title: Untitled Unmastered

text: The songs performed during Lamar's appearances on "The Colbert Report" ("untitled 03 | 05.28.2013.", plus a new coda), "The Tonight Show" ("untitled 08 | 09.06.2014." plus the end of "untitled 02 | 06.23.2014.") and the end of the 2016 Grammys (part of his first verse from "untitled 05 | 09.21.2014.") were all included on "Untitled Unmastered". "The Tonight Show" performance was previously known as "Untitled 2". Previously, part of Lamar's "untitled 08" verse had been used for remixes of Funkadelic's "Ain't That Funkin Kinda Hard on You". Swizz Beatz has said that his and Alicia Keys' 5-year-old son Egypt produced "untitled 07" and played a large contribution in the productions of "untitled 01" and "untitled 02" through uncredited samples. TDE producer Sounwave has confirmed on Twitter that Egypt produced the second half of the track. "untitled 06 | 06.30.2014" features uncredited vocals from American singer CeeLo Green, while it was produced by both Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad of A Tribe Called Quest. Fuse TV described the album's tracks: "they have no official titles, have fascinating imperfections, and represent Kendrick in his rawest form while shedding insight into his creative development over the last three to four years." According to an interview with "Complex", Sounwave mentioned that Kendrick Lamar opted against mastering the tracks of "Untitled Unmastered", because Lamar "wanted ["Untitled Unmastered"] to feel 100 percent authentic." Comparing the unusual nature of the album's presentation to that of Kanye West's "The Life of Pablo" (2016), "The Independent" Christopher Hooton wrote that: 'I don't think we should consider this a Kendrick Lamar album in the same way we do "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" [sic], "TPAB" etc, but it definitely feels more formal and considered than a mixtape [...] the whole thing still feels cohesive.'


title: Untitled Unmastered

text: The "Boston Globe" characterized "Untitled Unmastered" as "pull[ing] listeners right back into [a] web of jazz-soaked, funk-drunk internal conflict and social commentary," while "The Guardian" described the album as "filled with the free jazz, funk, politically charged lyrics and experimental sounds that made "To Pimp a Butterfly" such an instant classic." Tiny Mix Tapes described the album's music as "both ambient yet thrashing, melodic yet radiating, with standout tracks like "untitled 02" and "untitled 07" fully exhibiting Lamar’s vertiginous flows and adept ear for exciting, tuneful, next-level rap production." The "Chicago Tribune" also observed the "soul, spoken word and avant-garde music that permeated ["Butterfly"]," noting that "the tracks favor upright bass, skittering drums and horn textures as much as loops and samples [while] Lamar employs a range of vocalists, from SZA and CeeLo Green to augment his typically dense, diamond-hard rhymes." Lyrically, the release furthers Lamar's exploration of psychological and politically charged ideas, with references to spirituality and race featured throughout. "Drowned in Sound" also noted the thematic interplay between sexuality and oppression present in the release.


title: Untitled Unmastered

text: "Untitled 01" was described by "NME" as an "unashamedly apocalyptic opening," while "The Guardian" described it as "vividly, cinematically drawn, its descriptions of towers crumbling, oceans drying and rapists fleeing – as well as its promise of an end to war, discrimination and superficiality – capture terror and justice in equal measure." Tiny Mix Tapes characterized the track as "a hallucinatory odyssey through the psyche of a conflicted young man," with production that "complements Lamar’s dark narrative perfectly, with the bass often sounding like it’s sizzling up from under the intoxicating beat." The following track, "untitled 02", was characterized by "NME" as "a chin-stroking track about faith, gifts from God and the ostentatious material indulgence of his peers, that incorporates "faint saxophone squalls and cloying synths," while "The Guardian" noted Lamar's vocal experimentation, with him "push[ing] his timbre into an ancient-sounding quaver before seizing the shifting sands of the beat with relish for a bravura final rap verse." The chant "Pimp pimp!... Hooray" on this track is the first mention of an album-spanning refrain. On "untitled 03," Lamar pursues a "loose concept of Afrofuturism [..] which he briefly collides head-on with Eastern philosophies and contemporary inner-city living." The track pits "the utopian vision [..] ostensibly based around black identity [with] the possibility of a much bleaker dystopian society." "Untitled 04", the shortest track on the album, is filled with feverish whispers, with empowering, pro-education message.


title: Untitled Unmastered

text: "Untitled 05" is a thicket of hi-hat percussion and saxophone, a piano glissando from Robert Glasper, a vocal from Anna Wise and guest raps from Jay Rock and Lamar's TDE manager Punch. It discusses treatment of and expectations for minorities in the US. Lamar's performance at the 2016 Grammy Awards found him rhyming over L.A. singer-producer Iman Omari's "Omari's Mood"; that beat, in slightly altered form, is the basis of "Untitled 05". "Untitled 06" has a smooth bossa nova and jazz-funk groove, marked by xylophone and flute, and a lush chorus from Cee-Lo. In the track, Lamar seems to be addressing a girl he's trying to impress, but some lines seem to show him plagued by self-doubt. "Pimp pimp... Hooray!" – also the final line of the whole album – makes its return on "Untitled 07", a three-part 8-minute song, glides easily from a trap-influenced call to "levitate," and a wordless choral melody, to Lamar's broadsides against his competitors, before closing with tape hiss and studio chatter. Musically, critics compared "untitled 08" (unofficially known as "Blue Faces"), with "King Kunta", for its hydraulic-pumping synthesized bass thump and Lamar's slangy flow. The song counters feelings of futility and hopelessness with optimism, suggesting there may be hope after all.


title: Untitled Unmastered

text: "Untitled Unmastered" received widespread acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 86, based on 31 reviews. Evan Rytlewski of "The A.V. Club" wrote that "although "Untitled" begs to be graded on a curve, it doesn’t need to be. Leftovers or not, this is magnificent music from a rare talent working at peak creativity." Writing for "Tiny Mix Tapes", Brooklyn Russell stated that "whether rhythmically bustling or meditative, these eight previously unreleased demos from the "Butterfly" sessions seethe with Lamar’s still-startling visions and artistic ambitions." Writing for "The Guardian", Alex Macpherson thought the album "is collection whose understatement allows different facets of Lamar’s talent to shine." Greg Kot of "Chicago Tribune" wrote that his songs "openly struggle with issues of race and racism, identity and self-worth, the desire to possess the world or destroy it. We are all works in progress, he suggests -- unstable, volatile, ever-changing. Why should a collection of songs be any different?"


title: Untitled Unmastered

text: Kellan Miller, writing for "Drowned in Sound", observed that "Kendrick’s experimental hankering is constantly in flux. He spends the entirety of the record fusing seemingly disparate parts and wafting between snippets of ideas," ultimately asserting that "the Compton native’s appeal can be spliced in illimitable categories, but the conclusion is always his art's untamed, almost psychotic brilliance. In "The Boston Globe", Julian Benbow noted: "In a way, it’s all as tightly woven as his Grammy-winning work, even if none of these cuts fit that album’s meticulous narrative." In "NME", Larry Bartleet opined "there are few unfamiliar messages and it’s all dense and considered, but never overwrought or explicitly angry. What really emerges is Kendrick's nuanced worldview." Will Hermes of "Rolling Stone" concluded his review writing "there's brilliance in even Lamar's cast-offs, and an intimacy here that makes this more than just a gift for his ravenous fans."


title: Untitled Unmastered

text: "Untitled Unmastered" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, earning 178,000 album-equivalent units for the week ending March 10, 2016. 142,000 came from traditional album sales. The compilation album gave Lamar his second chart-topping set in less than a year. It has sold 205,000 copies domestically as of April 30, 2016.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: The Storyville Slayer is the nickname given to an American serial killer who murdered at least 24 sex workers and drug addicts, most of whom were women, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Through the course of the investigation, two separate suspects were considered, one of whom was convicted of one murder, leading investigators to believe that multiple killers are responsible.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: The perpetrator(s) mainly targeted girls and women of African American descent, aged between 17 and 42, as victims. Most of them were strangled to death, while a number of others were beaten and drowned in canals and rivers, and then dumped in swamps, rivers or canals near highways bordering the western shores of Lake Pontchartrain. Due to the isolated locations of the dumping sites, the victims' bodies were left in water spanning from several weeks to several years, resulting in extreme decomposition and destruction of incriminating evidence. Some of the victims have never been identified.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: According to investigators, the crimes began in the summer of 1991, after a young black woman informed police about an attempt on her life. According to her testimony, she had boarded the car of an unknown man in Algiers sometime in July, and after having a conversation with him, the man strangled her into unconsciousness and dropped her off on the streets. Her name has never been disclosed, and she is referred to as "Brenda" in case files. During her testimony, "Brenda" gave a description of her attacker, from which an identikit was created. She described him as a muscular, well-dressed, middle-aged black male who drove a dark-colored vehicle, possibly a Buick Regal or Chevrolet Monte Carlo.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On August 4, 1991, the body of 17-year-old Danielle Britton was found in a ditch not far from where "Brenda" had been abducted. Her body had been covered with garbage, and an autopsy determined that she had been beaten and strangled. Britton had dropped out of school shortly before her death, and was last seen in a New Orleans bar next to an unknown man. It is unclear where she was employed, but nothing indicated that she engaged in prostitution or used drugs.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On September 3, the body of 21-year-old Tyra Tassin was found. A mother of three, she had a criminal record for drug possession. Eighteen days later, the body of 28-year-old Charlene Price was found in a New Orleans park, just one mile from where Britton was found. An autopsy determined that she had been beaten and strangled. Price was a drug addict, but had no history of prostitution.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On November 21, the body of 37-year-old Regina Oko was discovered. A mother of three, she had multiple arrests for prostitution during her lifetime. An autopsy deduced that she had been strangled, and prior to her death, had taken a large dose of cocaine, which could have caused an overdose. On December 14, skeletal remains were found in a ditch near a highway. The autopsy established the remains belonged to a young black girl, who at the time was in her early twenties and approximately 1,57 cm tall. Despite having a defining characteristic - namely strongly protruding front teeth - she was not identified. The victim is referred to as "Jane Doe No. 1", was presumably strangled and found not far from Britton's body.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On January 4, 1992, the body of 29-year-old Lydia Madison, who had several arrests on charges of prostitution and drug possession, was found in a ditch under a highway overpass. The cause of her death was also declared as strangulation. On June 2, 25-year-old George Williams' body was found in the LaBranche Wetlands area of St. Charles Parish. An autopsy determined that she had been strangled. Investigators determined that she was a transsexual, had feminine features and worked as an exotic dancer at a New Orleans nightclub. Like the previous victims, Williams was a drug addict and had been arrested for robbery and drug possession.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On July 25, the body of 33-year-old Noah Filson was found in the waters of a canal near I-55. Like Williams, Filson was transsexual and worked at a nightclub under the name 'Brenda Bewitch'. On September 21, the remains of 29-year-old Regiter Martin were discovered in the waters of another canal near a highway. She was an impoverished mother of three who engaged in prostitution and had several previous arrests.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On February 20, 1993, the skeletal remains of 30-year-old Cheryl Lewis were discovered in the waters of a canal near Hahnville. Like the previous victims, Lewis was an impoverished mother of four and known prostitute with several arrests, and had been strangled to death. However, while investigating her death, authorities learned that she was last seen alive on February 2, getting into the car of an unidentified white male. On the next day, the body of 42-year-old Delores Mack was found in the waters of a canal near a highway, not far from the Lewis crime scene. She too had been strangled, but was had no known history with either drugs or prostitution.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: During this period, according to investigators, the killer(s) committed several other murders, but due to various circumstances, the bodies of the victims were found only in early 1994. On February 5, 1994, skeletal remains were found in St. John the Baptist Parish, later determined to be a young woman between the ages of 25 and 35. She had been strangled. She remains unidentified, as is referred to as "Jane Doe No. 2". Five days later, more skeletal remains were found, this time to a girl whose age is estimated to be around 15 to 17. Due to extreme decompisition, she too remains unidentified, and is named "Jane Doe No. 3".


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On February 13, 25-year-old Stephanie Murray's body was found in a small pond near the Bonnet Carré Spillway. Two days later, the skeletal remains of another young girl were found, whose identity was never ascertained. On April 2, two sets of skeletal remains were found in the canals, later determined to be of a young woman and a young man. Due to extreme decomposition, neither could be identified, and are referred to as "Jane Doe No. 5" and "John Doe No. 1".


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On July 3, the body of 32-year-old Michelle Foster, who had gone missing in New Orleans just days prior, was found. On October 19, the skeletal remains of a woman were found in a wooded area near a highway within the limits of Bridge City. She was later identified as 28-year-old Stephanie Brown, who had no prior criminal record.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On January 22, 1995, the body of 29-year-old impoverished mother of three Wanda Ford was found in a swamp near the I-55. During her lifetime, she had been arrested multiple times for theft and was a known drug addict. On the following day, the body of 39-year-old Sandra Warner was found in St. John the Baptist Parish. On January 25, the remains of 25-year-old Henry Calvin, who had gone missing months earlier from New Orleans, were found.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On March 24, police found more skeletal remains under an overpass in Tangipahoa Parish. While the remains were determined to be female, authorities were unable to identify the victim, and she is listed as "Jane Doe No. 6". Her estimated age was between 25 and 35. On April 30, the bodies of two women were found in a swampy area near the I-55. The victims were later identified as Karen Ivester and Sharon Robinson, 30 and 28, respectively. Autopsies determined that Ivester had been strangled, while Robinson had been beaten and strangled, but the presence of water in her lungs indicated that the cause of death had been drowning.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On May 6, the body of 39-year-old Sandra Williams, who had been strangled, was found on a boulevard in New Orleans. According to the official investigation, the murders ceased following her death. Eleven months after the final body was found, police discovered additional skeletal remains on April 8, 1996. She was later identified as 39-year-old Lola Porter, who had gone missing from New Orleans in 1992. Policemen later interviewed her friends and acquaintances, who stated that she had been cohabiting with a white male who vanished shortly after Porter went missing.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: In May 1995, a task force was established by the New Orleans Police Department, in conjunction with surrounding parishes and the FBI, in order to solve the killings. During a press conference in August, Chief Richard Pennington announced to the media that the current prime suspect was 33-year-old Victor Gant, a police officer working in New Orleans. During the investigations, it was established that Gant had an intimate relationship with one of the victims, Sharon Robinson. As a young man, he was a boxer and regularly went to the gym and did weightlifting, and closely matched the 1991 suspect sketch based on "Brenda"'s testimony. FBI agent Neil Gallagher later clarified that Gant was a suspect only in Robinson and Ivester's murders, and at present, they had no evidence tying him to any of the other killings. In response, Gant's attorney John Reed said that his client was innocent and the evidence was purely circumstantial.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: A native of New Orleans, Gant spent his childhood and youth in Algiers, where a number of the victims lived and were abducted from. He became a police officer in February 1980, and while on patrol, Gant would spend a lot of time in red-light districts, where in later years he acquired many acquaintances among pimps, prostitutes and street informants. In the early 1990s, Gant gained a reputation for being corrupt after a number of informants reported that he, along with a few others, were running racketeering operations against pimps and other criminals. It was revealed that during this time, he met Sharon Robinson, who soon became his roommate. On December 9, 1994, Robinson went to the police to report him for beating her, and according to her statement, Gant punched her in the face and broke her nose. Gant denied the accusation, stating that he had pushed her during an argument, with Robinson hitting her nose on a chair - this was contradicted by her children, who said that they had witnessed him beating their mother. This was backed up by the emergency room doctor, who testified that the woman's injuries were the result of a beating.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: In early 1995, a disciplinary panel and hearing to determine Gant's punishment began. During the hearing, members of the disciplinary committee reviewed the testimony of the prosecution's witnesses. The key witness was supposed to be Robinson, but she was found dead on May 1, 1995. According to the investigators, Gant had killed both her and her friend, Karen Ivester, in order to get rid of them. According to friends and acquaintances of the victims, Gant held a personal grudge against Ivester and had spoken negatively about her on multiple occasions. In order to determine whether he was guilty or not, Gant was ordered to submit DNA for testing to see whether they could match it to the perpetrator's saliva, which was found on a piece of chewing tobacco found near Ivester's body. The results were inconclusive and no charges were filed against Gant, who was dismissed from the force in August 1996.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On August 13, 1997, "The Howard Stern Show" received a call from a man who identified himself as "Clay". During the conversation with host Howard Stern, which was broadcast live, "Clay" described details for more than 12 murders and gave some details about his background, indicating that he was a white resident of New Orleans. The interview with the potential serial killer caused a massive media publicity, thanks to which FBI agents allegedly went to the studio and seized audio recordings of the call to establish the caller's location and possible identity. In the following years, the credibility of this incident was questioned, as the program regularly received numerous call from people who claimed to have done terrible things, with some alleging that Stern himself faked the call to boost his ratings.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: In addition to Gant, another resident of New Orleans, Russell Ellwood, soon came under police suspicion. A native of Massillon, Ohio, Ellwood moved to New Orleans in 1968 after graduating high school. For the next 30 years, Ellwood lived in squalor because of his drug addiction, had no permanent residence, never married and changed professions often, mostly sticking to photography and cab driving. Owing to his addiction, Ellwood was arrested several times from 1968 to 1998. When not imprisoned, he spent most of his time among fellow vagrants, with acquaintances describing him as an outsider who constantly sought to make get-rich-quick schemes, but consistently failed in his endeavors.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: Ellwood first came under police scrutiny in 1994, after he was allegedly found masturbating in his car by police, which had been parked by the road, near where Cheryl Lewis and Delores Mack's bodies were found. A partially undressed Ellwood was forced out of his car and told to show his driver's license. His explanation for stopping was to apparently change the oil and repair the brake pads of his car, and willingly allowed his vehicle to be searched. Officers found none of the items required for the fixes, not even a flashlight, which would be necessary to perform such repairs in an unlit area at night. Ellwood was questioned regarding the murders and later booked as a suspect. After the task force was formed, Col. Walter T. Gorman of the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office and other task force members travelled to Sebring, Florida on July 23, 1997, so they could question Ellwood, who was living with his elderly father.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: Once located, Ellwood was informed of his rights, and within three days gave several statements recorded on tape. During the interrogations, he admitted to frequenting black prostitutes throughout his life, claiming that he knew more than 100 girls, in addition to frequently taking drugs such as heroin, crack cocaine and LSD over the years. The investigators became increasingly suspicious when Ellwood started speaking about having a dream in which he was being questioned about a series of murders and later admitting to frequenting the locations where the bodies were found, but continued to reaffirm his innocence.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: On August 4, 1997, just days after the interrogations were completed, Ellwood was arrested for buying cocaine from an undercover police officer at his home in Sebring. As a result, he was convicted and sentenced to spend 85 days in the county jail. According to his cellmates, Ellwood implicated himself in the prostitute killings back in New Orleans and its various suburbs. One of them, Stan Hill, contacted the county prosecutor's office and claimed that Ellwood had described to him in detail how he had driven the women to outlying areas of the city, offering them large quantities of drugs that caused overdoses, then strangled and dumped their bodies. A number of other inmates witnessed a fight between Ellwood and another inmate, during which he allegedly said "Yeah, I killed that nigger bitch. I'll kill you too." Another inmate, Stephen Michael Busser, also told police that Ellwood had boasted of being wanted for more than 60 murders within the state of Louisiana, and had even described to him in detail one of them.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: After his release, Ellwood returned to Canton to live with his brother, who offered him a high-paying job. Based on Hill's testimony, the task force tracked him down and re-interviewed in the presence of Ron Camden, a 27-year veteran of the Cincinnati Police Department's Homicide Unit. During interrogation, Ellwood initially denied making any such statements to the inmates, but after an audio tape of Hill's testimony was played, he admitted that he had indeed boasted to Hill. Camden later testified that Ellwood also confessed to him that he had killed a black girl, whose corpse he had dumped in the canal. No recording of this confession was taken, and Ellwood later denied ever confessing to such a murder to Camden. Ellwood later claimed that a mental illness had caused him to boast, demanding that the interrogations cease and he be allowed to return to New Orleans to see his attorney and be provided with treatment. This request was denied, whereupon Ellwood confessed to killing Lewis and Mack, but refused to be audiotaped and soon after began denying that he had confessed.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: Eventually, Ellwood was released again, and in January 1998, he returned to New Orleans. On January 16, he was stopped by traffic cops for speeding and was scheduled to appear in court, but failed to appear on time and was subsequently arrested for contempt of court. Ellwood was eventually convicted and ordered to spend 120 days behind bars. While incarcerated, authorities charged him with the murders of Lewis and Mack on March 4, 1998.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: The trial began on June 8, 1999, in Lafayette. During the proceedings, a number of Ellwood's former cellmates and prostitutes testified as prosecution witnesses, with the former claiming that he had confessed to the killings while the latter claimed that he had assaulted them. Diane Gilliam, a former prostitute, told the court that she had known Ellwood since the early 1990s and had dated him periodically. She testified that in 1992, during a date, Ellwood, while under the influence of drugs, assaulted, beat and strangled her into unconsciousness. Gilliam stated that she woke up to find herself in a pool of blood in an unfamiliar, wooded area, where a passing motorist found her by chance and sheltered her at the motel he was staying at. She said that she did not report the incident, due to being a prostitute with a criminal record.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: Another girl, Navassa Richmond, a former stripper and prostitute, in turn testified that she had also been beaten and assaulted twice by a drug-crazed Ellwood, during which he also attempted to strangle her. Janie Stokes, a former prostitute, told the court that she first met him in either 1992 or 1993 at Snell's gas station in Marrero, when he was working as a cab driver. Stokes stated Ellwood bought her lunch and treated her nicely before driving her to his home, where he suggested that they use cocaine. After doing drugs together, Ellwood beat her, but she managed to flee. The witness, like Gilliam, did not report the incident because she was a drug addict. Antoinette Rainey, who worked as a drug dealer in New Orleans, also appeared as a witness for the prosecution, testifying that Ellwood was a regular customer. She recounted an incident in which Ellwood forced her into his car at gunpoint, then drove her to an underpass where he beat, raped and robbed, threatening to kill her during the ordeal. Rainey was able to escape, but did not report the attack due to her criminal lifestyle.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: Three witnesses testified that they had seen the defendant with Cheryl Lewis shortly before her disappearance. According to the testimony of Denise Sanders, who was Lewis' best friend, she had seen her with Ellwood three days prior, who was out driving his cab. Sanders also admitted to withholding this information, because she was a drug dealer. The second witness, Antoinette Holmes, who lived near Lewis, testified to seeing her at the Time Saver restaurant in Bridge City two weeks before she was reported missing, standing between two parked cars and talking to a cab driver. She then identified Ellwood as the driver. Weinweir Henry, Lewis' cousin, stated that she last saw her at a hotel in Avondale with a man, whom she identified as Ellwood. According to her, Lewis had told Henry that she and Ellwood were on their way to a suburb of New Orleans, where her body was later found. Henry testified that she had not given the police this information, as she was wanted for petty offenses at the time.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: Ellwood himself denied knowing any of the victims or committing any murders, although he could not provide an alibi. Cheryl Lewis' mother, in turn, admitted that her daughter was a drug addict and a prostitute, but said that she had never seen Ellwood with her daughter before. His attorneys argued that Ellwood was not in New Orleans at the time of the murders, claiming that he had been in Ohio with some relatives. Ellwood was known for keeping extensive amounts of documents that indicate his whereabouts, but the receipts regarding his supposed presence in Ohio for February 1993 had mysteriously disappeared. Ellwood's attorneys then filed a motion for a polygraph test to be performed on Sue Rushing, then-head of the task force, which was granted. During the test, Rushing was unable to answer a series of questions regarding the missing receipts, but the result was inconclusive, casting doubt on Ellwood's guilt. Ultimately, the murder charge for Delores Mack was dropped, but on the basis of very circumstantial evidence and unreliable testimony, Ellwood was found guilty of killing Cheryl Lewis and was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole on August 17, 1999. A deputy who worked in the department later attempted to sue them for allegedly firing him for revealing that Rushing had destroyed crucial evidence, but his appeal was rejected due to lack of evidence.


title: Storyville Slayer

text: As of November 2021, all of the murders, aside from that of Cheryl Lewis, remain unsolved. Ellwood remains a suspect in several of the killings, but no charges have been filed against him. Gant left New Orleans after his discharge from law enforcement and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he presumably still lives today. In a 2016 interview with "HuffPost," Major C.J. Destor of the St. John the Baptist Parish Sheriff's Office confirmed that Gant is still on the suspect list.


title: Boolean data type

text: In computer science, the Boolean (sometimes shortened to Bool) is a data type that has one of two possible values (usually denoted "true" and "false") which is intended to represent the two truth values of logic and Boolean algebra. It is named after George Boole, who first defined an algebraic system of logic in the mid 19th century. The Boolean data type is primarily associated with conditional statements, which allow different actions by changing control flow depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean "condition" evaluates to true or false. It is a special case of a more general "logical data type—"logic does not always need to be Boolean (see probabilistic logic).


title: Boolean data type

text: In programming languages with a built-in Boolean data type, such as Pascal and Java, the comparison operators such as codice_1 and codice_2 are usually defined to return a Boolean value. Conditional and iterative commands may be defined to test Boolean-valued expressions.


title: Boolean data type

text: Languages with no explicit Boolean data type, like C90 and Lisp, may still represent truth values by some other data type. Common Lisp uses an empty list for false, and any other value for true. The C programming language uses an integer type, where relational expressions like codice_3 and logical expressions connected by codice_4 and codice_5 are defined to have value 1 if true and 0 if false, whereas the test parts of codice_6, codice_7, codice_8, etc., treat any non-zero value as true. Indeed, a Boolean variable may be regarded (and implemented) as a numerical variable with one binary digit (bit), or as a bit string of length one, which can store only two values. The implementation of Booleans in computers are most likely represented as a full word, rather than a bit; this is usually due to the ways computers transfer blocks of information.


title: Boolean data type

text: Most programming languages, even those with no explicit Boolean type, have support for Boolean algebraic operations such as conjunction (codice_9, codice_10, codice_11), disjunction (codice_12, codice_13, codice_14), equivalence (codice_15, codice_16, codice_17), exclusive or/non-equivalence (codice_18, codice_19, codice_20, codice_21, codice_22), and negation (codice_23, codice_24, codice_25, codice_22).


title: Boolean data type

text: In some languages, like Ruby, Smalltalk, and Alice the "true" and "false" values belong to separate classes, e.g., codice_27 and codice_28, respectively, so there is no one Boolean "type".


title: Boolean data type

text: In SQL, which uses a three-valued logic for explicit comparisons because of its special treatment of Nulls, the Boolean data type (introduced in ) is also defined to include more than two truth values, so that SQL "Booleans" can store all logical values resulting from the evaluation of predicates in SQL. A column of Boolean type can be restricted to just codice_29 and codice_30 though.


title: Boolean data type

text: One of the earliest programming languages to provide an explicit "boolean" data type is ALGOL 60 (1960) with values "true" and "false" and logical operators denoted by symbols 'formula_1' (and), 'formula_2' (or), 'formula_3' (implies), 'formula_4' (equivalence), and 'formula_5' (not). Due to input device and character set limits on many computers of the time, however, most compilers used alternative representations for many of the operators, such as codice_9 or codice_32.


title: Boolean data type

text: This approach with "boolean" as a built-in (either primitive or otherwise predefined) data type was adopted by many later programming languages, such as Simula 67 (1967), ALGOL 68 (1970), Pascal (1970), Ada (1980), Java (1995), and C# (2000), among others.


title: Boolean data type

text: The first version of FORTRAN (1957) and its successor FORTRAN II (1958) have no logical values or operations; even the conditional codice_33 statement takes an arithmetic expression and branches to one of three locations according to its sign; see arithmetic IF. FORTRAN IV (1962), however, follows the ALGOL 60 example by providing a Boolean data type (codice_34), truth literals (codice_35 and codice_36), Boolean-valued numeric comparison operators (codice_37, codice_38, etc.), and logical operators (codice_39, codice_40, codice_41). In codice_42 statements, a specific format descriptor ('codice_43') is provided for the parsing or formatting of logical values.


title: Boolean data type

text: The language Lisp (1958) never had a built-in Boolean data type. Instead, conditional constructs like codice_44 assume that the logical value "false" is represented by the empty list codice_45, which is defined to be the same as the special atom codice_46 or codice_47; whereas any other s-expression is interpreted as "true". For convenience, most modern dialects of Lisp predefine the atom codice_48 to have value codice_48, so that codice_48 can be used as a mnemonic notation for "true".


title: Boolean data type

text: This approach ("any value can be used as a Boolean value") was retained in most Lisp dialects (Common Lisp, Scheme, Emacs Lisp), and similar models were adopted by many scripting languages, even ones having a distinct Boolean type or Boolean values; although which values are interpreted as "false" and which are "true" vary from language to language. In Scheme, for example, the "false" value is an atom distinct from the empty list, so the latter is interpreted as "true". Common Lisp, on the other hand, also provides the dedicated codice_51 type, derived as a specialization of the symbol.


title: Boolean data type

text: The language Pascal (1970) introduced the concept of programmer-defined enumerated types. A built-in codice_52 data type was then provided as a predefined enumerated type with values codice_30 and codice_29. By definition, all comparisons, logical operations, and conditional statements applied to and/or yielded codice_52 values. Otherwise, the codice_52 type had all the facilities which were available for enumerated types in general, such as ordering and use as indices. In contrast, converting between codice_52s and integers (or any other types) still required explicit tests or function calls, as in ALGOL 60. This approach ("Boolean is an enumerated type") was adopted by most later languages which had enumerated types, such as Modula, Ada, and Haskell.


title: Boolean data type

text: Initial implementations of the language C (1972) provided no Boolean type, and to this day Boolean values are commonly represented by integers (codice_58s) in C programs. The comparison operators (codice_1, codice_17, etc.) are defined to return a signed integer (codice_58) result, either 0 (for false) or 1 (for true). Logical operators (codice_4, codice_5, codice_25, etc.) and condition-testing statements (codice_6, codice_7) assume that zero is false and all other values are true.


title: Boolean data type

text: After enumerated types (codice_67s) were added to the American National Standards Institute version of C, ANSI C (1989), many C programmers got used to defining their own Boolean types as such, for readability reasons. However, enumerated types are equivalent to integers according to the language standards; so the effective identity between Booleans and integers is still valid for C programs.


title: Boolean data type

text: Standard C (since C99) provides a boolean type, called codice_68. By including the header codice_69, one can use the more intuitive name codice_70 and the constants codice_71 and codice_72. The language guarantees that any two true values will compare equal (which was impossible to achieve before the introduction of the type). Boolean values still behave as integers, can be stored in integer variables, and used anywhere integers would be valid, including in indexing, arithmetic, parsing, and formatting. This approach ("Boolean values are just integers") has been retained in all later versions of C. Note, that this does not mean that any integer value can be stored in a boolean variable.


title: Boolean data type

text: C++ has a separate Boolean data type codice_70, but with automatic conversions from scalar and pointer values that are very similar to those of C. This approach was adopted also by many later languages, especially by some scripting languages such as AWK.


title: Boolean data type

text: Objective-C also has a separate Boolean data type codice_74, with possible values being codice_75 or codice_76, equivalents of true and false respectively. Also, in Objective-C compilers that support C99, C's codice_68 type can be used, since Objective-C is a superset of C.


title: Boolean data type

text: Perl has no boolean data type. Instead, any value can behave as boolean in boolean context (condition of codice_6 or codice_7 statement, argument of codice_4 or codice_5, etc.). The number codice_84, the strings codice_85 and codice_86, the empty list codice_45, and the special value codice_88 evaluate to false. All else evaluates to true.


title: Boolean data type

text: Lua has a boolean data type, but non-boolean values can also behave as booleans. The non-value codice_46 evaluates to false, whereas every other data type value evaluates to true. This includes the empty string codice_86 and the number codice_84, which are very often considered codice_72 in other languages.


title: Boolean data type

text: PL/I has no boolean data type. Instead, comparison operators generate BIT(1) values; '0'B represents false and '1'B represents true. The operands of, e.g., codice_93, codice_94, codice_95, are converted to bit strings and the operations are performed on each bit. The "element-expression" of an codice_96 statement is true if any bit is 1.


title: Boolean data type

text: Rexx has no boolean data type. Instead, comparison operators generate 0 or 1; 0 represents false and 1 represents true. The operands of, e.g., codice_93, codice_94, codice_95, must be 0 or 1.


title: Boolean data type

text: Tcl has no separate Boolean type. Like in C, the integers 0 (false) and 1 (true—in fact any nonzero integer) are used.


title: Boolean data type

text: Python, from version 2.3 forward, has a codice_70 type which is a subclass of codice_58, the standard integer type. It has two possible values: codice_27 and codice_28, which are "special versions" of 1 and 0 respectively and behave as such in arithmetic contexts. Also, a numeric value of zero (integer or fractional), the null value (codice_104), the empty string, and empty containers (lists, sets, etc.) are considered Boolean false; all other values are considered Boolean true by default. Classes can define how their instances are treated in a Boolean context through the special method codice_105 (Python 2) or codice_106 (Python 3). For containers, codice_107 (the special method for determining the length of containers) is used if the explicit Boolean conversion method is not defined.


title: Boolean data type

text: In Ruby, in contrast, only codice_46 (Ruby's null value) and a special codice_72 object are "false"; all else (including the integer 0 and empty arrays) is "true".


title: Boolean data type

text: In JavaScript, the empty string (codice_86), codice_111, codice_112, codice_113, +0, −0 and codice_72


title: Boolean data type

text: are sometimes called "falsy" (of which the complement is "truthy") to distinguish between strictly type-checked and coerced Booleans. As opposed to Python, empty containers (arrays , Maps, Sets) are considered truthy. Languages such as PHP also use this approach.


title: Boolean data type

text: Booleans appear in SQL when a condition is needed, such as clause, in form of predicate which is produced by using operators such as comparison operators, operator, etc. However, apart from and , these operators can also yield a third state, called , when comparison with is made.


title: Boolean data type

text: The SQL92 standard introduced and operators which evaluate a predicate, which predated the introduction of boolean type in .


title: Boolean data type

text: The SQL:1999 standard introduced a data type as an optional feature (T031). When restricted by a constraint, a SQL behaves like Booleans in other languages, which can store only and values. However, if it is nullable, which is the default like all other SQL data types, it can have the special null value also. Although the SQL standard defines three literals for the type – and it also says that the and "may be used interchangeably to mean exactly the same thing". This has caused some controversy because the identification subjects to the equality comparison rules for NULL. More precisely is not but . As of 2012 few major SQL systems implement the T031 feature. Firebird and PostgreSQL are notable exceptions, although PostgreSQL implements no literal; can be used instead.


title: Boolean data type

text: For example, in Microsoft SQL Server, boolean value is not supported at all, neither as a standalone data type nor representable as an integer. It shows the error message "An expression of non-boolean type specified in a context where a condition is expected" if a column is directly used in the clause, e.g. , while a statement such as yields a syntax error. The data type, which can only store integers 0 and 1 apart from , is commonly used as a workaround to store Boolean values, but workarounds need to be used such as to convert between the integer and boolean expression.


title: Boolean data type

text: Microsoft Access, which uses the Access Database Engine (ACE/JET), also does not have a boolean data type. Similar to MS SQL Server, it uses a data type. In Access it is known as a Yes/No data type which can have two values; Yes (True) or No (False). The BIT data type in Access can also can be represented numerically; True is −1 and False is 0. This differs to MS SQL Server in two ways, even though both are Microsoft products:


title: Boolean data type

text: PostgreSQL has a distinct type as in the standard, which allows predicates to be stored directly into a column, and allows using a column directly as a predicate in a clause.


title: Boolean data type

text: In MySQL, is treated as an alias of ; is the same as integer 1 and is the same is integer 0. Any non-zero integer is true in conditions.


title: Boolean data type

text: The Tableau codice_117 function converts a boolean to a number, returning 1 for True and 0 for False.


title: Boolean data type

text: Forth (programming language) has no boolean type, it uses regular integers: value 0 (all bits low) represents false, and -1 (all bits high) represents true. This allows the language to define only one set of logical operators, instead of one for mathematical calculations and one for conditions.


title: Will Wood (musician)

text: Wood has released four studio albums: "Everything Is A Lot" in 2015; "SELF-iSH" in 2016, "The Normal Album" in 2020, and ""In case I make It"," in 2022. Wood has also composed music for the podcast "Camp Here and There," and is co-host of the comedy podcast "Life in the World to Come" with creator Chris Dunne.


title: Will Wood (musician)

text: Wood's piano-led style often changes from one song to the next, drawing influence from folk, pop, jazz, rock and roll, latin music, and klezmer. He is also known for his unconventional use of tenor and baritone ukulele. When recording in studio or performing live with a band, he has mostly been accompanied by "The Tapeworms", which has primarily included Mike Bottiglieri on guitar, Matt Berger on alto saxophone, Mario Conte on drums, and Vater Boris on bass. The band is known for high energy live performances. Wood primarily performs solo, his shows featuring a combination of music, monologue, and stand-up comedy.


title: Will Wood (musician)

text: Wood has been described as "reclusive", and is known to avoid social media. Little is known about his personal life, and early in his career he would occasionally fictionalize his life in press appearances or onstage. Sources about Wood contain conflicting accounts of even basic information about his personal and professional life, even when he has not been interviewed.


title: Will Wood (musician)

text: Wood has consistently been open about his past struggles with addiction and mental illness, having entered recovery early in his career and later being diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Wood donates portions of his income to various mental health charities, including the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, saying, "I’ve gotten a lot better. I want to try and do something to help others get there."


title: Will Wood (musician)

text: He began releasing music with his band "The Tapeworms" in 2015. Under the moniker "Will Wood and the Tapeworms," he released two studio albums: "Everything is a Lot" in 2015, "SELF-iSH" in 2016, and the live album "The Real Will Wood" in 2018, which later served as the soundtrack to the mockumentary concert film of the same name.


title: Will Wood (musician)

text: In 2019, a crowdfunding campaign began for "The Normal Album," which raised $27,631 and was released in 2020 under his own name.


title: Will Wood (musician)

text: His newest studio album, titled ""In case I make It,"" was crowdfunded on Indiegogo in October 2021. Wood has described the collection of songs as being his most personal yet, saying: “I've always tried to consistently re-invent myself as an artist, I think. But this time is different, because for lack of a less dramatic phrase… I've reinvented myself as a person. I couldn’t be more different than I was even a year or two ago."


title: Will Wood (musician)

text: Six singles from ""In case I make It"," were released prior to the album's full release. In September 2021, prior to the crowdfunding of the album, Wood released a single entitled "Sex, Drugs, Rock 'n' Roll" (also featured on the album). On June 10, Wood released the single "You Liked This (Okay, Computer!)", a spoken word black comedy track about social media platforms. It stars voice actress Bev Standing, whose voice was allegedly used by video sharing social media platform TikTok for their text-to-speech feature without her consent. On July 27, the full album was released to positive reviews.


title: Dishwasher

text: A dishwasher is a machine that is used to clean dishware, cookware, and cutlery automatically. Unlike manual dishwashing, which relies heavily on physical scrubbing to remove soiling, the mechanical dishwasher cleans by spraying hot water, typically between , at the dishes, with lower temperatures of water used for delicate items.


title: Dishwasher

text: A mix of water and dishwasher detergent is pumped to one or more rotating sprayers, cleaning the dishes with the cleaning mixture. The mixture is recirculated to save water and energy. Often there is a pre-rinse, which may or may not include detergent, and the water is then drained. This is followed by the main wash with fresh water and detergent. Once the wash is finished, the water is drained; more hot water enters the tub by means of an electromechanical solenoid valve, and the rinse cycle(s) begin. After the rinse process finishes, the water is drained again and the dishes are dried using one of several drying methods. Typically a rinse-aid, a chemical to reduce the surface tension of the water, is used to reduce water spots from hard water or other reasons.


title: Dishwasher

text: In addition to domestic units, industrial dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments such as hotels and restaurants, where many dishes must be cleaned. Washing is conducted with temperatures of and sanitation is achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide an "final rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer.


title: Dishwasher

text: The first mechanical dishwashing device was registered for a patent in 1850 in the United States by Joel Houghton. This device was made of wood and was cranked by hand while water sprayed onto the dishes. The device was both slow and unreliable. Another patent was granted to L.A. Alexander in 1865 that was similar to the first but featured a hand-cranked rack system. Neither device was practical or widely accepted. Some historians cite as an obstacle to adoption the historical attitude that valued women for the effort put into housework rather than the results—making household chores easier was perceived by some to reduce their value.


title: Dishwasher

text: The most successful of the hand-powered dishwashers was invented in 1886 by Josephine Cochrane together with mechanic George Butters in Cochrane's tool shed in Shelbyville, Illinois when Cochrane (a wealthy socialite) wanted to protect her china while it was being washed. Her invention was unveiled at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago under the name of Lavadora but was changed to Lavaplatos as another machine invented in 1858 already held that name. Cochrane's inspiration was her frustration at the damage to her good china that occurred when her servants handled it during cleaning.


title: Dishwasher

text: Europe's first domestic dishwasher with an electric motor was invented and manufactured by Miele in 1929.


title: Dishwasher

text: In the United Kingdom, William Howard Livens invented a small, non-electric dishwasher suitable for domestic use in 1924. It was the first dishwasher that incorporated most of the design elements that are featured in the models of today; it included a door for loading, a wire rack to hold the dirty crockery and a rotating sprayer. Drying elements were added to his design in 1940. It was the first machine suitable for domestic use, and it came at a time when permanent plumbing and running water in the home were becoming increasingly common.


title: Dishwasher

text: Despite this, Liven's design did not become a commercial success, and dishwashers were only successfully sold as domestic utilities in the postwar boom of the 1950s, albeit only to the wealthy. Initially, dishwashers were sold as standalone or portable devices, but with the development of the wall-to-wall countertop and standardized height cabinets, dishwashers began to be marketed with standardized sizes and shapes, integrated underneath the kitchen countertop as a modular unit with other kitchen appliances.


title: Dishwasher

text: By the 1970s, dishwashers had become commonplace in domestic residences in North America and Western Europe. By 2012, over 75 percent of homes in the United States and Germany had dishwashers.


title: Dishwasher

text: In the late 1990s, manufacturers began offering various new energy conservation features in dishwashers. One feature was use of "soil sensors", which was a computerized tool in the dishwasher which measured food particles coming from dishes. When the dishwasher had cleaned the dishes to the point of not releasing more food particles, the soil sensor would report the dishes as being clean. The sensor operated with another innovation of using variable washing time. If dishes were especially dirty, then the dishwasher would run for a longer time than if the sensor detected them to be clean. In this way, the dishwasher would save energy and water by only being in operation for as long as needed.


title: Dishwasher

text: Dishwashers that are installed into standard kitchen cabinets have a standard width and depth of 60 cm (Europe) or (US), and most dishwashers must be installed into a hole a minimum of 86 cm (Europe) or (US) tall. Portable dishwashers exist in 45 and 60 cm (Europe) or (US) widths, with casters and attached countertops. There are also dishwashers available in sizes according to the European gastronorm standard. Dishwashers may come in standard or tall tub designs; standard tub dishwashers have a service kickplate beneath the dishwasher door that allows for simpler maintenance and installation, but tall tub dishwashers have approximately 20% more capacity and better sound dampening from having a continuous front door.


title: Dishwasher

text: The international standard for the capacity of a dishwasher is expressed as standard place settings. Commercial dishwashers are rated as plates per hour. The rating is based on standard-sized plates of the same size. The same can be said for commercial glass washers, as they are based on standard glasses, normally pint glasses.


title: Dishwasher

text: Present-day machines feature a drop-down front panel door, allowing access to the interior, which usually contains two or sometimes three pull-out racks; racks can also be referred to as "baskets". In older U.S. models from the 1950s, the entire tub rolled out when the machine latch was opened, and loading as well as removing washable items was from the top, with the user reaching deep into the compartment for some items. Youngstown Kitchens, which manufactured entire kitchen cabinets and sinks, offered a tub-style dishwasher, which was coupled to a conventional kitchen sink as one unit. Most present-day machines allow for placement of dishes, silverware, tall items and cooking utensils in the lower rack, while glassware, cups and saucers are placed in the upper rack. One notable exception were dishwashers produced by the Maytag Corporation from the late sixties until the early nineties. These machines were designed for loading glassware, cups and saucers in the lower rack, while plates, silverware, and tall items were placed into the upper rack. This unique design allowed for a larger capacity and more flexibility in loading of dishes and pots and pans. Today, "dish drawer" models eliminate the inconvenience of the long reach that was necessary with older full-depth models. "Cutlery baskets" are also common. A drawer dishwasher, first introduced by Fisher & Paykel in 1997, is a variant of the dishwasher in which the baskets slide out with the door in the same manner as a drawer filing cabinet, with each drawer in a double-drawer model being able to operate independently of the other.


title: Dishwasher

text: The inside of a dishwasher in the North American market is either stainless steel or plastic. Most of them are stainless steel body and plastic made racks. Stainless steel tubs resist hard water, and preserve heat to dry dishes more quickly. They also come at a premium price. Dishwashers can be bought for as expensive as $1,500+, but countertop dishwashers are also available for under $300. Older models used baked enamel tubs, while some used a vinyl coating bonded to a steel tub, which provided protection of the tub from acidic foods and provided some sound attenuation. European-made dishwashers feature a stainless steel interior as standard, even on low-end models. The same is true for a built-in water softener.


title: Dishwasher

text: European dishwashers almost universally use two or three sprayers which are fed from the bottom and back wall of the dishwasher leaving both racks unimpeded and also such models tend to use inline water heaters, removing the need for exposed elements in the base of the machine that can melt plastic items near to them. Many North American dishwashers tend to use exposed elements in the base of the dishwasher. Some North American machines, primarily those designed by General Electric, use a wash tube, often called a wash-tower, to direct water from the bottom of the dishwasher to the top dish rack. Some dishwashers, including many models from Whirlpool and KitchenAid, use a tube attached to the top rack that connects to a water source at the back of the dishwasher and directs water to a second wash spray beneath the upper rack, this allows full use of the bottom rack. Late-model Frigidaire dishwashers shoot a jet of water from the top of the washer down into the upper wash sprayer, again allowing full use of the bottom rack (but requiring that a small funnel on the top rack be kept clear).


title: Dishwasher

text: Mid range to higher end North American dishwashers often come with hard food disposal units, which behave like miniature garbage (waste) disposal units that eliminate large pieces of food waste from the wash water. One manufacturer that is known for omitting hard food disposals is Bosch, a German brand; however, Bosch does so in order to reduce noise. If the larger items of food waste are removed before placing in the dishwasher, pre-rinsing is not necessary even without integrated waste disposal units.


title: Dishwasher

text: Many new dishwashers feature microprocessor-controlled, sensor-assisted wash cycles that adjust the wash duration to the number of dirty dishes (sensed by changes in water temperature) or the amount of dirt in the rinse water (sensed chemically or optically). This can save water and energy if the user runs a partial load. In such dishwashers the electromechanical rotary switch often used to control the washing cycle is replaced by a microprocessor, but most sensors and valves are still required. However, pressure switches (some dishwashers use a pressure switch and flow meter) are not required in most microprocessor controlled dishwashers as they use the motor and sometimes a rotational position sensor to sense the resistance of water; when it senses there is no cavitation it knows it has the optimal amount of water. A bimetal switch or wax motor opens the detergent door during the wash cycle.


title: Dishwasher

text: Some dishwashers include a child-lockout feature to prevent accidental starting or stopping of the wash cycle by children. A child lock can sometimes be included to prevent young children from opening the door during a wash cycle. This prevents accidents with hot water and strong detergents used during the wash cycle.


title: Dishwasher

text: In the European Union, the energy consumption of a dishwasher for a standard usage is shown on a European Union energy label. In the United States, the energy consumption of a dishwasher is defined using the energy factor.


title: Dishwasher

text: Most consumer dishwashers use a 75 °C (167 °F) thermostat in the sanitizing process. During the final rinse cycle, the heating element and wash pump are turned on, and the cycle timer (electronic or electromechanical) is stopped until the thermostat is tripped. At this point, the cycle timer resumes and will generally trigger a drain cycle within a few timer increments.


title: Dishwasher

text: Most consumer dishwashers use 75 °C (167 °F) rather than 83 °C (181 °F) for reasons of burn risk, energy and water consumption, total cycle time, and possible damage to plastic items placed inside the dishwasher. With new advances in detergents, lower water temperatures (50–55 °C / 122–131 °F) are needed to prevent premature decay of the enzymes used to eat the grease and other build-ups on the dishes.


title: Dishwasher

text: In the US, residential dishwashers can be certified to a NSF International testing protocol which confirms the cleaning and sanitation performance of the unit.


title: Dishwasher

text: The heat inside the dishwasher dries the contents after the final hot rinse. North American dishwashers tend to use heat-assisted drying via an exposed element which tends to be less efficient than other methods. European machines and some high end North American machines use passive methods for drying – a stainless steel interior helps this process and some models use heat exchange technology between the inner and outer skin of the machine to cool the walls of the interior and speed up drying. Some dishwashers employ desiccants such as zeolite which at the beginning of the wash are heated, dry out and creating steam which warms plates, and then are cooled during the dry cycle which absorbs moisture again, saving significant energy.


title: Dishwasher

text: Plastic and non-stick items form drops with smaller surface area and may not dry properly compared to china and glass, which also store more heat that better evaporate the little water that remains on them. Some dishwashers incorporate a fan to improve drying. Older dishwashers with a visible heating element (at the bottom of the wash cabinet, below the bottom basket) may use the heating element to improve drying; however, this uses more energy.


title: Dishwasher

text: Most importantly however, the final rinse adds a small amount of rinse-aid to the hot water, this is a mild detergent that improves drying significantly by reducing the inherent surface tension of the water so that water mostly drips off, greatly improving how well all items, including plastic items, dry.


title: Dishwasher

text: Most dishwashers feature a drying sensor and as such, a dish-washing cycle is always considered complete when a drying indicator, usually in the form of an illuminated "end" light, or in more modern models on a digital display or audible sound, exhibits to the operator that the washing and drying cycle is now over.


title: Dishwasher

text: US Governmental agencies often recommend air-drying dishes by either disabling or stopping the drying cycle to save energy.


title: Dishwasher

text: Dishwashers are designed to work using specially formulated dishwasher detergent. Over time, many regions have banned the use of phosphates in detergent and phosphorus-based compounds. They were previously used because they have properties that aid in effective cleaning. The concern was the increase in algal blooms in waterways caused by increasing phosphate levels (see eutrophication). Seventeen US states have partial or full bans on the use of phosphates in dish detergent, and two US states (Maryland and New York) ban phosphates in commercial dishwashing. Detergent companies claimed it is not cost effective to make separate batches of detergent for the states with phosphate bans, and so most have voluntarily removed phosphates from all dishwasher detergents.


title: Dishwasher

text: In addition, rinse aids have contained nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates. These have been banned in the European Union by EU Directive 76/769/EEC.


title: Dishwasher

text: In some regions depending on water hardness a dishwasher might function better with the use of a dishwasher salt.


title: Dishwasher

text: Glassware washed by dishwashing machines can develop a white haze on the surface over time. This may be caused by any or all of the below processes, of which only the first is reversible:


title: Dishwasher

text: Other materials besides glass are also harmed by the strong detergents, strong agitation, and high temperatures of dishwashers, especially on a hot wash cycle when temperatures can reach 75 °C (167 °F). Aluminium, brass, and copper items will discolor, and light aluminum containers will mark other items they knock into. Nonstick pan coatings will deteriorate. Glossy, gold-colored, and hand-painted items will be dulled or fade. Fragile items and sharp edges will be dulled or damaged from colliding with other items or thermal stress. Sterling silver and pewter will oxidize and discolour from the heat and from contact with metals lower on the galvanic series such as stainless steel. Pewter has a low melting point and may warp in some dishwashers. Glued items, such as hollow-handle knives or wooden cutting boards, will melt or soften in a dishwasher; high temperatures and moisture damage wood. High temperatures damage many plastics, especially in the bottom rack close to an exposed heating element (many newer dishwashers have a concealed heating element away from the bottom rack entirely). Squeezing plastic items into small spaces may cause the plastic to distort in shape. Cast iron cookware is normally seasoned with oil or grease and heat, which causes the oil or grease to be absorbed into the pores of the cookware, thereby giving a smooth relatively non-stick cooking surface which is stripped off by the combination of alkali based detergent and hot water in a dishwasher.


title: Dishwasher

text: Knives and other cooking tools that are made of carbon steel, semi-stainless steels like D2, or specialized, highly hardened cutlery steels like ZDP189 corrode in the extended moisture bath of dishwashers, compared to briefer baths of hand washing. Cookware is made of austenitic stainless steels, which are more stable.


title: Dishwasher

text: Items contaminated by chemicals such as wax, cigarette ash, poisons, mineral oils, wet paints, oiled tools, furnace filters, etc. can contaminate a dishwasher, since the surfaces inside small water passages cannot be wiped clean as surfaces are in hand-washing, so contaminants remain to affect future loads. Objects contaminated by solvents may explode in a dishwasher.


title: Dishwasher

text: Dishwashers use less water, and therefore less fuel to heat the water, than hand washing, except for small quantities washed in wash bowls without running water.


title: Dishwasher

text: Hand-washing techniques vary by individual. According to a peer-reviewed study in 2003, hand washing and drying of an amount of dishes equivalent to a fully loaded automatic dishwasher (no cookware or bakeware) could use between of water and between 0.1 and 8 kWh of energy, while the numbers for energy-efficient automatic dishwashers were and 1 to 2 kWh, respectively. The study concluded that fully loaded dishwashers use less energy, water, and detergent than the average European hand-washer. For the automatic dishwasher results, the dishes were not rinsed before being loaded. The study does not address costs associated with the manufacture and disposal of dishwashers, the cost of possible accelerated wear of dishes from the chemical harshness of dishwasher detergent, the comparison for cleaning cookware, or the value of labour saved; hand washers needed between 65 and 106 minutes. Several points of criticism on this study have been raised. For example, kilowatt hours of electricity were compared against energy used for heating hot water without taking into account possible inefficiencies. Also, inefficient handwashings were compared against optimal usage of a fully loaded dishwasher without manual pre-rinsing that can take up to of water.


title: Dishwasher

text: A 2009 study showed that the microwave and the dishwasher were both more effective ways to clean domestic sponges than handwashing.


title: Dishwasher

text: Large heavy-duty dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments (e.g. hotels, restaurants) where many dishes must be cleaned.


title: Dishwasher

text: Unlike a residential dishwasher, a commercial dishwasher does not utilize a drying cycle (commercial drying is achieved by heated ware meeting open air once the wash/rinse/sanitation cycles have been completed) and thus are significantly faster than their residential counterparts. Washing is conducted with 65–71 °C / 150–160 °F temperatures and sanitation is achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide the machine 82 °C / 180 °F "final rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer. This distinction labels the machines as either "high-temp" or "low-temp".


title: Dishwasher

text: system that pulls the rack through a small chamber (known widely as a "rack conveyor" systems). Single-rack washers require an operator to push the rack into the washer, close the doors, start the cycle, and then open the doors to pull out the cleaned rack, possibly through a second opening into an unloading area.


title: Dishwasher

text: In the UK, the British Standards Institution set standards for dishwashers. In the US, NSF International (an independent not-for-profit organization) sets the standards for wash and rinse time along with minimum water temperature for chemical or hot-water sanitizing methods. There are many types of commercial dishwashers including under-counter, single tank, conveyor, flight type, and carousel machines.


title: Dishwasher

text: Commercial dishwashers often have significantly different plumbing and operations than a home unit, in that there are often separate sprayers for washing and rinsing/sanitizing. The wash water is heated with an in-tank electric heat element and mixed with a cleaning solution, and is used repeatedly from one load to the next. The wash tank usually has a large strainer basket to collect food debris, and the strainer may not be emptied until the end of the day's kitchen operations.


title: Dishwasher

text: Water used for rinsing and sanitizing is generally delivered directly through building water supply, and is not reusable. The used rinse water empties into the wash tank reservoir, which dilutes some of the used wash water and causes a small amount to drain out through an overflow tube. The system may first rinse with pure water only and then sanitize with an additive solution that is left on the dishes as they leave the washer to dry.


title: Dishwasher

text: Additional soap is periodically added to the main wash water tank, from either large soap concentrate tanks or dissolved from a large solid soap block, to maintain wash water cleaning effectiveness.


title: Dishwasher

text: The foods are generally sealed in canning jars or oven bags since even a dishwasher cycle without soap can deposit residual soap and rinse aid from previous cycles on unsealed foods.


title: Dishwasher

text: Dishwashers also have been documented to be used to clean potatoes, other root vegetables, garden tools, sneakers or trainers,


title: Dishwasher

text: Cleaning vegetables and plastics is controversial since vegetables can be contaminated by soap and rinse aid from previous cycles and the heat of most standard dishwashers can cause BPA or phthalates to leach out of plastic products. The use of a dishwasher to clean greasy tools and parts is not recommended as the grease can clog the dishwasher.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: Robert Lee Yates Jr. (born May 27, 1952) is an American serial killer from Spokane, Washington. From 1975 to 1998, Yates is known to have murdered at least 11 women in Spokane. Yates also confessed to two murders committed in Walla Walla in 1975 and a 1988 murder committed in Skagit County.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: In 2002, Yates was convicted of killing two women in Pierce County and sentenced to death, but it was commuted to life without parole after the Washington Supreme Court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 2018. He is currently serving life in prison at the Washington State Penitentiary.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: Yates was born on May 27, 1952, and grew up in Oak Harbor, Washington in a middle-class family that attended a local Seventh-day Adventist church. Before his birth, his grandmother had murdered his grandfather with an axe in 1945.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: Yates graduated from Oak Harbor High School in 1970. In 1975, he was hired by the Washington State Department of Corrections to work as a correction officer at the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: In October 1977, Yates enlisted in the United States Army, in which he became certified to fly civilian transport airplanes and helicopters. Yates was stationed in various countries outside the continental United States, including Germany and later Somalia and Haiti during the United Nations peacekeeping missions of the 1990s. Yates also served three years in the Army National Guard as a helicopter pilot from April 1997 through April 2000. He earned several commendation and service medals during his military career, including the US Army Master Aviator Badge.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: Yates left the active duty Army in April 1996, apparently a year and a half short of being eligible for his full retirement benefits and pension. At this time, the military was reducing its numbers, so he received full retirement despite being short of the customary 20 years served. He then joined the Army National Guard in April 1997 and served three years until his arrest in April 2000. He served a total of 21.5 years in the military.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: He has five children (four daughters and one son) with second wife Linda, whom he married in 1976. The children's birth years range from 1974 to 1989.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: Yates' first murders were committed in 1975 when he shot and killed two college students who were picnicking. Many of his subsequent victims were prostitutes working along East Sprague Avenue who had substance abuse issues and Yates would often do drugs with them and other prostitutes. The victims were initially solicited for sex work by Yates, who would have sex with them (often in his Ford van) then kill them and dump their bodies in rural locations. All of his victims died of gunshot wounds to the head or heart. Eight of the murders were committed with a Raven .25-caliber handgun, and one attempted murder was linked to the same model of handgun.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On September 19, 1998, Yates was asked to give a DNA sample to Spokane police after being stopped. He refused, stating that it was too extreme of a request for a "family man."


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On July 14, 1975, the bodies of Patrick Oliver, 21, and Patricia Savage, 22, were found shot in the head near Mill Creek. They were last seen the day before, on their way for an afternoon swim and picnic.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On December 28, 1988, the partial skeleton of Stacy Hawn, 23, was found near Big Lake. She was last seen on July 7, 1988 in Seattle. Yates confessed to picking up Hawn, who was working as a prostitute, in his van nearby.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On June 14, 1996, Shannon Zielinski, 38, was found shot in the head in Mead. Her partially nude body was badly decomposed and dumped in a wooded area near a school bus stop. Zielinski had a lengthy criminal record and worked as a prostitute.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On August 26, 1997, the body of Heather Hernandez, 20, was found in an overgrown lot in Spokane. She was shot five days earlier according to detectives. Hernandez had only recently come to the area and within a few weeks was arrested twice for prostitution.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On August 26, 1997, Jennifer Joseph, 16, was found shot in the head in a field in Spokane. Police found a brown towel and a brown hair belonging to a white male at the scene. After Joseph's parent's divorce, she dropped out of high school and moved to Tacoma. She started using methamphetamine and became involved in prostitution. She was killed just a month after arriving in Spokane.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On November 5, 1997, the partially decayed remains of Darla Scott, 29, were found in a shallow grave near a golf course in Spokane. Scott, who had a history of drugs and prostitution, died of a gunshot wound to the head, likely in September or October.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On December 7, 1997, Melinda Mercer, 24, was found shot and dumped in a field in Tacoma; she had been shot several times and had four plastic bags covering her head. At Yates' trial, it was revealed that even after she was shot in the head, Mercer had chewed through two of the bags before succumbing to her injuries. Mercer did not have a criminal record, nor any ties to prostitution, and reportedly worked as a waitress.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On December 18, 1997, the body of Shawn Johnson, 36, was found with two gunshot wounds and two plastic bags covering her head, about a mile from the remains of Darla Scott. She had been missing since October 29, 1997.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On December 26, 1997, the bodies of Shawn McClenahan, 39, and Laurie Wason, 31, were found in a gully in Spokane. Both women were shot twice in the head and their heads were wrapped with three plastic bags each. Wason, who was last seen on November 3, was the devoted mother of a 12-year-old son until a slip with heroin unravelled six years of sobriety; she began working as a prostitute to fund her addiction. McClenahan also struggled with heroin, and was arrested early November for forging a check during a binge. She had been missing since December 18.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On February 8, 1998, Sunny Oster, 41, was found shot to death, in an identical manner as McClenahan and Wason, in a rural area of Spokane. Oster, a mother of two, was last seen in October; she disappeared the day after completing a drug treatment program.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On April 1, 1998, the remains of Linda Maybin, 34, also known as "Barefoot Linda," was found in Spokane, just 100 yards from the bodies of Shawn McClenahan and Laurie Wason. She was shot once and had two plastic bags covering her head. Maybin, who paid for her crack habit by working as a prostitute, had been missing since November 22, 1997.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: Sometime in mid-May 1998, Melody Murfin, 43, went missing. She was considered a victim of the same killer, due to her history and association with other victims, but her body was not discovered until six months after Yates' arrest and subsequent confession. She was buried beneath his bedroom window.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On July 7, 1998, Michelyn Derning, 47, was found shot once in the head in Spokane. The .25 caliber bullet casing was still in her hair. She was found nude and partially obscured by a hot tub cover.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On August 1, 1998, Christine Smith filed a police report for assault and robbery after she was hit in the head during a sex act. She described the man as about 50 years old, 5'10" tall, 175 pounds, with sandy blond hair. His vehicle was described as a 70s era black van with an exterior yellow/orange stripe, bucket seats, wood panelling, and a raised bed. Smith also told police the man told her he was a National Guard helicopter pilot and had five children. Police discovered bullet fragments in her hair; Smith was unaware that she was actually shot. Upon seeing Yates' photo in the newspaper following his arrest, Smith contacted police and identified Yates as the man who assaulted her. She is the only known survivor of Yates' crimes.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: On October 13, 1998, the body of Connie Ellis-LaFontaine, 35, was found in a ditch in Tacoma. She was shot once in the head and had three plastic bags covering her head. She previously worked as a hairdresser in Spokane, but fell into drugs and prostitution six years after she moved, following the death of her son, who was waiting for a heart transplant.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: Yates was arrested on April 18, 2000, for the murder of Jennifer Joseph. After his arrest, a search warrant was executed on a 1977 white Corvette that he had previously owned. A white Corvette had been identified as the vehicle in which one of the victims had last been seen. Coincidentally, Yates had been pulled over in this vehicle while the task force was searching for it, but the field interview report was misread as saying "Camaro" not "Corvette," thus the incident was not realized until after Yates had been arrested.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: After searching the Corvette, police discovered blood that they linked to Jennifer Joseph and DNA from Yates that they then tied to 12 other victims. In 2000, he was charged with 13 counts of first-degree murder and one count of attempted first-degree murder in Spokane County Superior Court. As part of a plea bargain in which Yates confessed to the murders to avoid the death penalty, he was sentenced to 408 years in prison. Charges were dropped without prejudice in the murder of Shawn McClenahan so that, if Yates appealed his other guilty sentences, he could be tried for her murder and possibly sentenced to death. Following his sentencing hearing, Yates made a statement apologizing to the families of all the victims he had killed.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: In 2001 Yates was charged in Pierce County with the murders of two additional women. The prosecution sought the death penalty for the deaths of Melinda L. Mercer in 1997 and Connie Ellis in 1998, which were thought to be linked to the killings in Spokane County. On September 19, 2002, Yates was convicted of those murders and subsequently sentenced to death by lethal injection on October 3, 2002.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: The 2002 death sentence was appealed on grounds that Yates believed his 2000 plea bargain to be "all-encompassing" and that a life sentence for 13 murders and a death sentence for two constituted "disproportionate, freakish, wanton and random" application of the death penalty. The arguments were rejected in 2007 by the Washington Supreme Court. A September 19, 2008 execution date was stayed by Chief Justice Gerry L. Alexander pending additional appeals.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: In 2013, Yates's attorneys filed a "habeas corpus" petition in federal district court, stating that Yates is mentally ill and, "through no fault of his own ... suffers from a severe paraphilic disorder" that predisposed him to commit murder. The still-pending motion is regarded as a "long shot" by most observers. "I don't think Mr. Yates helps his cause by relying on the fact that he's a necrophiliac," said Pierce County Prosecutor Mark Lindquist.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: Yates remains incarcerated at the Washington State Penitentiary. His case was further complicated by Washington Governor Jay Inslee's 2013 declaration that he would not sign death warrants for anyone on death row while he is in office. Inslee cited the high cost of the appeals process, the randomness with which death sentences are sought, and a lack of evidence that the penalty serves as a deterrent to other criminals.


title: Robert Lee Yates

text: In July 2015, the Washington Supreme Court once again rejected an effort by Yates to overturn his conviction and death sentence. After the Washington State Supreme Court ruled in 2018 that the death penalty violated the state constitution, Yates's death sentence, as well as that of Washington's other death row inmates, was commuted to life in prison without the possibility of parole.


title: David Kaye (voice actor)

text: David Kaye is a Canadian voice actor. He is best known for animation roles such as Megatron in five of the "Transformers" series ("", "", "", "", and ""), Optimus Prime in "", Professor X, Jamie Madrox and Apocalypse in "", Cronus in "Class of the Titans", Khyber and Shocksquatch in "", several characters in "Avengers Assemble", the newsreel announcer in the Pixar film "Up", and Duckworth in the reboot of "Ducktales". He is also known for anime roles including Sesshōmaru in "Inuyasha" and Treize Khushrenada in "Mobile Suit Gundam Wing", and video game roles such as Clank in the "Ratchet & Clank" series and Nathan Hale in the "Resistance" series. He is also the announcer for "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver" on HBO and voiced the Celestial Arishem in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Eternals".


title: David Kaye (voice actor)

text: During the 1980s, Kaye moved to Vancouver to work in radio. He also did theater, playing George in a production of "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf" and Elwood P. Dowd in a production of "Harvey".


title: David Kaye (voice actor)

text: Kaye's voice acting career began in 1989 with General Hawk in the DiC animated series "". Working as an on-air talent for radio station CKLG (LG73), he quickly became less interested as both on-camera and voice roles started taking up more of his time. On-camera opportunities came in the form of guest roles on TV series and movies such as "The X-Files", "Battlestar Galactica", and "Happy Gilmore". During this time, he was cast in several animation shows and video games, including a role as Megatron in "". This began a decades-long relationship with the "Transformers" franchise. In 2007, Kaye become the first and (as of 2021) only actor in the franchise to play both Megatron and Optimus Prime in regular roles, voicing the latter for Cartoon Network's "". He also lent his voice to the later series "" and "".


title: David Kaye (voice actor)

text: In anime, Kaye has been the voice behind Sesshomaru in the English dubbed "InuYasha" series, Treize Khushrenada in "Mobile Suit Gundam Wing", Recoome in "Dragon Ball Z" (1996–98) and as Soun Tendo in "Ranma ½". His involvement in anime has led to several appearances at conventions. Kaye later moved to Los Angeles and has since worked on "" as the villain Khyber, on "Regular Show" as Reginald, and on "Xiaolin Chronicles" as Clay Bailey, F-Bot, and Chase Young. He has voiced several characters on the "Avengers Assemble" animated series and Max Tennyson in the reboot of "Ben 10". He shared the role of the Stretch Monster with Miguel Ferrer in "Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters", and also took over in the late actor's role of Vandal Savage in "".


title: David Kaye (voice actor)

text: Kaye also narrates film trailers and network promos for ABC, Fox, The CW, National Geographic, TLC, FX, and others.


title: God of War video game collections

text: "God of War" is an action-adventure video game series, the first era of which was loosely based on Greek mythology. Debuting in 2005, the series became a flagship title for the PlayStation brand and the character Kratos is one of its most popular characters. The series consists of nine games across multiple platforms; the first seven make up the Greek era of the series. Five of the Greek era games have been re-released through three separate compilations for the PlayStation 3 (PS3) platform: "God of War Collection" (2009), "God of War: Origins Collection" (2011), and "God of War Saga" (2012). With the exception of "God of War III" in the "God of War Saga", each collection features remastered ports of the games that were not originally released on the PS3. "God of War III" was later remastered as "God of War III Remastered" and released on PlayStation 4 (PS4) in July 2015. "", "", "God of War" (2018), and "God of War Ragnarök" are the only installments that have not been remastered for a newer platform or included in a collection.


title: God of War video game collections

text: Each collection was praised for how the games were remastered, as well as their price. IGN claimed that the "God of War Collection" was the "definitive way to play the game[s]". "God of War Collection" prompted Sony to make a new line of remastered games for the PlayStation 3 (which expanded to subsequent PlayStation consoles). Although the "Origins Collection" was criticized for its lack of new bonus content, IGN said that "Sony succeeded at making good games better". For the "Saga", Digital Trends claimed it is "perhaps the best value buy for any console available".


title: God of War video game collections

text: God of War Collection is a remastered port of "God of War" and "God of War II" for the PlayStation 3 on a single Blu-ray Disc that was released in North America on November 17, 2009. It is the first game under Sony's line of "Classics HD". The collection was included in the "God of War III Ultimate Trilogy Edition", released on March 18, 2010, in Australia and New Zealand, and on March 19 in Europe. It was released in Japan as a stand-alone on March 18, where it was distributed by Capcom, and was later released as part of the "God of War III Trilogy Edition", which included "God of War III" and "God of War Collection", on March 25. It was released as a stand-alone in Australia on April 29 and in Europe on April 30. At the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), a PlayStation Vita version of "God of War Collection" was announced, and it was released on May 6, 2014, in North America, May 9 in Europe, May 14 in Australia, and May 15 in Japan.


title: God of War video game collections

text: "God of War" and "God of War II" were ported by Bluepoint Games and feature high-definition 720p anti-aliased graphics at 60 frames per second and Trophies. The bonus materials of the original two-disc PlayStation 2 version of "God of War II" are included with the Blu-ray version of the collection. The port was produced as a result of feedback from fans of the series and was viewed as a means of introducing new players to the series before "God of War III" was released. The "God of War III" game demo from E3 2009 was included with early copies of the collection. Sanzaru Games was responsible for porting the collection to the Vita.


title: God of War video game collections

text: Sony's Santa Monica Studio—the games' original developer—ran a sweepstakes in November 2009 for the release of "God of War Collection". The grand prize was an autographed "Gold" disc, exclusive artwork created and signed by a "God of War" team member, a Limited Edition Kratos T-shirt, and a limited edition figurine of Kratos. First place prize was a copy of "God of War Collection" signed by the development team. Winners were announced in December 2009.


title: God of War video game collections

text: On November 2, 2010, "God of War Collection" was released as a digital download on the PlayStation Store.<ref name="11/2"></ref> PlayStation Plus subscribers could download a one-hour trial of each game. For a limited time, Plus subscribers received a "God of War III" skin with the purchase of each game: "Phantom of Chaos" ("God of War") and "Forgotten Warrior" ("God of War II"), respectively. The bonus materials for "God of War II" were not included with the digital download version. Patch update version 1.01, released on September 5, 2012, allowed the PlayStation 3 version of "God of War Collection" to be played on the PlayStation Vita via the Remote Play function.


title: God of War video game collections

text: "God of War Collection" received critical acclaim from critics. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 90.78% based on 43 reviews and 91/100 based on 50 reviews and the PlayStation Vita version 75.00% based on 15 reviews and 73/100 based on 28 reviews.


title: God of War video game collections

text: The PlayStation 3 version received critical acclaim. IGN gave the game an "Editor's Choice" Award, praised the enhanced resolutions, lower price point, and smoother frame rates, and stated it was the "definitive way to play the game". 1up.com noted the tremendous increase in visuals but said the in-engine cut-scenes appeared blurry. "GamePro" stated the collection is "two fantastic games on one disc for a low price; puts you in the right mindset for "God of War 3"". PlayStation LifeStyle (5/5) said "Those … familiar with Kratos will enjoy the extra polish the "Collection" brings to two of the best games from the PS2 era". Due to the success of "God of War Collection", Sony announced that further titles would receive similar treatment for release under its new "Classics HD" brand. By June 2012, "God of War Collection" had sold more than 2.4 million copies worldwide, making it the eighteenth best-selling PlayStation 3 game of all time.


title: God of War video game collections

text: God of War: Origins Collection (known as God of War Collection – Volume II in Europe and Australia) is a remastered port of the two PlayStation Portable installments in the series—"" and ""—for the PlayStation 3 on a single Blu-ray Disc. It was announced at the Sony press conference at E3 2011 and was ported by Ready at Dawn, the developer of the PlayStation Portable games. The collection was released on September 13, 2011, in North America, September 16 in Europe, September 29 in Australia, and October 6 in Japan. "God of War: Origins Collection" was also released in North America as a digital download on the PlayStation Store on September 13.


title: God of War video game collections

text: "God of War: Origins Collection" features native 1080p high-definition video, anti-aliased graphics at 60 frames per second, DualShock 3 rumble features, Trophies, and is the only "God of War" release to feature Stereoscopic 3D. The "God of War – Game Directors Live" documentary, Kratos Legionnaire bonus skin, and Forest of the Forgotten combat arena (originally pre-order bonuses for "Ghost of Sparta") are also included with the "Origins Collection".


title: God of War video game collections

text: "God of War: Origins Collection" received positive reviews from critics. It received a score of 86.62% based on 41 reviews on GameRankings and 84/100 based on 58 reviews on Metacritic.


title: God of War video game collections

text: IGN stated, "Sony succeeded at making good games better" and that it "acts as a time lapse experiment for players to get a really good look at how a developer evolves from one game to another". "GamePro" noted the lack of new bonus content, and said, "3D doesn't necessarily radically redefine the experience. It does, however, make things like boss fights and magical effects much more mesmerizing", but added that, "all of the in-game cinematics are not in 3D, which is … unfortunate considering how cutscenes are such an integral part of the storytelling in any "God of War" game". By June 2012, "God of War: Origins Collection" had sold 711,737 copies worldwide.


title: God of War video game collections

text: God of War Saga is a collection of five of the "God of War" games for the PlayStation 3 released as part of Sony's PlayStation Collections line on August 28, 2012, in North America; it was not released elsewhere. The collection includes "God of War", "God of War II", "God of War III", "Chains of Olympus", and "Ghost of Sparta". It features two Blu-ray Discs—"God of War I" and "II" on the first and "III" on the second—and a voucher to download "Chains of Olympus" and "Ghost of Sparta". The games retain the same features as their first PS3 releases. The collection also includes exclusive bonus content and a voucher for a one-month trial of PlayStation Plus. The games, with the exception of "God of War III", are also available to download from the PlayStation Store. From September 27 until October 5, 2012, to celebrate the release of "God of War Saga", PlayStation.Blog ran a weekly countdown of the top five "God of War" epic moments as voted by the "God of War" Facebook community. "The Death of Ares" from the original "God of War" was voted as the "#1 most epic "God of War" moment of All Time".


title: God of War video game collections

text: In Latin America, an exclusive version of "God of War Saga", titled "God of War: Omega Collection", was released in November 2012. The "Omega Collection" features three Blu-ray discs, as opposed to two, with "Chains of Olympus" and "Ghost of Sparta" included on the third disc. It also includes a SteelBook game case with exclusive artwork and a limited edition bronze statue of Kratos, created by an Argentine artist.


title: God of War video game collections

text: Ryan Fleming of Digital Trends wrote that the collection "is perhaps the best value buy for any console available", and that for fans of the series, "this collection is not for you" as all games (with the exception of "God of War III") are available for download, and it will "likely be redundant". However, new or inexperienced players should buy it. Fleming added that it was odd that the PSP games were included as downloads, and would like to have seen content migrate over to the PlayStation Vita. Jeffrey L. Wilson of "PC Magazine" gave the collection a 4 out of 5 and called it "an excellent purchase for anyone looking for cinematic, blood-drenched action—especially newcomers who get five titles for the price of one", but added that long time fans may not find much value in the collection.


title: Peter Macon

text: Peter Jerrod Macon is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Lt. Commander Bortus in the Fox/Hulu television series "The Orville" (2017–present), and will portray an ape in "Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes" (2024).


title: Peter Macon

text: Macon was raised in Minneapolis and attended North Community High School, where he acted in school plays. His mother was a teacher, and his father was a truck driver.


title: Peter Macon

text: Macon later attended the San Francisco Art Institute and the Yale School of Drama, where he earned a master's degree in acting.


title: Peter Macon

text: Macon married Lucia Brawley, an actress who also attended Yale, in 2005. Former New York City Mayor David Dinkins officiated. In 2018, Macon married Jacquelyn Woods.