title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: On the January 14, 2022 edition of "SmackDown", Kingston announced that Woods was injured and out of action. On January 28, Big E was traded to the SmackDown brand and reunited with Kingston. In March, the New Day feuded with the team of Sheamus and Ridge Holland. A match between the teams on the March 11 episode of "SmackDown" saw Holland botching an overhead belly-to-belly suplex on Big E at ringside, resulting in Big E landing on the top of his head and suffering a broken neck. He also suffered fractures to his C1 vertebrae and C6 vertebrae, but no ligament or spinal cord injury. Big E had an onscreen reunion with Kingston and Woods on May 20, but stated in an interview a month later that it is unclear if he will ever be able to wrestle again. In the same interview, he revealed that Triple H had asked him to be part of a WWE tryout for college athletes in the days leading up to that year's SummerSlam. At NXT Deadline on December 10, Kingston and Woods defeated Pretty Deadly to win the NXT Tag Team Championship and became the third WWE Tag Team Triple Crown Champions.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: The original gimmick of the three, before they took on the name The New Day, was born from Woods's promo in July 2014 in which he suggested to create the stable, and stated: "You cannot move ahead by shaking hands, kissing babies, singing and dancing like a puppet. You cannot move ahead by always doing what you're told. It is our time to find purpose, because we do not ask any longer. Now, we take." They were depicted as determined, strong-willed athletes with newfound motivation, describing themselves as "smart athletic friends" and establishing themselves as underrated underdogs, criticizing "the powers that be" for not giving them a fair chance; however, they were taken off-television shortly after their debut.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: Woods described the trio's original characters as "Three guys, who come up from kind of the same background, that just want more from life, more from their jobs, more from their friends, more from everything around them. ... So we tried to take that mentality, and get it across on TV as best as we could."


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: In late 2014 between their original gimmick and gospel eras, the trio, having been taken off-television and having been told by WWE creative that they needed their characters to be more positive and uplifting, spent months meeting during their free time to work on new ideas, writing and filming vignettes that they would try to get Vince McMahon to watch while also communicating remotely to share more costume and gimmick ideas. They came up with a "Problem Solvers" gimmick, which Kingston described in 2015 as "a funny version of the APA, [people] would come to us with their problems and we'd solve them in like, a comical way." According to the trio, "Everyone that saw it was like, blown away by it, they thought it was awesome, it was funny, it made sense, you could see where it would fit in on the show." However, McMahon was


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: unenthusiastic, and the gimmick was discarded. While The New Day recognize this period as frustrating, Woods also considered it instrumental in the three of them developing chemistry and a true friendship, with Woods stating: I don't think that [without that period] the bond would be as strong, or that the [eventual "power of positivity"] gimmick would work as well."


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: The trio debuted as The New Day in November 2014, now stereotypical black gospel preacher-like characters. In an off-character interview in August 2015, The New Day called their gospel era "the complete opposite of what we wanted to do", and claimed that the gimmick had been created by WWE CEO Vince McMahon, who summoned the trio to his office and announced that he had designed their new characters, stating: "It's taken me a long time to come up with this, but I think I got it: I want you guys to be preachers." The trio added: "We didn't want to sing and dance, because for African-American athletes, you're either singing and dancing, or you're the big strong black guy, or the foreign black guy. Those are the three archetypes. [We wanted] to push some sort of message for all kids, but more specifically for young, black kids watching wrestling: you can be whatever kind of character you want, you come with a blank slate and you can be anything, not just [black stereotypes.] We can't describe to you the tension [in the room when he gave us the characters]. We're all like, smiling and nodding and all of us were thinking the same thing: 'Oh my God, this man is crazy.'"


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: The trio claim that they were given an "awful" list of team names to choose from, which included "Fresh Coat of Paint", HOPE (standing for "House Of Positive Energy"), "A House of Light", and "KBX" (for "Kingston, Big, Xavier"). Kingston called the entrance theme they were originally offered "the worst gospel [song]", with Big E stating "It felt very old-timey, it felt like it was recorded in the 40s." The three gave WWE officials modern gospel music to suggest something more modern, resulting in the theme song eventually used by the group.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: Those characters received negative reactions from fans and critics alike. Jim Ross noted that "today's wrestling fan may be a little hard on the talented trio" due to them "espousing such positivity". "ProWrestling.net" wrote that The New Day "seem to be all about smiling and dancing; one of the three racial stereotypes WWE assigns to their African-American performers". Entertainment website "The A.V. Club" called the gimmick "racist" because "they figuratively pantomime shooting dice when they get into the ring". "Vice" stated "Months after rejecting the stereotypical roles bestowed on black wrestlers [during Woods's original July 2014 promo], Woods, Kingston, and Big E found themselves saddled with a new one"; they pointed out that both Kingston and Woods had already been given stereotypical characters, with Kingston previously portraying "an all-smiles, erstwhile Jamaican babyface" even though he was from Ghana, while Woods was given a "funk-dancing gimmick" character.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: While two members of The New Day would wrestle, the one acting as their manager would regularly clap into his hands or slam his hands into the mat following a three-clap pattern, inviting the audience to follow suit; the idea originated from Woods, who felt that they needed a unique clap to differentiate themselves. Although fans were somewhat enthusiastic to the clapping during the first months, and on the March 30, 2015 episode of "Raw" (the day after WrestleMania 31), the audience, while clapping, loudly chanted "New Day sucks!" in rhythm with the clapping, and, when the three would chant "New Day!" loudly as part of their gimmick, the live audiences would scream "sucks!" in response, otherwise heavily booing the trio; similar reactions occurred during the following weeks, until the group turned heel.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: The New Day claimed that they immediately knew that the gimmick would never go over, and that a heel-turn was needed, with Woods stating: "When we were given the gimmick and saw what it was, we figured, if we throw everything that we can—smiling, clapping, happiness, everything—into this babyface gimmick, it will not take long to turn heel. And it's pretty much what happened." The three asked to be turned heel for months, but it was only approved after fans reactions got more hostile in the wake of WrestleMania 31 that WWE agreed; according to the trio, McMahon had remained convinced up until that point that the gimmick would be very popular with the fans.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: After the largely negative reception to the gospel version of The New Day, the characters became heels in the wake of WrestleMania 31. The characters first transitioned into an "oblivious bad guys" satire version of their previous gimmick, overly joyous and seemingly unaware of the booing from the fans; they would also start cheating during their matches, but claim that they were justified in doing so. Additionally, the trio became fanatically obsessed with the "power of positivity", which they would try to preach to their audiences. They would occasionally tease self-awareness, with Woods claiming during a promo: "We gotta smile, we gotta keep positive, because if not, the rage comes out. And if the rage comes out, everybody on the roster goes to the hospital", and Big E adding "We clap, or we snap."


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: In the months following their heel-turn, The New Day transitioned away from the gospel aspect, developing their own unique identity and focusing on their new "Power of positivity" gimmick. They also begun using New Day props, such as Woods's trombone, which he brought to the ring and played during the group's entrance and matches, later naming the trombone Francesca; after "she" was destroyed by Chris Jericho, Woods replaced her with her "sister" Francesca II in January 2016; he also introduced her "Scottish cousin" Agnes (bagpipes) at a Scotland show in November 2016. Following Francesca II's destruction, she was replaced by Francesca II: Turbo, a nod to "Street Fighter II: Turbo". Also in late 2015, a unicorn pony was incorporated into The New Day's newest shirt, and the trio began making unicorn gestures, using their fingers as horns and even having interviewers claiming to perceive them having "unicorn magic". The group eventually began wearing plastic unicorn horns during their ring entrance, and using a team signature move named "Unicorn Stampede"; this was based on Woods being a of "". Also in 2015, The New Day began using the word "booty" as their catchphrase and began occasionally using it to tease other wrestlers and the host city where WWE events would take place, such as calling Birmingham "Bootyham". The trio became heavily promo-oriented, and would usually cut promos while on their way to the ring (instead of a regular entrance where their theme would play instead).


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: In stark contrast to the gospel-based version of The New Day, their "Power of positivity" version received an overwhelmingly positive reception from fans and critics and had a series of strong in-ring performances and promos. Although they were heels, the crowds would now start chanting "New Day rocks!" as the group had encouraged them to do as babyfaces, instead of "New Day sucks!" Kenny Herzog of "Rolling Stone" named the group as WWE's "Wrestlers of the Year" for 2015, describing them as "a hat-trick of pro-wrestling awesomeness" having "transformed from preachy dreck to a source of constant entertainment". In early 2016, Aaron Oster of "The Baltimore Sun" described them as "the most entertaining wrestling act of the past few years". Former WWE Champion CM Punk praised The New Day for getting over on their own, and claimed that although he no longer watched WWE-based product, and had also lost his passion for wrestling overall, he would only watch The New Day's segments. At the end of 2015, the group won "Pro Wrestling Illustrated"s award for Tag Team of the Year, and the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter"'s award for Best Gimmick. "Rolling Stone" named The New Day collectively as the WWE Wrestler of the Year, stating that "what New Day's three talents accomplished together in 2015 represented – appropriately enough – a hat-trick of pro-wrestling awesomeness: pulling themselves out from creative quicksand, standing alone as the elite among their peers and daring us not to tune in no matter what the win–loss implications."


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: Some commentators believed that the group's popularity was detrimental to their efficiency as heels, with both Jim Ross and Jason Powell from "ProWrestling.net" suggesting that The New Day should be trying to gain "heel heat" as opposed to being comedic, and in January 2016, following the Royal Rumble, James Caldwell of "PWtorch" noted that the group's babyface opponents came out "mainly to boos since New Day was too entertaining", adding that the group "don't act overly-heelish to get heat. So, their opponents continue to suffer opposite New Day".


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: The trio's popularity led to them reverting to babyfaces in early 2016 when they began feuding with the League of Nations. Unlike the stable's previous babyface run, this version, which retained the gimmick of their heel version without the cheating and aggressive attitude, proved successful and popular with fans, and similarly won "Pro Wrestling Illustrated"'s award for Tag Team of the Year for 2016. In September 2017, "Bleacher Report" claimed that "there should not be any doubt that New Day has earned its spot among WWE's all-time greatest tag teams ... They won over the audience with their eccentric antics and became one of the most entertaining acts WWE had seen in years. Not only have they brought tag team wrestling into the mainstream with their immense popularity, they have had their fair share of exceptional matches as well." The same year, "GQ" stated: "In three short years, the New Day has become the bridge between two formerly isolated worlds. They are the purveyors of positivity in a year that sorely needs it. They are perhaps the most enlightened entertainers to ever step foot in a wrestling ring."


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: The New Day's promos would often contain a number of references to pop culture or recent events in the world; Woods stated that "Nine times out of ten, the stuff we're saying in our promos is just stuff that we say in the car to each other. Whatever is popping us in the car that weekend, we reference that. ... Rather than trying to hit the masses with what we were saying, we were hitting a little pocket every week because we’re very into the grassroots type of thing." Those would sometimes tackle controversial subjects, such as the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, or the longstanding race issues within WWE.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: The New Day's 2017-2018 feud with The Usos over the SmackDown Tag Team Championship was acclaimed by both critics and fans, with "Bleacher Report" crediting it for "[helping] elevate tag team wrestling in WWE to heights that hadn't been reached in years through its stellar series of matches on pay-per-view and on "SmackDown Live"." Despite praising "the Match of the Year-quality encounters the tandems were having at every pay-per-view on which they appeared", they also worried that the SmackDown creative team had also become overly reliant on the two and was dismissing all other teams.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: In 2016, The New Day introduced their "Booty-O's" cereal, claiming that "They make sure you ain't booty". At WrestleMania 32, the team emerged from a giant "Booty-O's" box wearing "Dragon Ball Z"-inspired armor (inherited from Woods's earlier gimmick). Later "Booty-O's" shirts became a successful article of merchandise. In early 2018, they replaced "Booty-O's" cereals with pancakes, passing it to members of the audience, throwing it to their enemies or eating it. Woods claimed the idea came from discussing the idea of a lumberjack match: "I said, 'Well, if I'm a lumberjack, what do they eat? They eat flapjacks.' It was hilarious. So, we said the next week, 'Are we going to do pancakes? Yeah, sure. Why not?' And that's where the pancakes came from." They were also the official hosts of WrestleMania 33.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: On June 12, 2020, episode of "SmackDown", Big E and Kingston (acting as a duo because Woods was injured), then SmackDown Tag Team Champions, both took a knee and raised a fist in the air, in homage to George Floyd, whose death the previous month had raised worldwide protests against racial injustice; they also wore armbands not usually part of their wrestling attires, on which were written names of other individuals whose deaths were due to racial injustice: Shukri Abdi on Big E's, and Tamla Horsford and Breonna Taylor on Kingston's. The gesture was praised within the wrestling community and by media outlets, with "Sports Illustrated" calling it "a pivotal moment", "Essentially Sports" calling it "a huge statement" and "Forbes" stated: "With WWE the only live event promotion that has remained intact throughout the pandemic, the powerful message by Kofi Kingston and Big E figure to be part of a new normal once American sports are reopened as the current climate now demands more action to be taken in the still-harrowing fight against racial injustice." Big E stated the following August that the moment "was important to us", stating: "It was something that really weighed on us, and we felt like we really needed to make a statement. [...] We want to work toward a better world, a better society, and it's been really heartwarming to see the amount of support for that. We want to continue to have a positive impact on our world and be worthy of people's fandom." Just three days prior to Big E and Kingston's kneeling on "SmackDown", the two and Woods opened up about their personal experiences with racism and their thoughts on Floyd's killing on The New Day's podcast "Feel the Power".


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: The New Day wrote their first book titled "The Book of Booty: Shake It. Love It. Never Be It". The New Day also had a cameo role in the 2016 WWE Studios film "Countdown".


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: Although all three of them had previously been featured in official WWE video games, the members of The New Day were featured as squadmates for the first time in the video game "WWE 2K16", and have further appeared as a team in "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18", "WWE 2K19" "WWE 2K20" and WWE 2K22.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: Corey Graves announced on his podcast "WWE After the Bell" that The New Day would launch their own new podcast (produced by WWE and Endeavor Audio) titled "The New Day: Feel the Power", which premiered on December 2, 2019.


title: The New Day (professional wrestling)

text: In November 2020, all three members of The New Day were added as playable DLC characters in the video game "Gears 5", sporting custom armor in the colors of The New Day's ring attires; the three recorded dialogue specifically for the game. As promotion for this DLC at WWE's Survivor Series pay-per-view that same month, the trio appeared in their "Gears 5" armor.


title: Robin Zander

text: Robin Wayne Zander (born January 23, 1953) is an American musician, best known as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist for the rock band Cheap Trick, but is also a solo artist. Zander was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2016 as a member of Cheap Trick.


title: Robin Zander

text: Zander was born in Beloit, Wisconsin, and grew up in nearby Loves Park, Illinois. He learned to play the guitar by age 12. Zander graduated from Harlem High School in Machesney Park, Illinois. After playing in high school bands in the 1960s, he joined Brian Beebe to form the folk duo Zander & Kent in the early 1970s.


title: Robin Zander

text: In 1974, Zander accepted an invitation to join Cheap Trick. Along with Zander, the band consisted of guitarist Rick Nielsen, bassist Tom Petersson, and drummer Bun E. Carlos. Cheap Trick's 1979 album, "Cheap Trick at Budokan", catapulted the band to stardom. The band reached the Top 10 in the U.S. charts in 1979 with "I Want You to Want Me" and topped the charts in 1988 with "The Flame". As of 2018, Cheap Trick had been a band for over 40 years. Cheap Trick has performed more than 5,000 shows and has sold more than 20 million albums. Zander was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Cheap Trick in 2016.


title: Robin Zander

text: Zander released the solo album "Robin Zander" in 1993. A second solo album, "Countryside Blvd", was released online in April 2011 but was withdrawn from online music outlets within hours of being available.


title: Robin Zander

text: On September 30, 2016, Los Angeles rock band Steel Panther released a cover version of Cheap Trick song "She's Tight" (from Cheap Trick's 1982 album "One On One"), which features Zander in the music video.


title: Robin Zander

text: Known for his "pin-up good looks", Zander's singing has been described as "jaw-dropping" and "supremely virtuosic". In a 2014 piece titled "Unsung Heroes: The 10 Most Underrated Classic Rock Singers", Dan Tucker of VH1.com described Zander as having "range, style and attitude." Zander is a tenor.


title: Robin Zander

text: Zander's vocal style has influenced many other rock singers, from 1980s hard rockers (such as Joe Elliott of Def Leppard, Vince Neil of Mötley Crüe, Axl Rose of Guns N' Roses, Bret Michaels of Poison, and Sebastian Bach of Skid Row) to 1990s punk revivalists (such as Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day) to alternative icons (such as Billy Corgan of The Smashing Pumpkins, Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam, Kurt Cobain of Nirvana, and Scott Weiland of Stone Temple Pilots).


title: Robin Zander

text: The May 2009 issue of "Classic Rock" magazine published a list of the 50 Greatest Singers in Rock. Zander was voted #23 on the list by readers, "Classic Rock" critics and a number of singers.


title: Robin Zander

text: Zander and his first wife, Karen, had two children: A son named Ian Zander and a daughter named Holland Zander. Ian and Holland Zander are musicians.


title: Robin Zander

text: As of 2018, Zander lives in Safety Harbor, Florida with his wife, former Playboy Playmate Pamela Stein. Zander and Stein have a son, Robin Taylor Zander, and a daughter, Robin-Sailor Zander; both are singer-songwriters. When Cheap Trick bassist Tom Petersson was sidelined from touring in 2021 due to surgery, Robin Taylor Zander filled in for him on tour.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko (, "Semyon Konstantinovich Timoshenko"; , "Semen Kostiantynovych Tymoshenko") ( – 31 March 1970) was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: A Ukrainian, Timoshenko was born in the village of Orman in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Furmanivka in Odessa Oblast, Ukraine).


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: In 1914, he was drafted into the army of the Russian Empire and served as a cavalryman on Russia's western front in the First World War. Upon the outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1917, he sided with the Bolsheviks, joining the Red Army in 1918 and the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1919.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: During the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, Timoshenko served on various fronts. He fought against Polish forces in Kiev and then against Pyotr Wrangel's White Army and Nestor Makhno's Black Army. His most important encounter occurred at Tsaritsyn, where he commanded a cavalry regiment and met and befriended Joseph Stalin, who was responsible for the city's defense. The personal connection would ensure his rapid advancement after Stalin gained control of the Communist Party by the end of the 1920s. In 1920–1921, Timoshenko served under Semyon Budyonny and Kliment Voroshilov in the 1st Cavalry Army; Budyonny and Voroshilov became the core of the "Cavalry Army clique" which, under Stalin's patronage, would dominate the Red Army for many years. In April 1920, he was given command of the Sixth Division of the Red Cavalry, which was the first to attack the Polish army during the 'May offensive' launched by the Red Army during the Polish-Soviet War. On 29 May, the Sixth Division charged Polish trenches, taking heavy casualties for no gain, which convinced the Soviet commanders that charging trenches was pointless.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: By the end of the civil and Polish–Soviet wars, Timoshenko had become the commander of the Red Army cavalry forces. Thereafter, under Stalin, he became Red Army commander in Byelorussia (1933); in Kiev (1935); in the northern Caucasus and then Kharkiv (1937); and Kiev again (1938). In 1939, he was given command of the entire western border region and led the Ukrainian Front during the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland. He also became a member of the Communist Party's Central Committee. Due to being a loyal friend of Stalin, Timoshenko survived the Great Purge to become the Red Army's senior professional soldier.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: In January 1940, Timoshenko took charge of the Soviet armies fighting Finland in the Soviet-Finnish War. This had begun the previous November, under the disastrous command of Kliment Voroshilov. Under Timoshenko's leadership, the Soviets succeeded in breaking through the Finnish Mannerheim Line on the Karelian Isthmus, prompting Finland to sue for peace in March. His reputation increased, Timoshenko was made the People's Commissar for Defence and a Marshal of the Soviet Union in May, replacing Marshal Voroshilov as the Minister of Defence.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: Although by no means a military intellectual, Timoshenko had at least passed through the higher command courses of the Red Army and was a fully trained 'commander-commissar'. During the critical period of the military purge, Stalin had used Timoshenko as a military district commander who could hold key appointments while their incumbents were liquidated or exiled.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: Timoshenko was a competent but traditionalist military commander who nonetheless saw the urgent need to modernise the Red Army if, as expected, it was to fight a war against Nazi Germany. Overcoming the opposition of other more conservative leaders, he undertook the mechanisation of the Red Army and the production of more tanks. He also reintroduced much of the traditional harsh discipline of the Tsarist Russian Army.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: In June 1940, Timoshenko ordered the formation of the Baltic Military District in the occupied Baltic states.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: In the weeks before the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Timoshenko and Zhukov were worried by reports that German planes were crossing the soviet border at least 10 times a day, and on 13 June, they asked Stalin for permission to put the troops on the western border on high alert, but were overruled because Stalin was convinced that there would be no German invasion before spring 1942.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: General Ivan Boldin, deputy commander on the western front, recounted in memoirs published 20 years later that early in the morning of the invasion, on 22 June, when several towns in Belarus, including Grodno, were being bombed, aircraft destroyed on the ground, troops were being strafed, and German paratroopers were landing behind Red Army lines, Timoshenko rang him with an instruction that "no action is to be taken against the Germans without our knowledge ... Comrade Stalin has forbidden to open artillery fire against the Germans".


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: On 23 June, Timoshenko was named chairman of Stavka, the Soviet Armed Forces High Command. In July 1941, Stalin replaced Timoshenko as Defense Commissar and Stavka's chairman. At the same time, the Western Front was divided into three sectors, with Timoshenko put in commmand of the Central Front to supervise a fighting retreat from the border to Smolensk. The Northern Front was commanded by Voroshilov, and the Southwestern Front by Budyonny, both of whom were removed by Stalin after only a few weeks for incompetence. Timoshenko was transferred to Ukraine in September to replace Budyonny and restore order in the at the gates of Kiev. On 23 October, the Soviets made Timoshenko command the entire southern half of the Eastern Front and Georgy Zhukov command the northern half. In November and December 1941 Timoshenko organized major counter offensives in the Rostov region, as well as carving a bridgehead into German defenses south of Kharkiv in January 1942.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: In May 1942, Timoshenko, with 640,000 men, launched a counter-offensive (the Second Battle of Kharkiv) which was the first Soviet attempt to gain initiative in the springtime war. After initial Soviet successes, the Germans struck back at Timoshenko's exposed southern flank, halting the offensive, encircling Timoshenko's armies, and turning the battle into a major Soviet defeat.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: The fact that he was the most senior Soviet army officer with a front line command during most of the first year after the German invasion turned Timoshenko, briefly, into an international celebrity, lionised in the USA and UK in particular as a supposed military genius. According to an account written later in the war:


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: General Georgy Zhukov's success in defending Moscow during December 1941 had persuaded Stalin that he was a better commander than Timoshenko. On 22 July 1942, Stalin replaced Timoshenko with Vasily Gordov as Commander of the Stalingrad Front due to his failures up to that point in the war, making him "Chairman of the High Command". He was called back into service as overall commander of the Northwestern Front between October 1942 and March 1943.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: In 1945, Timoshenko attended the Yalta Conference. A rumor started in the western press that Stalin had attacked Timoshenko, but was later disproved.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: Between 15 August 1945 and 15 September 1945, Timoshenko traveled alone to review the Starye Dorogi displaced persons camp where Auschwitz concentration camp survivors recuperated after their liberation. Later, author Primo Levi (Prisoner 174517) wrote in "The Truce" of how the extremely tall Timoshenko "unfolded himself from a tiny Fiat 500A Topolino" to announce that the liberated survivors would soon begin their final journey home.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: After the war, Timoshenko was reappointed commander of the Baranovichi Military District (Byelorussian Military District since March 1946), then of the South Urals Military District (June 1946); and then the Byelorussian Military District once again (March 1949). In 1960, he was appointed Inspector-General of the Defence Ministry, a largely honorary post. From 1961 he chaired the State Committee for War Veterans.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: Timoshenko died at Moscow on 31 March 1970 at the age of 75. He was honoured with a state funeral and was cremated on 3 April. The urn containing his ashes was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: During the war with Poland, Isaac Babel rode with a cavalry unit commanded by Timoshenko, who was then aged 25, and who appeared as a named character in at least two of the stories Babel wrote about his war experiences, one of which was originally published in Odesa under the title 'Timoshenko and Melnikov'. When the stories were republished, his name was changed to Savitsky, after Budyonny had denounced Babel's work as "slander" by a "literary degenerate." Babel's story "My First Goose" opens with this description:


title: Semyon Timoshenko

text: In Babel's "The Story of a Horse" - originally 'Timoshenko and Melnikov', 'Savitsky' is described as having been removed from his command, and living with a Cossack woman, and is accused of having taken a white stallion that belonged a rival officer, who tries in vain to get it back.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: The 10 percent of the brain myth asserts that humans generally use only 10 percent (or some other small percentage) of their brains. It has been misattributed to many celebrated people, notably Albert Einstein. By extrapolation, it is suggested that a person may harness this unused potential and increase intelligence.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: Changes in grey and white matter following new experiences and learning have been shown, but it has not yet been proven what the changes are. The popular notion that large parts of the brain remain unused, and could subsequently be "activated", rests in folklore and not science. Though specific mechanisms regarding brain function remain to be fully described—e.g. memory, consciousness—the physiology of brain mapping suggests that all areas of the brain have a function and that they are used nearly all the time.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: A likely origin for the "ten percent myth" is the reserve energy theories of Harvard psychologists, William James and Boris Sidis. In the 1890s, they tested the theory in the accelerated raising of child prodigy William Sidis. Thereafter, James told lecture audiences that people only meet a fraction of their full mental potential, which is considered a plausible claim. The concept gained currency by circulating within the self-help movement of the 1920s; for example, the book "Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain" includes a chapter on the ten percent myth that shows a self-help advertisement from the 1929 "World Almanac" with the line "There is NO LIMIT to what the human brain can accomplish. Scientists and psychologists tell us we use only about TEN PERCENT of our brain power." This became a particular "pet idea" of science fiction writer and editor John W. Campbell, who wrote in a 1932 short story that "no man in all history ever used even half of the thinking part of his brain". In 1936, American writer and broadcaster Lowell Thomas popularized the idea—in a foreword to Dale Carnegie's "How to Win Friends and Influence People"—by including the falsely precise percentage: "Professor William James of Harvard used to say that the average man develops only ten percent of his latent mental ability".


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: In the 1970s, the Bulgarian-born psychologist and educator, Georgi Lozanov proposed the teaching method of suggestopedia believing "that we might be using only five to ten percent of our mental capacity". The origin of the myth has also been attributed to Wilder Penfield, the U.S.-born neurosurgeon who was the first director of Montreal Neurological Institute of McGill University.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: According to a related origin story, the ten percent myth most likely arose from a misunderstanding (or misrepresentation) of neurological research in the late 19th century or early 20th century. For example, the functions of many brain regions (especially in the cerebral cortex) are complex enough that the effects of damage are subtle, leading early neurologists to wonder what these regions did. The brain was also discovered to consist mostly of glial cells, which seemed to have very minor functions. James W. Kalat, author of the textbook "Biological Psychology", points out that neuroscientists in the 1930s knew about the large number of "local" neurons in the brain. The misunderstanding of the function of local neurons may have led to the ten percent myth. The myth might have been propagated simply by a truncation of the idea that some use a small percentage of their brains at any given time. In the same article in "Scientific American", John Henley, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota states: "Evidence would show over a day you use 100 percent of the brain".


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: Although parts of the brain have broadly understood functions, many mysteries remain about how brain cells (i.e., neurons and glia) work together to produce complex behaviors and disorders. Perhaps the broadest, most mysterious question is how diverse regions of the brain collaborate to form conscious experiences. So far, there is no evidence that there is one site for consciousness, which leads experts to believe that it is truly a collective neural effort. Therefore, as with James's idea that humans have untapped cognitive potential, it may be that a large number of questions about the brain have not been fully answered.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: Neurologist Barry Gordon describes the myth as false, adding, "we use virtually every part of the brain, and that (most of) the brain is active almost all the time." Neuroscientist Barry Beyerstein sets out six kinds of evidence refuting the ten percent myth:


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: In debunking the ten percent myth, "Knowing Neurons" editor Gabrielle-Ann Torre writes that using one hundred percent of one's brain would not be desirable either. Such unfettered activity would almost certainly trigger an epileptic seizure. Torre writes that, even at rest, a person likely uses as much of his or her brain as reasonably possible through the default mode network, a widespread brain network that is active and synchronized even in the absence of any cognitive task. Thus, "large portions of the brain are never truly dormant, as the 10% myth might otherwise suggest."


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: Some proponents of the "ten percent of the brain" belief have long asserted that the "unused" ninety percent is capable of exhibiting psychic powers and can be trained to perform psychokinesis and extra-sensory perception. This concept is especially associated with the proposed field of "psionics" (psychic + electronics), a favorite project of the influential science fiction editor John W. Campbell, Jr. in the 1950s and '60s. There is no scientifically verified body of evidence supporting the existence of such powers. Such beliefs remain widespread among New Age proponents to the present day.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: In 1980, Roger Lewin published an article in "Science", "Is Your Brain Really Necessary?", about studies by John Lorber on cerebral cortex losses. He reports the case of a Sheffield University student who had a measured IQ of 126 and passed a Mathematics Degree but who had hardly any discernible brain matter at all since his cortex was extremely reduced by hydrocephalus. The article led to the broadcast of a Yorkshire Television documentary of the same title, though it was about a different patient who had normal brain mass distributed in an unusual way in a very large skull. Explanations were proposed for the first student's situation, with reviewers noting that Lorber's scans evidenced that the subject's brain mass was not absent, but compacted into the small space available, possibly compressed to a greater density than regular brain tissue.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: Several books, films, and short stories have been written closely related to this myth. They include the 1986 film "Flight of the Navigator"; the novel "The Dark Fields" and its 2011 film adaptation, "Limitless" (claiming 20 percent rather than the typical 10 percent); the 1991 film "Defending Your Life"; the ninth book ("White Night") of Jim Butcher's book series "The Dresden Files"; the shōnen manga "Psyren"; and the 2014 film "Lucy"—many of which operate under the notion that the rest of the brain could be accessed through use of a drug. "Lucy" in particular depicts a character who gains increasingly godlike abilities once she surpasses 10 percent, though the film suggests that 10 percent represents brain capacity at a particular time rather than permanent usage.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: The myth was examined on a 27 October 2010 episode of "MythBusters". The hosts used magnetoencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging to scan the brain of someone attempting a complicated mental task, and found that over 10%, as much as 35%, was used during the course of their test.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: The ten percent brain myth occurs frequently in advertisements, and in entertainment media it is often cited as fact.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: In a season 2 episode of "Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman", "Ruff's Case of Blues in the Brain", the theory is debunked.


title: Ten percent of the brain myth

text: In an episode of "Teen Titans Go!", Beast Boy attempts to solve a Find-It puzzle by unlocking a greater percentage of brain.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Long Beach Polytechnic High School, founded in 1895 as Long Beach High School, is a four-year public high school located at 1600 Atlantic Avenue in Long Beach, California, United States. The school serves portions of Long Beach, including Bixby Knolls, and some parts of the cities of Signal Hill and Lakewood. Polytechnic (more commonly known as Poly) is the flagship high school of the Long Beach Unified School District. It is a large urban high school with about 4,000 students.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Polytechnic has long been distinguished in both academics and athletics. The PACE (Program of Accelerated Curricular Experiences, founded in 1975 by Dr. Nancy Gray, a teacher and administrator for the Long Beach School system), and the CIC (Center of International Curriculum) magnet programs boast more total University of California admissions than any other high school in California. In 2005, "Sports Illustrated" magazine named Polytechnic the "Sports School of the Century," in recognition of the school's badminton, baseball, basketball, football, track, cross country, swimming, water polo, volleyball, wrestling, tennis, golf, and softball teams. Polytechnic has also received numerous prizes for its music program, including six Grammy Awards, two of them being "golden signature" Grammy Awards. Long Beach Poly has sent more players to the NFL than any other high school in the country, sending over 60 throughout the history of the school. Long Beach Poly was also ranked number one in a list of the best high school athletic programs in the nation by "Sports Illustrated."


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Long Beach Polytechnic High School began offering classes in 1895 in order to help educate the growing population of Long Beach. The first classes were at the Methodist Tabernacle Chapel, and the first principal was Walter S. Bailey. The first graduating class was in 1897 and only had one student. During this same year, classes were moved to Chautauqua Hall at Fourth Street and Pine Avenue as work began on the new Long Beach High School. Long Beach High School was completed in 1898 and featured four classrooms and an assembly hall.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: In 1911, Long Beach Poly moved to the location at 16th Street and Atlantic, offering more space and amenities.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: The following year, rabbits began invading the playing fields, inspiring the track team to call themselves the Jackrabbits; this eventually became the official school mascot.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: The athletic field was dedicated as "David Burcham Field" in 1924 to honor the long-serving principal.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: During much of the 1920s, Poly was the largest high school west of the Mississippi River in terms of student population.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: A new Mediterranean Revival auditorium was designed by William Horace Austin in 1930, and constructed in 1931. The Long Beach earthquake damaged the school in 1933. Following the earthquake, bricks from the damage were sold in order to pay for a memorial flagpole which still stands. In 1935, a new science building was built and the auditorium was remodeled by architect Hugh Davies. The remodeling included PWA Moderne, Streamline Moderne, and Art Deco design. A new administration building was completed the following year.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Wooden bleachers that had lined the athletic fields burned down in 1952 and the new Veterans Memorial Stadium became the new home field for the Jackrabbits.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: In 1969, a racist leaflet was published, prompting approximately 100 Euro-American and African-American students to fight, leaving 24 students injured.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: In 1975, the Program of Additional Curricular Experiences (PACE) began, one of the first high school programs to offer advanced college placement courses. Badminton began in 1977, and girls' track and gymnastics teams started the following year.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: In 1984, Poly was recognized by "USA Today" as the top ranked school nationally in terms of Moore League, CIF, and state titles. Poly received the Distinguished School Recognition Award in 1986, the California Department of Education's highest award.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: The Poly music program was recognized as a Grammy Signature School Gold in 2000, one of the top ten music programs in the country. Poly received this honor in 2003 as well.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: In 2005, Harvard recognized Poly as the most successful high school in the nation in terms of number of graduates. Also in 2005, "Sports Illustrated" named the Poly as the #1 sports high school in the nation.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: In 2006, security was increased and school IDs were required to be worn at all times while on campus.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: In 2019, the auditorium was renamed the Andrew Osman Performing Arts Center to honor the school's music program director of 36 years.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: The school motto states that Poly is the "Home of Scholars and Champions." The PACE and CIC magnet programs are highly desired destinations for students throughout the South Bay & Northern Orange County.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: In 2008, 1,573 AP exams were administered at Poly with over 75% of testers receiving a passing score of 3 or higher. The national pass rate in 2008 was slightly over 58%.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Poly also has the highest academic performance index of any traditional high school in Long Beach with a 2009 score of 747. It consistently ranks a 9 out of 10 when compared to schools with similar demographics since 2007.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Pac Rim is a California magnet academy for students interested in business. Polytechnic High also includes the Beach, Justice, METS, and MEDS academies.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Poly also hosts the PACE program (Program of Additional Curricular Experiences), a competitive college-preparatory magnet program. Entrance is predicated upon a combination of grade-point-average and standardized test scores.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Long Beach Polytechnic offers a wide variety of sports and activities due to its large size and diverse student population. Athletic teams compete in Division I within the California Interscholastic Federation and are known as the Jackrabbits. Throughout the school's history, the Jackrabbits have won many state championships and have produced several collegiate and professional athletes. In 2005, "Sports Illustrated" magazine named Polytechnic the "Sports School of the Century," in recognition of the school's badminton, baseball, basketball, football, track, cross country, swimming, water polo, tennis, golf, and softball teams.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Long Beach Poly has maintained a successful football program and has produced more NFL players than any other high school in the nation, over 60 throughout school history.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: The 1919 Poly team went 12–0 and won their first state championship over Berkeley High School by a score of 21–14. Following the state championship, Poly defeated Phoenix High School by a score of 102–0 in the Southwest Championship. Poly won additional CIF titles in 1923 and 1927.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Poly repeated as CIF champions in 1930, and also won titles in 1934 and 1936. From 1942 to 1956, the football program experienced down years, producing just four winning seasons. The 1959 and 1960 teams led by quarterback Bud Hollowell went 22–0–1 and claimed two CIF titles.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: The 1959 team is best known for the "ICBM" backfield of Lonzo Irvin, Harvey Crow, Willie Brown and Willie Martin.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: From 1965 to 1979, the Jackrabbits experienced a second drought of success, making the playoffs five times in 15 seasons. The 1973 team went winless and the 1979 team was forced to forfeit all of its wins due to ineligible players. Poly won the CIF title in 1980 and were runners-up in 1981 and 1982. The Jackrabbits shared a title in 1985, sharing with Edison High School after a 14–14 tie.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: Poly experienced increased success in the 1990s and 2000s, winning CIF titles in 1997, 1999 and 2000. The 2001 team featured Marcedes Lewis, Hershel Dennis, Winston Justice, and Darnell Bing. Despite the talent, the team finished runner-up to De La Salle High School. The Jackrabbits won the CIF title in 2004 behind DeSean Jackson and won additional titles in 2007, 2008 and 2012.


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: A reality television on Current TV, titled 4"th and Forever", focuses on the school's strong football program. It has been called the real-life version of "Friday Night Lights", but has also been derided as inaccurate and "[relying] on repetitive reality-show conventions".


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: On December 5, 2001, a school clerk informed a supervisor that he had found a bag of marijuana on campus, in the car of Andreas Wickstrom. The police were notified first, before Andreas's parents, John and Inge Wickstrom. Andreas was arrested and immediately taken to the youth detention facility on Pacific Avenue. Andreas was released in the custody of his mother, who "knew he was in pain" but did not suspect he would harm himself. Three hours after his arrest, Andreas shot himself at home with a shotgun belonging to his grandfather, a retired police officer. Inge recalled, "Andreas kept saying that they treated him like a criminal. There was no protection for him... At least if I had been called to go to the school, I could have reassured him that everything was going to be OK. The very people to whom I had entrusted his care that morning at Poly failed to protect him when he most needed it. If he had a headache or had injured himself, I would have been called immediately."


title: Long Beach Polytechnic High School

text: At 8:40pm on June 15, 2005, a fight began outside of Long Beach Veterans Memorial Stadium, followed by a shooting during the Long Beach Polytechnic High School graduation ceremony. "Authorities believe that someone was injured and driven from the scene because they discovered drops of blood. The victim, however, had not shown up at any area hospital, officials said. Two handguns were found at the scene, but it was unclear if either was the weapon involved. The graduation ceremony was just ending when the shooting occurred. The resulting police investigation caused long delays for people leaving the stadium."


title: John Balliol

text: John Balliol ( – late 1314), known derisively as Toom Tabard (meaning "empty coat" – coat of arms), was King of Scots from 1292 to 1296. Little is known of his early life. After the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway, Scotland entered an interregnum during which several competitors for the Crown of Scotland put forward claims. Balliol was chosen from among them as the new King of Scotland by a group of selected noblemen headed by King Edward I of England.


title: John Balliol

text: Edward used his influence over the process to subjugate Scotland and undermined Balliol's personal reign by treating Scotland as a vassal of England. Edward's influence in Scottish affairs tainted Balliol's reign, and the Scottish nobility deposed him and appointed a Council of Twelve to rule instead. This council signed a treaty with France known as the Auld Alliance.


title: John Balliol

text: In retaliation, Edward invaded Scotland, starting the Wars of Scottish Independence. After a Scottish defeat in 1296, Balliol abdicated and was imprisoned in the Tower of London. Eventually, Balliol was sent to his estates in France and retired into obscurity, taking no more part in politics. Scotland was then left without a monarch until the accession of Robert the Bruce in 1306. John Balliol's son Edward Balliol would later exert a claim to the Scottish throne against the Bruce claim during the minority of Robert's son David.


title: John Balliol

text: In Norman French his name was ', in Middle Scots it was ', and in Scottish Gaelic, '. In Scots he was known by the nickname "', usually understood to mean "empty coat" in the sense that he was an ineffective king. Alternatively the word coat may refer to coat of arms; either to the Balliol arms which are a plain shield with an orle, also known as an "inescutcheon voided" or because his arms were stripped from his tabard in public.


title: John Balliol

text: Little of Balliol's early life is known. He was born between 1248 and 1250 at an unknown location; possibilities include Galloway, Picardy and Barnard Castle, County Durham. He was the son of John, 5th Baron Balliol, Lord of Barnard Castle (and founder of Balliol College, Oxford), and his wife Dervorguilla of Galloway, daughter of Alan, Lord of Galloway and granddaughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon—the brother of William the Lion. From his mother he inherited significant lands in Galloway and claim to Lordship over the Gallovidians, as well as various English and Scottish estates of the Huntingdon inheritance; from his father he inherited large estates in England and France, such as Hitchin, in Hertfordshire.


title: John Balliol

text: In 1284 Balliol had attended a parliament at Scone, which had recognised Margaret, Maid of Norway, as heir presumptive to her grandfather, King Alexander III. Following the deaths of Alexander III in 1286 and Margaret in 1290, John Balliol was a competitor for the Scottish crown in the Great Cause, as he was a great-great-great-grandson of David I through his mother (and therefore one generation further than his main rival Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale, grandfather of Robert the Bruce, who later became king), being senior in genealogical primogeniture but not in proximity of blood. He submitted his claim to the Scottish auditors with King Edward I of England as the administrator of the court, at Berwick-upon-Tweed on 6 June 1291. The Scottish auditors' decision in favour of Balliol was pronounced in the Great Hall of Berwick Castle on 17 November 1292, and he was inaugurated accordingly King of Scotland at Scone, 30 November 1292, St. Andrew's Day.


title: John Balliol

text: Edward I, who had coerced recognition as Lord Paramount of Scotland, the feudal superior of the realm, steadily undermined John's authority. He demanded homage to be paid towards himself, legal authority over the Scottish King in any disputes brought against him by his own subjects, contribution towards the costs for the defence of England, and military support was expected in his war against France. He treated Scotland as a feudal vassal state and repeatedly humiliated the new king. The Scots soon tired of their deeply compromised king; the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a Council of Twelve—in practice, a new panel of Guardians—at Stirling in July 1295. They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual assistance with France—known in later years as the Auld Alliance.


title: John Balliol

text: In retaliation for Scotland's treaty with France, Edward I invaded, commencing the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Scots were defeated at Dunbar and the English took Dunbar Castle on 27 April 1296. John abdicated at Stracathro near Montrose on 10 July 1296. Here the arms of Scotland were formally torn from John's surcoat, giving him the abiding name of "Toom Tabard" (empty coat).


title: John Balliol

text: John was imprisoned in the Tower of London until allowed to go to France in July 1299. When his baggage was examined at Dover, the Royal Golden Crown and Seal of the Kingdom of Scotland, with many vessels of gold and silver, and a considerable sum of money, were found in his chests. Edward I ordered that the Crown be offered to the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury, and that the money be returned to John for the expenses of his journey. But he kept the Seal himself. John was released into the custody of Pope Boniface VIII on condition that he remain at a papal residence. He was released around the summer of 1301 and lived the rest of his life on his family's ancestral estates at Hélicourt, Picardy.


title: John Balliol

text: Over the next few years, there were several Scottish rebellions against Edward (for example, in 1297 under William Wallace and Andrew Moray). When Wallace was chosen as commander, he claimed to act in the name of his king, John Balliol. This claim came to look increasingly tenuous, as John's position under nominal house-arrest meant that he could not return to Scotland nor campaign for his release, despite the Scots' diplomatic attempts in Paris and Rome. After 1302, he made no further attempts to extend his personal support to the Scots. Effectively, Scotland was left without a monarch until the accession of Robert the Bruce in 1306.


title: John Balliol

text: John died in late 1314 at his family's château at Hélicourt in France. On 4 January 1315, King Edward II of England, writing to King Louis X of France, said that he had heard of the death of 'Sir John de Balliol' and requested the fealty and homage of Edward Balliol to be given by proxy.


title: John Balliol

text: A John de Bailleul is interred in the church of St Waast at Bailleul-sur-Eaune in Normandy. This may or may not be the Scottish king.


title: John Balliol

text: John was survived by his son Edward Balliol, who later revived his family's claim to the Scottish throne, received support from the English, and had some temporary successes.


title: John Balliol

text: John married around 9 February 1281 to Isabella de Warenne, daughter of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey. Her mother, Alice de Lusignan, was niece of Henry III of England. John was also an uncle to John Comyn, who was killed following a scuffle with Robert the Bruce in February 1306, in the chapel of the Greyfriars, Dumfries.


title: Alex Brightman

text: Alexander Michael Brightman (born February 5, 1987) is an American actor, singer, and writer. He is best known for his work in musical theatre, specifically as Dewey Finn in the musical adaptation of "School of Rock" and the title character in "Beetlejuice the Musical". Both roles earned him nominations for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2016 and 2019 respectively.


title: Alex Brightman

text: Brightman grew up in Saratoga, California. He is Jewish. His father founded Apple's Worldwide Disabilities Solutions Group, and his mother ran a kidney dialysis clinic. He attended Bellarmine College Preparatory, an all-male Jesuit high school in San Jose, California, and graduated in 2005.


title: Alex Brightman

text: Brightman first worked on Broadway in 2008, as an ensemble member and understudy in "Glory Days", which closed after only one performance. Brightman never performed in the show. Thereafter, Brightman was cast as the munchkin Boq and made his Broadway debut in "Wicked". He stayed with the show for two years. His next Broadway role was in 2012 in "Big Fish" as an ensemble member and an understudy for a main role. Later in 2013, Brightman was cast as Michael Wormwood in "Matilda the Musical".


title: Alex Brightman

text: In 2014, Brightman joined Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical, "School of Rock", adapted from the 2003 film of the same name. Initially, Brightman played various roles that were meant to be played by child actors but were performed by adults for the workshops. Brightman was cast in the starring role of Dewey, first, in the show's concert performances, and then, in his first starring role, in the Broadway production. Brightman performed as Dewey Finn at the Winter Garden Theatre on Broadway. For this performance, Brightman received a nomination for the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. Brightman played his final performance as Dewey on November 5, 2016 and returned to reprise the role for a limited run in April 2017. He returned to Broadway in 2019 to play the title role in "Beetlejuice" (based on the film of the same name). He was again nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical at the 73rd Tony Awards ceremony.


title: Alex Brightman

text: Brightman is a member of the comedy group, "The (M)orons", along with fellow Broadway actors/writers, Andrew Kober, F. Michael Haynie, and Drew Gasparini. Brightman is currently developing two new musicals entitled "The Whipping Boy" and "It's Kind of a Funny Story" (based on the novel of the same name), with Gasparini, for which Brightman wrote the script. Brightman made an appearance on "Impractical Jokers" during Brian "Q" Quinn's musical punishment that's based on the latter's real-life experience as a firefighter and leaving that life behind for TV fame. In October 2019, it was announced that Brightman will be joining the cast of the Billy Crystal helmed comedy film "Here Today." Brightman was revealed in 2020 to be voicing the character Fizzarolli, and his robotic doppelganger Robo Fizz, in web based cartoon series "Helluva Boss".


title: Alex Brightman

text: Brightman has revealed that he was diagnosed with ventricular fold phonation, allowing him to create the signature gruff voice of Beetlejuice and Fizzarolli without strain on his vocal cords.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Locked Up, originally known as Vis a Vis (, "face to face"), is a Spanish serial drama television series produced by , initially for Spanish Network Antena 3 and later for Fox Spain. It premiered on 20 April 2015. The series focuses on Macarena Ferreiro, who is sent to prison for fiscal offenses and goes on to depict prison life and the corruption of law-enforcement bodies.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: One year after Antena 3 cancelled the show, Fox Spain announced they had picked up the series for a third season, which premiered on 23 April 2018. It became the most watched paid TV in its timeslot. A fourth and final series premiered on 3 December 2018. Netflix also bought global streaming rights for the show.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Following the show's initial cancellation, several cast members moved on to other projects, resulting in major cast changes in seasons 3 and 4. Production also moved to a different filming location, as the previous studio became the set of another Álex Pina show, "Money Heist". Maggie Civantos, who played the series' main character in the first two seasons, had her role reduced due to her commitment to another show, "Cable Girls". Najwa Nimri, Berta Vázquez, , , Laura Buena and Alba Flores returned as main cast members.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: A spin-off entitled "" was released in 2020, and focuses on Macarena and Zulema, and is the last installment of the series.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Macarena Ferreiro Molina is a Spanish woman who falls in love with her boss and commits embezzlement. She is accused of four tax crimes and consequently imprisoned at the Cruz del Sur Prison as a precautionary measure with a high bail set.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: In prison, Macarena learns that to avoid projected seven-year sentence she will likely receive if convicted depends on changing, evolving and becoming a different person. To pay the bail, her family outside searches for a large sum of money hidden somewhere.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Framed by her lover for corporate fraud, young Macarena Ferreiro finds herself locked up in a high security women's prison surrounded by tough, ruthless criminals.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Still in denial, prison proves to be a very rude awakening for Macarena and at the end of her first day, she finds herself struggling to cope. Yolanda, her cell mate, takes Macarena under her wing, but a midnight visit from Zulema, the prison's most dangerous inmate, is about to change Macarena's life forever.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Zulema, Saray and Macarena escape from prison. With Sandoval's () bribery, Miranda imposes stricter prison rules and regulations in response to their escape. With authority from the director to use any extreme measures to discipline misbehaving inmates, some officials abuse their power on some of the inmates.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Saray, Rizos, Sole (), Tere (), Anabel (), Antonia (Laura Baena) and Zulema () adapt to the new environment of Cruz del Norte after being transferred to the new prison.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Season four deals with the aftermath of Zulema (Najwa Nimri), Saray (Alba Flores) and Altagracia's (Adriana Paz) escape. Altagracia, who used to terrorize the woman inmates as a prison guard, is now one of them. Sandoval is the new director of Cruz del Norte.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: While the show initially focused on the character of Macarena Ferreiro, portrayed by Maggie Civantos, it became an ensemble show.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Season 1 started broadcasting in the United Kingdom on 17 May 2016 on Channel 4's Walter Presents video-on-demand service. In 2017, Prime Video acquired the first two seasons for the United States, and in 2018, Hulu acquired the first four seasons for Japan. In Greece, the series premiered on 27 November 2018 on ERT. Netflix bought the rights for international distribution in 2017.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: The series is also available for a limited amount of time on the online streaming service 'VTMGO' by the Belgian broadcaster VTM.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: Critics praised the cast's acting and fast-paced storyline. "The acting is strong throughout, the characters engaging and believable, the script is fast-paced and captivating, and it looks beautiful on screen with some creative and imaginative camerawork." Rebecca Nicholson from "The Guardian" says that the show is "tremendously silly and fantastically taut thriller that carries itself at a breathless pace".


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: "This is violent – brutally so – and very graphic in its portrayal of life in a women's prison. But utterly brilliant at the same time. It is dark with a constant air of threat and menace running through it. I love it." from Martin Howse of Entertainment Focus.


title: Locked Up (TV series)

text: A spin-off series titled "" premiered in April 2020. The show focuses on Macarena and Zulema teaming up together. The spin-off serves as the last season for the series.


title: Light middleweight

text: Light middleweight, also known as junior middleweight or super welterweight, is a weight class in combat sports.


title: Light middleweight

text: The light middleweight division (also known as junior middleweight in the IBF or super welterweight in the WBA and WBC), is a weight division in professional boxing, above 66.7 kg and up to 69.9 kg (147–154 pounds).


title: Light middleweight

text: This division was established in 1962, when the Austrian Board of Control recognized a fight between Emile Griffith and Teddy Wright for the "world" championship. The fight, which took place on October 17, was won by Griffith via a 15-round decision. Three days later, the World Boxing Association championship was created when Denny Moyer outpointed Joey Giambra. The World Boxing Council recognized the WBA champion as the true division champion until 1975, when it stripped their current champion and sanctioned a fight between Miguel de Oliveira and Jose Duran for the vacant title. De Oliveira won the title over 15 rounds in 1975. The International Boxing Federation crowned its first champion when Mark Medal defeated Earl Hargrove in 1984. The World Boxing Organization crowned its first champion when John David Jackson defeated Lupe Aquino in 1988.


title: Light middleweight

text: Popular boxers to have held championships in this division were Nino Benvenuti, Manny Pacquiao, Wilfred Benítez, Sugar Ray Leonard, Miguel Cotto, Thomas Hearns, Mike McCallum, Julian Jackson, Roberto Durán, Terry Norris, Oscar De La Hoya, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Zab Judah and Winky Wright.


title: Light middleweight

text: In the International Kickboxing Federation (IKF), Super Welterweight is 147.1 - 153 lb (66.9 - 69.5 kg) & Light Middleweight is 153.1 - 159 lb (69.6 - 72.3 kg).


title: Light middleweight

text: The World Lethwei Championship recognizes the light middleweight with an upper limit of . In World Lethwei Championship, Sasha Moisa is the Light middleweight Champion.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: Ipomoea aquatica, widely known as water spinach, is a semi-aquatic, tropical plant grown as a vegetable for its tender shoots. "I. aquatica" is generally believed to have been first domesticated in Southeast Asia. It is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and South Asia. It grows abundantly near waterways and requires little to no care.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: "Ipomoea aquatica" grows in water or on moist soil. Its stems are or longer, rooting at the nodes, and they are hollow and can float. The leaves vary from typically sagittate (arrow head-shaped) to lanceolate, long and broad. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, in diameter, and usually white in colour with a mauve centre. Propagation is either by planting cuttings of the stem shoots, which will root along nodes, or by planting the seeds from flowers that produce seed pods.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: "Ipomoea aquatica" is widely known as kangkong (also spelled kangkung), its common name in Maritime Southeast Asia, which possibly originates from Hokkien ( 'hole') + ( 'empty, hollow'). It is also known as water spinach, river spinach, water morning glory, water convolvulus, or by the more ambiguous names Chinese spinach, Chinese watercress, Chinese convolvulus or swamp cabbage. It is known as () in Mandarin, () in Cantonese and in Hawaii, and sometimes () in modern Cantonese. In Tamil–speaking parts of South India and Sri Lanka, this spinach is known as ().


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: The origin of "I. aquatica" is not quite clear, but it is generally believed to be native to Southeast Asia and was first cultivated there. This is supported by phylogenetic studies, its ideal climatic conditions, and the number of native pathogens in the region; as well as its predominant cultivation range, the prevalence in usage as food and traditional medicine, and the number of distinct native names in Southeast Asian languages.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: Several sources have also cited China or India as the location of the plant's domestication. However, these claims have no supporting evidence other than the appearance of the plant's name in historical records. The first clear mention of "I. aquatica" in Chinese records is in the "Nanfang Caomu Zhuang" written by the Chinese botanist Ji Han (AD 263-307). Ji Han specifically identifies "I. aquatica" as being "a strange vegetable of the south" with a foreign origin brought over by "western countries." The claim for an Indian origin is based on the presence of the old name "kalamba" for the plant in Sanskrit, presumed to be from around 200 BC, but this is putative.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: There are also studies suggesting that the species is native to Africa, and it is debated whether it is part of African indigenous flora or whether it was introduced there by Chinese mariner Zheng He.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: "Ipomoea aquatica" is most commonly grown in east, south, and southeast Asia. It flourishes naturally in waterways, and requires little if any care. It is used extensively in Indonesian, Burmese, Thai, Lao, Cambodian, Malay, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Chinese cuisine, especially in rural or "kampung" (village) areas. The vegetable is also extremely popular in Taiwan, where it grows well. During the Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II, the vegetable grew remarkably easily in many areas, and became a popular wartime crop.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: In the United States it is cultivated in California, Florida, Hawaii, Texas, Arizona, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It is also found in Africa and in its wild form, is collected and used by the Sambaa people in Tanzania.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: In non-tropical areas, it is easily grown in containers given enough water in a bright sunny location. It readily roots from cuttings.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: Water spinach is ideal for sub-tropical and tropical climate, as it does not grow well below and is sensitive to frost. High soil moisture is beneficial for the growth. Clay soils and marshy soils rich in organic matter are suitable for water spinach. The ideal pH range for the growth is from 5 to 7. The provision of shade has been shown to have a positive influence on the yield of water spinach.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: Water spinach is cultivated in a variety of systems. In Hong Kong, two methods are traditionally used: the dryland method and the wetland method.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: In the dryland method, water spinach is grown on raised beds which are separated by irrigation ditches. The seeds can be sown directly onto the beds. Alternatively, a nursery may be used and the seedlings are transplanted when they reach a sufficient size. In either case, the distance between the plants should be about by the time they are tall. Regular irrigation is crucial in the dryland system and so is a sufficient fertilization. Water spinach cultivated with the dryland method is ready for harvest 50 to 60 days after sowing. Harvesting is being done by pulling up the whole plant.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: The wetland method is the traditionally more common and important method for cultivation in Hong Kong: In the wetland method, water spinach is cultivated on flat fields surrounded by raised banks, which have oftentimes been used as rice paddies in the past. These former rice paddies have a heavy clay soil with an iron-pan. This helps to retain water for the water spinach. The seedlings to be used in this methods are usually grown in a nursery on a dry field, as the germination under water is quite poor. Six weeks after sowing the seedlings, cuttings for transplantation can be taken from them. One cutting is an approximately long cut from the stem containing seven or eight nodes. This is then planted in the field with a spacing of about . The field is beforehand prepared by flooding it to a depth of . The soil itself is tramped into a liquid mud so that the cuttings can root easily. Once the plants are established, the depth of the flooding is increased to . The first harvest in the wetland method can usually be done at around 30 days after the transplantation. Also, the harvesting differs from the dryland system: In the wetland, the upper part of the main shoot is cut at about water level. This stimulates lateral growth and produces horizontal shoots carrying vertical branches. After the first harvests, every seven to ten days throughout the summer, these vertical branches can be harvested. After the planting period, the fields are drained and once the fruit of the water spinach is ripe, it is harvested, dried, then trodden to release the seeds which are to be used for the following season.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: How much fertilizer is used for the cultivation strongly depends on the region. Most research is from the '80s and '90s. Generally, it has been shown that a dose of N/ha is sufficient and that the application of K can be beneficial on the yield. Also, the application of plant growth regulators, for example Adenine and Zetanine, has been found to be an effective means to promote water spinach growth. One study has determined, that the highest yields are produced with the application of 60 kg/ha of N, 90 kg/ha of PO and 50 kg/ha of KO for the first harvest. For the second harvest the optimal fertilization was determined as 120 kg/ha of N, 45 kg/ha of PO and 100 kg/ha of KO.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: Taiwan: In Taiwan, the usual fertilization includes the basic application of about 10 t/ha of cowdung followed by 50 kg/ha of ammonium sulfate after each harvest.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: There are several pathogens and pests reported, affecting "I. aquatica". Pythium causes problems like damping-off, Cercospora leaf spot and root nematodes. Also, aphids may be problems in fields. Additionally, there are several polyphagous insects feeding on "I. aquatica". Lepidoptera species include "Diacrisia strigatula Walker" and "Spodoptera litura". The “woolly-bear” caterpillars (D. virginica [Fabricius]) of the eastern United States and "Diacrisia strigatula" (Chinese tiger moth) are other species with wide food preferences. A specialist pathogen on "I. aquatica" is the oomycete "Albugo ipomoeae-aquaticae", though its range is restricted to southern and southeast Asia.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: "Ipomoea aquatica" is listed by the USDA as a noxious weed, especially in the states of Florida, California, and Hawaii, where it can be observed growing in the wild. In the US, water spinach has mainly become a problem in Florida; why is unclear although the fast growth rate has been cited as a threat to native plants in certain areas of Florida. It could be owing to the time since introduction, or owing to climatic factors. "I. aquatica" has been extensively cultivated in Texas for over 30 years, having been originally brought there by Asian immigrants. Because no evidence indicates the plant has escaped into the wild, Texas lifted its ban on cultivation for personal use with no restrictions or requirements, noting its importance as a vegetable in many cultures, and also began permitting cultivation for commercial sales with the requirement of an exotic species permit. Possession of "I. aquatica" has been prohibited in Florida since 1973, but it is still being grown and sold illegally. Some of the infestations in Florida public lakes have been eradicated, or at least attempts have been made. In Sri Lanka it invades wetlands, where its long, floating stems form dense mats which can block the flow of water and prevent the passage of boats.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: The vegetable is a common ingredient in East, South and Southeast Asian dishes, such as in stir-fried water spinach. In Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia, the tender shoots along with the leaves are usually stir-fried with chili pepper, garlic, ginger, dried shrimp paste ("belacan"/"terasi") and other spices. In Penang and Ipoh, it is cooked with cuttlefish and a sweet and spicy sauce. Also known as "eng chhai" in the Hokkien dialect, it can also be boiled with preserved cuttlefish, then rinsed and mixed with spicy "rojak "paste to become "jiu hu eng chhai". Boiled "eng chhai" also can be served with fermented krill noodle "belacan bihun" and prawn mi.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: In Burmese cuisine, water spinach is the primary ingredient in a Burmese salad called "gazun ywet thoke" (), made with blanched water spinach, lime juice, fried garlic and garlic oil, roasted rice flour and dried shrimp.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: In Indonesian cuisine it is called "kangkung", boiled or blanched together with other vegetables it forms the ingredient of "gado-gado" or "pecel" salads in peanut sauce. Some recipes that use "kangkung" is "plecing kangkung" from Lombok, and "mie kangkung" (kangkong noodle) from Jakarta.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: In Thailand, where it is called "phak bung" (), it is eaten raw, often along with green papaya salad or "nam phrik", in stir-fries and in curries such as "kaeng som".


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: In the Philippines, where it is called "kangkóng", the tender shoots are cut into segments and cooked, together with the leaves, in fish and meat stews, such as "sinigang". The vegetable is also commonly eaten alone. In "adobong kangkóng" (also called "apan-apan"), it is sautéed in cooking oil, onions, garlic, vinegar, and soy sauce. In "ensaladang kangkóng" (or "kinilaw na kangkóng"), it is blanched and served in vinegar or calamansi juice and fresh tomatoes and onions with salt and pepper to taste. In "binagoongang kangkóng" (or "ginisang kangkóng"), it is sautéed with garlic and topped with "bagoong alamang" (shrimp paste) or "bagoong isda" (fermented fish) and sliced fresh tomatoes and onions, commonly also with cubed crispy "liempo" (pork belly) or pork "adobo". It can also be spiced with "siling haba" or "siling labuyo" peppers, soy sauce, black pepper, and sugar. It differs from "adobong kangkóng" in that it does not use vinegar. A local appetiser called crispy "kangkóng" has the leaves coated in a flour-based batter and fried until crisp, similar to Japanese vegetable tempura.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: Using aquatic macrophytes to remove nutrients from wastewater and to control freshwater eutrophication has been reported to be a feasible way of phytoremediation. Various plants, including "I. aquatica", have been tested for this use. Owing to its being edible and thus marketable, it could be an attractive option for this use.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: Water spinach is fed to livestock as green fodder with high nutritive value—especially the leaves, for they are a good source of carotene. It is fed to cattle, pigs, fish, ducks, and chicken. Moreover, it is mentioned that in limited quantities, "I. aquatica" can have a somewhat laxative effect.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: "I. aquatica" is used in the traditional medicine of southeast Asia and in the traditional medicine of some countries in Africa. In southeast Asian medicine it is used against piles, and nosebleeds, as an anthelmintic, and to treat high blood pressure. In Ayurveda, leaf extracts are used against jaundice and nervous debility. In indigenous medicine in Sri Lanka, water spinach is supposed to have insulin-like properties. Water extracts of "I. aquatica" showed a blood sugar-lowering effect in Wistar rats. An aqueous juice of 100g plant material was given 30 minutes before eating glucose to diabetes 2 patients. After two hours it could be observed that blood glucose peak level was reduced by around 30%.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: Also antioxidant bioactive compounds and anti-microbial substances could be detected in water spinach. Furthermore, plant extracts of water spinach inhibit cancer cell growth of Vero, Hep-2 and A-549 cells, though have moderate anti-cancer activity.


title: Ipomoea aquatica

text: Many of the waters where water spinach grows are fed by domestic or other waste. Pigs in southeast Asia are a natural reservoir for the parasite "Fasciolopsis buski". Infections in the Mekong regions resulted from feeding on water spinach. Infections of "F. buski" in humans through water spinach can be anticipated. The infection can be prevented by proper preparation such as frying or boiling. Contamination with thermotolerant coliforms (ThC) or protozoan bacteria with fecal origin, are very likely when the water spinach is planted in wastewater fed urban systems. Water spinach has great potential as a purifier of aquatic habitats. It is an efficient accumulator of cadmium, lead, and mercury. This characteristic can be dangerous if water spinach is planted for human or animal feed in polluted aquatic systems. Mercury in water spinach is composed mostly as methylmercury and has the highest potential of becoming a threat to human health. The edible parts of the plant have a lower heavy metal concentration. The stems and bottom of the edible portion of the plant are higher in concentration and should be removed to minimize the heavy metal intake.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: General elections were held in Mexico on 1 July 2018. Voters elected a new President of Mexico to serve a six-year term, 128 members of the Senate for a period of six years and 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies for a period of three years. It was one of the largest election days in Mexican history, with most of the nation's states holding state and local elections on the same day, including nine governorships, with over 3,400 positions subject to elections at all levels of government. It was the most violent campaign Mexico has experienced in recent history, with 130 political figures killed since September 2017.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: The incumbent president Enrique Peña Nieto was not constitutionally eligible for a second term. Incumbent members of the legislature were term-limited, thus all members of Congress were newly elected. As a consequence of the political reform of 2014, the members of the legislature elected in this election will be the first allowed to run for reelection in subsequent elections. The National Electoral Institute (INE) officially declared the new process underway on 8 September 2017.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: The presidential election was won, by a landslide margin of almost 31 points, by Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), running as the candidate of the "Juntos Haremos Historia" alliance. This is the first time a candidate won an outright majority (according to official vote counts) since 1988, and the first time that a candidate not from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) or its predecessors has done so since the Mexican Revolution. In addition, it was the first time an alliance of political parties (excluding PRI) backing a single presidential candidate won majorities in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. This election also marked both the worst electoral defeat suffered by the PRI and the worst electoral defeat for a sitting Mexican government since universal suffrage was adopted in the country in 1917.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: The 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected to three-year terms by two methods; 300 are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, with the remaining 200 elected from five regional constituencies by proportional representation, with seats allocated using the simple quotient and largest remainder method. No party is allowed to hold more than 300 seats. Members may hold office for up to four consecutive terms.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: The 128 members of the Senate are elected to six-year terms, concurrent with the president, and also elected by two methods, with 96 elected in 32 three-member constituencies based on the states and 32 elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation. In the three-member constituencies, two winning candidates shall be allocated to the party receiving the highest number of votes and one seat to the party receiving the second-highest number of votes. Members may hold office for up to two terms.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: "Por México al Frente" (English: "For Mexico to the Front") is the alliance of the center-right National Action Party (PAN) and the center-left Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and Citizens' Movement (which both nominated Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the elections of 2006 and 2012) formed in an effort to defeat both the ruling party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and the front-runner Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA).


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: On 5 September, the electoral alliance was officially registered with the INE as "Frente Ciudadano por México" (Citizen Front for Mexico). On 8 December the coalition changed its name to "Por México al Frente" (Mexico to the Front). The next day, Ricardo Anaya Cortés, president of the PAN, resigned from his position and expressed his intent to be the alliance's candidate.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: The former first lady Margarita Zavala submitted her resignation from the PAN on 6 October, after being a member for 33 years, and registered as an independent candidate six days later. She sought the presidency through an independent bid, but withdrew on 16 May 2018.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: "Todos por México" (English: "Everyone for Mexico") is the coalition composed of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), and the New Alliance Party (PANAL). On 9 August 2017, the PRI revised its requirements for presidential candidates, eliminating the requirement that candidates must have 10 years of party membership, and allowing non-party members to lead the party.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: This move benefited finance secretary José Antonio Meade Kuribreña, who is not a member of the PRI, as well as education secretary Aurelio Nuño Mayer, whose length of membership was questioned. Meade was considered the favorite, because while the PRI was dogged by scandal and controversy, Meade was personally unaffected.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: On 27 November, Meade resigned from cabinet and announced his intention to be the PRI's candidate in the upcoming election. He quickly received the support of President Peña Nieto and PRI-linked institutions such as the CTM union. With no challengers, Meade became the presumptive nominee. On 18 February 2018, the PRI held its convention of delegates, where Meade was formally selected as the party's presidential candidate. Meade is the PRI's first presidential candidate in its almost 90-year history not to be a member of the party.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: Due to the circumstances of Meade's candidacy, critics compared his selection to the PRI's historical practice of "dedazo" ("tap of the finger"), where presidents hand-picked their successor.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: The coalition was initially named "Meade Ciudadano por México" (English: Citizen Meade for Mexico), until the INE deemed it unconstitutional to include a candidate's name within the coalition's name, on the grounds that the presidential candidate would receive advertising from every piece of campaign advertising of the coalition used for local candidates. The coalition subsequently changed its name to "Todos por México" (Everyone for Mexico).


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: "Juntos Haremos Historia" (English: "Together We Will Make History") is the coalition composed of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), the Labor Party (PT), and the Social Encounter Party (PES).


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: On 12 December Andrés Manuel López Obrador registered as the presumptive nominee for MORENA and submitted his resignation as party president. This is López Obrador's third presidential bid; the previous two attempts were with the PRD. After the 2012 presidential election, López Obrador left the PRD to found MORENA. This is MORENA's first presidential election. Joining MORENA in the "Juntos Haremos Historia" coalition is the left-wing Labor Party and the right-wing Social Encounter Party.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: For the first time in Mexico's modern democratic history, candidates were allowed to run for the presidency as independents. Several people announced their intention to contest the election as an independent candidate.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: Margarita Zavala, a lawyer, former deputy and wife of former president Felipe Calderón, had originally intended to run as the PAN nominee; however, on 6 October, she left the party and launched an independent bid. Explaining her decision, she said that the formation of "Por México al Frente" meant there would be no internal PAN selection, denying her a chance to be a candidate. Jaime Rodríguez Calderón, the independent governor of Nuevo León, also announced his candidacy, as did Senator Armando Ríos Piter.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: The National Indigenous Congress announced on 28 May 2017 the election of María de Jesús Patricio Martínez as their spokeswoman and indigenous representative for the 2018 general election, aiming to obtain an independent candidacy.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: Only Zavala gathered enough signatures to appear on the ballot; however, on 10 April the Electoral Court accepted an appeal from Rodríguez and ordered the National Electoral Institute to register him as candidate.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: As in the 2006 and 2012 federal elections, the 2018 campaign featured numerous accusations and attack advertisements directed at the leftist frontrunner candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who contested the elections with the support of his party MORENA. A campaign described as "Red Scare-like" was used by the PRI and PAN candidates to convince voters that a López Obrador victory would turn Mexico into "another Venezuela".


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: In a speech, PRI president Enrique Ochoa Reza said that "if the people from MORENA like Venezuela so much, they should just go and live there". The PRI was believed to have hired Venezuelan right-wing political strategist JJ Rendón to work in their campaign, as he stated in January that he would do "everything within the law to prevent López Obrador from becoming President"; Rendón had previously worked for the PRI during Peña Nieto's 2012 presidential campaign.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: In January, former president Felipe Calderón shared a video on via social media, in which a Venezuelan citizen living in Mexico warned voters not to vote for López Obrador, as he would put Mexico in the "path to ruin" like Chavismo had done in her country. It later surfaced that the woman, whose name is Carmen Martilez, is an actress who previously had uploaded a video in which she asked for street vendors to be "exterminated".


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: That same month, the PRI began to claim that López Obrador's campaign was supported by "Venezuelan and Russian interests". López Obrador dismissed the accusations and later joked about them, calling himself "Andrés Manuelovich".


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: Later in January, citizens across the country received phone calls originating in the city of Puebla, in which a recorded message warned them not to vote for López Obrador because he supposedly agreed to sell Mexico's oil to "the Russians". The MORENA representative in Puebla asked for an investigation into the phone calls. In March, telephone company Axtel traced the number that made the calls, revealing it was a number that the government of Puebla (whose governor is from the PAN) controlled. Puebla's government denied the accusations. Also in January, López Obrador uploaded a video via social media asking president Peña Nieto and PRI president Ochoa Reza to "calm down", and advised them to take some "López Obradordipine".


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: A jingle entitled "Movimiento Naranja", which was recorded for the political party "Movimiento Ciudadano" (which is part of the "Por México al Frente" coalition, along with the PAN and the PRD) and performed by an indigenous child called Yuawi, became popular and Yuawi turned into a celebrity overnight.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: Drawing on its success, the pre-candidate for the Frente, Ricardo Anaya recorded a video in which he performed the song with Yuawi.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: PRI candidate José Antonio Meade was accused of plagiarism when it was noted that one of his ads, in which he criticized a "populist" speech on TV, was identical to an ad that was used by Justin Trudeau when he became leader of the Liberal Party of Canada in 2013.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: Later in February, the PRI's Enrique Ochoa Reza tweeted that PRI politicians who defected to MORENA as "Prietos que no aprietan" (Dark-skinned people who can't get a hold) while trying to make a pun on the word PRI-etos (because "morena" is a synonym for "prieto"). The expression was criticized, and Ochoa Reza quickly deleted the tweet as it was interpreted to be racist.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: "Aristegui Noticias" published that Ochoa Reza apologized, and also criticized the insensitive expression, additionally commenting that the part "que ya no aprietan" (who cannot hold) could also be interpreted as misogynistic due to being a double entendre referring to women in relation to the number of sexual relations they have had in their lifetime. Ochoa Reza's tweet apologized to dark-skinned people but not to women. Later "Sinembargo.mx" revealed that José Antonio Meade justified Enrique Ochoa's usage of the expression, by saying: "uno se excede y es natural" (English: one gets-ahead-of-themselves and it is natural) and saying that his quick apology talked positively about him.


title: 2018 Mexican general election

text: In March, the Attorney General of the Republic (PGR) started an official investigation into money-laundering allegations against Ricardo Anaya. During the investigation, Santiago Nieto, the ex-chief of FEPADE (the prosecutor's office that focuses on electoral violations) was controversially removed from his job in October 2017, coincidentally right after starting an investigation regarding illicit campaign money from the 2012 presidential campaign that allegedly was received by Peña Nieto and by the future president of Pemex, Emilio Lozoya, from the Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht.