title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Marlo assumes Proposition Joe's position as The Greek's narcotics distributor in Baltimore. Marlo is given a phone, and Vondas shows him how to communicate with the Greeks without speaking; the phone is used to send pictures of clock faces that are coded to indicate meeting places. Marlo plans a visit to Atlantic City to celebrate his victory, but Chris reminds him that they must remain in hiding until Omar has been dealt with. Chris prepares to ambush Omar in Monk's apartment, but Omar escapes by leaping from the balcony.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Marlo continues to use Levy to launder money and gives Levy his new cell phone number. Levy's defense investigator Thomas "Herc" Hauk copies the number after hours and passes it to Ellis Carver, ultimately resulting in Freamon's setting up an illegal wiretap.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: At the next Co-Op meeting Marlo informs the Co-op he was responsible for the murder of Prop Joe because he had made a move against Omar, and Omar had retaliated by killing Prop Joe. Marlo then assumes control: he appoints Cheese the head of distribution on the East Side and Monk the West Side. Marlo increases both the bounty on Omar and the cost of the product, and rules that no further group meetings will take place; instead, the members will either have to keep their problems to themselves or meet with Stanfield alone.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Chris marshals his people to search for Omar, but Omar eludes them and remains a thorn in the Stanfield Organization's side. Omar then robs a money pick-up and wounds a Stanfield soldier. Omar also robs a Marlo stash house, where he kills an enforcer named Manny, and he later kills Savino Bratton. Omar calls for Marlo to face him in the streets and attacks his reputation at every opportunity, but Chris prevents this information from reaching Marlo.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Omar is ultimately killed by Kenard. Omar's possessions include a list of Stanfield personnel, which is passed to Freamon and allows him to make the connection between Marlo and Cheese.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Eventually, Leander Sydnor breaks the clock code, and the police are able to follow Chris to a major resupply from the Greeks using the evidence from their illegal wiretap. Monk is arrested with large quantities of drugs, and Marlo, Partlow, and Cheese are arrested for conspiracy to supply narcotics. Chris also has a murder warrant for Devar Manigault.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Marlo believes that Michael Lee may be the source of information listed in the arrest warrants, as Manigault was Michael's stepfather. Marlo orders Snoop to kill Michael, but Michael realizes he is being set up and kills Snoop first. Marlo is enraged when he learns that Omar had been assaulting his street reputation and insists that when released he will re-establish his name.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Levy senses that the timing of the arrests was too soon after the initial arrest of Monk and surmises that the police used illegal surveillance. Sensing the state's reluctance to take the compromised evidence to court, Levy negotiates a deal for Marlo: Marlo will go free with his charges suspended on the state docket but will face prosecution if he returns to drug distribution. Chris will face life without the possibility of parole and will have to plead guilty to all of the vacant house murders. Monk faces a lengthy sentence on a plea bargain with no possibility of bail. Cheese is also facing a long sentence but is granted bail, so Marlo charges him to kill Michael.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Marlo holds a meeting with two Co-Op members (including Fat-Face Rick and Slim Charles) from the prison and offers to sell them the connection to the Greeks for 10 million dollars, claiming that he plans to become a businessman. The Co-Op raises the funds, but Slim Charles murders Cheese in revenge for Cheese's betrayal of Proposition Joe before he can carry out Marlo's order. Fat-Face Rick and Slim Charles assume control of the connection.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: After Marlo's release, Levy introduces him to property developers and other prominent Baltimore businessmen at an evening event. However, Marlo quietly slips out of the event and approaches two young corner boys – who are talking about Omar and mythologizing his death – and provokes a fight by asking, "Do you know who I am?", the answer evidently being that they don't. One of the boys is armed with a gun and the other with a knife, but Marlo manages to drive them off. Marlo's arm is cut in the scuffle, and he is left standing alone on the corner, looking at the streets that he once ruled.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Jamie Hector has commented that he sees the character as striving to obtain power rather than profit and revelling in using that power over others. The series' creator David Simon has also commented that Stanfield is driven by a desire for totalitarian power. Hector has said that much of his performance stems from trying to capture Stanfield as a man of power and economy using minimalist movement and speech.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: When critic Alan Sepinwall interviewed Simon about the fate of the character, Simon said he considers Stanfield's fate to be a kind of justice, as he is cut off from his power and reputation. Sepinwall hailed Stanfield's ending as defying the viewers' expectations to see the character incarcerated or murdered in the streets.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: Simon also commented that the ending was intended to be ironic, as Stanfield receives everything that his one-time rival Stringer Bell desired (in terms of becoming a legitimate, respected businessman) but does not value it. Simon has also said the character's ending was deliberately ambiguous.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: In the mid-1980s, Timmirror Stanfield was a major Baltimore drug trafficker. In 1986, Stanfield was 25 and ran a gang which included over 50 members. The Stanfield gang controlled South Baltimore's Westport area and West Baltimore's Murphy Homes housing project.


title: Marlo Stanfield

text: The gang committed multiple murders and drew the attention of authorities, who were able to persuade 15 witnesses to testify. The core of the gang was convicted. This real life criminal forms the basis of the character's origins while emphasizing the rise in brutality from the American heroin trade of the 1970s to the crack cocaine trade of the 1980s.


title: Enfant terrible

text: Enfant terrible (; ; "terrible child") is a French expression, traditionally referring to a child who is terrifyingly candid by saying embarrassing things to parents or others. However, the expression has drawn multiple usage in careers of art, fashion, music, and other creative arts. In these careers, it implies a successful, and often young, "genius" who is very unorthodox, striking, and in some cases, offensive, or rebellious.


title: Enfant terrible

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary", 2nd edition, gives the definition: "A child who embarrasses his elders by untimely remarks; transf. a person who compromises his associates or his party by unorthodox or ill-considered speech or behaviour; loosely, one who acts unconventionally."


title: Enfant terrible

text: One of "Webster's Dictionary" definitions of "enfant terrible" is "a usually young and successful person who is strikingly unorthodox, innovative, or avant-garde".


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: Victor of Aveyron (; c. 1788 – 1828) was a French feral child who was found at the age of around 9. Not only is he considered the most famous feral child, but his case is also the most documented case of a feral child. Upon his discovery, he was captured multiple times, running away from civilization approximately eight times. Eventually his case was taken up by a young physician, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, who worked with the boy for five years and gave him his name, "Victor". Itard was interested in determining what Victor could learn. He devised procedures to teach the boy words and recorded his progress. Based on his work with Victor, Itard broke new ground in the education of the developmentally delayed.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: Victor was prepubescent when he was captured in 1800, but experienced puberty within a year or two. It is not known when or how he came to live in the woods near Saint-Sernin-sur-Rance, though he was reportedly seen there around 1794. In 1797 he was spotted by three hunters; he ran from them but they were able to catch him when he tried to climb a tree. They brought him to a nearby town where he was cared for by a widow. However, he soon escaped and returned to the woods; he was periodically spotted in 1798 and 1799. On 8 January 1800, he emerged from the forests on his own. His age was unknown, but citizens of the village estimated his age to be about 12. His lack of speech, as well as his food preferences and the numerous scars on his body, suggested to some that he had been in the wild for most of his life.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: In 1797, a child of around nine or ten years of age was sighted in the Tarn. Two years later, he was caught by some men and dogs, escorted to the village of Lacaune and taken in by a widow. He ate nothing except for raw vegetables or vegetables he cooked himself. He ran away after a week.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: In the winter of 1799, he went from Tarn to Aveyron. On the 6 or the 8 of January 1800 he was spotted naked, stooped and with tousled hair by three shoemakers, who took him out of the woods. He ran away, left the woods and was discovered a week later at a dyer's house in Saint-Sernin-sur-Rance. He did not speak and his movements were chaotic. According to the philosopher François Dagognet, 'he walks on four legs, eats plants, is hairy, deaf and mute.' He was sent to an orphanage at Saint-Affrique three days later, then to another at Rodez on the 4 February. The psychiatrist Philippe Pinel, doctor at the Bicêtre Hospital, wrote a report on Victor and considered him to be mentally ill and an idiot from birth.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: Shortly after Victor was found, a local abbot and biology professor, Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre, examined him. He removed the boy's clothing and led him outside into the snow, where, far from being upset, Victor began to frolic about in the nude, showing Bonnaterre that he was clearly accustomed to exposure and cold. The local government commissioner, Constans-Saint-Esteve, also observed the boy and wrote there was "something extraordinary in his behavior, which makes him seem close to the state of wild animals". The boy was eventually taken to Rodez, where two men traveled each seeking to discover whether or not he was their missing son. Both men had lost their sons during the French Revolution, but neither claimed the boy as his son. There were other rumors regarding the boy's origins. For example, one rumor insisted the boy was the illegitimate son of a "notaire" abandoned at a young age because he was mute. Itard believed Victor had "lived in an absolute solitude from his fourth or fifth almost to his twelfth year, which is the age he may have been when he was taken in the Caune woods." That means he presumably lived for seven years in the wilderness.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: It was clear that Victor could hear, but he was taken to the National Institute of the Deaf in Paris for the purpose of being studied by the renowned Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard. Sicard and other members of the Society of Observers of Man believed that by studying, as well as educating the boy, they would gain the proof they needed for the recently popularized empiricist theory of knowledge. In the context of the Enlightenment, when many were debating what exactly distinguished human from animal, one of the most significant factors was the ability to learn language. By studying the boy, they would also be able to explain the relationship between humans and society.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: The Enlightenment caused many thinkers, including naturalists and philosophers, to believe human nature was a subject that needed to be redefined and looked at from a completely different angle. Because of the French Revolution and new developments in science and philosophy, humans were looked at not as special but as characteristic of their place in nature. It was hoped that by studying the wild boy, this idea would gain support. As such, Victor became a case study in the Enlightenment debate about the differences between humans and other animals.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: At that time, the scientific category "Juvenis averionensis" was used, as a special case of the "Homo ferus", described by Carl Linnaeus in "Systema Naturae". Linnaeus and his discoveries, then, forced people to ask the question, "What makes us [human]?" Another developing idea prevalent during the Enlightenment was that of the noble savage. Some believed a person existing in the pure state of nature would be "gentle, innocent, a lover of solitude, ignorant of evil and incapable of causing intentional harm."


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: Philosophies proposed by Rousseau, Locke and Descartes were evolving around the time the boy was discovered in France in 1800. These philosophies invariably influenced the way the boy was perceived by others, and eventually, how Itard would structure his education.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: It was said that even though he had been exposed to society and education, he had made little progress at the Institution under Sicard. Many people questioned his ability to learn because of his initial state, and as Yousef explains, "it is one thing to say that the [person] of nature is not yet fully human; it is quite another thing to say that the [person] of nature cannot become fully human." After Sicard became frustrated with the lack of progress made by the boy, he was left to roam the institution by himself, until Itard decided to take the boy into his home to keep reports and monitor his development.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, a young medical student, effectively adopted Victor into his home and published reports on his progress. Itard believed two things separated humans from animals: empathy and language. He wanted to civilize Victor with the objectives of teaching him to speak and to communicate human emotion. Victor showed significant early progress in understanding language and reading simple words, but failed to progress beyond a rudimentary level. Itard wrote, "Under these circumstances his ear was not an organ for the appreciation of sounds, their articulations and their combinations; it was nothing but a simple means of self-preservation which warned of the approach of a dangerous animal or the fall of wild fruit."


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: The only two phrases Victor ever actually learned to spell out were "lait" ('milk') and "Oh, Dieu" ('Oh, God'). It would seem, however, that Itard implemented more contemporary views when he was educating Victor. Rousseau appears to have believed "that natural association is based on reciprocally free and equal respect between people." This notion of how to educate and to teach was something that although it did not produce the effects hoped for, did prove to be a step towards new systems of pedagogy. By attempting to learn about the boy who lived in nature, education could be restructured and characterized.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: Itard has been recognized as the founder of "oral education of the deaf; the field of otolaryngology; the use of behavior modification with severely impaired children; and special education for the mentally and physically handicapped."


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: While Victor did not learn to speak the language that Itard tried to teach him, it seems that Victor did make progress in his behavior towards other people. At the Itard home, housekeeper Madame Guérin was setting the table one evening while crying over the loss of her husband. Victor stopped what he was doing and displayed consoling behavior towards her. Itard reported on this progress.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: When looking at the association between language and intellect, French society considered one with the other. Unless cared for by friends or family, the mute routinely ended up in horrible, ghastly conditions. However, around 1750, something different was happening in Paris. A French priest, Charles-Michel de l'Épée, created a school to educate the deaf and mute. His institution was made into a National Institute in 1790. This new interest and moral obligation towards the deaf and mute inspired Itard to nurture and attempt to teach Victor language. "He had Locke's and Condillac's theory that we are born with empty heads and that our ideas arise from what we perceive and experience. Having experienced almost nothing of society, the boy remained a savage."


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: Throughout the years Itard spent working with Victor, he made some gradual progress. Victor understood the meaning of actions and used what 20th-century writer Roger Shattuck describes as "action language", which Itard regarded as a kind of primitive form of communication. However, Itard still could not get Victor to speak. He wondered why Victor would choose to remain silent when he had already proved that he was not, in fact, deaf. Victor also did not understand tones of voice. Itard proclaimed "Victor was the mental and psychological equivalent of someone born deaf-and-dumb. There would be little point in trying to teach him to speak by the normal means of repeating sounds if he didn't really hear them."


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: Shattuck critiques Itard's process of education, wondering why he never attempted to teach Victor to use sign language. Regardless, today there are certain hypotheses that Shattuck applies to Victor. "One is that the Wild Boy, though born normal, developed a serious mental or psychological disturbance before his abandonment. Precocious schizophrenia, infantile psychosis, autism; a number of technical terms have been applied to his position. Several psychiatrists I have consulted favor this approach. It provides both a motivation for abandonment and an explanation for his partial recovery under Itard's treatment."


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: Professor Uta Frith has stated she believes Victor displayed signs of autism. Serge Aroles, in his book "L'énigme des enfants-loups" ("The Mystery of the Wolf-Children"), also believes that surviving accounts of his behavior point to "a moderate degree of autism" ("autisme moderé") in Victor's case. Aroles notes that Victor showed characteristic signs of mental derangement, like grinding of the teeth, incessant rocking back and forth, and sudden, spasmodic movements.


title: Victor of Aveyron

text: In March 2008, following the disclosure that Misha Defonseca's best-selling book, later turned into film "Survivre avec les loups" ('Survival with the Wolves') was a hoax, there was a debate in the French media (newspapers, radio and television) concerning the numerous false cases of feral children uncritically believed. Although there are numerous books on this subject, almost none of them have been based on archives, the authors using rather dubious second- or third-hand, printed information. According to French surgeon Serge Aroles, author of a general study of the phenomenon of feral children based on archives, almost all of these cases are fakes. In his judgment, Victor of Aveyron was not a genuine feral child; in Aroles' view, the scars on his body were not the consequences of a wild life in the forests, but rather of physical abuse at the hands of his parents or whoever initially raised him. Humans need to be nurtured at least until the age of 5 or 6; it is inconceivable that any child, including Victor, could survive on his own, in the wild, younger than that. This disability could also explain why he was abused, perhaps treated like an animal, in his earliest years. Bettelheim, 1959 makes a case for this being a general pattern in the lives of so-called feral children.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: The 2019–20 season was Manchester United's 28th season in the Premier League and their 45th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. The club participated in the Premier League, finishing third, and reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup, the EFL Cup and the UEFA Europa League. The defeat in the Europa League made this United's first hat-trick of trophyless seasons since 1989.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: This was United's first full season under manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær, who took permanent charge in March 2019. It is also their first season since 2008–09 without club captain Antonio Valencia, who left the club at the end of the 2018–19 season. Solskjær named Ashley Young as Valencia's successor as club captain. Upon Young's departure for Inter Milan in January 2020, he was replaced as club captain by Harry Maguire.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: After being no higher than fifth place in the league since their sixth match in September 2019, United moved up to third place with a draw at home to West Ham United in the penultimate match of the season; they confirmed their third-place finish and a spot in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League with a 2–0 victory at Leicester City on the final day of the season on 26 July, their 14th consecutive league game without defeat. The season featured a three-month hiatus from March to June 2020 after the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: United preceded their 2019–20 campaign with a pre-season tour, with matches in Australia, Singapore, China, Norway and Wales. The first two matches were played at the Perth Stadium in Perth, Australia; the first was a 2–0 win over local side Perth Glory, with goals from Marcus Rashford and James Garner, followed by a meeting with historic rivals Leeds United, which the Red Devils won 4–0 thanks to goals from Rashford, Phil Jones, Anthony Martial, as well as a maiden senior goal for Mason Greenwood.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: United also took part in the 2019 International Champions Cup. They began with a match against Internazionale in Singapore on 20 July, in which Greenwood scored the only goal to give United a 1–0 win, followed by a match against Tottenham Hotspur in Shanghai five days later, winning 2–1 thanks to goals from Martial and Angel Gomes. They then travelled to Norway to play an additional friendly against Kristiansund BK, the hometown club of Norwegian manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær, winning it 1–0 through an injury-time penalty by Juan Mata. Their final game in the International Champions Cup and final pre-season game saw them play against Milan in Cardiff on 3 August, winning 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out after the match ended in a 2–2 draw, with goals from Rashford and Jesse Lingard; Wales international Daniel James scored the winning penalty.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, Premier League football was suspended on 13 March 2020; following the announcement that the league would be resuming in mid-June, United first played an intra-squad friendly match at Old Trafford, before arranging another friendly against Stoke City for 9 June; however, this match was cancelled after Stoke manager Michael O'Neill tested positive for COVID-19. United did eventually return to action on 12 June, playing two matches against West Bromwich Albion behind closed doors at Old Trafford; West Brom won the first match 2–1, but United won the second 3–1.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: The Premier League fixtures were announced on 13 June 2019. Manchester United began their season at home to Chelsea on 11 August; a goal in each half from Marcus Rashford, in addition to goals from Anthony Martial and debutant Daniel James, gave United a 4–0 win. United were held to a 1–1 draw by Wolverhampton Wanderers in their next game; Martial opened the scoring with his 50th goal for the club before Rúben Neves equalised with a long-range strike, only for Paul Pogba to miss from the penalty spot midway through the second half. United suffered their first defeat of the season on 24 August, losing 2–1 at home to Crystal Palace. After Jordan Ayew put the Eagles 1–0 up against the run of play with just over half an hour gone, it took until the final minute of normal time for Daniel James to find the equaliser; however, Patrick van Aanholt's injury-time strike gave Palace their first league win over United since May 1991 and their first league win at Old Trafford since December 1989. James continued his goalscoring form in United's final game before the international break away to Southampton, opening the scoring after 10 minutes. Jannik Vestergaard equalised for the home side just before the hour mark, but although Kevin Danso was sent off with 17 minutes to go, United were unable to make their numerical advantage count and the match finished as a 1–1 draw.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: United returned to action after the international break with a home game against Leicester City. Marcus Rashford scored the only goal of the game from the penalty spot to give United their first win since the opening day of the season. United's next match, away to West Ham United, ended in a 2–0 defeat, with a goal each from Andriy Yarmolenko and Aaron Cresswell. United then played Arsenal at home; Scott McTominay opened the scoring with his first senior goal at Old Trafford, but Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang was awarded the equaliser after the video assistant referee (VAR) overruled the assistant referee's original decision that he was offside. United's final match before the second international break of the season was away to Newcastle United, who won 1–0 thanks to a goal from Matty Longstaff on his senior debut.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: United returned to action after the second international break with a home game against arch-rivals Liverpool. Marcus Rashford opened the scoring after a VAR check, as Victor Lindelöf was ruled not to have fouled Divock Origi. The VAR was used again to check a goal scored by Sadio Mané, which appeared to have come off his arm, and was eventually ruled out for handball. Liverpool did manage to find an equaliser through substitute Adam Lallana in the 85th minute to secure a vital point for both teams. The result meant that United ended Liverpool's winning streak at 18 games. On 27 October 2019, Scott McTominay netted United's recordbreaking 2,000th Premier League goal in a 3–1 victory against Norwich City at Carrow Road. Rashford had a penalty saved by Tim Krul a few minutes later, but scored on United's next attack to put them 2–0 up with less than half an hour played. United were awarded a second penalty for a handball by Todd Cantwell, but despite a change of taker, Krul was able to make another save from Martial. Like Rashford, Martial made amends later by scoring United's third goal. Onel Hernández scored a consolation goal for Norwich City in the 88th minute.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: To begin November, United made the trip to Bournemouth, where former United striker Joshua King scored on the stroke of half-time to give Bournemouth a 1–0 win. The result dropped United down to 10th position in the league table and gave Bournemouth their first win since September 2019. United's next home match before the third international break of the season was against Brighton & Hove Albion, where goals from Andreas Pereira (his first of the season), Scott McTominay and Marcus Rashford helped United to a 3–1 win. The second goal was initially given as an own goal by Davy Pröpper, but was later awarded to McTominay. After draws against Sheffield United – which saw Brandon Williams scoring his first senior goal and Mason Greenwood scoring his first Premier League goal – and Aston Villa – saved by Victor Lindelöf's first goal of the season, United won 2–1 against previous season's top four finishers Tottenham Hotspur and champions Manchester City. A draw against Everton was followed by defeat at Watford. Victories against Newcastle United and Burnley brought the club's decade to a close.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: The 2020s was started with a defeat at Arsenal on New Year's Day. Ten days later, United recorded their first win of the decade with a 4–0 demolition of Norwich City; Rashford scored twice, Martial and Greenwood scored once each. On the following three league matches the club failed to score, the first two ended in 2–0 defeats; matches against the runaway league leaders Liverpool and a revenge by Burnley, which turned out to be their last defeat of the season, were followed by a goalless draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers. After the newly introduced winter break, United got full 3 points at Chelsea, extending their undefeated run against the West London club to six matches. Watford was the next victim, falling three goals to nil at Old Trafford. The newly recruited Portuguese midfielder Bruno Fernandes scored the first goal from the spot, his first goal for the club. The fixture against Everton was again ended in a 1–1 draw with David de Gea making an error leading up to the home side's goal before Fernandes' equaliser, his first open play goal for United. The next week, United won 2–0 thanks to a Anthony Martial volley and a last minute 40-yard screamer from Scott McTominay to complete their first league double over Manchester City since 2009–10.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Premier League matches were suspended on 13 March, initially only until 3 April 2020. The suspension was made indefinite on 5 April 2020. On 28 May, it was announced that the Premier League would return behind closed doors on 17 June.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: The return of the league on 19 June saw United draw 1–1 at Tottenham Hotspur; Fernandes equalised with a penalty kick after Steven Bergwijn's opening goal. In a 3–0 home win against Sheffield United on 24 June, Martial scored his first senior hat-trick, as well as United's first league hat-trick since Robin van Persie did so on 22 April 2013. On 30 June, after the opening goal by Greenwood, Fernandes scored his first brace for United in a 3–0 win against Brighton & Hove Albion. Both players found the net again in the match against Bournemouth; Fernandes scored one after Greenwood made his first league brace. Martial and Rashford scored one each as United won 5–2. On 9 July, both Fernandes and Greenwood scored again, with Paul Pogba adding his first goal of the season in a 3–0 win at Aston Villa. The win made United the first team in Premier League history to win four consecutive games by three goals or more, and the first to do so in the top flight since Liverpool in October 1987. United went behind early in their match against Southampton on 13 July, before Rashford and Martial put them into the lead with two quick goals midway through the first half; however, Michael Obafemi scored a 96th-minute equaliser and the match finished 2–2, denying United an opportunity to jump to third in the table. Away to Crystal Palace, Rashford scored and then assisted Martial's goal as United won 2–0 at Selhurst Park. In this match, defender Timothy Fosu-Mensah made his first start since May 2017. In the penultimate match of the season against West Ham, United went 1–0 down to a Michail Antonio penalty on the stroke of half-time, but Mason Greenwood's equaliser early in the second half salvaged a 1–1 draw that moved United back into the top four for the first time since September 2019. A third-place finish was confirmed on the final day of the season, as a penalty from Bruno Fernandes – the 14th United had been awarded in the league that season (a Premier League record) – and a 98th-minute goal from Jesse Lingard – his first in the league since 22 December 2018 – secured a 2–0 victory away to Leicester City, meaning United finished the season unbeaten in their final 14 matches and qualified for the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: As a Premier League side, Manchester United entered the 2019–20 FA Cup in the Third Round Proper. The draw gave United an away tie at fellow Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers. The match was played on 4 January 2020 and finished goalless, requiring a replay later that month. The Fourth Round draw took place on 5 January, with United – were they to beat Wolves in their replay – drawn away to either Watford or Tranmere Rovers. The replay was played on 15 January and saw Juan Mata score the only goal of the game to put United through. Playing at Prenton Park against Tranmere, who had eliminated Watford just three days prior, United won 6–0; Harry Maguire and Diogo Dalot both scored their first goals for the club. In the fifth round, United came up against Derby County and former striker Wayne Rooney. In a 3–0 win at Pride Park, Odion Ighalo scored his first brace for United following Luke Shaw's first goal of the season.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: After a three-month delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the quarter-final tie against Norwich City was played on 27 June 2020. Ighalo opened the scoring before an equaliser from Todd Cantwell. Deep into extra time, Maguire scored to send United to the semi-finals, where they were drawn against Chelsea. Having played against Chelsea in the EFL Cup earlier in the season, it was the first time in seven years that United had faced the same opponents in both domestic cup competitions in one season; the last time was also against Chelsea in 2012–13. However, the FA Cup results on both occasions were same; United succumbed to Chelsea. They suffered their first defeat to the West London club since the 2018 FA Cup Final, as well as ending their 19-game unbeaten run in all competitions.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: As one of the seven English sides competing in UEFA competitions in 2019–20, Manchester United entered the 2019–20 EFL Cup in the third round. The draw for the third round took place on 28 August 2019, and saw United given a home tie against League One side Rochdale. It was only the second time they had met in a competitive, first-team match; their only other meeting was in the third round of the 1985–86 FA Cup, when Manchester United won 2–0. The match was played on 25 September, with Mason Greenwood opening the scoring in the 68th minute; however, 16-year-old Luke Matheson equalised for Rochdale eight minutes later. The match finished at 1–1 after 90 minutes and went straight to penalties; Sergio Romero saved Rochdale's second penalty from Jimmy Keohane, while all Manchester United's kicks were successful, culminating with Daniel James scoring the winning penalty.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: In the fourth round, Manchester United were drawn away to Chelsea; it was the sixth time they had met in the competition, most recently in 2012–13, when Chelsea won 5–4 after extra time. Marcus Rashford scored twice to record a 2–1 win, securing their passage to the fifth round and extending their unbeaten run against Chelsea in all competitions to five matches; their last loss to Chelsea was in the 2018 FA Cup Final.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: United won their fifth round match against the last surviving non-Premier League club, Colchester United, with goals from Marcus Rashford, Anthony Martial, and an own goal. They were drawn to play local rivals Manchester City in the two-legged semi-final in January. City's 3–1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was enough to send them to their third successive EFL Cup final, as United were only able to manage a 1–0 win in the second leg at the City of Manchester Stadium.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: Having finished sixth in the 2018–19 Premier League, Manchester United entered the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League in the group stage. It was the club's first Europa League campaign since winning the competition in 2016–17, and their fourth in nine years, having also played in the knockout phase in 2011–12 and 2015–16. The draw for the group stage took place in Monaco on 30 August 2019; United were drawn into Group L with Kazakhstani side Astana, Serbian club Partizan, and AZ of the Netherlands. Astana were United's – and any English club's – first ever Kazakhstani opponents, and it would also be the first time they had played against AZ; their only previous meeting with Partizan came in the semi-finals of the 1965–66 European Cup, losing 2–0 in Belgrade before a 1–0 win at Old Trafford a week later.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: United began their Europa League campaign with a 1–0 win over Astana at Old Trafford on 19 September; Mason Greenwood scored the only goal of the game, the first of his professional career, cutting inside off the right wing to shoot through the legs of goalkeeper Nenad Erić and become Manchester United's youngest goalscorer in European football. United's second match, a goalless draw away to AZ, was played at Cars Jeans Stadion in The Hague as the roof had collapsed at AZ's AFAS Stadion. They then made the trip to Belgrade on 24 October, and came away with a 1–0 win thanks to an Anthony Martial penalty.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: Martial was on the scoresheet again in the reverse fixture at Old Trafford on 7 November, his goal coming between efforts from Greenwood and Rashford. The 3–0 win meant United could no longer be caught by third-placed Partizan in the group standings, confirming their qualification for the knockout phase. United fielded a team with an average age of 22 years and 26 days in a 2–1 away defeat to the already-eliminated Astana. The match saw three debutants starting and another three coming on as substitutes. Jesse Lingard captained the side for the first time in his career and scored the opening goal – his first of the season – in the 10th minute; however, a goal from Dmitri Shomko and an own goal by Di'Shon Bernard gave Astana the win. United sealed top spot in the group with a 4–0 victory at home to the already-qualified AZ. Greenwood scored the second and fourth goals, and the others were scored by Ashley Young and Juan Mata, who each scored their first goals of the season; it was Young's first European goal since February 2012, which was scored in the Europa League against another Dutch side, Ajax. It was also United's biggest European victory since the 4–0 Europa League win against yet another Dutch club Feyenoord in November 2016, when they went on to win the tournament.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: Having qualified for the knockout phase as group winners, Manchester United were seeded for the round of 32 draw and paired with Belgian side Club Brugge, who had dropped down from the Champions League; it was their first meeting since the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League play-offs, when Manchester United won 7–1 on aggregate. After a 1–1 draw at Jan Breydel Stadium that saw Anthony Martial cancel out Emmanuel Dennis's opener, United won the return leg 5–0 to win 6–1 on aggregate; Odion Ighalo scored his first goal for the club, Fred scored his first goals of the season, and Scott McTominay scored his first European goal. The round of 16 draw took place on 28 February, with United paired with Austrian club LASK. United won the first leg 5–0. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the second leg was played nearly five months later, on 5 August; United went 1–0 down early in the second half, but Jesse Lingard equalised shortly afterwards, before Anthony Martial secured a 2–1 win with three minutes left. That gave United a 7–1 win on aggregate and a place in the quarter-finals.


title: 2019–20 Manchester United F.C. season

text: As a further result of the pandemic, the quarter-finals, semi-finals and final of the competition were moved to four venues in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with all matches to be played behind closed doors. The draw for the entire final stage was also performed at the same time on 10 July. The draw paired Manchester United with Danish side Copenhagen in the quarter-finals, and the match was goalless through the initial 90 minutes, before ultimately being decided by a Bruno Fernandes penalty five minutes into extra time. In the semi-finals, they would play against the winners of the match between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Sevilla, played the next day; Sevilla also won 1–0, setting up the semi-final to be played in Cologne on 16 August. United lost 2–1 despite taking the lead through a Bruno Fernandes penalty in the ninth minute.


title: Victoria Smurfit

text: Victoria Smurfit (born 31 March 1974) is an Irish actress. She is known for playing Orla O'Connell in the BBC television series "Ballykissangel", Detective Chief Inspector Roisin Connor in the ITV police procedural "Trial & Retribution" and Cruella de Vil in "Once Upon a Time" for which she was nominated as Best Supporting Actress in 13th IFTA Film & Drama Awards in 2016.


title: Victoria Smurfit

text: Victoria Smurfit is part of the Smurfit family which, through Smurfit Kappa, is one of the richest in Ireland. The family, headed by Victoria's uncle Michael Smurfit, sponsors a number of sporting events including the Smurfit European Open and the Champion Hurdle. The family is also associated with Smurfit Business School in University College Dublin (UCD). Smurfit studied for an A-level in theatre studies and subsequently went onto the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.


title: Victoria Smurfit

text: Smurfit gained fame for her role as Orla O'Connell in the BBC television series "Ballykissangel" from 1998 to 1999. She played Nina in the 2003 film "Bulletproof Monk". From 2003 to 2009, Smurfit portrayed the lead role of Detective Chief Inspector Roisin Connor in the ITV police procedural "Trial & Retribution". She also guest starred in the BBC Radio 4 series "Baldi". In 2011 Smurfit appeared in the "Agatha Christie's Marple" television episode "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side".


title: Victoria Smurfit

text: In 2013, Smurfit co-starred as Lady Jayne Wetherby in the NBC television period drama "Dracula". In 2014, she began playing the recurring guest role of Cruella de Vil in ABC's "Once Upon a Time".


title: Victoria Smurfit

text: In the run-up to shooting for her role in "Homecoming", she described the film as a "mean girls for grown-ups". She played Nikki, the "head mean girl". In 2021 she played Pippa in "Deadly Cuts" and in 2022 played Olivia Foyle in "Bloodlands".


title: Victoria Smurfit

text: Smurfit married advertising executive Douglas Baxter on 29 July 2000 in Surrey, England and gave birth to their first child, daughter Evie Dorothy Baxter in Dublin, Ireland on 2 November 2004. A second daughter, Ridley Belle Baxter was born in May 2007. Their third child, a boy, was born in November 2008 and named Flynn Alexander Baxter. In 2012 the family relocated to Santa Monica, California, US. In February 2015 it was announced that Smurfit and her husband had filed for divorce.


title: Victoria Smurfit

text: She wrote an opinion blog for "The Dubliner", which often featured anecdotes from her personal life, and is a patron of the children's charity World Vision Ireland.


title: The Chordettes

text: The Chordettes were an American female vocal quartet, specializing in traditional pop music. They are best known for their 1950s hit songs "Mr. Sandman" and "Lollipop".


title: The Chordettes

text: The group organized in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, in 1946. The original members of the group were Janet Ertel ("née" Buschmann; September 21, 1913 – November 22, 1988), Alice Mae "Buschmann" Spielvogel (July 31, 1925 – January 6, 1981), Dorothy "Dottie" (Hummitzsch) Schwartz, and Jinny Osborn/Lockard (April 25, 1927 – May 19, 2003). Alice Spielvogel was replaced by Carol Buschmann, her sister-in-law, in 1947. In 1952, Lynn Evans ("née" Hargate; May 2, 1924 – February 6, 2020) replaced Schwartz, as Evans described in a 2015 interview. And in 1953, Margie Needham replaced Osborn (who was having a baby), though Osborn later returned to the group. Nancy Overton joined the group for live performances in 1957 after Janet Ertel, who was more than a decade older than the other members of the group, decided to retire from touring, although Ertel continued to perform on recorded material. Originally they sang folk music in the style of The Weavers, but eventually changed to a harmonizing style of the type known as barbershop harmony or close harmony. Part of this change seems to be influenced by Osborn's father.


title: The Chordettes

text: Jinny Osborn was born in Seattle, Washington. She was born "Virginia Cole", the daughter of O. H. "King" Cole, who was president (1948-1949) of the Barbershop Harmony Society (then known as "SPEBSQSA"), and Katherine Flack.


title: The Chordettes

text: After performing locally in Sheboygan, they won on Arthur Godfrey's radio program "Talent Scouts" in 1949. They held feature status on Godfrey's daily program, and in 1950 cut their first LP, a collection of standards titled "Harmony Time" for Columbia Records. Three more LPs followed.


title: The Chordettes

text: In 1953, Godfrey's music director and orchestra leader, Archie Bleyer, founded Cadence Records. He signed a number of Godfrey regulars and former regulars, including the Chordettes, who had a number of hit records for Cadence.


title: The Chordettes

text: Beginning in January 1954, the group sang on the "Robert Q. Lewis Show", a weekday afternoon program on CBS-TV.


title: The Chordettes

text: The Chordettes had released a couple of singles with Arthur Godfrey on Columbia in 1950-51 but didn't cut a solo single until their breakout hit "Mr. Sandman", released in late 1954 and which went on to become a #1 1955 hit. Archie Bleyer himself is on that record along with the group; Bleyer stripped down the sound to highlight the girls' voices. They also hit #2 with 1958's "Lollipop" and also charted with a vocal version of the themes from Disney's "Zorro" (U.S. #17) (1958) and the film "Never on Sunday" (U.S. #13) (1961). Other hits for the group included "Eddie My Love" (U.S. #14) (a cover of a song by doo-wop group The Teen Queens), "Born to Be With You" (U.S. #5), "Lay Down Your Arms" in 1956, and "Just Between You and Me" (U.S. #8) in 1957. Their cover of "The White Rose Of Athens" hit the Australian Top 15 in May, 1962. The US single "In The Deep Blue Sea" was a one-week Music Vendor entry four months later (#128).


title: The Chordettes

text: Janet Ertel married Bleyer in 1954. Her daughter Jackie married another Cadence recording star, Phil Everly of The Everly Brothers.


title: The Chordettes

text: The Chordettes appeared on "American Bandstand" on August 5, 1957, the first episode of that show to be broadcast nationally on the ABC Television Network. The Chordettes also appeared on "American Bandstand" on February 22, 1958, and again on April 26, 1958.


title: The Chordettes

text: In 1961, Jinny Osborn again left the group. Unable to find a satisfactory replacement, the group disbanded in 1963.


title: The Chordettes

text: The longest living member of the Chordettes who has sung on all the group's recordings, on both Columbia and Cadence recordings, is Carol Buschmann. Lynn Evans Mand sang on all the Chordettes' Cadence Recordings. In 2004, Mand appeared on a PBS television special "Magic Moments: The Best of 50s Pop", with other 1950s pop icons, singing "Lollipop". Margie Needham Latzko and Carol Buschmann are the only surviving singers who recorded both "Mr. Sandman" and “Lollipop”.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: Aegle marmelos, commonly known as bael (or "bili" or "bhel"), also Bengal quince, golden apple, Japanese bitter orange, stone apple or wood apple, is a rare species of tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is present in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal as a naturalized species. The tree is considered to be sacred by Hindus.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: "Aegle marmelos" is a deciduous shrub or small to medium-sized tree, up to tall with slender drooping branches and rather open, irregular crown.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: The bark is pale brown or grayish, smooth or finely fissured and flaking, armed with long straight spines, singly or in pairs, often with slimy sap oozing out from cut parts. The gum is also described as a clear, gummy sap, resembling gum arabic, which exudes from wounded branches and hangs down in long strands, becoming gradually solid. It is sweet at first taste and then irritating to the throat.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: The leaf is trifoliate, alternate, each leaflet x , ovate with tapering or pointed tip and rounded base, untoothed or with shallow rounded teeth. Young leaves are pale green or pinkish, finely hairy while mature leaves are dark green and completely smooth. Each leaf has 4–12 pairs of side veins which are joined at the margin.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: The flowers are 1.5 to 2 cm, pale green or yellowish, sweetly scented, bisexual, in short drooping unbranched clusters at the end of twigs and leaf axils. They usually appear with young leaves. The calyx is flat with 4(5) small teeth. The four or five petals of overlap in the bud. Many stamens have short filaments and pale brown, short style anthers. The ovary is bright green with an inconspicuous disc.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: The fruit typically has a diameter of between . It is globose or slightly pear-shaped with a thick, hard rind and does not split upon ripening. The woody shell is smooth and green, gray until it is fully ripe when it turns yellow. Inside are 8 to 15 or 20 sections filled with aromatic orange pulp, each section with 6 (8) to 10 (15) flattened-oblong seeds each about 1 cm long, bearing woolly hairs and each enclosed in a sac of adhesive, transparent mucilage that solidifies on drying. The exact number of seeds varies in different publications.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: The fruit takes about 11 months to ripen on the tree, reaching maturity in December. It can reach the size of a large grapefruit or pomelo, and some are even larger. The shell is so hard it must be cracked with a hammer or machete. The fibrous yellow pulp is very aromatic. It has been described as tasting of marmalade and smelling of roses. Boning (2006) indicates that the flavor is "sweet, aromatic and pleasant, although tangy and slightly astringent in some varieties. It resembles a marmalade made, in part, with citrus and, in part, with tamarind." Numerous hairy seeds are encapsulated in a slimy mucilage.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: The bael tree contains furocoumarins, including xanthotoxol and the methyl ester of alloimperatorin, as well as flavonoids, rutin and marmesin; a number of essential oils; and, among its alkaloids, á-fargarine(=allocryptopine), "O"-isopentenylhalfordinol, "O"-methylhafordinol. Aegeline (N-[2-hydroxy-2(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl]-3-phenyl-2-propenamide) is a constituent that can be extracted from bael leaves.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: Aeglemarmelosine, molecular formula CHNO [α]+7.89° ("c" 0.20, CHCl), has been isolated as an orange viscous oil.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: "Aegle marmelos" is native across the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, and is cultivated throughout Sri Lanka, Tamilnadu, Thailand, and Malesia. It occurs in dry, open forests on hills and plains at altitudes from with mean annual rainfall of . It has a reputation in India for being able to grow in places that other trees cannot. It copes with a wide range of soil conditions (pH range 5–10), is tolerant of waterlogging and has an unusually wide temperature tolerance from . It requires a pronounced dry season to give fruit.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: The tree is a larval food plant for the following two Indian Swallowtail butterflies: the lime butterfly ("Papilio demoleus") and the common Mormon ("Papilio polytes").


title: Aegle marmelos

text: Aegeline is a known constituent of the bael leaf and consumed as a dietary supplement with the intent to produce weight loss. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Department of Defense Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, and Hawaii state and local health officials identified an outbreak of 97 persons with acute non-viral hepatitis that first emerged in Hawaii. Seventy-two of these persons had reported using the dietary supplement containing aegeline, called OxyElite Pro which was manufactured by the Dallas company, USPlabs. FDA had previously taken action against an earlier formulation of OxyElite Pro because it contained dimethylamylamine, a stimulant that FDA had determined to be an adulterant when included in dietary supplements and could cause high blood pressure and lead to heart attacks, seizures, psychiatric disorders, and death. USPlabs subsequently reformulated this product without informing FDA or submitting the required safety data for a new dietary ingredient.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: Doctors at the Liver Center at The Queen's Medical Center investigating the first cases in Hawaii reported that between May and September 2013, eight previously healthy individuals presented themselves at their center suffering from a drug-induced liver injury. All of these patients had been using the reformulated OxyElite Pro, which they had purchased from different sources, and which had different lot numbers and expiration dates, at doses within the manufacturer's recommendation. Three of these patients developed fulminant liver failure, two underwent urgent liver transplantation, and one died. The number of such cases would ultimately rise to 44 in Hawaii. In January 2014, leaders from the Queen's Liver Center informed state lawmakers that they were almost certain that aegeline was the agent responsible for these cases, but the mechanism of how aegeline may damage the liver has not been isolated.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: Rich in vitamin C, the fruits can be eaten either fresh from trees or after being dried and produced into candy, toffee, pulp powder or nectar. If fresh, the juice is strained and sweetened to make a drink similar to lemonade. It can be made into sharbat, also called as "Bela pana", a beverage. Bela Pana made in Odisha has fresh cheese, milk, water, fruit pulp, sugar, crushed black pepper, and ice. "Bæl pana", a drink made of the pulp with water, sugar, and citron juice, is mixed, left to stand a few hours, strained, and put on ice. One large bael fruit may yield five or six liters of sharbat. If the fruit is to be dried, it is usually sliced and sun-dried. The hard leathery slices are then immersed in water. The leaves and small shoots are eaten as salad greens. Bael fruits are of dietary use and the fruit pulp is used to prepare delicacies like murabba, puddings and juices.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: The leaves, bark, roots, fruits, and seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat various illnesses, although there is no clinical evidence that these methods are safe or effective.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: Bael is used in the ritual rites of Hindus. Bael is considered one of the sacred trees of Hindus. Earliest evidence of religious importance of bael appears in "Shri Shuktam" of Rig Veda which reveres this plant as the residence of goddess Lakshmi, the deity of wealth and prosperity. Bael trees are considered an incarnation of goddess Sati. Bael trees can be usually seen near the Hindu temples and their home gardens. It is believed that Hindu deity Lord Shiva is fond of bael trees and its leaves and fruit still play a main role in his worship, because the leaf's triple shape symbolises his trident.


title: Aegle marmelos

text: In the traditional practice of the Hindu and Buddhist religions by people of the Newar culture of Nepal, the bael tree is part of a fertility ritual for girls known as the "Bel Bibaaha". Girls are "married" to the bael fruit; as long as the fruit is kept safe and never cracks, the girl can never become widowed, even if her human husband dies. This is a ritual that guarantees the high status of widows in the Newar community compared to other women in Nepal.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: In fluid dynamics, the Darcy–Weisbach equation is an empirical equation that relates the head loss, or pressure loss, due to friction along a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. The equation is named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach. Currently, there is no formula more accurate or universally applicable than the Darcy-Weisbach supplemented by the Moody diagram or Colebrook equation.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: The Darcy–Weisbach equation contains a dimensionless friction factor, known as the Darcy friction factor. This is also variously called the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, friction factor, resistance coefficient, or flow coefficient.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: In a cylindrical pipe of uniform diameter , flowing full, the pressure loss due to viscous effects is proportional to length and can be characterized by the Darcy–Weisbach equation:


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: The numbers 1.930 and 0.537 are phenomenological; these specific values provide a fairly good fit to the data. The product (called the "friction Reynolds number") can be considered, like the Reynolds number, to be a (dimensionless) parameter of the flow: at fixed values of , the friction factor is also fixed.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: In the Kármán–Prandtl resistance equation, can be expressed in closed form as an analytic function of through the use of the Lambert function:


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: In this flow regime, many small vortices are responsible for the transfer of momentum between the bulk of the fluid to the pipe wall. As the friction Reynolds number increases, the profile of the fluid velocity approaches the wall asymptotically, thereby transferring more momentum to the pipe wall, as modeled in Blasius boundary layer theory.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: When the pipe surface's roughness height is significant (typically at high Reynolds number), the friction factor departs from the smooth pipe curve, ultimately approaching an asymptotic value ("rough pipe" regime). In this regime, the resistance to flow varies according to the square of the mean flow velocity and is insensitive to Reynolds number. Here, it is useful to employ yet another dimensionless parameter of the flow, the "roughness Reynolds number"


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: In this view, the data at different roughness ratio fall together when plotted against , demonstrating scaling in the variable . The following features are present:


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: Afzal's fit to these data in the transition from smooth pipe flow to rough pipe flow employs an exponential expression in that ensures proper behavior for (the transition from the smooth pipe regime to the rough pipe regime):


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: This function shares the same values for its term in common with the Kármán–Prandtl resistance equation, plus one parameter 0.34 to fit the asymptotic behavior for along with one further parameter, 11, to govern the transition from smooth to rough flow. It is exhibited in Figure 3.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: This relation has the correct behavior at extreme values of , as shown by the labeled curve in Figure 3: when is small, it is consistent with smooth pipe flow, when large, it is consistent with rough pipe flow. However its performance in the transitional domain overestimates the friction factor by a substantial margin. Colebrook acknowledges the discrepancy with Nikuradze's data but argues that his relation is consistent with the measurements on commercial pipes. Indeed, such pipes are very different from those carefully prepared by Nikuradse: their surfaces are characterized by many different roughness heights and random spatial distribution of roughness points, while those of Nikuradse have surfaces with uniform roughness height, with the points extremely closely packed.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: For turbulent flow, methods for finding the friction factor include using a diagram, such as the Moody chart, or solving equations such as the Colebrook–White equation (upon which the Moody chart is based), or the Swamee–Jain equation. While the Colebrook–White relation is, in the general case, an iterative method, the Swamee–Jain equation allows to be found directly for full flow in a circular pipe.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: In typical engineering applications, there will be a set of given or known quantities. The acceleration of gravity and the kinematic viscosity of the fluid are known, as are the diameter of the pipe and its roughness height . If as well the head loss per unit length is a known quantity, then the friction factor can be calculated directly from the chosen fitting function. Solving the Darcy–Weisbach equation for ,


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: we have the two parameters needed to substitute into the Colebrook–White relation, or any other function, for the friction factor , the flow velocity , and the volumetric flow rate .


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: The Darcy–Weisbach friction factor is 4 times larger than the Fanning friction factor , so attention must be paid to note which one of these is meant in any "friction factor" chart or equation being used. Of the two, the Darcy–Weisbach factor is more commonly used by civil and mechanical engineers, and the Fanning factor by chemical engineers, but care should be taken to identify the correct factor regardless of the source of the chart or formula.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: Most charts or tables indicate the type of friction factor, or at least provide the formula for the friction factor with laminar flow. If the formula for laminar flow is , it is the Fanning factor , and if the formula for laminar flow is , it is the Darcy–Weisbach factor .


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: Which friction factor is plotted in a Moody diagram may be determined by inspection if the publisher did not include the formula described above:


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: The procedure above is similar for any available Reynolds number that is an integer power of ten. It is not necessary to remember the value 1000 for this procedure—only that an integer power of ten is of interest for this purpose.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: Historically this equation arose as a variant on the Prony equation; this variant was developed by Henry Darcy of France, and further refined into the form used today by Julius Weisbach of Saxony in 1845. Initially, data on the variation of with velocity was lacking, so the Darcy–Weisbach equation was outperformed at first by the empirical Prony equation in many cases. In later years it was eschewed in many special-case situations in favor of a variety of empirical equations valid only for certain flow regimes, notably the Hazen–Williams equation or the Manning equation, most of which were significantly easier to use in calculations. However, since the advent of the calculator, ease of calculation is no longer a major issue, and so the Darcy–Weisbach equation's generality has made it the preferred one.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: Away from the ends of the pipe, the characteristics of the flow are independent of the position along the pipe. The key quantities are then the pressure drop along the pipe per unit length, , and the volumetric flow rate. The flow rate can be converted to a mean flow velocity by dividing by the wetted area of the flow (which equals the cross-sectional area of the pipe if the pipe is full of fluid).


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: Pressure has dimensions of energy per unit volume, therefore the pressure drop between two points must be proportional to the dynamic pressure q. We also know that pressure must be proportional to the length of the pipe between the two points as the pressure drop per unit length is a constant. To turn the relationship into a proportionality coefficient of dimensionless quantity, we can divide by the hydraulic diameter of the pipe, , which is also constant along the pipe. Therefore,


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: The proportionality coefficient is the dimensionless "Darcy friction factor" or "flow coefficient". This dimensionless coefficient will be a combination of geometric factors such as , the Reynolds number and (outside the laminar regime) the relative roughness of the pipe (the ratio of the roughness height to the hydraulic diameter).


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: Note that the dynamic pressure is not the kinetic energy of the fluid per unit volume, for the following reasons. Even in the case of laminar flow, where all the flow lines are parallel to the length of the pipe, the velocity of the fluid on the inner surface of the pipe is zero due to viscosity, and the velocity in the center of the pipe must therefore be larger than the average velocity obtained by dividing the volumetric flow rate by the wet area. The average kinetic energy then involves the root mean-square velocity, which always exceeds the mean velocity. In the case of turbulent flow, the fluid acquires random velocity components in all directions, including perpendicular to the length of the pipe, and thus turbulence contributes to the kinetic energy per unit volume but not to the average lengthwise velocity of the fluid.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: In a hydraulic engineering application, it is typical for the volumetric flow within a pipe (that is, its productivity) and the head loss per unit length (the concomitant power consumption) to be the critical important factors. The practical consequence is that, for a fixed volumetric flow rate , head loss "decreases" with the inverse fifth power of the pipe diameter, . Doubling the diameter of a pipe of a given schedule (say, ANSI schedule 40) roughly doubles the amount of material required per unit length and thus its installed cost. Meanwhile, the head loss is decreased by a factor of 32 (about a 97% reduction). Thus the energy consumed in moving a given volumetric flow of the fluid is cut down dramatically for a modest increase in capital cost.


title: Darcy–Weisbach equation

text: The Darcy-Weisbach's accuracy and universal applicability makes it the ideal formula for flow in pipes. The advantages of the equation are as follows:


title: Benjamin Šeško

text: Benjamin Šeško (, born 31 May 2003) is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Austrian Bundesliga club Red Bull Salzburg and the Slovenia national team. He will join German Bundesliga club RB Leipzig in July 2023.


title: Benjamin Šeško

text: Šeško joined Red Bull Salzburg aged 16 in 2019 from Domžale. He was loaned to the Salzburg's reserve team FC Liefering for two seasons, where he scored 22 goals in 44 games in the second tier of Austrian football. He made his first-team debut for Red Bull Salzburg in January 2021 and has gone on to win two Austrian Bundesliga titles and one Austrian Cup.


title: Benjamin Šeško

text: Šeško played 25 games for Slovenia at youth international level. He became the youngest ever player for the senior Slovenia national team when he made his debut in June 2021 at the age of 18 years and 1 day. He scored his first goal for the national team in October 2021, which made him Slovenia's youngest ever goalscorer.


title: Benjamin Šeško

text: Šeško began his career at his hometown club Radeče when he was in the first grade. He then spent one year with Rudar Trbovlje in the under-11 selection, before returning to Radeče. In 2016 he transferred to Krško, where he played for the under-15s and under-17s. In the 2017–18 season, he scored 59 goals in 23 matches for the under-15s. In 2018, Šeško joined Domžale, where he stayed for one season.


title: Benjamin Šeško

text: At the age of 16, on 3 June 2019, Šeško signed a three-year professional contract with Red Bull Salzburg. He debuted with Red Bull Salzburg in a 3–0 Austrian Football Bundesliga win over TSV Hartberg on 30 January 2021.


title: Benjamin Šeško

text: Immediately after signing with Red Bull Salzburg, he was moved to their farm club FC Liefering, competing in the Austrian Second League. In the 2020–21 season, he scored 21 goals in 29 appearances and became the league's second-best goalscorer. He scored most of his goals in the final part of the season, scoring 13 goals in the last 7 rounds.


title: Benjamin Šeško

text: On 9 August 2022, RB Leipzig announced that Šeško would join them on 1 July 2023, on a five-year contract until 2028, for a reported transfer fee of around €24 million.


title: Benjamin Šeško

text: Eligible for Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (due to his mother hailing from Doboj), Šeško opted for the former, having represented the country at the under-15, under-16, under-17, and under-19 levels. He made his under-19 debut in a friendly game against Austria in September 2020.


title: Benjamin Šeško

text: In May 2021, Šeško was called up by the senior team manager Matjaž Kek for a pair of friendlies in June 2021. He debuted for Slovenia in a 1–1 friendly tie with North Macedonia on 1 June 2021. At the time he was 18 years and 1 day old and became the youngest debutant in the national team, surpassing the previous record set by Petar Stojanović seven years earlier. On 8 October 2021, Šeško scored his first goal for Slovenia in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Malta, becoming Slovenia's youngest ever goalscorer at the age of 18 years, 4 months and 8 days. During the 2022–23 UEFA Nations League B campaign, Šeško helped Slovenia avoid relegation to League C with two decisive goals. He provided an assist and scored the winning goal in a 2–1 victory over Norway on 24 September 2022, and also scored in a 1–1 draw against Sweden three days later. The goal against Sweden was described as a "wonder goal" by the media, and was nominated as one of the best goals of the matchday by UEFA.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), also known simply as ciguatera, is a foodborne illness caused by eating reef fish whose flesh is contaminated with certain toxins. Such individual fish are said to be ciguatoxic. Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, numbness, itchiness, sensitivity to hot and cold, dizziness, and weakness. The onset of symptoms varies with the amount of toxin eaten from half an hour to up to two days. The diarrhea may last for up to four days. Some symptoms typically remain for a few weeks to months. Heart difficulties such as slow heart rate and low blood pressure may also occur.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: The specific toxins involved are ciguatoxin and maitotoxin. They are originally made by a small marine organism, "Gambierdiscus toxicus", that grows on and around coral reefs in tropical and subtropical waters. These are eaten by herbivorous fish which in turn are eaten by larger carnivorous fish. The toxins become more concentrated as they move up the food chain. The fish most often implicated include barracuda, grouper, moray eel, amberjack, sea bass, and sturgeon. Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms together with having recently eaten fish. If a number of those who eat the same fish develop symptoms the diagnosis becomes more likely. If some of the fish they had previously eaten is available this can also be tested to confirm the diagnosis.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Preventive efforts include not eating reef fish, not eating high-risk fish such as barracuda, and not eating fish liver, roe, or fish heads. Ciguatoxin has no taste or smell, and cannot be destroyed by conventional cooking. There is no specific treatment for ciguatera fish poisoning once it occurs. Mannitol may be considered, but the evidence supporting its use is not very strong. Gabapentin or amitriptyline may be used to treat some of the symptoms.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: In 2017, the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that around 50,000 cases occur globally each year. Other estimates suggest up to 500,000 cases per year. The risk of death from poisoning is less than 1 in 1,000 according to the CDC. It is the most frequent seafood poisoning. It occurs most commonly in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea between the latitudes of 35°N and 35°S. The risk of the condition appears to be increasing due to coral reef deterioration and increasing trade in seafood. Descriptions of the condition date back to at least 1511. The current name, introduced in 1787, is of Cuban Spanish origin and originally referred to the univalve mollusc "Cittarium pica".


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Hallmark symptoms of ciguatera in humans include gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and neurological effects. Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, usually followed by neurological symptoms such as headaches, muscle aches, paresthesia, numbness of extremities, mouth and lips, reversal of hot and cold sensation, ataxia, vertigo, and hallucinations. Severe cases of ciguatera can also result in cold allodynia, which is a burning sensation on contact with cold. Neurological symptoms can persist and ciguatera poisoning is occasionally misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis. Cardiovascular symptoms include bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, hypertension, orthostatic tachycardia, exercise intolerance, and rhythm disorders. Death from the condition can occur, but is very rare.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Dyspareunia and other ciguatera symptoms have developed in otherwise healthy males and females following sexual intercourse with partners suffering ciguatera poisoning, signifying that the toxin may be sexually transmitted. Diarrhea and facial rashes have been reported in breastfed infants of poisoned mothers, suggesting that ciguatera toxins migrate into breast milk.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: The symptoms can last from weeks to years, and in extreme cases as long as 20 years, often leading to long-term disability. Most people do recover slowly over time.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: "Gambierdiscus toxicus" is the primary dinoflagellate responsible for the production of a number of similar polyether toxins, including ciguatoxin, maitotoxin, gambieric acid and scaritoxin, as well as the long-chain alcohol palytoxin. Other dinoflagellates that may cause ciguatera include "Prorocentrum" spp., "Ostreopsis" spp., "Coolia monotis", "Thecadinium" spp. and "Amphidinium carterae".


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms together with having recently eaten fish. If a number of those who eat the same fish have symptoms the diagnosis becomes more likely. If some of the fish they had previously eaten is available this can also be tested to confirm the diagnosis. Other potential causes such as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), scombrotoxin fish poisoning, and pufferfish poisoning should be excluded.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: The reversal of hot and cold sensations is an occasional symptom of CFP that may help differentiate it from intestinal "flu".


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: There is no known effective treatment or antidote for ciguatera poisoning. The mainstay of treatment is supportive care. There is some evidence that calcium channel blockers like nifedipine and verapamil are effective in treating some of the symptoms that remain after the initial sickness passes, such as poor circulation and shooting pains through the chest. These symptoms are due to vasoconstriction caused by maitotoxin. Ciguatoxin lowers the threshold for opening voltage-gated sodium channels in synapses of the nervous system. Opening a sodium channel causes depolarization, which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart contraction, and changing the senses of hot and cold. Some medications such as amitriptyline may reduce some symptoms, such as fatigue and paresthesia, although benefit does not occur in every case.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Mannitol was once used for poisoning after one study reported symptom reversal. Follow-up studies in animals and case reports in humans also found benefit from mannitol. However, a randomized, double-blind clinical trial found no difference between mannitol and normal saline. Despite this its use may still be considered.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: The current estimated global incidence annually is 20,000 to 50,000 people, though a large number of cases are believed to go unreported.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Due to the limited habitats of ciguatoxin-producing microorganisms, ciguatera is common only in subtropical and tropical waters, particularly the Pacific and Caribbean, and usually is associated with fish caught in tropical reef waters. Exportation of reef fish, as well as tourism, often account for cases that develop in other regions.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Ciguatoxin is found in over 400 species of reef fish. Avoiding consumption of all reef fish is the only sure way to avoid exposure. Imported fish served in restaurants may contain the toxin and produce illness which often goes unexplained by physicians unfamiliar with the symptoms of a tropical toxin. Ciguatoxin can also occur in farm-raised salmon. Furthermore, species substitution, labeling a reef fish as a non-reef fish at restaurants and retail, can complicate efforts by consumers to avoid ciguatera.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Ciguatera was first described by one of the surgeon's mates, William Anderson, on the crew of in 1774.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Researchers suggest that ciguatera outbreaks caused by warm climatic conditions in part propelled the migratory voyages of Polynesians between 1000 and 1400AD.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: In Northern Australia, where ciguatera is a common problem, two different folk science methods are widely believed to detect whether fish harbor significant ciguatoxin. The first method is that flies are supposed not to land on contaminated fish. The second is that cats will either refuse to eat or vomit/display symptoms after eating contaminated fish. A third, less common testing method involves putting a silver coin under the scales of the suspect fish. If the coin turns black, according to the theory, it is contaminated.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: On Grand Cayman and other islands the locals will test barracuda by placing a piece of the fish on the ground and allowing ants to crawl on it. If the ants do not avoid the flesh and will eat it, then the fish is deemed safe.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: In Dominican Republic, another common belief is that during months whose names do not include the letter "R" (May through August), it is not recommended to eat certain kinds of fish, because they are more likely to be infected by the ciguatera toxin.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Leaves of "Heliotropium foertherianum" (Boraginaceae) – also known as "octopus bush" – are used in many Pacific islands as a traditional medicine to treat ciguatera fish poisoning. Senescent octopus bush leaves contain rosmarinic acid and derivatives, which are known for their antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Rosmarinic acid may remove the ciguatoxins from their sites of action, as well as being an anti-inflammatory.


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: An account of ciguatera poisoning from a linguistics researcher living on Malakula island, Vanuatu, indicates the local treatment: "We had to go with what local people told us: avoid salt and any seafood. Eat sugary foods. And they gave us a tea made from the roots of ferns growing on tree trunks. I don't know if any of that helped, but after a few weeks, the symptoms faded away".


title: Ciguatera fish poisoning

text: Various Caribbean folk and ritualistic treatments originated in Cuba and nearby islands. The most common old-time remedy involves bed rest subsequent to a guanabana juice enema. In Puerto Rico, natives drink a tea made from mangrove buttons, purportedly high in B vitamins, to flush the toxic symptoms from the system. There has never been a funded study of these treatments. Other folk treatments range from directly porting and bleeding the gastrointestinal tract to "cleansing" the diseased with a dove during a Santería ritual.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE, 10GbE, or 10 GigE) is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second. It was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. Unlike previous Ethernet standards, 10 Gigabit Ethernet defines only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches; shared-medium CSMA/CD operation has not been carried over from the previous generations Ethernet standards so half-duplex operation and repeater hubs do not exist in 10GbE.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: The 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard encompasses a number of different physical layer (PHY) standards. A networking device, such as a switch or a network interface controller may have different PHY types through pluggable PHY modules, such as those based on SFP+. Like previous versions of Ethernet, 10GbE can use either copper or fiber cabling. Maximum distance over copper cable is 100 meters but because of its bandwidth requirements, higher-grade cables are required.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: The adoption of 10 Gigabit Ethernet has been more gradual than previous revisions of Ethernet: in 2007, one million 10GbE ports were shipped, in 2009 two million ports were shipped, and in 2010 over three million ports were shipped, with an estimated nine million ports in 2011. , although the price per gigabit of bandwidth for 10 Gigabit Ethernet was about one-third compared to Gigabit Ethernet, the price per port of 10 Gigabit Ethernet still hindered more widespread adoption.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: Over the years the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 working group has published several standards relating to 10GbE.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: To implement different 10GbE physical layer standards, many interfaces consist of a standard socket into which different physical (PHY) layer modules may be plugged. PHY modules are not specified in an official standards body but by multi-source agreements (MSAs) that can be negotiated more quickly. Relevant MSAs for 10GbE include XENPAK (and related X2 and XPAK), XFP and SFP+. When choosing a PHY module, a designer considers cost, reach, media type, power consumption, and size (form factor). A single point-to-point link can have different MSA pluggable formats on either end (e.g. XPAK and SFP+) as long as the 10GbE optical or copper port type (e.g. 10GBASE-SR) supported by the pluggable is identical.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: XENPAK was the first MSA for 10GE and had the largest form factor. X2 and XPAK were later competing standards with smaller form factors. X2 and XPAK have not been as successful in the market as XENPAK. XFP came after X2 and XPAK and it is also smaller.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: The newest module standard is the enhanced small form-factor pluggable transceiver, generally called SFP+. Based on the small form-factor pluggable transceiver (SFP) and developed by the ANSI T11 fibre channel group, it is smaller still and lower power than XFP. SFP+ has become the most popular socket on 10GE systems. SFP+ modules do only optical to electrical conversion, no clock and data recovery, putting a higher burden on the host's channel equalization. SFP+ modules share a common physical form factor with legacy SFP modules, allowing higher port density than XFP and the re-use of existing designs for 24 or 48 ports in a 19-inch rack width blade.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: Optical modules are connected to a host by either a XAUI, XFI or SerDes Framer Interface (SFI) interface. XENPAK, X2, and XPAK modules use XAUI to connect to their hosts. XAUI (XGXS) uses a four-lane data channel and is specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 47. XFP modules use a XFI interface and SFP+ modules use an SFI interface. XFI and SFI use a single lane data channel and the 64b/66b encoding specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: SFP+ modules can further be grouped into two types of host interfaces: linear or limiting. Limiting modules are preferred except when for long-reach applications using 10GBASE-LRM modules.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: There are two basic types of optical fiber used for 10 Gigabit Ethernet: single-mode (SMF) and multi-mode (MMF). In SMF light follows a single path through the fiber while in MMF it takes multiple paths resulting in differential mode delay (DMD). SMF is used for long-distance communication and MMF is used for distances of less than 300 m. SMF has a narrower core (8.3 μm) which requires a more precise termination and connection method. MMF has a wider core (50 or 62.5 μm). The advantage of MMF is that it can be driven by a low cost Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) for short distances, and multi-mode connectors are cheaper and easier to terminate reliably in the field. The advantage of SMF is that it can work over longer distances.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: In the 802.3 standard, reference is made to FDDI-grade MMF fiber. This has a 62.5 μm core and a minimum modal bandwidth of 160 MHz·km at 850 nm. It was originally installed in the early 1990s for FDDI and 100BASE-FX networks. The 802.3 standard also references ISO/IEC 11801 which specifies optical MMF fiber types OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4. OM1 has a 62.5 μm core while the others have a 50 μm core. At 850 nm the minimum modal bandwidth of OM1 is 200 MHz·km, of OM2 500 MHz·km, of OM3 2000 MHz·km and of OM4 4700 MHz·km. FDDI-grade cable is now obsolete and new structured cabling installations use either OM3 or OM4 cabling. OM3 cable can carry 10 Gigabit Ethernet 300 meters using low cost 10GBASE-SR optics. OM4 can manage 400 meters.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: To distinguish SMF from MMF cables, SMF cables are usually yellow, while MMF cables are orange (OM1 & OM2) or aqua (OM3 & OM4). However, in fiber optics there is no uniform color for any specific optical speed or technology with the exception being angular physical connector (APC), it being an agreed color of green.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: There are also active optical cables (AOC). These have the optical electronics already connected eliminating the connectors between the cable and the optical module. They plug into standard SFP+ sockets. They are lower cost than other optical solutions because the manufacturer can match the electronics to the required length and type of cable.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-SR ("short range") is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 850 nm lasers. Its Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) is 64b/66b and is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbd.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: MMF has the advantage over SMF of having lower cost connectors; its wider core requires less mechanical precision.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: The 10GBASE-SR transmitter is implemented with a VCSEL which is low cost and low power. OM3 and OM4 optical cabling is sometimes described as "laser optimized" because they have been designed to work with VCSELs. 10GBASE-SR delivers the lowest cost, lowest power and smallest form factor optical modules.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: There is a lower cost, lower power variant sometimes referred to as 10GBASE-SRL (10GBASE-SR lite). This is inter-operable with 10GBASE-SR but only has a reach of 100 meters.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-LR (long reach) is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1310 nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 GBd.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: The 10GBASE-LR transmitter is implemented with a Fabry–Pérot or Distributed feedback laser (DFB). DFB lasers are more expensive than VCSELs but their high power and longer wavelength allow efficient coupling into the small core of single-mode fiber over greater distances.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-LR maximum fiber length is 10 kilometers, although this will vary depending on the type of single-mode fiber used.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-LRM, (long reach multi-mode) originally specified in IEEE 802.3aq is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 1310 nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 68. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 GBd. 10GBASE-LRM uses electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) for receive equalization.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-LRM allows distances up to on FDDI-grade multi-mode fiber and the same 220m maximum reach on OM1, OM2 and OM3 fiber types. 10GBASE-LRM reach is not quite as far as the older 10GBASE-LX4 standard. Some 10GBASE-LRM transceivers also allow distances up to on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652), however this is not part of the IEEE or MSA specification. To ensure that specifications are met over FDDI-grade, OM1 and OM2 fibers, the transmitter should be coupled through a mode conditioning patch cord. No mode conditioning patch cord is required for applications over OM3 or OM4.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-ER (extended reach) is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1550 nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 GBd.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: Several manufacturers have introduced range under the name 10GBASE-ZR. This 80 km PHY is not specified within the IEEE 802.3ae standard and manufacturers have created their own specifications based upon the 80 km PHY described in the OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET specifications.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-LX4 is a port type for multi-mode fiber and single-mode fiber. It uses four separate laser sources operating at 3.125 Gbit/s and Coarse wavelength-division multiplexing with four unique wavelengths around 1310 nm. Its 8b/10b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 48 and its Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer in Clause 53.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-LX4 has a range of over SMF. It can reach over FDDI-grade, OM1, OM2 and OM3 multi-mode cabling. In this case, it needs to be coupled through a SMF offset-launch mode-conditioning patch cord.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-PR originally specified in IEEE 802.3av is a 10 Gigabit Ethernet PHY for passive optical networks and uses 1577 nm lasers in the downstream direction and 1270 nm lasers in the upstream direction. Its PMD sublayer is specified in Clause 75. Downstream delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s in a point to multi-point configuration.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: Multiple vendors introduced single strand, bi-directional 10 Gbit/s optics capable of a single-mode fiber connection functionally equivalent to 10GBASE-LR or -ER, but using a single strand of fiber optic cable. Analogous to 1000BASE-BX10, this is accomplished using a passive prism inside each optical transceiver and a matched pair of transceivers using two different wavelengths such as 1270 and 1330 nm. Modules are available in varying transmit powers and reach distances ranging from 10 to 80 km.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-CX4 was the first 10 Gigabit copper standard published by 802.3 (as 802.3ak-2004). It uses the XAUI 4-lane PCS (Clause 48) and copper cabling similar to that used by InfiniBand technology with the same SFF-8470 connectors. It is specified to work up to a distance of . Each lane carries 3.125 GBd of signaling bandwidth.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-CX4 has been used for stacking switches. It offers the advantages of low power, low cost and low latency, but has a bigger form factor and more bulky cables than the newer single-lane SFP+ standard, and a much shorter reach than fiber or 10GBASE-T. This cable is fairly rigid and considerably more costly than Category 5/6 UTP or fiber.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-CX4 applications are now commonly achieved using SFP+ Direct Attach and , shipments of 10GBASE-CX4 have been very low.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: Also known as direct attach (DA), direct attach copper (DAC), 10GSFP+Cu, 10GBASE-CR or 10GBASE-CX1. Short direct attach cables use a passive twinaxial cabling assembly while longer ones, sometimes called "active optical cable" (AOC) use short wavelength optics. Both types connect directly into an SFP+ housing. SFP+ direct attach has a fixed-length cable, up to 15 m for copper cables, or up to 100 m in for AOC. Like 10GBASE-CX4, DA is low-power, low-cost and low-latency with the added advantages of using less bulky cables and of having the small SFP+ form factor. SFP+ direct attach today is tremendously popular, with more ports installed than 10GBASE-SR.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: Backplane Ethernet, also known by the name of the task force that developed it, 802.3ap, is used in backplane applications such as blade servers and modular network equipment with upgradable line cards. 802.3ap implementations are required to operate over up to of copper printed circuit board with two connectors. The standard defines two port types for 10 Gbit/s (10GBASE-KX4 and 10GBASE-KR) and a single 1 Gbit/s port type (1000BASE-KX). It also defines an optional layer for forward error correction, a backplane autonegotiation protocol and link training for 10GBASE-KR where the receiver tunes a three-tap transmit equalizer. The autonegotiation protocol selects between 1000BASE-KX, 10GBASE-KX4, 10GBASE-KR or 40GBASE-KR4 operation.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: This operates over four backplane lanes and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 48) as 10GBASE-CX4.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: This operates over a single backplane lane and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49) as 10GBASE-LR/ER/SR. New backplane designs use 10GBASE-KR rather than 10GBASE-KX4.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-T, or IEEE 802.3an-2006, is a standard released in 2006 to provide 10 Gbit/s connections over unshielded or shielded twisted pair cables, over distances up to . Category 6A is required to reach the full distance and category 5e or 6 may reach up to depending on the quality of installation. 10GBASE-T cable infrastructure can also be used for 1000BASE-T allowing a gradual upgrade from 1000BASE-T using autonegotiation to select which speed is used. Due to additional line coding overhead, 10GBASE-T has a slightly higher latency (2 to 4 microseconds) in comparison to most other 10GBASE variants (1 microsecond or less). In comparison, 1000BASE-T latency is 1 to 12 microseconds (depending on packet size).


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-T uses the IEC 60603-7 8P8C modular connectors already widely used with Ethernet. Transmission characteristics are now specified to . To reach this frequency Category 6A or better balanced twisted pair cables specified in ISO/IEC 11801 amendment 2 or ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 are needed to carry 10GBASE-T up to distances of 100 m. Category 6 cables can carry 10GBASE-T for shorter distances when qualified according to the guidelines in ISO TR 24750 or TIA-155-A.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: The 802.3an standard specifies the wire-level modulation for 10GBASE-T to use Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) and pulse-amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels (PAM-16), encoded in a two-dimensional checkerboard pattern known as DSQ128 sent on the line at 800 Msymbols/sec. Prior to precoding, forward error correction (FEC) coding is performed using a [2048,1723] low-density parity-check code on 1723 bits, with the parity check matrix construction based on a generalized Reed–Solomon [32,2,31] code over GF(2). Another 1536 bits are uncoded. Within each 1723+1536 block, there are 1+50+8+1 signaling and error detection bits and 3200 data bits (and occupy 320 ns on the line). In contrast, PAM-5 is the modulation technique used in 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: The line encoding used by 10GBASE-T is the basis for the newer and slower 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T standard, implementing a 2.5 or 5.0 Gbit/s connection over existing category 5e or 6 cabling. Cables that will not function reliably with 10GBASE-T may successfully operate with 2.5GBASE-T or 5GBASE-T if supported by both ends.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: 10GBASE-T1 is for automotive applications and operates over a single balanced pair of conductors up to 15 m long, and is standardized in 802.3ch-2020.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: At the time that the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard was developed, interest in 10GbE as a wide area network (WAN) transport led to the introduction of a WAN PHY for 10GbE. The WAN PHY was designed to interoperate with OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET equipment using a light-weight SDH/SONET frame running at 9.953 Gbit/s. The WAN PHY operates at a slightly slower data-rate than the local area network (LAN) PHY. The WAN PHY can drive maximum link distances up to 80 km depending on the fiber standard employed.


title: 10 Gigabit Ethernet

text: The WAN PHY uses the same 10GBASE-S, 10GBASE-L and 10GBASE-E optical PMDs as the LAN PHYs and is designated as 10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW or 10GBASE-EW. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 clause 49 and its PMD sublayers in clause 52. It also uses a WAN interface sublayer (WIS) defined in clause 50 which adds extra encapsulation to format the frame data to be compatible with SONET STS-192c.


title: Murphy's sign

text: In medicine, Murphy's sign (also known as Sweeney’s sign) is a maneuver during a physical examination as part of the abdominal examination. It is useful for differentiating pain in the right upper quadrant. Typically, it is positive in cholecystitis, but negative in choledocholithiasis, pyelonephritis, and ascending cholangitis.