title: Utility pole

text: If uninsulated conductors touch due to wind or fallen trees, the resultant sparks can start wildfires. To reduce this problem, aerial bundled conductors are being introduced.


title: Utility pole

text: The communications cables are attached below the electric power lines, in a vertical space along the pole designated the "communications space". The communications space is separated from the lowest electrical conductor by the "communication worker safety zone", which provides room for workers to maneuver safely while servicing the communication cables, avoiding contact with the power lines.


title: Utility pole

text: The most common communication cables found on utility poles are copper or fibre optic cable (FOC) for telephone lines and coaxial cable for cable television (CATV). Coaxial or optical fibre cables linking computer networks are also increasingly found on poles in urban areas. The cable linking the telephone exchange to local customers is a thick cable lashed to a thin supporting cable, containing hundreds of twisted pair subscriber lines. Each twisted pair line provides a single telephone circuit or local loop to a customer. There may also be fibre optic cables interconnecting telephone exchanges. Like electrical distribution lines, communication cables connect to service drops when used to provide local service to customers.


title: Utility pole

text: Utility poles may also carry other equipment such as street lights, supports for traffic lights and overhead wires for electric trolleys, and cellular network antennas. They can also carry fixtures and decorations specific for certain holidays or events specific to the city where they are located.


title: Utility pole

text: Solar panels mounted on utility poles may power auxiliary equipment where the expense of a power line connection is unwanted.


title: Utility pole

text: The primary purpose of pole attachment hardware is to secure the cable and associated aerial plant facilities to poles and to help facilitate necessary plant rearrangements. An aerial plant network requires high-quality reliable hardware to


title: Utility pole

text: Functional performance requirements common to pole line hardware for utility poles made of wood, steel, concrete, or Fiber-Reinforced Composite (FRC) materials are contained in Telcordia GR-3174, "Generic Requirements for Hardware Attachments for Utility Poles".


title: Utility pole

text: In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, utility poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds so that maintenance and repair workers can climb the pole to work on the lines. In the United States, such steps have been determined to be a public hazard and are no longer allowed on new poles. Linemen may use climbing spikes called gaffs to ascend wooden poles without steps on them. In the UK, boots fitted with steel loops that go around the pole (known as "Scandinavian Climbers") are also used for climbing poles. In the US, linemen use bucket trucks for the vast majority of poles that are accessible by vehicle.


title: Utility pole

text: The poles at the end of a straight section of utility line where the line ends or angles off in another direction are called "dead-end" poles in the United States. Elsewhere they may be referred to as anchor or termination poles. These must carry the lateral tension of the long straight sections of wire. They are usually made with heavier construction. The power lines are attached to the pole by horizontal strain insulators, either placed on crossarms (which are either doubled, tripled, or replaced with a steel crossarm, to provide more resistance to the tension forces) or attached directly to the pole itself.


title: Utility pole

text: Dead-end and other poles that support lateral loads have guy-wires to support them. The guys always have strain insulators inserted in their length to prevent any high voltages caused by electrical faults from reaching the lower portion of the cable that is accessible by the public. In populated areas, guy wires are often encased in a yellow plastic or wood tube with reflectors attached to their lower end, so that they can be seen more easily, reducing the chance of people and animals walking into them or vehicles crashing into them.


title: Utility pole

text: Another means of providing support for lateral loads is a push brace pole, a second shorter pole that is attached to the side of the first and runs at an angle to the ground. If there is no space for a lateral support, a stronger pole, e.g. a construction of concrete or iron, is used.


title: Utility pole

text: The system of suspending telegraph wires from poles with ceramic insulators was invented and patented by British telegraph pioneer William Fothergill Cooke. Cooke was the driving force in establishing the electrical telegraph on a commercial basis. With Charles Wheatstone he invented the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph and founded the world's first telegraph company, the Electric Telegraph Company. Telegraph poles were first used on the Great Western Railway in 1843 when the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph line was extended to Slough. The line had previously used buried cables but that system had proved troublesome with failing insulation. In Britain, the trees used for telegraph poles were either native larch or pine from Sweden and Norway. Poles in early installations were treated with tar, but these were found to last only around seven years. Later poles were treated instead with creosote or copper sulphate for the preservative.


title: Utility pole

text: Utility poles were first used in the mid-19th century in America with telegraph systems. In 1844, the United States Congress granted Samuel Morse $30,000 to build a 40-mile telegraph line between Baltimore, Maryland and Washington, D.C. Morse began by having a lead-sheathed cable made. After laying seven miles underground, he tested it. He found so many faults with this system that he dug up his cable, stripped off its sheath, bought poles and strung his wires overhead. On February 7, 1844, Morse inserted the following advertisement in the Washington newspaper: "Sealed proposals will be received by the undersigned for furnishing 700 straight and sound chestnut posts with the bark on and of the following dimensions to wit: 'Each post must not be less than eight inches in diameter at the butt and tapering to five or six inches at the top. Six hundred and eighty of said posts to be 24 feet in length, and 20 of them 30 feet in length.'"


title: Utility pole

text: In some parts of Australia, wooden poles are rapidly destroyed by termites, so metal poles must be used instead and in much of the interior wooden poles are vulnerable to fire. The Oppenheimer pole is a collapsible wrought iron pole in three sections. It is named after Oppenheimer and Company in Germany, but they were mostly manufactured in England under license. They were used on the Australian Overland Telegraph Line built in 1872 which connected the continent north to south directly through the centre and linked to the rest of the world through a submarine cable at Darwin. The Stobie pole was invented in 1924 by James Cyril Stobie of the Adelaide Electric Supply Company and first used in South Terrace, Adelaide.


title: Utility pole

text: One of the early Bell System lines was the Washington DC–Norfolk line which was, for the most part, square-sawn tapered poles of yellow pine probably treated to refusal with creosote. "Treated to refusal" means that the manufacturer forces preservatives into the wood, until it refuses to accept more, but performance is not guaranteed.


title: Utility pole

text: Some of these were still in service after 80 years. The building of pole lines was resisted in some urban areas in the late 19th century, and political pressure for undergrounding remains powerful in many countries.


title: Utility pole

text: In Eastern Europe, Russia, and third-world countries, many utility poles still carry bare communication wires mounted on insulators not only along railway lines, but also along roads and sometimes even in urban areas. Errant traffic being uncommon on railways, their poles are usually less tall. In the United States electricity is predominately carried on unshielded aluminum conductors wound around a solid steel core and affixed to rated insulators made from glass, ceramic, or poly. Telephone, CATV, and fibre optic cables are generally attached directly to the pole without insulators.


title: Utility pole

text: In the United Kingdom, much of the rural electricity distribution system is carried on wooden poles. These normally carry electricity at 11 or 33 kV (three phases) from 132 kV substations supplied from pylons to distribution substations or pole-mounted transformers. Wooden poles have been used for 132kv for a number of years from the early 1980s one is called the trident they are usually used on short sections, though the line from Melbourne, Cambs to near Buntingford, Herts is quite long. The conductors on these are bare metal connected to the posts by insulators. Wood poles can also be used for low voltage distribution to customers.


title: Utility pole

text: Today, utility poles may hold much more than the uninsulated copper wire that they originally supported. Thicker cables holding many twisted pair, coaxial cable, or even fibre-optic, may be carried. Simple analogue repeaters or other outside plant equipment have long been mounted against poles, and often new digital equipment for multiplexing/demultiplexing or digital repeaters may now be seen. In many places, as seen in the illustration, providers of electricity, television, telephone, street light, traffic signal and other services share poles, either in joint ownership or by renting space to each other. In the United States, ANSI standard 05.1.2008 governs wood pole sizes and strength loading. Utilities that fall under the Rural Electrification Act must also follow the guidelines set forth in RUS Bulletin 1724E-150 (from the US Department of Agriculture) for pole strength and loading.


title: Utility pole

text: Steel utility poles are becoming more prevalent in the United States thanks to improvements in engineering and corrosion prevention coupled with lowered production costs. However, premature failure due to corrosion is a concern when compared to wood. The National Association of Corrosion Engineers or NACE is developing inspection, maintenance, and prevention procedures similar to those used on wood utility poles to identify and prevent decay.


title: Utility pole

text: The date on the pole is applied by the manufacturer and refers to the date the pole was "preserved" (treated to withstand the elements).


title: Utility pole

text: In the United States, utility poles are marked with information concerning the manufacturer, pole height, ANSI strength class, wood species, original preservative, and year manufactured (vintage) in accordance with ANSI standard O5.1.2008. This is called branding, as it is usually burned into the surface; the resulting mark is sometimes called the "birth mark". Although the position of the brand is determined by ANSI specification, it is essentially just below "eye level" after installation. A rule of thumb for understanding a pole's brand is the manufacturer's name or logo at the top with a two-digit date beneath (sometimes preceded by a month).


title: Utility pole

text: Below the date is a two-character wood species abbreviation and one- to three-character preservative. Some wood species may be marked "SP" for southern pine, "WC" for western cedar, or "DF" for Douglas fir. Common preservative abbreviations are "C" for creosote, "P" for pentachlorophenol, and "SK" for chromated copper arsenate (originally referred to salts type K). The next line of the brand is usually the pole's ANSI class, used to determine maximum load; this number ranges from 10 to H6 with a smaller number meaning higher strength. The pole's height (from butt to top) in 5-foot increments is usually to the right of the class separated by a hyphen, although it is not uncommon for older brands to have the height on a separate line. The pole brand is sometimes an aluminum tag nailed in place.


title: Utility pole

text: Before the practice of branding, many utilities would set a 2- to 4-digit date nail into the pole upon installation. The use of date nails went out of favor during World War II due to war shortages but is still used by a few utilities. These nails are considered valuable to collectors, with older dates being more valuable, and unique markings such as the utilities' name also increasing the value. However, regardless of the value to collectors, all attachments on a utility pole are the property of the utility company, and unauthorized removal is a misdemeanor or felony.


title: Utility pole

text: A practice in some areas is to place poles on coordinates upon a grid. The pole at right is a Delmarva Power pole located in a rural area of the state of Maryland in the United States. The lower two tags are the "X" and "Y" coordinates along said grid. Just as in a coordinate plane used in geometry, X increases as one travels east and Y increases as one travels north. The upper two tags are specific to the sub transmission section of the pole; the first refers to the route number, the second to the specific pole along the route.


title: Utility pole

text: However, not all power lines follow the road. In the British region of East Anglia, EDF Energy Networks often add the Ordnance Survey Grid Reference coordinates of the pole or substation to the name sign.


title: Utility pole

text: In some areas, utility pole name plates may provide valuable coordinate information: a poor man's GPS.


title: Utility pole

text: A pole route (or pole line in the US) is a telephone link or electrical power line between two or more locations by way of multiple uninsulated wires suspended between wooden utility poles. This method of link is common especially in rural areas where burying the cables would be expensive. Another situation in which pole routes were extensively used were on the railways to link signal boxes. Traditionally, prior to around 1965, pole routes were built with open wires along non-electrical operated railways; this necessitated insulation when the wire passed over the pole, thus preventing the signal from becoming attenuated.


title: Utility pole

text: At electrical operated railways, pole routes were usually not built as too much jamming from the overhead wire would occur. To accomplish this, cables were separated using spars with insulators spaced along them; in general four insulators were used per spar. Only one such pole route still exists on the UK rail network, in the highlands of Scotland. There was also a long section in place between Wymondham, Norfolk and Brandon in Suffolk, United Kingdom; however, this was de-wired and removed during March 2009.


title: Utility pole

text: Utility poles are used by birds for nesting and to rest on. Utility poles and related structures are regarded by some to be a form of visual pollution. Many lines are placed underground for this reason, in places of high population density or scenic beauty that justify the expense. Architects design some pylons to be pretty, thus avoiding visual pollution.


title: Utility pole

text: Some chemicals used to preserve wood poles including creosote and pentachlorophenol are toxic and have been found in the environment.


title: Utility pole

text: The considerable improvement in weathering resistance offered by creosote infusion has long-term drawbacks. In recent years, concerns have been raised about the toxicity of creosote-treated wood waste, such as utility poles. Specifically, their biodegradation can release phenolic compounds in soil, which are considered toxic. Research continues to explore methods to render this waste safe for disposal.


title: Utility pole

text: Historically, pole-mounted transformers were filled with a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) liquid. PCBs persist in the environment and have adverse effects on animals.


title: George Michael discography

text: British singer George Michael's releases consist of five studio albums, two compilation albums, one extended play, 47 singles, three promotional singles, 31 music videos, and five video albums. In his career, Michael sold over 120 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists of all time.


title: George Michael discography

text: Michael's debut solo album, "Faith", was released by Columbia Records in the United States and sibling label Epic Records in the United Kingdom in October 1987. It included the singles "I Want Your Sex", "Faith" (the "Billboard" Hot 100 year-end number-one single of 1988 in the United States), "Father Figure", "One More Try","Monkey" and Kissing A Fool. The album peaked at number one in the UK Albums Chart, and was certified 4× Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). It also peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 and was certified Diamond for sales of over 10 million copies. Also in 1987, Michael collaborated with Aretha Franklin on the UK and US number one single "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)". In September 1990, Michael released his second album, "Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1", which peaked at number one in the UK, number two in the US, and was certified 4× Platinum by the BPI. The album spawned the singles; "Praying for Time", "Waiting for That Day", "Freedom! '90", "Heal the Pain" and "Cowboys and Angels".


title: George Michael discography

text: In December 1991, Michael released "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me", a duet with Elton John; it reached number one in the UK and US. In 1992, Michael recorded "Too Funky", for the charity project "Red Hot + Dance"; the song reached number four in the UK and number ten in the US. In 1993, Michael released his version of "Somebody To Love", which was performed at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert with Queen. It debuted at number one in the UK and was certified Gold. In early 1996, Michael released "Jesus to a Child", a UK number-one single. The follow-up "Fastlove", also peaked at number one in the UK. Following "Fastlove", the album "Older" was released, in May 1996. Other singles from the album included "Spinning the Wheel", "Star People '97" and the double A-sides "Older / I Can't Make You Love Me" and "You Have Been Loved / The Strangest Thing '97". All of these reached the UK top three. Michael released his first greatest hits collection, "", in November 1998; it contained the new songs "Outside" and "As", a duet with Mary J. Blige. The album was Michael's most successful in the UK, reaching number one and it was certified 8× Platinum.


title: George Michael discography

text: Michael's fourth solo album, "Songs from the Last Century", was released in December 1999 and included cover versions of popular songs. His next album, "Patience", was released in March 2004 and peaked at number one in the UK. "Twenty Five", released in 2006, was Michael's second greatest hits album, celebrating the 25th anniversary of his music career. It debuted at number one in the UK. The album contains songs mainly from Michael's solo career and two new songs: "An Easier Affair" and "This Is Not Real Love" (a duet with Mutya Buena, then a member of the Sugababes, and now a member of Mutya Keisha Siobhan). In December 2008, Michael released a new track "December Song" on his website for free. The following year, "December Song" was officially released as a commercial single. This was followed by "True Faith " (which was a UK top 30 and Irish top 40 hit, and an extensive re-working of the New Order song); and "You and I", another charity single. His next single was "White Light", and it was a commercial success, reaching number 15 on the UK Singles Chart. The song has also charted in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.


title: Discover Card

text: Discover is a credit card brand issued primarily in the United States. It was introduced by Sears in 1985. When launched, Discover did not charge an annual fee and offered a higher-than-normal credit limit, features that were disruptive to the existing credit card industry. A subsequent innovation was "Cashback Bonus" on purchases.


title: Discover Card

text: Most cards with the Discover brand are issued by Discover Bank, formerly the Greenwood Trust Company. Discover transactions are processed through the Discover Network payment network. In 2005, Discover Financial Services acquired Pulse, an electronic funds transfer network, allowing it to market and issue debit and ATM cards. In February 2006, Discover Financial Services announced that it would begin offering Discover debit cards to other financial institutions, made possible by the acquisition of Pulse.


title: Discover Card

text: Discover is the third largest credit card brand in the U.S. based on the number of cards in circulation, behind Visa and Mastercard, with 57 million cardholders.


title: Discover Card

text: At the time Discover was introduced, Sears was the largest retailer in the United States. It had purchased the Dean Witter Reynolds brokerage organization and Coldwell, Banker & Company (real estate) in 1981 as an attempt to add financial services to its portfolio of customer services. Ray Kennedy, Sr, father of country singer Ray Kennedy and the credit manager for Sears, conceived the card. After a trial period in 1985, starting with a $26.77 purchase at an Atlanta Sears on September 17, the actual launch was pushed through by Philip J. Purcell and Mitchell M. Merin, the company's senior vice president for corporate administration and manager of financial analysis, respectively. Together with the Discover Card (and its issuing bank, the Greenwood Trust Company, owned by Sears), this was named the Sears Financial Network. Early Discover Cards bore a small embossed symbol representing the Sears Tower, then the company's headquarters.


title: Discover Card

text: Discover was part of Dean Witter, and then Morgan Stanley, until 2007, when Discover Financial Services became an independent company. Novus was once the major processing center that partnered with the company. The Novus logo was retired, replaced by the Discover Network logo.


title: Discover Card

text: Unlike other attempts at creating a credit card to rival MasterCard and Visa, such as Citibank's Choice card, Discover gained a large national consumer base. It carried no annual fee, which was uncommon at the time, and offered a typically higher credit limit than similar cards. Cardholders could also earn a "Cashback Bonus", in which a percentage of the amount spent would be refunded to the account (from 1% to 5%), depending on how much the card was used. Discover was also noteworthy for being the only credit card accepted by the U.S. Customs Service to pay customs duty, effective February 19, 1987. Since it did not charge a percentage fee to retailers, unlike Visa, MasterCard, and American Express, Discover was also the only credit card accepted at Sam's Club; the retailer has since started to accept MasterCard and American Express (see below). A 1989 study found that Discover had strong consumer adoption in the U.S.; the number of households with Discover cards increased by 2.1 million, or 14 percent, in 1989. In this same year, Discover also signed a restaurant in Delaware as its 1 millionth merchant in its payment network.


title: Discover Card

text: The plan to create a one-stop financial-services center in Sears stores was not as successful as Sears had hoped, and its promotion of Discover was thought both to hurt Sears turnover and to restrict the card's potential. Other retailers resisted it, as they were developing their own credit products and they believed they would be helping their competitor. Sears began to face difficulties in the late 1980s in light of these developments, and with strong competition both from Walmart and from so-called category killers such as Toys "R" Us. Discover's introduction was costly; Sears's Discover credit card operations accounted for a loss of $22 million in the fourth quarter of 1986, and a loss of $25.8 million in the first quarter of 1987. Sears sold its financial businesses in 1993 and began to accept MasterCard and Visa in addition to its store credit card and Discover. Discover became part of the Dean Witter financial services firm, and the new company was called Dean Witter, Discover & Co. In 1997, this company merged with Morgan Stanley to become Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, Discover & Co. In 1999, this company rebranded itself as Discover Financial Services, Inc.


title: Discover Card

text: The Greenwood Trust Company was founded in 1911 and is based in Greenwood, Delaware. It was acquired by Discover Financial Services in 1985 and renamed Discover Bank in 2000. The first and original location of Greenwood Trust Co. on East Market Street is now the town hall and police station.


title: Discover Card

text: Starting around 2005, to increase acceptance around the world, Discover has formed several agreements with other payment networks internationally. This allows Discover cardholders to perform transactions while traveling abroad. Vice versa, cardholders of other countries may utilize their cards at U.S. merchants that accept Discover. Some major examples include:


title: Discover Card

text: In October 2004, the Supreme Court of the United States chose not to review a ruling in Discover's favor that challenged exclusionary policies of Visa and MasterCard, stating that MasterCard and Visa were violating antitrust regulations. Before this ruling, Visa and MasterCard would not allow banks to issue a Discover or American Express card if they issued a Visa or MasterCard. Within days of the court ruling, Discover filed a lawsuit in federal court seeking damages from Visa and MasterCard.


title: Discover Card

text: Shortly after the 2004 Supreme Court ruling, Discover struck its first deal to have its cards issued by another financial institution, GE Consumer Finance, which began to issue credit cards for retailer Walmart and its wholesale warehouse stores, Sam's Club. Transactions were processed on the Discover Network. Sam's Club exclusively accepted Discover for many years; since November 2006, it has also accepted MasterCard for purchases. In April 2014, Walmart announced that they were ending their relationship with Discover and would begin converting all Discover-branded cards to Mastercard beginning in June 2014.


title: Discover Card

text: HSBC has issued Discover-branded credit cards processed through the Discover Network since its acquisition of card issuer Metris in late 2005. Metris had originally signed an agreement with Discover in September 2005, three months prior to the HSBC acquisition.


title: Discover Card

text: In September 2012, Discover was ordered to pay over $200 million in fines and customer reimbursements to settle accusations by U.S. federal regulators that it had engaged in deceptive telemarketing tactics.


title: Discover Card

text: From 1998 to 2007, Discover Card owned a billboard at One Times Square, just above the flagpole where the Times Square Ball is placed, until Toshiba bought the space. As a result, its logo could be seen on national television during New Year's Eve, while the ball dropped. Discover also sponsored the ball drop itself.


title: Discover Card

text: From its opening in 2001 to 2012, Sugarloaf Mills Mall in Lawrenceville, Georgia, was named Discover Mills in a naming rights partnership with Discover Card. The slogan for the mall was "Where Discover Card is the Smart Choice". It was the first shopping mall to have granted naming rights to interested companies.


title: Discover Card

text: Since 2008, Discover has been the official credit-card partner of the National Hockey League. As part of this deal, Discover offers team- and league-branded credit cards as well as a 10% discount on purchases made from the NHL's online store using Discover.


title: Discover Card

text: In July 2020, Back in the Day Bakery, run by chef Cheryl Day, was a recipient of a $25,000 prize donated by Discover Card, to support black-owned businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Satanic Verses

text: The Satanic Verses are words of "satanic suggestion" which the Islamic prophet Muhammad is alleged to have mistaken for divine revelation. The verses praise the three pagan Meccan goddesses: al-Lāt, al-'Uzzá, and Manāt and can be read in early prophetic biographies of Muhammad by al-Wāqidī, Ibn Sa'd and the of al-Tabarī. The first use of the expression in English is attributed to Sir William Muir in 1858.


title: Satanic Verses

text: The incident is accepted as true by some modern scholars of Islamic studies, under the criterion of embarrassment, citing the implausibility of early Muslim biographers fabricating a story so unflattering about their prophet. However others disagree, Alford T. Welch, in the "Encyclopaedia of Islam", argues that the "implausibility" argument alone is insufficient to guarantee the tradition's authenticity. He says that the story in its present form is certainly a later, exegetical fabrication despite the fact that there could be some historical basis for the story. The story was accepted by religious authorities for the first two centuries of the Islamic era, but was later rejected by religious scholars (Ulama) from the 13th century onward as incompatible with Muhammad's "perfection" (), implying that Muhammad is infallible and therefore cannot be fooled by Satan.


title: Satanic Verses

text: There are numerous accounts of the incident, which differ in the construction and detail of the narrative, but they may be broadly collated to produce a basic account. The different versions of the story are recorded in early tafsirs (Quranic commentaries) and biographies of the Prophet, such as Ibn Ishaq's. In its essential form, the story reports that Muhammad longed to convert his kinsmen and neighbors of Mecca to Islam. As he was reciting these verses of Sūrat an-Najm, considered a revelation from the angel Gabriel:


title: Satanic Verses

text: Al-Lāt, al-'Uzzā, and Manāt were three pre-Islamic Arabian goddesses worshipped by the Meccans. Discerning the precise meaning of the word has proven difficult, as it is a "hapax legomenon" (i.e. used only once in the text). Commentators wrote that it meant "the cranes". The Arabic word does generally mean a "crane" – appearing in the singular as and , and the word has cousin forms in other words for birds, including "raven, crow" and "eagle". Taken as a segment, "exalted " has been translated by Orientalist William Muir to mean "exalted women", while contemporary academic Muhammad Manazir Ahsan has translated the same segment as "high-soaring ones (deities)". Thus, whether the phrase had intended to attribute a divine nature to the three "idols" is a matter of dispute. In either case, scholars generally agree on the meaning of the second half of the verse, "whose intercession is hoped for".


title: Satanic Verses

text: Shahab Ahmed, author of a book on the satanic verses in early Islam, observed that in the era of early tafsirs and sīrah/maghazi literature, the satanic verses incident was near universally accepted by the early Muslim community and illustrative of a concept of prophethood involving an ongoing struggle. Later, the logic of the era of hadith collections and subsequent orthodoxy required an infallible prophet.


title: Satanic Verses

text: According to Ibn Taymiyyah: "The early Islamic Scholars (Salaf) collectively considered the Verses of Cranes in accordance with Quran. And from the later coming scholars (Khalaf), who followed the opinion of the early scholars, they say that these traditions have been recorded with authentic chain of narration and it is impossible to deny them, and Quran is itself testifying it."


title: Satanic Verses

text: The earliest biography of Muhammad, Ibn Ishaq (761–767) is lost but his collection of traditions survives mainly in two sources: Ibn Hisham (833) and al-Tabari (915). The story appears in al-Tabari, who includes Ibn Ishaq in the chain of transmission, but not in Ibn Hisham, who admits in the preface of his text that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people". Ibn Sa'd and Al-Waqidi, two other early biographers of Muhammad relate the story. Scholars such as Uri Rubin and Shahab Ahmed and Guillaume hold that the report was in Ibn Ishaq, while Alford T. Welch holds the report has not been presumably present in the Ibn Ishaq.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Shahab Ahmed states that "Reports of the Satanic verses incident were recorded by virtually every compiler of a major biography of Muhammad in the first two centuries of Islam: 'Urwah b. al-Zubayr (23–94), Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (51–124), Musa b. 'Uqbah (85–141), Ibn Ishaq (85–151), Abu Ma'shar (d. 170), Yunus b. Bukayr (d. 199), and al-Waqidi (130–207)."


title: Satanic Verses

text: Due to its controversial nature, the tradition of the Satanic Verses never made it into any of the canonical hadith compilations (though possible truncated versions of the incident did). The reference and exegesis about the Verses appear in early histories. In addition to appearing in Tabarī's , it is used in the of Muqātil, ʽAbd al-Razzaq al-Sanʽani and Ibn Kathir as well as the of Abu Ja'far an-Nahhās, the collection of Wāhidī and even the late-medieval as-Suyūtī's compilation .


title: Satanic Verses

text: Objections to the incident were raised as early as the fourth Islamic century, such as in the work of an-Nahhās and continued to be raised throughout later generations by scholars such as Abu Bakr ibn al-‘Arabi (d. 1157), Fakhr ad-Din Razi (1220) as well as al-Qurtubi (1285). The most comprehensive argument presented against the factuality of the incident came in Qadi Iyad's . The incident was discounted on two main bases. The first was that the incident contradicted the doctrine of , divine protection of Muhammad from mistakes. The second was that the descriptions of the chain of transmission extant since that period are not complete and sound ().


title: Satanic Verses

text: However, Uri Rubin asserts that there exists a complete version of the isnad continuing to the companion Ibn 'Abbās, but this only survives in a few sources. He claims that in another form of the isnad the name of Ibn 'Abbās was removed so that the incident could be deprived of its and discredited. Rubin makes similar comments about an isnad involving another companion, Makhrama bin Nawfal.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Another modern academic scholar, Shahab Ahmed, carefully examined 50 riwayahs (transmissions) of the hadith narrated from the companion Ibn 'Abbās, and successors (tabi'un) including Muhammad bin ka'b Al-Qurazi, Sa'id b. Jubayr, 'Urwah b. al-Zubayr, Qatada b. Di'amah, Abu Bakr 'Abd al-Rahman b. al-Harith, al-Hasan al-Basri, and Mujahid b. Jabr. He notes that many of these are sahih mursal (i.e. sound except that the chain of narration ends at the successor instead of a companion of the prophet). He also discusses some narrations whose chains go back to Ibn 'Abbās, including one (riwayah 40 in Ahmed's book) which was considered reliable by some scholars, though al-Albani rejected it due to limited biographical information on one of the transmitters, and a similar one (riwayah 41) which Ahmed describes as "an equally - if not more - reliable isnād that has apparently gone unnoticed by later commentators". This, he says, has an "immaculate isnād" and lacks the deficiency noted by al-Albani. Ahmed states that "all the first and early second century reports are agreed that the Prophet uttered the satanic verses".


title: Satanic Verses

text: Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi commenting on in his Tafsir al-Kabir stated that the "people of verification" declared the story as an outright fabrication, citing supporting arguments from the Qur'an, Sunnah and reason. He then reported that the preeminent Muhaddith Ibn Khuzaymah said: "it is an invention of the heretics" when once asked about it. Al-Razi also recorded that al-Bayhaqi stated that the narration of the story was unreliable because its narrators were of questionable integrity.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Those scholars who acknowledged the historicity of the incident apparently had a different method for the assessment of reports than that which has become standard Islamic methodology. For example, Ibn Taymiyyah took the position that since and reports were commonly transmitted by incomplete , these reports should not be assessed according to the completeness of the chains but rather on the basis of recurrent transmission of common meaning between reports.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Al-Qurtubi () dismisses all these variants in favor of the explanation that once Sūra al-Najm was safely revealed the basic events of the incident (or rumors of them) "were now permitted to occur to identify those of his followers who would accept Muhammad's explanation of the blasphemous imposture" ("JSS" 15, pp. 254–255).


title: Satanic Verses

text: While the authors of the texts during the first two centuries of the Islamic era do not seem to have regarded the tradition as in any way inauspicious or unflattering to Muhammad, it seems to have been universally rejected by at least the 13th century, and most modern Muslims likewise see the tradition as problematic, in the sense that it is viewed as "profoundly heretical because, by allowing for the intercession of the three pagan female deities, they eroded the authority and omnipotence of Allah. But they also hold... damaging implications in regard to the revelation as a whole, for Muhammad's revelation appears to have been based on his desire to soften the threat to the deities of the people." Different responses have developed concerning the account.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Arguments for rejection are found in Muhammad Abduh's article "Masʾalat al-gharānīq wa-tafsīr al-āyāt", Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Hayat Muhammad", Sayyid Qutb's "Fi Zilal al-Quran" (1965), Abul Ala Maududi's "Tafhim-ul-Quran" (1972) and Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani's "Nasb al-majānīq li-nasf al-gharānīq".


title: Satanic Verses

text: Haykal points out the many forms and versions of the story and their inconsistencies and argues that "the contextual flow of Surah 'al Najm' does not allow at all the inclusion of such verses as the story claims". Haykal quotes Muhammad Abduh who pointed out that the "Arabs have nowhere described their gods in such terms as 'al gharaniq'. Neither in their poetry nor in their speeches or traditions do we find their gods or goddesses described in such terms. Rather, the word 'al ghurnuq' or 'al gharniq' was the name of a black or white water bird, sometimes given figuratively to the handsome blond youth." Lastly, Haykal argues that the story is inconsistent with Muhammad's personal life and is completely against the spirit of the Islamic message.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Aqa Mahdi Puya has said that these fake verses were shouted out by the Meccans to make it appear that it was Muhammad who had spoken them; he writes:


title: Satanic Verses

text: This entire matter was a mere footnote to the back-and-forth of religious debate, and was rekindled only when Salman Rushdie's 1988 novel, "The Satanic Verses", made headline news. The novel contains some fictionalized allusions to Islamic history, which provoked both controversy and outrage. Muslims around the world protested the book's publishing, and Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa sentencing Rushdie to death, saying that the book blasphemed Muhammad and his wives.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Since William Muir, the historicity of this episode has been largely accepted by secular academics. Some orientalists, however, argued against the historic authenticity of these verses on various grounds. Sean Anthony observes a trend of more recent scholarship towards rejecting the historicity of the story after a period in which scholars were more divided.


title: Satanic Verses

text: William Montgomery Watt and Alfred Guillaume claim that stories of the event were true based upon the implausibility of Muslims fabricating a story so unflattering to their prophet: "Muhammad must have publicly recited the satanic verses as part of the Qur'ān; it is unthinkable that the story could have been invented by Muslims, or foisted upon them by non-Muslims." , in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, finds Watt's reason to be insufficient, stating "The story in its present form (as related by al-Ṭabarī, al-Wāḳidī, and Ibn Saʿd) cannot be accepted as historical for a variety of reasons".


title: Satanic Verses

text: Regarding this argument, Shahab Ahmed in the "Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān" counters that "the widespread acceptance of the incident by early Muslims suggests, however, that they did not view the incident as inauspicious and that they would presumably not have, on this basis at least, been adverse to inventing it."


title: Satanic Verses

text: Similarly, Alford T. Welch, in the "Encyclopaedia of Islam", argues that the "implausibility" argument alone is insufficient to guarantee the tradition's authenticity. He says that the story in its present form is certainly a later, exegetical fabrication despite the fact that there could be some historical basis for the story.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Welch states that the story falsely claims that the chapter 53:1–20 and the end of the chapter are a unity. He also states that the date for the verse 22:52 is later than 53:21–27 and almost certainly belongs to the Medinan period. Several other details in certain narrations of the story, such as the mosque and the sajda, do not belong to the Meccan phase of Muhammad's career. Welch also claims that the story was not mentioned in Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad. He says that the above analysis does not rule out "the possibility of some historical kernel behind the story." One such possibility, Welch says, is that the story is of a historical telescoping nature: "that a situation that was known by Muhammad's contemporaries to have lasted for a long period of time later came to be encapsulated in a story that restricts his acceptance of intercession through these goddesses to a brief period of time and places the responsibility for this departure from a strict monotheism on Satan."


title: Satanic Verses

text: John Burton argued for its fictitiousness based upon a demonstration of its actual utility to certain elements of the Muslim community – namely, those legal exegetes seeking an "occasion of revelation" for eradicative modes of abrogation. Burton supports his theory by the fact that Tabari does not discuss the story in his exegesis of the verse 53:20, but rather in 22:52. Disagreeing with Burton, G.R. Hawting writes that the satanic verses incident would not serve to justify or exemplify a theory that God reveals something and later replaces it himself with another true revelation. Burton, in his rejection of the authenticity of the story, sided with Leone Caetani, who wrote that the story was to be rejected not only on the basis of , but because "had these hadiths even a degree of historical basis, Muhammad's reported conduct on this occasion would have given the lie to the whole of his previous prophetic activity."


title: Satanic Verses

text: Maxime Rodinson finds that it may reasonably be accepted as true "because the makers of Muslim tradition would never have invented a story with such damaging implications for the revelation as a whole." He writes the following on the genesis of the verses: "Obviously Muhammad's unconscious had suggested to him a formula which provided a practical road to unanimity." Rodinson writes that this concession, however, diminished the threat of the Last Judgment by enabling the three goddesses to intercede for sinners and save them from eternal damnation. Further, it diminished Muhammad's own authority by giving the priests of Uzza, Manat, and Allat the ability to pronounce oracles contradicting his message. Disparagement from Christians and Jews, who pointed out that he was reverting to his pagan beginnings, combined with opposition and indignation from his own followers influenced him to recant his revelation. However, in doing so he denounced the gods of Mecca as lesser spirits or mere names, cast off everything related to the traditional religion as the work of pagans and unbelievers, and consigned the Meccan's pious ancestors and relatives to Hell. This was the final break with the Quraysh.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Fred Halliday states that rather than having damaging implications, the story is a cautionary tale, the point of which is "not to malign God but to point up the frailty of human beings," and that even a prophet may be misled by shaytan – though ultimately shaytan is unsuccessful.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Since John Wansbrough's contributions to the field in the early 1970s, though, scholars have become much more attentive to the emergent nature of early Islam, and less willing to accept back-projected claims of continuity:


title: Satanic Verses

text: In Rubin's recent contribution to the debate, questions of historicity are completely eschewed in favor of an examination of internal textual dynamics and what they reveal about early medieval Islam. Rubin claims to have located the genesis of many prophetic traditions and that they show an early Muslim desire to prove to other scriptuaries "that Muhammad did indeed belong to the same exclusive predestined chain of prophets in whom the Jews and the Christians believed. He alleges that the Muslims had to establish the story of Muhammad's life on the same literary patterns as were used in the "vitae" of the other prophets". The incident of the Satanic Verses, according to him, conforms to the common theme of persecution followed by isolation of the prophet-figure.


title: Satanic Verses

text: As the story was adapted to include Qur'ānic material (Q.22:52, Q.53, Q.17:73–74), the idea of satanic temptation was claimed to have been added, heightening its inherent drama as well as incorporating additional Biblical motifs (cf. the Temptation of Christ). Rubin gives his attention to the narratological exigencies which may have shaped early material, as opposed to the more commonly considered ones of dogma, sect, and political/dynastic faction. Given the consensus that "the most archaic layer of the biography, [is] that of the stories of the [i.e. popular story-tellers]" (, "EI²"), this may prove a fruitful line of inquiry.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Rubin also claimed that the supposed temporary control taken by Satan over Muhammad made such traditions unacceptable to early hadith compilers, which he believed to be a unique case in which a group of traditions are rejected only after being subject to Qur'anic models, and as a direct result of this adjustment.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Building on Rubin's views, Sean Anthony has proposed that an early tradition attributed to ʿUrwa b. al-Zubayr about the mass conversion and prostration of the Meccans but which does not mention the satanic verses was at a later stage connected with Q. 53:19-20, Q. 22:52 and Q. 17:73-74.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Some scholars believe there is evidence in the Quranic text of surah 53 itself relevant to the question of historicity. Nicolai Sinai argues that the conciliatory satanic verses would make no sense in the context of the scathing criticism in the subsequent verses, whether they were uttered before Q.53:21-22 or (if those replaced the satanic verses) Q. 53:24-25. Patricia Crone makes a similar point but regarding the preceding verses, Q. 53:19-20. She argues that "Have you seen al-Lat...?" should be taken as a hostile question about literally seeing the three deities, particularly since the preceding half of the surah repeatedly claims that Allah's servant saw the heavenly being, and noting also other verses where a similar question is asked (Q. 35:40 and Q. 46:4).


title: Satanic Verses

text: On the other hand, Tommaso Tesei builds on the common observation (also mentioned by Crone) that verses 23 and 26-32 of Q. 53 appear to be an interpolation of long verses into a surah of otherwise short verses. Tesei argues that those verses display stylistic incoherence as well as a theological tension with the rest of Q. 53, a surah which is consistent with evidence external to the Islamic tradition regarding pre-Islamic deities and star worship. Of relevance to the possibility of historical elements in the satanic verses story, Tesei notes that the interpolation (as he sees it) coincides exactly with the traditional account that an explanatory comment was inserted to rectify the identification of the pagan deities as divine intercessors.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Shahab Ahmed noted that the Quran is at pains to deny that the source of Muhammad's inspiration is a shaytan (Q. 81:19–20, 25) because for his immediate audience, the sources for the two categories of inspired individuals in society, poets and soothsayers, were shaytans and jinn, respectively, whereas Muhammad was a prophet.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Several related traditions exist, some adapted to Qur'ānic material, some not. One version, appearing in Tabarī's and attributed to Urwah ibn Zubayr (d. 713), preserves the basic narrative but with no mention of satanic temptation. Muhammad is persecuted by the Meccans after attacking their idols, during which time a group of Muslims seeks refuge in Abyssinia. After the cessation of this first round of persecution () they return home, but soon a second round begins. No compelling reason is provided for the caesura of persecution, though, unlike in the incident of the satanic verses, where it is the (temporary) fruit of Muhammad's accommodation to Meccan polytheism. Another version attributed to 'Urwa has only one round of , which begins after Muhammad has converted the entire population of Mecca, so that the Muslims are too numerous to perform ritual prostration () all together. This somewhat parallels the Muslims and prostrating themselves together after Muhammad's first, allegedly satanically infected, recitation of , in which the efficacy of the three pagan goddesses is acknowledged.


title: Satanic Verses

text: The image of Muslims and pagans prostrating themselves together in prayer in turn links the story of the satanic verses to very abbreviated (i.e. prostration when reciting the Qur'ān) traditions found in the authoritative collections, including the Sunni canonical ones of Bukhāri and Tirmidhī. Rubin claims that apparently "the allusion to the participation of the emphasises how overwhelming and intense the effect of this was on those attending". The traditions actually state that all cognizant creatures took part in it, humans as well as jinns.


title: Satanic Verses

text: Rubin further argues that this is inherently illogical without the Satanic Verses in the recitation, given that in the accepted version of verses Q.53:19–23, the pagans' goddesses are attacked. The majority of traditions relating to prostration at the end of solve this by either removing all mention of the , or else transforming the attempt of an old Meccan to participate (who, instead of bowing to the ground, puts dirt to his forehead proclaiming "This is sufficient for me") into an act of mockery. Some traditions even describe his eventual comeuppance, saying he is later killed at the battle of Badr. Thus, according to Rubin, "the story of the single polytheist who raised a handful of dirt to his forehead… [in]… attempt of an old disabled man to participate in Muhammad's … in… a sarcastic act of an enemy of Muhammad wishing to dishonor the Islamic prayer". And "traditions which originally related the dramatic story of temptation became a sterilized anecdote providing prophetic precedent for a ritual practice".


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Anti-inflammatory is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, also called anti-inflammatories, make up about half of analgesics. These drugs remedy pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system to block pain signaling to the brain.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alleviate pain by counteracting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. On its own, COX enzyme synthesizes prostaglandins, creating inflammation. In whole, the NSAIDs prevent the prostaglandins from ever being synthesized, reducing or eliminating the inflammation and resulting pain.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Some common examples of NSAIDs are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. The newer specific COX-inhibitors are not classified together with the traditional NSAIDs, even though they presumably share the same mode of action.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: On the other hand, there are analgesics that are commonly associated with anti-inflammatory drugs but that have no anti-inflammatory effects. An example is paracetamol (known as acetaminophen in the U.S). Contrary to NSAIDs, which reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting COX enzymes, paracetamol has—as early as 2006—been shown to block the reuptake of endocannabinoids, which only reduces pain, likely explaining why it has minimal effect on inflammation; paracetamol is sometimes combined with an NSAID (in place of an opioid) in clinical practice to enhance the pain relief of the NSAID, while still receiving the injury/disease modulating effect of NSAID-induced inflammation reduction (which is not received from opioid/paracetamol combinations).


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Long-term use of NSAIDs can cause gastric erosions, which can become stomach ulcers and in extreme cases can cause severe haemorrhage, resulting in death. The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45. The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75. Other dangers of NSAIDs are exacerbating asthma and causing kidney damage. Apart from aspirin, prescription and over-the-counter NSAIDs also increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Antileukotrienes are anti-inflammatory agents which function as leukotriene-related enzyme inhibitors (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) or leukotriene receptor antagonists (cysteinyl leukotriene receptors), and consequently oppose the function of these inflammatory mediators. Although they are not used for analgesic benefits, they are widely utilized in the treatment of diseases related to inflammation of the lungs (e.g., asthma, COPD), as well as sinus inflammation in allergic rhinitis. They are also being investigated for use in diseases and injuries involving inflammation of the brain (e.g., Parkinson's disease).


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: ImSAIDs are a class of peptides being developed by IMULAN BioTherapeutics, LLC, which were discovered to have diverse biological properties, including anti-inflammatory properties. ImSAIDs work by altering the activation and migration of inflammatory cells, which are immune cells responsible for amplifying the inflammatory response. The ImSAIDs represent a new category of anti-inflammatory and are unrelated to steroid hormones or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: The ImSAIDs were discovered by scientists evaluating biological properties of the submandibular gland and saliva. Early work in this area demonstrated that the submandibular gland released a host of factors that regulate systemic inflammatory responses and modulate systemic immune and inflammatory reactions. It is now well accepted that the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems communicate and interact to control and modulate inflammation and tissue repair. One of the neuroendocrine pathways, when activated, results in the release of immune-regulating peptides from the submandibular gland upon neuronal stimulation from sympathetic nerves. This pathway or communication is referred to as the cervical sympathetic trunk-submandibular gland (CST-SMG) axis, a regulatory system that plays a role in the systemic control of inflammation.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Early work in identifying factors that played a role in the CST-SMG axis led to the discovery of a seven amino acid peptide, called the submandibular gland peptide-T. SGP-T was demonstrated to have biological activity and thermoregulatory properties related to endotoxin exposure. SGP-T, an isolate of the submandibular gland, demonstrated its immunoregulatory properties and potential role in modulating the cervical sympathetic trunk-submandibular gland (CST-SMG) axis, and subsequently was shown to play an important role in the control of inflammation.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: One SGP-T derivative is a three-amino acid sequence shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory molecule with systemic effects. This three-amino acid peptide is phenylalanine-glutamine-glycine (FEG) and its D-isomeric form (feG) have become the foundation for the ImSAID category. Cellular Effects of feG: The cellular effects of the ImSAIDs are characterized in a number of publications. feG and related peptides are known to modulate leukocyte (white blood cells) activity by influencing cell surface receptors to inhibit excessive activation and tissue infiltration.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: One lead ImSAID, the tripeptide FEG (Phe-Glu-Gly) and its D-isomer feG are known to alter leukocyte adhesion involving actions on αMβ2 integrin, and inhibit the binding of CD16b (FCyRIII) antibody to human neutrophils. feG has also been shown to decrease circulating neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation, decrease intracellular oxidative activity, and reduce the expression of CD49d after antigen exposure.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Many bioactive compounds showed anti-inflammatory activities on albino rat. In April 2014, plumericin from the Amazonian plant "Himatanthus sucuuba" has been described as a potent anti-inflammatory agent "in vitro" and "in vivo". Essential oils and extracts from some condiment plants have also been reported with anti-inflammatory activities—due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as eugenol, eucalyptol, menthone, and menthol.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Anti-inflammatory treatment trials for existing Alzheimer's disease have typically shown little to no effect on halting or reversing the disease. Research and clinical trials continue. Two studies from 2012 and 2013 found that regular use of aspirin for over ten years is associated with an increase in the risk of macular degeneration.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Applying ice, or even cool water, to a tissue injury has an anti-inflammatory effect, and is often suggested as an injury treatment and pain management technique for athletes. One common approach is rest, ice, compression and elevation. Cool temperatures inhibit local blood circulation, which reduces swelling in the injured tissue and relieves pain.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: In addition to medical drugs, some herbs and health supplements may have anti-inflammatory qualities: bromelain from pineapples ("Ananas comosus"). Cannabichromene, a cannabinoid, also has anti-inflammatory effect. Honokiol from "Magnolia" inhibits platelet aggregation, and works as an inverse agonist at the CB2 receptor. Black seed ("Nigella sativa") has shown anti-inflammatory effect due to its high thymoquinone content. St. John's wort's chief constituent, hyperforin, has been found to be a potent COX-1 and 5-LO inhibitor, with anti-inflammatory effect several fold that of aspirin.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Coal tar has been used for centuries for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Oral administration for central effects is now rare as coal tar also contains a range of dangerous and carcinogenic compounds, and does not allow for the administration of standardized doses, although some doctors readily utilize coal tar preparations for topical administration (e.g., Denorex, Psoriasin) in the treatment of skin conditions such as eczema and atopic dermatitis. Many modern analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents (such as paracetamol and its predecessor phenacetin) are derived from compounds which were originally discovered during studies to elucidate the chemicals responsible for the tars reputed health benefits.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Nutrition is linked to oxidative stress and inflammation. Foods that promote oxidative stress can also promote inflammation, while antioxidative foods may help bringing inflammation levels down. Other pathways may include the link between nutrition and hormones that effect inflammation.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Observational studies show positive effects of low glycemic carbohydrates, whole grains, nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables, fish and tea. Interventional studies show no effect with whole grains but with tea, vegetables and fruits.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: There is concern about saturated fat, which is mainly found in animal products, can promote inflammation.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Epidemiological studies show that a vegetarian or mediterranean diet is associated with lower inflammation levels.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: A 2022 meta study found that plant-based diets such as a vegan, vegetarian, or mediterranean diet or the DASH diet are associated with lower inflammation levels and lower oxidative stress. By contrast a Western pattern diet based on white flour, red and processed meat was associated with higher inflammation levels and more oxidative stress.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is a score (number) that describes the potential of diet to modulate systemic inflammation within the body. The creation of the DII is attributed to scientists led by James R. Hébert at the Statewide South Carolina Cancer Prevention and Control Program at the University of South Carolina. It is based on the review and scoring of 1943 peer-reviewed scientific articles on diet and six inflammatory biomarkers published through 2010. According to Clarivate Web of Science, as of 23 November a total of 480 peer-reviewed scientific articles, including 39 meta-analyses, have been published based on the DII and these have been cited a total of 7545 times.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Developing research has demonstrated that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as myokines which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: Patients on NSAIDs should seek to avoid excessive consumption of omega-6 containing foods. Although many such foods contain the anti-inflammatory omega-3 as well, low doses of omega-6 interfere with omega-3's ability to reduce inflammation, while higher doses are capable of completely inhibiting the effects of most currently-used anti-inflammatory agents (cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitors, cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, and antileukotrienes).


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: The concomitant use of NSAIDs with alcohol and/or tobacco products significantly increases the already elevated risk of peptic ulcers during NSAID therapy.


title: Anti-inflammatory

text: NSAID painkillers may interfere with and reduce the efficacy of SSRI antidepressants through inhibiting TNFα and IFNγ, both of which are cytokine derivatives.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: Tuck Everlasting is an American children's novel about immortality written by Natalie Babbitt and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1975. It has sold over 5 million copies and has been called a classic of modern children's literature.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: "Tuck Everlasting" has been adapted into two feature films, released in 1981 and 2002, and has been adapted three times into unabridged audio books: by Listening Library/Random House in 1988 and narrated by Peter Thomas, by Recorded Books in 1993 and narrated by Barbara Caruso, and by Audio Bookshelf in 2001 and narrated by Melissa Hughes. It has also been adapted into a stage musical with music by Chris Miller, lyrics by Nathan Tysen, and book by Claudia Shear and Tim Federle.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: Ten-year-old Winifred "Winnie" Foster, who lives at the edge of the village of Treegap, decides to run away from her overbearing family. That evening, a man in a yellow suit approaches the Foster home, looking for information. Winnie, the man, and Winnie's grandmother hear a music box playing in the wood near the Fosters' house.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: The next morning, Winnie explores the wood. While the Fosters own the wood, they never enter it. She sees a young man, Jesse Tuck, drink from a small spring. When she asks his age, he first says he's 104 years old, then changes his answer to seventeen. Winnie wants to drink from the spring, but Jesse stops her. When she mentions her father, Jesse becomes scared she will tell him about the spring. Jesse's mother Mae and brother Miles arrive. They seize Winnie, taking her to their home and pleading with her not to be scared. On the road, they pass the man in the yellow suit.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: The Tucks explain that, 87 years ago, they had passed through the wood while looking for land to farm. They drank from the spring. After twenty years, the Tucks realized they were not aging. Miles's wife left him, taking their son and daughter. Forced to leave their farm, the Tucks returned in the direction of Treegap. After seeing that the clearing around the spring had not changed in twenty years, the Tucks realized that the spring had made them immortal.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: Winnie quickly grows fond of the Tucks. Angus, patriarch of the family, explains that he wants to grow old but can't. He asks her to keep the Tucks' secret, saying that if others found out about the spring, they would drink from it and later regret their immortality. That evening, Jesse proposes that after Winnie turns seventeen, she drink from the spring and live eternally with him.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: The man in the yellow suit steals the Tucks' horse and rides to the Fosters' home. He tells them that the Tucks have kidnapped Winnie and promises to rescue her in exchange for the Fosters' wood. He directs the constable to the Tucks' home, then rides ahead to meet the Tucks alone. He tells the Tucks that his grandmother had a friend who left her husband, taking their son and daughter, because the husband had not aged in twenty years. The ageless husband's mother had owned a music box. The man in the yellow suit had learned the music box's tune from his grandmother, who had learned it from her friend. Two nights ago, the man had heard the same tune coming from the Fosters' wood, where Mae had played it on her music box. He had followed the Tucks and eavesdropped to hear their story. Now, with legal possession of the wood and spring, he plans to sell the spring water to "people who deserve it. And it will be very, very expensive."


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: The man in the yellow suit offers to pay the Tucks to publicly demonstrate their invincibility. Angus angrily refuses. The man drags Winnie outside. He announces that after she drinks the water, demonstrations with her will do just as well. Mae, using a shotgun as a club, clouts him on his head. The man in the yellow suit falls just as the constable arrives.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: Winnie tells the constable that the Tucks are her friends, not her kidnappers. The constable takes Winnie home and locks Mae in the village jail. The man in the yellow suit dies. Since Mae has committed murder, she will be hanged. The Tucks and Winnie realize that attempting to execute her will reveal the Tucks' secret.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: The following evening, Jesse visits Winnie. He explains that Miles has a plan to break Mae out of jail. He gives her a bottle of water from the spring and asks her to drink it when she turns seventeen. Winnie volunteers to help Mae escape. At midnight, Winnie and the Tucks go to jail. Miles pries the window out of Mae's cell, and Winnie exchanges places with Mae. In the dark, the constable mistakes Winnie for Mae. He does not realize until morning that Mae has escaped, and by then the Tucks are gone.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: Infuriated, the constable yells at Winnie for committing a crime, and that if she was older, he would've kept her there. Winnie is not given a direct punishment as she is too young to be punished by law.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: Two weeks pass. Winnie sees a toad threatened by a dog. She snatches up the toad and pours the water from Jesse's bottle over it.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: Decades later in 1950, Mae and Angus Tuck return to Treegap. They learn that three years earlier in 1947, the wood was struck by lightning and burned. It was bulldozed, and now a gas station stands on the site. Angus finds Winnie's grave and learns that she died two years ago, in 1948, after being married and having children. He feels proud. As they leave the town, they see a toad squatting on the road. Angus moves it to the side of the road, commenting that it must think it's going to live forever.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: "Tuck Everlasting" has received awards including the Janusz Korczak Medal and the 1976 Christopher Award as best book for young people. It was named an ALA Notable Book and included on the "Horn Book Magazine" Fanfare List. In 2005 it was covered by Anita Silvey in "The 100 Best Books for Children".


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association listed it as one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children." It was ranked number 16 among the "Top 100 Chapter Books" of all time in a 2012 survey published by "School Library Journal". The Broadway musical received a Tony Award nomination for Gregg Barnes in the category of Best Costume Design of A Musical for the 2015–2016 season.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: The novel has twice been adapted to film, and a musical. The first was released in 1981 and distributed by One Pass Media. The second, by Disney in 2002, was directed by Jay Russell and starred Alexis Bledel as Winnie, Jonathan Jackson as Jesse, William Hurt as Angus, Sissy Spacek as Mae, and Ben Kingsley as the man in the yellow suit. It received mixed but generally favorable reviews and currently (May 2022) holds a 60% rating at Rotten Tomatoes. "The New York Post" praised it as 'handsomely crafted and well-acted'. It grossed a little over $19 million at the domestic box office and was not widely released in foreign territories.


title: Tuck Everlasting

text: The novel has been adapted into a stage musical with music by Chris Miller, lyrics by Nathan Tysen, and book by Claudia Shear and Tim Federle. It was originally scheduled for a pre-Broadway run at Boston's Colonial Theatre, in June 2013, but plans were abandoned due to a lack of available theatres in New York. It was produced at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, in January and February 2015, directed and choreographed by Casey Nicholaw. The musical began previews on Broadway, on March 31, 2016, at the Broadhurst Theatre, opening on April 26, 2016, and closing a month later, on May 29. Carolee Carmello and Andrew Keenan-Bolger played Mae and Jesse, with Robert Lenzi (Miles), Michael Park (Angus), Terrence Mann (Man in the Yellow Suit), Fred Applegate (Constable Joe), Michael Wartella (Hugo), Valerie Wright (Betsy Foster), and Sarah Charles Lewis as Winnie.


title: Mary Bono

text: Mary Bono (née Whitaker and formerly Mary Bono Mack, born October 24, 1961) is an American politician, businesswoman, and lobbyist who served Palm Springs and most of central and eastern Riverside County, California, in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1998 to 2013.


title: Mary Bono

text: A member of the Republican Party, Bono was first elected to Congress in 1998 to replace her late husband, Sonny Bono, who had died in office months earlier. She sat on the Energy and Commerce Committee and was chairwoman of the Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade. In 1998, Bono served on the House Judiciary Committee that approved articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton. Bono served in Congress until losing her 2012 re-election bid.


title: Mary Bono

text: In March 2013, Bono became a senior vice president at the Washington, D.C.-based federal affairs firm Faegre Baker Daniels Consulting. In 2018, she founded the political affairs consulting firm Integritas by Bono.


title: Mary Bono

text: Bono was born Mary Whitaker in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of Karen Lee (née Taylor), a chemist, and Dr. Clay Westerfield Whitaker, a physician and World War II veteran. In 1963, the family moved to South Pasadena, California. She graduated from South Pasadena High School in 1979, then from the University of Southern California in 1984 with a Bachelor of Arts in art history. Whitaker was an accomplished gymnast in her youth and worked as a cocktail waitress during her early twenties.


title: Mary Bono

text: In 1986, Whitaker married singer, actor and politician Sonny Bono. They moved to Palm Springs, California where Sonny Bono served as mayor from 1988 to 1992 before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1994. The congressman died in a skiing accident on January 5, 1998, during his second term in Congress, leaving a vacant seat in the House, which Mary Bono would then pursue.


title: Mary Bono

text: In 1998, Mary Bono won the Republican nomination for the special election to succeed her late husband in what was then California's 44th congressional district. She was then elected to Congress on April 7, 1998. Bono won election to a full term on November 3, 1998.


title: Mary Bono

text: That same year, Bono was added to the House Judiciary Committee by the Republican leadership in anticipation of the consideration of impeachment proceedings against President Clinton, thus becoming the only Republican woman on the committee during the impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton. Bono voted along party lines on all four motions for impeachment in both the committee and on the House floor, despite other moderate Republican House members voting against Articles II, III, and IV. Bono's service on the House Judiciary panel increased her national profile considerably.


title: Mary Bono

text: Bono served in Congress for 15 years. In 2011, her bill, H.R. 2715, was signed into law with bipartisan support to amend and improve the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008. The daughter of a veteran, Bono also played a key role in creation of VA clinics in Blythe and Palm Desert, California. In December 2010, she was one of fifteen Republican House members to vote in favor of repealing the United States military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" ban on openly homosexual service members.


title: Mary Bono

text: After the 2010 United States census, Bono's district was renumbered as the 36th district and made somewhat more Democratic and Hispanic than its predecessor. In a significant upset, Democratic challenger Raul Ruiz, a physician, defeated her with 53 percent of the vote to Bono's 47.1 percent.


title: Mary Bono

text: In 2013, Bono was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the "Hollingsworth v. Perry" case.


title: Mary Bono

text: Bono was chairwoman of the House Energy Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade. This committee debates legislation related to intellectual property, telecommunications, energy and healthcare. She was the first Republican woman to chair this subcommittee.


title: Mary Bono

text: She was co-chair of the Congressional Caucus on Prescription Drug Abuse. In 2012, she formed and chaired the House Women's Policy Committee, which included 24 female Republican lawmakers from 17 states.


title: Mary Bono

text: In March 2013, Bono became a senior vice president at the Washington, D.C.-based federal affairs firm Faegre Baker Daniels Consulting.


title: Mary Bono

text: In June 2013, a group of leading telecommunications firms announced formation of the 21st Century Privacy Coalition, which focuses on updating U.S. privacy and data security laws. Mary Bono and Jon Leibowitz, former Federal Trade Commission chairman, were named co-chairs of the coalition. Also in June 2013, Bono helped lead expansion of Faegre Baker Daniels and Faegre Baker Daniels Consulting into Silicon Valley, in her home state of California.


title: Mary Bono

text: In August 2013, Bono was a panelist at the "National Journal"'s Women 2020 event. At that event, she discussed gender inequality and her experiences as a woman in Congress.


title: Mary Bono

text: In October 2018, following the Michigan State University sex abuse scandal, Bono was named interim president and chief executive officer of USA Gymnastics. However, she resigned four days later following criticism over her previous role as a lobbyist for USA Gymnastics amid public concern that she had marked out the Nike logo on her sneakers in protest of Nike's support for NFL quarterback Colin Kaepernick.


title: Mary Bono

text: After attending a lecture by mountaineer-turned-humanitarian Greg Mortenson, Bono worked with him to aid his efforts to build schools for girls in the mountainous regions of Pakistan. Bono is quoted in Mortenson's book "Three Cups of Tea" as saying "I've learned more from Greg Mortenson about the causes of terrorism than during all our briefings on Capitol Hill."


title: Mary Bono

text: In March 1986, she married actor/singer Sonny Bono. The Bonos moved to Palm Springs, where they owned and operated a restaurant. Sonny Bono served as Mayor of Palm Springs from 1988 to 1992 before being elected to Congress in 1994. The Bonos had two children: Chesare and Chianna. Sonny Bono died on January 5, 1998 in a skiing accident.


title: Mary Bono

text: After Sonny Bono's death in 1998, Bono began dating Brian Prout, drummer of the country music band Diamond Rio. The two became engaged in 2001 but did not marry.


title: Mary Bono

text: In 2001, Bono married Wyoming businessman Glenn Baxley about 18 months after they met in Mexico. They filed for divorce in 2005.


title: Mary Bono

text: On December 15, 2007, Bono married Congressman Connie Mack IV (R-FL) in Asheville, North Carolina. In May 2013, the couple announced they had separated on amicable terms. They divorced later that year.


title: Koffee

text: Mikayla Victoria Simpson (born 16 February 2000), better known as Koffee, is a Jamaican reggae singer, songwriter, rapper, and guitarist from Spanish Town, Jamaica. She released her debut single "Burning" in 2017, and in 2019 signed with Columbia Records. Her 2019 EP "Rapture" won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, making Koffee the youngest person and only woman to be awarded in the Best Reggae Album category. Her most recent album "Gifted" was released March 25, 2022.


title: Koffee

text: Koffee's mother was an occasional actress, Seventh-day Adventist, and a Ministry of Health employee. Koffee's first musical inspirations stemmed from her mother's religious background. She sang in her church choir, taught herself guitar at the age of 12 on an instrument borrowed from a friend, and began writing lyrics inspired by listening to reggae singer Protoje. She attended Ardenne High School in Kingston, Jamaica.


title: Koffee

text: In 2016, she won her school talent show at Ardenne High School located in Kingston, Jamaica without realizing that the informal show at which she performed in her school cafeteria had been an audition. She went on to learn music theory and vocal technique in her high school choir. A defining moment for Koffee occurred her final year of high school, when she performed at her school's talent show with other gifted artists in front of about 1,000 people. She indicated that the show gave her the first bit of confidence to perform and deliver music live.


title: Koffee

text: Koffee gained popularity after uploading a video to Instagram of her singing. In 2017 she released her first single, "Legend", with just her voice and acoustic guitar. A tribute to Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, the song became a viral Instagram hit, once the athlete reposted it on his own Instagram. Awareness of the violence and social problems she witnessed growing up has influenced her lyrics, and besides Protoje and Chronixx she has cited Super Cat and Giggs among her musical inspirations.


title: Koffee

text: Koffee was introduced by Cocoa Tea at the Rebel Salute, a reggae festival, and has also performed with her musical inspirations Protoje and Chronixx.


title: Koffee

text: "Burning", her take on Upsetta Records' Ouji Riddim (which had been made popular by Jamaican artists Busy Signal and Luciano), followed. "Burning" grew out of her desire to inspire herself to push forward despite disappointment at not getting into post-secondary Sixth Form after she graduated from Ardenne High School. In June she spent three weeks at number one on The Foundation Radio Network's Top 30 Reggae Chart covering New York City and South Florida.


title: Koffee

text: In 2018, Jamaican reggae/dancehall singer, songwriter, and deejay Cocoa Tea brought her on stage at the 2018 Rebel Salute and Rototom Sunsplash in Jamaica and Spain respectively. Protoje asked her to perform with him. Chronixx invited her to join him a BBC Radio 1Xtra broadcast from Tuff Gong Studios, and she went on to tour with him in the UK at venues such as Bush Hall and at Alexandra Palace. Koffee and Chronixx appeared on BBC Music Introducing...LIVE on November 10.


title: Koffee

text: Koffee's December 2018 single "Raggamuffin" called out gun violence and governmental neglect of the youth. BBC Radio 1Xtra named Koffee one of its "Hot for 2019" artists. Her next single, "Toast", was produced by (izybeats) and (Walshy Fire) of Major Lazer. Both Chronixx and Protoje appear in the video. In 2019, Tory Lanez made a remix to "Toast" as a part of his International Fargo project which can be found on SoundCloud.


title: Koffee

text: In 2018, she also signed with Columbia Records UK, and "Rapture". Her debut EP on the label, was released on March 14, 2019. Her "Throne" video, which takes viewers on a tour through her home town of Spanish Town, Jamaica, debuted on "The Fader" on 22 January 2019. On 13 November 2019, Koffee was announced as an opening act for Harry Styles on select dates of the North American leg of his 2020Love On Tour, and on 3 December as an opening act for the Latin American leg.


title: Koffee

text: On 26 November 2019, Koffee released her first cross-over collaborative single "W", featuring hip-hop artist Gunna.


title: Koffee

text: "Rapture" won a Grammy Award at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, making Koffee the youngest person (at 19 years old) and only woman to be awarded in the Best Reggae Album category.


title: Koffee

text: Koffee was the musical guest on Nick Cannon's sketch comedy and improv television series "Wild 'N Out" which aired on February 18, 2020 on VH1.


title: Koffee

text: In October 2020, Koffee was named by "Elle" magazine as one of "10 Trailblazing Women Changing The Future You Need To Know", the others being: Mowalola Ogunlesi, Tobi Kyeremateng, Ngozi Onwurah, Simi Lindgren, Balanda Atis, Magdalene Abraha, Holly Fischer, Celeste and Margaret Busby.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Payal Rohatgi (born 9 November 1984) is an Indian actress and reality TV performer who appears in Hindi films. She was a contestant in the reality show "Bigg Boss" in 2008. In 2022, she participated in ALT Balaji's reality television show "Lock Upp" and emerged as the Runner-Up.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Rohatgi was born on 9 November 1984 in Hyderabad and earned a degree in computer engineering and was also a Gujrat Board Topper.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Rohatgi started her career by being part of the "Femina Miss India" pageant. She later went on to represent India as Miss India Tourism in Miss Tourism World pageant internationally. There Rohatgi won the title of Supermodel Miss Tourism World.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Rohatgi modeled for popular brands like Amul, Nirma, Nescafe, Dabur Hair Oil, Jaguar Bath Panel. She gained attention after appearing in a television ad for Cadbury's Temptations Chocolates. Around this time she also appeared in music videos by rock band, "Silk Route" and Indipop artist, KK.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: In 2002, she did her debut with "Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?", and in 2006, she appeared in "36 China Town". In the same year, she was offered an item song in the Madhur Bhandarkar film "Corporate". She made a cameo appearance in "Ugly Aur Pagli", which was released in August 2008. In mid-September, she appeared opposite Irrfan Khan in "Dil Kabaddi". Rohatgi was considered a sex symbol by the Indian media during her early career in films.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Payal Rohatgi made her theatre debut with director and producer Vandana Sajnani's play called "Fourplay" in 2010.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: In September 2013, Rohatgi was featured in Life OK's TV fiction show "Hum Ne Li Hai Shapath" where she played the supervillain Gong in a special episode of the comic series. In 2014, Rohatgi was part of the National Anthem shot by director Rajeev Walia. In September 2014, Rohatgi made her television debut on the Sony TV show "Humsafars". In February 2022, she made a comeback to entertainment industry as she participated in the OTT reality show Lock Upp.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Rohatgi is in a relationship with Indian wrestler Sangram Singh since 2011, whom she met on the sets of reality show "Survivor India". On 27 February 2014, she got engaged to wrestler Sangram Singh in Ahmedabad. In April 2015, Rohatgi with her fiancé wrestler Sangram Singh were seen in the dance reality show "Nach Baliye 7", on Star Plus. They lasted in the show till the seventh final episode. Both of them also did a film together, called Night’.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: They were the brand ambassadors of International Human Rights Organisation (IHRO), an Indian NGO from New Delhi,


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Rohatgi shared fake news and fringe theories multiple times from Twitter account. She was locked from Twitter for a week for "communalising" 2019 Hyderabad gang rape. Twitter handle of Mumbai police blocked Rohatgi in 2019 but later unblocked her when Chief Minister's wife, Amruta Fadnavis, voiced support for her.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: During 2018 Kerala floods, Payal Rohatgi claimed that it was wrath of God due to cow slaughter. Her remarks were called as "insensitive" and she was trolled on Twitter due to her remarks.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: In July 2019, she also commented on inequality in Islam in Instagram over Zaira Wasim's decision to leave Bollywood. Police complaint against her was lodged at Oshiwara police station in August 2019 over her remarks.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Rohatgi also attacked the 19th century Indian social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy as a "traitor" & lackey of British, and accused him of defaming the tradition of Sati. She also glorified the tradition of Sati, saying that women burned themselves alive in order to evade rape by Islamic invaders. Hindol Sengupta and Sanjeev Sanyal presented balanced view of the events over her remarks. Museum Secretary of Raja Ram Mohan Roy Memorial Museum said that Rohatgi seems to know nothing about him.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: In June 2019, Rohatgi claimed that maratha ruler Shivaji was born in shudra varna and later moved up in caste hierarchy. NCP leader Jitendra Awhad filed complaint against her in Mumbai and demanded arrest of her over her remarks. She issued a video apology over Twitter.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Rohatgi claimed that Jawaharlal Nehru, first prime minister of India, was not legitimate child of Motilal Nehru but born out of an illicit relationship of Kamala Nehru with another man in Facebook video in October 2019. She also alleged that Motilal Nehru had five wives. Youth Congress leader lodged police complaint against her for insulting the Nehru family. Later, she offered public apology to Priyanka Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi. On 15 December, she was detained by Bundi Police in Ahmedabad due to her remarks on Nehru-Gandhi family. She was later arrested. On 16 December 2019 Court sent her in Judicial custody for 9 days till 24 December 2019. On 17 December she was released on bail.


title: Payal Rohatgi

text: Rohatgi wrote a series of vulgar tweets about Muslim women participating in Citizenship (Amendment) Bill protests for which Twitter suspended her account for a week in June 2020. Her account was permanently suspended in July 2020. A Metropolitan Magistrate court in Mumbai noted that the tweets prima facie "show disregard against Muslim women and Community" and ordered a technical investigation.


title: Atan2

text: In computing and mathematics, the function atan2 is the 2-argument arctangent. By definition, formula_1 is the angle measure (in radians, with formula_2) between the positive formula_3-axis and the ray from the origin to the point formula_4 in the Cartesian plane. Equivalently, formula_5 is the argument (also called "phase" or "angle") of the complex number formula_6


title: Atan2

text: The formula_7 function first appeared in the programming language Fortran in 1961. It was originally intended to return a correct and unambiguous value for the angle in converting from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates . If formula_1 and formula_9, then formula_10 and formula_11


title: Atan2

text: If , the desired angle measure is formula_12 However, when , the angle formula_13 is diametrically opposite the desired angle, and ± (a half turn) must be added to place the point in the correct quadrant. Using the formula_7 function does away with this correction, simplifying code and mathematical formulas.


title: Atan2

text: The ordinary single-argument arctangent function only returns angle measures in the interval formula_15 and when invoking it to find the angle measure between the -axis and an arbitrary vector in the Cartesian plane, there is no simple way to indicate a direction in the left half-plane (that is, a point formula_4 with formula_17). Diametrically opposite angle measures have the same tangent because formula_18 so the tangent formula_19 is not in itself sufficient to uniquely specify an angle.


title: Atan2

text: To determine an angle measure using the arctangent function given a point or vector formula_20 mathematical formulas or computer code must handle multiple cases; at least one for positive values of formula_3 and one for negative values of formula_22 and sometimes additional cases when formula_23 is negative or one coordinate is zero. Finding angle measures and converting Cartesian to polar coordinates are common in scientific computing, and this code is redundant and error-prone.


title: Atan2

text: To remedy this, computer programming languages introduced the function, at least as early as the Fortran IV language of the 1960s. The quantity is the angle measure between the -axis and a ray from the origin to a point anywhere in the Cartesian plane. The signs of and are used to determine the quadrant of the result and select the correct branch of the multivalued function .


title: Atan2

text: The function is useful in many applications involving Euclidean vectors such as finding the direction from one point to another or converting a rotation matrix to Euler angles.


title: Atan2

text: The function is now included in many other programming languages, and is also commonly found in mathematical formulas throughout science and engineering.


title: Atan2

text: In 1961, Fortran introduced the function with argument order formula_24 so that the argument (phase angle) of a complex number is formula_25 This follows the left-to-right order of a fraction written formula_26 so that formula_27 for positive values of formula_28 However, this is the opposite of the conventional component order for complex numbers, formula_29 or as coordinates formula_30 See section Definition and computation.


title: Atan2

text: Some other programming languages (see § Realizations of the function in common computer languages) picked the opposite order instead. For example Microsoft Excel uses formula_31 OpenOffice Calc uses formula_32 and Mathematica uses formula_33 defaulting to one-argument arctangent if called with one argument.


title: Atan2

text: The function computes the principal value of the argument function applied to the complex number . That is, . The argument could be changed by an arbitrary multiple of (corresponding to a complete turn around the origin) without making any difference to the angle, but to define uniquely one uses the principal value in the range formula_34, that is, .


title: Atan2

text: In terms of the standard function, whose range is , it can be expressed as follows to define a surface that has no discontinuities except along the semi-infinite line x<0 y=0:


title: Atan2

text: This expression may be more suited for symbolic use than the definition above. However it is unsuitable for general floating-point computational use, as the effect of rounding errors in formula_40 expand near the region (this may even lead to a division of "y" by zero).


title: Atan2

text: As the function is a function of two variables, it has two partial derivatives. At points where these derivatives exist, is, except for a constant, equal to . Hence for or ,


title: Atan2

text: Informally representing the function as the angle function (which is only defined up to a constant) yields the following formula for the total differential:


title: Atan2

text: While the function is discontinuous along the negative -axis, reflecting the fact that angle cannot be continuously defined, this derivative is continuously defined except at the origin, reflecting the fact that infinitesimal (and indeed local) "changes" in angle can be defined everywhere except the origin. Integrating this derivative along a path gives the total change in angle over the path, and integrating over a closed loop gives the winding number.


title: Atan2

text: In the language of differential geometry, this derivative is a one-form, and it is closed (its derivative is zero) but not exact (it is not the derivative of a 0-form, i.e., a function), and in fact it generates the first de Rham cohomology of the punctured plane. This is the most basic example of such a form, and it is fundamental in differential geometry.


title: Atan2

text: The partial derivatives of do not contain trigonometric functions, making it particularly useful in many applications (e.g. embedded systems) where trigonometric functions can be expensive to evaluate.


title: Atan2

text: This figure shows values of atan2 along selected rays from the origin, labelled at the unit circle. The values, in radians, are shown inside the circle. The diagram uses the standard mathematical convention that angles increase counterclockwise from zero along the ray to the right. Note that the order of arguments is reversed; the function computes the angle corresponding to the point .


title: Atan2

text: This figure shows the values of formula_46 along with formula_47 for formula_48. Both functions are odd and periodic with periods formula_49 and formula_50, respectively, and thus can easily be supplemented to any region of real values of formula_51. One can clearly see the branch cuts of the formula_52-function at formula_53, and of the formula_54-function at formula_55.


title: Atan2

text: The two figures below show 3D views of respectively and over a region of the plane. Note that for , "rays" in the "X"/"Y"-plane emanating from the origin have constant values, but for "lines" in the "X"/"Y"-plane passing through the origin have constant values. For , the two diagrams give identical values.


title: Atan2

text: The proof involves considering two cases, one where formula_59 or formula_60 and one where formula_61 and formula_62.


title: Atan2

text: We only consider the case where formula_59 or formula_60. To start, we make the following observations:


title: Atan2

text: To see (4), we have the identity formula_73 where formula_74, hence formula_75. Furthermore, since formula_76 for any positive real value formula_77, then if we let formula_78 and formula_79 then we have formula_80.


title: Atan2

text: Corollary: if formula_82 and formula_83 are 2-dimensional vectors, the difference formula is frequently used in practice to compute the angle between those vectors with the help of formula_7, since the resulting computation behaves benign in the range formula_85 and can thus be used without range checks in many practical situations.


title: Atan2

text: The formula_86 function was originally designed for the convention in pure mathematics that can be termed "east-counterclockwise". In practical applications, however, the "north-clockwise" and "south-clockwise" conventions are often the norm. In atmospheric sciences, for instance, the wind direction can be calculated using the formula_86 function with the east- and north-components of the wind vector as its arguments; the solar azimuth angle can be calculated similarly with the east- and north-components of the solar vector as its arguments. The wind direction is normally defined in the north-clockwise sense, and the solar azimuth angle uses both the north-clockwise and south-clockwise conventions widely. These different conventions can be realized by swapping the positions and changing the signs of the x- and y-arguments as follows:


title: Atan2

text: As an example, let formula_91 and formula_92, then the east-counterclockwise format gives formula_93, the north-clockwise format gives formula_94, and the south-clockwise format gives formula_95.


title: Atan2

text: Apparently, changing the sign of the x- and/or y-arguments and swapping their positions can create 8 possible variations of the formula_86 function and they, interestingly, correspond to 8 possible definitions of the angle, namely, clockwise or counterclockwise starting from each of the 4 cardinal directions, north, east, south and west.