title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Sabretooth is a mutant with a number of both natural and artificial improvements to his physiology compared to normal humans. His primary mutant power is an accelerated healing ability that allows him to regenerate damaged or destroyed areas of his body and cellular structure far beyond the capabilities of an ordinary human. Like Wolverine's, his abilities have been depicted with variable degrees of contradiction by various creators. Sabretooth's increased attributes stem, in part from said healing. This "healing factor" also grants him virtual immunity against most poisons, drugs, toxins, and diseases, and limited immunity to fatigue. The regenerative qualities of his powers cause him to age at an unusually slow rate. While he is of an unknown advanced age, Sabretooth has the appearance and vitality of a tall, very burly, highly muscular man in his late 20s to mid 30s.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: The depiction of Sabretooth's powers has changed and evolved depending on creative team, with his healing power introduced as a retcon after he became Wolverine's rival. In other, earlier appearances, Sabretooth was much more average. In a fight with Spider-Man, he was incapacitated when his face was severely wounded, and did not display any accelerated healing. When Sabretooth returned, his still prominent wounds were reopened when he was hit in the face.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Sabretooth possesses acute senses that are comparable to certain animals. This includes the ability to see objects with greater clarity and at much greater distances than an ordinary human. He is able to see with this same level of clarity in almost complete darkness, just like a nocturnal hunter. It is also that said he can see infrared and ultraviolet portions of the spectrum.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: He possesses some degree of notable physical abilities, such as superhuman strength due to his healing factor. The exact limits of his strength are unknown, though he originally could crush an iron barbell with ease. His physical strength has been artificially enhanced at least twice. The first was a strength enhancement from his son, Graydon. It was then further enhanced after joining the latest incarnation of the Weapon X Program. His healing factor also grants him superhuman stamina, so he can push himself at peak capacity for several days before fatigue sets in. On top of this he is depicted as having retractable claws that can rend normal clothing and flesh with ease.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: His agility and reflexes were both naturally above human and further artificially-enhanced. With an ability to pounce like a hunting big cat, stalk and move quietly throughout his appearances, most human and some super powered enemies can not react to his leap before being hit.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Sabretooth is an excellent hand-to-hand and armed combatant, having been trained by various organizations such as the CIA, Department H's Weapon X program, the Foreigner, and HYDRA. He is also an expert at hunting and tracking, even without the use of his heightened senses. Sabretooth also developed a high resistance to telepathic probing and manipulation, after an incident where his brain was skewered. And even with that damage to his brain, it has been shown that Sabretooth is actually quite intelligent compared to the average person, as shown by his ability to avoid capture and escape the highest levels of incarceration without assistance. He is also highly skilled at psychological manipulation, and has demonstrated the ability to speak fluent German.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: In an alternate universe in Marvel Comics depicted in the "Age of Apocalypse" storyline there is a vastly different version of Sabretooth. This version of the character has the same origin as the one in the normal continuity, but has a different moral alignment. He is actually one of the X-Men and a role model for other mutants in this alternate reality. This Sabretooth was initially a villain, having been recruited by Apocalypse, but he was cast out as a traitor when he expressed moral reservations about using nuclear weapons to wipe out the world's human population. Apocalypse intended to kill Sabretooth alongside the X-Men, but was thwarted by Magneto. Sabretooth came back into Apocalypse's fold and took part in a number of culls, but he eventually grew disgusted by his life and rebelled against Holocaust, for which he was imprisoned alongside the feral Wild Child. Instead of becoming a feral killer, like Holocaust intended, Sabretooth defeated Wild Child and became his master and protector. Together, the two escaped and joined the X-Men afterward. He became a hero and an ally of Logan (Weapon X), and even adopted a young girl, Blink, as his daughter. In the "Exiles" comics, he spent decades in an alternate dimension raising mutant children, attempting to teach them ethics and tolerance, without incident.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Also, this version of Sabretooth's biological son was theorized to be Nightcrawler, evidenced by the statement of Mystique that she had gone to the trouble of "finding a father with fur" when Nightcrawler complains he is cold and, when the Shadow King possesses Mystique, the captions reveal "one memory is more interesting then the others" and flashes to Sabretooth taunting Nightcrawler.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: When the "Age of Apocalypse" timeline was apparently destroyed, Sabretooth became the leader of the extra-dimensional band of characters who slide into alternate realities, known as Weapon X. For a time he was also the leader of their counterpart team, the Exiles, and remains with the team to this day. This version of Sabretooth originally had no adamantium in his skeleton (though it was later revealed that his skeleton had become laced with adamantium like Wolverine), but was still superhumanly strong and possessed a regenerative healing factor."


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: When Sabretooth decided to leave Weapon X, he stayed behind in a dimension to ensure that that reality's version of David Richards, the son of Franklin Richards and Rachel Summers, would not be corrupted by his virtually omnipotent powers. However, the boy turned evil anyway, despite Sabretooth's best efforts at raising him right.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: When he was recruited by the Timebroker into the Exiles, Blink's personality became incredibly docile and subservient to Creed. Sabretooth gladly took the leadership role from Blink, a fact that Mimic clashed with him over multiple times. He continued to assist the Exiles in the race to catch Proteus. He survived being teleported into outer space by Blink (albeit by accident). After Proteus' defeat, Sabretooth stayed with the team to help fix the multiverse.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Later, when the Exiles needed to defeat the Silver Surfer, this version temporarily becomes a Herald of Galactus. He uses the powers he gained to maul the Silver Surfer, then after he no longer needed it he returned the Power Cosmic to Galactus.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: At Sabretooth's request, Heather unhinges Psylocke from Earth-616 to join the Exiles in Power Princess' place as she might be their only chance if Proteus ever resurfaces. However, upon arrival, she clashes with Sabretooth, thinking him to be the Earth-616 Sabretooth that nearly killed her twice. They fight for a while, but eventually Psylocke catches on to the fact that Sabretooth is not there for a fight and Morph intervenes and makes an introduction. Surprisingly, Psylocke cannot be detected by any of Panoptichron's cameras. Heather teleports Morph, Sabretooth, and Psylocke down to Earth-1720 to save the other Exiles, who are beaten or brainwashed, courtesy of this world's Madame Hydra, Sue Storm. He and the other Exiles save their brainwashed friends after fighting them. Sabretooth then returns to an empty Panoptichron. He and Psylocke have been getting closer since their fight. It was later revealed on their first mission of the Exiles with Sabretooth as the new team leader, that his skeleton was now laced with adamantium, though exactly how this happened has yet to be revealed, as he never been previously shown to have had any such enhancements. Sabretooth was lost along with Mystique, Valeria, Sage, Rogue, and Gambit (most of the New Exiles team) when they were immersed within the Crystal Palace.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Apparently Blink and the new team of Exiles had found a way to reverse the process as Sabretooth has since been returned to the Age of Apocalypse, since he and Wild Child are seen following and confronting the X-Force from Earth-616. After teaming with X-Force to save Archangel, most of the AoA X-Men are killed. Nightcrawler stays on Earth-616 to join X-Force while Sabretooth returns to AoA with the only other survivor, Jean Grey. There, they face off against Weapon Omega, formerly this world's Logan and Jean Grey's husband. In an attempt to recreate the Decimation with clones of the Scarlet Witch, both Jean and Sabretooth end up powerless. They go on the run with the X-Terminated, and Sabretooth was injured a while later fighting Weapon Omega while saving Jean. In the months that followed, his son Graydon, also known as Horror Show, patched him up physically and the two made their peace. During the X-Termination crossover, AoA Nightcrawler's trip home resulted in the release of three evil beings that destroy anyone they touch. Several casualties resulted, including the AoA's Sabretooth, Horror Show, and Fiend, as well as the X-Treme X-Men's Xavier and Hercules.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: In another alternate reality, Earth X, Sabretooth was a member of a Hominid race of half-men, half-beast creatures known as the Bear Clan (along with the Wendigo spirit), who were staunch opponents of the Moon Clan, of which Wolverine was a member (along with Wild Child, Sasquatch, and Beast).


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: In the House of M alternate reality created by Scarlet Witch, Sabretooth is a messenger/assassin sent by Magneto. He was dispatched to assassinate Graydon Creed. Magneto sent Sabretooth to deliver a threat to Black Panther. After a short fight, Black Panther decapitates Sabretooth with a vibranium sword, then returns the head to Magneto. It is unknown as to whether or not the head was reunited with the body at a later stage, but this seems unlikely due to later events.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: In the "Wolverine Noir" series, this version of Sabretooth is only known by his name, Victor Creed, who owns a hotel named "The Puritan" as well as a boxing club called "Victory Boxing" in the southeast of the Bowery, which was used to get kids off the street. Logan's partner, Dog, mentioned Creed in the Puritan after he disappeared. Logan, expected by Victor, goes to the boxing club and the two fight; Victor beats him and has his body thrown into the alley, where Yuriko's body was also lying. Victor and his thugs capture Logan after he passes out outside of a bar, taking him to the train yards where Rose and Mariko are waiting with Dog tied to the train tracks. Rose reveals that she had Victor bring Logan and Dog here so that she could get revenge on them. Dog is run over by a train during this conversation and Rose shoots Mariko in the head so she could not betray them to help Logan, which makes Logan kill her and her thugs. Victor runs off during the fight, wishing Rose "good luck in hell".


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Sabretooth, as a zombie, is one of a group of zombie villains who team together to try to devour the visiting Galactus. They manage to hurt the cosmic being, but are thrown off their goal by zombie "heroes", Wolverine being one of them. In the course of the battle, Wolverine decapitates Sabretooth.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: In this reality, a feral Sabretooth roams the Canadian Wilderness with feral versions of Wolverine and Wild Child who help make up "The Pack". Near the end of the series he breaks off from "the Pack" rejoining up with Weapon X to bring back Wolverine. After kidnapping Wolverine's family Wolverine confronts him and kills him by chopping his head off.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: The Ultimate Marvel Universe depiction of Sabretooth is a mutant soldier and commando for Weapon X, under the direction of a man by the name of Colonel Wraith who referred to him as "a poor man's Wolverine". He appears to be the only mutant who enlisted in the program by choice, due to his high-ranking position and his high authority in the operations. He is practically the same as the Earth-616 version of Sabretooth, having accelerated healing and keen senses, with the exception that he has four adamantium claws surgically implanted in each arm in an attempt to one-up Wolverine after having many failures in the service of Weapon X. One of the adamantium claws implanted in his left forearm is broken. Exactly how and when this occurred has not been revealed. He has a burning hatred for Wolverine and also, as he stated in his encounter with him at Weapon X, for the primitive Homo sapiens. He feels that his cruel, psychopathic nature was merely a natural part of being a mutant. When Magneto attempted to destroy the world so that he could eradicate humans, Sabretooth asked him to kill as few animals as possible.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: He cruelly boasts of murdering Wolverine's wife and child, and then commenced battle with him outside the Weapon X compound. He initially had the upper hand, but Wolverine managed to score a critical hit, a stab to Sabretooth's groin, before driving him off the edge of a cliff.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Following Sabretooth's loss to Wolverine, the Weapon X program was dismantled with Colonel Wraith being shot dead by Nick Fury. Sabretooth did not die from his encounter with Wolverine, but rather returned as a high-ranking follower to Magneto in the Brotherhood of Mutants. His encounter with Wolverine while with the Brotherhood was his final underestimation of his old enemy. After boasting that he can survive any wound or injury, and would always return to fight and haunt Wolverine, Wolverine gives a vicious retort: he decapitates Sabretooth on the spot, although the panel was partially covered, so that the full effect of the injury was not visible.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Sabretooth was long thought dead until he resurfaces one night when Wolverine and Storm were leaving Nowhere Special (a pool hall). He is alive and well sporting a new scar around his neck, apparently from the decapitation he received from Wolverine when they last met. Sabretooth explains that his head had remained partially attached to his body via strands of tissue and blood vessels, which allowed him to survive in a comatose state while his body regenerated. He also made one startling revelation: Wolverine is his biological father. Sabretooth then attempts to obtain a tissue sample so that Dr. Cornelius can clone a new Wolverine. During the beginning of the "Aftermath" arc, Sabretooth tells Wolverine that he is Wolverine's son. He also wants to help Wolverine search for his wife, Sabretooth's mother, although Wolverine claims that his scent proves that this is not true.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Sabretooth made a one-panel cameo in the "Magical" arc, standing outside the Xavier Institute while hiding behind a tree, with a look of sorrow on his face.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: In "Ultimates 3" and "Ultimatum", Sabretooth is shown to use his claws as weapons (like the main Marvel Universe version of Sabretooth) instead of his four adamantium claws. No canon explanation has been given for this change. Sabretooth alongside Juggernaut were recruited by Rogue and Wraith to help fight Magneto. He kills Angel, before being shot in the eye by Hawkeye. In "Ultimatum" #5, he is shown pulling Mystique off of Magneto's citadel before the lower levels explode. They are later seen as part of Quicksilver's new Brotherhood in Wundagore.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: Sabretooth later sported a feline appearance when he fought Electro over something that involved Norman Osborn. Their fight was broken up by Spider-Man with help from Cloak and Dagger.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: In, "X-Men Forever", Chris Claremont's continuation of his run on "X-Men" (non-canonical to the mainstream timeline and taking place in the 161 Marvel Universe), Sabretooth is established as Wolverine's father. He attacks the X-Mansion, but is blinded by Storm, as well as losing one hand and having his healing factor shut down. He subsequently joins the X-Men to honor his son, using his still-enhanced senses to compensate for his lack of vision, and a bionic replacement for his hand. It is also revealed that the Sabretooth that fought alongside the Marauders is a clone made by Sinister; the true Sabretooth, while initially villainous, is less psychotic and as such is able to truly reform. The two Sabretooths do battle on one occasion.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: In the "Age of X" reality, it was revealed that Sabretooth has been captured by the Sapiens League and paraded down the streets as a dangerous mutant as shown in Tempo's memory. He was later used by the Avengers to track other mutants- his jaw removed and replaced with metal joints, his words suggesting that whatever caused this injury left him with brain damage - under the codename 'Weapon S', but the Hulk kills him after leading them to the fortress as his head is crushed.


title: Sabretooth (character)

text: In the 2012 series "Wolverine MAX", Logan is shown to be living in Japan as a monk when he first meets a blond, older man calling himself "Victor". Victor tells Logan that he is "just like him". When Logan refuses to accept Victor's claim as truth, Victor responds by saying "Okay then, I'll just have to prove it", before hurling the former into a nearby tree, proving his superhuman strength.


title: Robert

text: The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" ("Hrōþiberhtaz"). Compare Old Dutch "Robrecht" and Old High German "Hrodebert" (a compound of "Hruod" () "fame, glory, honour, praise, renown" and "berht" "bright, light, shining"). It is the second most frequently used given name of ancient Germanic origin. It is also in use as a surname. Another commonly used form of the name is Rupert.


title: Robert

text: After becoming widely used in Continental Europe it entered England in its Old French form "Robert", where an Old English cognate form ("Hrēodbēorht", "Hrodberht", "Hrēodbēorð", "Hrœdbœrð", "Hrœdberð", "Hrōðberχtŕ") had existed before the Norman Conquest. The feminine version is Roberta. The Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish form is Roberto.


title: Robert

text: Robert is also a common name in many Germanic languages, including English, German, Dutch, Norwegian, Swedish, Scots, Danish, and Icelandic. It can be used as a French, Polish, Irish, Finnish, Romanian, and Estonian name as well.


title: Robert

text: The name "Robert" was a royal name in France, Germany, Scotland and England during the medieval period, and was the name of several kings, dukes, and other rulers and noblemen. It was one of the most popular male names in medieval Europe, likely due to its frequent usage amongst royalty and nobility. To this day, "Robert" remains one of the most frequently given male names.


title: Robert

text: "Robert" was in the top 10 most given boys' names in the United States for 47 years, from 1925 to 1972. While some names become less frequently used due to negative associations, "Robert" is still widely used despite its connection to many negatively evaluated historical figures.


title: Robert

text: In Italy during the Second World War, the form of the name, Roberto, briefly acquired a new meaning derived from, and referring to the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.


title: Vincent (Don McLean song)

text: "Vincent" is a song by Don McLean written as a tribute to Vincent van Gogh. It is often erroneously titled after its opening refrain, "Starry, Starry Night", a reference to Van Gogh's 1889 painting "The Starry Night".


title: Vincent (Don McLean song)

text: McLean wrote the lyrics in 1971 after reading a book about the life of Van Gogh. It was released on McLean's 1971 "American Pie" album; the following year, the song topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks, and peaked at No. 12 in the United States, where it also hit No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart. "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 94 song for 1972.


title: Vincent (Don McLean song)

text: "The Telegraph" wrote: "With its bittersweet palette of major and minor chords, "Vincent"'s soothing melody is one of high emotion recollected in tranquillity". AllMusic retrospectively described the song as "McLean's paean to Van Gogh ... sympathiz[ing] with Van Gogh's suicide as a sane comment on an insane world." The site also said McLean performs "a particularly poignant rendition" of "Vincent" on the 2001 live album "Starry, Starry Night".


title: Vincent (Don McLean song)

text: The song was a particular favorite of the rapper and actor Tupac Shakur, and was played to him in the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, the hospital where Tupac was admitted just before he died of gunshot wounds from a drive-by shooting.


title: Vincent (Don McLean song)

text: In 1996, a punk rock cover by NOFX was published on the compilation album "Survival of the Fattest" by the record label Fat Wreck Cords.


title: Vincent (Don McLean song)

text: Lianne La Havas recorded a cover for the soundtrack album and credits of the 2017 film "Loving Vincent".


title: Vincent (Don McLean song)

text: Ellie Goulding released a cover of the song on Valentine's Day 2018, apologizing to her fans about delays in her recording projects. McLean tweeted to Goulding saying "'Vincent' is not an easy song to sing and you sing it very beautifully." She included her cover in her 2020 "Songbook for Christmas EP."


title: Leslie Hope

text: Leslie Ann Hope is a Canadian actress and director, best known for her role as Teri Bauer on the Fox television series "24" and prosecutor Anita Gibbs on "Suits".


title: Leslie Hope

text: Hope was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Ann and Frank Hope. She has one brother named Stephen. She graduated from St. Michael's University School at Victoria, British Columbia in 1982. Hope was married to writer and actor Jamie Angell from 1994 to 1996, with whom she has a son named MacKenzie, and to cinematographer, producer, and director Adam Kane from 2005 to 2015.


title: Leslie Hope

text: Hope has appeared in many Canadian and American films and television series. Her first film role was in the Canadian film "Ups and Downs", which was filmed in Victoria, in 1981. In 1982, she worked as a crew member for, and had a bit part in, "Love Streams".


title: Leslie Hope

text: On television, in 1985, Hope portrayed Cammie Springer in "Berrenger's". In 1987, she played the role of Madeleine Henry in the TV miniseries "War and Remembrance". In 1993, she starred in "Paris, France", directed by Gerard Ciccoritti. She later played the role of Teri Bauer in the first season of "24" (2001–02).


title: Leslie Hope

text: Hope starred in George A. Romero's film "Bruiser". On television, she appeared in "" as Kira Nerys' mother Kira Meru and in the Gemini Award-winning series "Human Cargo".


title: Leslie Hope

text: In 200304, Hope portrayed agent Lisa Cohen on "Line of Fire". In 200506, she appeared as Attorney General of the United States Melanie Blackston in four episodes of "Commander in Chief" and, in the fall of 2006, played Lily Rader in the CW drama series, "Runaway". In 2009, she played a detective on "Seven Deadly Sins", a miniseries on Lifetime.


title: Leslie Hope

text: In 2014, Hope played attorney Joan Luss, a surviving passenger of Regis Airlines Flight 753, on FX's "The Strain". She also has recurring roles in the crime series "NCIS" as Secretary of the Navy Sarah Porter and in the legal drama "Suits" as prosecutor Anita Gibbs. She was also cast in the television crime drama" The Mentalist" as Kristina Frye, portraying the role of a psychic medium.


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: Simon Curtis (born 11 March 1960) is an English director and producer. He has directed theatre productions and the television dramas "David Copperfield" (1999) and "Cranford" (2007, 2009). His feature films include the biographical dramas "My Week with Marilyn" (2011), "Woman in Gold" (2015), and "" (2022).


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: Curtis began his career working at the Royal Court Theatre. His first job was assistant director for Caryl Churchill's "Top Girls". He later became assistant director to both Danny Boyle and Max Stafford-Clark. Theatre productions Curtis has worked on include the world premiere of "Road", "A Lie of the Mind", "Roots", "Dinner with Friends" and "The Rise and Fall of Little Voice". In 2010, Curtis directed "Serenading Louie" at the Donmar Warehouse.


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: In 1996, Curtis directed episodes of the television comedy series "Tracey Takes On..." for HBO. He also directed the three-part television drama "Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky" for BBC Four in 2005. The serial is an adaptation of Patrick Hamilton's "20,000 Streets Under the Sky" novels.


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: He directed the BBC's adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell's "Cranford" in 2007. In June 2009, Curtis directed two new episodes of "Cranford" for the Christmas period. Titled "Return to Cranford", the episodes were aired from 20 December 2009.


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: In August 2008, Curtis directed the one-off television drama "A Short Stay in Switzerland" for the BBC. The drama, featuring Julie Walters, was based on the true story of Dr. Anne Turner, who decided to take her own life at a Dignitas clinic in 2006. "A Short Stay in Switzerland" was nominated for Best Single Drama at the Royal Television Society Awards and the British Academy Television Awards.


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: In 2004, Curtis approached producer David Parfitt about making a film based on "The Prince, The Showgirl and Me" and "My Week with Marilyn"; two diary accounts written by Colin Clark about his time with Marilyn Monroe. Adrian Hodges wrote and adapted the screenplay for the film called "My Week with Marilyn". Curtis and Parfitt went to BBC Films and the UK Film Council and they put up the money for development. Curtis then approached Harvey Weinstein who financed the film. "My Week with Marilyn" was filmed in late 2010 and released in November 2011.


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: In 2015, Curtis directed and executive produced the biographical film "Woman in Gold", starring Helen Mirren as Maria Altmann, a Holocaust survivor attempting to recover a portrait of her aunt painted by Gustav Klimt which was stolen from her family by the Nazis and had eventually become property of the government of Austria, and closely connected to Austrian identity. Curtis' wife Elizabeth McGovern has a small role as a court judge in the film.


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: Curtis directed the 2019 feature film adaptation of Garth Stein's "The Art of Racing in the Rain", starring Milo Ventimiglia and Amanda Seyfried.


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: In April 2021, it was announced Curtis would direct "", the upcoming sequel to the first film and television series of the same name.


title: Simon Curtis (filmmaker)

text: Curtis was born in London, England. He married American actress Elizabeth McGovern in 1992. The couple have two daughters and live in Chiswick, London.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Fox William Mulder () is a fictional FBI agent and one of the two protagonists of the Fox science fiction-supernatural television series "The X-Files", played by David Duchovny. Mulder's peers dismiss his many theories on extraterrestrial or paranormal activity as conspiracist however his skeptical but supportive partner Dana Scully often finds them to be unexpectedly correct. He and Scully work in the X-Files office, concerned with unsolved FBI cases that are often revealed to be supernatural or extraterrestrial in nature. Mulder was a main character for the first seven seasons, but was limited to a recurring character for the following two seasons. He returns as a main character for the tenth and eleventh seasons.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Mulder made his first appearance in the first season pilot episode, broadcast in 1993. Mulder believes in extraterrestrial unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and a government conspiracy to hide or deny the truth of their existence. Mulder considers the X-Files and the truth behind the supposed conspiracy so important that he has made them the main focus of his life.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Mulder was born on October 13, 1961, on the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. The mysterious disappearance of Mulder's sister and his ensuing search for her became the consuming drive of his life. In 1983, Mulder graduated with first class honours from University of Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology. He then graduated with honors from the Quantico FBI Training Academy in 1986. Mulder joined the FBI on October 24, 1984. On graduating from the Academy, Mulder began his work in the Behavioral Science Unit (psychological profiling) under Agent Bill Patterson, with whom he had a testy relationship.


title: Fox Mulder

text: In 1988, the FBI assigned Mulder to the Violent Crimes Unit. Around this time, Mulder first came across the X-Files, an obscure FBI section dealing with cases relating to the paranormal; he pored over these cases in his spare time, becoming obsessed with them. In 1991, Mulder re-opened the X-Files with Special agent Diana Fowley, but Fowley left shortly thereafter. Mulder investigated the X-Files by himself until March 1992, when Dana Scully, an instructor at the FBI Academy's Forensic Science Research and Training Center, was partnered with him for the purpose of applying scientific reasoning to Mulder's work and theories.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Mulder's ultimate goal was to uncover what he believed to be a government conspiracy to hide the truth about alien life, and to find out what had happened to his sister. His quest and belief in the existence of aliens was, for most of the series, the driving force of the plot, or mytharc. However, during a period of time after Scully's cancer went into remission (season 5), Mulder was convinced by Michael Kritschgau that aliens did not in fact exist, and that the government conspirators had merely concocted that threat as a smokescreen, to justify military activities and toy with him.


title: Fox Mulder

text: During the seventh season, Mulder eventually discovers the truth about his sister. Samantha was abducted (either by the alien colonists or the government conspirators), and various tests were performed on her. She was then returned to The Smoking Man to live out her life under his supervision, all the while undergoing additional tests. She was unable to bear the testing any longer so she ran away from her home and was eventually admitted to a nearby hospital, where she disappeared from her locked room. It is revealed that Samantha was taken by "spiritual intervention", with the help of beings called "Walk-ins". Mulder is briefly reunited with Samantha's spirit.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Mulder was also abducted by the aliens himself in 2000, and returned to Earth, almost dead, a few months later. He had been infected by an alien virus (for the second time), but Scully found a way to rescue him. After Mulder returned home to his apartment, an application was submitted to the FBI for his reinstatement to the X-Files but this was declined by Deputy Director Alvin Kersh, who had been promoted in charge of the X-Files shortly after Mulder had been abducted. He returned to work for a brief period of time, but was eventually fired for failure to follow orders not to investigate any X-Files. After Scully gave birth to William, Mulder went into hiding in New Mexico after Kersh said his life was in danger.


title: Fox Mulder

text: After about a year in hiding, Mulder obtains crucial information from a secret facility about the date of the planned alien colonization effort, but is caught and put on trial for the murder of Knowle Rohrer. Despite a defense organized by Walter Skinner with numerous witnesses, the judges sentence Mulder to death. With help from several people, including a reformed Kersh and the ghost of Alex Krycek, Mulder breaks out of prison and escapes with Scully. As of the series finale, Mulder and Scully were on the run. Six years after the events of the ninth season, Fox Mulder's fugitive status is clear. Scully mentions that he is wanted by the FBI and dialogue also shows that the FBI does not really want to find him and is simply happy to have him "out of their hair". He is called to assist with the investigation of a missing FBI agent. In exchange for his help, all charges against him are dropped.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Seven years later, Mulder returns to the FBI when the X-Files is re-opened, in order to look into a government conspiracy, when it transpires they have been using alien technology. Along with Scully, they investigate several cases together like they had done originally. Six weeks after their return to the X-Files, Mulder confronts an alive Smoking Man to try and prevent him carrying out a plan to depopulate the United States using a virus applied to smallpox vaccines. In a vision of Scully's, Mulder falls sick to the disease, but refuses the Smoking Man's help and his proposal to join his elite. Mulder is saved by Agent Miller and they regroup with Scully, however, she says Mulder needs a blood transfusion and only their son can give it to them. At that moment, an unidentified flying object hovers over the trio, which is where season ten ends. The beginning of season eleven reveals this vision came from Scully's son, William. Over the course of season eleven, Scully and Mulder search for William. Skinner learns from the Smoking Man, that the Smoking Man, who is Mulder's father, also artificially impregnated Scully, and thus is William's father as well. In the third episode of the eleventh season, "Plus One", Scully and Mulder are intimate again. In the season 11 finale, "My Struggle IV", she reveals to Mulder that she is pregnant with his child.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Despite his aloofness and cynical sense of humor, Mulder displays unbridled enthusiasm and interest when it comes to the paranormal, especially because of his personal involvement after his sister's abduction. Walter Skinner and other FBI officials have become concerned by his unprofessional behavior. This only proves true as Mulder makes a habit of letting his personal feelings cloud his judgment; his emotional attachment to UFO cases becomes more severe throughout the series, because of Dana Scully's eventual abduction and resultant cancer as well as his sister's abduction. Mulder can lose his temper when Scully is involved; on multiple occasions, he has become violent in his grief and unreserved in threatening physical force. Mulder's overprotectiveness of Scully stems not only from his obvious devotion and love for her, but also a long-harbored guilt; Mulder has admitted feeling indirectly responsible for the ordeals and tragedies Scully had gone through because of their investigations.


title: Fox Mulder

text: In the episode "Drive", Mulder facetiously apologizes on behalf of the "international Jewish conspiracy" in response to the abusive and anti-Semitic tirades of a suspect, to which Mulder appears to take offense; the suspect also guesses Mulder's ethnicity is Jewish based on his last name. Despite this, in the episode "Kaddish", Mulder is unable to identify a Talmudic book, states that he does not know Hebrew, and quips that Jesus returned from the dead. Also, Mulder, as his father before him, had a Christian burial presided over by a Protestant minister following his apparent "death" in the episode "Deadalive". This suggests he hails from a Protestant background, as Scully hails from a Catholic background. Mulder also seeks comfort in a Christian church following the events of the episode "Conduit". Of course Mulder could conceivably be of a Jewish ethnic descent but a Christian background, perhaps through ancestral marriage or conversion. David Duchovny suggested Mulder is Jewish when interviewed during production of the second season. In the episode "The Field Where I Died", Mulder went into a hypnotic trance and recalls a past life, where he is in a concentration camp during the Holocaust, and another where he was a Confederate soldier killed in the Battle of Chattanooga.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Mulder is almost never seen sleeping in a bed. The bedroom in his apartment (which appeared as late as the sixth season of the show's run) is apparently used for storage and is filled floor to ceiling with junk, including a couple of boxes of pornographic magazines. Instead, Mulder sleeps on his couch, often falling asleep to a blaring television. Mulder can seem to go through manic periods when worried or working on a case, contributing to or exacerbating his insomniac tendencies. Since "Dreamland II" where a "man in black" body-swaps with Mulder and takes over his life, Mulder gets his bedroom renovated and equipped with a waterbed. In "Monday" he finds himself soaked through when his waterbed (which he can't remember getting because Morris Fletcher got it in Dreamland) is leaking.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Mulder had a rather strained relationship with his parents Bill and Teena Mulder, not least thanks to the X-Files. Initially, he had no idea his father was involved in the conspiracy and Samantha's disappearance. Bill, who became disenchanted with the shadow government and his own role in the conspiracy, eventually approached Fox about his past deeds, but was shot and killed by Alex Krycek – working as an assassin for the Syndicate – before he could reveal any great amount of information. Over the next few years, Mulder got into several conflicts with his mother while trying to discover the extent of her own knowledge of his father's precise involvement. Teena dies of an apparent suicide, when the stress of Samantha's abduction finally becomes too painful.


title: Fox Mulder

text: During the last years of his work on the X-Files, Mulder was even forced to doubt that Bill was his true father. He is led to consider the possibility that his mother had had an affair with the Smoking Man, a connection which may have resulted in the birth of either Samantha or Mulder himself. The possibility was hinted at later in the series, and Jeffrey Spender, who certainly was the Smoking Man's son, said that Mulder was his half-brother. In the ninth season, "William" explains that Spender and Mulder have very similar DNA, providing strong evidence that they do have the same father.


title: Fox Mulder

text: During his studies at Oxford, around the year of 1983, he was dating Phoebe Green; future investigator of Metropolitan Police Service (season 1, episode 11, "Fire"). When he started his work on "The X-Files", around 1991, he was close with his current partner; Diana Fowley (season 5, episode 20, "The End"). None of those remained longterm and stable.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Mulder's closest friend was FBI partner Dana Scully, who was assigned to "debunk [his] work" by the conspirators and the FBI brass. But against their intentions, her loyalties quickly became affixed to Mulder's quest and Mulder himself, a connection which seemed to pull Mulder's work out of obscurity, as Scully's scientific bent afforded them a certain amount of credibility. Their intense professional and personal relationship continued to strengthen through the years. While the relationship was platonic for the greater part of the series, there are clues that it developed into a romantic one by the last few seasons. Mulder and Scully almost always called each other by their surnames – Mulder purportedly hated his first name, but Scully had no such aversion. At the fourth episode of season seven the romantic undertones were confirmed when the two shared a kiss. In the series finale, the final scene depicted Mulder and Scully after running away together, in bed together, contemplating what the future held. In the season 11 finale Scully revealed to be pregnant with his unborn child.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Mulder's greatest nemesis was The Smoking Man, who, despite his obvious ill-intent, seemed to hold Mulder in special regard. Though he mocked Mulder to his face for his foolishness and the futility of his quest, in "Two Fathers", he told his son Jeffrey Spender, "You pale to Fox Mulder." Mulder also developed an intense enmity for Alex Krycek, a double agent who briefly worked with Mulder in the FBI as an infiltrator, and who continued to serve as a recurring adversary, acting as an assassin for the Syndicate in the murders of Bill Mulder and Melissa Scully.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Duchovny portrays Mulder as a series regular for the first seven seasons of the show. Duchovny left the show following the seventh-season finale "Requiem", wherein he was abducted by aliens. Although he makes a handful of cameos in the first part of season eight—most notably in the episodes "Within", "Without", "The Gift", and "Per Manum"—Mulder is returned by the aliens and the latter part of the season deals with his death, subsequent resurrection, and his departure from the FBI. After the conclusion of the eighth season, Duchovny left the show, and only appeared in four ninth-season episodes: "Trust No 1", "Jump the Shark", "William", and "The Truth". Duchovny's appearances in "Trust No 1" and "Jump the Shark" were via archival footage, and he only made a small cameo in the third. However, his appearance in "The Truth", the program's series finale, was substantial, and Duchovny was once again listed in the credits as starring.


title: Fox Mulder

text: David Duchovny had worked in Los Angeles three years prior to "The X-Files". At first he wanted to base his acting career around films, but in 1993 his manager Melanie Green gave him a script of the pilot episode of "The X-Files". Green and Duchovny were both convinced it was a good script, so Duchovny auditioned for the lead. When Duchovny was auditioning for the part of Fox Mulder, he made a terrific audition, but talked rather slowly. Chris Carter thought that he was a good judge of character, and thought that Duchovny wasn't too bright. So he talked to Duchovny and asked him if he could please imagine himself as an FBI agent for the future weeks. The casting director of the show was very positive about him, while according to Carter, Duchovny turned out to be one of the best-read people he knew. After getting the role, Duchovny thought the show wouldn't last for long or that it wouldn't make as much impact as it did.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Carter has said that he named Mulder after his mother's maiden name. His first name, Fox, was actually not a tribute to the Fox network which aired "The X-Files", as often assumed – Carter said he had a childhood friend named Fox. Mulder was inspired by the fictional character Carl Kolchak, a newspaper reporter Carter described as a "believer" just like Mulder. Duchovny got the script with many of Mulder's characteristics fully formed. Executive producer Frank Spotnitz called portraying actor Duchovny amazingly smart. He further stated that Duchovny was behind some of the main characteristic ideas behind Mulder.


title: Fox Mulder

text: At the end of the seventh season Duchovny was in negotiations with the Fox network, saying he wanted more money (while not saying how much) and an improved work schedule, among other issues. After settling his contract dispute, Duchovny quit full-time participation in the show after the seventh season. This contributed to uncertainties over the likelihood of an eighth season. Carter and most fans felt the show was at its natural endpoint with Duchovny's departure, but it was decided Mulder would be abducted at the end of the seventh season, leaving things open for the actor's return in 12 episodes the following year. Duchovny's character Mulder was replaced by John Jay Doggett (portrayed by Robert Patrick). In season nine, Duchovny wasn't available for shooting, so he only appeared in three episodes with small cameos, the first being an archive footage only in "Trust No 1", a brief cameo in "William", which he also directed and appeared full-time in the series finale, "The Truth".


title: Fox Mulder

text: After the show ended, Carter and Frank Spotnitz started to talk about a movie sequel. Duchovny stated in an interview that very same year that it always had been a desire to come back to the franchise, saying it was a natural stage of development for the franchise to go to the cinema. When talking about Mulder in "", Duchovny said that he wanted to play him a "little different". He continued saying that Mulder had "lost every battle" and was "beaten down by life ... . He's the same guy, but he is older Mulder".


title: Fox Mulder

text: Mulder had a brief cameo on "The Lone Gunmen", an "X-Files" spin-off featuring the characters of the same name. He appeared on the episode "All About Yves". In the "Millennium" episode "Lamentation", the main character, Frank Black, visits the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, and Mulder and Dana Scully are briefly seen descending a stairway. In fact, they are Duchovny and Anderson's stand-ins.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Duchovny was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1997 and 1998 in the category "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series", but lost. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1995 in the category "Best Actor – Drama Series". Two years later he was again nominated for a Golden Globe in the same category and won, in 1997 and 1998 he was nominated in the same category but didn't win. Duchovny has been nominated five times in the category "Outstanding Actor – Drama Series" by the Screen Actors Guild awards but didn't win once. Duchovny won a Satellite Award in the category "Best Actor – Drama Series" in 1997, and was nominated once again 1998.


title: Fox Mulder

text: Animated versions of Mulder appeared on "The Simpsons" and "Eek! the Cat" (both series which have been featured in episodes of The X-Files), in the episodes "The Springfield Files" and "Eek Space-9", respectively. Both featured the voice acting of Duchovny. Duchovny appeared as Mulder on the sketch show "Saturday Night Live" with Molly Shannon as Scully, when he hosted an episode. Joining him was co-star Nicholas Lea, who would appear as Alex Krycek in a sketch that spoofed "The X-Files".


title: Fox Mulder

text: "The New York Times" writer Joyce Millman said that "Twin Peaks" character Special Agent Dale Cooper could have been Mulder's "quirky ... spiritual twin" if David Duchovny hadn't appeared in the show earlier. When reviewing "", reviewer Moira Macdonald said it was a "kick" watching Duchovny and Gillian Anderson (who portrayed Dana Scully). Jesse Hassenger from "PopMatters" when reviewing season eight, was throughout negative to the new season, claiming that Patrick was miscast and calling David Duchovny's appearances as Mulder shallow. Critics and fans alike have praised Duchovny and Anderson's "on-screen chemistry" for years. Richard Corliss from "Time" magazine praised Duchovny for settling in his role so "quickly" and calling the character "an obsessive plodder". Robert Patrick, the actor who replaced Duchovny as the male lead after the seventh season, commented that the chemistry Duchovny and Gillian Anderson had, could only happen "once in a lifetime".


title: Romulan

text: The Romulans () are an extraterrestrial race in the American science fiction franchise "Star Trek". They first appeared in the series "" (1966–1969). They have appeared in most subsequent "Star Trek" releases, including "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", and "". They appear in the "Star Trek" feature films "" (1989), "" (1991), "" (2002) and "Star Trek" (2009). They also appear in various other spin-off media, including books, comics, toys and games.


title: Romulan

text: Writer Paul Schneider created the Romulans for the 1966 "" episode "Balance of Terror". As a basis, he considered what the ancient Roman Empire might have looked like had it developed to the point of spaceflight. Physically, the Romulans were presented as humanoid, but the show's make-up department gave them pointed ears to distinguish them from humans. In the series, which is set in the 23rd century, the Romulans were speculated as having split from another alien species, the Vulcans, in the distant past. In contrast to the Vulcans, who were presented as peaceful and logic-oriented, the Romulans were depicted as militaristic, having founded an interstellar empire. The Romulans were used as antagonists for the series' protagonists, the starship USS "Enterprise", her crew, and their fictional government, the United Federation of Planets.


title: Romulan

text: In 1987, the writers of "Star Trek: The Next Generation"—set in the 24th century—again used the Romulans as antagonists of the Federation. The show's designers gave the Romulans new costumes and added a V-shaped ridge on the foreheads of most Romulan characters, though with indications that Romulans without the ridges also existed. In the series "Star Trek: Enterprise", Romulans without ridges are depicted as passing for Vulcans (who do not have ridges either). The 2009 film "Star Trek" depicted the Romulan homeworld, Romulus, being destroyed by a supernova in the year 2387. This film featured Romulans without the head ridges. The impact of Romulus' destruction forms a plot-theme in the series "". Romulans in that series have included those with and without ridges, and a line about northern Romulans may have been intended to refer to these two groups.


title: Romulan

text: The Romulans were devised for the episode "Balance of Terror". In 2014, "Balance of Terror" was rated the best episode in the franchise by Io9.


title: Romulan

text: The Romulans were reused for the second-season episode "The Deadly Years" and the third-season episode "The Enterprise Incident".


title: Romulan

text: After the launch of "" in 1987, the show's writers introduced the Romulans in the final episode of the first season, "", which aired in the U.S. in May 1988. The episode was written by Maurice Hurley, who later acknowledged rushing it, putting together a script in a day and a half. In the episode, which is set in the year 2364, the Starfleet ship USS "Enterprise"-D—whose crew are the series' main protagonists—responds to the disappearance of Federation colonies along the Neutral Zone, fearing that it reflects growing Romulan activity in the region. Investigating, the "Enterprise" crew encounter a Romulan spaceship; it is stated that this is the first encounter between the two peoples for 53 years. The Romulans reveal that they have had colonies destroyed on their side of the border too, and the two species agree to share information on the issue in future. In later episodes it is revealed that these colonies were destroyed by a previously unknown species, the Borg, whom the show's writers had devised as a new alien antagonist following dissatisfaction with their previous attempt, the Ferengi. Initial thoughts by the script-writers had proposed a multi-episode storyline in which the Federation and Romulan governments would co-operate to fight the Borg; ultimately only certain elements of this idea entered "The Neutral Zone" and the Borg would be introduced not in the first season, but in the second-season episode "Q Who".


title: Romulan

text: New costumes were designed for the actors playing Romulans, created by the show's costume designer William Theiss.


title: Romulan

text: The newly designed Romulan ship that appeared in "The Neutral Zone" was built as a miniature model by Greg Jein. The ship featured a newly designed Romulan crest, featuring a stylised bird of prey clutching two planets, Romulus and Remus, in its claws. Later in the series, this ship type would be explicitly referred to as a "warbird". In 1989, AMT released a plastic kit of the vessel, alongside other kits for a Ferengi ship and a Klingon bird of prey vessel.


title: Romulan

text: The Romulans were re-used for the second-season episode "", written by Steve Gerber and Beth Woods and first aired in March 1989. In this episode, the "Enterprise"-D entered the Neutral Zone to answer a distress call and ends up in conflict with a Romulan vessel, with both spaceships being disabled by an alien computer virus. "Contagion" was the first episode in the "Star Trek" franchise in which the Romulan ship was given a name, in this case the Haakona. In the third-season episode "", written by David Kemper and Michael Piller and first screened in November 1989, the "Enterprise"-D is depicted rescuing a crashed Romulan ship. The episode introduced the Romulan character Tomalak, played by Andreas Katsulas, who would reappear in three further "Next Generation" episodes. It also further established the idea of a significant enmity between the Romulans and the Klingons, with the "Enterprise"'s Klingon officer, Worf (Michael Dorn), refusing to donate blood to save the life of an injured Romulan; the scriptwriters had debated whether to include this, with Dorn initially reticent.


title: Romulan

text: Three episodes later, in "", written by Ronald D. Moore and first screened in January 1990, a Romulan admiral is presented as seeking to defect to the Federation. The episode is the first in the franchise to include images of Romulus itself and introduced the design of a Romulan scout vessel. "The Defector" also includes a reference to the Battle of Cheron, an incident in the 22nd century Earth-Romulan War that was previously mentioned in "Balance of Terror".


title: Romulan

text: For "", the opening two-part episode of the third season of "", a Romulan link was introduced. The episode, which was written by Ira Steven Behr, Robert Hewitt Wolfe, and Ronald D. Moore, featured the introduction of a new Starfleet ship, the USS "Defiant"; the scriptwriters included the idea that it had been equipped with a cloaking device by the Romulans in return for intelligence that the Federation gathered on another alien power, the Dominion. A Romulan character, T'Rul (Martha Hackett), was included to oversee the device's use aboard the "Defiant". The show's writers had initially planned on including T'Rul as a permanent fixture on the show but decided that she did not offer enough potential for new storylines.


title: Romulan

text: The Romulans were reused later that season in "", where they are presented as attempting to destroy the Deep Space Nine space station as part of their plan to collapse the nearby wormhole and thus prevent a Dominion invasion of the Alpha Quadrant, the region of space where both the Federation and Romulans reside. Three episodes later, the follow-on episodes "Improbable Cause" and "" again featured the Romulans, in this case portraying a joint mission by the Romulan Tal Shiar and Cardassian Obsidian Order to fatally cripple the Dominion by eradicating its leaders, the Founders. For these episodes, new Tal Shiar outfits were designed; Moore related that this was partly his decision, for he "hated, underline hated, the Romulan costumes [introduced in the first season of "The Next Generation"]. Big shoulder pads, the quilting, I just loathed it." Costume designer Robert Blackman noted that his team created eight new Romulan uniforms, using the same fabric as the old ones but "dyed it down slightly, and we made them much sleeker and a little more menacing".


title: Romulan

text: The Romulans were the major antagonists in the 2002 film "Star Trek: Nemesis", with much of the action set on Romulus. The film also introduced the Remans, inhabitants of the other planet in the Romulan system, who serve as a slave labor caste in Romulan society.


title: Romulan

text: In , the Romulans played a pivotal role in the episodes "Kir'Shara", "Babel One," "" and "The Aenar." In "Kir'Shara," its revealed that Administrator V'Las of the Vulcan High Command is actually conspiring with a Romulan agent to "reunify" their two peoples through force. The agent, Major Talok, chases Captain Archer, T'Pol and T'Pau through the area of Vulcan known as The Forge throughout the episode, although his true nature isn't revealed until the end. In addition, in the previous episode "," Archer learned from Surak that during the "Time of Awakening," a Vulcan schism of those who "sought a return to savage ways" and "marched beneath the raptor's wings" (later the symbol of the Romulan people) perpetrate a cataclysmic nuclear attack upon Surak and his enlightened society. Soon after Surak's death, these Vulcan recidivists abandoned their homeworld to colonize the planets Romulus and Remus.


title: Romulan

text: In "Babel One," "United" and "The Aenar," the Romulans plot to destabilize their sector of space by using drone ships disguised as vessels from various cultures to turn their enemies against each other. These drone ships are piloted remotely through telepresence by Gareb, a young Aenar kidnapped by the Romulans who had lied to him that he was the last of his people. The plot was exposed by the efforts of the "Enterprise" crew and instead resulted in the humans, Vulcans, Andorians and Tellarites uniting to defeat the Romulan threat, bringing them closer together than ever. The "Enterprise" then enlists the help of Gareb's sister Jhamel who telepathically contacts her brother and informs him of the truth. Gareb turns on the Romulans, destroying one drone ship and allowing the "Enterprise" to destroy the other, foiling the Romulan plot. In retaliation, Romulan Admiral Valdore kills Gareb for his betrayal.


title: Romulan

text: After "Star Trek: Nemesis" proved a financial failure and "Star Trek: Enterprise" was cancelled, the franchise's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen began developing a new film entitled "Star Trek: The Beginning", which was to be set during the 22nd century Earth–Romulan War. The project never materialised. Instead, the decision was made to reboot the series by creating a film using the characters of the original "Star Trek" series but played by new actors. Putting together a script for the new film, the director J. J. Abrams stated that he wanted Romulans to be the antagonists because they had featured less than the Klingons in the original "Star Trek" series. The film's writers, Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, thought that it would feel backward to demonize the Klingons as villains again after they had been presented heroically in later "Star Trek" series; they also wanted to use Spock as a central character in the film and believed that the Romulan presence would continue Spock's story from his last chronological appearance in "".


title: Romulan

text: In the 2009 Abrams reboot film, titled "Star Trek", the planet Romulus is destroyed by a supernova in the year 2387. A Romulan mining ship, the "Narada", survives and travels back in time to the 23rd century; its commander, Nero (Eric Bana), is committed to destroying the planet Vulcan to punish Spock for failing to save Romulus. The actors playing Romulans in this film wore three prosthetics applied to their ears and foreheads, while Bana had a fourth prosthetic for the bitemark on his ear that extends to the back of his character's head. The film's Romulans lacked the 'V'-shaped ridges on the foreheads, which had been present in all of their depictions outside the original series. Neville Page wanted to honor that by having Nero's crew ritually scar themselves too, forming keloids reminiscent of the 'V'-ridges. It was abandoned as they did not pursue the idea enough.


title: Romulan

text: Picard's reaction to the destruction of Romulus is the backstory and central premise of "". The series begins with Picard in self-imposed exile at his French vineyard following his resignation in protest to Starfleet's handling of Romulans and androids. Picard has two live-in Romulans at his estate. At least two groups of Romulans survived: one group formed the Romulan Free State, while the other group was evacuated to the planet of Vashti.


title: Romulan

text: In the "" episode "Unification III", Ambassador Spock's dream of Vulcan/Romulan reunification has been achieved. The Romulans have returned to their ancestral homeworld (since renamed Ni'Var) and reunified with their Vulcan cousins. When the Vulcans decided to pull out of the Federation due to the apocalyptic event known as the Burn, it was actually the Romulans who wished to remain, according to Starfleet Admiral Vance. In the episode "All Is Possible", Ni'Var rejoins the Federation.


title: Romulan

text: The Warbird was developed by Andrew Probert with the model built by Greg Jein. In the series it was introduced in the episode "The Neutral Zone" and seen on a recurring basis in the franchise from then on. In the "Star Trek" universe, it is twice as big as Picard's Enterprise D and is powered by an artificial quantum singularity. It is noted for its size and power in "Star Trek" by Picard and his crew.


title: Romulan

text: In 2017, Space.com said the Warbird was the 9th best spacecraft in the Star Trek franchise. In 2020, CNET ranked the Romulan Warbird the 16th most powerful spacecraft in "Star Trek".


title: Romulan

text: Two fictional languages have been constructed for the Romulans and Remans of the Star Trek franchise.


title: Romulan

text: The first was created by Diane Duane for her non-canon series of novels called "Rihannsu". In this imagining, it was an intentional creation, based on Old High Vulcan when the Romulans left Vulcan and established their own society. Duane describes it as sounding somewhat like Latin and Welsh.


title: Romulan

text: The second was created for the television series "". Its script is distinct from occasional glimpses of Romulan writing in earlier series. As of 2021, little information has been released about the language, though it is developed enough to be used for dialog in the show.


title: Romulan

text: In 2017, "Den of Geek" ranked Romulans the 7th best aliens out of 50 species from the "Star Trek" franchise, ahead of the Ferengi but behind the Q, and in first and second place respectively were the Vulcans and the Klingons.


title: Romulan

text: The Romulans have been the focus of a number of non-canon books, and have appeared or been mentioned in other non-canon media. Among their key appearances have been:


title: Big Apple

text: "The Big Apple" is a nickname for New York City. It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald, a sportswriter for the "New York Morning Telegraph". Its popularity since the 1970s is due in part to a promotional campaign by the New York tourist authorities.


title: Big Apple

text: Although the history of "Big Apple " was once thought a mystery, a clearer picture of the term's history has emerged due to the work of historian Barry Popik, and Gerald Cohen of the Missouri University of Science and Technology. A number of false theories had previously existed, including a claim that the term derived from a woman named Eve who ran a brothel in the city. This was subsequently exposed as a hoax.


title: Big Apple

text: The earliest known usage of "big apple" appears in the book "The Wayfarer in New York" (1909), in which Edward Sandford Martin writes: Kansas is apt to see in New York a greedy city ... It inclines to think that the big apple gets a disproportionate share of the national sap. William Safire considered this the coinage, but because the phrase is not quoted in the text, it is likely that it was used as a metaphor, and not as a nickname for the city.


title: Big Apple

text: "The Big Apple" was popularized as a name for New York City by John J. Fitz Gerald in a number of horse-racing articles for the "New York Morning Telegraph" in the 1920s. The earliest of these was a casual reference on 3 May 1921:


title: Big Apple

text: Fitz Gerald referred to the "big apple" frequently thereafter. He explained his use in a column dated February 18, 1924, under the headline "Around the Big Apple":


title: Big Apple

text: Fitz Gerald reportedly first heard "The Big Apple" used to describe New York's racetracks by two African American stable hands at the New Orleans Fair Grounds. Using racing records, Popik traced that conversation to January 1920.


title: Big Apple

text: In recognition of Fitz Gerald's role in promulgating "The Big Apple" as a nickname for New York City, in 1997 Mayor Rudy Giuliani signed legislation designating as "Big Apple Corner" the southwest corner of West 54th Street and Broadway, the corner on which John J. Fitz Gerald lived from 1934 to 1963. The Hotel Ameritania also once had a plaque which was installed in 1996, according to Popik, but it was removed during renovations to the building and was lost.


title: Big Apple

text: Evidence can also be found in the "Chicago Defender", an African-American newspaper that had a national circulation. Writing for the "Defender" on September 16, 1922, "Ragtime" Billy Tucker used the name "big apple" to refer to New York in a non-horse-racing context:


title: Big Apple

text: Tucker had also earlier used "big apple" as a reference to Los Angeles. It is possible that he simply used "big apple" as a nickname for any large city:


title: Big Apple

text: By the late 1920s, New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use "Big Apple", and were using it in contexts other than horse racing. "The Big Apple" was a popular song and dance in the 1930s. Jazz musicians in the 1930s also contributed to the use of the phrase to refer to New York City, specifically to the city and Harlem as the jazz capital of the world. Beside the song and the dance, two nightclubs in the city used "Big Apple" in their names.


title: Big Apple

text: Walter Winchell and other writers continued to use the term in the 1940s and early 1950s, but by the late 1950s, if it was known at all, it had come to be considered an outdated nickname for New York.


title: Big Apple

text: In the early 1970s, however, during the city's fiscal crisis, "People were looking around desperately and some of [them] seized that old phrase the Big Apple to remind people of when New York had been a strong and powerful city and might become that again," according to the official Manhattan Borough Historian, Dr. Robert Snyder. It was then that the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau – now NYC & Company, New York City's official marketing and tourism organization) – with the help of the Ogilvy & Mather advertising firm, began to promote the city's "Big Apple" nickname to tourists, under the leadership of its president, Charles Gillett. The campaign was a success, and the nickname has remained popular since then.


title: Big Apple

text: Today the name is used exclusively to refer to New York City, and is used with regularity by journalists and news headline writers across the English-speaking world.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: Prism is the fourth studio album by American singer Katy Perry. It was released by Capitol Records on October 18, 2013. While the album was initially planned to be "darker" than her previous material, "Prism" ultimately became a prominently dance-inspired record. Perry worked with several past collaborators, while enlisting new producers and guest vocals. Much of "Prism" revolves around the themes of living in the present, relationships, and self-empowerment. The album garnered generally positive reviews with critics praising its lyrics for being more "mature" and personal, while others considered "Prism" to be more formulaic than her previous material.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: The album debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200 with 286,000 copies sold, becoming Perry's best opening week to date. The album also peaked at number one in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. "Prism" became Perry's fastest-selling album, the second best-selling album in Australia in 2013, and the second best-selling album released by a woman in the United States in 2013. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) reported that "Prism" was the sixth best-selling album in the world in 2013, the best-selling album in the world in 2013 released by a woman, and labeled Perry "a global phenomenon." It has sold over 4 million copies worldwide. The album's success continued throughout 2014, ranking within the top 10 of the annual charts for 2014 in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and earned Perry a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: The release of the album was preceded by the release of two singles. "Roar" was released on August 10, 2013, as the album's lead single and topped the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Unconditionally" debuted on October 16, 2013, as the record's second single. In between the release of these two tracks were the releases of promotional singles "Dark Horse" on September 17 and "Walking on Air" on September 30, 2013. "Dark Horse" was released as the album's third single three months later on December 17, 2013, and also reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Birthday" and "This Is How We Do" were the fourth and fifth singles, respectively. "Prism" was further promoted through the Prismatic World Tour.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: After concluding her California Dreams Tour, Perry stated that she intended to "live a little" before recording any new material that was "worth listening to". When ex-husband Russell Brand left her on December 30, 2011, she felt devastated and contemplated suicide. Perry revealed to "Vogue" in June 2012 that she planned to record a "darker" album than her previous records. She stated: "It was inevitable, after what I went through. If I had a time machine and could go back in time, I would. But I can't, so, you'll discover another part of me." To "Interview", she mentioned that she aspired to include a more acoustic vibe to the record.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: Perry also said that her music would be getting "real fucking dark" and "shoegazing", though also stated that her fans would be able to relate to it. "I imagine that maybe my next record would be a little bit more of an artistic venture," she said. "Not that I'm going to self-sabotage either and be like, 'I'm going to make a crazy record that nobody really understands.'" That fall, she later told "Billboard" about her plans for the album, saying she already envisioned several aspects of it. Perry told the magazine that she already had songs and ideas, and knew the type of record she would make next. She also said that although she had not started recording yet, she already knew how the artwork, coloring and tone of the album would turn out. Perry further detailed: "I have to let the music take shape first. I even know what type of tour I'm doing next. I'll be very pleased if the vision I have in my head becomes a reality. But I have to honor the music."


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: The development of "Prism" started when Perry was embarking on the California Dreams Tour. She began with a process she deemed "slow cooking", which consisted of recording random "fragments of ideas" into her mobile phone's dictaphone application. A member of Direct Management Group, Ngoc Hoang, then transcribed the audio files, which he inserted into what Perry described as a "treasure chest"; such object was consulted by Perry later on during the album's recording sessions. While Perry started recording the album officially in November 2012, accompanied by Greg Wells and Greg Kurstin, she noted she was still in a "dark place", and that she had not "let the light in". The sessions began again in March 2013, following a trip to Madagascar which Perry credited as having "put [her] priorities in perspective", thus leading her to "do more work on [her]self". Perry also viewed a video made by Eckhart Tolle, which discusses loss. She commented: "When you lose something, all your foundations crumble—but that also leaves a big hole that's open for something great to come through."


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: After feeling prepared to record again, she reunited with her team from "Teenage Dream"—Dr. Luke, Bonnie McKee, and Cirkut—in Perry's hometown of Santa Barbara, California, where they spent a month recording at Playback Recording Studio among others. After those sessions, she went to Stockholm, where she worked with Scandinavian record producer Max Martin, to do what Perry called "put[ting] the ice on the cake". She also recruited other collaborators, such as Norwegian team Stargate, Bloodshy, Benny Blanco, Jonatha Brooke and Sia. By April 2013, recording for the album was halfway complete, and Perry revealed to ASCAP how was working with such collaborators. She affirmed that Wells allowed her to "vomit words"; with Martin, she picked the melodies of the songs; Luke mostly helmed the production and she worked with "topline and melody". Perry described writing sessions with McKee as "emotional abuse", adding that they argue over the "best lyric", as if they were fighting in a boxing ring. McKee, who wrote four songs for "Prism", spoke with MTV on the effort, describing it as "a little bit more grown up" and "interesting".


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: The album opens with "Roar", a midtempo synth-driven power pop track. Musically, it contains elements of arena rock and glam rock, while lyrically it is an empowerment anthem. Comparisons were established between "Roar" and "Brave" by Sara Bareilles. "Legendary Lovers", a bhangra-based song, deals with the concepts of karma and infinity. "Birthday" was described by Perry as her own attempt at "writing something Mariah Carey would have put on her first record". Musically, it is a "fluffy" pop song that is primarily styled in the genre of disco. "Walking on Air", the album's second promotional single, is an early 1990s-inspired deep house-Eurodance-disco song, inspired heavily by CeCe Peniston and Crystal Waters. It was produced by Klas Åhlund and Max Martin. "Unconditionally", Perry's personal favorite song on the album and second official single, is a "soaring" power ballad with an "epic chorus". Jason Lipshutz from "Billboard" noted that the song includes a "woodblock percussion" as well as "a dramatic bass line" and deemed it the album's "most mature offering". Furthermore, he called it "an ode to love that looks past all flaws" and stated that the song acts as a "compellingly grounded predicate" to the title track from "Teenage Dream". Perry herself described the song as a song about unconditional love that could come in all forms, including those from relationships, from parent-to-child, and from sibling-to-sibling.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: "Dark Horse" is a song with ample influences of trap, grime, hip hop, and "Southern rap-techno mashup" genres. "This Is How We Do", produced by Max Martin and Klas Ahlund, was described as being the possible "song of summer" for 2014. Shirley Halperin from "The Hollywood Reporter" described "This Is How We Do" as "a sunny 80s throwback", while Edna Gundersen from "USA Today" described it as a "buoyant pop blast with hip-hop underpinnings" and praised the song's recurring refrain ("It's no big deal!"). James Montgomery from MTV News called the song a "cocksure, club-ready banger". With "Double Rainbow", produced by Greg Kustin and co-writer Sia, Perry was allowed to "dump pent-up emotions" and "get things off her chest". The song was described as a "massive ballad". Lipshutz deemed it as a "breathy love track" with a "powerful chorus that explodes upon impact" with lyrics that include "One man's trash is another man's treasure / so if it's up to me, I'm gonna keep you forever". He added that "Kurstin brings the pop sensibility he's flashed with artists like Kelly Clarkson and P!nk, while Sia's presence connects this sleek, shimmering pop track to [her David Guetta collaboration] 'Titanium'". Elijah Sarkesian felt that "Some of Katy's finest vocals of the album are on this song".


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: Perry described "Love Me" as a song "about loving yourself the way you want to be loved". Gundersen called it "irresistibly catchy and energetic". The song was produced by Bloodshy. Sarkesian called it "an interesting mix – the lyrics are dark, but the music is very dance-centric. At the very least, it'll do well in clubs". Montgomery stated that "Love Me" and "International Smile" both "seem destined for the dance floors". The latter was inspired by Perry's friend Mia Moretti, and was compared to the songs on Perry's previous album. Lipshutz called it a "straightforward pop-rock offering" and described its guitar hook as "kicky", adding that the song also includes a "Melting Daft Punk-esque vocoder breakdown". Halperin stated that in the song, Perry sings the "hooky" line: "Please fasten your seat belts and make sure your champagne glasses are empty".


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: Halperin described "This Moment" and "Ghost" as "mid-tempo ballads that are closest in DNA to Perry's previous smashes". Perry stated that she was inspired to write "This Moment" after she heard the audio book of "The Power of Now"; the song's lyrics talk about "living in the present"; with Perry "add[ing] a romantic spin" to it. Gary Trust described "Ghost" as a "mesmerizing ballad", while Gundersen described it as "powerful, dark, and haunting". Lipshutz felt that "Ghost" and "By the Grace of God" contain the album's "most somber moments". While talking about each "Prism" track, Perry mentioned that "By the Grace of God" was the first song she wrote and recorded for the album back in November 2012 while she was in her "dark" phase. Jody Rosen from "Vulture" described bonus track "Spiritual" as an inspirational song. Kevin Fallon of "The Daily Beast" described "It Takes Two" as a "sweeping ballad" which allowed Perry to "show off a full-throated belt that so many of her more bubbly tracks mask". In "Choose Your Battles", Perry "pounds her chest and spews venom at the man she cannot understand".


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: On July 29, 2013, a golden truck driving in Los Angeles revealed the album's title as "Prism" and that it would be released on October 22, 2013. On August 9, the truck was hit by a drunk driver in Pennsylvania, but no injuries were reported. On August 20, Pepsi revealed a partnership with Perry, in which fans were given the opportunity to unlock song titles, lyrics, and snippets from "Prism" by tweeting the hashtag #KATYNOW. Additionally, Pepsi provided previews of the songs "Dark Horse" and "Walking on Air", and fans could vote for which song they wanted to have an early release on music platforms. The former song was declared the winner and was released onto iTunes on September 17, 2013.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: Three listening parties for "Prism" were hosted: on September 5, 2013, one was hosted in New York, open exclusively to an audience of 100 industry insiders and journalists, where twelve tracks were played. A second "Prism" listening party took place the next day in Atlanta, while a third took place September 12 in Los Angeles at the Hammer Museum. In a press release on August 20, 2013, Pepsi announced a partnership with Perry to promote her fourth studio album "Prism": a social "tweet-to-unlock" voting program, encouraging fans to tweet the hashtag #KATYNOW in exchange for song titles and lyrics. The chosen tracks for the campaign were "Walking on Air" and "Dark Horse". After the samples were revealed, fans could vote for which one they wanted to have an early release on digital retailers.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: The winner was "Dark Horse", which was released on September 17, 2013, on the iTunes Store, serving then as the album's first promotional single. It debuted at number 17 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and at number ten on the New Zealand Singles Chart. Perry first performed "Dark Horse" three days later at the iHeartRadio Music Festival. "Walking on Air" was released as the second promotional single on September 30. The song peaked at number 34 at Billboard Hot 100 and at number 80 in the United Kingdom.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: "Prism" was released on October 18, 2013. Its album cover was unveiled on September 6, 2013, on a Jumbotron during "Good Morning America", and was shot by American photographer Ryan McGinley. For the deluxe edition, 300,000 copies with an iridescent digipak package were printed, and came with the album's logo printed onto seed paper.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: Perry began the Prismatic World Tour on May 7, 2014, at the Odyssey Arena in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The first leg of the tour also featured performances in Scotland and England that month. The second leg was announced on January 15, 2014, consisting of concerts in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The leg ran from June to October 2014.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: "Roar" was serviced to mainstream radio stations on August 10, 2013, as the album's lead single, and its digital release followed two days later. It received mixed-to-positive commentary from music critics, who commended its "easy" and "poppy" beat, while some were ambivalent towards its clichéd lyrics. Commercially, it was a success, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 and charts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. It became Australia's best performing song of 2013 with 560,000 copies sold by the end of the year and spending 9 weeks atop the nation's charts. The song was nominated for the Song of the Year and the Best Pop Solo Performance awards at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: "Unconditionally" was released as the album's second single on October 16, 2013. It received generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised it for being "soaring" and "effortless". A lyric video for the song was released two days after its debut, and its official music video was released on November 19, 2013. To promote the single, Perry has performed on various occasions, including a geisha-themed performance of it on the American Music Awards of 2013, which attracted negative press, controversy and accusations of cultural appropriation. "Unconditionally" has peaked at number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and has charted moderately worldwide, reaching the top 30 in the single charts of Canada and Germany and the Top 10 in Italy.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: "Dark Horse" was released on December 17, 2013, as the album's third official single. It had previously been released as the album's first promotional single exactly three months prior to its single release. The following week, the song leaped to number four due to topping the Hot Digital Songs, selling 243,000 copies. With "Dark Horse" topping the Hot Digital Songs chart, it became Perry's 10th digital number-one single. The song topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart on January 29, 2014, becoming Perry's 9th number one single in the United States. It was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: On April 3, 2014, "Birthday" was announced as the album's fourth official single. It debuted at number 91 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and impacted mainstream radio in the U.S. on April 21, 2014. This single peaked at number 17 in the US, becoming her 15th song to reach the top 20 in the nation.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: "This Is How We Do" served as the fifth official single from the album. A lyric video of the song was released on July 24, 2014. One week later, its official music video premiered and the track was sent to French radio on the same day. The song debuted at number 88 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on August 9, 2014, and peaked at number 24.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: According to PopDust and Charts in France, "Legendary Lovers" was set to be released as a single, however its release was cancelled to unknown reasons. However, the song received unofficial airplay in France. Additionally track's producer Max Martin hinted possible remix release featuring Canadian rapper and singer Drake.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: Upon release, "Prism" received generally favorable reviews from music critics. Jon Dolan from "Rolling Stone" gave the album three out of five stars, writing that "Perry and her longtime collaborators Dr. Luke and Max Martin often go for a darker, moodier intimacy à la high-end Swedish divas Robyn and Lykke Li. Perry has always done a great job of letting us know she's in on the joke of pop stardom. Sadly, she doesn't always bring that same sense of humor and self-awareness to the joke of pop-star introspection. The album's raft of ripe-lotus ballads is larded with Alanis-ian poesy she can't pull off". Nick Catucci from "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B+ and stated that "Katy's superpower, now more than ever, is minting songs so relatable that their insights quickly scale up to inspirational... Now she grasps that she's making the mainstream, not just swimming in it".


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: Helen Brown from "The Daily Telegraph" gave the album five out of five stars, stating Perry "sounds like a woman, and an artist, who's finally found herself" and praised the "vulnerability" of the album. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic, Alexis Petridis from "The Guardian", and Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine all also gave the album three out of five stars. Erlewine dubbed "Prism" "a tighter, cleaner record than its predecessors". Petridis called it "Katy Perry's most spiritual album to date". Mesfin Fekadu from ABC News deemed the tracks "likable", but felt the album lacked "some of the fiery fierceness and excitement that dominated "Teenage Dream"". James Reed from "The Boston Globe" felt Perry "always seemed like the pop star who knows precisely what she does best" and called the album "an unabashedly fun listen". Chris Bosman from Consequence of Sound gave the album three and a half out of five stars, calling Perry "a champion of choruses". Greg Kot from "Chicago Tribune" gave the album 2 out of 4 stars, commenting "Though not exactly spiritual, "Prism" does come off as a more serious—if no less formulaic—album than its predecessor". Marah Eakin from "The A.V. Club" gave the album a C+, commenting "A lot of "Prism" is simply forgettable", though praised the tracks "Roar", "Birthday", and "This Is How We Do". Rob Harvilla from "Spin" gave the album a 5/10 rating, and felt some of the material was not "all that desirable".


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: Elysa Gardner from "USA Today" gave the album a 3/4 rating and found the album to be "genuine and endearing". Trent Wolbe from "The Verge" gave an overall 4/4 rating and praised Perry's ability to "wrapping hyper-specific emotions into a new format that everyone can relate to". He particularly praised the tracks "International Smile" and "Birthday", declaring the chorus of "Birthday" to be "fucking perfect". Jody Rosen from "Vulture" was disappointed with every track on the album except for "Roar". Randall Roberts of "Los Angeles Times" gave the album a 3/4 rating, calling it "a shimmering, dynamic, heavy-duty modern pop album". At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, "Prism" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album, but lost against Sam Smith's "In the Lonely Hour".


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: "Prism" made its official debut in Ireland, where it charted atop the charts. In the United States, the album opened at the top spot on the US "Billboard" 200, becoming her second consecutive number one album in the country. The album sold 286,000 copies in its first week. "Prism" acquired the largest first week sum by a female artist for 2013, surpassing Miley Cyrus' "Bangerz" (270,000 copies). However, this feat was surpassed by Beyoncé's self-titled fifth album, "Beyoncé" (617,213 digital copies), released in December 2013. At the time of its release "Prism" had the fourth highest first week sales of the year for a pop record, trailing behind Daft Punk's May 2013 album "Random Access Memories", which sold 339,000 copies and Justin Timberlake's "The 20/20 Experience" which debuted to 968,000 copies and its follow-up "The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2" which debuted to just 350,000 copies. The first week sales also marks Perry's highest weekly sales, with her previous album "Teenage Dream" selling 192,000 copies in its first week in August 2010. "Prism" has the highest first week sales for a female pop artist since Madonna's twelfth studio album, "MDNA". "Prism" sold 92,000 copies during its second week of availability, falling to number two on the "Billboard" 200. This represented the smallest sales dip for a number one album in the United States since the August 2013 release of "The Civil Wars". "Prism" spent 17 weeks in the top-ten on the chart. The album has been certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 1.74 million copies in the United States as of August 2020. In June 2014, "Billboard" announced its Mid Year Top 20 Best-selling albums with "Prism" coming in at number 9 with sales of 453,000 in 2014 alone. Pharrell Williams and Perry were the only two people in to have an album and a single in the Mid Year Top 10 charts. In February 2015, following Perry's performance at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show, sales for the album increased by 85% and the album rebounded back into the Top 50.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: In New Zealand, the album became Perry's second consecutive number one album, and was certified gold by Recorded Music NZ, selling over 7,500 copies in its first week sales. "Prism" opened atop the ARIA Album Charts, giving the singer her second number-one album in Australia after "Teenage Dream". It was the nation's 688th album to top its charts overall and 342nd to enter at the summit. The record received a Platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) during its second week of release, and became the country's second highest-selling album of the year behind Pink's "The Truth About Love" with 179,000 copies sold by the end of 2013.


title: Prism (Katy Perry album)

text: In Europe, the album was a moderate success. In Switzerland, the album debuted at two, just behind James Blunt's "Moon Landing" and was certified Gold shortly after. In Austria, the album debuted at number three and was certified Gold in its first week, achieving Platinum certification a month later. In France, "Prism" debuted in the Top 10, spending a dozen weeks in the Top 40, and has sold over 130,000 copies according to SNEP. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at the top of the charts, where it was certified Platinum and went on to sell 433,000 copies by February 2017. In The Netherlands and Denmark, the album debuted and peaked at number four. As of August 2015, "Prism" has sold over 4 million copies worldwide.


title: Asha Negi

text: Asha Negi (born 23 August 1989) is an Indian television actress. She is known for playing Purvi Deshmukh in "Pavitra Rishta" and Gauravi Karmarkar in "Baarish". In 2010, Negi debuted into television with the role of Madhura in "Sapnon Se Bhare Naina" and later appeared as Apeksha Malhotra in Ekta Kapoor's "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain" on Sony TV in 2011. She achieved her breakthrough performance in the soap opera "Pavitra Rishta" where she played Purvi Deshmukh from 2011 to 2014.


title: Asha Negi

text: In 2013, she won the dance reality show "Nach Baliye 6" with her "Pavitra Rishta" co-star and partner Rithvik Dhanjani. Her other roles were in "Ek Mutthi Aasmaan" as Suhana/Kalpana on Zee TV and "Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan" as Koyal on StarPlus. Later, she participated in "" on Colors TV. In 2019, she featured in the web series "Baarish" as Gauravi Karmakar opposite Sharman Joshi.


title: Asha Negi

text: Negi was born and raised in Dehradun, Uttarakhand to LS.Negi and Beena Negi. In 2009, she was crowned Miss Uttarakhand 2009. She eventually moved to Mumbai to pursue an acting career.


title: Asha Negi

text: Negi started her career as a model in 2009 after she won the title of Miss Uttarakhand 2009 during her college days. She appeared in various advertisements for companies and did many photo shoots. Later she auditioned for her first TV show in 2010 with the StarPlus show "Sapnon Se Bhare Naina" playing the role as Madhura. In 2011, Negi appeared on the Balaji Telefilms series "Bade Achhe Lagte Hain", where she played the negative role Apeksha Malhotra. She has acknowledged the show as a great experience and has cited lead actress Sakshi Tanwar as her inspiration.


title: Asha Negi

text: Her first main role was in 2011 when she was cast in part in Zee TV's Pavitra Rishta, as the intelligent, beautiful and determined Purvi Desmukh, the adopted daughter of Archana Deskmukh (Ankita Lokhande). She has won the stellar performer of the year in Gold Awards and was awarded the popular favourite Jodi at Zee Rishtey awards with Rithvik. Negi has also won the Fresh Face Female at Indian Telly Awards.


title: Asha Negi

text: In November 2013, Negi participated in the dance couple reality show "Nach Balliye 6" along with her partner Dhanjani. They both were one of the entertaining contestants. In February 2014, they both became the winner of the dance show.


title: Asha Negi

text: In August 2014, Negi entered the Zee TV show "Ek Mutthi Aasmaan". She played the role as Kalpana Raghav Singhania opposite Ashish Chaudhary. She made a small appearance in the &TV show "Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah" in March 2015.


title: Asha Negi

text: Negi participated in the celebrity stunt based show "" in 2015. She became one of the finalists on the show. She then appeared in the Ekta Kapoor show "Kumkum Bhagya" along with Dhanjani reprising their roles in "Pavitra Rishta". She also did an episodic appearance in "Code Red". She also was a team member in "Box Cricket League" in Season 1 in 2015 along with Season 2 of BCL. Later, hosted the singing reality show "Indian Idol" in 2015.


title: Asha Negi

text: In November 2015, Negi was approached and finalised to replace Shritama Mukherjee in the StarPlus show "Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan" opposite Gautam Gupta and Aly Goni. She plays the role of Gauravi Mehta in web series of Alt Balaji named "Baarish" opposite Sharman Joshi.


title: Asha Negi

text: In March 2012, Negi appeared as Purvi in the special episode of "Punar Vivaah". In August 2012, she again performed for the "5th Boroplus Gold Awards" along with Dhanjani. Later she made a special appearance in two shows "Hitler Didi" and "Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke".


title: Asha Negi

text: Later she performed at Zee Rishtey Awards 2013. In 2014, Negi performed with Rithvik at the Star Parivaar Awards 2014. Negi also did photo shoots for a television calendar in 2014 and 2016. In 2014, she made a guest appearance on Jamai Raja (2014 TV series) with Sargun Mehta. Later she made another appearance in "Kumkum Bhagya" in 2015.


title: The Red Book (Jung)

text: The Red Book: Liber Novus is a red leather‐bound folio manuscript crafted by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung between 1914 and about 1930. It recounts and comments upon the author's psychological experiments between 1913 and 1916, and is based on manuscripts (journals), known as "Black Books", first drafted by Jung in 1913–15 and 1917. Despite being nominated as the central work in Jung's oeuvre, it was not published or made otherwise accessible for study until 2009.


title: The Red Book (Jung)

text: In October 2009, with the cooperation of Jung's estate, "The Red Book" was published by W. W. Norton in a facsimile edition, complete with an English translation, three appendices, and over 1,500 editorial notes. Editions and translations in several other languages soon followed.


title: The Red Book (Jung)

text: In December 2012, Norton additionally released a "Reader's Edition" of the work; this smaller format edition includes the complete translated text of "The Red Book" along with the introduction and notes prepared by Sonu Shamdasani, but it omits the facsimile reproduction of Jung's original calligraphic manuscript.


title: The Red Book (Jung)

text: While the work has in past years been descriptively called simply "The Red Book", Jung did emboss a formal title on the spine of his leather-bound folio: he titled the work "Liber Novus" (in Latin, the "New Book"). His manuscript is now increasingly cited as "Liber Novus", and under this title implicitly includes draft material intended for but never finally transcribed into the red leather folio proper.


title: The Red Book (Jung)

text: Jung was associated with Sigmund Freud for a period of approximately six years, beginning in 1907. Over those years, their relationship became increasingly bitter. When the final break of the relationship came in 1913, Jung retreated from many of his professional activities to intensely reconsider his personal and professional path. The creative activity that produced "Liber Novus" came in this period, from 1913 to about 1917.


title: The Red Book (Jung)

text: Biographers and critics have disagreed whether these years in Jung's life should be seen as "a creative illness", a period of introspection, a psychotic break, or simply madness. Anthony Storr, reflecting on Jung's own judgment that he was "menaced by a psychosis" during this time, concluded that the period represented a psychotic episode. According to Sonu Shamdasani, Storr's opinion is untenable in light of currently available documentation. Jung himself stated that: "To the superficial observer, it will appear like madness." It appears that Jung has premeditated the arguments of Storr and (Jung biographer) Paul Stern and, in riposte, declares the analyses of Storr and Stern superficial.


title: The Red Book (Jung)

text: During the years in which Jung engaged with his "nocturnal work" on "Liber Novus", he continued to function in his daytime activities without evident impairment. He maintained a busy professional practice, seeing on average five patients a day. He lectured, wrote, and remained active in professional associations. Throughout this period he also served as an officer in the Swiss army and was on active duty over several extended periods between 1914 and 1918 during World War I.