title: Ranch

text: The prairie and desert lands of what today is Mexico and the western United States were well-suited to "open range" grazing. For example, American bison had been a mainstay of the diet for the Native Americans in the Great Plains for centuries. Likewise, cattle and other livestock were simply turned loose in the spring after their young were born and allowed to roam with little supervision and no fences, then rounded up in the fall, with the mature animals driven to market and the breeding stock brought close to the ranch headquarters for greater protection in the winter. The use of livestock branding allowed the cattle owned by different ranchers to be identified and sorted. Beginning with the settlement of Texas in the 1840s, and expansion both north and west from that time, through the Civil War and into the 1880s, ranching dominated western economic activity.


title: Ranch

text: Along with ranchers came the need for agricultural crops to feed both humans and livestock, and hence many farmers also came west along with ranchers. Many operations were "diversified", with both ranching and farming activities taking place. With the Homestead Act of 1862, more settlers came west to set up farms. This created some conflict, as increasing numbers of farmers needed to fence off fields to prevent cattle and sheep from eating their crops. Barbed wire, invented in 1874, gradually made inroads in fencing off privately owned land, especially for homesteads. There was some reduction of land on the Great Plains open to grazing.


title: Ranch

text: The end of the open range was not brought about by a reduction in land due to crop farming, but by overgrazing. Cattle stocked on the open range created a tragedy of the commons as each rancher sought increased economic benefit by grazing too many animals on public lands that "nobody" owned. However, being a non-native species, the grazing patterns of ever-increasing numbers of cattle slowly reduced the quality of the rangeland, in spite of the simultaneous massive slaughter of American bison that occurred. The winter of 1886–87 was one of the most severe on record, and livestock that were already stressed by reduced grazing died by the thousands. Many large cattle operations went bankrupt, and others suffered severe financial losses. Thus, after this time, ranchers also began to fence off their land and negotiated individual grazing leases with the American government so that they could keep better control of the pasture land available to their own animals.


title: Ranch

text: Ranching in Hawaii developed independently of that in the continental United States. In colonial times, Capt. George Vancouver gave several head of cattle to the Hawaiian king, Pai`ea Kamehameha, monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and by the early 19th century, they had multiplied considerably, to the point that they were wreaking havoc throughout the countryside. About 1812, John Parker, a sailor who had jumped ship and settled in the islands, received permission from Kamehameha to capture the wild cattle and develop a beef industry.


title: Ranch

text: The Hawaiian style of ranching originally included capturing wild cattle by driving them into pits dug in the forest floor. Once tamed somewhat by hunger and thirst, they were hauled out up a steep ramp, and tied by their horns to the horns of a tame, older steer (or ox) and taken to fenced-in areas. The industry grew slowly under the reign of Kamehameha's son Liholiho (Kamehameha II). When Liholiho's son, Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III), visited California, then still a part of Mexico, he was impressed with the skill of the Mexican vaqueros. In 1832, he invited several to Hawaii to teach the Hawaiian people how to work cattle.


title: Ranch

text: The Hawaiian cowboy came to be called the "paniolo", a Hawaiianized pronunciation of "español." Even today, the traditional Hawaiian saddle and many other tools of the ranching trade have a distinctly Mexican look, and many Hawaiian ranching families still carry the surnames of vaqueros who made Hawaii their home.


title: Ranch

text: In Argentina and Uruguay, ranches are known as "estancias" and in Brazil, they are called "fazendas". In much of South America, including Ecuador and Colombia, the term "hacienda" or "finca" may be used. "Ranchero" or "Rancho" are also generic terms used throughout tropical Latin America.


title: Ranch

text: In the colonial period, from the pampas regions of South America all the way to the Minas Gerais state in Brazil, including the semi-arid pampas of Argentina and the south of Brazil, were often well-suited to ranching, and a tradition developed that largely paralleled that of Mexico and the United States. The gaucho culture of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay are among the cattle ranching traditions born during the period. However, in the 20th century, cattle raising expanded into less-suitable areas of the Pantanal. Particularly in Brazil, the 20th century marked the rapid growth of deforestation, as rain forest lands were cleared by slash and burn methods that allowed grass to grow for livestock, but also led to the depletion of the land within only a few years. Many of indigenous peoples of the rain forest opposed this form of cattle ranching and protested the forest being burnt down to set up grazing operations and farms. This conflict is still a concern in the region today.


title: Ranch

text: In Spain, where the origins of ranching can be traced, there are ganaderías operating on "dehesa"-type land, where fighting bulls are raised. However, ranch-type properties are not seen to any significant degree in the rest of western Europe, where there is far less land area and sufficient rainfall allows the raising of cattle on much smaller farms.


title: Ranch

text: In Australia, a rangeland property is a station (originally in the sense of a place where stock were temporarily stationed). In almost all cases, these are either cattle stations or sheep stations. The largest cattle stations in the world are located in Australia's dry outback rangelands. Owners of these stations are usually known as graziers or pastoralists, especially if they reside on the property. Employees are usually known as stockmen/stockwomen, jackaroos/jillaroos and/or ringers (rather than cowboys). A number of Australian cattle stations are larger than 10,000 km, with the greatest being Anna Creek Station which measures 23,677 km in area (approximately eight times the largest US Ranch). Anna Creek is owned by S Kidman & Co.


title: Ranch

text: In South Africa, similar large holdings are usually known as a farm (occasionally also ranch) in South African English and plaas in Afrikaans.


title: Indigestion

text: Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia or upset stomach, is a condition of impaired digestion. Symptoms may include upper abdominal fullness, heartburn, nausea, belching, or upper abdominal pain. People may also experience feeling full earlier than expected when eating. Indigestion is relatively common, affecting 20% of people at some point during their life, and is frequently caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastritis.


title: Indigestion

text: Indigestion is subcategorized as "organic" or "functional", but making the diagnosis can prove challenging for physicians. Organic indigestion is the result of an underlying disease, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (an ulcer of the stomach or duodenum), or cancer. Functional indigestion (previously called nonulcer dyspepsia) is indigestion without evidence of underlying disease. Functional indigestion is estimated to affect about 15% of the general population in western countries and accounts for a majority of dyspepsia cases.


title: Indigestion

text: In elderly patients (60 years of age or older) or with worrisome symptoms such as trouble swallowing, weight loss, or blood loss, an endoscopy (a procedure whereby a camera attached to a flexible tube is inserted down the throat and into the stomach) is recommended to further assess and find a potential cause. In patients younger than 60 years of age, testing for the bacteria "H. pylori" and if positive, treatment of the infection is recommended. More details about how indigestion is diagnosed and treated can be found below.


title: Indigestion

text: Patients experiencing indigestion likely report one, a combination of, or all of the following symptoms:


title: Indigestion

text: There may be abdominal tenderness, but this finding is nonspecific and is not required to make a diagnosis. However, there are physical exam signs that may point to a different diagnosis and underlying cause for a patient's reported discomfort. A positive Carnett sign (focal tenderness that increases with abdominal wall contraction and palpation) suggests an etiology involving the abdominal wall musculature. Cutaneous dermatomal distribution of pain may suggest a thoracic polyradiculopathy. Tenderness to palpation over the right upper quadrant, or Murphy's sign, may suggest cholecystitis or gallbladder inflammation.


title: Indigestion

text: Also known as "Alarm features", "alert features", "red flags", or "warning signs" in gastrointestinal (GI) literature.


title: Indigestion

text: Indigestion is a diagnosis related to a combination of symptoms that can be attributed to "organic" or "functional" causes. Organic dyspepsia should have pathological findings upon endoscopy, like an ulcer in the stomach lining in peptic ulcer disease. Functional dyspepsia is unlikely to be detected on endoscopy but can be broken down into two subtypes, epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) and post-prandial distress syndrome (PDS). In addition, indigestion could be caused by medications, food, or other disease processes.


title: Indigestion

text: Psychosomatic and cognitive factors are important in the evaluation of people with chronic dyspepsia. Studies have shown a high occurrence of mental disorders, notably anxiety and depression, amongst patients with dyspepsia; however, there is little evidence to prove causation.


title: Indigestion

text: Esophagitis is an inflammation of the esophagus, most commonly caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is defined by the sensation of "heartburn" or a burning sensation in the chest as a result of inappropriate relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter at the site where the esophagus connects to the stomach. It is often treated with proton pump inhibitors. If left untreated, the chronic damage to the esophageal tissues poses a risk of developing cancer. A meta-analysis showed risk factors for developing GERD included age equal to or greater than 50, smoking, the use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory medications, and obesity.


title: Indigestion

text: Gastric and/or duodenal ulcers are the defining feature of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). PUD is most commonly caused by an infection with H. pylori or NSAID use.


title: Indigestion

text: The role of "H. pylori" in functional dyspepsia is controversial, and treatment for "H. pylori" may not lead to complete improvement of a patient's dyspepsia. However, a recent systemic review and meta-analysis of 29 studies published in 2022 suggests that successful treatment of "H. pylori" modestly improves indigestion symptoms.


title: Indigestion

text: Duodenal micro-inflammation caused by an altered duodenal gut microbiota, reactions to foods (mainly gluten proteins) or infections may induce dyspepsia symptoms in a subset of people.


title: Indigestion

text: Functional dyspepsia is a common cause of chronic heartburn. More than 70% of people have no obvious organic cause for their symptoms after evaluation. Symptoms may arise from a complex interaction of increased visceral afferent sensitivity, gastric delayed emptying (gastroparesis) or impaired accommodation to food. Diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia categorize it into two subtypes by symptom: epigastric pain syndrome and post-prandial distress syndrome. Anxiety is also associated with functional dyspepsia. In some people, it appears before the onset of gut symptoms; in other cases, anxiety develops after onset of the disorder, which suggests that a gut-driven brain disorder may be a possible cause. Although benign, these symptoms may be chronic and difficult to treat.


title: Indigestion

text: Defined by stomach pain and/or burning that interferes with daily life, without any evidence of organic disease.


title: Indigestion

text: Defined by post-prandial fullness or early satiation that interferes with daily life, without any evidence of organic disease.


title: Indigestion

text: Acute, self-limited dyspepsia may be caused by overeating, eating too quickly, eating high-fat foods, eating during stressful situations, or drinking too much alcohol or coffee. Many medications cause dyspepsia, including aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics (metronidazole, macrolides), bronchodilators (theophylline), diabetes drugs (acarbose, metformin, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, amylin analogs, GLP-1 receptor antagonists), antihypertensive medications (angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonist), cholesterol-lowering agents (niacin, fibrates), neuropsychiatric medications (cholinesterase inhibitors [donepezil, rivastigmine]), SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline), serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, duloxetine), Parkinson drugs (Dopamine agonist, monoamine oxidase [MAO]-B inhibitors), weight-loss medications (orlistat), corticosteroids, estrogens, digoxin, iron, and opioids. Common herbs have also been show to cause indigestion, like white willow berry, garlic, ginkgo, chaste tree berry, saw palmetto, and feverfew. Studies have shown that wheat and dietary fats can contribute to indigestion and suggest foods high in short-chain carbohydrates (FODMAP) may be associated with dyspepsia. This suggests reducing or consuming a gluten-free, low-fat, and/or FODMAP diet may improve symptoms. Additionally, some people may experience dyspepsia when eating certain spices or spicy food as well as foods like peppers, chocolate, citrus, and fish.


title: Indigestion

text: There are a number of systemic diseases that may involve dyspepsia, including coronary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, hyperparathyroidism, thyroid disease, and chronic kidney disease.


title: Indigestion

text: Gastroenteritis increases the risk of developing chronic dyspepsia. Post-infectious dyspepsia is the term given when dyspepsia occurs after an acute gastroenteritis infection. It is believed that the underlying causes of post-infectious IBS and post-infectious dyspepsia may be similar and represent different aspects of the same pathophysiology.


title: Indigestion

text: The pathophysiology for indigestion is not well understood; however, there are many theories. For example, there are studies that suggest a gut-brain interaction, as patients who received an antibiotic saw a reduction in their indigestion symptoms. Other theories propose issues with gut motility, a hypersensitivity of gut viscera, and imbalance of the microbiome. A genetic predisposition is plausible, but there is limited evidence to support this theory.


title: Indigestion

text: A diagnosis for indigestion is based on symptoms, with a possible need for more diagnostic tests. In younger patients (less than 60 years of age) without red flags (e.g., weight loss), it is recommended to test for H. pylori noninvasively, followed by treatment with antibiotics in those who test positively. A negative test warrants discussing additional treatments, like proton pump inhibitors, with your doctor. An upper GI endoscopy may also be recommended. In older patients (60 or older), an endoscopy is often the next step in finding out the cause of newly onset indigestion regardless of the presence of alarm symptoms. However, for all patients regardless of age, an official diagnosis requires symptoms to have started at least 6 months ago with a frequency of at least once a week over the last 3 months.


title: Indigestion

text: Functional and organic dyspepsia have similar treatments. Traditional therapies used for this diagnosis include lifestyle modification (e.g., diet), antacids, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), H-receptor antagonists (H2-RAs), prokinetic agents, and antiflatulents. PPIs and H2-RAs are often first-line therapies for treating dyspepsia, having shown to be better than placebo medications. Anti-depressants, notably tricyclic antidepressants, have also been shown to be effective treatments for patients who do not respond to traditional therapies.


title: Indigestion

text: A lifestyle change that may help with indigestion is a change in diet, such as a stable and consistent eating schedule and slowing the pace of eating. Additionally, there are studies that support a reduction in the consumption of fats may also alleviate dyspepsia. While some studies suggest a correlation between dyspepsia and celiac disease, not everyone with indigestion needs to refrain from gluten in their diet. However, a gluten-free diet can relieve the symptoms in some patients without celiac disease. Lastly, a FODMAPs diet or diet low/free from certain complex sugars and sugar alcohols has also been shown to be potentially beneficial in patients with indigestion.


title: Indigestion

text: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were found to be better than placebo in a literature review, especially when looking at long-term symptom reduction. H2 receptor antagonists (H2-RAs) have similar effect on symptoms reduction when compared to PPIs. However, there is little evidence to support prokinetic agents are an appropriate treatment for dyspepsia.


title: Indigestion

text: Currently, PPIs are FDA indicated for erosive esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, eradication of H. pylori, duodenal and gastric ulcers, and NSAID-induced ulcer healing and prevention, but not functional dyspepsia.


title: Indigestion

text: Prokinetics (medications focused on increasing gut motility), such as metoclopramide or erythromycin, has a history of use as a secondary treatment for dyspepsia. While multiple studies show that it is more effective than placebo, there are multiple concerns about the side effects surrounding the long-term use of these medications.


title: Indigestion

text: A 2021 meta-analysis concluded that herbal remedies, like menthacarin (a combination of peppermint and caraway oils), ginger, artichoke, licorice, and jollab (a combination of rose water, saffron, and candy sugar), may be as beneficial as conventional therapies when treating dyspepsia symptoms. However, it is important to note that herbal products are not regulated by the FDA and therefore it is difficult to assess the quality and safety of the ingredients found in alternative medications.


title: Indigestion

text: Indigestion is a common problem and frequent reason for primary care physicians to refer patients to GI specialists. Worldwide, dyspepsia affects about a third of the population. It can affect a person's quality of life even if the symptoms within themselves are usually not life-threatening. Additionally, the financial burden on the patient and healthcare system is costly - patients with dyspepsia were more likely to have lower work productivity and higher healthcare costs compared to those without indigestion. Risk factors include NSAID-use, H. pylori infection, and smoking.


title: Showmax

text: Showmax is an online subscription video on demand (SVOD) service which launched in South Africa on 19 August 2015. Showmax uses a localisation strategy to take on established video on demand competitors with a focus on local content and partnerships with mobile telcos. In South Africa Showmax has managed to out compete eight domestic competitors. It continues to compete with international video steaming services Netflix, Disney+ and Amazon Prime Video.


title: Showmax

text: Showmax is a part of MultiChoice Group (which itself is a spin-off of Naspers, owner of 30.86% stake in Tencent which owns a similar service, Tencent Video and iflix). Showmax's engineering team is based in the Czech Republic. Showmax publishes engineering and research articles on a technical blog.


title: Showmax

text: In December 2015, Showmax expanded its reach to audiences in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and North America.


title: Showmax

text: In May 2016, Showmax expanded to 36 countries in Africa, taking the total number of countries in which Showmax is available to 65.


title: Showmax

text: In August 2016, the Showmax logo was changed from framed black and white logotype using camel case to an all lower-case logotype with added dark magenta and teal stripes.


title: Showmax

text: On 7 July 2020, Showmax Pro was launched in Kenya and Nigeria. The new service bundles the existing Showmax entertainment service with music channels, news, and live sport streaming from SuperSport. The offering includes all the games from the UK's Premier League, Italy's Serie A and La Liga, and South Africa's Premier Soccer League.


title: Showmax

text: Showmax's download feature allows users to download up to 25 shows or movies at a time and watch them offline on Android and iOS tablets and smartphones. There are four different quality settings to reduce the amount of data required to download.


title: Showmax

text: In August 2016, Showmax launched a bandwidth-capping tool that allows users to choose different quality levels. The bandwidth caps include a low cap of 300 MB per hour, a medium cap of 700 MB per hour, or to leave usage uncapped. In April 2022, Showmax announced that a new bandwidth cap would be introduced, called Max Data Saving, which allows subscribers to use only 50 MB per hour.


title: Showmax

text: In August 2016, Showmax added a multiple profile feature including the ability to set up child-friendly profiles with four age settings.


title: Showmax

text: In October 2019, Showmax introduced a mobile plan at 50% of the cost of the standard subscription price. According to Showmax, "Smartphones and tablets are, for many in Africa, the primary, if not only, window to the internet, and up until now none of the most popular SVoD services has designed a product specifically for mobile usage."


title: Showmax

text: In July 2020, Showmax launched live sport streaming service Showmax Pro and began roll out across 40 countries in Africa. In June 2019, Showmax began testing sport live-streaming, and by 2022, the Showmax Pro service was available across 50 African countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Showmax Pro is available on up to five different devices, with two concurrent streams. The Showmax Pro Mobile service allows streaming on one device, with one stream. In October 2022, Showmax announced that for the first time, Showmax Pro subscribers could stream in 4K, with all 64 games of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 available to stream in ultra-high-definition to subscribers across the continent.


title: Showmax

text: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe


title: Showmax

text: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom


title: Showmax

text: In Africa the Showmax catalogue consists of Hollywood, British, Kenyan and South African content. Outside of Africa the Showmax catalogue consists of Showmax Originals, kykNET International, M-Net, Mzansi Magic, and Via content targeted primarily at an expat audience.


title: Showmax

text: Showmax has content in English, Afrikaans, isiZulu, Kiswahili, Sepedi, SeTswana, Sesotho and isiXhosa.


title: Showmax

text: On 13 June 2017, Showmax announced that filming of its first original series "Tali's Wedding Diary", a mockumentary featuring Julia Anastasopoulos, had begun.


title: Showmax

text: On 16 November 2017, Showmax released a trailer for "Tali's Wedding Diary". It was announced that it would be available on Showmax on 14 December 2017.


title: Showmax

text: "Tali's Wedding Diary" was the most-awarded comedy at the South African Film and Television Awards in 2019, making Showmax the first streaming service to win at the awards.


title: Showmax

text: In November 2020, shooting for the follow-up series, "Tali's Baby Diary", was announced, and all 10 episodes landed on Showmax in March 2021, with critics calling it "the best South African TV show of 2021 so far". The main cast returned for the follow-up, which followed Tali and her husband Darren as they prepared for the birth of their first child. Julia Anastasopoulos returned as Tali, with Anton Taylor reprising his role as Darren, Glen Biderman-Pam as Darren's business partner Rael, and Lara Toselli as Tali's frenemy, Gabi. New faces included Siv Ngesi as Rael and Darren's corporate nemesis and Kate Pinchuk as their new receptionist.


title: Showmax

text: In August 2022, Showmax announced that filming on the third instalment of the show, Tali's Joburg Diary, had started, and that episodes would land on the platform in November 2022.


title: Showmax

text: Showmax's first original drama series "The Girl From St Agnes" was released on 31 January 2019. In the eight-part murder mystery, the mysterious death of a schoolgirl at an elite boarding school sets off a desperate hunt for the truth. The series was filmed on location in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands.


title: Showmax

text: In February 2019, Showmax announced its first original travel show, "Trippin with Skhumba", hosted by South African comedian Skhumba Hlope. The theme music used for the series is the hit record "Spirit" by Kwesta. The series launched on 28 February. Guests on the first season include South African comedians such as Celeste Ntuli, Siya Seya, Salesman, Mashabela Galane, Tumi Morake and Schalk Bezuidenhout.


title: Showmax

text: In February 2020, Showmax premiered "Somizi & Mohale: The Union." The four-part wedding special featuring Somizi Mhlongo and Mohale Motaung broke viewing records on Showmax.


title: Showmax

text: In March 2020, Showmax launched its first original horror movie. In "Rage", a group of school-leavers goes to a tiny coastal town to celebrate the end of their school careers.


title: Showmax

text: In August 2020, Showmax premiered reality show "Life With Kelly Khumalo", starring award-winning South African singer Kelly Khumalo.


title: Showmax

text: Season 3 of "Life With Kelly Khumalo" launched on 5 July 2022, with new episodes every Tuesday until 27 September 2022. The third season follows the star at the pinnacle of her career and the height of her fame.


title: Showmax

text: On the 29th of January 2021, Showmax premiered the Showmax-exclusive Durban franchise of "The Real Housewives". The show is based on an ensemble cast of six women from Durban. The Season 1 cast was made up of Sorisha Naidoo, Annie Mthembu, Kgomotso Ndungane, Ayanda Ncwane, Nonku Williams, and Nonkanyiso Conco (also known as LaConco and MaConco).


title: Showmax

text: In September 2021, Showmax announced that the second season of "The Real Housewives of Durban", as well as the first season of "The Real Housewives of Lagos", would premiere in early 2022.


title: Showmax

text: In January 2022, the cast of "The Real Housewives of Durban" Season 2 was announced: Sorisha Naidoo, Annie Mthembu, Nonku Williams and LaConco would be returning for the second season, joined by Jojo Robinson, Londie London and Thobile MaKhumalo Mseleku. "The Real Housewives of Durban" Season 2 started on 28 January 2022, with new weekly episodes landing on Showmax every Friday until 15 April 2022.


title: Showmax

text: On 6 May 2022, Showmax released the first of the two-part season reunion, with the second part of the reunion landing on 13 May 2022.


title: Showmax

text: This police procedural and legal drama, consisting of 8 episodes, was both Kenya’s first Showmax Original and Showmax’s first co-production with Canal+. The episodes are based on Kenyan true crime stories, and stars Sarah Hassan and Alfred Munyua as two detectives with the Nairobi Metropol Police. The first season premiered on Showmax in February 2020, and the series has since been nominated for three Kalasha Awards, including Best TV Drama, Best Lead Actress and Best Lead Actor. In November 2021, Showmax announced that filming had begun on a second season of "Crime and Justice".


title: Showmax

text: Showmax announced in November 2020 that filming had wrapped on the psychological thriller "DAM", which landed on Showmax in February 2021, drawing comparisons to HBO's "The Outsider".


title: Showmax

text: "DAM" is an eight-episode Showmax Original made in partnership with the Eastern Cape Development Corporation, the Amathole District Municipality and Picture Tree, shot on location in the towns of Bedford and Adelaide in the Eastern Cape.


title: Showmax

text: Lea Vivier stars as Yola Fischer, who returns to the small town where she grew up after the death of her father. Pallance Dladla plays the biker Themba, who arrives in town after fleeing secrets of his own, and Faniswa Yisa plays his aunt Lindiwe. Other cast members include Natasha Loring as Yola's sister, Sienna, and Antoinette Louw as their aunt Dora.


title: Showmax

text: "DAM" was the most nominated drama at the South African Film and Television Awards (SAFTAs) in September 2022, with 11 nominations. Natasha Loring won her first SAFTA for her role as Sienna, and Sue Steele won for Best Art Directing.


title: Showmax

text: In September 2022, Showmax announced that filming on Season 2 had begun in the Eastern Cape. Season 2 is due to launch in 2023 on Showmax.


title: Showmax

text: In March 2021, Showmax released the first trailer for the Cape Flats neo-noir series "Skemerdans", created and directed by Amy Jephta with Ephrahim Gordon co-directing.


title: Showmax

text: The 13-episode mystery series landed on Showmax in April 2021, with Kevin Smith, llse Klink, Vinette Ebrahim, Brendon Daniels and Trudy van Rooy starring as the members of the Fortune family, who find themselves at the centre of an investigation after a murder is committed at the Oasis Jazz Club, which their family have owned for decades.


title: Showmax

text: Showmax announced in February 2021 that it had licensed its first international reality format and would be bringing "Temptation Island" to South African shores. "Temptation Island South Africa" premiered on 26 August 2021, with the trailer dropping on 26 July 2021, introducing the four couples who would be putting their relationships to the test by living in a men's and women's villa with hot singles looking for love.


title: Showmax

text: "Temptation Island South Africa" was produced by Afrokaans Film & Television and hosted by Phat Joe. Distributed by Banijay Rights, the global distribution arm of Banijay, "Temptation Island" is a Teen Choice-nominated pop culture phenomenon, which has been adapted 25 times and counting.


title: Showmax

text: The explosive two-part reunion of "Temptation Island South Africa" brought the couples and singles back to screens on 25 November 2021, marking the end of the 14-episode season.


title: Showmax

text: In August 2021, the cast for the first Showmax Original comedy series in West Africa, "Ghana Jollof", was revealed. Directed by Diji Aderogba (About A Boy) and produced by Nigerian comedian Basketmouth, the 13-episode series includes an ensemble Nigerian and Ghanaian cast.


title: Showmax

text: In August 2021, Showmax announced a new slate of Original series that included an adaptation of the best-selling novel Hlomu The Wife, self-published by South Africa author Dudu Busani-Dube. Billed as Showmax's first Original telenovela, "The Wife" is produced by Stained Glass, the same production company behind eHostela and Uzalo, the latter being the most-watched soap opera in South Africa.


title: Showmax

text: "The Wife" is divided into three seasons. Each season is based on one of Dudu Busani-Dube's books in the series: Hlomu The Wife, Zandile The Resolute, and Naledi His Love. The first three episodes premiered on Showmax on 11 November 2021, and broke the streaming platform's record for the most first-day views, which was previously held by controversial reality series Uthando Lodumo. "The Wife" also broke Showmax's record for the most hours watched within four days of launch, which was previously held by true crime documentary "Devilsdorp".


title: Showmax

text: Season 1 of "The Wife" came to an end on 3 February 2022 and Season 2 started on 17 February 2022, starring Khanyi Mbau as Zandile. Season 2 ended on 5 May 2022, with Season 3 slated to land on the platform late in 2022.


title: Showmax

text: On 5 August 2022, Showmax launched "The Wife: Behind the Veil", an eight-episode Original that tells the behind-the-scenes stories of The Wife Seasons 1-2.


title: Showmax

text: In September 2022, Showmax announced that Season 3 of "The Wife" had started being filmed, and that it would land on the platform in November 2023. On 10 November 2022, the first three episodes of Season 3 landed, introducing Wiseman Mncube as the new star portraying Mqhele Zulu. Gaisang K Noge and Kwenzo Ngcobo return as Naledi and Qhawe respectively, the star-crossed lovers at the centre of the season. Three new episodes land every Thursday into 2023.


title: Showmax

text: In November 2021, Showmax announced its first Kenyan Showmax Original film, "Baba Twins", a comedy-drama produced by Lucy Mwangi, known for her work on award-winning series "Njoro wa Uba". "Baba Twins" follows young airline hostess Wamz, played by Violetta Ngina, and radio presenter Tony, played by Morris Mwangi, who unexpectedly become parents to twins. The movie was released on Showmax on 15 December 2021.


title: Showmax

text: In November 2021, Showmax released the trailer for its first Original romcom, "Troukoors (Wedding Fever)," which landed on Showmax on 13 December 2021, and already renewed for a second season. The 14-episode first season followed wedding planner Jessica, played by Ilse-Lee van Niekerk, who is surrounded by love but struggling to find it for herself. "Troukoors" is created by SAFTA winner Louis Pretorius and SAFTA nominee Albert Snyman, with regular collaborator Nina Swart directing.


title: Showmax

text: Blyde Smit stars as Jessica's sister Luca, and Bianca Flanders plays her best friend, Abi. Other stars in Season 1 include Lea Vivier, Armand Aucamp, Evan Hengst, Kevin Smith and Christiaan Schoombie.


title: Showmax

text: Season 2 of Troukoors was announced on 6 April 2022, and the full boxset of Season 2 landed on 5 May 2022.


title: Showmax

text: Adapted from the South African drama series "Unmarried", "Single Kiasi" is a Kenyan Showmax Original about three women dealing with life, love, the daily hustle and their careers in Nairobi.


title: Showmax

text: "Single Kiasi" (originally titled "Single-ish") landed on Showmax on 20 January 2022, and all episodes are now available to stream.


title: Showmax

text: The six-part docuseries "Sex in Afrikaans" premiered on Showmax on 14 February 2022. Clinical psychologist Bradley R Daniels helps four Afrikaans couples and two singles to have candid conversations about their sex lives for the first time in public. All six episodes were made available as a boxset on the day of launch.


title: Showmax

text: The First Showmax Original from Ghana, "ENO" follows a family of three sisters who are pushed by their mother, Abena Baafi the matriarch, into the path of wealthy suitors. But the girls all have minds of their own, and their mother's dream quickly turns into their worst nightmare.


title: Showmax

text: Gloria Osei-Sarfo plays Abena, Emelia Asieudu plays Tessa, the eldest daughter, Esi Hammond plays Safowaa, the bookish middle daughter, and Mariam Owusu Poku plays the lastborn, Kendall.


title: Showmax

text: In September 2021, Showmax announced that "The Real Housewives of Lagos" would premiere in early 2022. On Friday, 8 April 2022, the first episode dropped on Showmax, featuring businesswoman Carolyna Hutchings, influencer Laura Ikeji-Kanu, lawyer and luxury hair brand owner Chioma Ikokwu, celebrity stylist Toyin Lawani-Adebayo, Nollywood actress Iyabo Ojo and PR expert Mariam Timmer.


title: Showmax

text: All episodes of "The Real Housewives of Lagos" are available on Showmax, including the explosive two-part reunion.


title: Showmax

text: On 12 April 2022, Showmax announced that the fifth season of the reality show "Living the Dream with Somizi" would be landing first on Showmax on 4 May 2022, picking up after his split with Mohale. The first four seasons are also available on Showmax to stream. The fifth season featured appearances from some of South Africa's most celebrated celebrities as well as Somizi's family, including his daughter Bahumi. The finale landed on 6 July 2022.


title: Showmax

text: On 5 May 2022, Showmax announced the upcoming Kenyan Original, "Igiza". The thriller series, set against the backdrop of Nairobi's fashion industry, landed on Showmax on 23 May 2022, starring Serah Ndanu playing the role of twin sisters. New episodes drop every Monday.


title: Showmax

text: The Showmax Original horror, "Pulse", was announced on 23 May 2022, and all episodes dropped on Showmax on 23 June 2022. The series follows a group of video game developers who become trapped in a real-world version of their own creation when they’re cornered in their high-rise office building by a madman who just wants to play. Tarryn Wyngaard, Thapelo Mokoena, Sven Ruygrok and Carel Nel star, and Sallas de Jager directs.


title: Showmax

text: The Nigerian Showmax Original that tells the story of Afrobeats - from its origins in the backstreets of Lagos to global festivals, stadiums and the Grammy Awards - premiered on Showmax on 23 June 2022, and is now available to binge-watch. "Journey of the Beats" featured some of Nigeria’s biggest artists, like 2Baba, P-Square, Onyeka Onwenu, Daddy Showkey, Flavour, and D’Banj.


title: Showmax

text: "Mohale: On the Record", the Showmax Original tell-all special featuring Somizi's ex, Mohale Motaung, was announced on 13 June 2022. The interview landed on 4 August 2022.


title: Showmax

text: The Kenyan Showmax Original "County 49" was announced on 4 August 2022, with the first episode landing on 25 August. The series follows the corruption and greed that threatens Kenya's fictional and flourishing 49th county.


title: Showmax

text: In August 2022, the seventh season of "Big Brother Naija" launched, streaming live on Showmax, along with the exclusive Showmax talk show "The Buzz" landing on Tuesdays and Saturdays, hosted by media personality Toke Makinwa.


title: Showmax

text: On 10 August 2022, Showmax announced the upcoming unauthorised documentary about Somizi and Mohale's high-profile wedding and separation, "Somizi & Mohale: End of the Road". The documentary has been live on Showmax since 25 August 2022.


title: Showmax

text: With Season 1 of the reality series about the lives of Gqom superstars Mampintsha and Babes Wodumo available to binge-watch, Showmax released Season 2 of "Uthando Lodumo" on 1 September 2022, and all episodes are available to stream.


title: Showmax

text: At the end of August 2022, Showmax released the trailer for upcoming Showmax Original docuseries "Steinheist", by the creators of the smash-hit Showmax Original "Devilsdorp". "Steinheist" examines the biggest corporate scandal in South Africa's history. All three episodes have been available since 6 October 2022.


title: Showmax

text: In August 2022, Showmax released the first-look trailer for the African fantasy epic "Blood Psalms." The first two epiosdes landed on 28 September, and new episodes land every Wednesday until the end of November 2022.


title: Showmax

text: The cast includes Bokang Phelane as Princess Zazi, Mothusi Magano as her father, mad king Letsha, and Zolisa Xaluva as General Toka, the head of her father’s Akachi army.


title: Showmax

text: Created by Layla Swart and Jahmil X.T. Qubeka from Yellowbone Entertainment, "Blood Psalms" is set in Ancient Africa, where the young Princess Zazi must save herself and her people from the end of the world. She faces warring tribes, angry gods - and her own father.


title: Showmax

text: "Diiche" is the first Nigerian Showmax Original limited series. The psychological thriller about an A-list star implicated in the murder of her fiancé has been streaming since 29 September, and all episodes are now available to binge-watch.


title: Showmax

text: The first episode of the Showmax Original Nigerian drama series "Flawsome" landed on 10 November 2022. The series follows four close friends who navigate their careers, relationships and love lives as women in a man's world. The series stars Bisola Aiyeola, Ini Dima-Okojie, Sharon Ooja, and Enado Odigie. New episodes land every Thursday.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell College is a private liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. It was founded in 1846 when a group of New England Congregationalists established the Trustees of Iowa College.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell has the fifth highest endowment-to-student ratio of American liberal arts colleges, enabling need-blind admissions and substantial academic merit scholarships to boost socioeconomic diversity. Students receive funding for unpaid or underpaid summer internships and professional development (including international conferences and professional attire). Grinnell participates in a 3–2 engineering dual degree program with Columbia University, Washington University in St. Louis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and California Institute of Technology, a 2–1–1–1 engineering program with Dartmouth College and a Master of Public Health cooperative degree program with University of Iowa.


title: Grinnell College

text: Among Grinnell alumni are 15 Rhodes Scholars, 5 Marshall Scholars, 16 Truman Scholars, 122 Fulbright grantees, 80 Watson Fellows, 20 Goldwater Scholars (since 2000), 1 Obama Scholar and 1 Nobel laureate. It is one of the top producers of Fulbright grantees. Its alumni include actor Gary Cooper, Nobel chemist Thomas Cech, Intel co-founder Robert Noyce, jazz musician Herbie Hancock, government administrator Harry Hopkins, and comedian Kumail Nanjiani.


title: Grinnell College

text: The 120-acre campus includes several listings on the National Register of Historic Places as well as a César Pelli designed student center, integrated academic complexes, and athletics facilities. Grinnell College also manages significant real estate adjacent to the campus and in the historic downtown, a free-access golf course, and the 365-acre Conard Environmental Research Area.


title: Grinnell College

text: In 1843, eleven Congregational ministers, all of whom trained at Andover Theological Seminary in Massachusetts, set out to proselytize on the frontier. Each man pledged to gather a church and together the group or band would seek to establish a college. When the group arrived in Iowa later that year, each selected a different town in which to establish a congregation. In 1846, they collectively established Iowa College in Davenport. A few months later, Iowa joined the Union.


title: Grinnell College

text: The first 25 years of Grinnell's history saw a change in name and location. Iowa College moved farther west from Davenport, Iowa, to the town of Grinnell and unofficially adopted the name of its new home, which itself had been named for one of its founders: an abolitionist minister, Josiah Bushnell Grinnell, to whom journalist Horace Greeley supposedly wrote "Go West, young man, go West." However, Greeley vehemently denied ever saying this to Grinnell, or to anyone. The name of the corporation, "The Trustees of Iowa College," remained, but in 1909 the name "Grinnell" was adopted by the trustees for the institution.


title: Grinnell College

text: In its early years, the college experienced setbacks. Although two students received Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1854 (the first to be granted by a college west of the Mississippi River), within 10 years the Civil War had claimed most of Grinnell's students and professors. In the decade following the war, growth resumed: women were officially admitted as candidates for degrees, and the curriculum was enlarged to include then-new areas of academic studies, such as natural sciences with laboratory work.


title: Grinnell College

text: In 1882, Grinnell College was struck by a tornado — then called a cyclone, after which the college yearbook was named. The storm devastated the campus and destroyed both College buildings. Rebuilding began immediately, and the determination to expand wasn't limited to architecture: the curriculum was again extended to include departments in political science (one of the first in the United States — the University of Minnesota's department was founded in 1879, three years earlier) and modern languages.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell became known as the center of the Social Gospel reform movement, as Robert Handy writes, "The movement centered on the campus of Iowa (now Grinnell) College. Its leading figures were Professor George D. Herron and President George A. Gates". Other firsts pointed to the lighter side of college life: the first intercollegiate football and baseball games west of the Mississippi were played in Grinnell, and the home teams won.


title: Grinnell College

text: As the 20th century began, Grinnell established a Phi Beta Kappa chapter, introduced the departmental "major" system of study, began Grinnell-in-China (an educational mission that lasted until the Japanese invasion and resumed in 1987), and built a women's residence hall system that became a national model. The social consciousness fostered at Grinnell during these years became evident during Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, when Grinnell graduates Harry Hopkins '12, Chester Davis '11, Paul Appleby '13, Hallie Flanagan '11, and Florence Kerr '12 became influential New Deal administrators.


title: Grinnell College

text: Concern with social issues, educational innovation, and individual expression continue to shape Grinnell. As an example, the school's "5th year travel-service program," preceded the establishment of the Peace Corps by many years. Other recent innovations include first-year tutorials, cooperative pre-professional programs, and programs in quantitative studies and the societal impacts of technology. Every year, the college awards the $100,000 Grinnell College Innovator for Social Justice Prize, which is split between the recipient and their organization.


title: Grinnell College

text: In 1975, Grinnell College through their Grinnell Communications subsidiary had purchased NBC affiliate WLWD from Avco Broadcasting Corporation for about $13 million. The station had changed its call letters to WDTN once the sale closed. Shortly after WDTN becoming an ABC affiliate, the station was sold off to Hearst Broadcasting for $45–$48 million.


title: Grinnell College

text: In 2022, Grinnell became the first fully unionized undergraduate school in the U.S., when student workers voted to expand their dining hall workers union to include all student workers. The move was supported by the President of the college.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell College is located in the town of Grinnell, Iowa, about halfway between Des Moines and Iowa City. The main campus is bounded by 6th Avenue (which is also US Highway 6) on the south, 10th Avenue on the north, East Street on the east and Park Street on the west. The campus contains sixty-three buildings ranging in style from Collegiate Gothic to Bauhaus. Goodnow Hall and Mears Cottage (1889) are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Immediately west of the college is the North Grinnell Historic District, which contains over 200 National Register of Historic Places contributing buildings.


title: Grinnell College

text: The residential part of campus is divided into three sections: North Campus, East Campus, and South Campus. North and South Campus' dormitories are modeled explicitly after the residential colleges of Oxford and Cambridge. The four East Campus dormitories were designed by William Rawn Associates and feature a modern, LEED-certified design constructed from Iowa limestone.


title: Grinnell College

text: All three campuses feature dormitory buildings connected by loggia, an architectural signature of the college. The loggia on South Campus is the only entirely closed loggia, featuring walls on all sides, while the loggias on East and North campus are only partially closed. From the time that the first dorm opened in 1915 until the fall of 1968, the nine north campus dorms were used exclusively for male students, and the six south campus dorms reserved for female students. The dorm halls house significantly fewer students than halls at other colleges.


title: Grinnell College

text: Most academic buildings are located on the southwestern quarter of campus. The athletic facilities are mostly located north of 10th Avenue.


title: Grinnell College

text: In addition to the main campus, the college owns much of the adjacent property. Many administrative offices are located in converted houses across Park Street near the older academic buildings, and several residences are used for college-owned off-campus student housing.


title: Grinnell College

text: The college maintains a environmental research area called the Conard Environmental Research Area (CERA). The U.S. Green Building Council awarded CERA's Environmental Education Center a gold certification. The building is the first in Iowa to receive the designation.


title: Grinnell College

text: During the 2000s, the college completed the Charles Benson Bear '39 Recreation and Athletic Center, the Bucksbaum Center for the Arts, the renovation of the Robert Noyce '49 Science Center and the Joe Rosenfield '25 Student Center. Internationally renowned architect César Pelli designed the athletics center, the Joe Rosenfield '25 Student Center, and the Bucksbaum Center for the Arts.


title: Grinnell College

text: The college has recently embarked on a significant period of new construction, which is expected to last until 2034. The first phase of this construction process included a comprehensive landscaping update, a new Admissions and Financial Aid building, and the Humanities and Social Sciences Complex (HSSC). This first phase cost $140 million and was completed in mid-2020. The second phase, currently in planning, is focused on the Downtown Student Residence project (DSR) including a building designed by renowned architecture firm Adjaye Associates.


title: Grinnell College

text: The 2022 annual ranking of "U.S. News & World Report" rates it tied for the 15th best liberal arts college overall in the U.S., 6th for "Best Undergraduate Teaching, 8th for "Best Value", and tied for 18th for "Most Innovative". Grinnell is ranked 5th in the 2021 "Washington Monthly" rankings for liberal arts colleges, which focus on key outputs such as research, dollar value of scientific grants won, the number of graduates going on to earn Ph.D. degrees, and certain types of public service. The college has been consistently ranked in the top 25 liberal arts colleges in the nation since the publication began in 1983. "Kiplinger's Personal Finance" ranked Grinnell 14th in its 2019 ranking of "best value" liberal arts colleges in the United States. In "Forbes" magazine's 2019 rankings of academic institutions, "America's Top Colleges" (which uses a non-traditional ranking system based on RateMyProfessors.com evaluations, notable alumni, student debt, percentage of students graduating in four years, and the number of students or faculty receiving prestigious awards), Grinnell College was ranked 80th among all colleges and universities, 34th among liberal arts colleges, and 10th in the Midwest.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell had 173 full-time faculty in Fall 2020, all of whom possess a doctorate or the terminal degree in their field.


title: Grinnell College

text: "U.S. News & World Report" classifies Grinnell's selectivity as "most selective." For Fall 2022, Grinnell received 11,658 freshmen applications; 1,073 were admitted (9.2%).In 2021, Grinnell received 10,587 applicants and admitted 10.5% of them. During the 2020-2021 application season, Grinnell offered a standardized test-optional application, due to limited testing access caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. The middle 50% range of SAT scores for the enrolled freshmen was 670–750 for critical reading and 683–788 for math, while the ACT Composite range was 30–34.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell College's admission selectivity rating, according to The Princeton Review in 2018, is a 95 out of 99. This rating is determined by several institutionally reported factors, including: the class rank, average standardized test scores, and average high school GPA of entering freshmen; the percentage of students who hail from out-of-state; and the percentage of applicants accepted.


title: Grinnell College

text: The primary factor in evaluating applicants is the quality of the prior education they have received, as shown by their transcript. Additional factors include standardized test scores, student writing skills, recommendations, and extracurricular activities.


title: Grinnell College

text: Early decision rounds are offered to students in the fall; most students apply in January of their final year in high school. Admission decisions are released late March or early April of each year. All students begin classes in August.


title: Grinnell College

text: Despite the growing trend of U.S. students taking five or more years to finish an undergraduate degree, Grinnell College is strongly oriented towards students being enrolled full-time in exactly eight consecutive semesters at the college, although exceptions are available for medical issues and other emergencies. To avoid being suspended from the college, students must make "normal progress towards graduation." This generally means that the student must pass at least 12 credits of classes in each individual semester, with grades C or higher, and have accumulated enough credits to make graduation possible at the end of four years, which requires an average of 15.5 credits each semester. A student who is not making normal progress towards graduation is placed on academic probation and may be dismissed from the college.


title: Grinnell College

text: Nationwide, only 20% of college students complete a four-year undergraduate degree within four years, and only 57% of college students graduate within six years. However, at Grinnell College, 84% of students graduate within four years. This is the highest graduation rate of any college in Iowa.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, an academic consortium of 14 liberal arts colleges in the Midwest and Colorado which coordinates several off-campus study programs in a large number of countries as its primary activity.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell's combined tuition, room, board, and fees for the 2022–2023 academic year is $76,528. Tuition and fees are $61,480 and room and board are $15,048.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell College is one of a few dozen US colleges that maintain need-blind admissions and meets the full demonstrated financial need of all U.S. residents who are admitted to the college. Grinnell offers a large amount of need-based and merit-based aid in comparison with peer institutions. Currently (2020–21), 86% of students receive some form of financial aid. In 2018–2019, 20% of students enrolled at Grinnell College were receiving federal Pell Grants, which are generally reserved for students from low-income families. The average financial aid package is over $51,770. Grinnell guarantees a $10,000 Grinnell Choice Scholarship renewable for eight semesters to all U.S. citizens and permanent residents admitted under the Early Decision program.


title: Grinnell College

text: Beginning with the first-year students enrolled in the 2006–2007 school year, Grinnell ended its need-blind admissions policy for international applicants. Under the old policy, students from countries outside the U.S. were admitted without any consideration of their ability to afford four years of study at the college. However, financial aid offers to these students were limited to half the cost of tuition. International students frequently carried very high workloads in an effort to pay the bills, and their academic performance often suffered. Under the new "need-sensitive" or "need-aware" policy, international students whose demonstrated financial needs can be met are given a slight admissions edge over applicants who can't. The twin hopes are that the enrolled international students will be able to dedicate more energy to their schoolwork, and also that this will ultimately allow the college to provide higher tuition grants to international students.


title: Grinnell College

text: According to data for students enrolled approximately in 2008, the median family income for students was US$119,700 (74th percentile). This is somewhat lower than typical for other highly selective schools. Compared to other schools in the Midwestern Conference and to other highly selective schools, Grinnell College enrolled more students whose family income was in the lowest quintile (6.3% of enrolled students).


title: Grinnell College

text: The school's varsity sports teams are named the Pioneers. They participate in eighteen intercollegiate sports at the NCAA Division III level and in the Midwest Conference. In addition, Grinnell has several club sports teams that compete in non-varsity sports such as volleyball, sailing, water polo, ultimate and rugby union.


title: Grinnell College

text: Nearly one-third of recent Grinnell graduates participated in at least one of varsity sports while attending the college and the college has led the Midwest Conference in the total number of Academic All-Conference honorees in last four years (as of 2021).


title: Grinnell College

text: The Grinnell Pioneers won the first game of intercollegiate football west of the Mississippi when they beat the University of Iowa 24–0 on November 16, 1889. A stone marker still stands in Grinnell Field marking the event.


title: Grinnell College

text: The men's water polo team, known as the Wild Turkeys, were runners-up in the 2007 College Water Polo Association (CWPA) Division III Collegiate National Club Championships hosted by Lindenwood University in St. Charles, Missouri. They also qualified for the tournament in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2014. The Men's Ultimate team, nicknamed the Grinnellephants, qualified in 2008 for its first Division III National Championship in Versailles, Ohio. The Women's Ultimate team, nicknamed The Sticky Tongue Frogs, tied for third place in the 2010 Division III National Championship in Appleton, Wisconsin. The success was repeated in 2011 when the men's team placed third in 2011 Division III National Championship in Buffalo.


title: Grinnell College

text: In February 2005, Grinnell became the first Division III school featured in a regular season basketball game by the ESPN network family in 30 years when it faced off against the Beloit Buccaneers on ESPN2. Grinnell lost 86–85. Grinnell College's basketball team attracted ESPN due to the team's run and gun style of playing basketball, known in Grinnell simply as "The System." Coach Dave Arseneault originated the Grinnell System that incorporates a continual full-court press, a fast-paced offense, an emphasis on offensive rebounding, a barrage of three-point shots and substitutions of five players at a time every 35 to 40 seconds. This allows a higher average playing time for more players than the "starters" and suits the Division III goals of scholar-athletes. "The System" has been criticized for not teaching the principles of defense. However, under "The System," Grinnell has won three conference championships over the past ten years and have regularly placed in the top half of the conference. Coach Arseneault's teams have set numerous NCAA scoring records and several individuals on the Grinnell team have led the nation in scoring or assists.


title: Grinnell College

text: On November 19, 2011, Grinnell player Griffin Lentsch set a new Division III individual scoring record in a game against Principia College. The guard scored 89 points, besting the old record of 77, also set by a Pioneers player—Jeff Clement—in 1998. Lentsch made 27 of his 55 shots, including 15 three-pointers as Grinnell won the high-scoring game 145 to 97. On November 20, 2012, Grinnell's Jack Taylor broke Lentsch's scoring record, as well as the records for NCAA and collegiate scoring, in a 179–104 victory over Faith Baptist Bible College. Taylor scored 138 points on 108 shots, along with 3 rebounds, 6 turnovers and 3 steals. Taylor went 27 for 71 from behind the arc. Taylor scored 109 points in a November 2013 game against Crossroads College to become the first player in NCAA history to have two 100-point games.


title: Grinnell College

text: In 2019, the Grinnell women's volleyball team advanced to the NCAA Division III National Tournament for the first time in the 46-year history of the program, defeating St. Norbert College in a five-set thriller during the Midwest Conference Tournament championship match at Cornell College's gymnasium. It also marked Grinnell's first-ever MWC Tournament title in volleyball.


title: Grinnell College

text: Students at Grinnell adhere to an honor system known as "self-governance" wherein they are expected to govern their own choices and behavior with minimal direct intervention by the college administration. By cultivating a community based on freedom of choice, self-governance aims to encourage students to become responsible, respectful, and accountable members of the campus, town, and global community.


title: Grinnell College

text: The organizational structure of the Student Government Association, wielding a yearly budget of over $450,000 and unusually strong administrative influence, covers almost all aspects of student activity and campus life.


title: Grinnell College

text: Founded in November 2000, the student-run group Pioneer Capital Investments (PCI), formerly known as Student Endowment Investing Group, actively invests over $100,000 of Grinnell College's endowment capital in public equities. The group's mission is to provide interested students with valuable experience for future careers in finance.


title: Grinnell College

text: Service organizations are popular. The Alternative Break ("AltBreak") program takes students to pursue service initiatives during school holidays, and as of 2005, Grinnell had more alumni per capita serving in the Peace Corps than any other college in the nation. The college also runs its own post-graduation service program known as Grinnell Corps in Grinnell, China, Namibia, New Orleans, and Thailand, and has previously operated programs in Greece, Lesotho, Macau, and Nepal.


title: Grinnell College

text: The "Scarlet and Black" is the campus newspaper and KDIC (88.5 FM) was the student-run radio station from 1968 to 2020. The "Scarlet and Black", or the "S&B" is the oldest college newspaper west of the Mississippi River, and is currently in its 130th year of publication. The newspaper, typically 16 tabloid pages in length, is published in print most Mondays of the school year and online. Students primarily write the newspaper, although occasional letters from alumni or faculty are included. Funding comes from student fees and advertisers.


title: Grinnell College

text: The school also has a bi-weekly satirical newspaper, "The B&S," which features articles about current events both on and off campus. "The B&S" satirizes social and political issues in articles, graphics, and crosswords.


title: Grinnell College

text: Grinnell also has an entirely student-run textbook lending library on campus. Aimed at the economically disadvantaged yet open to all, it allows students to check out books for the semester for free, defraying the high cost of college textbooks. This particular library has no funding, relying solely on donated books. Since its founding in 2005, the collection has grown to thousands of books, thanks to the generosity of the campus community. This library has expanded to include caps and gowns, which are lent out to graduating seniors every spring.


title: Grinnell College

text: In 2016, Grinnell students founded the Union of Grinnell Student Dining Workers, or UGSDW, to represent student workers in the college's dining hall. It was the first undergraduate student workers union at a private college in the United States.


title: Grinnell College

text: On April 26, 2022, members of the Union voted 327-6 to expand the Union to all hourly paid student workers on campus. This made Grinnell the first and only fully unionized student-worker body in the country.


title: Grinnell College

text: On October 6th, 2022, the UGSDW and the College began negotiations. This was the first bargaining session in American labor history that began the negotiation process for a contract that covers all student-workers on campus. This bargaining will negotiate a contract for all student workers on campus and cover issues such as but not limited to pay, workplace grievances, and job security.


title: Grinnell College

text: Prior to the expansion vote in 2022, the UGSDW attempted to expand to all hourly paid student workers in 2018. The college administration responded by hiring Proskauer Rose LLP, a multi-national law firm that employees more than 800 attorneys in twelve offices worldwide. The college argued that the students were not legally considered workers and thus not eligible for a union. This argument was rejected at the regional level by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). The college then threatened to appeal that decision to national NLRB. The UGSDW, fearing that the Trump Administration's NLRB would harm union efforts across the country, withdrew the petition for expansion.


title: Grinnell College

text: Proskauer Rose is noted for being involved in other anti-union efforts, such as among technology workers at The New York Times.


title: Digital wallet

text: A digital wallet, also known as an e-wallet, is an electronic device, online service, or software program that allows one party to make electronic transactions with another party bartering digital currency units for goods and services. This can include purchasing items either online or at the point of sale in a brick and mortar store, using either mobile payment (on a smartphone or other mobile device) or (for online buying only) using a laptop or other personal computer. Money can be deposited in the digital wallet prior to any transactions or, in other cases, an individual's bank account can be linked to the digital wallet. Users might also have their driver's license, health card, loyalty card(s) and other ID documents stored within the wallet. The credentials can be passed to a merchant's terminal wirelessly via near field communication (NFC).


title: Digital wallet

text: Increasingly, digital wallets are being made not just for basic financial transactions but to also authenticate the holder's credentials. For example, a digital wallet could verify the age of the buyer to the store while purchasing alcohol. The system has already gained popularity in Japan, where digital wallets are known as "wallet mobiles".


title: Digital wallet

text: A cryptocurrency wallet is a digital wallet where private keys are stored for cryptocurrencies like bitcoin.


title: Digital wallet

text: A digital wallet has both a software and information component. Secure and fair electronic payment systems are important issue. The software provides security and encryption for the personal information and for the actual transaction. Typically, digital wallets are stored on the client side and are easily self-maintained and fully compatible with most e-commerce websites. A server-side digital wallet, also known as a thin wallet, is one that an organization creates for and about you and maintains on its servers. Server-side digital wallets are gaining popularity among major retailers due to the security, efficiency, and added utility it provides to the end-user, which increases their satisfaction of their overall purchase. The information component is basically a database of user-input information. This information consists of your shipping address, billing address, payment methods (including credit card numbers, expiry dates, and security numbers), and other information.


title: Digital wallet

text: Digital wallets are composed of both digital wallet devices and digital wallet systems. There are dedicated digital wallet devices such as the biometric wallet by Dunhill, a physical device that holds cash and cards along with a Bluetooth mobile connection. Presently there are further explorations for smartphones with NFC digital wallet capabilities, such as smartphones utilizing Google's Android and Apple's iOS operating systems to power wallets such as Google Pay and Apple Pay.


title: Digital wallet

text: Digital wallet systems enable the widespread use of digital wallet transactions among various retail vendors in the form of mobile payments systems and digital wallet applications. The M-PESA mobile payments system and microfinancing service has widespread use in Kenya and Tanzania, while the MasterCard PayPass application has been adopted by a number of vendors in the U.S. and worldwide.


title: Digital wallet

text: Digital wallets are being used more frequently among Asian countries as well. One in every five consumers in Asia are now using a digital wallet, representing a twofold increase from two years ago. A MasterCard mobile shopping survey among 8500 adults, aged 18–64 across 14 markets, showed that 45% of users in China, 36.7% of users in India and 23.3% of users in Singapore are the biggest adopters of digital wallets. The survey was conducted between October and December 2015. Further analysis showed that 48.5% of consumers in these regions made purchases using smartphones. Indian consumers are leading the way with 76.4% using a smartphone to make a purchase, which is a drastic increase of 29.3% from the previous year. This has inspired companies like Reliance and Amazon India to come out with their own digital wallet. Flipkart has already introduced its own digital wallet.


title: Digital wallet

text: Consumers are not required to fill out order forms on each site when they purchase an item because the information has already been stored and is automatically updated and entered into the order fields across merchant sites when using a digital wallet. Consumers also benefit when using digital wallets because their information is encrypted or protected by a private software code; merchants benefit by receiving a combination of protection against fraud, faster receipt of payment, decreased transaction costs, and decreased theft loss.


title: Digital wallet

text: Digital wallets are available to consumers free of charge, and they're fairly easy to obtain. For example, when a consumer makes a purchase at a merchant site that's set up to handle server-side digital wallets, they type their name, payment and shipping information into the merchant's own form. At the end of the purchase, the consumer is asked to sign up for a wallet of their choice by entering a user name and password for future purchases. Users can also acquire wallets at a wallet vendor's site.


title: Digital wallet

text: Although a wallet is free for consumers, vendors charge merchants for wallets. Some wallet vendors make arrangements for merchants to pay them a percentage of every successful purchase directed through their wallets. In other cases, digital wallet vendors process the transactions between cardholders and participating merchants and charge merchants a flat fee.


title: United States order of precedence

text: The United States order of precedence is an advisory document maintained by the Ceremonials Division of the Office of the Chief of Protocol of the United States which lists the ceremonial order, or relative preeminence, for domestic and foreign government officials (military and civilian) at diplomatic, ceremonial, and social events within the United States and abroad. The list is used to mitigate miscommunication and embarrassment in diplomacy, and offer a distinct and concrete spectrum of preeminence for ceremonies. Often the document is used to advise diplomatic and ceremonial event planners on seating charts and order of introduction. Former presidents, vice presidents, first ladies, second ladies, and secretaries of state and retired Supreme Court justices are also included in the list.


title: United States order of precedence

text: The order is established by the president, through the Office of the Chief of Staff, and is maintained by the State Department's Office of the Chief of Protocol. It is only used to indicate ceremonial protocol and has no legal standing; it does not reflect the presidential line of succession or the co-equal status of the branches of government under the Constitution. The Office of the Chief of Protocol posted an updated order of precedence in February 2022.


title: Mark Indelicato

text: Mark Indelicato (born July 16, 1994) is an American actor, singer, fashion blogger, and photographer best known for his role in the ABC comedy series "Ugly Betty", as Justin Suarez, the fashion-obsessed nephew of series protagonist Betty Suarez.


title: Mark Indelicato

text: Indelicato was born in Philadelphia, the son of Lynn and Mark Indelicato, Sr. He is of three quarters Italian and one quarter Puerto Rican descent. He was trained at The Actors Center in that city, and is a student at Dupree School of Music in Linwood, New Jersey. He began acting at age eight at Philadelphia's Walnut Street Theater, and has appeared in national television commercials, the CBS television series "Hacks", "Chappelle's Show", and was a regular cast member of "Ugly Betty" on ABC until the series ended in 2010. He also attended the Professional Performing Arts School, before moving back to Los Angeles. He is attending New York University's Gallatin School of Individualized Study.


title: Mark Indelicato

text: Indelicato was featured in an episode of the Disney Channel Original Series "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody" in a special "High School Musical"-themed episode.


title: Mark Indelicato

text: On October 27, 2008, Indelicato performed the part of Boq for the "Wicked Day" 5th Anniversary Concert on Broadway in New York City as well. He performed again at the Gershwin Theatre on February 28, 2009 for the "Defying Inequality" benefit.


title: Mark Indelicato

text: He appeared on a special episode of "Dr. Phil" about teens who were being bullied after coming out. He shared his experience when he received numerous death threats and verbal abuse from people for his role on "Ugly Betty".


title: Jawan (film)

text: Jawan is an upcoming Indian Hindi language action thriller film written and directed by Atlee. It stars Shah Rukh Khan in a dual role along with


title: Jawan (film)

text: Nayanthara, Vijay Sethupathi and Sanya Malhotra. The film's music is composed by Anirudh Ravichander.


title: Jawan (film)

text: Principal photography commenced in September 2021 with filming taking place in Pune, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Chennai. It is scheduled for theatrical release on 2 June 2023.


title: Jawan (film)

text: In late 2019, it was rumored that Shah Rukh Khan would team up with Tamil film director Atlee for his Hindi film debut and the project was confirmed in 2020. In May 2021, it was reported that the filming would commence soon.


title: Jawan (film)

text: Samantha was initially approached for the female lead. But Nayanthara was finalized, thus marking her Hindi cinema debut. Priyamani, Sunil Grover, Sanya Malhotra and Yogi Babu joined the cast later. Rana Daggubati was offered the antagonist role but declined citing health issues and thus the role went to Vijay Sethupathi. Deepika Padukone was cast in a cameo appearance in a flashback role as Khan's wife in the film.


title: Jawan (film)

text: Principal photography commenced in September 2021 in Pune. In June 2022, the filming took place in Mumbai and Hyderabad for some important family sequences. In August 2022, the filming took place in Chennai.


title: Jawan (film)

text: A. R. Rahman was reportedly approached by director Atlee to compose for the film. Rahman subsequently declined the offer for reasons unknown, and Anirudh Ravichander was chosen to compose for the film, who would thus mark his debut as a solo composer in Bollywood, previously having composed a song for "David" and the background score of "Jersey". The music rights are bagged by T-Series.


title: Jawan (film)

text: "Jawan" is set to be released on 2 June 2023. In addition, the film will be dubbed and released in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages.


title: Val McDermid

text: Valarie "Val" McDermid, (born 4 June 1955) is a Scottish crime writer, best known for a series of novels featuring clinical psychologist Dr. Tony Hill in a grim sub-genre that McDermid and others have identified as Tartan Noir.


title: Val McDermid

text: McDermid comes from a working-class family in Fife. She studied English at St Hilda's College, Oxford, where she was the first student to be admitted from a Scottish state school.


title: Val McDermid

text: After graduation she became a journalist and began her literary career as a dramatist. Her first success as a novelist, "Report for Murder: The First Lindsay Gordon Mystery" occurred in 1987.


title: Val McDermid

text: McDermid was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Sunderland in 2011. She is co-founder of the Harrogate Crime Writing Festival and the Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award, part of the Harrogate International Festivals. In 2016 she captained a team of St Hilda's alumnæ to win the "Christmas University Challenge". In 2017, McDermid was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, as well as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.


title: Val McDermid

text: McDermid's works fall into four series: Lindsay Gordon, Kate Brannigan, Tony Hill and Carol Jordan, and Inspector Karen Pirie. Her characters include a journalist, Lindsay Gordon; a private investigator, Kate Brannigan; a clinical psychologist, Tony Hill; and DCI Karen Pirie working out of Fife, Scotland. "The Mermaids Singing", the first book in the Hill/Jordan series, won the Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger for Best Crime Novel of the Year. The Hill/Jordan series has been adapted for television under the name "Wire in the Blood", starring Robson Green.


title: Val McDermid

text: McDermid has stated that Jacko Vance, a TV celebrity with a secret lust for torture, murder and under-age girls, who was featured in the "Wire in the Blood" and two later books, is based on her direct personal experience of interviewing Jimmy Savile. In 2010, McDermind received the Cartier Diamond Dagger from the Crime Writers' Association for "outstanding achievement in the field of crime writing".


title: Val McDermid

text: McDermid considers her work to be part of the "Tartan Noir" Scottish crime fiction genre. In addition to writing novels, McDermid contributes to several British newspapers and often broadcasts on BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio Scotland. Her novels, in particular the Tony Hill series, are known for their graphic depictions of violence and torture.


title: Val McDermid

text: In August 2022 McDermid reported that the estate of Agatha Christie had threatened her publishers with legal action if they referred to McDermid as 'the Queen of Crime', stating that the term was copyrighted by the Christie estate.


title: Val McDermid

text: McDermid was a lifelong fan of Raith Rovers football club, her father having worked as a scout for the club. In 2010, she sponsored the McDermid Stand at Stark's Park, the club's ground in Kirkcaldy, in honour of her father.


title: Val McDermid

text: A year after sponsoring the stand, she became a board member of the club, and starting in 2014 her website became Raith's shirt sponsor.


title: Val McDermid

text: In February 2022, McDermid said she would be withdrawing her support and sponsorship from Raith Rovers after the club signed striker David Goodwillie, who had been ruled to have raped a woman and made to pay damages in a civil case in 2017. Following the signing of Goodwillie, Raith Rovers women’s team severed ties with the main club and renamed themselves McDermid Ladies, after the writer. McDermid moved her sponsorship to the new ladies' team.


title: Val McDermid

text: On 6 December 2012 a woman poured ink over McDermid during an event at the University of Sunderland. McDermid was signing books, and a woman asked her to autograph a "Top of the Pops" annual which contained a picture of the disgraced late TV presenter Jimmy Savile. After McDermid reluctantly agreed the woman threw ink at her and ran out of the room. McDermid said the incident would not stop her from doing signings.


title: Val McDermid

text: Northumbria Police arrested Sandra Botham, a 64-year-old woman from the Hendon area of Sunderland, on suspicion of assault. Botham was convicted of common assault on 10 July 2013, received a 12-month community order with supervision and was made to pay £50 compensation and a £60 victim surcharge. She was also given a restraining order forbidding her from contacting McDermid for an undefined period of time. The "Northern Echo" reported that Botham's actions were motivated by McDermid's 1994 non-fiction book, "A Suitable Job for a Woman", as Botham claimed that the book contained a passage that besmirched her and her family.


title: Val McDermid

text: McDermid formerly lived in both Stockport and near Alnmouth in Northumberland with three cats and a border terrier dog. Since early 2014 she has lived in Stockport and Edinburgh.


title: Val McDermid

text: In 2016, McDermid captained a team of crime writer challengers on the TV quiz "Eggheads", beating the Eggheads and winning £14,000.


title: Val McDermid

text: In 2010, she was still living between Northumberland and Manchester with publisher Kelly Smith, with whom she had entered into a civil partnership in 2006.


title: Val McDermid

text: On 23 October 2016 McDermid married her partner of two years, Jo Sharp, a professor of geography at the University of Glasgow.


title: Kenworth

text: Kenworth Truck Company is an American truck manufacturer. Founded in 1923 as the successor to Gersix Motor Company, Kenworth specializes in production of heavy-duty (Class 8) and medium-duty (Class 5–7) commercial vehicles. Headquartered in the Seattle suburb of Kirkland, Washington, Kenworth has been a wholly owned subsidiary of PACCAR since 1945, operating alongside sister company (and marketplace rival) Peterbilt Motors.


title: Kenworth

text: Kenworth marked several firsts in truck production; the company introduced a raised-roof sleeper cab, and the first heavy-duty truck with an aerodynamically optimized body design. The Kenworth W900 has been produced continuously since 1961, serving as one of the longest production runs of any truck in automotive history. The K100 was also released in 1961.


title: Kenworth

text: Kenworth traces its roots to the 1912 founding of Gerlinger Motors in Portland, Oregon; the company was a car and truck dealership owned by brothers George T. Gerlinger and Louis Gerlinger, Jr. In 1914, the brothers expanded into vehicle manufacturing, marketing a truck named the Gersix. Deriving its name from its inline six-cylinder engine (one of the first trucks equipped with the type), the Gersix was framed in structural steel, intended for commercial use.


title: Kenworth

text: While the first vehicle was completed largely as a side project, the heavy-duty construction of the Gersix found itself in demand by loggers in the Northwest. In 1916, Gerlinger Motors relocated from Portland to Tacoma, Washington, leasing a building from Seattle businessman Edgar K. Worthington.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1917, Gerlinger Motors filed for bankruptcy and was put up for sale, with E.K. Worthington acquiring the company with business partner Captain Frederick Kent. To emphasize its connection to truck manufacturing, the company was renamed Gersix Motor Company. In 1919, Captain Kent retired, with his son Harry Kent replacing him as partner in the company.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1922, Gersix produced 53 trucks in its final year located at its factory on Fairview Avenue at Valley Street. Following continued strong demand of the model line, the company found itself with $60,000 to reincorporate and relocate its headquarters.


title: Kenworth

text: In January 1923, Gersix Motor Company was reincorporated as the Kenworth Motor Truck Company, combining the names of partners Kent and Worthington. Under the new name, the company relocated within Seattle to 506 Mercer Street, and later to 1263 Mercer Street. In contrast to car manufacturers, Kenworth abstained from assembly lines, instead constructing vehicles in individual bays. The company also introduced a practice of building vehicles to customer specification (a practice still offered by Kenworth today).


title: Kenworth

text: In 1926, Kenworth expanded its product line, introducing its first bus. In 1927, production was increased from two vehicles a week to three; the same year, manufacturing began in Canada (to avoid import taxes).


title: Kenworth

text: In 1929, E.K. Worthington retired, with Harry Kent becoming company president. In another change, to accommodate increased demand, Kenworth relocated to a larger factory within Seattle.


title: Kenworth

text: The onset of the Great Depression hit the company hard; initially in good financial health, a substantial decline in new vehicles and a high rate of vehicle loan defaults forced the company to adapt. In 1932, Kenworth produced its first fire truck; adapted from its commercial truck, Kenworth fire engines were among the heaviest-duty fire apparatus of the time.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1933, diesel engines became standard equipment, replacing gasoline engines entirely; at the time, diesel fuel cost the price of gasoline. In another design innovation, Kenworth introduced the first factory-produced sleeper cab.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1935, the Motor Carrier Act was passed, introducing new size and weight regulations for the trucking industry in the United States; to comply with the legislation, Kenworth underwent an extensive redesign of its truck line. To match weight regulations, the new trucks received aluminum cabs and axle hubs; four-spring suspension was introduced, with torsion bars for the rear axles. In 1936, Kenworth introduced the Model 516, its first cabover (COE) truck; the tandem-axle 346 was introduced for 1937. In 1937, Harry Kent died, with Philip Johnson becoming company president.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1939, Kenworth introduced its 500-series trucks, which would form the basis of its commercial truck line into the mid-1950s. By the end of the 1930s, demand for trucks began to recover, with Kenworth producing 226 trucks in 1940.


title: Kenworth

text: Following the onset of World War II, Kenworth converted to war production, supplying the Army with 4-ton 6x6 M-1 recovery vehicles. In 1943, the company became a supplier for Boeing, manufacturing components for the B–17 and B– 29 bombers. To maintain its government contracts, Kenworth commenced production of the M-1 wrecker at a temporary facility in Yakima, Washington. In total, the company would supply the Army with 1,930 wreckers by the end of World War II; to accommodate the extensive increase in production, Kenworth introduced an assembly line to produce the vehicle.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1944, company president Phil Johnson died, leaving ownership split between his wife, and the surviving wife of Harry Kent and another company director. Uninterested in owning the company, all three initially planned to offer their ownership to company employees, but financing for the offer was never completed. In 1945, ownership of the company changed as Pacific Car and Foundry Company negotiated its purchase of Kenworth as a wholly owned subsidiary. By the end of 1946, Kenworth relocated again, following the purchase of a former Fisher Body factory by Pacific Car and Foundry; this would house all Kenworth manufacturing under a single roof.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1948, Kenworth redesigned the cab of its COE product line, later nicknamed the "Bull-nose" 500-series.


title: Kenworth

text: By 1950, Kenworth had grown outside the Pacific Northwest, marketing vehicles across the western half of the United States and across nearly 30 countries worldwide. In 1951, the company received an order for 1,700 Model 853s from ARAMCO in the Middle East. The Model 801 was introduced as an earth-moving dump truck, adopting one of the first cab-beside-engine configurations.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1955, Kenworth began the redesign of its COE product line, launching the CSE (Cab-Surrounding-Engine); in line with the Bull-nose, the CSE shared its underpinnings with the 500-series trucks and did not have a tilting cab.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1956, Pacific Car and Foundry revised its ownership of Kenworth, changing it from an independent subsidiary to a division. The same year, the 900-series was introduced with an all-new "drop-frame" chassis, with the CSE cabover replaced by the K-series COE (derived from the 900 series). In 1957, Kenworth ended bus production, selling the rights to its product line (see below).


title: Kenworth

text: In 1958, Kenworth became a sister company to Peterbilt, as the latter company was acquired by Pacific Car and Foundry. In 1959, the company further expanded its sales base, establishing facilities in Mexico.


title: Kenworth

text: For 1961 production, Kenworth underwent a substantial revision of its commercial truck line, debuting the W900 and the K900 (later renamed the K100); the W and K model prefixes are derived from company founders Worthington and Kent. The W900 debuted the first complete redesign of the Kenworth conventional cab since 1939 with a standard tilting hood. Similar in appearance to the previous K500, the K900/K100 received a taller cab and the doors of the W900.


title: Kenworth

text: To meet increased demand for the new product lines, Kenworth opened a new assembly facility in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1964. From 1964 to 1966, Kenworth nearly doubled its yearly truck sales. In 1968, the company established Kenworth Australia; in place of importation and conversion, right-hand drive trucks were produced and developed in Melbourne, Australia. In 1969 Kenworth hired Gary Ridgway who worked in their paint department for the next 32 years during which time he murdered 48 women as the "Green River Killer"


title: Kenworth

text: During the 1970s, the company underwent further expansion, adding an all-new facility in Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1974. The W900 and K100 underwent their most substantial revisions, becoming the W900A and K100C. Kenworth added two new product lines in 1972, adding the C500 6x6 severe-service conventional and the Hustler low-cab COE (developed jointly with Peterbilt and produced in Canada). The same year, parent company Pacific Car and Foundry adopted its current name PACCAR.


title: Kenworth

text: Coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the company, annual Kenworth sales exceeded 10,000 for the first time for 1973.


title: Kenworth

text: For 1976, Kenworth launched a flagship customization series, the VIT (Very Important Trucker) with a high level of interior features; distinguished by its skylight windows, the Aerodyne sleeper cab was the first factory-produced sleeper cab with stand-up headroom (for both the W900 and K100). To commemorate the American Bicentennial, the VIT series was introduced in a limited-edition series of 50 (with each truck named after a state).


title: Kenworth

text: In 1982 and 1984, respectively, the W900 and K100 underwent their most substantial revisions, becoming the W900B and K100E. While visually distinguished by the adoption of rectangular headlamps, the updates were centered around upgrading fuel economy, road handling, and reliability.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1985, the Kenworth T600 was released by the company; in contrast to the W900, the T600 was designed with a set-back front axle and a sloped hoodline. While the latter initially proved controversial, the combination improved aerodynamics, fuel efficiency, and maneuverability. Intended as an expansion of the Kenworth model line, the success of the T600 would lead to the introductions of similar designs from multiple American truck manufacturers. In 1986, the T800 was introduced, adapting the sloped hoodline and set-back front axle for a heavy-duty chassis; the shorter-hood T400 was introduced in 1988 as a regional-haul tractor.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1987, Kenworth introduced the Mid-Ranger COE, its first medium-duty truck. Shared with Peterbilt, the Brazilian-produced Mid-Ranger was derived from the MAN G90 (a wide-body version of the Volkswagen LT). In 1992, the Mid-Ranger became the K300, as PACCAR shifted production to Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1993, Kenworth opened its facility in Renton, Washington, as its third United States assembly plant.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1994, the T300 was introduced as the first Kenworth medium-duty conventional truck, adapting the T600 to a lower-GVWR Class 7 weight rating. The Aerocab sleeper was introduced, integrating the Aerodyne II sleeper cab and the drivers' cab as a single unit.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1996, Kenworth introduced the T2000 as its next-generation aerodynamic conventional. While not directly replacing the T600 and W900, the T2000 was a completely new design (the first from Kenworth since 1961). The first "wide-body" Kenworth conventional, the model shared its cab with Peterbilt, distinguished by its bumper-mounted headlamps. The T2000 was discontinued in 2010.


title: Kenworth

text: In 1998, parent company PACCAR purchased British truck manufacturer Leyland Trucks, two years after Dutch manufacturer DAF Trucks (the two had been merged as Leyland DAF from 1987 to 1993). Within PACCAR, DAF would develop COE trucks for Kenworth and Peterbilt.


title: Kenworth

text: In 2000, Kenworth redesigned its medium-duty COE range, with the K300 replacing the MAN-sourced design with a DAF 45 (Leyland Roadrunner) cab. Following declining demand for Class 8 cabovers, the K100E was quietly phased out after 2002 production in North America; Kenworth Australia continuing production of the model line.


title: Kenworth

text: In 2006, the company released the K500, the largest COE ever produced by the company. Developed primarily for off-highway applications, the K500 combined the chassis of the heavy-duty C500 and the COE cab of the DAF XF; all examples produced from 2006 to 2020 were sold for export.


title: Kenworth

text: In 2008, Kenworth underwent a modernization of its model line. The T600 underwent a substantial revision to its aerodynamics, becoming the T660. The medium-duty T300 was replaced by the Class 5-7 T170/T270/T370 model family. The low-cab COE made its return, based on the DAF LF. Initially marketed as the K260/K360, the model line was renamed the K270/K370 for 2013. The T660 would be discontinued in 2017.


title: Kenworth

text: For 2011 production, the T700 replaced the T2000, adopting a larger grille and fender-mounted headlamps. For 2013 production, the T680 was introduced as the third-generation aerodynamic Kenworth conventional, serving as a single replacement for the narrow-body T660 and the wide-body T700. The T700 was discontinued in 2014 while the T660 was discontinued in 2017 (32 years after the introduction of the T600). Sharing the same cab as the T680, the T880 was introduced as the first wide-body Kenworth for vocational applications, alongside the W900S and the T800 model family.


title: Kenworth

text: In 2018, the W990 was introduced as the flagship conventional of the Kenworth model line. Sharing the wide-body cab of the T680 and T880, the W990 is the longest-hood conventional ever produced by Kenworth. As of current production, the W900 remains part of the Kenworth model line (six decades after its introduction).


title: Kenworth

text: For 2021 production, Kenworth introduced three model lines of electric vehicles, with the K270E, K370E, and T680E powered by battery-electric powertrains. In 2021, Kenworth launched the T680 FCEV with a 10 vehicle demonstration fleet in California. The T680 FCEV is powered with a Toyota hydrogen fuel cell, has six hydrogen tanks and a driving range over at a full load weight of .


title: Kenworth

text: In 2022, Kenworth announced a new T680. The T680 Next-Gen was redesigned with the future in mind. The new Next-Gen model has a skinnier, but taller grill than the original T680. It has a completely all-new front bumper. Like the 579 Next-Gen (See Peterbilt), it has an all-new interior and steering wheel.


title: Kenworth

text: The headquarters for Kenworth Australia is located in Bayswater, Victoria where all Australian models are assembled. The first Kenworth model in Australia was the KWS925, imported fully built in 1962. Soon later, Kenworths were imported in complete knock-down kits and assembled in Preston, Victoria. Australian built Kenworth models are also exported to nearby RHD markets in New Zealand, Japan, Thailand and Papua New Guinea.


title: Kenworth

text: The T range includes the bonneted conventional models and the C for heavy haulage, mining, off-road and road train use, and the K range covers the cab over models. As of July 2020 the only models that do not have Twin-Steer configurations are T410 SAR, T610 SAR, T900, C510, C540.