title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson had an outstanding year in 1980. A brilliant third round of 64 at Muirfield helped him to win his third Open Championship title in Britain by four strokes. He was the leading money winner on the PGA Tour for the fourth consecutive year, winning six tournaments in America. Watson showed tremendous consistency in 1980, with sixteen top-10 finishes on the PGA Tour that year. In August 1980, after his sixth victory of the year in America, Watson said: "I love this game. I feel that dedication is the only way to improve. I've been more consistent this year than in the previous three years."


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In 1981, Watson won his second Masters title at Augusta by two strokes over Jack Nicklaus and Johnny Miller. Watson had a further two Tour victories in 1981 at the USF&G New Orleans Open and the Atlanta Classic.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: The U.S. Open was the major that Watson most wanted to win. In 1982 at Pebble Beach, he was able to realize his dream after an engaging duel with Jack Nicklaus in one of the most memorable major championships of all time. Playing three groups ahead of Watson in the final round, Nicklaus charged into a share of the lead with five consecutive birdies. When Watson reached the par-3 17th hole the two were still tied, but with Nicklaus safely in the clubhouse at 4-under par 284. Watson hit his tee shot on the 17th into the rough just off the green, leaving an extremely difficult chip shot downhill on a very fast green. While being interviewed on national television and fully aware of Watson's perilous predicament, Nicklaus appeared confident he was on his way to an unprecedented fifth U.S. Open championship. Watson's chip shot, amazingly, hit the flag stick and fell into the cup, giving him a miraculous birdie and setting the stage for yet another win over Nicklaus. Watson went on to birdie the 18th as well, for a final margin of two shots.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: The following month in July 1982 at Royal Troon in Scotland, Watson became only the third golfer since World War II to win the U.S. Open and Open Championship in the same year after Ben Hogan (1953) and Lee Trevino (1971) - a feat later matched by Tiger Woods (2000). After the first two rounds of the 1982 Open Championship, Watson was seven shots behind the leader Bobby Clampett, whose commanding lead was reduced after a third round of 78. During the final round, Nick Price, who was playing in one of the groups behind Watson, gained the lead. Watson stood on the 18th tee of the final round two strokes behind Price. Watson waited patiently after his round as Price's lead evaporated, leaving Watson the Open winner by one stroke.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In 1983, as defending U.S. Open champion at Oakmont, Watson shared the 54-hole lead with Seve Ballesteros. In the final round though, Watson missed a 6-foot putt for par on the 17th and finished in 2nd place, one stroke behind the winner Larry Nelson. The following month in July 1983, Watson won his fifth Open Championship and the last of his eight majors at Royal Birkdale, his only Open victory on English soil. (His four other titles came in Scotland.)


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In 1984, Watson finished runner-up for the third time at the Masters, finishing two strokes behind the champion Ben Crenshaw. Watson had three Tour wins in 1984, including his third victory in the Western Open after a playoff against Greg Norman. A fortnight later in the 1984 Open Championship at St Andrews, Watson was in contention during the final holes to win a third consecutive Open and a sixth Open Championship overall to tie the record for the most Open wins by Harry Vardon. However, Watson bogeyed the par-4 "Road Hole" 17th and Seve Ballesteros birdied the 18th, resulting in a victory for Ballesteros and Watson finishing in a tie for 2nd place.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: After his runner-up finish in the 1984 British Open, Watson did not manage to win a PGA Tour event for the next three years until the 1987 Nabisco Championship. Watson went from being the PGA Tour money leader in 1984 to finishing 18th on the PGA Tour's money list in 1985. As a result of a decline in form, Watson missed out on a place in the 1985 U.S. Ryder Cup team.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In the 1986 Hawaiian Open, Watson was the third-round leader and was aiming to end his winless streak since July 1984. However, Watson bogeyed the 71st and 72nd holes and finished in a tie for 3rd place, behind the winner Corey Pavin.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In the 1987 U.S. Open, Watson had a one-shot lead going into the final round at the Olympic Club. Watson was a gallery favorite during the tournament. He had strong support from the spectators having played golf for Stanford University, 30 miles south of the Olympic Club in San Francisco. He was aiming to win his ninth major championship, which would have tied him for major wins with Ben Hogan and Gary Player, but Watson lost the tournament by a stroke to Scott Simpson. In the final round, Simpson had three consecutive birdies on the back-nine to take the lead. Watson's 45-foot putt for a birdie on the 72nd hole which would have forced a playoff with Simpson was about two inches short.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson's stellar play on the PGA Tour faded in the late 1980s when he began to have problems putting even though his tee-to-green game seemed to improve. During this period he had some near-misses in tournaments. Watson finished 2nd at the 1988 NEC World Series of Golf, missing a 3-foot putt in a playoff against Mike Reid.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In 1989, Watson was in contention during the Open Championship at Royal Troon, but he finished in 4th place, two strokes outside the playoff between Mark Calcavecchia, Wayne Grady and Greg Norman.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: At the 1991 Masters Tournament, Watson stood on the 18th tee in the final round at Augusta with a share of the lead but had a double-bogey 6 to finish in a tie for 3rd place, two strokes behind the champion Ian Woosnam. It was Watson's 15th consecutive top-20 finish at The Masters, having finished in the top-10 of The Masters in 13 of the 15 years between 1977 and 1991.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In 1994, when The Open Championship returned to Turnberry, the site of his 1977 victory, Watson commented, "Sometimes you lose your desire through the years. Any golfer goes through that. When you play golf for a living, like anything in your life, you are never going to be constantly, at the top". He finished tied for 11th at the Open Championship that year, but he had a revival in the late 1990s, winning the 1996 Memorial Tournament and gaining the last of his 39 wins on the PGA Tour at the 1998 MasterCard Colonial when he was 48 years old.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In 1997 Watson won the Japan Golf Tour's prestigious Dunlop Phoenix tournament for the second time. It was the last of his four victories in Japan.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In the 2003 U.S. Open, at age 53, he shared the opening-round lead by shooting a 65 with his long-time caddy Bruce Edwards carrying his clubs and giving advice. Edwards had been diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease earlier in the year, and Watson contributed significant time and money that year with Bruce to raise money for research into finding a cure for motor neuron disease. Edwards died on April 8, 2004.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson was one of two players to play with Jack Nicklaus in the final two rounds of golf in Nicklaus' career, which ended at the 2005 Open Championship on the Old Course at St Andrews. Englishman Luke Donald was the third member of the group.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In the first round of the 2009 Open Championship at Turnberry, Watson shot a 5-under 65, one stroke behind the leader Miguel Ángel Jiménez. In the second round, he tied for the lead after making a huge putt on the 18th green. His score for the round was 70, 38 out and 32 back. This made Watson – at 59 years of age – the oldest man to have the lead after any round of a major. In addition, with a relatively low-scoring third round, one-over-par 71, he kept the lead outright by one shot, so also became the oldest player to lead a major going into the last round. He acknowledged after that 3rd round he was thinking of Bruce Edwards as he walked the 18th fairway.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson finished regulation 72-hole play in the Open tied for the lead with Stewart Cink, with a cumulative score of −2. He needed a par on the 72nd hole to capture a sixth career Open Championship title, but his second shot on the 72nd hole went over the green. Then, from several yards behind the 18th green, Watson first putted up the slope and past the hole, then missed a second 8-foot putt by about 6 inches to the right of the cup. His bogey led to a four-hole aggregate playoff with Cink, running through the 5th, 6th, 17th, and 18th holes. With several errant shots not typical of the previous 72 holes, he lost the playoff by six strokes.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: The following April, Watson competed in the 2010 Masters Tournament. Watson shot an opening-round 67, one shot off the first-round lead held by fellow Champions Tour player Fred Couples. Watson subsequently posted rounds of 74, 73, and 73. His 72-hole, one-under-par total of 287 gave Watson a share of eighteenth place. Watson thus became only the second player in history, after Sam Snead, to post a top-20 finish in at least one major championship in five different decades. Watson holds the record for the longest time span between first and last playoffs on the PGA Tour. That time span is 34 years, 6 days. Watson won the 1975 Open Championship in an 18-hole playoff and 34 years later lost a playoff for the 2009 Open Championship.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Due to his performance in 2009 and early 2010, along with his 1982 U.S. Open victory at Pebble Beach, the USGA awarded Watson a special exemption to the 2010 U.S. Open. He finished the tournament tied for 29th.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In an interview in 2012, Watson admitted that he was "distraught" at coming so close to becoming the oldest Major winner at the age of 59 and said that the experience in the 2009 Open Championship "tore his guts out". Watson said of his approach shot to the green at the 72nd hole, when he needed a par to win the Open: "I was going right at the flag but with the uncertainty of links golf, maybe a gust of wind took it a bit further than it was supposed to. I felt extreme disappointment that night but the one good thing that came of that was the response of people around the world."


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: For the 2015 Open Championship, Watson's exemption for his 2009 finish was extended to give him an opportunity to play at St. Andrews and make one final Open appearance. Watson won Open Championships at five different courses, but St. Andrews was not among them. He missed the cut and made an emotional walk across the Swilcan Bridge at twilight. In April 2016, he played in his final Masters. After saying in the lead up to the event that he 'couldn't compete' anymore, Watson missed the cut by two strokes.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Despite no longer competing at the full Masters, Watson won the 2018 Masters Tournament Par-3 contest at the age of 68, the oldest ever to win the event.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In July 2019, Watson played his final competitive event on British soil, when he played in the Senior British Open for the final time.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson is the only golfer to score a round of 67 or less in all 4 majors at least once in 5 different decades. His best round in the Masters is a 67. His first 67 came in 1977. Other 67s were scored in the 1980s, 1990s and 2010s. His most recent 67 at Augusta was his opening round in 2010. His US Open low score is a 65. He scored 65 in 1987 and 2003, 66 in 1993 and he first shot 67 in 1975. At the British Open, Watson's low score is a 64 in 1980. 65s were scored in 1977 (twice), 1994 and 2009 (all 65s at the Open were scored at Turnberry). Finally, at the PGA Championship, Watson's low score of the 1970s was a 66 in 1979. In the 1980s he scored a 67 in 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1989. His low PGA score is a 65 in 1993 & 2000.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson also sets a record for having a round of 65 or less in at least one of the majors in 4 different decades. 1970s: 1977 British Open (65 in rounds 3 and 4), 1980s: 1980 British Open (64 in round 3), 1990s: 1993 PGA Championship (65 in round 2), and 2000s: 2000 PGA Championship (65 in round 3).


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson's 67 in the first round at the 2010 Masters also gives him a record to be the only person to have at least one round of 67 or less in any of the four majors in five different decades (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s).


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson joined the Champions Tour in 1999, the same year he earned an honorary membership of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in Scotland. He has 14 wins on the Champions Tour, including six senior majors, while playing a limited schedule of events. Watson shares with Gary Player and Bernhard Langer three victories for each in the Senior Open Championship. Watson revisited his 1977 Open Championship win at Turnberry with another win there in the 2003 Senior Open Championship. He followed this up with victories in 2005 and 2007.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson has been one of the most complete players ever to play golf, as evidenced by his competitiveness in the 2009 Open Championship at the age of 59. Standing 5 ft 9 in and weighing 160 pounds during his PGA Tour years, he achieved abundant length with accuracy, played aggressively, developed a superlative short game, and in his prime was a very skilled and confident putter. Watson is renowned as an exceptional bad-weather golfer, having displayed this gritty talent best in the difficult and varied conditions of The Open Championship. At the height of his career, he was well known for his excellent recovery skills, especially around the greens. Years later, if a player escaped from trouble and somehow made par, tour players described the escape as a "Watson par".


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson also developed a reputation for scrupulous honesty, once even calling a penalty stroke on himself for slightly moving a ball that was in deep rough, although no one else had seen it. In 1991, Watson was critical of the heckling of his playing partner Ian Woosnam during the final round of the Masters. Some of the Augusta crowd were vociferous in their support for Watson, in the hope of seeing him win a third Masters title. Watson, however, calmed Woosnam after he was upset at being yelled at by a member of the crowd on the 14th tee. Watson later said: "There's been a breakdown in decorum, and I don't feel good when partisanship spills over."


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: In 2010, Watson said that he agreed with Lee Westwood's assertion that Tour players who used 20-year-old Ping-Eye 2 wedges to get around new rules prohibiting box grooves ("i.e.", grooves rectangular [including square] or U-shaped in cross-section) were going against "the spirit of the game." Watson also reprimanded Tiger Woods for his "language and club-throwing" and said that Woods needed to "show humility" to the public.


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson has been outspoken about the effect that too much prize money can have on some golfers. In an interview in 2010, Watson said: "I do believe that, in certain instances, players can be corrupted by the amount of money they make. I think too much money corrupts the desire and for some players it's about how much money they make rather than just trying to be the best player they can."


title: Tom Watson (golfer)

text: Watson is a member of the American Society of Golf Course Architects and has designed golf courses through his Tom Watson Design company in Johnson County, Kansas.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: All's Well That Ends Well is a play by William Shakespeare, published in the "First Folio" in 1623, where it is listed among the comedies. There is a debate regarding the dating of the composition of the play, with possible dates ranging from 1598 to 1608.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: Bertram is compelled to marry Helena. Bertram refuses to consummate their marriage. He goes to Italy. In Italy he courts Diana. Helena meets Diana. They perform the bed trick.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: The play is considered one of Shakespeare's "problem plays", a play that poses complex ethical dilemmas that require more than typically simple solutions.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: Helena, the low-born ward of a French-Spanish countess, is in love with the countess's son Bertram, who is indifferent to her. Bertram goes to Paris to replace his late father as attendant to the ailing King of France. Helena, the daughter of a recently deceased physician, follows Bertram, ostensibly to offer the King her services as a healer. The King is sceptical, and she guarantees the cure with her life: if he dies, she will be put to death, but if he lives, she may choose a husband from the court.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: The King is cured and Helena chooses Bertram, who rejects her, owing to her poverty and low status. The King forces him to marry her, but after the ceremony Bertram immediately goes to war in Italy without so much as a goodbye kiss. He says that he will only marry her after she has carried his child and wears his family ring. Helena returns home to the countess, who is horrified at what her son has done, and claims Helena as her child in Bertram's place.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: In Italy, Bertram is a successful warrior and also a successful seducer of local virgins. Helena follows him to Italy, befriends Diana, a virgin with whom Bertram is infatuated, and they arrange for Helena to take Diana's place in bed. Diana obtains Bertram's ring in exchange for one of Helena's. In this way Helena, without Bertram's knowledge, consummates their marriage and wears his ring.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: Helena fakes her own death. Bertram, thinking he is free of her, comes home. He tries to marry a local lord's daughter, but Diana shows up and breaks up the engagement. Helena appears and explains the ring swap, announcing that she has fulfilled Bertram's challenge; Bertram, impressed by all she has done to win him, swears his love to her. Thus all ends well.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: There is a subplot about Parolles, a disloyal associate of Bertram's: Some of the lords at the court attempt to get Bertram to know that his friend Parolles is a boasting coward, as Lafew and the Countess have also said. They convince Parolles to cross into enemy territory to fetch a drum that he left behind. While on his way, they pose as enemy soldiers, kidnap him, blindfold him, and, with Bertram observing, get him to betray his friends, and besmirch Bertram's character.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: The play is based on the tale of Giletta di Narbona (tale nine of day three) of Boccaccio's "The Decameron". F. E. Halliday speculated that Shakespeare may have read a French translation of the tale in William Painter's "Palace of Pleasure".


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: There is no evidence that "All's Well That Ends Well" was popular in Shakespeare's own lifetime and it has remained one of his lesser-known plays ever since, in part due to its unorthodox mixture of fairy tale logic, gender role reversals and cynical realism. Helena's love for the seemingly unlovable Bertram is difficult to explain on the page, but in performance, it can be made acceptable by casting an extremely attractive actor and emphasising the possibility of a homosexual relationship between Bertram and the "clothes horse" fop, Parolles: "A filthy officer he is in those suggestions for the


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: young earl." (Act III Sc5.) This latter interpretation also assists at the point in the final scene in which Bertram suddenly switches from hatred to love in just one line. This is considered a particular problem for actors trained to admire psychological realism. However, some alternative readings emphasise the "if" in his equivocal promise: "If she, my liege, can make me know this clearly, I'll love her dearly, ever, ever dearly." Here, there has been no change of heart at all. Productions like London's National Theatre in 2009 have Bertram make his promise seemingly normally, but then end the play hand-in-hand with Helena, staring out at the audience with a look of "aghast bewilderment" suggesting he only relented to save face in front of the King. A 2018 interpretation from director Caroline Byrne at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, London, effects Bertram's reconciliation with Helena by having him make good his vow (Act 2 Scene 2) of only taking her as his wife when she bears his child; as well as Bertram's ring, Helena brings their infant child to their final confrontation before the king.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: Many critics consider that the truncated ending is a drawback, with Bertram's conversion so sudden. Speculative explanations have been given for this. There is (as always) possibly missing text. Some suggest that Bertram's conversion is meant to be sudden and magical in keeping with the 'clever wench performing tasks to win an unwilling higher born husband' theme of the play. Some consider that Bertram is not meant to be contemptible, merely a callow youth learning valuable lessons about values. Contemporary audiences would readily have recognised Bertram's enforced marriage as a metaphor for the new requirement (1606), directed at followers of the Catholic religion, to swear an Oath of Allegiance to Protestant King James, suggests academic Andrew Hadfield of the University of Sussex.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: Many directors have taken the view that when Shakespeare wrote a comedy, he did intend there to be a happy ending, and accordingly that is the way the concluding scene should be staged. Elijah Moshinsky in his BBC Television Shakespeare version in 1981 had his Bertram (Ian Charleson) give Helena a tender kiss and speak wonderingly. Despite his outrageous actions, Bertram can come across as beguiling; the 1967 RSC performance with Ian Richardson as Bertram by various accounts ("The New Cambridge Shakespeare", 2003 etc.) managed to make Bertram sympathetic, even charming. Ian Charleson's Bertram was cold and egotistical but still attractive.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: One character that has been admired is that of the old Countess of Roussillon, which Shaw thought "the most beautiful old woman's part ever written". Modern productions are often promoted as vehicles for great mature actresses; examples in recent decades have starred Judi Dench and Peggy Ashcroft, who delivered a performance of "entranc[ing]...worldly wisdom and compassion" in Trevor Nunn's sympathetic, "Chekhovian" staging at Stratford in 1982. In the BBC Television Shakespeare production she was played by Celia Johnson, dressed and posed as Rembrandt's portrait of Margaretha de Geer.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: It has recently been argued that Thomas Middleton either collaborated with Shakespeare on the play, or revised it at a later time. The proposed revisions are not universally accepted however.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: No records of the early performances of "All's Well That Ends Well" have been found. In 1741, the work was played at Goodman's Fields, with a later transfer to Drury Lane. Rehearsals at Drury Lane started in October 1741 but William Milward (1702–1742), playing the king, was taken ill, and the opening was delayed until the following 22 January. Peg Woffington, playing Helena, fainted on the first night and her part was read. Milward was taken ill again on 2 February and died on 6 February. This, together with unsubstantiated tales of more illnesses befalling other actresses during the run, gave the play an "unlucky" reputation, similar to that attached to "Macbeth", and this may have curtailed the number of subsequent revivals.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: Henry Woodward (1714–1777) popularised the part of Parolles in the era of David Garrick. Sporadic performances followed in the ensuing decades, with an operatic version at Covent Garden in 1832.


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: The play, with plot elements drawn from romance and the ribald tale, depends on gender role conventions, both as expressed (Bertram) and challenged (Helena). With evolving conventions of gender roles, Victorian objections centred on the character of Helena, who was variously deemed predatory, immodest and both "really despicable" and a "doormat" by Ellen Terry, who also—and rather contradictorily—accused her of "hunt[ing] men down in the most undignified way". Terry's friend George Bernard Shaw greatly admired Helena's character, comparing her with the New Woman figures such as Nora in Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House". The editor of the Arden Shakespeare volume summed up 19th century repugnance: "everyone who reads this play is at first shocked and perplexed by the revolting idea that underlies the plot."


title: All's Well That Ends Well

text: In 1896, Frederick S. Boas coined the term "problem play" to include the unpopular work, grouping it with "Hamlet", "Troilus and Cressida" and "Measure for Measure".


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: Hope Dworaczyk Smith ( ; born November 21, 1984) is an American entrepreneur, model, and reality television personality. She is the founder and CEO of MUTHA, a skincare company, and was the host of Inside Fashion. Smith was "Playboy" magazine's Playmate of the Month for April 2009, and later became the 2010 Playmate of the Year.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: She began her modeling career after competing in the Miss Texas Teen USA competition when she was 16 years old. She was crowned Miss Teen Texas in 2000. From there, she was signed to Wilhelmina Models, which represented her for runway shows including Balenciaga.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: Smith appeared on the cover of the April 2009 issue of "Playboy" magazine together with Seth Rogen. Her centerfold pictorial was photographed by Stephen Wayda. She was later selected as the 2010 Playmate of the Year. Her PMOY pictorial was in the June 2010 issue of the magazine which included a 3-D fold-out image of her.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: She has also worked as a runway model, toured for labels such as Versace and hosted and co-produced "Inside Fashion" in Canada on the E! channel.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: Her runway work includes such names as Balenciaga, Robert Rodriguez, Lana Fuchs, Leila Rose, Abaete, Joanna Mastroianni, Rosa Cha, XOXO and Miss Sixty. Other career highlights include a world tour for Versace with visits to Tokyo, Milan, London and New York City, and print campaigns for brands such as Patek Philippe and Elie Saab, among others.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: Smith was a contestant in the spring 2011 edition of "Celebrity Apprentice". She won the task as Project Manager in week 7, and won $40,000 for her charity, Best Buddies International.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: Of her appearance in the show, she stated: "I went on the show with one goal. Not to leave until I won money for Best Buddies. I chose to play for them because it’s a great cause."


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: Smith opened her first business, Oasis Med Spa, in Houston, Texas, in 2005. She received an aesthetician license prior to opening the medical spa, which she sold for an undisclosed amount in 2007.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: Smith is the founder and CEO of MUTHA, a skincare company. The brand is projected to net million in 2021. As of 2020, MUTHA donated 5% of sales to maternal care programs in regions with high maternal mortality rates.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: Smith published a book titled "Your Body is Magic" in March 2022. The book discusses her pregnancy and birth experiences and offers advice to pregnant and postpartum women.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: Smith has worked with several charities, including International Medical Corps, Together We Rise and Unlikely Heroes.


title: Hope Dworaczyk

text: On July 25, 2015, Smith married billionaire Robert F. Smith, the founder of Vista Equity Partners. Smith and her husband have four children together. Smith gave birth to the couple's first child, a son named Hendrix Robert Smith, on December 19, 2014. Smith gave birth to their second child, a son named Legend Robert Smith, on March 16, 2016. In 2020, the Smiths welcomed twin daughters Zuri and Zya, who were born via surrogate.


title: 4th millennium BC

text: The 4th millennium BC spanned the years 4000 BC to 3001 BC. Some of the major changes in human culture during this time included the beginning of the Bronze Age and the invention of writing, which played a major role in starting recorded history.


title: 4th millennium BC

text: The city states of Sumer and the kingdom of Egypt were established and grew to prominence. Agriculture spread widely across Eurasia.


title: 4th millennium BC

text: World population growth relaxes after the burst due to the Neolithic Revolution. World population is largely stable, at roughly 50 million, with a slow overall growth rate at roughly 0.03% p.a.


title: 4th millennium BC

text: Sub-Saharan Africa remains in the Paleolithic period, except for the earliest neolithization of the Sahel following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BC. As the grasslands of the Sahara began drying after 3900 BC, herders spread into the Nile Valley and into eastern Africa (Eburan 5, Elmenteitan). The desiccation of the Sahara and the associated neolithisation of West Africa is also cited as a possible cause for the dispersal of the Niger-Congo linguistic phylum.


title: 4th millennium BC

text: Based on studies by glaciologist Lonnie Thompson, professor at Ohio State University and researcher with the Byrd Polar Research Center, a number of indicators shows there was a global change in climate 5,200 years ago, probably due to a drop in solar energy output.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Boomerang is a 1992 American romantic comedy film directed by Reginald Hudlin. The film stars Eddie Murphy as Marcus Graham, a hotshot advertising executive who also happens to be an insatiable womanizer and male chauvinist. When he meets his new boss, Jacqueline Broyer (Robin Givens), Marcus discovers that she is essentially a female version of himself, and he realizes he is receiving the same treatment that he delivers to others. The film also features Halle Berry, David Alan Grier, Martin Lawrence, Grace Jones, Eartha Kitt and Chris Rock.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Murphy assisted in developing the story with writers Barry W. Blaustein and David Sheffield, having worked with the writing duo since his days on "Saturday Night Live". Murphy hired Hudlin to direct "Boomerang", following the latter's success with his debut film "House Party" (1990). Hudlin and the writers aimed to create a romantic comedy that differed strongly from Murphy's previous comic efforts. Filming took place mainly in New York City, while other scenes were filmed in Washington, D.C


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: The film was released in the United States on July 1, 1992, and was the 18th highest-grossing film in North America that year. "Boomerang" earned over $131 million worldwide during its theatrical run. The film garnered nominations at the BMI Film & TV Awards and the MTV Movie Awards, while its soundtrack became a top-selling album. "Entertainment Weekly" called it an underrated classic and one of the best Eddie Murphy movies of the 1990s. A 2019 television series based on the film, also called "Boomerang", premiered on February 12, 2019, on BET.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Advertising executive Marcus Graham is a serial womanizer, prone to lying to seduce women but unwilling to commit until he finds the "perfect woman." His friends Tyler and Gerard tell him his standards are too high, particularly his habit of judging women by their feet.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Marcus's company is acquired by cosmetics mogul Lady Eloise, who invites him to her home with amorous intentions; he spends the night with her, believing he will be promoted. The next day, he meets Jacqueline Broyer, who has been made head of his department instead. At a party to celebrate the merger, eccentric fashion diva Strangé is announced as the new face of the company, and Jacqueline introduces Marcus to colleague Angela Lewis, whom he sets up with Gerard. Though they get along fine, Angela and Gerard learn that they're better as friends.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Despite his best efforts, Marcus is unable to woo Jacqueline. Over dinner at his apartment, she ignores his advances and is more interested in the basketball game on TV, leaving him frustrated. On a business trip to New Orleans, Jacqueline unexpectedly invites Marcus into her room, and they have sex. Afterward, he is relieved to find her feet up to his standards.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Marcus begins to fall for Jacqueline, but finds himself on the receiving end of his usual tactics: she ignores his feelings, manipulates him with sex, and keeps their relationship strictly on her terms. Discovering she has bragged about their trysts to Strangé, whose advances he is forced to reject, Marcus confronts Jacqueline, and she ends their affair. Marcus finds himself the subject of office gossip, and his work begins to suffer. After a major business proposal is almost ruined, Jacqueline forces Marcus to take a few paid weeks off as an alternative to being fired.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Marcus spends time with Angela, who tries to bring him out of his funk. After hosting Thanksgiving dinner with Tyler, Gerard, and Gerard's tactless parents, Marcus and Angela sleep together. Gerard is furious, believing Marcus will mistreat Angela like his past conquests. They move in together, but she is hurt when he downplays their relationship in a phone call with Jacqueline. Marcus, having regained his confidence, proves newly attractive to Jacqueline, and they sleep together again.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Marcus returns home to Angela in the middle of the night, and when she confronts him in the morning, he explains that he is confused by his feelings for her and for Jacqueline. She breaks up with him and takes a promotion at another company. Marcus rebounds with Jacqueline, but realizes his love for Angela; he returns home to find she has moved out. Marcus reconciles with Gerard, and visits Angela at her new job, convincing her that he is truly committed to her, and they get back together.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Eddie Murphy created the original idea for the film, which he took to writers Barry Blaustein and David Sheffield, both of whom he had been working with during his days at "Saturday Night Live". After they finished the first draft of the script and were given the greenlight on the project, Murphy offered the directing job to Reginald Hudlin, who had previously found critical and commercial success with his debut film "House Party". For "Boomerang", Hudlin said that, from a creative standpoint, he really wanted to take Murphy "somewhere where he's never been before," and that he and the writers' goal was to "put Eddie through paces. To have him have an arc like most characters in movies do, where he's not just the Br'er Rabbit character starting trouble," and to put him in a situation that "allows him to have a genuine obstacle."


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Woody Omens, the cinematographer of the film, was insisted upon by Murphy, who had previously worked with him on "Harlem Nights". Earl Watson worked as the film's main editor, and had previously worked with Hudlin on "House Party". Francine Jamison-Tanchuck worked as the film's costume designer.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: The intention was to give Murphy's character Marcus Graham a cool, yet sophisticated style. "So typically when it comes to black characters, either you have to be a successful, smart business person, or you're hip, but you're never both," said Hudlin. "And one of the reasons why the movie has had such enduring popularity is because the character is both. He's much more in the Cary Grant mode of business person." While working on the characterization of the main character, Hudlin came up with the foot gag, which was used as a plot device to show the arc of the character's growth. It originated from a joke between the director and his friends about a man who's so picky about women that he even looks at their back teeth. "So it's like, how do we define that Eddie's a back teeth kind of guy? So I came upon the idea of showing feet. That no matter how beautiful this woman is, if she has messed up feet, he's out of there." Also, Hudlin said that "we know he's evolved into a higher level of consciousness when he doesn't even notice what Halle Berry's feet look like." The character Angela's art class was an idea the filmmakers had to put Murphy in a context where he could interact with kids, which he hadn't done prior to this film.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: The cast rehearsed for two weeks before production started, which the director said "really created that sense of team, and everyone playing off each other and everyone having that comfort level." Murphy even told Hudlin that he hadn't rehearsed since his days at "SNL", and that he was going to rehearse for all of his movies from then on.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: The scene in which Marcus changes his mind while with Jacqueline was a major rewrite to the script. According to Hudlin, in the original draft, Eddie's character Marcus


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Hudlin knew immediately that he wanted Halle Berry for the role of Angela after she came in and did the reading, and was nervous that Murphy wouldn't like her. Berry had appeared in a couple of films prior to being cast in "Boomerang". However, after Berry performed her screen test, Murphy told Hudlin "well, that's it. There's no need to see the other two actresses because she's the part." Executives at Paramount Pictures were nervous about Robin Givens being cast in such a major role in the film, as she was disliked by many in the general public at the time because of her past relationship with Mike Tyson. Hudlin however, "thought that actually made her perfect for the role, that she was this formidable person, and a match for Eddie Murphy, who also had an intrepid reputation as a ladies' man. So, I wanted the audience to feel like this would be a fair fight."


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: David Alan Grier and Martin Lawrence were cast as Murphy's best friends in the film. At the time, Grier was well known for the show "In Living Color". About him, Hudlin said, "I think he is an absolutely underrated genius. I think he is Steve Martin-level funny, and it's too bad more people don't know how to use his comic gift, because he is absolutely brilliant." Lawrence was brought on to the project after first working with Hudlin on "House Party", which was his first major role in a film. Bebe Drake-Massey and John Witherspoon had played a couple in "House Party", and were reunited for the film, this time playing the character Gerard's parents. Tisha Campbell also worked with Hudlin on "House Party", and was brought on board to play Murphy's obnoxious, and somewhat obsessive, neighbor. While on the set, Hudlin would always rave about Campbell and Lawrence, and Murphy suggested Hudlin do a film with the two of them. Lawrence, who was developing his television show at the time, overheard the two actors talking, and decided to cast Campbell as his girlfriend and later wife, Gina, for his hit sitcom "Martin".


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Grace Jones was cast in a role that was essentially written as a parody of herself. Of her work ethic, Hudlin said that "she was always 100% committed, and would do the absolute craziest thing at any given time. She was absolutely perfect for the role. It was written for her, and she came in very humble, very sweet."


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Eartha Kitt was the hardest person to cast for the film, as she was somewhat offended by her character's tone in the original script. Eventually she accepted the role, after some of the more tasteless jokes in the script were changed or removed. Hudlin however did say that "she was great to work with," and that "she really got into the spirit of it, and was a lot of fun."


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Lela Rochon, who was known for her role in Murphy's 1989 film "Harlem Nights", was brought back for a small role in "Boomerang". Chris Rock, who was a protege of Murphy's, and had acted in small roles in a few other films at the time, was also given a bit part. The role of Lady Eloise's butler was played by Jonathan Hicks, a friend of the director's, who replaced a sick actor at the last minute. Hicks was a reporter for "The New York Times", not an actor, and took the role as a favor to Hudlin.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Three of the actors in this film have starred in the James Bond 007 films. This includes Geoffrey Holder (Baron Samedi from the film "Live and Let Die"), Grace Jones (May Day from the film "A View to a Kill"), and Halle Berry (Giacinta "Jinx" Johnson from the film "Die Another Day").


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: The majority of the film was shot in New York City during the winter. Although it was very cold, the director said that it was still "great to actually be in the city and get that authentic New York flavor." Most of the film was done on location as well. Interior scenes which took place at Marcus' workplace were shot in the old Univision building that had been repainted for production. The scene in Lady Eloise's bedroom was shot at the Boston Park Plaza, in a suite personally redesigned by Ivana Trump, which accounts for the unique styling. The scene of Strangé's introduction was filmed at the Winter Garden Atrium of Brookfield Place.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Although director Hudlin was willing to let his actors improvise, there were boundaries and rules to it, so that the jokes wouldn't lead to nowhere. He explained that once the actors "get a sense that someone will tell them if something doesn't work, or that we're getting too far afield, then they feel comfortable doing what they do. So, that's the balance that we struck."


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Production went well, and as expected with so many comic actors and personalities around, was lively. During production, Hudlin said that whenever David Alan Grier and Martin Lawrence worked, the film's crew usually worked a little slower because wherever they were, there would be so much comedy being generated and they were so funny that everyone wanted to hang out near where they were throughout the day. In the scene where the new fragrance is being presented to Strangé, the director said that "what Grace was doing on the set while we were shooting was so funny that I remember Halle crying off camera, cause she was trying to keep a straight face but she couldn't. So whenever she was off-camera, she would just be literally crying because she was laughing so hard. And fortunately, for her reaction shots she was able to recover."


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: An extra scene, involving Jones taking off her chain-metal dress which is ringing off the metal detectors and walking through them naked, was shot in Newark Airport. However, the filmmakers felt it to be too shocking, to the point where it threw the rhythm of the picture off, so they only used it in the small clip being edited for the perfume commercial.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: The scene late in the film where Grier, Lawrence, and Murphy hug in front of the Empire State Building was shot around one or two o'clock in the morning, when the lights are usually shut off. If the filmmakers had them shut off at their command, it would have cost them $40,000–$60,000, so instead Hudlin had the three hug, and the lights were eventually shut off as usual. When editing the film, they simply reversed the footage to make it appear as if the lights were being turned on. The filmmakers even thought about ending the movie at this point, deciding instead to go with Marcus attempting to win back Angela's affection. For this, an alternate ending was shot where Angela is teaching the kids at the school and Marcus comes, talks to her and eventually wins her back; the filmmakers thought it was slow and uninteresting, and eventually came up with the released version.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Near the production's end, some scenes that still needed to be shot were done in Washington, D.C., where Murphy was also shooting "The Distinguished Gentleman". Originally, some of the film was to take place in the Caribbean, and scenes were to be shot there. However, the setting was changed to New Orleans, and the scenes taking place there were shot in D.C.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Marcus Miller produced the original score for the film, while Antonio "L. A." Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds worked on the soundtrack. With such a wealth of new material, director Hudlin said


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: The soundtrack album reached the number four spot on the "Billboard" 200, and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It included multiple singles that charted in their own right, the most successful of which was Boyz II Men's "End of the Road", which went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart, and stayed there for thirteen weeks, breaking Elvis Presley's previous record of eleven weeks with his version of "Hound Dog".


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: The production was very demanding, including an expensive wardrobe budget, which Hudlin felt was completely worth the price. "The clothing in the movie is incredible, for both the men and the women. Eddie looks great, Robin and Halle look great. Great hair, great makeup work for all concerned, cause we wanted it to look fantastic. We wanted to give people a level of production value they hadn't seen for Eddie's first foray into true romantic comedy."


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: François Truffaut's "Jules and Jim" was an influence on the story arc between the characters Angela, Gerard and Marcus. Director Hudlin explained, "I remember when I saw "Jules and Jim" when I was a kid, and that awkward, awkward feeling of two guys, one has a better time with girls than the other, and they both fall in love with the same woman. And I remember the agony of watching the emotional stakes of that picture. And, this is just a fun movie, not trying to compare myself to Truffaut on any level, but, at least, that's what inspired the moment."


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: The pacing and rhythm of Howard Hawks' "His Girl Friday" was a big influence on the pictures style. Woody Allen's "Annie Hall" was also very influential while Hudlin worked on the project because, according to Hudlin, "if you talk about contemporary romantic comedy, you're really talking about "Annie Hall"."


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: On its opening weekend, the film earned $13,640,706, and ranked number three at the box office. It also ranked number three the two following weekends. By the end of its theatrical run, the film had grossed over $70 million domestically, and $61 million outside of the U.S., making a total of $131,052,444. It was the 18th highest-grossing film in the US in 1992. Compared to its budget, the film was considered a success.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 48%, based on 42 reviews, and an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads, ""Boomerang" injects some fresh color into the corporate rom-com formula, but the frothy fun is undercut by off-putting gender dynamics and misjudged gags." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A− on scale of A to F.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film and its stars positive reviews, calling the movie "predictable but enjoyable all the same." In 2005, the film was ranked number 21 on BET's Top 25 Movies In the Last 25 Years list.


title: Boomerang (1992 film)

text: In retrospect, Kristen Baldwin from "Entertainment Weekly" said: "Though it never received the critical appreciation it deserved, and it is often overlooked in discussions of the rom-com pantheon today, "Boomerang" still holds up 27 years later."


title: Rick Davies

text: Richard Davies (born 22 July 1944) is an English musician, singer and songwriter best known as founder, vocalist and keyboardist of the rock band Supertramp. Davies is its only consistent member, and composed some of the band's best known songs, including "Rudy", "Bloody Well Right", "Crime of the Century" , "From Now On", "Ain't Nobody But Me", "Gone Hollywood", "Goodbye Stranger", "Just Another Nervous Wreck", "Cannonball", and "I'm Beggin' You". He is generally noted for his rhythmic blues piano solos and jazz-tinged progressive rock compositions and cynical lyrics.


title: Rick Davies

text: Starting with the self-titled "Supertramp" in 1970, Davies shared lead vocals with Supertramp songwriting partner, Roger Hodgson until the latter's departure in 1983, at which point he became the sole lead vocalist of the group. Davies's voice is deeper than Hodgson's, and he usually employs a raspy baritone which stands in stark contrast to his bandmate's tenor. However, he occasionally sings in a falsetto which superficially resembles Hodgson's vocals, such as on "Goodbye Stranger" and "My Kind of Lady".


title: Rick Davies

text: Richard Davies was born in Swindon, Wiltshire in 1944 to Betty and Dick Davies. Betty was a hairdresser and ran a salon, and Dick was a merchant navy man, who died in 1973. Rick went to Sanford Street School and, according to mother Betty: "Music was the only thing he was any good at at school."


title: Rick Davies

text: His first musical stirrings were at the age of eight, when his parents gave him a secondhand radiogram which included a few records left by the previous owner. Among them were "Drummin' Man" by drumming legend Gene Krupa, and, in Davies's own words, "it hit like a thunderbolt". "I must have played it 2,000 times," he said. "That was it." A friend of the family made Rick a makeshift drum kit out of a biscuit tin, and at the age of 12 he joined the British Railways Staff Association Brass and Silver Jubilee Band as a snare drummer. In an interview in 2002 he said: "As a kid, I used to hear the drums marching along the street in England, in my home town, when there was some kind of parade, and it was the most fantastic sound to me. Then, eventually, I got some drums and I took lessons. I was serious about it... I figured if I could do that – I mean a real drummer, read music and play with big bands, rock bands, classical, Latin, and know what I was going to do – I would be in demand and my life was set... Eventually, I started fiddling with the keyboards, and that seemed to go over better than my drumming, for some reason. So you've gotta go with what people react to." He never had lessons for keyboards, but, according to Betty Davies, "taught himself most of what he knows about music".


title: Rick Davies

text: By 1959, his attention had been captured by rock 'n' roll, and he joined a band called Vince and the Vigilantes. In 1962, while studying in the art department at Swindon College, he formed his own band, called Rick's Blues, and was now playing a Hohner electric piano instead of drums. The band included Gilbert O'Sullivan on drums for a time; he later was the best man at Davies's wedding. In a March 1972 interview, O'Sullivan said "Rick had originally taught me how to play the drums and piano – in fact, he taught me everything about music." When his father became ill, Davies disbanded Rick's Blues, left college, and took a job as a welder at Square D, a firm making industrial control products and systems, which had a factory on the Cheney Manor Trading Estate in Swindon. Any hopes of an artistic career were temporarily put on ice.


title: Rick Davies

text: In 1966 he became the organist for The Lonely Ones (best known for being one of Noel Redding's first bands, though Redding had left by the time Davies joined), who later changed their name to The Joint and recorded the soundtracks for a number of German films. He later confessed that he lied about his abilities to get into the group, admitting he couldn't actually play the organ at the time. While the band was in Munich, Davies met Dutch millionaire Stanley August Miesegaes, who offered to fund him if he started a new group.


title: Rick Davies

text: Davies decided to form a new band, and returned home from Switzerland to place an ad in the music magazine "Melody Maker" in August 1969. Roger Hodgson was auditioned and, despite their contrasting backgrounds – Davies's working class upbringing and Hodgson's private school education – they struck up an instant rapport and began writing virtually all of their songs together. The band was initially called Daddy, but renamed Supertramp in January 1970.


title: Rick Davies

text: Supertramp became one of the first acts to sign to the emerging UK branch of A&M Records and by the summer of 1970 they had recorded their first album, simply called "Supertramp". Hodgson performed most of the lead vocals on this first effort but by the time of their second album "Indelibly Stamped", Davies had stepped up as a singer with he and Hodgson sharing lead vocal duties equally.


title: Rick Davies

text: After five years with Davies and Hodgson as the mainstays of a continuously changing group, Supertramp settled into a stable lineup and recorded "Crime of the Century", which finally brought them critical and commercial success when it was released in 1974. It reached number four in the UK Albums Chart. Though their singles were only moderately successful, their albums consistently scored high in the charts. Davies's relationship with Hodgson was changing and the two began writing most of their songs separately again, though they agreed to have them all credited to Davies/Hodgson by contract. Among the songs credited to both but actually written solely by Davies are the hits "Bloody Well Right" and "Goodbye Stranger".


title: Rick Davies

text: The group had relocated to the United States by 1977 and it was there that they recorded their best-selling album, "Breakfast in America" from April 1978 to February 1979. Davies and Hodgson were observed by engineer Peter Henderson to be getting along "fantastically well and everyone was really happy" throughout the long months of recording and mixing. Davies is credited with writing the answering lyric in the second chorus of Hodgson's "The Logical Song". With more hit singles than their first five albums combined, the album reached number three in the UK, and top of the charts in America.


title: Rick Davies

text: Hodgson quit Supertramp in 1983. Davies' relationship with him had deteriorated and the group's last hit before his departure, "My Kind of Lady", featured little involvement from Hodgson as either a writer or performer. The song was a showcase for Davies's vocal range, with him singing in everything from a booming bass to a piercing falsetto to his natural raspy baritone. With Davies firmly at the helm, Supertramp returned to a more non-commercial, progressive rock-oriented sound with the album "Brother Where You Bound" and had another hit with "Cannonball". The band continued to tour and record for another five years before disbanding, with a mutual agreement between the members that Supertramp had run its course.


title: Rick Davies

text: In 1997, during work on what would have been his first solo album, Davies decided to reform Supertramp. The band promptly returned to recording and touring, which yielded another two studio albums before they split again. Supertramp reunited in 2010 for their 70–10 tour. A 2015 tour was announced but ultimately cancelled due to Davies' health issues, battling Multiple Myeloma.


title: Rick Davies

text: In late August 2018, Rick Davies gave a rare interview in which he expressed that, for the most part, he has overcome his health problems and enjoys playing music again, something he couldn't do around 2016, when he was under medical treatment. Indeed, Davies can be seen performing a few tracks in a rehearsal/sound check at a bar, with Supertramp's current members at his side (as Ricky and the Rockets). However, he also stated that it was unlikely that they would ever perform again as Supertramp.


title: Rick Davies

text: Davies' mother died in late 2008 at a nursing home in Stratton St Margaret. He travelled from his Long Island, New York, home every Christmas to visit her. His last trip back was in January 2009 to organise a memorial service for his mother.


title: Rick Davies

text: Davies currently owns Rick Davies Productions which is the copyright holder of Supertramp's recordings.


title: Frank Turner

text: Francis Edward Turner (born 28 December 1981), is an English punk and folk singer-songwriter from Meonstoke, Hampshire. He began his career as the vocalist of post-hardcore band Million Dead, then embarked upon a primarily acoustic-based solo career following the band's split in 2005. In the studio and during live performances, Turner is accompanied by his backing band, The Sleeping Souls, which consists of Ben Lloyd (guitar, mandolin), Tarrant Anderson (bass), Matt Nasir (piano, mandolin) and Callum Green (drums).


title: Frank Turner

text: To date, Turner has released nine solo albums, four rarities compilation albums, one retrospective "best of" album, one split album and five EPs. Turner's ninth and most recent studio album, "FTHC" was released on 11 February 2022 and reached number 1 in the UK albums chart in the week following its release.


title: Frank Turner

text: Francis Edward Turner was born in Bahrain, to Jane Cartwright, a primary school head teacher, and Miranda Turner, an investment banker, who came out as a trans woman in 2015. Upon returning to England, the family settled first in Winchester before moving to Meonstoke. His maternal grandfather is Richard Fox Cartwright (1913–2009), Bishop of Plymouth. Through Miranda, his grandparents are Sir (Ronald) Mark (Cunliffe) Turner (1906–1980), a merchant banker who was also the chairman of high street retailer BHS, and Margaret, daughter of Sir Hereward Wake, 13th Baronet.


title: Frank Turner

text: As a child, Turner played the piano, before teaching himself to play the guitar at the age of 11. He discovered his love for music through seeing an Iron Maiden poster on his friends bedroom wall whilst playing Games Workshop, and he convinced his parents to buy him a copy of the album Killers and later a guitar. Turner was educated at Summer Fields and subsequently on a scholarship at Eton College, where he studied alongside Prince William. He has since described his experiences of being at boarding school as traumatic, having led to periods of self-harm and suicidal ideation, and cited music, in particular the punk scene, as a "life raft" during that period. Whilst at Eton, he became engaged in anarchist scenes and began attending gigs in London and forming bands. After leaving school, he studied at the London School of Economics where he read History.


title: Frank Turner

text: The first record Turner owned was the album "Killers" by Iron Maiden. Metal was the first genre of music he fell in love with, and he remains a passionate fan. Turner's musical career began at school, with the short-lived alternative band Kneejerk. The band released three records and played several shows around the UK. The last record, their only full-length, was titled "The Half-Life of Kissing" and was released by Yorkshire DIY hardcore label Sakari Empire after the band had broken up.


title: Frank Turner

text: In 2001, Turner joined London post-hardcore band Million Dead at the invitation of former Kneejerk drummer Ben Dawson. In 2005, after four years and two albums, the band announced that they were parting ways, for "irreconcilable differences within the band mean that it would be impossible to continue." Around that time, Turner got a tape with Bruce Springsteen's "Nebraska" on it; he later said "That was a really big moment for me hearing that record in terms of a turn around in my music career, from hardcore punk bands to what I'm doing now."


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner's first solo shows took place prior to the break-up of Million Dead, with a set at the Smalltown America all-dayer at 93 Feet East in London. After the band's split, Turner felt that "it seemed like the logical thing to do to try my hand at playing these songs more publicly and more concertedly than before". Turner states that "when Million Dead finished, I wanted to stay on tour, but I didn’t want the hassle of putting a band together."


title: Frank Turner

text: After a split EP with rock band Reuben, Turner's first solo EP, "Campfire Punkrock", was released in May 2006 on Xtra Mile Recordings, with him being recorded and backed by Oxford band Dive Dive whom he had met while out on tour with Reuben. Band members Tarrant Anderson, Ben Lloyd and Nigel Powell would become his backing band from this point on, with most of his subsequent UK headline tours being full band shows.


title: Frank Turner

text: After Turner toured in support of American singer-songwriter Jonah Matranga, the two released a split EP in August 2006.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner's debut full-length studio album, "Sleep Is for the Week" was released in January 2007, again recorded at Dive Dive's studio, produced by their guitarist Ben Lloyd and featuring drummer Nigel Powell.


title: Frank Turner

text: After an extensive tour, including dates supporting and Biffy Clyro, and an appearance at SXSW, Turner released an EP, "The Real Damage", in May 2007.


title: Frank Turner

text: After a further tour with Jonah Matranga and Jacob Golden, the "All About The Destination" DVD was released in October 2007, before Turner returned to the studio in Hampshire to record his second album. The album, "Love Ire & Song" again saw Ben Lloyd from Dive Dive in the producer's seat, and was released on 31 March 2008, followed by an extensive UK tour with Andy Yorke and Chris T-T. T-T also joined the live lineup on keyboards through summer 2008.


title: Frank Turner

text: During summer 2008, Turner made several festival appearances, including sets at Y Not Festival, Two Thousand Trees Festival, the Cambridge Folk Festival, Truck, Glastonbury, Jam by the Lake (in Durham) and the Reading and Leeds Festivals.


title: Frank Turner

text: In October/November, during his 2008 UK Tour for the "Love, Ire and Song" album, he became ill with gastroenteritis, and was forced to leave the stage in Nottingham halfway through his set. All remaining shows, which included Nottingham, Liverpool and Ireland, were cancelled, the first time that Turner as a solo artist had cancelled any show in ten years. He went on to reschedule all cancelled shows in January 2009.


title: Frank Turner

text: In December 2008, Turner released "The First Three Years", a compilation of demos, b-sides and covers that were not featured on either of his first two studio albums.


title: Frank Turner

text: In January 2009, Turner released a combined package of "Love Ire & Song" and "The First Three Years", and supported the Gaslight Anthem on their tour of the UK and Europe, demoing several new songs and announcing his plans to record a new album.


title: Frank Turner

text: The new album was produced by Alex Newport. Recording took place in April and May 2009 at Leeders Farm in Norwich and the producer's own studio, Future Shock, in Brooklyn, New York City.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner's band at the time still consisted of Ben Lloyd, Tarrant Anderson and Nigel Powell from Dive Dive, with keyboardist Matt Nasir having been added on the "Love, Ire and Song" tour.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner was announced as the support act on The Offspring's summer tour, during which he documented his travels with a blog on British music website "NME". When talking about the support slot, Turner stated: ""Smash" was one of the first punk records I ever bought, and I’m blown away to even be considered for the shows. From a "career" point of view, it's also great – playing to many thousands of people a night across the States is an opportunity not to be sniffed at."


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner's third studio album, Poetry of the Deed, was released on 7 September 2009, and reached No. 36 in the UK album chart. The album's first single, "The Road", received the status of 'Hottest Record in the World Today' by BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe on 14 July 2009. The track, "Poetry of the Deed," was released as the second single from the album.


title: Frank Turner

text: In late 2009, Turner embarked upon a UK tour with his band in support of the album (with singer-songwriter Beans On Toast and US band Fake Problems as support acts), culminating in a sell-out show at the O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire on 29 October 2009. A live DVD/CD, entitled "Take to the Road", documenting two shows from the tour (O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire and the Union Chapel) was released in the UK in March 2010.


title: Frank Turner

text: In November 2009, Turner toured the US alongside Chuck Ragan, Jim Ward, Tim Barry, Joey Cape, Dave Hause, and others, as part of the 2009 Revival Tour. Turner returned to Europe on 28 November and to the UK on 19 December. He completed the year with a New Year's Eve show at The Spiegeltent in Gloucester.


title: Frank Turner

text: In early 2010, Turner played several more UK gigs, with Chuck Ragan and Crazy Arm supporting. He also accompanied Flogging Molly and The Architects on the 2010 Green 17 Tour, and announced via his Twitter that he was working on new songs.


title: Frank Turner

text: From 22 April to 1 May 2010, Turner toured Australia with Chuck Ragan, Tim Barry, and Ben Nichols of Lucero for the 2010 Revival Tour.


title: Frank Turner

text: In June 2010 he supported Green Day on their stadium shows, and also featured as the cover star of "Kerrang!" magazine for the first time, with an article inside documenting his solo career up to that point.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner played at many festivals throughout the summer of 2010, including his headlining appearance at the Two Thousand Trees Festival, playing his new song "I Still Believe". The song was released first as a single and then appeared on his "Rock & Roll EP". Turner also contributed one song, a cover of "Build Me Up Buttercup", to Centrepoint's 2010 charity cover album "1969 Key to Change".


title: Frank Turner

text: On 24 September 2010, Turner released Buddies, a 10 track split album with American alternative country artist, Jon Snodgrass. The pair recorded the album in Colorado whilst on tour together.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 25 January 2011, he was nominated for two Shockwaves NME Awards, for best Solo Artist and best Band Blog or Twitter.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner announced on his Twitter on 24 February 2011 that his fourth studio album would be called "England Keep My Bones" and that it would be released in the UK on 6 June 2011 and worldwide on 7 June 2011. He also announced details of solo tours in Australia, Germany, the UK, and the US & Canada. Turner started the recording of this album on 10 January 2011 and finished recording on 20 January 2011, with mixing completed in February 2011. In March 2011, Turner stated that:


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner leaked a new song, "I Am Disappeared," to YouTube on 29 March 2011, later making it available for free download through Xtra Mile. He also announced that he would soon be releasing "Peggy Sang the Blues" as the first single from the album.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 21 March 2011, it was announced that Turner would be making the step up to the main stage at Reading and Leeds in August 2011. He spoke about the "perks" of playing Reading in a recent interview with 6 Towns Radio.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner also played Download, Blissfields and Cambridge Folk festivals, as well as many other festivals across Europe, and as a headliner at Blissfields Festival.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 21 April 2011, Turner played his 1000th solo show at the Strummerville festival in Shoreditch, London.


title: Frank Turner

text: Several songs from "England Keep My Bones" were debuted at Play Fest (a new music festival in Norfolk) on 28 May 2011.


title: Frank Turner

text: During his May 2011 tour, Turner played a new song, tentatively titled "Rod Stewart". This song was later retitled "Sailor's Boots" and was released as the B-side to "If Ever I Stray".


title: Frank Turner

text: "England Keep My Bones" entered the UK chart at number 12 on its week of release, Turner's highest charting album at that point (Later beaten by FTHC, released 11 February 2022, which reached #1).


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner later released a rarities compilation, titled "The Second Three Years", on 18 November 2011 through Xtra Mile Recordings and 16 January 2012 through Epitaph Records. The album compiles material recorded after the release of Turner's first compilation, "The First Three Years", that does not appear on either of Turner's two successive studio albums, including tracks from EPs, singles, covers and unreleased material.


title: Frank Turner

text: In spring 2012, he played several dates in Canada as an opening act for Joel Plaskett. On 13 April 2012, Turner headlined Wembley Arena to a sold-out crowd of 12,000. Support for the show came from Beans On Toast, dan le sac vs Scroobius Pip and Billy Bragg.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 27 July 2012, Frank Turner and the Sleeping Souls performed at the pre-show for the London 2012 Olympics Opening Ceremony. The band played "Sailor's Boots", "Wessex Boy", and "I Still Believe".


title: Frank Turner

text: In August 2012, Turner unveiled his new side project, Möngöl Hörde. The hardcore band includes drummer Ben Dawson (formerly of Million Dead) and Sleeping Souls keyboardist Matt Nasir on guitar. The group played their first shows in London and Leeds shortly before playing at the Reading and Leeds Festivals, where they debuted some new material and covered tracks by acts including The Streets and Nirvana.


title: Frank Turner

text: In October 2012, 'Believe', Turner's own beer, a 4.8% modern wheat beer brewed with Signature Brew, was announced.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner opened for the Dropkick Murphys on their European tour, also headlining a tour in November and December 2012.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner recorded his fifth studio album in Burbank, California, in October 2012. The reason for recording abroad for the first time in California was that producer Rich Costey wouldn't come to England with all his equipment so he convinced Turner to record it in Burbank. Turner announced via Twitter on 28 October 2012 that recording was completed, and mixing and mastering would be done in time for a March 2013 release date.


title: Frank Turner

text: During the November and December 2012 UK tour, a free CD titled "Good Hangs" from Xtra Mile Recordings was distributed for free at Turner shows; this included a yet-to-be-released Turner song titled "Tattoos" plus the Möngöl Hörde song "Casual Threats From Weekend Hardmen".


title: Frank Turner

text: On Christmas Day 2012, the song "Four Simple Words" was released on the Xtra Mile Recordings' website as a free download along with the b-side "Cowboy Chords". On 4 January 2013, a video was shot for what would be the first single. On the same day Turner announced on Twitter that the single was the song "Recovery". On 9 January, Turner uploaded a photo to his Instagram page showing the names of all 13 songs that would feature on his new album. This included songs played during the UK and US tours of 2012 such as "Anymore", "Plain Sailing Weather", "We Shall Not Overcome" and "Tell Tale Signs". He also posted on his fan forum that an extended edition of his new album would be released that includes an extra 5 or 6 songs. On 19 February 2013, it was announced that Turner had signed a licensing deal with Interscope Records in the US for "Tape Deck Heart".


title: Frank Turner

text: Following the release of the album Frank Turner embarked on a short UK tour. He was also confirmed as the headline act for the Two Thousand Trees Festival and main stage slots at the Reading and Leeds festivals. Following the success of the album, Turner embarked on a UK arena tour, including a date at London's O2 Arena.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 3 January 2014, Turner appeared on the BBC's Celebrity Mastermind answering questions on Iron Maiden, scoring 20 points in total (7 on his specialist subject), and coming first.


title: Frank Turner

text: In Q2 2014, Turner announced that he was currently in the process of making a sixth studio album. Turner said that it would most likely be out early 2015, although actual dates are uncertain at this time.


title: Frank Turner

text: In 2014 Turner and Möngöl Hörde released a full-length self-titled studio album, and toured in support of that album in late June, playing a run of smaller venues. In July of that year, Turner also announced a 15 Date UK tour, playing places that wouldn't normally feature live music such as local town halls.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 25 July 2014, Turner announced on his Twitter page that he was collating "The Third Three Years". It was released on 24 November 2014.


title: Frank Turner

text: In 2014, Turner announced that he was in the process of writing a book, consisting of tour diaries and travel memoirs, asking fans to contribute to the book by sending in stories and pictures they shared with Turner. The book, titled 'The Road Beneath My Feet', named after lyrics from Turner's song 'The Road', was released on 26 March 2015, being published by Headline Publishing Group. Following the book release, Turner embarked on a 2015 book tour, which included signings, question-and-answer sessions and live solo performances from Turner. The book went straight into the bestseller charts.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 20 March 2015, Turner released a lyric video promoting a new song called "Get Better" which was to be on his sixth album. Alongside it, he offered a free download of the song from his website. On 29 April 2015, following several posts of a similar nature on social media, a picture was posted of the mastered album with no artwork. This was followed by an Instagram post on 11 May 2015, in which Turner shared the album's cover and its title, "Positive Songs for Negative People".


title: Frank Turner

text: On 1 June 2015, it was announced that Turner would play a set at Glastonbury 2015 on the Other Stage.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 15 June 2015 Turner released the music video for "The Next Storm," the second single from "Positive Songs...". The video features former mixed martial artist and All Elite Wrestling professional wrestler CM Punk.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner then released a three-song acoustic session on the website PunksInVegas.com, premiering "Josephine," "Love Forty Down" and "Glorious You."


title: Frank Turner

text: "Positive Songs for Negative People", produced by Butch Walker at his studio in Nashville, Tennessee, was released worldwide on 31 July 2015. A deluxe edition of the album was also made available featuring solo acoustic versions of 10 of the 12 original album tracks.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 20 November 2015, a deluxe vinyl boxed set was released by Xtra Mile Recordings, entitled "The First Ten Years", it brought together Turner's 3 compilation albums: The First Three Years, The Second Three Years and The Third Three Years, together with A new rarities disc, named "Ten For Ten". Ten for Ten was also issued as a separate release on 12 February 2016.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 26 August 2016, Turner played the Reading and Leeds Festivals for the 10th year in a row which is a record. This was his 1,955th show as a musician.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 27 January 2017, Turner re-released his debut album, "Sleep Is for the Week", as a tenth anniversary edition. The re-released album was issued on CD and vinyl and consisted of 2 discs, the first being the original album and the second being a copy of Turner's very early CDR demo disc, including 6 demos. The release also included a download link for "Live at the Vic", a recording of Turner's performance at the Victoria, Swindon on 6 April 2007.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 10 February 2017, Turner released a new song entitled "The Sand in the Gears". The track was recorded live on 19 January 2017 at the Fillmore in Silver Spring, Maryland. It is a political song that seemingly refers to the election of Donald Trump as the President of the United States.


title: Frank Turner

text: In March 2017, Turner was invited to visit Freetown, Sierra Leone, by The Joe Strummer Foundation. The foundation raise funds in the UK which they then disburse to different charitable groups around the world, one of which is Way Out Arts, who work to bring music to disaffected and disadvantaged street kids in Sierra Leone. Turner gave guitar lessons to some of the students at Way Out Arts, played and spoke on a local radio station and visited a number of city Slums where he played to the residents. He followed up this trip with further visits to Sierra Leone in 2019 and 2020.


title: Frank Turner

text: Throughout 2017, Turner and other members of the Sleeping Souls sporadically posted images of the band in the studio, eventually confirmed to be the sessions for his seventh studio album, with Turner revealing on social media in early November that recording for the album had been completed.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 16 October 2017, Turner announced Songbook, a collection of old and personal favourite songs, as well as rerecorded and unreleased versions of old songs, to be released on 24 November 2017.


title: Frank Turner

text: Songbook included a new song "There She Is", which Turner confirmed to also be on his upcoming seventh studio album through an Instagram story in November.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 27 January 2018, Turner announced his seventh studio album Be More Kind and leaked a track from the album, '1933'. On 16 March 2018, Turner released the first official single from the album, "Blackout."


title: Frank Turner

text: "Be More Kind" was recorded at Niles City Sound in Fort Worth, Texas and was released worldwide on 4 May 2018.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 2 June 2018, Turner re-released his second album, "Love Ire & Song", as a tenth anniversary edition. The re-released album was issued on CD and vinyl and consisted of 2 discs, the first being the original album and the second including demos and recordings of radio performances on the BBC Radio 1 Zane Lowe show. The release also included a download link for Turner's performance at the Social, Nottingham, on 12 April 2008.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 24 January 2019, Turner released the "Don't Worry" EP, the title track of which was previously included on his 2018 album, "Be More Kind". A reworked version of "Little Changes" was included, together with two new songs.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner published his sophomore book "Try This at Home: Adventures in Songwriting" on 21 March 2019. Again published through Headline Publishing Group, the book focuses on the stories surrounding various songs throughout his career, starting with some of his earliest songs and continuing all the way through to his most recent material. Turner supported the release of the book with a series of in store signings and solo shows.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 8 March 2019, at a show in Lisbon, Portugal, Turner debuted a new song entitled "I Believed You William Blake". This song was revealed to be part of Turner's upcoming eighth studio album when he debuted the entire tracklist at a later show in Boston on 15 May 2019.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner contributed vocals to the song "Let 'Em Go" by The Wildhearts on the album "Renaissance Men", released on 3 May 2019. Turner has made many live appearances with The Wildhearts, has publicly spoken of his love of the band and friendship with Ginger Wildheart.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 31 May 2019, Turner re-released his third album, "Poetry of the Deed", as a tenth anniversary edition. The re-released album was issued on CD and vinyl and consisted of 2 discs, the first being the original album and the second including several album demos. The release also included a download link for Turner's intimate performance at Union Chapel, Islington on 19 December 2009.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner announced his new album, "No Man's Land", across his social media on 26 June 2019. He revealed the album name, as well as the concept and theme of the album. The album focuses on and celebrates the life and stories of historical women. He also announced a companion podcast to the album, titled "Tales from No Man's Land". Each episode of the podcast goes into more detail about the album and the stories behind each of the songs. The podcast also features guest musicians. "No Man's Land" was released worldwide on 16 August 2019. On 9 August 2019 Turner and his band were the main act for Friday evening at Fairport's Cropredy Convention in Cropredy near Banbury.


title: Frank Turner

text: The album's lead single, "Sister Rosetta", and its accompanying podcast episode were released on 3 July 2019. The song's lyrics tell the story of gospel singer-songwriter and guitarist Sister Rosetta Tharpe, who heavily influenced later rock-and-roll musicians such as Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash. For the song's podcast episode, Turner hosted alongside fellow musician Emily Barker (who had also written a song about Tharpe) and discussed her legacy.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner promoted "No Man's Land" with a run of nine shows across the UK, starting at the Alhambra Theatre, Dunfermline, on 22 November 2019 and finishing at Alexandra Palace, London, on 3 December 2019. The shows were something different for Turner: all venues were seated, and the shows were split into two distinct sets. The first set was a solo set that saw Turner playing songs from "No Man's Land" and telling the stories behind the songs and the historical women about whom they were written. The second part of the show saw Turner play with the full band, but the production was far more stripped-back and thoughtful and very different to the usual Turner set. The recording of his show at City Hall in Newcastle on 27 November 2019 was released as a live album on 24 April 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, it was only released digitally.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 13 December 2019, Turner released a live recording of his 2000th show. The release was issued on CD and DVD and documented his performance at Rock City, Nottingham, on 15 December 2016. The DVD tracklisting includes a version of the classic Motörhead track "Ace of Spades".


title: Frank Turner

text: On 31 July 2020, "West Coast vs. Wessex" (a split album with Los Angeles band NOFX) was released on Fat Wreck Chords. The ten-track album saw each act cover five songs from each other's discography.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 13 November 2020, Turner released "Buddies II: Still Buddies", a follow-up to 2010's "Buddies" EP. The ten-track album saw Turner once again team up with friend Jon Snodgrass. As with the 2010 original, the album was written in one day; however, this time the writing and recording process had to take place remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. "Buddies II" is the first album that Turner recorded, mixed and mastered on his own.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 8 April 2021, Turner hosted a show with long-term friend Emily Barker which was streamed live from the Tunbridge Wells Forum. The show, entitled 'Barker-Turner Overdrive' (a play on the name of the band Bachman-Turner Overdrive) saw Turner and Barker play classic duet songs from country and pop artists. The set also included a new song, "Bound For Home", which Turner and Barker wrote together and later released as a single on 14 May 2021.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 6 May 2021, Turner released a new track, "The Gathering", a song about people coming back together following the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 and the enforced lockdown caused by the pandemic. The track features Muse drummer Dominic Howard, and Jason Isbell on guitar.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 4 June 2021, Turner re-released his fourth album, "England Keep My Bones", as a tenth-anniversary edition. The re-released album was issued on coloured vinyl and consisted of two discs: the first being the original album, and the second including never-before-heard session demos recorded in El Paso. The release also included a download link for exclusive album demos recorded at Blacksmith Studios Portsmouth.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 19 June, whilst also simultaneously playing live in Bideford, Turner appeared (as part of pre-recorded segments) on "Scott Doonican's Big Neet in", a lockdown livestream YouTube show, hosted by the lead singer of Barnsley-based comedy band The Bar-Steward Sons of Val Doonican. He was interviewed by a blue-haired Scottish puppet journalist called Gloria McGlumpher and performed a version of his own song "The Road", which featured a combination of his own original lyrics and parody lyrics written by Scott Doonican when his band celebrated their 1000th show a year earlier. During the interview, Turner describes it as "the best interview I've ever done".


title: Frank Turner

text: On 16 September 2021, Turner formally announced "FTHC", his ninth studio album, which was released on 11 February 2022. The announcement was paired with the release of a new single called "Haven't Been Doing So Well" and the news that he and The Sleeping Souls would be heading out on a tour entitled "The Never Ending Tour of Everywhere" starting in January 2022. However, rising COVID-19 cases in the UK following the emergence of the Omicron variant lead to the tour being cancelled in December 2021 over health concerns for the crew and audience.


title: Frank Turner

text: On 19 August 2022 he and his friend Chris Blake who produces music under the name Palest Boy at School released an album as Eating Before Swimming entitled Playtime with Christopher and Francis Volume 1.


title: Frank Turner

text: In early 2017, it was announced that Turner was to start his own festival. Named 'Lost Evenings', the festival was announced as a 4-day festival celebrating live music and community.


title: Frank Turner

text: Performances are typically split across two stages, the main stage and the 'Nick Alexander Stage', the latter being named after Turner's long-term friend and merchandise manager, who was tragically killed in the Bataclan attack in 2015.


title: Frank Turner

text: Lost Evenings sees Frank Turner curate and headline four consecutive one-off concerts on the main stage with an exciting supporting cast of musical talent. The 'Nick Alexander Stage' plays host to some of the best emerging acts all handpicked by Turner and Radio X DJ, John Kennedy.


title: Frank Turner

text: Complementing the festival are sideshows called Last Minutes. These tend to be events such as small acoustic performances or DJ sets.


title: Frank Turner

text: In addition to the evening performances, OneFest (a UK-based, non-profit, music industry development company set up to support the emergence of new talent) run a selection of events during the day, that include panels focusing on The Business, Women & The Industry, Getting Gigs, Mental Health and the Digital Generation. These are events that offer inspiration, insight and advice to young individuals both operating in and trying to break in to the music industry.


title: Frank Turner

text: In September 2017, Turner and Lost Evenings won the Best Independent Festival Award at the AIM Independent Music Awards run by the Association of Independent Music.


title: Frank Turner

text: The first Lost Evenings took place on 12–15 May 2017 at iconic Camden music venue, the Roundhouse. Turner performed two greatest hits sets, as well as a full run through of his debut album, Sleep Is for the Week. Amongst other artists, Turner was supported by Seth Lakeman and Beans On Toast.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner returned to the Roundhouse for the second Lost Evenings festival which took place on 11–14 May 2018. As well as his 3 other sets, Turner performed his second studio album, Love Ire & Song in full. Other artists on the main stage included The Subways, Emily Barker and Arkells.


title: Frank Turner

text: Lost Evenings 3 moved away from London in 2019 and took place at the House of Blues, Boston, on 16–19 May 2019. As well as greatest hits and acoustic sets, Turner performed his third studio album, Poetry of the Deed in full. Singer-Songwriter, Loudon Wainwright III and The Hold Steady also performed alongside Turner on the main stage.


title: Frank Turner

text: Lost Evenings 4 was scheduled to take place at the Arena, Berlin on 21–24 May 2020. It was originally due to take place at Berlin's well-loved Astra venue, but tickets sold out very quickly due to high demand. As a consequence, the venue was changed. Artists scheduled to also play the main stage included Catfish and the Bottlemen and KT Tunstall. However, as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, the festival was cancelled.


title: Frank Turner

text: Following the cancellation of the Berlin edition due to Covid 19, the new date for Lost Evenings 4 was once more announced to be held at the Roundhouse, this time on 16–19 September 2021.


title: Frank Turner

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, Turner performed a weekly show from his own home on his Facebook and YouTube channels to raise money for independent grassroot music venues that were forced to temporarily close due to the pandemic.


title: Frank Turner

text: I’m very wary of telling people what to do in general, but one of the things I want to say to other artists is that this is fun. There are benefits to me in that it keeps people talking and if you can get 8,000–10,000 people tuning into you playing in your front room, then why not? You’re not losing out by doing something like this. There’s endless time at the moment and it’s so easy to do. I’m somewhat of a technophobe but I literally put my laptop on a pile of books, press one button to make this work and that’s it. None of us would have a career without these venues existing. None of us would have the music we love, so pay something back.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner played one of his albums in full on each of the livestreams, and save for one exception, did not repeat one song during all the online shows. The one exception was the song "Silent Key", which appears on both "Positive Songs for Negative People" and "No Man's Land". As well as the full album shows, he also played a couple of covers sets, including a set of songs that appear in Disney films and one set featuring songs by his good friends.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner played a total of 21 'Independent Venue' shows and 2 other shows which were specifically to raise money for his band and touring crew and his publishing label, Xtra Mile Recordings. All but one show, Independent Venue Love 13, took place at Turner's home. The 13th show was streamed live from the Clapham Grand, where he was joined by Billy Bragg and Beans On Toast. Turner raised in excess of £260,000 across the 23 shows.


title: Frank Turner

text: Running a small venue is a business model that runs on small margins, generally from month-to-month or week-to-week and the current closures puts them in very immediate danger – threatening longterm and deeply profound damage to the scene as a whole. Underground music and culture cannot exist unless it has somewhere to exist. There are acts like me, Biffy Clyro, Ed Sheeran and Adele who needed time to incubate, find their voice, develop and grow – and we couldn't have done that without these places existing. But it's not just about incubating future stars, there are tonnes of bands who only exist in small grassroots venues and only ever will. They’re still absolutely valid, and if they don't have a place to perform their art then they can't do it. They just won't exist anymore.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner married actress and musician Jessica Guise on 30 August 2019. He frequently collaborates with her and her band Guise, who release music through Xtra Mile Recordings.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner has cited The Weakerthans, Bruce Springsteen, Black Flag, NOFX, The Descendants, Counting Crows, Nirvana and Johnny Cash as musical influences. Through his music, Turner has discussed several personal themes, including heartbreak, aging, the difficulties of touring, marriage, mental health difficulties, grief and substance misuse. Turner talked openly about his struggles with anxiety and cocaine addiction during the release cycle for FTHC.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner has described himself as a "classical liberal" and a "centrist". He has a tattoo of , Sumerian cuneiform for "freedom", on his left forearm. Turner received death threats following a news article from "The Guardian" that drew attention to his political outlook. In a subsequent "Guardian" interview, Turner clarified his views, "The non-Marxist British left is a fantastic tradition: it's all about non-conformism and voluntarism. The advances of the unions are great advances in human society."


title: Frank Turner

text: In 2013, Turner became a patron of the assisted dying campaign group Dignity in Dying. In 2016, he was appointed a patron of Humanists UK (formerly the British Humanist Association), which campaigns on a number of ethical and secularist issues, including assisted dying.


title: Frank Turner

text: Turner is a friend of Billy Bragg, noted for his left-wing politics. He performs at the Left Field at Glastonbury Festival.


title: Ciao

text: Ciao ( , ) is an informal salutation in the Italian language that is used for both "hello" and "goodbye".


title: Ciao

text: Originally from the Venetian language, it has entered the vocabulary of English and of many other languages around the world. Its dual meaning of "hello" and "goodbye" makes it similar to "shalom" in Hebrew, "salaam" in Arabic, "annyeong" in Korean, "aloha" in Hawaiian, "Drud" ("Bedrud") in Persian, and chào in Vietnamese (the latter is a false cognate; the two words are not linguistically related despite sounding similar to each other).


title: Ciao

text: The word derives from the Venetian phrase "s-ciào vostro" or "s-ciào su" literally meaning "(I am) your slave". This greeting is analogous to the medieval Latin "servus" which is still used colloquially in parts of Central/Eastern Europe or the antiquated English valediction "Your Obedient Servant." The expression was not a literal statement of fact, but rather a perfunctory promise of good will among friends (along the lines of "at your service" in English). The Venetian word for "slave", "s-ciào" or "s-ciàvo", derives from Medieval Latin "sclavus", a loanword from Medieval Greek "Σκλάβος", related to the ethnic "Slavic", since most of the slaves came from the Balkans.


title: Ciao

text: This greeting was eventually shortened to "ciào", lost all its servile connotations and came to be used as an informal salutation by speakers of all classes. In modern Italian language, the word is used (in addition to the meaning of salutation) as an exclamation of resignation (also in a positive sense), as in "Oh, va be', ciao!" ("Oh, well, never mind!"). A Milanese tongue-twister says "Se gh'hinn gh'hinn; se gh'hinn nò, s'ciào" ("If there is <nowiki>[money]</nowiki>, there is; if there isn't, farewell! <nowiki>[there's nothing we can do]</nowiki>").


title: Ciao

text: The Venetian "ciào" was adopted by Northern Italian people during the late 19th and early 20th century. Later it became common elsewhere in Italy with the spelling "ciao". It has since spread to many countries in Europe, along with other items of the Italian culture. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the greeting (spelled 'chau' and only meaning 'bye') spread to the Americas—especially Colombia, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Brazil (as 'tchau'), Venezuela, Panama and Argentina—largely by way of Italian immigrants. In today's Cuba, "ciao" as a closing in letters has largely replaced the more traditional "adiós," with its religious implications, for many young people. 'Ciao' has also permeated Australian culture, becoming a popular greeting among descendants of Italian immigrants. It is also common in some varieties of South African English. "Ciao" has also been used in some parts of Romania as a way to say “goodbye”.


title: Ciao

text: Ernest Hemingway's novel "A Farewell to Arms" (1929), which is set in northeast Italy during World War I, is credited with bringing the word into the English language.


title: Ciao

text: In contemporary Italian usage, "ciao" is interchangeable for both an informal hello and goodbye, much like "aloha" in Hawaiian, "salām" in Arabic", shalom" in Hebrew and "annyeong" in Korean. In Italy, "ciao" is mainly used in informal contexts, i.e. among family members, relatives, and friends, in other words, with those one would address with the familiar "tu" (second person singular) as opposed to "Lei" (courtesy form); in these contexts, "ciao" can be the norm even as a morning or evening salutation, in lieu of "buon giorno" or "buona sera", deemed too formal among friends, relatives, or the very familiar.


title: Ciao

text: In other languages, "ciao" has come to have more specific meanings. The following list summarizes the spelling and uses of salutations derived from "ciao" in various languages and countries.


title: Ciao

text: In some languages, such as Latvian, the vernacular version of "ciao" has become the most common form of informal salutation.