title: Roger Williams

text: Williams was a staunch advocate of separation of church and state. He was convinced that civil government had no basis for meddling in matters of religious belief. He declared that the state should concern itself only with matters of civil order, not with religious belief, and he rejected any attempt by civil authorities to enforce the "first Table" of the Ten Commandments, those commandments that deal with an individual's relationship with and belief in God. Williams believed that the state must confine itself to the commandments dealing with the relations between people: murder, theft, adultery, lying, and honoring parents. Williams wrote of a "hedge or wall of Separation between the Garden of the Church and the Wilderness of the world." Thomas Jefferson later used the metaphor in his 1801 "Letter to Danbury Baptists".


title: Roger Williams

text: Williams considered the state's sponsor of religious beliefs or practice "forced worship", declaring "Forced worship stinks in God's nostrils." He also believed Constantine the Great to be a worse enemy to Christianity than Nero because the subsequent state involvement in religious matters corrupted Christianity and led to the death of the Christian church. He described the attempt of the state to pass laws concerning an individual's religious beliefs as "rape of the soul" and spoke of the "oceans of blood" shed as a result of trying to command conformity. The moral principles in the Scriptures ought to inform the civil magistrates, he believed, but he observed that well-ordered, just, and civil governments existed even where Christianity was not present. Thus, all governments had to maintain civil order and justice, but Williams decided that none had a warrant to promote or repress any religious views. Most of his contemporaries criticized his ideas as a prescription for chaos and anarchy, and the vast majority believed that each nation must have its national church and could require that dissenters conform.


title: Roger Williams

text: Williams's career as an author began with "A Key into the Language of America" (London, 1643), written during his first voyage to England. His next publication was "Mr. Cotton's Letter lately Printed, Examined and Answered" (London, 1644; reprinted in "Publications of the Narragansett Club", vol. ii, along with John Cotton's letter which it answered). His most famous work is "The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience" (published in 1644), considered by some to be one of the best defenses of liberty of conscience.


title: Roger Williams

text: An anonymous pamphlet was published in London in 1644 entitled "Queries of Highest Consideration Proposed to Mr. Tho. Goodwin, Mr. Phillip Nye, Mr. Wil. Bridges, Mr. Jer. Burroughs, Mr. Sidr. Simpson, all Independents, etc." which is now ascribed to Williams. These "Independents" were members of the Westminster Assembly; their "Apologetical Narration" sought a way between extreme Separatism and Presbyterianism, and their prescription was to accept the state church model of Massachusetts Bay.


title: Roger Williams

text: Williams published "The Bloody Tenent yet more Bloudy: by Mr. Cotton's Endeavor to wash it white in the Blood of the Lamb; of whose precious Blood, spilt in the Bloud of his Servants; and of the Blood of Millions spilt in former and later Wars for Conscience sake, that most Bloody Tenent of Persecution for cause of Conscience, upon, a second Tryal is found more apparently and more notoriously guilty, etc." (London, 1652) during his second visit to England. This work reiterated and amplified the arguments in "Bloudy Tenent", but it has the advantage of being written in answer to Cotton's "A Reply to Mr. Williams his Examination" ("Publications of the Narragansett Club", vol. ii.).


title: Roger Williams

text: A volume of his letters is included in the Narragansett Club edition of Williams' "Works" (7 vols., Providence, 1866–74), and a volume was edited by J. R. Bartlett (1882).


title: Roger Williams

text: Brown University's John Carter Brown Library has long housed a 234-page volume referred to as the "Roger Williams Mystery Book". The margins of this book are filled with notations in handwritten code, believed to be the work of Roger Williams. In 2012, Brown University undergraduate Lucas Mason-Brown cracked the code and uncovered conclusive historical evidence attributing its authorship to Williams. Translations are revealing transcriptions of a geographical text, a medical text, and 20 pages of original notes addressing the issue of infant baptism. Mason-Brown has since discovered more writings by Williams employing a separate code in the margins of a rare edition of the "Eliot Indian Bible".


title: Roger Williams

text: Williams' defense of the Native Americans, his accusations that Puritans had reproduced the "evils" of the Anglican Church, and his insistence that England pay the Native Americans for their land all put him at the center of many political debates during his life. He was considered an important historical figure of religious liberty at the time of American independence, and he was a key influence on the thinking of the Founding Fathers.


title: Roger Williams

text: Slate Rock, a prominent boulder on the west shore of the Seekonk River (near the current Gano Park) was once one of Providence's most important historic landmarks. The rock was believed to be the spot where the Narragansetts greeted Williams with the famous phrase "What cheer, netop?" The historic rock was accidentally blown up by city workers in 1877. They were attempting to expose a buried portion of the stone, but used too much dynamite and the stone was "blasted to pieces." A memorial in Roger Williams Square commemorates the location.


title: Joan Hickson

text: Joan Bogle Hickson, OBE (5 August 1906 – 17 October 1998) was an English actress of theatre, film and television. She was known for her role as Agatha Christie's Miss Marple in the television series "Miss Marple". She also narrated a number of "Miss Marple" stories on audiobooks.


title: Joan Hickson

text: Born in Kingsthorpe, Northampton, Hickson was a daughter of Edith Mary (née Bogle) and Alfred Harold Hickson, a shoe manufacturer. After boarding at Oldfield School in Swanage, Dorset, she went on to train at RADA in London. She made her stage debut in 1927, then worked for several years throughout the United Kingdom, achieving success playing comedic, often eccentric characters in the West End of London. She played the role of the cockney maid Ida in the original production of "See How They Run" at the Q Theatre in 1944, and then at the Comedy Theatre in January 1945.


title: Joan Hickson

text: She made her first film appearance in 1934. The numerous supporting roles she played during her career included several in "Carry On" films, notably Sister in "Carry On Nurse" and Mrs May in "Carry On Constable".


title: Joan Hickson

text: In the 1940s she appeared on stage in "Appointment with Death", a play by Agatha Christie, who wrote in a note to her, "I hope one day you will play my dear Miss Marple."


title: Joan Hickson

text: In 1961 Hickson played the housekeeper in the film "Murder, She Said", based on Agatha Christie's novel "4.50 From Paddington" and starring Margaret Rutherford as Miss Marple.


title: Joan Hickson

text: From 1963 to 1966 Hickson played Mrs Peace, housekeeper to the Reverend Stephen Young, played by Donald Sinden, in the highly rated TV series "Our Man at St Mark's". From 1970 to 1971 she played Mrs Pugsley in "Bachelor Father". She also played Mrs Chambers in "Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?". In 1986 she played the part of Mrs Trellis in the film "Clockwise".


title: Joan Hickson

text: Her stage career included roles in Noël Coward's "Blithe Spirit", the musical "The Card" (1975), adapted by Tony Hatch and Jackie Trent from the novel by Arnold Bennett; and Alan Ayckbourn's "Bedroom Farce", for which she won a 1979 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. In 1980 she appeared as Mrs Rivington in "Why Didn't They Ask Evans?", yet another production based on a novel by Agatha Christie.


title: Joan Hickson

text: The BBC began filming the works of Agatha Christie in the mid-1980s, and set out to remain faithful to the plotlines and locales of Christie's stories, and to represent Miss Marple as written. Hickson played the role of Miss Marple in all 12 adaptations, which were produced from 1984 to 1992; she received two BAFTA nominations for Best TV Actress, in 1987 and 1988. When the OBE was bestowed on Hickson in June 1987 Queen Elizabeth II was reported to have said, "You play the part just as one envisages it." When Hickson retired from the role, believing that she should stop while the programme was still at the peak of its popularity, she stated that she had no intention of retiring from acting altogether.


title: Joan Hickson

text: From 1958, Hickson lived in Rose Lane, Wivenhoe, along the River Colne from London in Essex, until her death in 1998. A plaque now marks the house where she lived for 40 years.


title: Joan Hickson

text: Hickson married Dr Eric Norman Butler (born 2 September 1902 in Westbury, Wiltshire), a physician, at Hampstead Parish Church, Hampstead, Northwest London, on 29 October 1932. They had two children. Her husband died in Colchester, Essex, in June 1967.


title: Joan Hickson

text: Hickson died in Colchester General Hospital from a stroke, aged 92. She is interred under her married name, Joan Bogle Butler, at Sidbury Cemetery in Devon.


title: Rufus (band)

text: Rufus is an American funk band from Chicago, Illinois, best known for launching the career of lead singer Chaka Khan. They had several hits throughout their career, including "Tell Me Something Good", "Sweet Thing", "Do You Love What You Feel" and "Ain't Nobody". Rufus and Chaka Khan were one of the most popular and influential funk bands of the 1970s, with four consecutive number one R&B albums, ten top 40 pop hits and five number one R&B singles, among other accolades.


title: Rufus (band)

text: In 1968, the American Breed (Gary Loizzo, guitar/vocals; Al Ciner, guitar; Charles "Chuck" Colbert, bass; and Lee Graziano, drums) had a top ten hit with the classic rock single, "Bend Me, Shape Me". After much success, Colbert and Graziano (without Loizzo who pursued a successful production career) created a new group, adding later day American Breed members Kevin Murphy (keyboards) and Paulette McWilliams (vocals), plus James Stella (vocals) and Vern Pilder (guitar) from the bar band Circus. They re-emerged in 1969 under the name Smoke. In 1970, after switching their management to Bob Monaco and Bill Traut, the group's name changed again to Ask Rufus, the name is taken from the title of the advice column in "Mechanics Illustrated". At this point, Ciner came back to replace Pilder and Willie Weeks was added on bass after Colbert left.


title: Rufus (band)

text: In 1971, the band signed a contract with Epic Records recording an album that was not released, after which Epic dropped their contract in early 1972. Willie Weeks was in turn replaced by Dennis Belfield, James Stella by keyboardist/vocalist Ron Stockert and Lee Graziano by Andre Fischer. Paulette McWilliams and Chaka Khan had met and became the best of friends through their spouses Howard Towles and Hassan Khan. Khan attended most Ask Rufus gigs when they performed in Chicago. When Paulette decided she was leaving Ask Rufus, she told them she had the perfect singer to replace her; she had also asked Khan if she was interested. After the band hesitantly submitted, Paulette remained for a few weeks to teach Khan the material. Paulette also got Khan a gig with the group Lyfe, formed by Chicago's Cash McCall. Khan had been performing at the Pumpkin Room on the south side of Chicago, with a local group, Lock and Chain, led by drummer Scotty Harris.


title: Rufus (band)

text: Bob Monaco was part of a booking company known as Ashley Famous with Jim Golden. They booked Ask Rufus, with Paulette McWilliams and also the Rotary Connection with Minnie Riperton. Monaco was also responsible for helping get Ask Rufus their deal on ABC Dunhill. Monaco returned to Los Angeles, convinced the label to give him a demo budget and then quickly returned to Chicago where the group recorded eleven songs in two days at Marty Feldman's Paragon Studios. After taking the demo tapes back to ABC Dunhill in 1973, the group was immediately asked to sign a long-term recording contract.


title: Rufus (band)

text: A few weeks before Monaco saw Rufus perform, the group had already caught the attention of musician Ike Turner who flew them out to Los Angeles to record at his studio Bolic Sound in Inglewood, California. Turner wanted Khan to become an Ikette; she declined stating she was "really happy with Rufus. But Ike's attention was certainly a boost."


title: Rufus (band)

text: The group returned to Los Angeles shortly after to record "Rufus" at Quantum Recording Studios in Torrance, California, released in 1973. While the songs "Whoever's Thrilling You (Is Killing Me)" and "Feel Good" (both featuring Khan) brought the group some attention from R&B radio stations, the album itself had minimal sales, and the Stockert-led "Slip & Slide" failed to catch major attention from pop radio.


title: Rufus (band)

text: The group quickly re-entered the same studio to record their follow-up album "Rags to Rufus". Ciner and Belfield left the group shortly thereafter along with Stockert, who was replaced by Los Angeles-based keyboardist Nate Morgan. Additionally, Tony Maiden and bassist Bobby Watson, also from Los Angeles, were recruited by drummer Andre Fischer. Maiden's, Watson's and Morgan's addition to Rufus added a unique sound to the group, bringing a stronger funk and jazz influence to complement Khan's now emerging powerful lead vocals.


title: Rufus (band)

text: "Rags to Rufus" was released in 1974 and two of its singles — the Stevie Wonder-penned "Tell Me Something Good" and the Parker-Khan composition, "You Got the Love" — became smash hits leading to "Rags to Rufus" going Platinum. They also landed opening spots for the tours of several top stars including Stevie Wonder, Cheech and Chong and the Hues Corporation. "Tell Me Something Good" also brought Rufus their first Grammy Award. In addition, it sold over one million copies, and was awarded a Gold disc by the RIAA on August 9, 1974. Due to Khan's increasing popularity Rufus and ABC started calling the group Rufus featuring Chaka Khan. With this new billing, the band recorded and quickly released their next album, "Rufusized" in 1974. Another Platinum success, the group entered the top ten again with the funk singles, "Once You Get Started", (penned by Gavin Christopher), "Stop on By", "I'm a Woman", and "Pack'd My Bags" (later sampled for Jody Watley's "Lovin' You So") and "Please Pardon Me (You Remind Me of a Friend)", penned by their friend Brenda Russell.


title: Rufus (band)

text: Heading into 1975, the group headlined their first major tour, with Khan attracting attention in concert reviews for her powerhouse vocals and sexy attire—so much so that Khan was often featured on magazine covers such as "Jet". Also due to her off-stage antics that added to her on-stage persona, the media billed Khan as "the wild child". She was often compared to Tina Turner, with some rock and soul press labeling her a "pint-sized Tina". Attention to Khan began to make waves for some of the group's members, as they felt her presence overshadowed the band itself. The group's fourth release, and the third major release with Khan as singer, "Rufus Featuring Chaka Khan", was released in 1975. The major hit off the album was a composition by Khan and Tony Maiden titled "Sweet Thing" which reached the top five of the charts and became their fourth record to reach Gold.


title: Rufus (band)

text: Despite the album's success as well as a second successful major tour that followed, tensions grew within the group, particularly between Khan and longtime Rufus drummer Andre Fischer. During recording sessions of "Ask Rufus", Khan had married Richard Holland (she had divorced her first husband Hassan Khan in 1974 prior to the birth of their child Milini), and the presence of Holland only made things worse between Khan and Fischer. During one session of "Ask Rufus", Fischer engaged in a fight with Holland, who received help from a counter-attacking Khan. "Ask Rufus" was released in 1977 and include the hits "At Midnight (My Love Will Lift You Up)", "Hollywood" and "Everlasting Love". Following a tour to promote "Ask Rufus", Fischer finally left the group. He was followed by Nate Morgan. They were replaced by Richard "Moon" Calhoun and David "Hawk" Wolinski, respectively. The new line-up recorded the album, "Street Player", which featured the Khan-composed song "Stay". After first putting it off as a rumor, Khan confirmed to media reports that she was going solo, signing a deal with Warner Bros. Records. The decision strained relations between Khan and the other Rufus members. Khan released her self-titled debut later in 1978. The album sold more than "Street Player", going Platinum, thanks to the international Ashford & Simpson-composed single, "I'm Every Woman". Khan continued to promote the album in 1979. In April 1978, Calhoun was replaced by John "JR" Robinson as the group's drummer.


title: Rufus (band)

text: Following Calhoun's replacement, another change came when ABC Records was absorbed by MCA, bringing the group to MCA. While Khan promoted "Chaka", Rufus put out a less favorably received Khan-less album, "Numbers". Khan returned to record with the band for the Quincy Jones-produced "Masterjam". By now, Rufus and Khan were split in two, both acts being treated separately. Khan's stardom helped "Masterjam" go Gold thanks to the funk-laden disco recording, "Do You Love What You Feel".


title: Rufus (band)

text: Though Khan would later say that she was ready to leave Rufus at the time she released "Chaka" in 1978, she discovered that she had two more albums left in her ABC/MCA contract with the band and agreed to fulfill her obligations. Following "Masterjam", one of the contractual albums, and another Khan-less album, "Party 'Til You're Broke", which did not sell well, the factions of Rufus and Khan reunited for their last MCA album, "Camouflage" in 1981. Tension was felt during the album sessions. Khan avoided the band, recording her vocals alone to a click track.


title: Rufus (band)

text: The album failed to garner attention, mainly due to Khan's solo obligations, which now included two more Gold-certified studio albums, "Naughty" and "What Cha' Gonna Do for Me". With the release of "Camouflage", Khan was free to leave the group, and following her exit in early 1982, the remaining members of Rufus released what became their final studio album, "Seal in Red" in 1983 which, like their previous albums, went unnoticed.


title: Rufus (band)

text: Rufus band members agreed to split after one last live album. The band asked Khan to contribute to their final concert performance which would be filmed by Warner Bros., and she obliged, reuniting with the group for what was to be later released as a documentary film titled "Stompin' At the Savoy". Warner Bros. declined to release the film at that time and released only the live album. The filmed concert has since been released to home-video. The album included four Khan-led studio songs, including the Dave Wolinski composition "Ain't Nobody", which got attention when a producer for the film "Breakin'" heard it while screening songs for the movie's soundtrack. Warner eventually released the song (with the billing Rufus and Chaka Khan) and the song became a top 30 "Billboard" Hot 100 hit, reaching number-one on the R&B chart and hitting number eight on the UK Singles Chart. The success of the track led to the band receiving its second Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.


title: Rufus (band)

text: Following this success, Rufus went their separate ways. Khan released the single "I Feel for You", cementing her success.


title: Rufus (band)

text: In 2001, Rufus (Kevin Murphy, Tony Maiden, Bobby Watson, Dave Wolinski, John "JR" Robinson) and Khan reunited for a brief tour, which Khan described in her 2003 autobiography, "Chaka! Through the Fire" (co-written with Tonya Bolden). Khan and Maiden reunited on the modernized Rufus medley, "Pack'd My Bags"/ "You Got the Love", on Khan's double Grammy Award-winning 2007 album, "Funk This". When discussing another potential reunion with Rufus during a 2008 interview with "Billboard", Khan said the band's classic lineup (which includes Andre Fischer and Nate Morgan) had no plans on reuniting, with Khan stating that touring with Tony Maiden, one of the few Rufus bandmates Khan kept a close friendship with, was the closest to another Rufus reunion. A lineup of Rufus including Bobby Watson and JR started a short tour in 2008. Neither founding member Kevin Murphy, mainstay Tony Maiden nor Dave Wolinski participated in this tour. In September 2011, the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame committee announced that the band and Khan were jointly nominated for induction to the 27th annual class. They had been eligible since 1999 (with the committee counting the band's first album as "Rags to Rufus" rather than 1973's "Rufus"). It was their first year of nomination. Earlier in the year, Khan received a solo star at the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Rufus was again nominated for the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in September 2017.


title: Rufus (band)

text: Rufus covered songs, including Quincy Jones' "Body Heat". "Ain't Nobody" would be covered by many artists, including Kelly Price, Faith Evans, Diana King and George Michael. 1983's "You're Really Out of Line" was recorded by Belgian band Awaken in 2001.


title: The Order: 1886

text: The Order: 1886 is a 2015 third-person action-adventure video game developed by Ready at Dawn and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 4 on February 20, 2015. Set in an 1886 alternate history steampunk London, the game follows the legendary Knights of the Round Table as they battle to keep the world safe from half-breeds, such as werewolves and vampires, as well as fringe organizations rebelling against the government.


title: The Order: 1886

text: The gameplay revolves around cover-based shooting mechanics and features a variety of weapons. The player progresses through the story by journeying through linear paths, defeating enemies and traversing obstacles. Quick time events and melee takedowns are also implemented and several collectibles are scattered around the environment.


title: The Order: 1886

text: "The Order: 1886" received mixed reviews from critics. Praise was directed at the game's production value, graphics, and technical achievements, while criticism was given for the game's short length, story, gameplay, replay value, and limited involvement the player is given.


title: The Order: 1886

text: "The Order: 1886" is a story-focused action-adventure game played in a third-person perspective. The player takes control of Sir Galahad of the Round Table, an order serving as protectors of an alternate history London. The gameplay mostly revolves around cover-based shooting. The game is structured in a linear manner; the player guides Galahad through the environments, following the story. Galahad and his fellow Knights battle against multiple different foes, including humans and werewolf-like creatures known as half-breeds. Galahad is equipped with several tools and weapons for use in combat, such as variations of rifles, grenades, crossbows, and pistols.


title: The Order: 1886

text: Aside from combat with firearms, Galahad also utilizes melee attacks and silent kills to defeat enemies. Another major aspect of the gameplay is use of quick time events. The player is often required to complete button prompts in order to progress. Several types of collectibles providing lore are scattered throughout the world for the player to collect.


title: The Order: 1886

text: "The Order: 1886" is set in an alternate history 1886 London, where an old Order of Knights keeps the world safe from half breed monsters, which are a combination of animal and human. In the game's history, around the seventh or eighth century, a small number of humans took on bestial traits. The majority of humans feared these half-breeds and war broke out. Despite the humans outnumbering the half-breeds, their animal strength gave them the upper hand in centuries of conflict.


title: The Order: 1886

text: Humanity finds new hope in King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. King Arthur and his like-minded knights take the fight to the half-breeds, but Arthur soon realizes it is a losing battle. Through a mysterious turn of fate, the Knights discover Blackwater, a mystical liquid that significantly extends their lifetimes and gives them remarkable healing abilities. Despite this new advantage, the half-breeds continue to win battle after battle, until the Industrial Revolution turns the tide. Engineers are far ahead of their time, inventing technologies such as thermal imaging, railguns, zeppelins, and wireless communications. New weapons belch electricity, ignite clouds of thermite on top of enemies, and fulfill dual functions as fragmentation grenades and proximity mines. Additionally, the events involving Jack the Ripper have taken place two years earlier.


title: The Order: 1886

text: During the autumn of 1886 London is plagued by both attacks by half-breeds and an anti-government insurgency. After fighting off rebels in Mayfair, Sir Galahad pursues the survivors into the Underground where he encounters a number of werewolf-like half-breeds known as Lycans. Galahad's mentor, Sir Percival, one of the Order's most veteran knights, suspects that there is a correlation between the two and requests permission to investigate the rebel stronghold of Whitechapel. His concerns are dismissed by the Lord Chancellor, who believes that the Order should remain dedicated to fighting half-breeds.


title: The Order: 1886

text: With tacit approval from Sir Lucan, the Order's Knight Commander and adopted son of the Lord Chancellor, Percival and Galahad undertake a mission into Whitechapel accompanied by the other two members of their team, Lady Igraine and the Marquis de Lafayette. After encountering fierce resistance they reach the rebel headquarters in the abandoned Royal London Hospital, to find it occupied by Lycans. Galahad and Igraine discover evidence of a rebel plot to infiltrate the "Agamemnon", flagship of the United India Company's airship fleet, and assassinate the company chairman Lord Hastings, a frequent guest to the Round Table. The team boards the airship and foils the assassination attempt before a bomb detonates on board. Hastings and most of the passengers are evacuated, but Galahad and Percival remain on board to search for the rebel leader. A second explosion sends the "Agamemnon" crashing into Hyde Park, destroying the Crystal Palace in the process. Galahad survives but discovers that Percival has been killed.


title: The Order: 1886

text: In council at the Palace of Westminster, Lafayette is knighted and assumes Percival's seat at the Round Table. The Lord Chancellor is highly critical of the mission, asserting that Percival's death and the extensive collateral damage were in vain. The council is interrupted when rebels stage a major attack on Westminster Bridge aimed at killing Hastings, who is saved by the knights.


title: The Order: 1886

text: Enraged by Percival's death, Galahad returns to Whitechapel seeking a confrontation with the rebel leader, who is revealed to be an Indian woman named Lakshmi who is later revealed to be the hitherto presumed dead Queen Lakshmibai of Jhansi of the princely state of Jhansi in the Indian subcontinent. Pleading with Galahad that the United India Company is the true enemy, she leads him to the company's warehouses in Blackwall where they discover a large number of hibernating vampires packed in crates bound for the Northeastern United States. According to Lakshmi, Lord Hastings is a vampire (known to the general public as "Jack the Ripper") and is acting in response to the Order's recent success.


title: The Order: 1886

text: At Westminster, Galahad's concerns fall on deaf ears. Lucan sympathizes with him however, and joins Galahad and Lakshmi in infiltrating the United India Company headquarters in Mayfair. They find evidence of a conspiracy to traffic half-breeds overseas and encounter Hastings in his vampire form. Before Galahad can act against Hastings, Lucan reveals himself to be a Lycan and attacks Galahad. The two fight, but Lucan flees as the authorities arrive. Galahad is taken into custody by Lafayette and Igraine, charged with treason, and sentenced to death.


title: The Order: 1886

text: After several weeks, Galahad escapes captivity in the Westminster Catacombs and attempts to flee only to be cornered. Facing re-imprisonment, Galahad throws himself off a ledge into the River Thames and is recovered by Nikola Tesla, the Order's armourer with help from an old man. Tesla seeks help from Lakshmi to help take care of him. Lakshmi reveals to Galahad, upon being questioned about her having blackwater, that she was bestowed a knighthood by Sir Bors de Ganis. Fearing that Tesla has come under suspicion, Galahad returns to Westminster in an attempt to extract him. He finds Tesla alive but also encounters Lucan in the laboratory. The two fight a second time with Galahad emerging the victor. The mortally wounded Lucan expresses regret for having betrayed the Order, claiming that he did so in order to save his race from extinction. The two are discovered by the Lord Chancellor, who confesses his knowledge of Lucan's true nature. He reveals to Galahad that centuries before he had fought and destroyed an entire tribe of Lycans, but could not bring himself to kill the infant Lucan, who he adopted as a son instead. The Lord Chancellor orders that evidence of Lucan's betrayal may not be used to exonerate Galahad and must be kept a secret for the sake of the Order. Unwilling to kill his son, he leaves Galahad to administer the coup de grace, then banishes Galahad from London. The two former comrades reconcile, and a remorseful Galahad raises his weapon and fires, killing Lucan, as the screen cuts to black.


title: The Order: 1886

text: In a post-credits scene, Galahad is seen on the roof of a building overlooking London, which has been put under martial law. He is warned by Tesla over the radio that the police could strike anytime and that they should leave the city immediately. Galahad reminds Tesla that he is "Galahad no more".


title: The Order: 1886

text: On June 11, 2013, "The Order: 1886" was announced at the Sony Computer Entertainment E3 2013 conference as a new intellectual property for the PlayStation 4. In a post on the PlayStation Blog, Ready at Dawn CEO and creative director Ru Weerasuriya reveled that the game was in the works since 2010. The studio's internal proprietary RAD Engine 4.0 was used for the game's development. On August 29, 2013, Weerasuriya revealed that the decision to go ahead with "The Order: 1886" was influenced by "". On February 6, 2014, it was announced that the game would be single-player only and that the game will run at 30 FPS.


title: The Order: 1886

text: On January 17, 2015, Ready at Dawn confirmed that the game had been declared gold, indicating it was being prepared for production and release. "The Order: 1886" was released on February 20, 2015.


title: The Order: 1886

text: A video of the game's full-length playthrough, with a duration of about 5 hours, was leaked online before the game's official release. As a single-player only and full-priced game at launch, concern was raised about the value of the game. Weerasuriya defended the game, saying that "it's a matter of quality, not quantity." Technical officer Andrea Pessino also responded to the actual length of the game, saying that the game will take eight to ten hours to finish if the player plays it at normal pace and difficulty level.


title: The Order: 1886

text: "The Order: 1886" received mixed reviews from critics, with some praise particularly directed to the game's production values, graphics and technical achievements, while receiving criticism regarding the game's length, story, gameplay, replay value and the player's involvement in the game. It received an aggregated score of 63/100 on Metacritic based on 94 reviews.


title: The Order: 1886

text: Daniel Bloodworth from "GameTrailers" praised its graphics, textures, lighting and facial animation, as he stated that "the look and feel of "The Order" is powerful enough to be worth a playthrough on its own." He also praised the detailed design of characters, environments and locations.


title: The Order: 1886

text: "Play" gave the game an 8.1/10, praising its satisfying action, high production value, voice acting and dialogue, recreation of 19th Century London and cover-based gunplay. Also praised was the overall amount of gameplay, such as cover-based shooting, stealth and puzzle-solving. However, the weapons were criticized, stating they "[range] from the borderline useless to the ludicrously overpowered". The reviewer was summarized by saying that "while a brief yet explosive cinematic adventure might not be what some modern gamers want, it's quite clearly the best way to showcase the true power of a new console just after its first birthday."


title: The Order: 1886

text: Matt Miller from "Game Informer" praised its filmic presentation, orchestral music, "rewarding" scripted action scenes, variety of weapons, controls, gunplay, characters, environments and memorable location. However, he criticized the low replay value, the story for leaving too many unresolved conflicts and questions, as well as the combat and gameplay which he stated "feels like playing through a long-established template for third-person shooting mechanics." He summarized the review by writing that ""1886" goes against the current tide of open-world wandering and emergent sequences, and banks on the idea that players can enjoy a straightforward and relatively brief cinematic adventure."


title: The Order: 1886

text: Brandin Tyrrel from "IGN" gave the game a 6.5/10. While praising its "engaging universe" and "fantastic atmosphere" and weaponry "packing a creative punch", he criticized the game pacing and gameplay, stating that there is "rarely a moment of interactivity that isn't expressed with a quick-time event", "disappointingly generic cover-based shooting," and "non-tactical gameplay". Also criticized were the aspect ratio, "shallow, slow, and generic quick-time [events]", and linear missions, which he stated "has stripped players away from freedom." He also criticized the totality of content, stating that "there is no reason to revisit the short and stunted single-player campaign once it’s been completed; there just isn't a lot to it."


title: The Order: 1886

text: Chris Carter from "Destructoid" criticized its gunplay, calling it "well-built but standard", and lack of gameplay, writing, "Where "The Order" ceases to be great is the self-indulgent camera angles and need to focus so much on turning the game into a walking simulator." He also criticized the linear gameplay, predictable narrative, forgettable characters, disappointing boss fight, short length, as well as the lack of replay value and any type of multiplayer. He summarized the review by saying that "I sincerely hope this isn't the last we've seen of this universe, but for now, it's only worth visiting once, briefly."


title: The Order: 1886

text: David Houghton from "GamesRadar" criticized the limited variety of enemy types, the narrow view of environmental design, restrictive world, basic combat, needless cinematic sequences, unremarkable story and characters, and the excessive use of quick time events, which he described as "the maddening, illogical, pathological need to turn everything into a QTE killing any excitement or sense of control." He also criticized the game for its lack of player involvement and constantly taking control away from the players. He summarized the game by saying that ""The Order"s archaic, player-detached approaches to interaction and narrative [...] make it a dated and instantly forgettable experience."


title: The Order: 1886

text: Kevin VanOrd from "GameSpot" criticized the storytelling, gameplay and lack of missions with guns and werewolves which had been replaced with long periods of inactivity involving observing objects and slowly walking. VanOrd did, however, praise the stylish visuals, fun weapons when given the opportunity to be used and the excellent voice acting that was "far better than the material deserved."


title: The Order: 1886

text: Peter Paras from "Game Revolution" was critical of the game, citing its poor AI, uncompelling story, lack of character development, unenjoyable gameplay, and the length of the game, which he states "overstays its welcome even at less than 7 hours." He compared the game to "" and "Heavenly Sword", calling it "a ho-hum action-adventure game that accompanies a console's first-year launch."


title: The Order: 1886

text: Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of "Zero Punctuation" was highly critical of the game, panning its story and overly linear gameplay and saying "while "The Order: 1886" has very pretty graphics, it plays like a laundry list of the blandest game mechanics yet devised by man" and "[it] feels like a launch title; something utterly dull, carefully assembled from only the smoothest, inoffensive pieces with no ambition beyond showing off the graphics tech." At the end of 2015, he chose "The Order: 1886" as his worst game of the year.


title: The Order: 1886

text: The retail version of "The Order: 1886" was the best selling game in its week of release in the UK and Ireland, debuting at No. 1 in the UK retail software sales chart. This made it the first game developed by Sony's in-house team to take the first spot in the chart since August 2014.


title: The Order: 1886

text: One month after release, the price was permanently cut by 33%. The game was the ninth selling title in the US. Neither Sony or Ready At Dawn have provided detailed information regarding the game's commercial performance.


title: The Order: 1886

text: Despite the game's mixed reviews, during an interview with Gamesindustry.biz in 2015, Ready at Dawn president Ru Weerasuriya and newly appointed CEO Paul Sams have expressed interest in producing more entries for the game in the future. Sams said that, although developers wanted to retain ownership to its intellectual property, it needed the approval of Sony to bring the game to market. The game was referenced in the PlayStation 5 game "Astro's Playroom", a celebration of the PlayStation brand.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: Allegiant is a science fiction novel for young adults, written by the American author Veronica Roth and published by HarperCollins in October 2013. It completes the "Divergent" trilogy that Roth started with her debut novel "Divergent" in 2011. The book is written from the perspective of both Beatrice (Tris) and Tobias (Four). Following the revelations of the previous novel, they journey past the city's boundaries to discover what lies beyond.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: "Allegiant" was published simultaneously by Katherine Tegen Books and HarperCollins Children's Books in the UK. Four weeks earlier, a free electronic companion book to the trilogy titled "" was released online. The novel was to be adapted into a two-part film, the first part, "", was released on March 18, 2016, while the second part, called "", was planned to release in June 2017 but was ultimately canceled.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: A future dystopian Chicago has a society that defines its citizens by strict conformity to their social and personality-related affiliations with five different factions. That removes the threat of anyone exercising independent will and threatening the population's safety again by war or another human-created catastrophe. Those who fail the initiation of their particular faction are deemed Factionless and are treated as a lower class and a drain on society.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: After the revelation about their city, Evelyn Johnson-Eaton becomes Chicago's leader, which forces all factions to live equally with the Factionless. Confessing their role in the insurgency, Beatrice "Tris" Prior, Christina, and Cara are pardoned. Tris learns from Tobias "Four" Eaton about the rebel "Allegiant," who work to restore the faction system. Several people are killed in a confrontation between faction members and the Factionless, including Evelyn's right-hand man, Edward. Tris is invited to a meeting with the Allegiant, whose leaders, Cara and Johanna Reyes, plan to usurp Evelyn and send envoys outside the city. Tris is selected for the expedition, alongside Tobias, Cara, Christina, Peter Hayes, Uriah Pedrad, and Tori Wu. Tris asks Tobias to free her brother Caleb from execution. Tori is killed by the Factionless, and the others escape and meet Tobias's mentor, Amar, who has long been presumed dead. They are taken to the Bureau of Genetic Welfare and its leader, David.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: David explains that Chicago is walled off from the outside world in an experiment sanctioned by the US government to produce genetically-purer (GP) "Divergents" from the genetically-damaged (GD) population, the result of a failed attempt to correct human genes that led to the "Purity War." David gives Tris her mother Natalie's journal that details her life before Chicago. She was a refugee from Milwaukee who joined the Bureau and became a volunteer to stop Erudite's killing of Divergents. Those rescued included Amar and Tori's brother, George. Tobias learns he is not a true Divergent and joins GD Bureau member Nita in a rebellion against the GP staff. Tris is skeptical of the plan but jealous of Nita. The GP informant Matthew helps Nita access the Weapon Room and set off a bomb that causes Uriah to be brain-damaged. Tris stops Nita's rampage by holding David hostage before she wounds and arrests her.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: Tris is appointed a council member and realizes that the Bureau supplied Erudite with the simulation serums that controlled Dauntless in the invasion of Abnegation. Security footage reveals that Marcus Eaton, who was banished by Evelyn, is working with Johanna to steal weapons from the Factionless, which Evelyn will counter by releasing the death serum. Tris learns that David intends to release serums that can erase the population's memories to save his experiment. She formulates a plan to release the memory serum on the Bureau while Tobias, Christina, and Peter, with Amar and George's help, return to Chicago with antiserums for Christina and Uriah's families.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: Tobias, with his own plan to inject his mother with a memory serum, confronts her and asks her to avert the war in exchange for becoming his mother again. Evelyn agrees, negotiates peace with Johanna and Marcus, and exiles herself for two years, and Marcus vows never to lead Chicago. Tobias gives the memory serum to Peter, who intends to start anew.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: Caleb volunteers to expose the memory serum, a suicide mission, but Tris replaces him. She successfully repels the death serum but is shot by David. Dying, Tris sees visions of her mother embracing her, before she succumbs to her wounds. Tobias, Christina, and Peter return to the Bureau and learn from Cara of Tris's death. In a deep depression, Tobias is about to drink the memory serum to erase his memories of Tris until Christina stops him. Uriah's brother, Ezekiel "Zeke", and his mother, Hana, are with Uriah as his life support is unplugged.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: Two-and-a-half years later, Chicago is reopened and being rebuilt, and people co-exist regardless of gene purity. Tobias, now an assistant council member under Johanna, welcomes Evelyn back from her exile. To celebrate Choosing Day, he, Christina, Caleb, Zeke, Shauna, Cara, and Matthew ride a zip line from the Hancock Building, where Tobias scatters Tris's ashes and finally accepts her sacrifice.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: On July 18, 2013 at the San Diego Comic-Con panel for the film "Divergent", Roth revealed that Allegiant is from the points of view of both Tris and Four. About that, she said, "I tried repeatedly to write Allegiant in just Tris's voice, but it didn't work; her perspective, her way of seeing things, was a little too limited for the story I needed to tell, I wanted to do two things with it: A. let two characters experience different things, and B. let them react differently to the same things, so that I (and eventually, the reader) would get a better sense of the whole story, the whole picture."


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: She further said, "I've said before that I've always seen Four (increasingly, as the series goes on) as a plot-mover alongside Tris, so he was the obvious choice for the second POV (though not the only one I tried). Exploring him and his choices and his assumptions about the world was incredibly interesting to me."


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: Roth said that she did not try to choose titles ending with "-ent" for all three books. She also said, "I did not go through other ideas. It was always "Allegiant"," which she defined as "One who is loyal or faithful to a particular cause or person."


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: "The World of Divergent: The Path to Allegiant" is a promotional electronic book by Roth that was released free of charge by HarperCollins on September 24, 2013. Published four weeks before "Allegiant" was released, it was intended to be a companion book to the Divergent trilogy. Roth continues to write related fiction, and "The Path to Allegiant" is a companion book to the entire "Divergent" universe in many respects. It contains an exclusive detailed description of Factions and their origin, the inspirations for the trilogy, a quiz on "Factions," and answers by Roth regarding the trilogy. The book also contained ten teasers from "Allegiant".


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: In a review for "Entertainment Weekly", Hillary Busis gave the novel B+ and wrote that "If you've already been sucked into Roth's world, you'll appreciate the book's twisty plot—which provides needed context for the series' prefabricated society—and its chastely torrid Tris/Tobias love scenes." "Publishers Weekly" said in its review that "The alternating perspectives are bothersome at times, due to the similarity between Tris and Tobias's first-person narratives. However, for those who have faithfully followed these five factions, and especially the Dauntless duo who stole hearts two books ago, this final installment will capture and hold attention until the divisive final battle has been waged."


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: On December 16, 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of "Allegiant" would be released on March 18, 2016. On April 11, 2014, Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films titled "" and "." On July 9, 2014, Lionsgate recruited Noah Oppenheim to write the screenplay for "Part 1". Shailene Woodley, Theo James, and Naomi Watts will reprise their roles. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke, who directed "", would return to direct "Allegiant". Principal photography for "The Divergent Series: Allegiant" began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015. The film was released to generally negative reviews from critics, and was a box office disappointment, grossing only $179 million worldwide against a $142 million budget.


title: Allegiant (novel)

text: "Ascendant" was to have had a release date of June 9, 2017. After the poor performance of "Allegiant" at the box office, it was announced it would be created as a television film, followed by a television spinoff series. However, in February 2017, after it was announced that the fourth film would be a television project, Woodley backed out of her starring role.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto ( , , , ; born Wilfried Fritz Pareto; 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian polymath (civil engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher). He made several important contributions to economics, particularly in the study of income distribution and in the analysis of individuals' choices. He was also responsible for popularising the use of the term "elite" in social analysis.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: He introduced the concept of Pareto efficiency and helped develop the field of microeconomics. He was also the first to discover that income follows a Pareto distribution, which is a power law probability distribution. The Pareto principle was named after him, and it was built on his observations that 80% of the wealth in Italy belonged to about 20% of the population. He also contributed to the fields of sociology and mathematics. According to the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot and Richard L. Hudson:


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Pareto was born of an exiled noble Genoese family in 1848 in Paris, the centre of the popular revolutions of that year. His father, Raffaele Pareto (1812–1882), was an Italian civil engineer and Ligurian marquis who had left Italy much as Giuseppe Mazzini and other Italian nationalists had. His mother, Marie Metenier, was a French woman. Enthusiastic about the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, his parents named him Wilfried Fritz, which became Vilfredo Federico upon his family's move back to Italy in 1858. In his childhood, Pareto lived in a middle-class environment, receiving a high standard of education, attending the newly created "Istituto Tecnico Leardi" where Fernando Pio Rosellini was his mathematics professor. In 1869, he earned a doctorate in engineering from what is now the Polytechnic University of Turin (then the Technical School for Engineers), with a dissertation entitled "The Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium in Solid Bodies". His later interest in equilibrium analysis in economics and sociology can be traced back to this dissertation.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: For some years after graduation, he worked as a civil engineer, first for the state-owned Italian Railway Company and later in private industry. He was manager of the Iron Works of San Giovanni Valdarno and later general manager of Italian Iron Works.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: He did not begin serious work in economics until his mid-forties. He started his career a fiery advocate of classical liberalism, besetting the most ardent British liberals with his attacks on any form of government intervention in the free market. In 1886, he became a lecturer on economics and management at the University of Florence. His stay in Florence was marked by political activity, much of it fueled by his own frustrations with government regulators. In 1889, after the death of his parents, Pareto changed his lifestyle, quitting his job and marrying a Russian woman, Alessandrina Bakunina.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: In 1893, he succeeded Léon Walras to the chair of Political Economy at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland where he remained for the rest of his life. He published there in 1896-1897 a textbook containing the Pareto distribution of how wealth is distributed, which he believed was a constant "through any human society, in any age, or country". In 1906, he made the famous observation that twenty percent of the population owned eighty percent of the property in Italy, later generalised by Joseph M. Juran into the Pareto principle (also termed the 80–20 rule).


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Pareto maintained cordial personal relationships with individual socialists, but he always thought their economic ideas were severely flawed. He later became suspicious of their motives and denounced socialist leaders as an 'aristocracy of brigands' who threatened to despoil the country and criticized the government of the Italian statesman Giovanni Giolitti for not taking a tougher stance against worker strikes. Growing unrest among labor in the Kingdom of Italy led him to the anti-socialist and anti-democratic camp. His attitude towards Italian fascism in his last years is a matter of controversy.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Pareto's relationship with scientific sociology in the age of the foundation is grafted in a paradigmatic way in the moment in which he, starting from the political economy, criticizes positivism as a totalizing and metaphysical system devoid of a rigorous logical-experimental method. In this sense we can read the fate of the Paretian production within a history of the social sciences that continues to show its peculiarity and interest for its contributions in the 21st century. The story of Pareto is also part of the multidisciplinary research of a scientific model that privileges sociology as a critique of cumulative models of knowledge as well as a discipline tending to the affirmation of relational models of science.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: In 1889, Pareto married Alessandrina Bakunina, a Russian woman. She left him in 1902 for a young servant. Twenty years later in 1923, he married Jeanne Regis, a French woman, just before his death in Geneva, Switzerland on 19 August 1923.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Pareto's later years were spent in collecting the material for his best-known work, "Trattato di sociologia generale" (1916) ("The Mind and Society", published in 1935). His final work was "Compendio di sociologia generale" (1920).


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: In his "Trattato di Sociologia Generale" (1916, rev. French trans. 1917), published in English by Harcourt, Brace in a four-volume edition edited by Arthur Livingston under the title "The Mind and Society" (1935), Pareto developed the notion of the circulation of elites, the first social cycle theory in sociology. He is famous for saying "history is a graveyard of aristocracies".


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Pareto seems to have turned to sociology for an understanding of why his abstract mathematical economic theories did not work out in practice, in the belief that unforeseen or uncontrollable social factors intervened. His sociology holds that much social action is nonlogical and that much personal action is designed to give spurious logicality to non-rational actions. We are driven, he taught, by certain "residues" and by "derivations" from these residues. The more important of these have to do with conservatism and risk-taking, and human history is the story of the alternate dominance of these sentiments in the ruling elite, which comes into power strong in conservatism but gradually changes over to the philosophy of the "foxes" or speculators. A catastrophe results, with a return to conservatism; the "lion" mentality follows. This cycle might be broken by the use of force, says Pareto, but the elite becomes weak and humanitarian and shrinks from violence.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Among those who introduced Pareto's sociology to the United States were George Homans and Lawrence J. Henderson at Harvard, and Paretian ideas gained considerable influence, especially on Harvard sociologist Talcott Parsons, who developed a systems approach to society and economics that argues the status quo is usually functional. The American historian Bernard DeVoto played an important role in introducing Pareto's ideas to these Cambridge intellectuals and other Americans in the 1930s. Wallace Stegner, in his biography of DeVoto, recounts these developments and says this about the often misunderstood distinction between "residues" and "derivations": "Basic to Pareto's method is the analysis of society through its non-rational 'residues,' which are persistent and unquestioned social habits, beliefs, and assumptions, and its 'derivations,' which are the explanations, justifications, and rationalizations we make of them.  One of the commonest errors of social thinkers is to assume rationality and logic in social attitudes and structures; another is to confuse residues and derivations."


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Pareto had argued that democracy was an illusion and that a ruling class always emerged and enriched itself. For him, the key question was how actively the rulers ruled. For this reason, he called for a drastic reduction of the state and welcomed Benito Mussolini's rule as a transition to this minimal state so as to liberate the "pure" economic forces.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: When he was still a young student, the future leader of Italian fascism Benito Mussolini attended some of Pareto's lectures at the University of Lausanne in 1904. It has been argued that Mussolini's move away from socialism towards a form of "elitism" may be attributed to Pareto's ideas.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Karl Popper dubbed Pareto the "theoretician of totalitarianism", but, according to Renato Cirillo, there is no evidence in Popper's published work that he read Pareto in any detail before repeating what was then a common but dubious judgment in anti-fascist circles.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Pareto's elite theory also influenced a number of liberal theorists, such as the anti-fascist Piero Gobetti, who wrote:


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Pareto turned his interest to economic matters and he became an advocate of free trade, finding himself in difficulty with the Italian government. His writings reflected the ideas of Léon Walras that economics is essentially a mathematical science. Pareto was a leader of the "Lausanne School" and represents the second generation of the Neoclassical Revolution. His "tastes-and-obstacles" approach to general equilibrium theory was resurrected during the great "Paretian Revival" of the 1930s and has influenced theoretical economics since.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: In his "Manual of Political Economy" (1906) the focus is on equilibrium in terms of solutions to individual problems of "objectives and constraints". He used the indifference curve of Edgeworth (1881) extensively, for the theory of the consumer and, another great novelty, in his theory of the producer. He gave the first presentation of the trade-off box now known as the "Edgeworth-Bowley" box.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: Pareto was the first to realize that cardinal utility could be dispensed with and economic equilibrium thought of in terms of ordinal utility – that is, it was not necessary to know how much a person valued this or that, only that he preferred X of this to Y of that. Utility was a preference-ordering. With this, Pareto not only inaugurated modern microeconomics, but he also demolished the alliance of economics and utilitarian philosophy (which calls for the greatest good for the greatest number; Pareto said "good" cannot be measured). He replaced it with the notion of "Pareto-optimality", the idea that a system is enjoying maximum economic satisfaction when no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off. Pareto optimality is widely used in welfare economics and game theory. A standard theorem is that a perfectly competitive market creates distributions of wealth that are Pareto optimal.


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: He argued that in all countries and times, the distribution of income and wealth is highly skewed, with a few holding most of the wealth. He argued that all observed societies follow a regular logarithmic pattern:


title: Vilfredo Pareto

text: where N is the number of people with wealth higher than x, and A and m are constants. Over the years, Pareto's Law has proved remarkably close to observed data.


title: FLAC

text: FLAC (; Free Lossless Audio Codec) is an audio coding format for lossless compression of digital audio, developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation, and is also the name of the free software project producing the FLAC tools, the reference software package that includes a codec implementation. Digital audio compressed by FLAC's algorithm can typically be reduced to between 50 and 70 percent of its original size and decompresses to an identical copy of the original audio data.


title: FLAC

text: FLAC is an open format with royalty-free licensing and a reference implementation which is free software. FLAC has support for metadata tagging, album cover art, and fast seeking.


title: FLAC

text: Development was started in 2000 by Josh Coalson. The bit-stream format was frozen when FLAC entered beta stage with the release of version 0.5 of the reference implementation on 15 January 2001. Version 1.0 was released on 20 July 2001.


title: FLAC

text: On 29 January 2003, the Xiph.Org Foundation and the FLAC project announced the incorporation of FLAC under the Xiph.org banner. Xiph.org is home to other free compression formats such as Vorbis, Theora, Speex and Opus.


title: FLAC

text: Version 1.3.0 was released on 26 May 2013, at which point development was moved to the Xiph.org git repository.


title: FLAC

text: The specification of the stream format can be implemented by anyone without prior permission (Xiph.org reserves the right to set the FLAC specification and certify compliance), and neither the FLAC format nor any of the implemented encoding or decoding methods are covered by any patent. The reference implementation is free software. The source code for libFLAC and libFLAC++ is available under the BSD license, and the sources for codice_1, codice_2, and the plugins are available under the GNU General Public License.


title: FLAC

text: In its stated goals, the FLAC project encourages its developers not to implement copy prevention features (DRM) or lossy compression of any kind.


title: FLAC

text: The encoded audio is divided into frames, which consists of a header, a data block, and a CRC16 checksum. Each frame is encoded independent of each other. A frame header begins with a sync word, used to identify the beginning of a valid frame. The rest of the header contains the number of samples, position of the frame, channel assignment, and optionally the sample rate and bit depth. The data block contains the audio information.


title: FLAC

text: Metadata in FLAC precedes the audio. Properties like the sample rate and the number of channels are always contained in the metadata. It may also contain other information, the album cover for example. FLAC uses Vorbis comments for some types of metadata, like the title and artist name.


title: FLAC

text: The FLAC encoding algorithm consists of multiple stages. In the first stage, the input audio is split into blocks. If the audio contains multiple channels, each channel is encoded separately as a subblock. The encoder then tries to find a good mathematical approximation of the block, either by fitting a simple polynomial, or through general linear predictive coding. A description of the approximation, which is only a few bytes in length, is then written. Finally, the difference between the approximation and the input, called residual, is encoded using Rice coding. In many cases, a description of the approximation and the encoded residual takes up less space than using pulse-code modulation.


title: FLAC

text: The decoding process is the reverse of encoding. The compressed residual is first decoded. The description of the mathematical approximation is then used to calculate a waveform. The result is formed by adding the residual and the calculated waveform. As FLAC compresses losslessly, the decoded waveform is identical to the waveform before encoding.


title: FLAC

text: For two-channel stereo, the encoder may choose to joint-encode the audio. The channels are transformed into a side channel, which is the difference between the two input channels, and a mid channel, the sum of the two input channels. In place of a mid channel, the left channel or the right channel may be encoded instead, which is sometimes more space-efficient.


title: FLAC

text: Even though the reference encoder uses a single block size for the whole stream, FLAC allows the block size in samples to vary per block.


title: FLAC

text: The amount of compression is determined by various parameters, including the order of the linear prediction model and the block size. Regardless of the amount of compression, the original data can always be reconstructed perfectly.


title: FLAC

text: For user's convenience, the reference implementation defines 9 compression levels, which are presets of the more technical parameters to the encoding algorithm. The levels are labeled from 0 to 8, with higher numbers resulting in a higher compression ratio, at the cost of compression speed. The meaning of each compression level varies by implementation.


title: FLAC

text: FLAC is optimized for decoding speed at the expense of encoding speed. A benchmark has shown that, while there is little variation in decoding speed as compression level increases, beyond the default compression level 5, the encoding process takes up considerably more time with little space saved compared to level 5.


title: FLAC

text: FLAC is specifically designed for efficient packing of audio data, unlike general-purpose lossless algorithms such as DEFLATE, which are used in ZIP and gzip. While ZIP may reduce the size of a CD-quality audio file by 10–20%, FLAC is able to reduce the size of audio data by 40–50% by taking advantage of the characteristics of audio.


title: FLAC

text: The technical strengths of FLAC compared to other lossless formats lie in its ability to be streamed and decoded quickly, independent of compression level.


title: FLAC

text: Since FLAC is a lossless scheme, it is suitable as an archive format for owners of CDs and other media who wish to preserve their audio collections. If the original media are lost, damaged, or worn out, a FLAC copy of the audio tracks ensures that an exact duplicate of the original data can be recovered at any time. An exact restoration from a lossy copy (e.g., MP3) of the same data is impossible. FLAC being lossless means it is highly suitable for transcoding e.g. to MP3, without the normally associated transcoding quality loss between one lossy format and another. A CUE file can optionally be created when ripping a CD. If a CD is read and ripped perfectly to FLAC files, the CUE file allows later burning of an audio CD that is identical in audio data to the original CD, including track order and pregap, but excluding CD-Text and other additional data such as lyrics and CD+G graphics.


title: FLAC

text: The reference implementation of FLAC is implemented as the "libFLAC" core encoder & decoder library, with the main distributable program codice_1 being the reference implementation of the libFLAC API. This codec API is also available in C++ as libFLAC++. The reference implementation of FLAC compiles on many platforms, including most Unix (such as Solaris, BSD) and Unix-like (including Linux), Microsoft Windows, BeOS, and OS/2 operating systems. There are build-systems for autoconf/automake, MSVC, Watcom C, and Xcode. There is currently no multicore support in libFLAC, but utilities such as GNU parallel and various graphical frontends can be used to spin up multiple instances of the encoder.


title: FLAC

text: FLAC playback support in portable audio devices and dedicated audio systems is limited compared to formats such as MP3 or uncompressed PCM. FLAC support is included by default in Windows 10, Android, BlackBerry 10 and Jolla devices.


title: FLAC

text: In 2014, several aftermarket mobile electronics companies introduced multimedia solutions that include support for FLAC. These include the NEX series from Pioneer Electronics and the VX404 and NX404 from Clarion.


title: FLAC

text: The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) has adopted the FLAC format for the distribution of high quality audio over its Euroradio network. The Windows operating system has supported native FLAC integration since the introduction of Windows 10. The Android operating system has supported native FLAC playback since version 3.1. macOS High Sierra and iOS 11 add native FLAC playback support.


title: FLAC

text: Among others the Pono music player and streaming service used the FLAC format. Bandcamp insists on a lossless format for uploading, and has FLAC as a download option. The Wikimedia Foundation sponsored a free and open-source online ECMAScript FLAC tool for browsers supporting the required HTML5 features.


title: FLAC

text: Various other containers are supported, independently from used operating system, depending on used playback software.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: The Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless (not to be confused with the Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammer or the M1903 Springfield rifle) is a .32 ACP caliber, self-loading, semi-automatic pistol designed by John Browning and built by Colt Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company of Hartford, Connecticut. The Colt Model 1908 Pocket Hammerless is a variant introduced five years later in .380 ACP caliber. Despite the title "hammerless", the Model 1903 does have a hammer. The hammer is covered and hidden from view under the rear of the slide, this allows the pistol to be carried in and withdrawn from a pocket quickly and smoothly without snagging.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: Approximately 570,000 Colt Pocket Hammerless pistols were produced from 1903 to 1945, in five different types. Some were issued to US Army and US Air Force general officers from World War II through the 1970s; these were replaced in 1972 with the RIA Colt M15 general officer's model, a compact version of the M1911A1.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: The Shanghai Municipal Police issued the M1908 to its officers in the 1920s and 1930s and it was a popular model with police in the United States such as the Boston Police Department.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: In addition to lawful owners, many gangsters of the pre-World War II era favored the Model 1903 and Model 1908 because they were relatively small and easily concealed. It is said that Al Capone kept one in his coat pocket and Bonnie Parker used one to break Clyde Barrow out of jail after smuggling it into the jail by taping it to her thigh. Bank robber John Dillinger was carrying this model of pistol when he was shot by FBI agents outside the Biograph theater on July 22, 1934, and another famous bank robber, Willie Sutton, had one when he was captured by police in Brooklyn on February 18, 1952.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: This pistol was also used by an Indian revolutionary named Chandrashekhar Azad in 1931, when he committed suicide to avoid capture by the Indian Imperial Police in a park at the United Provinces of British India.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: Note: There was also a Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammer pistol in .38 ACP, but this design is unrelated. The FN Model 1903 pistol design is related to the Colt Pocket Hammerless, but it is physically larger due to its chambering in the 9×20mm SR Browning Long cartridge.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: General officer models were often engraved with the officer's name. Recipients include generals Eisenhower, Bradley, Marshall, and Patton. Patton's Model 1908 was embellished with three (later four) stars on the grip panels to denote his rank. They were issued with a fine-grade leather holster, leather pistol belt with gold-metal clasp, rope pistol lanyard with gold-metal fittings, and leather two-pocket ammunition pouch with gold-metal fasteners. They came in russet or black leather (depending on service and regulations) and were made by Atchison Leather Products or Hickok. A cleaning rod and two spare magazines were also included. Generals were issued the Model M in .380 ACP, until 1950, when supplies ran out. At that point, they were substituted with .32 models until their replacement in 1972. The Pocket Hammerless was replaced by the M15 pistol made by Rock Island Arsenal in .45 ACP. Today, the Pocket Hammerless is manufactured by U.S. Armament, and is licensed by Colt.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: This pistol is actually fired by action of a hammer striking and driving a firing pin into a center-fire cartridge's primer. The hammer is covered by the rear of the slide. The "hammerless" designation was merely an advertising designation pointing out the pistol's particular suitability for concealed carry. Special features include a serrated slide to prevent slippage during manual cycling of the slide and two safety mechanisms (a grip safety and a manual safety). The grip safety is a spring-loaded piece making up the back strap of the pistol. The grip safety, though not solely restricted to them, was a typical feature of Colt automatic pistols. A magazine safety was added on later models; this feature prevents the pistol from being fired with a round in the chamber and the magazine removed.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: In 1908, a .380 ACP version of this gun was introduced. Called the Model 1908, it is nearly identical to the Model 1903 except for the bore diameter and the magazine, which holds seven rounds (one less than the Model 1903).


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: Grip panels are black checked hard rubber, checked walnut, or special order materials (ivory, mother of pearl, inset medallion).


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: Metal finish is blued or nickel, and some special-order finishes such as engraved, silver- or gold-plated.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: There was an M1903 version with a military Parkerized finish, which is otherwise the same as the Model IV, SN 554,447 through 572,214.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: Former Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo used a Colt Model 1903 to attempt suicide shortly before his arrest for war crimes on September 11, 1945. Tojo was convicted at trial and was executed on December 23, 1948. Tojo's pistol is on display at the MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk, Virginia.


title: Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless

text: The Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless with SN539370 took part in the attempt of assassination SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich (top nazi officer) in Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia on May 27th 1942 in Prague. The assassination had been successful due to wounds he suffered from the bomb thrown into his car.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky Pig is an animated character in the Warner Bros. "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" series of cartoons. He was the first character created by the studio to draw audiences based on his star power, and the animators created many critically acclaimed shorts featuring the character. Even after he was supplanted by later characters, Porky continued to be popular with moviegoers and, more importantly, the Warners directors, who recast him in numerous everyman and sidekick roles.


title: Porky Pig

text: He is known for his signature line at the end of many shorts, "Th-th-th-that's all, folks!" This slogan (without stuttering) had also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons. In contrast, the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan: "So Long, Folks!" until the mid-1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the "Looney Tunes" series (when Bugs Bunny was the closing character, he would break the pattern by simply saying, in his Brooklynese accent, "And Dat's De End!"). He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter, for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words; for example, "What's going on?" might become "What's guh-guh-guh-guh—...what's happening?" Porky's age varied widely in the series; originally conceived as an innocent seven-year-old piglet (explicitly mentioned as such in "Porky's Preview"), Porky was more frequently cast as an adult, often being cast as the competent straight man in the series in later years. In the ending of many "Looney Tunes" cartoons, Porky Pig bursts through a bass drum head, and his attempt to close the show with "The End" becomes "Th-Th-The, Th-Th-The, Th-Th... That's all, folks!" Porky Pig appeared in 153 cartoons in the Golden age of American animation.


title: Porky Pig

text: The character was introduced in the 100th short, "I Haven't Got a Hat" (first released on March 2, 1935), directed by Friz Freleng. Studio head Leon Schlesinger suggested that Freleng do a cartoon version of the popular "Our Gang" films. Porky only has a minor role in the film, but the fat little stuttering pig quickly became popular. Porky's name came from two brothers who were childhood classmates of Freleng, nicknamed "Porky" and "Piggy".


title: Porky Pig

text: Since Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising had left the studio in 1933, taking the studio's star character Bosko with them, "Looney Tunes" had been kept afloat by cartoons featuring the bland Buddy. Porky's introduction ushered Buddy out the door and pointed to things to come. Tex Avery was hired to the studio in 1935, and his film "Gold Diggers of '49" reused much of the cast from "I Haven't Got a Hat", albeit in wildly different roles. Porky transitioned from a shy little boy to an immensely fat adult. Though he was still in a supporting role, Porky got most of the laughs. The directors realized they had a star on their hands.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky shared his stutter with the voice actor who originally played him, Joe Dougherty, who was actually a person who stuttered. Because Dougherty could not control his stutter, however, production costs became too high as his recording sessions took hours, and Porky's additional lines were done by Count Cutelli. Mel Blanc replaced Dougherty in 1937. Blanc continued the stutter; however, it was harnessed for a more precise comedic effect (such as stumbling over a simple word only to substitute a longer word without difficulty, or vice versa). This is parodied in "A Connecticut Rabbit in King Arthur's Court", where Bugs Bunny struggles to pronounce the word "porcupine", which Porky pronounces with no trouble.


title: Porky Pig

text: "Porky's Duck Hunt" was released in 1937, and Blanc officially became the permanent voice of Porky until his death in 1989. In later interviews, Blanc often said that he intended Porky's stutter to be suggestive of the grunting of actual pigs. "Porky's Duck Hunt" was also the first film of another Looney Tunes star, Daffy Duck. Porky Pig is currently voiced by Bob Bergen.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky starred in dozens of films in the late 1930s. The directors still did not have a grasp on the character, however; his appearance, age, and personality all varied from picture to picture. Several such cartoons show Porky as a child with parents: father Phineas ("Porky the Rainmaker", "Milk and Money", "Porky's Poppa", and "Porky and Teabiscuit") and an unnamed mother ("Wholly Smoke" and "Porky's Hero Agency"). Bob Clampett finally pinned Porky down in 1939, making him a permanent young adult: cuter, slimmer, smarter, and eventually less of a stutterer. Also, some cartoons show Porky as an antagonist ("Porky's Duck Hunt", "Porky's Hare Hunt", "My Favorite Duck", "A Corny Concerto", "Duck Soup to Nuts", "Daffy Doodles", "Daffy Duck Hunt", "Boobs in the Woods", "Thumb Fun" and "Cracked Quack"). Eventually, he settled into a kind persona. Clampett's Porky was an innocent traveler, taking in the wonders of the world—and in Clampett's universe, the world is a very weird place indeed. This principle is perhaps best demonstrated in "Porky in Wackyland", a film that sends Porky on a quest to find the last of the surreal Dodos, Yoyo Dodo. "Porky in Wackyland" was selected for preservation by the National Film Registry in 2000.


title: Porky Pig

text: In his commentary as part of the 1970s documentary film "", Clampett said that his early version of Tweety Bird had to be redesigned after his first picture because the producers thought he "looked naked". Meanwhile, as Clampett noted, nothing was ever made of the fact that "all those years, Porky never wore any pants!" However, Porky was seen with pants in "Porky's Badtime Story", "Tick Tock Tuckered" and "Brother Brat".


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky's post at the pinnacle of the Warners' pantheon was short-lived. In 1937, the studio tried pairing Porky with various sidekicks, such as love interest Petunia Pig, cantankerous foil Gabby Goat, and a screwy black duck, Daffy. Daffy Duck, the creation of Tex Avery, was by far the most popular, eventually outshining even Porky. In fact, Friz Freleng satirized this phenomenon when he directed "You Ought to Be in Pictures" (1940), where Daffy convinces Porky to quit his job at Warner Bros. to find better-paying work elsewhere. In turn, Porky convinces studio head Leon Schlesinger to release him from his contract. After a highly unsuccessful foray into the real world, Porky returns happily to the studio that created him. To this day, Porky remains as a loyal sidekick while Daffy refuses to be a second banana to Bugs Bunny, who rose to prominence shortly after Daffy.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky always remained a sentimental favorite of the Warner directors. His mild-mannered nature and shy demeanor made him the perfect straight man for zanier characters such as Daffy. He still starred in a few solo cartoons as well, such as Frank Tashlin's "Brother Brat". Other cartoons dumbed Porky down and cast him as a duck hunter after Daffy, largely paralleling the Elmer Fudd/Bugs Bunny pairings. Chuck Jones perfected the Porky-as-straightman scenarios, pairing the pig with Daffy Duck in a series of film and television parodies such as "Drip-Along Daffy", "Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century", "Rocket Squad", "Deduce, You Say!", "The Scarlet Pumpernickel" and "Robin Hood Daffy". Jones also paired Porky with Sylvester in a series of cartoons in the late 1940s and early 1950s, in which Porky plays the curmudgeonly and naive owner of the cat and remains clueless that Sylvester is constantly saving him from homicidal mice, space aliens and other threats.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky was used in regular rotation in television syndication beginning in the 1960s, as was the rest of his "Looney Tunes" co-stars. A Saturday morning cartoon, "The Porky Pig Show", ran from 1964 to 1967. In 1971, he starred in another show, "Porky Pig and Friends". Both of these programs were collections of old theatrical shorts. Porky also appeared in all the classic film-feature compilations in the 1970s and 1980s. Another such collection was the 1986 film, "Porky Pig in Hollywood", which ran in art and college theaters.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky made two appearances in the Disney/Amblin film "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" (1988). Firstly seen on a poster in Towntown advertising "Porky's All Beef Sausage", and secondly at the end of the film where he, being paired with Disney's Tinkerbell, has the duty of closing the movie with his famous line "Th-Th-Th-That's All Folks!". It was the last time that Mel Blanc voiced Porky before his death in 1989.


title: Porky Pig

text: In the 1990s animated series "Tiny Toon Adventures", Porky appears as the mentor of Hamton J. Pig. He was voiced by Bob Bergen in "Animaniacs" and "Hero Hamton", Rob Paulsen in "The Wacko World of Sports", Noel Blanc in "Fields of Honey", "The Acme Bowl" and "Hero Hamton", Joe Alaskey in "Music Day", and Greg Burson in "It's a Wonderful Tiny Toons Christmas Special". Porky also made cameo appearances in "Animaniacs" (where he was voiced by Rob Paulsen in ”De-Zanitized”, Greg Burson in “The Warners' 65th Anniversary Special”, and Bob Bergen in “Suffragette City”) and "Histeria!" (where he was voiced by Billy West).


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky appears in the movie "Space Jam" (1996) and collaborates with Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd and Sylvester in challenging the Nerdlucks to a basketball game. He tries to get Michael Jordan's autograph when the basketball star is first recruited to join the team and later plays for the Tune Squad in the game itself, scoring one basket. Porky tries to end the movie with his famous line but is prevented through the combined efforts of Bugs, Daffy and the Nerdlucks. He was voiced by Bob Bergen.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky is the star of the Super NES video game "Porky Pig's Haunted Holiday" (1995). He also made appearances in the games "", "", "", "", "Bugs Bunny Rabbit Rampage" and "The Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout". Bob Bergen reprises his role in these games.


title: Porky Pig

text: In the movie "" (2003), Porky (Bob Bergen again) makes a cameo appearance alongside Speedy Gonzales, where they both lament their politically incorrect status. At the end of the movie, Porky tries to say his classic line, but stutters so much, the lights are turned off around him as the studio closes for the night; so an irritated Porky simply says, "G-g-go home, folks."


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky appears as a toddler version of himself in "Baby Looney Tunes" (2002), albeit only in the show's musical numbers. Petunia functioned as the show's more major pig character.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky appears as the "Eager Young Space Cadet" in the animated series "Duck Dodgers" (2003–2005), again voiced by Bob Bergen.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky has a descendant in "Loonatics Unleashed" (2005–2007) named Pinkster Pig (who was also voiced by Bob Bergen). Pinkster had been an old friend of Danger Duck (Daffy Duck's descendant), but became a villain when he was adopted by Stoney and Bugsy (descendants of Rocky and Mugsy).


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky also appears in most episodes of Cartoon Network's animated series "The Looney Tunes Show" (2011–2014), voiced again by Bob Bergen. He is still friends with Daffy Duck and often sucked into Daffy's schemes. Porky is also Daffy's nervous, fall guy buddy, similar to their relationship in classic comic books. It is also revealed in the show that in his high school years, he was a jock who bullied Daffy.


title: Porky Pig

text: In the documentary "I Know That Voice" (2013), Bob Bergen explains how to recreate the pig's famous stutter, demonstrating how difficult it is to do it without practice. He finishes the segment by joking "Nobody [else] can do that, and that's why I have job security!"


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky Pig appears as a recurring character in "New Looney Tunes", voiced once again by Bob Bergen. Here, he is shown to be fatter, like some of his earlier appearances in the mid-1930s. Porky was first mentioned in "Dust Bugster", where he told Bugs about a television series whose name was not mentioned that led to Bugs binge-watching it.


title: Porky Pig

text: In the 2018 DC Comics and Looney Tunes comic crossovers, Porky appeared in a story which paired him with Lex Luthor. This version of Porky was the successful owner of a company named Porkybux before it was hacked and ran him out of business. He is later approached by Lex to be in charge of LexCorp's social media division and lets Lex get away with harassing his employees and stealing their sandwiches as repayment for the second chance. It is later revealed that Lex gave him the position so he could frame Porky when Lex used his social media website to steal important passwords from their users. Porky begins an autobiography in prison to expose Lex for his actions. In the backup story stylized more like Looney Tunes, Porky tries selling Acme office supplies to Lex, but ends up stopping Lex from defeating Superman.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky's latest appearance is in "Looney Tunes Cartoons", where he is once again voiced by Bob Bergen. His personality is based on the earlier shorts, however, his appearance is based on later shorts like "The Looney Tunes Show" for example. He is mostly paired with Daffy Duck who always drives him crazy.


title: Porky Pig

text: A humanoid version of Porky also appeared in Tom King's "Batman/Elmer Fudd Special", where he ran a bar called Porky's which often featured attendants that were humanoid versions of other Looney Tunes characters. The bar and Porky also made a cameo in Tom King's "Batman" series.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky appears in the preschool series "Bugs Bunny Builders" which aired on Cartoon Network's Cartoonito block and HBO Max, where he is once again voiced by Bob Bergen.


title: Porky Pig

text: A short black-and-white cartoon was made in 1938 as part of a Warner Bros. blooper reel. It was shown on the Warner Bros. 50th Anniversary TV show. Porky is shown doing some carpentry work, pounding nails, when he smacks his thumb with the hammer. Grimacing in pain, he cries, "Oh, son of a bi-bi-, son of a bi-bi-, son of a bi-bi-bi-... gun!" He then turns to the viewers and says "Ha-ha-ha! You thought I was gonna say 's-s-son of a bitch', didn't ya?"


title: Porky Pig

text: This short, so-called "blooper" can also be found on the "" of 2006, under the title "Porky Pig Breakdowns of 1939" (with several versions of the clip, making it look like a true "blooper"), and on an "Each Dawn I Die" DVD box set, also released in 2006. Though the "blooper" was made a year before "Gone with the Wind" famously used the word in the line "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn", due to the Motion Picture Production Code the "blooper" was not shown publicly until the aforementioned special, which by that point FCC regulations softened enough for the word "bitch" to be used on television. The blooper was also shown as part of a package of other vintage bloopers on Warner Cable pay per view in the 80's. The blooper was animated by Rod Scribner, widely considered as one of the best Looney Tunes animators of all time.


title: Porky Pig

text: Porky was ranked number 47 on "TV Guide"s list of top 50 cartoon characters. He was shown on one of that issue's two covers in a crossover scene with Duck Dodgers and "The Powerpuff Girls".


title: Chloride

text: The chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl. It is formed when the element chlorine (a halogen) gains an electron or when a compound such as hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water or other polar solvents. Chloride salts such as sodium chloride are often very soluble in water. It is an essential electrolyte located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting nerve impulses and regulating liquid flow in and out of cells. Less frequently, the word "chloride" may also form part of the "common" name of chemical compounds in which one or more chlorine atoms are covalently bonded. For example, methyl chloride, with the standard name chloromethane (see IUPAC books) is an organic compound with a covalent C−Cl bond in which the chlorine is not an anion.


title: Chloride

text: A chloride ion (diameter 167 pm) is much larger than a chlorine atom (diameter 99 pm). This is because the chloride anion has 1 more electron than the chlorine atom, reducing the hold of the nucleus on the valence shell. The ion is colorless and diamagnetic. In aqueous solution, it is highly soluble in most cases; however, for some chloride salts, such as silver chloride, lead(II) chloride, and mercury(I) chloride, they are only slightly soluble in water. In aqueous solution, chloride is bound by the protic end of the water molecules.


title: Chloride

text: Chloride can be oxidized but not reduced. The first oxidation, as employed in the chlor-alkali process, is conversion to chlorine gas. Chlorine can be further oxidized to other oxides and oxyanions including hypochlorite (ClO, the active ingredient in chlorine bleach), chlorine dioxide (ClO), chlorate (), and perchlorate ().


title: Chloride

text: In terms of its acid–base properties, chloride is a weak base as indicated by the negative value of the p"K" of hydrochloric acid. Chloride can be protonated by strong acids, such as sulfuric acid:


title: Chloride

text: Ionic chloride salts reaction with other salts to exchange anions. The presence of halide ions like chloride can be detected using silver nitrate. A solution containing chloride ions will produce a white silver chloride precipitate:


title: Chloride

text: The concentration of chloride in an assay can be determined using a chloridometer, which detects silver ions once all chloride in the assay has precipitated via this reaction.


title: Chloride

text: Chlorine can assume oxidation states of −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. Several neutral chlorine oxides are also known.


title: Chloride

text: In nature, chloride is found primarily in seawater, which has a chloride ion concentration of 19400 mg/liter. Smaller quantities, though at higher concentrations, occur in certain inland seas and in subterranean brine wells, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Dead Sea in Israel.


title: Chloride

text: Most chloride salts are soluble in water, thus, chloride-containing minerals are usually only found in abundance in dry climates or deep underground. Some chloride-containing minerals include halite (sodium chloride NaCl), sylvite (potassium chloride KCl), bischofite (MgCl∙6HO), carnallite (KCl∙MgCl∙6HO), and kainite (KCl∙MgSO∙3HO). It is also found in evaporite minerals such as chlorapatite and sodalite.


title: Chloride

text: Chloride has a major physiological significance, which includes regulation of osmotic pressure, electrolyte balance and acid-base homeostasis. Chloride is present in all body fluids, and is the most abundant extracellular anion which accounts for around one third of extracellular fluid's tonicity.


title: Chloride

text: Chloride is an essential electrolyte, playing a key role in maintaining cell homeostasis and transmitting action potentials in neurons. It can flow through chloride channels (including the GABA receptor) and is transported by KCC2 and NKCC2 transporters.


title: Chloride

text: Chloride is usually (though not always) at a higher extracellular concentration, causing it to have a negative reversal potential (around −61 mV at 37 °C in a mammalian cell). Characteristic concentrations of chloride in model organisms are: in both "E. coli" and budding yeast are 10–200 mM (dependent on medium), in mammalian cells 5–100 mM and in blood plasma 100 mM.


title: Chloride

text: The concentration of chloride in the blood is called serum chloride, and this concentration is regulated by the kidneys. A chloride ion is a structural component of some proteins; for example, it is present in the amylase enzyme. For these roles, chloride is one of the essential dietary mineral (listed by its element name "chlorine"). Serum chloride levels are mainly regulated by the kidneys through a variety of transporters that are present along the nephron. Most of the chloride, which is filtered by the glomerulus, is reabsorbed by both proximal and distal tubules (majorly by proximal tubule) by both active and passive transport.


title: Chloride

text: The presence of chlorides, such as in seawater, significantly worsens the conditions for pitting corrosion of most metals (including stainless steels, aluminum and high-alloyed materials). Chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete lead to a local breakdown of the protective oxide form in alkaline concrete, so that a subsequent localized corrosion attack takes place.


title: Chloride

text: Increased concentrations of chloride can cause a number of ecological effects in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. It may contribute to the acidification of streams, mobilize radioactive soil metals by ion exchange, affect the mortality and reproduction of aquatic plants and animals, promote the invasion of saltwater organisms into previously freshwater environments, and interfere with the natural mixing of lakes. Sodium chloride has also been shown to change the composition of microbial species at relatively low concentrations. It can also hinder the denitrification process, a microbial process essential to nitrate removal and the conservation of water quality, and inhibit the nitrification and respiration of organic matter.


title: Chloride

text: The chlor-alkali industry is a major consumer of the world's energy budget. This process converts sodium chloride into chlorine and sodium hydroxide, which are used to make many other materials and chemicals. The process involves two parallel reactions:


title: Chloride

text: An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissociates into Na and Cl ions. Salts such as calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride have varied uses ranging from medical treatments to cement formation.


title: Chloride

text: Calcium chloride (CaCl) is a salt that is marketed in pellet form for removing dampness from rooms. Calcium chloride is also used for maintaining unpaved roads and for fortifying roadbases for new construction. In addition, calcium chloride is widely used as a de-icer, since it is effective in lowering the melting point when applied to ice.


title: Chloride

text: Examples of covalently-bonded chlorides are phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, and thionyl chloride, all three of which are reactive chlorinating reagents that have been used in a laboratory.


title: Chloride

text: A major application involving chloride is desalination, which involves the energy intensive removal of chloride salts to give potable water. In the petroleum industry, the chlorides are a closely monitored constituent of the mud system. An increase of the chlorides in the mud system may be an indication of drilling into a high-pressure saltwater formation. Its increase can also indicate the poor quality of a target sand.


title: Chloride

text: Chloride is also a useful and reliable chemical indicator of river and groundwater fecal contamination, as chloride is a non-reactive solute and ubiquitous to sewage and potable water. Many water regulating companies around the world utilize chloride to check the contamination levels of the rivers and potable water sources.


title: Lantern (Better Call Saul)

text: "Lantern" is the tenth and final episode of the third season of the American television drama series "Better Call Saul", the spinoff series of "Breaking Bad". Written by Gennifer Hutchison and directed by series co-creator Peter Gould, "Lantern" aired on AMC in the United States on June 19, 2017. Outside of the United States, the episode premiered on streaming service Netflix in several countries.


title: Lantern (Better Call Saul)

text: In the episode, Jimmy plans to help Irene recover the trust of her friends at Sandpiper Crossing at the cost of his reputation, while Chuck is forced by Howard to resign from HHM, eventually causing a relapse of his condition. Meanwhile, Kim recovers at home from her wounds from the car crash, and Hector collapses from a stroke caused by Nacho.