "refreshing and melodic" and gave 3.5 out of 5. "123Telugu" stated "The album has a perfect blend of family, romantic and youthful numbers which matches well with the visuals". Karthik Srinivasan of "Milliblog" stated The prominent electronic sound including, Mickey delivers a crowd-pleasing and massy commercial soundtrack".


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: A suit for damages of Rs. 25 lakhs was filed against the makers for copying the first 36 seconds of the Tulu song by Dr. Vamana Nandaavara found in the "Deepanalike" CD composed for Siri channel. The song was used in the movie in a sequence involving the lead actor who while accompanying his family on a tour dances to the tune of the hit Tulu song.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: During the film's pre-production stage, the makers planned to release "Brahmotsavam" on 21 October 2015, coinciding with the Dusshera festival, and also clashing Ram Charan' "", and Nandamuri Balakrishna 99th film "Dictator". However on early May, the makers planned for a release on Sankranthi (14 January 2016), since Babu was busy on the promotions of his film "Srimanthudu". On 1 December 2015, the makers announced that the film will be scheduled for a release on the occasion of Ugadi (8 April 2016). But in January 2016, a new release date of 29 April 2016 was announced. In April 2016, the makers planned to push the release date on 6 May, and then to 13 May, until the makers finalized a release on 20 May 2016. In May 2016, the makers officially confirmed its scheduled release date.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The film received a U certificate from the Censor Board, without any cuts. On the opening day of its release, the makers planned to 5 shows across Telangana, and in majority of the theatres in Andhra Pradesh. The film was released in more than 250 screens in the United States, with a special premiere on 19 May 2015. Before the film's release, Babu had planned for a simultaneous release in Tamil, with the same title, and was speculated that Babu will dub for the Tamil version. However, there was no dubbed Tamil version for the film, which was being released on 20 May 2016. In July 2018, Bhadrakali Pictures bought the distribution rights of the film's Tamil dubbed version titled "Anirudh", which was released in late 2018.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The theatrical rights of Nizam region were sold to Abhishek Pictures for . NVP Cinemas bought the rights of the film in Ceded for . The Vizag rights were sold to SR Cinemas for . Om Sri Manikanta Films and Aditya Films bought the rights for Godavari East and West for Rs. 4.80 crore and . S Creations bought the Krishna rights . Guntur rights were sold to SV Creations for . Nellore distribution rights were bought by Bhaskar Reddy for .


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The entire theatrical rights in the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana region were sold for . G7 Entertainers bought the distribution rights in Karnataka for . Tamil Nadu theatrical rights were sold to SPI Cinemas for . In other parts of India, the film made a business of , before its release. Overseas rights were sold to Classis Entertainment for .


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The total pre-release business of the film stood up to , with worldwide theatrical rights of , inclusive of satellite and digital rights.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The first look and teaser of the film was released on 1 January 2016, coinciding with the New Year's Day. Another teaser of the film, was unveiled on the occasion of Ugadi, 8 April 2016, and received positive response. On 10 April 2016, the makers unveiled the motion poster and the audio release poster of the film. The film's theatrical trailer was released on 14 April 2016, and received positive response from audiences.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The television rights of the film were sold to Zee Telugu for a record sum of , after the actor's previous film "Srimanthudu" registered the third-highest TRP rating for a Telugu film, influenced the price of the satellite rights. The television premiere of the film took place on 9 October 2016, and received a TRP rating of 7.52, during its first premiere.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: Y. Sunita Chowdary of "The Hindu" gave it a 2.5 out of 5 and stated "Brahmotsavam is a confident, grand and sublime title for a noble plot that has been given a superficial treatment. Any joy that comes from the hero or this story is only ephemeral." Critic Pranita Jonnalageda, writing for "The Times of India" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "A montage of beautiful visuals (Rathnavelu's brilliance), lots of happy people, and frequent song and dance routines may be the perfect ingredients for a ‘brahmotsavam’, but the end result needn't necessarily be a good film." Suresh Kavirayani of "Deccan Chronicle" gav the same rating, saying "Brahmotsavam is extremely good on paper, but the execution is not interesting." "Sify" gave 2.75 out of 5 stating ""Brahmotsavam" has a grand theme but the director failed to narrate the movie in a convincing way as it is laced with tedious sequences and unending songs. Mahesh Babu's performance, rich production values and camera work works in this movie that has many issues." 123Telugu gave a positive review stating that "Brahmotsavam is a film which has some decent moments going its way. This is not your regular dance and fight movie and has simple emotions. Mahesh Babu's performance, family emotions and huge star cast are basic assets. If you ignore the predictable nature of the storyline and some boring moments during the second half, this is one film which can be easily watched with your family this summer."


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: "India Today" gave 2.5 out of 5 stars saying that "if Srikanth had chosen to stick with the genre 'family drama', the fate of Brahmotsavam would have been fine. But he chose to treat a feel-good road trip which has resulted in an absolutely chaotic screenplay". "Behindwoods" gave 2.5 out of 5 calling it a "hackneyed family drama that rides on the shoulders of Mahesh Babu!" "Indiaglitz" gave 3 out of 5 stating "A film that drives home the message that relationships must be celebrated." Writing for "News18", Karthik Keramalu gave 2.5 out of 5 stating that "The nib of Sreekanth's ‘Brahmotsavam’ states that we're all a family. The problem is not that the nib is broken; the nib goes all over the place and it doesn't know where to stop and how to draw a picture that doesn't mumble black and white philosophies." Sreedhar Pillai, editor-in-chief for "Firstpost" stated "Brahmotsavam lacks a cohesive story and the way the film unfolds puts you into a deep slumber."


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: "Brahmotsavam" collected more than at the worldwide box office on the opening day of its release, with nearly  crore from AP/Telangana box office. On the second day, the film's collection dropped due to mixed word-of-mouth, collecting . "Brahmotsavam" grossed 42.63 crore in its first weekend worldwide with a share of 28.75 crore. The film collected nearly 9.10 crore on its weekdays and collected a total gross of 51.7 crore on its first week run worldwide and returned nearly 50% of its global share of 33.73 crore.


title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: However the film's collection dropped down on the following days, with the film collecting nearly 9.74 crore on its 2nd weekend taking, the total collection to 61.44 crore worldwide on its 10 days with a share of 38.52 crore. By the end of its second week, "Brahmotsavam" had collected approximately 63.70 crore worldwide.