title: Euclidean vector

text: A vector may also be multiplied, or re-"scaled", by a real number "r". In the context of conventional vector algebra, these real numbers are often called scalars (from "scale") to distinguish them from vectors. The operation of multiplying a vector by a scalar is called "scalar multiplication". The resulting vector is


title: Euclidean vector

text: Intuitively, multiplying by a scalar "r" stretches a vector out by a factor of "r". Geometrically, this can be visualized (at least in the case when "r" is an integer) as placing "r" copies of the vector in a line where the endpoint of one vector is the initial point of the next vector.


title: Euclidean vector

text: If "r" is negative, then the vector changes direction: it flips around by an angle of 180°. Two examples ("r" = −1 and "r" = 2) are given below:


title: Euclidean vector

text: Scalar multiplication is distributive over vector addition in the following sense: "r"(a + b) = "ra + "rb for all vectors a and b and all scalars "r". One can also show that a − b = a + (−1)b.


title: Euclidean vector

text: The "length" or "magnitude" or "norm" of the vector a is denoted by ‖a‖ or, less commonly, |a|, which is not to be confused with the absolute value (a scalar "norm").


title: Euclidean vector

text: which is a consequence of the Pythagorean theorem since the basis vectors e, e, e are orthogonal unit vectors.


title: Euclidean vector

text: This happens to be equal to the square root of the dot product, discussed below, of the vector with itself:


title: Euclidean vector

text: A "unit vector" is any vector with a length of one; normally unit vectors are used simply to indicate direction. A vector of arbitrary length can be divided by its length to create a unit vector. This is known as "normalizing" a vector. A unit vector is often indicated with a hat as in â.


title: Euclidean vector

text: The "zero vector" is the vector with length zero. Written out in coordinates, the vector is , and it is commonly denoted formula_52, 0, or simply 0. Unlike any other vector, it has an arbitrary or indeterminate direction, and cannot be normalized (that is, there is no unit vector that is a multiple of the zero vector). The sum of the zero vector with any vector a is a (that is, ).


title: Euclidean vector

text: The "dot product" of two vectors a and b (sometimes called the "inner product", or, since its result is a scalar, the "scalar product") is denoted by a ∙ b, and is defined as:


title: Euclidean vector

text: where "θ" is the measure of the angle between a and b (see trigonometric function for an explanation of cosine). Geometrically, this means that a and b are drawn with a common start point, and then the length of a is multiplied with the length of the component of b that points in the same direction as a.


title: Euclidean vector

text: The "cross product" (also called the "vector product" or "outer product") is only meaningful in three or seven dimensions. The cross product differs from the dot product primarily in that the result of the cross product of two vectors is a vector. The cross product, denoted a × b, is a vector perpendicular to both a and b and is defined as


title: Euclidean vector

text: where "θ" is the measure of the angle between a and b, and n is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b which completes a right-handed system. The right-handedness constraint is necessary because there exist "two" unit vectors that are perpendicular to both a and b, namely, n and (−n).


title: Euclidean vector

text: The cross product a × b is defined so that a, b, and a × b also becomes a right-handed system (although a and b are not necessarily orthogonal). This is the right-hand rule.


title: Euclidean vector

text: For arbitrary choices of spatial orientation (that is, allowing for left-handed as well as right-handed coordinate systems) the cross product of two vectors is a pseudovector instead of a vector (see below).


title: Euclidean vector

text: The "scalar triple product" (also called the "box product" or "mixed triple product") is not really a new operator, but a way of applying the other two multiplication operators to three vectors. The scalar triple product is sometimes denoted by (a b c) and defined as:


title: Euclidean vector

text: It has three primary uses. First, the absolute value of the box product is the volume of the parallelepiped which has edges that are defined by the three vectors. Second, the scalar triple product is zero if and only if the three vectors are linearly dependent, which can be easily proved by considering that in order for the three vectors to not make a volume, they must all lie in the same plane. Third, the box product is positive if and only if the three vectors a, b and c are right-handed.


title: Euclidean vector

text: In components ("with respect to a right-handed orthonormal basis"), if the three vectors are thought of as rows (or columns, but in the same order), the scalar triple product is simply the determinant of the 3-by-3 matrix having the three vectors as rows


title: Euclidean vector

text: All examples thus far have dealt with vectors expressed in terms of the same basis, namely, the "e" basis {e, e, e}. However, a vector can be expressed in terms of any number of different bases that are not necessarily aligned with each other, and still remain the same vector. In the "e" basis, a vector a is expressed, by definition, as


title: Euclidean vector

text: In another orthonormal basis "n" = {n, n, n} that is not necessarily aligned with "e", the vector a is expressed as


title: Euclidean vector

text: The values of "p", "q", "r", and "u", "v", "w" relate to the unit vectors in such a way that the resulting vector sum is exactly the same physical vector a in both cases. It is common to encounter vectors known in terms of different bases (for example, one basis fixed to the Earth and a second basis fixed to a moving vehicle). In such a case it is necessary to develop a method to convert between bases so the basic vector operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed. One way to express "u", "v", "w" in terms of "p", "q", "r" is to use column matrices along with a direction cosine matrix containing the information that relates the two bases. Such an expression can be formed by substitution of the above equations to form


title: Euclidean vector

text: This matrix equation relates the scalar components of a in the "n" basis ("u","v", and "w") with those in the "e" basis ("p", "q", and "r"). Each matrix element "c" is the direction cosine relating n to e. The term "direction cosine" refers to the cosine of the angle between two unit vectors, which is also equal to their dot product. Therefore,


title: Euclidean vector

text: By referring collectively to e, e, e as the "e" basis and to n, n, n as the "n" basis, the matrix containing all the "c" is known as the "transformation matrix from "e" to "n"", or the "rotation matrix from "e" to "n"" (because it can be imagined as the "rotation" of a vector from one basis to another), or the "direction cosine matrix from "e" to "n"" (because it contains direction cosines). The properties of a rotation matrix are such that its inverse is equal to its transpose. This means that the "rotation matrix from "e" to "n"" is the transpose of "rotation matrix from "n" to "e"".


title: Euclidean vector

text: The advantage of this method is that a direction cosine matrix can usually be obtained independently by using Euler angles or a quaternion to relate the two vector bases, so the basis conversions can be performed directly, without having to work out all the dot products described above.


title: Euclidean vector

text: By applying several matrix multiplications in succession, any vector can be expressed in any basis so long as the set of direction cosines is known relating the successive bases.


title: Euclidean vector

text: With the exception of the cross and triple products, the above formulae generalise to two dimensions and higher dimensions. For example, addition generalises to two dimensions as


title: Euclidean vector

text: The cross product does not readily generalise to other dimensions, though the closely related exterior product does, whose result is a bivector. In two dimensions this is simply a pseudoscalar


title: Euclidean vector

text: A seven-dimensional cross product is similar to the cross product in that its result is a vector orthogonal to the two arguments; there is however no natural way of selecting one of the possible such products.


title: Euclidean vector

text: In abstract vector spaces, the length of the arrow depends on a dimensionless scale. If it represents, for example, a force, the "scale" is of physical dimension length/force. Thus there is typically consistency in scale among quantities of the same dimension, but otherwise scale ratios may vary; for example, if "1 newton" and "5 m" are both represented with an arrow of 2 cm, the scales are 1 m:50 N and 1:250 respectively. Equal length of vectors of different dimension has no particular significance unless there is some proportionality constant inherent in the system that the diagram represents. Also length of a unit vector (of dimension length, not length/force, etc.) has no coordinate-system-invariant significance.


title: Euclidean vector

text: Often in areas of physics and mathematics, a vector evolves in time, meaning that it depends on a time parameter "t". For instance, if r represents the position vector of a particle, then r("t") gives a parametric representation of the trajectory of the particle. Vector-valued functions can be differentiated and integrated by differentiating or integrating the components of the vector, and many of the familiar rules from calculus continue to hold for the derivative and integral of vector-valued functions.


title: Euclidean vector

text: The position of a point x = ("x", "x", "x") in three-dimensional space can be represented as a position vector whose base point is the origin


title: Euclidean vector

text: which specifies the position of "y" relative to "x". The length of this vector gives the straight-line distance from "x" to "y". Displacement has the dimensions of length.


title: Euclidean vector

text: The velocity v of a point or particle is a vector, its length gives the speed. For constant velocity the position at time "t" will be


title: Euclidean vector

text: where x is the position at time "t" = 0. Velocity is the time derivative of position. Its dimensions are length/time.


title: Euclidean vector

text: Acceleration a of a point is vector which is the time derivative of velocity. Its dimensions are length/time.


title: Euclidean vector

text: Force is a vector with dimensions of mass×length/time and Newton's second law is the scalar multiplication


title: Euclidean vector

text: An alternative characterization of Euclidean vectors, especially in physics, describes them as lists of quantities which behave in a certain way under a coordinate transformation. A "contravariant vector" is required to have components that "transform opposite to the basis" under changes of basis. The vector itself does not change when the basis is transformed; instead, the components of the vector make a change that cancels the change in the basis. In other words, if the reference axes (and the basis derived from it) were rotated in one direction, the component representation of the vector would rotate in the opposite way to generate the same final vector. Similarly, if the reference axes were stretched in one direction, the components of the vector would reduce in an exactly compensating way. Mathematically, if the basis undergoes a transformation described by an invertible matrix "M", so that a coordinate vector x is transformed to , then a contravariant vector v must be similarly transformed via . This important requirement is what distinguishes a contravariant vector from any other triple of physically meaningful quantities. For example, if "v" consists of the "x", "y", and "z"-components of velocity, then "v" is a contravariant vector: if the coordinates of space are stretched, rotated, or twisted, then the components of the velocity transform in the same way. On the other hand, for instance, a triple consisting of the length, width, and height of a rectangular box could make up the three components of an abstract vector, but this vector would not be contravariant, since rotating the box does not change the box's length, width, and height. Examples of contravariant vectors include displacement, velocity, electric field, momentum, force, and acceleration.


title: Euclidean vector

text: In the language of differential geometry, the requirement that the components of a vector transform according to the same matrix of the coordinate transition is equivalent to defining a "contravariant vector" to be a tensor of contravariant rank one. Alternatively, a contravariant vector is defined to be a tangent vector, and the rules for transforming a contravariant vector follow from the chain rule.


title: Euclidean vector

text: Some vectors transform like contravariant vectors, except that when they are reflected through a mirror, they flip gain a minus sign. A transformation that switches right-handedness to left-handedness and vice versa like a mirror does is said to change the "orientation" of space. A vector which gains a minus sign when the orientation of space changes is called a "pseudovector" or an "axial vector". Ordinary vectors are sometimes called "true vectors" or "polar vectors" to distinguish them from pseudovectors. Pseudovectors occur most frequently as the cross product of two ordinary vectors.


title: Euclidean vector

text: One example of a pseudovector is angular velocity. Driving in a car, and looking forward, each of the wheels has an angular velocity vector pointing to the left. If the world is reflected in a mirror which switches the left and right side of the car, the "reflection" of this angular velocity vector points to the right, but the angular velocity vector of the wheel still points to the left, corresponding to the minus sign. Other examples of pseudovectors include magnetic field, torque, or more generally any cross product of two (true) vectors.


title: Euclidean vector

text: This distinction between vectors and pseudovectors is often ignored, but it becomes important in studying symmetry properties. See parity (physics).


title: Eight Below

text: Eight Below is a 2006 American survival drama film, a remake based on the 1983 Japanese film "Antarctica" by Toshirô Ishidô, Koreyoshi Kurahara, Tatsuo Nogami and Susumu Saji. It was produced by Patrick Crowley and David Hoberman, directed by Frank Marshall with music by Mark Isham and written by David DiGilio. It stars Paul Walker in the leading role, Bruce Greenwood, Moon Bloodgood, and Jason Biggs. It was released theatrically on February 17, 2006, by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States. The film is set in Antarctica, but was filmed in Svalbard, Norway, Greenland, and British Columbia, Canada. It tells the story of a guide at an Antarctica research base who risks his life and the lives of his colleagues to save his dogs. The film received positive reviews from critics and it earned $120.4 million on a $40 million budget.


title: Eight Below

text: In January 1993, Jerry Shepard, guide at an Antarctica research base of the National Science Foundation, is asked to take UCLA professor, Dr. Davis McClaren to Mount Melbourne to find a rare meteorite from Mercury. As the ice conditions are poor, the best way to the mountain is by dog sled.


title: Eight Below

text: Shepard and McClaren make it, but are called back to base camp due to an approaching storm. McClaren begs for more time, and Shepard gives him half a day, enough time to find a fragment of the meteorite. En route back to base, McClaren slips down an embankment, breaking his leg and falling into freezing water. Shepard uses lead dog Maya to carry a rope to McClaren and pulls him out. They battle hypothermia, frostbite and near whiteout conditions as the dogs lead them to base. Once there, the entire human crew is immediately evacuated, while the dogs are left behind. Promised that their pilot will return shortly for the dogs, Shepard tightens their collars to ensure they cannot get loose. But because of the harsh weather conditions, an immediate rescue cannot be attempted.


title: Eight Below

text: Back in the United States, Shepard tries to secure a plane to return and save the dogs, but no one is willing to finance the risky expedition. Five months later, Shepard makes one last attempt to get back. McClaren finally realizes the magnitude of his ingratitude and uses the remaining balance of his grant money to finance a rescue mission. They fear that there is little chance that any of the dogs could have survived this long, but they decide to try.


title: Eight Below

text: The eight sled dogs – lead dog Maya, Old Jack, Shorty, Dewey, Truman, Shadow, Buck, and the young Max, wait in the freezing conditions for Shepard to return. After two weeks without eating, a gull flies near, prompting the dogs into action, and they all begin to break free, one by one. Old Jack, too weak by now, remains attached, and Maya stays to try to free him while the others chase the flock of gulls that have landed nearby. Maya sees Old Jack has given up, and she reluctantly leaves him behind when he shows no sign of wanting to leave the base. Maya joins up with the other dogs, and they all work together to attack the gulls and manage to kill a few, getting their first food in weeks.


title: Eight Below

text: After nearly two months on their own, having kept their strength up and still traveling, the dogs rest on a slope one night under the southern lights. Fascinated by the display, they run about and play until Dewey slips and falls down an incline, mortally wounded at the bottom. The team stays by his side, sleeping with him. Dewey dies the following morning and Max loyally stays by his side while the others move on; by the time Max heads in their direction, he has lost traces of the pack.


title: Eight Below

text: Maya leads the team to the Russian base, which is unsecured and full of food, while Max finds his way back to the American base, which is well locked up. Setting back out, Max recognizes the embankment the dogs traveled through on their way back from Mount Melbourne. Exploring, Max finds a dead orca, but is driven off by a leopard seal nesting inside the body. Maya and the team are nearby, they hear Max and join him. Max lures the seal away so the dogs can eat. However, it doubles back and attacks Maya, who is badly injured when it bites her leg. In a rage, the other five dogs jump on the seal, tearing and slashing at it. The seal, overwhelmed, quickly drags itself into the water and away, and the dogs feast on the orca. After, the reunited team, continue traveling. Starving, freezing and exhausted, eventually the injured Maya collapses into the snow. The dogs lie down beside their leader as the snow piles up. They have been on their own for six months.


title: Eight Below

text: Shepard goes to New Zealand looking for a boat to take him to Antarctica. At a bar he reunites with his friends and they make it back to base together. Upon arrival to base, they are dismayed to find the body of Old Jack, still attached to the chain, and no sign of the other dogs. They then hear barking and see Max, Shorty, Truman, Shadow and Buck come over the horizon. After a joyous reunion, Shepard loads the dogs to leave, but Max runs off, leading Shepard to Maya, lying in the snow – weak, but alive. With six of his eight sled dogs, Shepard and his crew head back to civilization, with the last scene showing a grave for the two fallen dogs, Old Jack and Dewey.


title: Eight Below

text: The 1958 Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (Showa Station) inspired the 1983 hit film "Antarctica", of which "Eight Below" is a remake. "Eight Below" adapts the events of the 1958 incident, moved forward to 1993. In the 1958 event, 15 Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned when the expedition team was unable to return to the base. When the team returned a year later, two dogs, Taro and Jiro, were still alive. Another seven were still chained up and dead, and six were unaccounted for. In "Eight Below", two of the dogs, Old Jack and Dewey died, while the remaining six, Max, Maya, Truman, Buck, Shadow and Shorty, survived.


title: Eight Below

text: The film was dedicated to the memory of Koreyoshi Kurahara, the director of "Antarctica", in which the film was adapted from, who died four years prior to its release.


title: Eight Below

text: In "Eight Below" there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's "Snow Dogs". The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard "No animals were harmed..." disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.


title: Eight Below

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 72%, based on 152 reviews, with an average rating of 6.50/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Featuring a stellar cast of marooned mutts, who deftly display emotion, tenderness, loyalty and resolve, "Eight Below" is a heartwarming and exhilarating adventure film." On Metacritic it has a score of 64% based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A to F.


title: Eight Below

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and said ""Eight Below" succeeds as an effective story." BBC liked the movie as well, but did not like its long length (2 hours). Reel.com liked it, saying "the movie succeeds at drawing you into their incredible adventure". Peter Hartlaub of the "San Francisco Chronicle" disliked the film, saying: "The movie is overly long and much too intense for small children, yet it's filled with dialogue and plot turns that are too juvenile to thrill adult audiences." William Arnold of the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" reacted favorably ("the dog actors will melt your heart"), but pointed out, as did other reviewers, that "Antarctica buffs" will be critical of errors, such as portraying midwinter events occurring in "balmy, blazing daylight at a time Antarctica is locked in round-the-clock darkness and temperatures of 140 degrees below."


title: Eight Below

text: The film opened at #1 on February 17, 2006, with a total weekend gross of $20,188,176 in 3,066 theaters, averaging to about $6,584 per theater. The film closed on June 1, 2006 with a total worldwide gross of $120,453,565 ($81,612,565 domestic and $38,841,000 in other territories).


title: Eight Below

text: The film was released on DVD on June 20, 2006. It was also released on PlayStation Portable (an original widescreen format) on June 26, 2006. The film was released on high definition Blu-ray for an original widescreen presentation on September 19, 2006.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: Linda Thomas-Greenfield (born 1952) is an American diplomat who is the United States ambassador to the United Nations under President Joe Biden. She served as the U.S. assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 2013 to 2017. Thomas-Greenfield then worked in the private sector as a senior vice president at Albright Stonebridge Group in Washington, D.C.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: President Biden nominated her to be the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, and she was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 23, 2021. She took office after presenting her credentials on February 25, 2021.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: Thomas-Greenfield was born in 1952 in Baker, Louisiana. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Louisiana State University in 1974, and a Master of Public Administration from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1975. During UW-Madison's spring 2018 commencement ceremony, Thomas-Greenfield was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law by Chancellor Rebecca Blank.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: Thomas-Greenfield taught political science at Bucknell University, before joining the Foreign Service in 1982.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: She served as Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration (2004–2006), Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs (2006–2008), Ambassador to Liberia (2008–2012), and Director General of the Foreign Service and concurrently as the Director of Human Resources (2012–2013). In addition, Thomas-Greenfield held foreign postings in Switzerland (at the United States Mission to the United Nations), Pakistan, Kenya, The Gambia, Nigeria, and Jamaica.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: From 2013 to 2017, she served as the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs in the United States Department of State's Bureau of African Affairs.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: In 2017 she was terminated by the Trump administration as part of what was a "purge of senior State Department officials and career professionals over nearly four years", according to the "Los Angeles Times".


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: Thomas-Greenfield is a non-resident fellow at Georgetown University, having been the distinguished resident fellow in African Studies from fall 2017 to spring 2019.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: In November 2020, Thomas-Greenfield was named a volunteer member of President-elect Joe Biden's agency review team to support transition efforts related to the United States Department of State. , Thomas-Greenfield was on leave from a senior vice president position at Albright Stonebridge Group.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: On November 24, 2020, Biden announced his plans to nominate her as the next U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, and to include her in his cabinet and National Security Council. She appeared before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on January 27, 2021. During the confirmation hearing on her nomination for U.N. ambassador, Thomas-Greenfield said she regretted giving a speech to a Beijing-backed Confucius Institute in 2019 when she was working for a private consulting firm. She largely agreed with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on international policies, raising concerns about the People's Republic of China's "malign force" and "debt traps and tactics" in Africa and beyond. In February 2021, it was reported that Senator Ted Cruz of Texas was delaying a committee vote on her nomination due to her 2019 comments on the People's Republic of China. Thomas-Greenfield has vowed to stand "against the unfair targeting of Israel" for Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions, saying that the movement "verges on antisemitism".


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: The committee favorably reported her nominations on February 4, 2021. Thomas-Greenfield was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 23, 2021, by a 78–20 vote to be the UN Ambassador; she was subsequently confirmed, by a vote of 78-21, to be the US representative to the General Assembly of the UN. She took office after presenting her credentials on February 25, 2021. She succeeded Ambassador Kelly Craft.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: Beginning on March 1, 2021, the United States became president of the United Nations Security Council; thus Greenfield became president of the council as head of the United States delegation. Her term ended on March 31, 2021. Her next term as President of the UNSC began on May 1, 2022, succeeding her UK counterpart, Barbara Woodward, who served as UNSC President for April 2022, in the middle of the continuing war in Ukraine by Russia, and ended on May 31, 2022, being succeeded by the Albanian ambassador, Ferit Hoxha, for June 2022.


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: Thomas-Greenfield accused the People's Republic of China of committing genocide against Uyghurs and of detaining more than one million Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang internment camps. She said that the United States "will keep standing up and speaking out until China's government stops its crimes against humanity and the genocide of Uyghurs and other minorities in Xinjiang."


title: Linda Thomas-Greenfield

text: She expressed concern over reports of escalating ethnic tensions in Ethiopia's Tigray Region and urged peaceful resolution of the Tigray War between Ethiopia's federal government and the forces of the Tigray regional government.


title: A Good Man Is Hard to Find (short story)

text: "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" is a Southern gothic short story first published in 1953 by author Flannery O'Connor who, in her own words, described it as "the story of a family of six which, on its way driving to Florida [from Georgia], gets wiped out by an escaped convict who calls himself the Misfit".


text: "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" was first published in 1953 in the multi-author short-story anthology "Modern Writing I" published by Avon. The story appears in her own collection of short stories "A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories" published in 1955 by Harcourt. In 1960, it was included in the anthology "The House of Fiction", published by Charles Scribner's Sons, and later included in numerous other short-story collections.


text: Bailey, the head of an Atlanta household, prepares to take his family on a vacation to Florida. Bailey's mother (known only as "the grandmother" throughout the story) wants to go to East Tennessee instead, and warns Bailey that a convict called the Misfit has escaped from prison and is heading towards Florida. The family, including Bailey, her grandson John Wesley, her granddaughter June Star, and her infant grandchild, tended to by her daughter-in-law, ignore her. When they leave the next morning, the grandmother occupies the backseat of the family's car, dressed finely so that if she is killed in an accident, she can be recognized as a Southern lady. She hides the family's cat, Pitty Sing, in a basket between her legs, not wanting to leave it home alone.


text: While traveling, the grandmother points out scenery in Georgia. Her grandchildren respond by berating both Georgia and Tennessee, and the grandmother reminds them that in her day, children were more respectful. She delights in seeing a naked black child waving from a shack, finding the image quaint. She sees a graveyard which was once part of a cotton plantation that she jokingly says has "Gone with the Wind". She tells her grandchildren that when she was young she was courted by a man who, as an early owner of Coca Cola stock, died wealthy.


text: The family stops for barbeque at the Tower Restaurant after passing a series of billboards proclaiming the restaurant and food as "famous" and the proprietor, Red Sammy Butts, as "the fat boy with the happy laugh." On arrival, the family finds that the place is somewhat rundown. Red Sammy charms the grandmother but is rather scornful of his own wife, a mistrustful waitress who worries about being robbed by the Misfit. The grandmother promptly declares Red Sammy "a good man," and the two reminisce about better times while lamenting the decay of values.


text: Later that afternoon, the family continues their trip before the grandmother falsely remembers a plantation being in the area, only realizing her mistake after convincing Bailey turn down a rocky dirt road surrounded by wilderness. The pang of this error causes her to disturb the cat, who leaps onto Bailey, who loses control of the car, and the automobile flips into a ditch. No one is seriously hurt but the accident is witnessed by a party of three strange men, one of whom the grandmother recognizes as the Misfit. She announces this and the Misfit has his men lead Bailey, the children's mother, and the children off into the woods where they are shot and killed. The grandmother confusedly pleads for her life, beseeching the Misfit to find solace by praying but the Misfit is uncertain if Jesus Christ's power was real and unclear about his own purpose.


text: Finally upon seeing the Misfit's despair, the grandmother reaches out, takes him by the shoulder, and gently tells him that he is "one of her babies." At that moment the Misfit shoots her to death. When his companions return, the Misfit says that the grandmother "would've been a good woman if it were someone there to shoot her every minute of her life," and seems to conclude that violence affords "no real pleasure in life."


text: In a 1960 response to a letter from novelist John Hawkes, Flannery O'Connor explained the significance of divine grace in Catholic theology in contrast to Protestant theology, and in doing so, explained the offers of grace made to the grandmother and The Misfit at the climax of the story immediately after the already agitated Misfit explained his anguish caused by not being able to witness whether or not Jesus is savior and that it was by faith alone that he decided Jesus is not savior:


text: As for The Misfit, O'Connor explained that the opportunity of grace is offered to him by the grandmother's touching him, an act she calls a gesture:


text: O'Connor's reference to the "mystery" the grandmother prattled about is the incarnation of Jesus as savior as the means for people to be absolved for their sins in order to be eternally joined with God, and in that context, "kinship" refers to all people in that they are descendants of Adam and Eve who committed the sin that would forever separate humans from God and brought death upon humanity as a punishment for the original sin. O'Connor further clarified that the grandmother's actions were selfless: "... the grandmother is not in the least concerned with God but reaches out to touch the Misfit".


text: In her letter to John Hawkes, O'Connor explained that The Misfit did not accept the offer of grace in her story but that the grandmother's gesture did change him:


text: The grandmother's gesture toward The Misfit has been criticized as an unreasonable action by a character often perceived as intellectually, or morally, or spiritually incapable of doing it. For example, Stephen C. Bandy wrote in 1996, thirty-two years after the author's death:


text: In addition, some critics like James Mellard resent O'Connor's efforts to explain the story to fill-in the narrative they expected to underlie the story's climax:


text: O'Connor's rebuttal was that such readers and critics have underestimated the grandmother. As indicated in her letters, lectures, readings, and essays, O'Connor felt compelled to explain the story and the gesture years after publication, for example, as "Reasonable Use of the Unreasonable", the title of her notes for a 1962 reading at Hollins College in Virginia. O'Connor believed one understandable reason for the criticism is that the concept of grace she used is unique to a Roman Catholic perspective, as she clarified the point to John Hawkes in a letter:


text: By mentioning "nature", O'Connor refers to her anagogical vision, which she addresses the grandmother's spiritual life which has been enlivened by the threat to her life. She wrote in her reading notes:


text: Compared to the superficiality of the family that engages itself in comic books, television quiz shows (e.g., "Queen for a Day"), movies, and the newspaper's sport section, an original thought, often a dark truth like Red Sammy Butt's wife saying nobody on earth can be trusted "And I don't count nobody out of that, no nobody" looking at her husband, has both comic and dramatic effects on the reader. Evans noted, "A major purpose of the story will be to shake most of the characters, ... as well as O'Connor's readers, out of [a] kind of smug complacency."


text: In her essay, "The Nature and Aim of Fiction", O'Conner described her goals for writing fiction. The essay is useful for helping readers understand how to approach and interpret her works. One of her major goals in writing was to construct elements of her fiction so they can be interpreted anagogically — her "anagogical vision":


text: Peter M. Chandler, Jr., summarized O'Connor's vision for readers — that all of the interpretations of her work are rooted in its literal sense: "...[F]or O'Connor, the literal in some sense already 'contains' the figurative. Far from being a level of meaning superadded to the literal sense, the 'spiritual sense' is already inherent in any attempt to render something artistically. 'A good story,' she wrote, 'is literal in the same sense a child's drawing is literal. In other words, O'Connor understood that her anagogical vision is a challenge to readers because they must not only understand the literal story but also associate the literal with their knowledge or experience. Consequently, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" is enriched beyond its literal narrative when the literal can be related to biblical, Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Southern society and its history, and other subjects.


text: The literal sense of the story's title and The Misfit's complaint, "If He [Jesus] did what He said, then it's nothing for you to do but throw away everything and follow Him" both appear in a more constructive context in the New Testament story of Jesus and the Rich Young Man, suggesting searches for the deeper meanings of "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" might start there. At readings O'Connor offered suggestions about her intent at the literal level, such as for a 1963 reading at a Southern college with a highly respected creative writing program — Hollins College in Roanoke, Virginia:


text: An example of the effect of O'Connor's anagogical vision is an epigraph she wrote for "A Good Man Is Hard to Find". The epigraph was published only for the paperback "Three by Flannery O'Connor" that also included her two novels "Wise Blood" and "The Violent Bear It Away", that first appeared in September 1964, a month after her death, and eleven years after the short story was first published. The epigraph was probably included in compliance with her wishes upon her death. The epigraph reads:


text: O'Connor used the epigraph to close her essay "The Fiction Writer and His Country" that was published in 1957 in the book "The Living Novel: A Symposium", a book of statements by novelists on their art, where she followed the epigraph with the closing sentence: "No matter what form the dragon may take, it is of this mysterious passage past him, or his jaws, that stories of any depth will always be concerned to tell, and this being the case, it requires considerable courage at any time, in any place, not to turn away from the story teller." The statement indicates how O'Connor wanted her works read and for the reader to look for the dragon in her short-story collection "A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories" that includes at least nine of its ten stories about original sin.


text: A film adaptation of the short story "A Good Man Is Hard to Find", entitled "Black Hearts Bleed Red," was made in 1992 by New York filmmaker Jeri Cain Rossi. The film stars noted New York artist Joe Coleman, but according to reviewers the film does not depict the story well.


text: The American folk musician Sufjan Stevens adapted the story into a song going by the same title. It appears on his 2004 album "Seven Swans". The song is written in the first person from the point of view of The Misfit.


text: In May 2017, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that director John McNaughton would make a feature film adaptation of the story starring Michael Rooker, from a screenplay by Benedict Fitzgerald.


text: In June 2021, death metal band Counterattack released a song on their debut album, "World Erased", titled “Good Man” based on the short story.


text: Baltimore, Maryland band June Star was started up by high school English teacher Andrew Grimm in 1998. For twenty years they have been releasing records using the name of Bailey's child June Star.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Warner Bros. Television Studios (operating under the name Warner Bros. Television; formerly known as Warner Bros. Television Division) is an American television production and distribution studio of the Warner Bros. Television Group division of Warner Bros. (both ultimately owned by Warner Bros. Discovery). Alongside Paramount Global's television arm CBS Studios, it serves as a television production arm of The CW (in which Warner Bros. Discovery has a 12.5% ownership stake), DC Comics and distribution arm of HBO, Cartoon Network and Adult Swim, it also has produced shows for other networks, such as "Blindspot" and "Person of Interest" and East New York on CBS, "Abbott Elementary" on ABC, as well as produced shows for other streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime Video such as "The Sandman", "Lucifer", and "The Peripheral".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: As of 2015, it is one of the world's two largest television production companies measured by revenue and library (along with Sony Pictures Television).


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: The division was started on March 21, 1955, with its first head being Jack L. Warner's son-in-law William T. Orr. ABC had approached Warner Bros. initially with the idea of purchasing the studio's film library (WB eventually sold the rights to the negatives of pre-1950 films and pre-1948 cartoons and shorts to Associated Artists Productions, or a.a.p., in 1956). WB formally entered television production with the premiere of its self-titled anthology series "Warner Bros. Presents" on ABC. The one-hour weekly show featured rotating episodes of television series based on the WB films, "Casablanca" and "Kings Row", as well as an original series titled "Cheyenne" with Clint Walker. The first one-hour television western, "Cheyenne" became a big hit for the network and the studio with the added advantage of featuring promotions for upcoming Warner Bros. cinema releases in the show's last ten minutes. One such segment for "Rebel Without a Cause" featured Gig Young notably talking about road safety with James Dean.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: With only "Cheyenne" being a success, WB ended the ten-minute promotions of new films and replaced "Warner Bros. Presents" with an anthology series titled "Conflict". It was felt that "Conflict" was what the previous series lacked. "Conflict" showed the pilots for "Maverick" and "77 Sunset Strip" .


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: The success of "Cheyenne" led WBTV to produce many series for ABC such as Westerns "(Maverick", "Lawman", "Colt .45", "Bronco," a spin off of "Cheyenne", "Sugarfoot", and "The Alaskans"), crime dramas ("77 Sunset Strip", "Hawaiian Eye", "Bourbon Street Beat", and "Surfside 6"), and other shows such as "The Gallant Men" and "The Roaring Twenties" using stock footage from WB war films and gangster films respectively. The company also produced Jack Webb's "Red Nightmare" starring Jack Kelly for the U.S. Department of Defense that was later shown on American television on Jack Webb's "General Electric True".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: All shows were made in the manner of WB's B pictures in the 1930s and 1940s; fast-paced, much stock footage from other films, stock music from the Warners music library and contracted stars working long hours for comparatively small salaries with restrictions on their career.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: During the 1960 Writers Guild of America strike, WB reused many plots from its films and other television shows under the nom de plume of "W. Hermanos". This was another example of imitating Warner Bros.' B Pictures who would remake an "A" film and switch the setting.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Two of the most popular stars, James Garner and Clint Walker, quit over their conditions. Garner never returned to the Warners fold during this period, instead moving forward into a major theatrical film career. Successful Warners television stars found themselves in leading roles of many of the studio's theatrical films with no increase in salary. Efrem Zimbalist Jr. was simultaneously the lead of "77 Sunset Strip" briefly overlapping with a recurring role as "Dandy Jim Buckley" on "Maverick", and also headlined several films until exhaustion forced the studio to give him a rest. Many other actors under contract to Warners at the time, who despite their work conditions, did see their stars rise over time, albeit for most only briefly, included Jack Kelly, Will Hutchins, Peter Brown, Ty Hardin, Wayde Preston, John Russell, Donald May, Rex Reason, Richard Long, Van Williams, Roger Smith, Mike Road, Anthony Eisley, Robert Conrad, Robert McQueeney, Dorothy Provine, Diane McBain and Connie Stevens. Edd Byrnes and Troy Donahue would become teen heartthrobs. Another contract player, Englishman Roger Moore ("Maverick" and "The Alaskans"), was growing displeased with Warner as his contract was expiring and would relocate to Europe from Hollywood, becoming an international star on television, and eventually, in theatrical films, playing James Bond among other roles. Warners also contracted established stars such as Ray Danton, Peter Breck, Jeanne Cooper and Grant Williams. These stars often appeared as guest stars, sometimes reprising their series role in another TV series.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: The stars appeared in WB cinema releases with no additional salary, with some such as Zimbalist, Walker, Garner (replacing Charlton Heston in "Darby's Rangers"), and Danton (replacing Robert Evans in "The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond") playing the lead roles; many of the stars appeared in ensemble casts in such films as "The Chapman Report" and "Merill's Marauders". Some stars such as Connie Stevens, Edd Byrnes, Robert Conrad and Roger Smith made albums for Warner Bros. Records. One particular recording, a novelty tune titled "Kookie, Kookie (Lend Me Your Comb)" became a big hit for Edd Byrnes and Connie Stevens (1959). The following year, Connie Stevens had her own hit, with "Sixteen Reasons".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: It was during this period that series, particularly Westerns like "Cheyenne" and "Maverick", and the crime dramas like "77 Sunset Strip", "Hawaiian Eye" and "Surfside 6" featured catchy theme songs that became just as much a part of the American pop culture landscape as the shows themselves. Depending on the particular series (in this case, the Westerns), William Lava or David Buttolph would compose the music, with lyrics by Stan Jones or Paul Francis Webster, among others. For the crime shows, it was up to the songwriting team of Jerry Livingston and Mack David, who also scored the themes for the sitcom "Room for One More", and "The Bugs Bunny Show".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 1960, WBTV turned its attentions to the younger viewer as they brought Bugs Bunny and the other WB cartoon characters to prime time, with "The Bugs Bunny Show", which featured cartoons released after July 31, 1948 (which had not been sold to Associated Artists Productions), combined with newly animated introductory material. Also, that year saw the debut of "The Roaring Twenties", which was thought to be a more benign alternative to Desilu's "The Untouchables". Whether or not that was actually the case, it was, in fact, much less successful.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: WBTV expanded on its existing genre of Westerns and crime dramas, and in January 1962, produced its first sitcom, "Room For One More". Based on the memoirs of Anna Rose, which in 1952 WB made into a movie starring Cary Grant and his then-wife Betsy Drake (the only movie that they worked together in) about a married couple with two children of their own who went on to adopt at least two more. The TV series starred Andrew Duggan and Peggy McCay as George and Anna Rose. Acting legend Mickey Rooney's son Tim, and Ahna Capri, who would continue to do episodic TV roles and feature films (arguably, her best-known movie was "Enter the Dragon" starring Bruce Lee) were cast as the Rose's natural children. The show only lasted for half a season. In the fall of that year, a WWII drama "The Gallant Men" debuted, but lasted for only one season.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 1964, WBTV once again tried to turn a classic film comedy of its own into a sitcom, with "No Time for Sergeants". Both the sitcom and the 1958 movie were based on the 1955 Broadway play, which starred Andy Griffith (TV's "The United States Steel Hour" also adapted the stage play for TV in 1956). The sitcom starred Sammy Jackson as Will Stockdale, a naive Georgia farm boy drafted into the military. 1965 saw the debut of "F Troop", a Western spoof taking place at a U.S. Army post after the Civil War. Despite lasting only two seasons, it is still considered a classic of its type. Forrest Tucker, Larry Storch, and Ken Berry led an ensemble cast featuring military misfits, and an Indian tribe, who, among other things, forgot how to do a rain dance.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: The streak of identifiable series subsided in 1963 with a halt of using stock company contract players and Jack Webb taking over WBTV and not being particularly successful. However, many series were still filmed at Warner Bros. such as "F Troop" and "The F.B.I."


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: For four years, from 1967 to 1971, the company's lone output was the existing television show "The F.B.I." By 1970, several of the former talent from 20th Century-Fox Television as well as former agent writers was defected to Warner Bros., such as Paul Monash, Rod Amateau, Bill Idelson and Harvey Miller, Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein, Jerry Gardner and Dee Caruso, Hal Kanter and A.J. Carothers. By 1971, the company returned to prime-time shows after producing one show for four years. One of the first shows upon returning were the NBC shows "Nichols" and "The Jimmy Stewart Show" and the CBS show "The Chicago Teddy Bears". Also that year, animation studio Filmation and Warner Bros. entered a deal to produce cartoons for film and television, with its television subsidiary having global distribution rights.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 1975, the stars of Lynda Carter, Warner Bros. and DC Comics produced the television series "Wonder Woman".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 1976, the company acquired The Wolper Organization, producer of "Chico and the Man" and "Welcome Back, Kotter". In 1978, Stan Margulies, who produced "Roots", signed a three-year exclusive contract with the studio. The following week, Warner had acquired contracts with big names like James Komack, Danny Arnold, the trio of Don Nicholl, Michael Ross and Bernie West (NRW) and the duo of Alan Blye and Bob Einstein to distribute programs worldwide. In 1980, Phillip Saltzman and his Woodruff Productions company signed a deal with the studio.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 1982, Aaron Spelling and his production company had struck a deal with the studio to distribute the shows. The pact would continue until 1988. On June 1, 1986, Alan Shayne has left as president of the studio after 10 years, to start out a new production company, Alan Shayne Productions, which will be affiliated in association with the studio, in order to develop four made-for-TV movies and miniseries projects, which was developed for the 1987–88 season. In 1988, it acquired Lorimar-Telepictures. Telepictures later became a television production company.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 1992, Witt/Thomas Productions signed a television contract with Warner Bros. after the previous contract with Disney was not renewed. In 1993, two Time Warner-affiliated production companies Quincy Jones Entertainment and David Salzman Entertainment had merged their companies to form Quincy Jones-David Salzman Entertainment, which was affiliated with Warner Bros. and Time Warner. Not too long after that, Lorimar Television was folded into WBTV, taking some key members with them. In 1993, Tom Arnold and Roseanne Barr via Wapello County Productions struck a deal with the studio.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 1994, writers-producers of "Friends", Kevin Bright, Martha Kauffman and David Crane, and associated with the studio since 1992 had struck its exclusive deal with the studio. In 1996, Warner Bros. Television collaborated with Universal Television to develop the series "Spy Game" for ABC, with Universal alumnus Sam Raimi and Robert Tapert of Renaissance Pictures, and Warner alumnus John McNamara producing the series, but it didn't last long, as it only lasted one season on the air.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 2001, Warner Bros. Television fully took over distribution of H-B related properties produced by Warner Bros. Animation such as "Scooby-Doo", producing a steady stream of Scooby direct-to-video films and two new series, "What's New, Scooby-Doo?" (2002–2006) and "Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!" (2006–2008). In 2006, WBTV made some of its vast library of programs available for free viewing on the Internet (through sister company AOL's IN2TV service), with "Welcome Back, Kotter" as its marquee offering. Some of these programs have not been seen publicly since their last syndicated release in the 1980s.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: On June 11, 2012, WBTV acquired Alloy Entertainment. On June 2, 2014, Warner Bros. Television Group purchased all of Eyeworks' companies outside of the United States, rebranding as Warner Bros. International Television Production. Eyeworks USA however, will remain independent.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 2020, Warner Bros. Television was renamed Warner Bros. Television Studios as part of WarnerMedia's restructuring of its television divisions. The Warner Bros. Television name continues to be used on-screen, as well as the company's trade name.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: On November 30, 2022, WBTV head Channing Dungey announced that they were in talks with Amazon to make animated DC content for its streaming service Amazon Prime Video.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In addition to the main Warner Bros. Television Studios label, the company also owns and operates the following production companies in the United States:


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Warner Horizon Unscripted Television is Warner Bros. Television Studios' alternative television, cable and streaming production unit; founded in 2006, it originally operated as a singular label encompassing both scripted and unscripted productions. Notable series and films produced by the Warner Horizon units include "The Bachelor" dating show franchise, "The Voice", "Pretty Little Liars" (and spin-offs "Ravenswood" and ""), "Ellen's Game of Games", "Fuller House", "The Masked Dancer", "Whose Line Is It Anyway?", "You" and "Pennyworth".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: On August 10, 2020, Warner Bros. Television Group separated the Warner Horizon label into two standalone companies maintaining individualized production focuses:


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: All3Media Limited (50% owned with Liberty Global) is a British worldwide independent television, film and digital production and distribution company. The All3Media group comprises 40 production and distribution companies from across the United Kingdom and all other parts of Europe (IDTV in the Netherlands and All3Media Deutschland in Germany), New Zealand (South Pacific Pictures) and the United States.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Alloy Entertainment is a creative think tank that develops and produces original books, television series and feature films. The company, a division of Warner Bros. Television Group, generates unique commercial entertainment franchises and collaborates with authors, leading publishers, streaming services, television networks and movie studios to deliver its properties to the world. Notable series and films produced by Alloy include "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants", "Gossip Girl", "The Vampire Diaries", "Pretty Little Liars", "The 100", "The Sun is Also a Star", "Everything, Everything" and "You".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Formed in 2014, Blue Ribbon Content (BRC) is Warner Bros. Television Studios' digital series production unit, continuing the Television Group's commitment to creating new and compelling programming for the digital marketplace. BRC is charged with developing and producing live-action series for digital platforms, tapping the creative talent already working at the Studio while also identifying opportunities for collaboration with new writers and producers. In addition to live-action programming, BRC produces animated programming as well as content for emerging platforms such as virtual reality. BRC takes its name from the classic "Blue Ribbon" features that show up in select "Merrie Melodies" and "Looney Tunes" cartoons.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: BRC's slate includes original program concepts as well as new shows based on Warner Bros.’s wide-ranging collection of intellectual property. Live-action BRC productions include series such as the horror/thriller "" for Shudder and horror/comedy "The Pledge" for CW Seed, as well as the following original films: "The Banana Splits Movie" and "Critters Attack!" for Warner Bros. Home Entertainment and Syfy, plus "Good Girls Get High" for AT&T's DirectTV Cinema. BRC also produces the upcoming mixed-media series "BizarroTV" for DC Universe, plus the animated series "" for CW Seed.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Telepictures is a producer of innovative, multiplatform television series and digital content for the first-run syndication, cable, streaming and digital marketplace. Programs produced by Telepictures have won 93 Emmy Awards in the last 20 years, including Outstanding Talk Show or Outstanding Talk Show Host for 16 of the last 19 years. Telepictures series include the No. 1 entertainment talk show "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", as well as "Extra", "Judge Mathis", "The People's Court", "The Real" and "TMZ", in addition to the NBC primetime series "Ellen's Game of Games" and "Ellen's Greatest Night of Giveaways" (both produced in association with Warner Horizon Unscripted Television). Telepictures is also producing the upcoming Elizabeth Smart-led series "Smart Justice" for Lifetime and the new HBO Max competition series "Ellen's Next Great Designer".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Cartoon Network Studios is the production arm of Cartoon Network, and started operating in 1994 as a division of Hanna-Barbera until 2001 when the latter absorbed into Warner Bros. Animation. Located in Burbank, California, the studio primarily produces and develops animated programs and shorts for Cartoon Network and later Cartoonito. In the 2010s and beyond, their programs began to expand into their sister companies Adult Swim and HBO Max. So far, the company has only produced one theatrically released film, "The Powerpuff Girls Movie", distributed by its sister company, Warner Bros. Pictures.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: The actual animation service for their productions is done overseas, mainly in South Korea at Digital eMation, Saerom Animation, Rough Draft Korea, and Sunmin Image Pictures, with pre-production and post-production being United States-based.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Warner Bros. Animation Inc. is an American animation studio closely associated with the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" characters, among others. The studio is the successor to Warner Bros. Cartoons, the studio which produced "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" cartoon shorts from 1933 to 1963, and from 1967 to 1969. Warner reestablished its animation division in 1980 to produce "Looney Tunes"–related works, and TBS merged with Time Warner (later called WarnerMedia) in 1996. It replaces Warner Bros. Cartoons and since March 2001, it also replaces Hanna-Barbera as well.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In recent years, Warner Bros. Animation has focused primarily on producing television and direct-to-video animation featuring characters Looney Tunes, Scooby-Doo, Tom and Jerry, Hanna-Barbera library, Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman created by other properties owned by Warner Bros., including DC Comics, the MGM cartoon studio (via Turner Entertainment Co.) and Hanna-Barbera Productions.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Williams Street Productions, LLC, d/b/a Williams Street and formerly known as Ghost Planet Industries, is an American animation and live action television production studio the in-house production arm of Cartoon Network’s late night adult block Adult Swim. Mike Lazzo and Keith Crofford oversaw operations for the building for most of its existence.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In December 2019, co-founder Lazzo retired from the company, with business partner and co-founder Crofford retiring the following year. Michael Ouweleen was named president in 2020.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Warner Bros. Kids, Young Adults and Classics (KYAC; often known as Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics), formerly known as Warner Bros. Global Kids and Young Adults, was a division of Warner Bros. Entertainment. It was established on March 4, 2019, as part of a major reorganization of Warner Bros.' now-defunct parent company, WarnerMedia.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: On March 4, 2019, AT&T announced a major reorganization of WarnerMedia to effectively dissolve the Turner Broadcasting System division, which involved Cartoon Network, Boomerang, Adult Swim, Turner Classic Movies, and digital media company Otter Media being transferred to Warner Bros. Entertainment. Aside from TCM and Otter – which was transferred over to WarnerMedia Entertainment on May 31, 2019, to oversee development on an upcoming over-the-top streaming service from WarnerMedia – the newly transferred properties came under a newly formed Global Kids & Young Adults division.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: The division was responsible for overseeing the parent company's family, kids, animation, and young adult properties, its properties include the former Turner Broadcasting System cable television networks Cartoon Network (including the programming blocks Adult Swim, Toonami, Cartoonito, and ACME Night), Boomerang, and Turner Classic Movies; and the animation studios Warner Bros. Animation, Cartoon Network Studios and Williams Street.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: On April 7, 2020, Tom Ascheim was named president of the division, now renamed Warner Bros. Global Kids, Young Adults and Classics, overseeing Cartoon Network, Boomerang and Adult Swim, and adding Turner Classic Movies to his oversight.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: On May 11, 2022, Tom Ascheim exited as President of KYAC due to Warner Bros. Discovery's leadership restructuring the organization and eliminating his role. The studios were moved under Warner Bros. Television while Kathleen Finch's U.S. Networks Group assumed oversight over the linear networks, effectively dissolving the unit.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution (formerly Warner Bros. Television Distribution) is the television distribution and broadcast syndication arm of Warner Bros. Television Studios.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Established on January 10, 1972, the arm was originally known as Warner Bros. Television Distribution before taking on its current name in 1989 following the acquisition of Lorimar-Telepictures. In 1991, Keith Samples, who was employee of the studio left Warner Bros., of which the employment staff inherited from Lorimar, who had joined it in 1986, to start out a TV syndication company Rysher Entertainment.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: In 1999, it reached a deal with NBC Enterprises to pick up the off-net syndication rights to the sitcom "Will & Grace".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Warner Bros. International Television Production Australia (WBITPA) was founded in 2004 as Eyeworks Australia before being rebranded in 2014.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: As Eyeworks Australia, shows produced include "Celebrity Splash", "Being Lara Bingle", "Gangs of Oz" and "Territory Cops". Following the rebrand, WBITPA began producing "The Bachelor Australia" from its fourth season, spin-offs "The Bachelorette Australia" from its second season & "Bachelor in Paradise", as well as "First Dates", the eighth season of "Who Do You Think You Are?", the sixteenth season of "Dancing with the Stars" and "The Masked Singer Australia".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: WBITVP New Zealand produces some of New Zealand's most successful entertainment shows including "RuPaul's Drag Race Down Under", "The Bachelor NZ", "The Bachelorette NZ", "The Block NZ", "Celebrity Treasure Island", "Glow Up", "House of Drag" and "The Great Kiwi Bake Off".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: The Spanish subsidiary was acquired as part of the Eyeworks takeover in 2014. Eyeworks España was renamed Warner Bros. International Television Production España in December 2015.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Shows produced by WBITVP España include ', based on "Ellen's Game of Games"; ', based on the British show of the same name; ', based on "Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares; ," based on the British "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?"; and ', based on the British "Come Dine with Me". Along with Mediaset España and Netflix, the company also co-produced "Brigada Costa del Sol".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Established as Shed Productions in 1998, the company was acquired by Time Warner in 2010, before being rebranded as Warner Bros. Television Productions UK in 2015.


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: On April 7, 2021, it was announced that Cartoon Network Studios Europe had re-branded as Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe, The Hanna-Barbera name had previously been revived on some Warner Bros. Animation series and films based on the classic franchises, including "Scooby-Doo" media, like "", "Wacky Races", and "Yabba-Dabba Dinosaurs". Future plans for the studio have yet to be announced, however. The first projects to be greenlit under the new name were a new series and a movie relating to "The Amazing World of Gumball".


title: Warner Bros. Television Studios

text: Notable shows produced and distributed by Warner Bros. Television include "Wonder Woman", "The Big Bang Theory", "Friends", "Supernatural", "Two and a Half Men", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "Young Sheldon" and many others.


title: Prakash Raj filmography

text: Prakash Raj is an Indian actor, film director, producer and television presenter who mainly works in the South Indian film industry. He acted in back-to-back stage shows for 300 a month in the initial stages of his career when he joined Kalakshetra, Bengaluru, and he has 2,000 street theatre performances to his credit.


title: Prakash Raj filmography

text: After working in the Kannada television industry and Kannada cinema for a few years, he made his debut in Tamil cinema through "Duet" (1994) by K. Balachander and has since been a commercially successful film star in Tamil. In remembrance, he named his production company Duet Movies. Prakash Raj's work in various languages like Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam, Marathi, and English has placed him among the most sought after actors in Indian cinema. He has played a variety of roles, most notably as the antagonist and, of late, as a character actor. Prakash, as an actor has won a National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1998 for Mani Ratnam's "Iruvar" and a National Film Award for Best Actor in 2009 for his role in "Kanchivaram", a Tamil film directed by Priyadarshan, and as a producer has won a National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada for "Puttakkana Highway" directed by his long-time theatre friend B. Suresh in 2011. Prakash was also the host of "Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi" during the shows second season. He has appeared in 398 films.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) is a glide bomb that resulted from a joint venture between the United States Navy and Air Force to deploy a standardized medium range precision guided weapon, especially for engagement of defended targets from outside the range of standard anti-aircraft defenses, thereby increasing aircraft survivability and minimizing friendly losses.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The designation of the "Joint Standoff Weapon" as an "air-to-ground missile" is a misnomer, as it is an unpowered bomb with guidance avionics, similar to the older GBU-15.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The JSOW is a fire-and-forget weapon that employs a tightly coupled GPS/INS for navigation, and is capable of day/night and adverse weather operations. The JSOW-C adds an infra-red seeker for terminal guidance.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: Originally the JSOW was developed by Defense Systems & Electronics division of Texas Instruments. After a first flight, funded by the company in April 1991, a joint program between the US Navy and the US Air Force was awarded. Two other teams had bid on the contract. Texas Instruments sold its defense division to Raytheon in January 1997.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: US Navy commenced Operational Evaluation (OPEVAL) in February 1997 and JSOW entered operational service in January 1999.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The Joint Standoff Weapon is currently used by the US Navy. Foreign Military Sales have been signed with Poland and Turkey for use with their F-16 fighters. Finland, Greece and Singapore are pursuing FMS cases at this time. (Finland cleared the FMS procedure and made the purchase for JSOW as well as JASSM and JDAM in 2017.) The JSOW family is a class weapon intended to provide a low cost, highly lethal air-to-surface glide bomb with standoff capabilities from low altitude launch and up to high altitude launch. The JSOW can be used against a variety of land targets and operates from ranges outside enemy point defenses.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The JSOW is just over in length and weighs about . The JSOW was originally to be delivered in three variants, each of which uses a common air vehicle, or truck, while substituting various payloads. The AGM-154A (JSOW-A) entered service in 1999. US Navy and Air Force developed the AGM-154B (JSOW B) up until Multi-Service Operational Test & Evaluation (MOT&E) but the Navy decided not to procure the weapon when the Air Force left the program. The AGM-154C (JSOW BROACH) entered service in February 2005.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: During the 1990s JSOW was considered to be one of the most successful development programs in DOD history. The system was introduced to operational use a year ahead of schedule. Unlike most guided weapons and aircraft, the system never had a weight management problem, and was deployed at its target weight. The system introduced a new type of fuze, but was able to obtain authority from an independent safety review in record time. Many observers credited these accomplishments to the management style chosen by the DOD and Texas Instruments. After a competitive selection, the program staff was organized into integrated product teams with members from the government, the prime Texas Instruments and subcontractors. In one case, the prime determined that the best-in-class supplier for a design service was the government, and gave part of its funding back. JSOW was recognized in 1996 with a Laurels Award from Aviation Week & Space Technology. It is notable for a guided weapon to receive this award, which is normally reserved for much larger systems. Because of this history, JSOW has been used as a case study for development programs, and for Integrated Product Teams, and is sometimes cited in academic research on program management.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The warhead of the AGM-154A consists of 145 BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb (CEB) submunitions. These bomblets have a shaped charge for armor defeating capability, a fragmenting case for material destruction, and a zirconium ring for incendiary effects.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The warhead for the AGM-154B is the BLU-108/B from the Air Force's Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) program. The JSOW B was to carry six BLU-108/B submunitions. Each submunition releases four projectiles (total of 24 per weapon) that use infrared sensors to detect targets. When a submunition detects that it is aligned with a target, it fires, creating an explosively formed penetrator capable of defeating vehicle armor. This program concluded development but the Navy decided not to procure the weapon.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The AGM-154C uses an Imaging Infrared (IIR) terminal seeker with autonomous guidance. The AGM-154C carries the BROACH warhead. This two stage 225 kg (500 lb) warhead is made up from a WDU-44 shaped augmenting warhead and a WDU-45 follow through bomb. The weapon is designed to attack hardened targets. It entered service with the US Navy in February 2005.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: Full rate production started on December 29, 1999. In June 2000 Raytheon was contracted to develop an enhanced electronics package for the JSOW to prevent electronic spoofing of GPS signals. This ultimately resulted in the JSOW Block II weapon, incorporating multiple cost reduction initiatives in addition to the Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) capability. JSOW Block II was scheduled to begin production in March 2007.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The JSOW contains a modular control and deployment interface that allows future enhancement and additional configurations since it is likely that additional variants will emerge. The basic airframe is advertised as a "truck" and the JSOW-as-a-truck capability is widely advertised. Raytheon has placed a tremendous investment in the JSOW program and will certainly try to extend the Department of Defense contracts for as long as possible with system upgrades and repackagings for new missions and targets.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The AGM-154C-1 was scheduled to begin production in 2009. The first three launches were conducted in August 2011 from an F/A-18F. The JSOW-C1 completed integrated test and evaluations in January 2015, moving on to operational tests. The C1 version is slated for delivery in 2016. It achieved Initial Operating Capability (IOC) on 22 June 2016. On 11 October 2017 the Department of the Navy declared the Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) C-1 ready for full operational capability.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: In addition, the AGM-154A-1 configuration is under development by Raytheon for FMS sales. This version replaces the submunition payload of the AGM-154A with a BLU-111 warhead to enhance blast-fragmentation effects without the unexploded ordnance (UXO) concerns with the BLU-97/B payload.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: A Pratt & Whitney TJ-150 turbojet engine for a powered JSOW is being tested. This variant is named JSOW-ER, where "ER" is for "extended range". JSOW-ER will increase range from . In February, 2019, the US Navy announced that it would issue a sole-source contract to Raytheon to build an improved JSOW-ER to be placed in service by the end of FY2023.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The US Navy (USN) has scrapped plans to develop a powered, extended range (ER) variant of the AGM-154.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: Revealing the decision in the fiscal year (FY) 2022 budget request, the navy will instead procure a variant of Lockheed Martin's AGM-158B Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile Extended Range (JASSM-ER) cruise missile to meet both strike and offensive anti-surface warfare (OASuW) requirements. This so-called Navy JASSM will also leverage from the AGM-158C Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM), itself a JASSM-ER derivative.


title: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon

text: The AGM-154A was the first variant to be used in combat. The AGM-154A is usually used for Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses missions. Initial deployment testing occurred aboard and later aboard the USS "Dwight D. Eisenhower". The first combat deployment of the JSOW occurred over southern Iraq on December 17, 1998, when launched by a single F/A-18C from the "Checkerboards" of VMFA-312, Carrier Air Wing Three embarked aboard USS "Enterprise" during Operation Desert Fox. The glide range of the JSOW allowed the weapon to strike a target located in the southern suburbs of Baghdad. This weapon has enjoyed success since its early use. One adverse event occurred in February 2001, when a strike of F/A-18s from the USS "Harry S. Truman" battle group launched a massive attack on Iraqi air-defense sites, nearly every weapon missed the target. The cause of the miss was reported as a software problem. This problem was solved soon afterward. Since 1998, at least 400 of the JSOW weapons have been used in the following conflicts: Operation Desert Fox, Operation Southern Watch, NATO Operation Allied Force, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.


title: Fire engine

text: A fire engine (also known in some places as a fire truck or fire lorry) is a road vehicle (usually a truck) that functions as a firefighting apparatus. The primary purposes of a fire engine include transporting firefighters and water to an incident as well as carrying equipment for firefighting operations. Some fire engines have specialized functions, such as wildfire suppression and aircraft rescue and firefighting, and may also carry equipment for technical rescue.


title: Fire engine

text: Many fire engines are based on commercial vehicle chassis that are further upgraded and customised for firefighting requirements. They are normally fitted with sirens and emergency vehicle lighting, as well as communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology.


title: Fire engine

text: The terms "fire engine" and "fire truck" are often used interchangeably to a broad range of vehicles involved in firefighting; however, in some fire departments they refer to separate and specific types of vehicle.


title: Fire engine

text: The design and construction of fire engines focuses greatly on the use of both active and passive warnings. Passive visual warnings involve the use of high contrast patterns to increase the noticeability of the vehicle. These types of warnings are often seen on older vehicles and those in developing countries. More modern designs make use of retroreflectors to reflect light from other vehicles. Vehicles will also often have these reflectors arranged in a chevron pattern along with the words "fire" or "rescue". European countries commonly use a pattern known as battenburg markings. Along with the passive warnings, are active visual warnings which are usually in the form of flashing colored lights (also known as "beacons" or "lightbars"). These flash to attract the attention of other drivers as the fire truck approaches, or to provide warning to drivers approaching a parked fire truck in a dangerous position on the road. While the fire truck is headed towards the scene, the lights are always accompanied by loud audible warnings such as sirens and air horns. Some fire engines in the United States are lime yellow rather than red due to safety and ergonomics reasons. A 2009 study by the U.S. Fire Administration concluded that fluorescent colors, including yellow-green and orange, are easiest to spot in daylight.


title: Fire engine

text: Although the exact origin of the firetruck's color is not entirely known, jokes regarding the origin have been passed around. One such is this. "Fire engines are red because they have eight wheels and four people on them, and four plus eight makes twelve, and there are twelve inches in a foot, and one foot is a ruler, and Queen Elizabeth was a ruler, and Queen Elizabeth was also a ship, and the ship sailed the seas, and there were fish in the seas, and fish have fins, and the Finns fought the Russians, and the Russians are red, and fire trucks are always “Russian" around, so that's why fire trucks are red!"


title: Fire engine

text: In some regions, a fire engine may be used to transport first responder firefighters, paramedics or EMTs to medical emergencies due to their proximity to the incident.


title: Fire engine

text: The standard fire engine transports firefighters to the scene, carries equipment needed by the firefighters for most firefighting scenarios, and may provide a limited supply of water with which to fight the fire. The tools carried on the fire engine will vary greatly based on many factors including the size of the department and the usual situations the firefighters handle. For example, departments located near large bodies of water or rivers are likely to have some sort of water rescue equipment. Standard tools found on nearly all fire engines include ladders, hydraulic rescue tools (often referred to as the jaws of life), floodlights, fire hose, fire extinguishers, self-contained breathing apparatus, and thermal imaging cameras.


title: Fire engine

text: The exact layout of what is carried on an engine is decided by the needs of the department. For example, fire departments located in metropolitan areas will carry equipment to mitigate hazardous materials and effect technical rescues, while departments that operate in the wildland-urban interface will need the gear to deal with brush fires.


title: Fire engine

text: Some fire engines have a fixed deluge gun, also known as a master stream, which directs a heavy stream of water to wherever the operator points it. An additional feature of engines are their preconnected hose lines, commonly referred to as "preconnects". The preconnects are attached to the engine's onboard water supply and allow firefighters to quickly mount an aggressive attack on the fire as soon as they arrive on scene. When the onboard water supply runs out, the engine is connected to more permanent sources such as fire hydrants or water tenders and can also use natural sources such as rivers or reservoirs by drafting water.


title: Fire engine

text: An aerial apparatus is a fire truck mounted with an extendable boom that enables firefighters to reach high locations. They can provide a high vantage point for spraying water and creating ventilation, an access route for firefighters and an escape route for firefighters and people they have rescued. In North America, aerial apparatuses are used for fire suppression, whereas in Europe, they are used more for rescue.


title: Fire engine

text: A turntable ladder (TL) is an aerial apparatus with a large ladder mounted on a pivot which resembles a turntable, giving it its name. The key functions of a turntable ladder are allowing access or egress of firefighters and fire victims at height, providing a high-level water point for firefighting (elevated master stream), and providing a platform from which tasks such as ventilation or overhaul can be executed.


title: Fire engine

text: To increase its length and reach, the ladder is often telescoping. Modern telescopic ladders may be hydraulic or pneumatic. These mechanical features allow the use of ladders which are longer, sturdier, and more stable. They may also have pre-attached hoses or other equipment.


title: Fire engine

text: The pivot can be mounted at the rear of the chassis or in the middle, just behind the cab. The latter is sometimes called a "mid-ship" arrangement, and it allows a lower travel height for the truck.


title: Fire engine

text: While the traditional characteristic of a TL was a lack of water pumping or storage, many modern TLs have a water pumping function built in (and some have their own on-board supply reservoir). Some may have piping along the ladder to supply water to firefighters at the top of the ladder, and some of these may also have a monitor installed at the top. Other appliances may simply have a track-way to securely hold a manually-run hose reel.


title: Fire engine

text: In the United States, turntable ladders with additional functions such as an onboard pump, a water tank, fire hose, aerial ladder and multiple ground ladders, are known as quad or quint engines, indicating the number of functions they perform.


title: Fire engine

text: In the United States, a tiller truck, also known as a tractor-drawn aerial, tiller ladder, or hook-and-ladder truck, is a specialized turntable ladder mounted on a semi-trailer truck. Unlike a commercial semi, the trailer and tractor are permanently combined and special tools are required to separate them. It has two drivers, with separate steering wheels for front and rear wheels.


title: Fire engine

text: One of the main features of the tiller-truck is its enhanced maneuverability. The independent steering of the front and back wheels allow the tiller to make much sharper turns, which is particularly helpful on narrow streets and in apartment complexes with maze-like roads. An additional feature of the tiller-truck is that its overall length, over for most models, allows for additional storage of tools and equipment. The extreme length gives compartment capacities that range between in the trailer with an additional in the cab.


title: Fire engine

text: Some departments elect to use tiller-quints, which are tiller trucks that have the added feature of being fitted with an on-board water tank. These are particularly useful for smaller departments that do not have enough personnel to staff both an engine company and a truck company.


title: Fire engine

text: A platform truck carries an aerial work platform, also known as a basket or bucket, on the end of a ladder or boom. These platforms can provide a secure place from which a firefighter can operate. Many platforms also allow for rescues to be performed and are outfitted with tie down clips and rappelling arms.


title: Fire engine

text: Some booms are capable of articulating, allowing the arm to bend in one or more places. This allows the platform truck to go "up and over" an obstacle, and is an advantage over the traditional platform ladder, which can only extend in a straight line.


title: Fire engine

text: A wildland fire engine is a specialised fire engine that can negotiate difficult terrain for wildfire suppression. A wildland fire engine is smaller than standard fire engines and has a higher ground clearance. They may also respond to emergencies in rough terrain where other vehicles cannot respond. Many wildland engines feature four-wheel drive capability to improve hill climbing and rough terrain capability. Some wildland apparatus can pump water while driving (compared to some traditional engines which must be stationary to pump water), allowing "mobile attacks" on vegetation fires to minimize the rate of spread.


title: Fire engine

text: Fire departments that serve areas along the wildland–urban interface have to be able to tackle traditional urban fires as well as wildland fires. Departments in these areas often use a wildland-urban interface engine, which combine features of a standard fire engine with that of a wildland fire engine.


title: Fire engine

text: A water tender is a specialist fire appliance with the primary purpose of transporting large amounts of water to the fire area to make it available for extinguishing operations. These are especially useful in rural areas where fire hydrants are not readily available and natural water resources are insufficient or difficult to exploit.


title: Fire engine

text: Most tankers have an on-board pumping system. This pump is often not of sufficient power to fight fires (as it is designed to be attached to a fire engine), but is more often used to draw water into the tender from hydrants or other water sources. Many tankers are equipped with fast-drain valves on the sides and back of the truck. This allows firefighters to empty thousands of gallons of water into a portable water tank in just a few seconds.


title: Fire engine

text: An airport crash tender is a specialized fire engine designed for use at aerodromes in aircraft accidents. Some of the features that make the airport crash tender unique are its ability to move on rough terrain outside the runway and airport area, large water capacity as well as a foam tank, a high-capacity pump, and water/foam monitors. Newer airport crash tenders also incorporate twin agent nozzles/injection systems that add dry chemical fire retardant (such as Purple-K) to create a stream of firefighting foam which is able to stop the fire faster. Some also have gaseous fire suppression tanks for electrical fires. These features give the airport crash tenders a capability to reach an airplane rapidly, and rapidly extinguish large fires with jet fuel involved.


title: Fire engine

text: Other vehicles that are used by fire departments but may not be directly involved in firefighting may include


title: Fire engine

text: An early device used to squirt water onto a fire was known as a "squirt" or "fire syringe". Hand squirts and hand pumps are noted before Ctesibius of Alexandria invented the first fire pump around the 2nd century B.C., and an example of a force-pump possibly used for a fire-engine is mentioned by Heron of Alexandria.


title: Fire engine

text: In 1650, Hans Hautsch built a fire engine with a compressed air vessel. On each side 14 men worked a piston rod back and forth in a horizontal direction. The air vessel, a type of pressure tank, issued an even stream despite the backward motion of the piston. This was made possible by a rotating pipe mounted on the hose which allowed the jet to reach heights up to . Caspar Schott observed Hautsch's fire engine in 1655 and wrote an account of it in his "Magia Universalis."


title: Fire engine

text: Colonial laws in America required each house to have a bucket of water on the front stoop in preparation for fires at night. These buckets were intended for use by the initial bucket brigade that would supply the water at fires. Philadelphia obtained a hand-pumped fire engine in 1719, years after Boston's 1654 model appeared there, made by Joseph Jenckes Sr., but before New York's two engines arrived from London.


title: Fire engine

text: By 1730, Richard Newsham, in London, had made successful fire engines. He also invented those first used in New York City in 1731 where the amount of manpower and skill necessary for firefighting prompted Benjamin Franklin to found an organized fire company in 1737. Thomas Lote built the first fire engine made in America in 1743. These earliest engines are called "hand tubs" because they are manually (hand) powered and the water was supplied by a bucket brigade dumping it into a tub (cistern) where the pump had a permanent intake pipe.


title: Fire engine

text: An important advancement around 1822 was the invention of an engine which could draft water from a water source. This rendered the bucket brigade obsolete. In 1822, a Philadelphia-based manufacturing company called "Sellers and Pennock" made a model called "The Hydraulion". It is said to be the first suction engine. Some models had the hard, suction hose fixed to the intake and curled up over the apparatus known as a squirrel tail engine.


title: Fire engine

text: The earliest engines were small and were either carried by four men, or mounted on skids and dragged to a fire. As the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. John Ericsson is credited with building the first American steam-powered fire engine. John Braithwaite built the first steam fire-engine in Britain.


title: Fire engine

text: Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, but the introduction of horse-drawn fire engines considerably improved the response time to incidents. The first self-propelled steam pumper fire engine was built in New York in 1841. Unfortunately for the manufacturers, some firefighters sabotaged the device and its use of the first engine was discontinued. However, the need and the utility of power equipment ensured the success of the steam pumper well into the twentieth century. Many cities and towns around the world bought the steam fire engines.


title: Fire engine

text: Motorised fire engines date back to January 1897, when the Prefect of Police in Paris applied for funds to purchase "a machine worked by petroleum for the traction of a fire-engine, ladders, and so forth and for the conveyance of the necessary staff of pompiers". With great prescience the report states "If the experiment prove successful, as is anticipated, horses will eventually be entirely replaced by automobiles". This was, indeed, the case and motorised fire engines became commonplace by the early 20th century. By 1905, the idea of combining gas engine motor trucks into fire engines was attracting great attention; according to a "Popular Mechanics" article in that year, such trucks were rapidly gaining popularity in England. That same year, the Knox Automobile Company of Springfield, Massachusetts, began selling what some have described as the world's first modern fire engine. A year later, the city of Springfield, Illinois, had filled their fire department with Knox engines. Another early motorized fire engine was developed by Peter Pirsch and Sons of Kenosha, Wisconsin.


title: Fire engine

text: For many years firefighters sat on the sides of the fire engines, or even stood on the rear of the vehicles, exposed to the elements. This arrangement was uncomfortable and dangerous (some firefighters were thrown to their deaths when their fire engines made sharp turns on the road), and today nearly all fire engines have fully enclosed seating areas for their crews.


title: Fire engine

text: Early pumpers used cisterns as a source of water. Water was later put into wooden pipes under the streets and a "fire plug" was pulled out of the top of the pipe when a suction hose was to be inserted. Later systems incorporated pressurized fire hydrants, where the pressure was increased when a fire alarm was sounded. This was found to be harmful to the system and unreliable. Today's valved hydrant systems are kept under pressure at all times, although additional pressure may be added when needed. Pressurized hydrants eliminate much of the work in obtaining water for pumping through the engine and into the attack hoses. Many rural fire engines still rely upon cisterns or other sources for drafting water into the pumps. Steam pumper came in to use in the 1850s.


title: Fire engine

text: In the late 19th century, means of reaching tall structures were devised. At first, manually extendable ladders were used; as these grew in length (and weight), they were put onto two large wheels. When carried by fire engines these "wheeled escape ladders" had the wheels suspended behind the rear of the vehicle, making them a distinctive sight. Before long, "turntable ladders"—which were even longer, mechanically extendable, and installed directly onto fire trucks—made their appearances.


title: Fire engine

text: After the Second World War turntable ladders were supplemented by the aerial work platform (sometimes called "cherry picker"), a platform or bucket attached onto a mechanically bending arm (or "snorkel") installed onto a fire truck. While these could not reach the height of similar turntable ladders, the platforms could extend into previously unreachable "dead corners" of a burning building.


title: Alex Cross (film)

text: Alex Cross is a 2012 American action thriller film directed by Rob Cohen and starring Tyler Perry as the title character and Matthew Fox as the villain Picasso. The adapted screenplay was written by Marc Moss and Kerry Williamson. It is based on the 2006 novel "Cross" by James Patterson and is the third installment of the "Alex Cross" film series, which was considered as a reboot of the series. The title character was previously portrayed by Morgan Freeman in "Kiss the Girls" (1997) and "Along Came a Spider" (2001). Unlike the previous films, which were distributed by Paramount Pictures, the film was released by Lionsgate Films on October 19, 2012. It was panned by critics and audiences, and became a box office bomb.


title: Alex Cross (film)

text: Dr. Alex Cross is a psychologist and police lieutenant who lives in Detroit with his wife Maria and their children. After learning Maria is pregnant, Cross considers accepting a job as an FBI profiler in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, a man participates in an underground fighting match and seduces businesswoman Fan Yau. The man is invited to Yau's house, where he kills her after injecting her with TTX.


title: Alex Cross (film)

text: At the crime scene, Cross finds a charcoal sketch left behind by the killer in the style of the artist Picasso, leading to the murderer being nicknamed after him. While examining the sketch, Cross deduces that Picasso's next target is German businessman Erich Nunemarcher. Picasso attempts to kill Nunemarcher but is foiled by Cross, and escapes after being shot by Cross's partner Tommy Kane. Cross deduces that Picasso also plans to target billionaire CEO Giles Mercier.


title: Alex Cross (film)

text: As revenge for foiling his attack on Nunemarcher, Picasso attacks Cross and Kane's colleague, Monica Ashe, torturing her to death. Picasso then tracks down Cross, who is on a date with Maria, and kills her with a sniper rifle.


title: Alex Cross (film)

text: Picasso targets Nunemarcher and Mercier at a conference, killing Nunemarcher and seemingly Mercier. Cross and Kane track Picasso to the abandoned Michigan Theater. As Cross and Picasso fight, they fall through the crumbling theater ceiling. Cross kicks Picasso off the ceiling, killing him and avenging Maria. Kane helps pull Cross to safety.