title: Diastasis recti

text: Diastasis recti, or rectus abdominis diastasis, is defined as a gap of about 2.7 cm or greater between the two sides of the rectus abdominis muscle. The distance between the right and left rectus abdominis muscles is created by the stretching of the linea alba, a connective collagen sheath created by the aponeurosis insertions of the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique. This condition has no associated morbidity or mortality.


title: Diastasis recti

text: Diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle most frequently occurs in newborns and pregnant women; however, it may occur in any adult woman or man. In the newborn, the rectus abdominis is not fully developed and may not be sealed together at midline. Diastasis recti is more common in premature newborns. In pregnant or postpartum women, the condition is caused by the stretching of the rectus abdominis by the growing uterus. It is more common in multiparous women (women who have had multiple pregnancies) owing to repeated episodes of stretching. When the defect occurs during pregnancy, the uterus can sometimes be seen bulging through the abdominal wall beneath the skin. Non-pregnant women are more susceptible to develop diastasis recti when over the age of 35 or with high birth weight of child, multiple birth pregnancy, or multiple pregnancies. Additional causes can be attributed to excessive abdominal exercises after the first trimester of pregnancy.


title: Diastasis recti

text: Strength training of all the core muscles, including the abdominis recti muscle, may or may not reduce the size of the gap in pregnant or postpartum women. Crunches may increase the diastasis recti separation. All corrective exercises should be in the form of pulling in the abdominal muscles rather than pushing them outwards. In extreme cases diastasis recti is corrected with a cosmetic surgery procedure known as an abdominoplasty by creating a plication, or folding, of the linea alba and suturing it together, which results in a tighter abdominal wall.


title: Diastasis recti

text: A diastasis recti may appear as a ridge running down the midline of the abdomen, anywhere from the xiphoid process to the umbilicus. It becomes more prominent with straining and may disappear when the abdominal muscles are relaxed. The medial borders of the right and left halves of the muscle may be palpated during contraction of the rectus abdominis. The condition can be diagnosed by physical exam, and must be differentiated from an epigastric hernia or incisional hernia, if the patient has had abdominal surgery. Hernias may be ruled out using ultrasound.


title: Diastasis recti

text: In infants, they typically result from a minor defect of the linea alba between the rectus abdominis muscles. This allows tissue from inside the abdomen to herniate anteriorly. On infants, this may manifest as an apparent 'bubble' under the skin of the belly between the umbilicus and xiphisternum (bottom of the breastbone).


title: Diastasis recti

text: Examination is performed with the subject lying on the back, knees bent at 90° with feet flat, head slightly lifted placing chin on chest. With muscles tense, the examiner then places fingers in the ridge that is presented. Measurement of the width of separation is determined by the number of fingertips that can fit within the space between the left and right rectus abdominis muscles. Separation consisting of a width of 2 fingertips (approximately 1 1/2 centimeters) or more is the determining factor for diagnosing diastasis recti.


title: Diastasis recti

text: A systematic review of the evidence found that exercise may or may not reduce the size of the gap in pregnant or postpartum women. The authors looked at 8 studies totaling 336 women and concluded: "Due to the low number and quality of included articles, there is insufficient evidence to recommend that exercise may help to prevent or reduce DRAM," or diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles, also stating that "non-specific exercise may or may not help to prevent or reduce DRAM during the ante- and postnatal periods."


title: Diastasis recti

text: However, a study conducted by the Columbia University Program in Physical Therapy stated: "Ninety percent of non‐exercising pregnant women exhibited DRA while only 12.5% of exercising women had the condition. The mean DRA located 4.5 cm above the umbilicus was 9.6 mm (± 6.6) for the exercise group and 38.9 mm (± 17.8) for the non‐exercise group. The mean DRA located at the umbilicus was 11.4 mm (± 3.82) for the exercise group and 59.5 mm (± 23.6) for the non‐exercise group. The mean DRA located 4.5 cm below the umbilicus was 8.2 mm (± 7.4) for the exercise group and 60.4 (± 29.0) for the non‐exercise group."


title: Diastasis recti

text: Nevertheless, the following exercises are often recommended to help build abdominal strength, which may or may not help reduce the size of diastasis recti:


title: Diastasis recti

text: Incorrect exercises, including crunches, can increase the diastasis recti separation. All corrective exercises should be in the form of pulling in the abdominal muscles rather than pushing them outwards. Consultation of a professional physiotherapist is recommended for correct exercise routines.


title: Diastasis recti

text: Furthermore, in a review of treatment methods for diastasis recti abdominis, besides strengthening exercises there are other options to treat DRA by postural training; education and training for proper lifting mechanisms; manual therapy (which includes soft tissue mobilization); myofascial release; Noble technique (i.e., manual approximation of abdominal muscles during partial sit-up); and abdominal bracing and taping. Other techniques to strengthen abdominal muscles are using Pilates and functional training.


title: Diastasis recti

text: In addition to the above exercises, the Touro College study concluded the "quadruped" position yielded the most effective results. A quadruped position is defined as "a human whose body weight is supported by both arms as well as both legs". In this position, the subject would start with a flat back, then slowly tilt the head down, and round the spine, contracting the abdominal muscles towards the spine, holding this position for 5 seconds, then releasing back to starting position. Complete two sets of 10 repetitions.


title: Diastasis recti

text: In extreme cases, diastasis recti is corrected with a cosmetic surgery procedure known as an abdominoplasty by creating a plication or folding of the linea alba and suturing together. This creates a tighter abdominal wall. There are two surgical methods: one through plication of the anterior rectus sheath, which is most commonly used to repair DRAM; and the other through hernia repair, considering suture closure of the hernia sac combined with mesh reinforcement. Two studies showed few post-operative complications.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Internationally, he is currently the top active Japan national team goalscorer and third all-time in team history with 50 goals. He also won the Premier League with Leicester City in 2016.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: After graduating Takigawa Daini High School in 2004, Okazaki signed full professional terms with Shimizu S-Pulse the following year. In December 2005, he made his first J.League appearance as a substitute against Sanfrecce Hiroshima. On 15 April 2007, he scored his first professional goal against Kawasaki Frontale. Okazaki ended his first season as a first team player with three goals from 13 matches.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki scored ten times in 27 matches during the 2008 J. League season and also represented S-Pulse in the J. League Cup Final, where the team lost 2–0 to Oita Trinita. He continued his promising goalscoring in the 2009 and 2010 seasons and, in January 2011, was signed by German side VfB Stuttgart of the Bundesliga.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: On 30 January 2011, Okazaki signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Stuttgart. On 17 February 2011, clearance to play for the club was granted for Okazaki by FIFA. He made his competitive debut for VfB on the same night in a Europa League match against Benfica. On 20 February 2011, Okazaki made his Bundesliga debut for VfB against Bayer 04 Leverkusen. Okazaki scored his first goal against Hannover 96, which he scored from outside the box.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki came on as a second-half substitute for Stuttgart in their first game of the 2011–12 Bundesliga season against FC Schalke 04. His side were up 2–0 and Okazaki added a goal scoring from long range in the 90th minute, sealing a 3–0 win. Okazaki's goal from a bicycle kick on 19 February 2012 in a Bundesliga match of VfB Stuttgart against Hannover 96 was selected Goal of the Month. After Yasuhiko Okudera in April 1978, Okazaki was the second player from Japan to win this award in Germany.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki had a poor 2012–13 season, scoring only once in the Bundesliga. However, he scored his first goals in European competition with two goals against FC Steaua București in the Europa League.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: On 1 July 2013, Okazaki moved to 1. FSV Mainz 05. He scored his first goal for Mainz on his debut in a 3–2 win against his former club Stuttgart on the opening matchday of the 2013–14 Bundesliga season. At the end of the season he ended with 15 league goals.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki became the most prolific Japanese player in Bundesliga history on 13 September 2014, scoring his 27th and 28th league goals in Mainz's 3–1 win over Hertha Berlin.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: On 26 June 2015, Okazaki moved to Premier League side Leicester City for a fee believed to be in the region of £7 million, subject to obtaining a work permit. He made his debut for the club on 8 August 2015 in Leicester City's 4–2 opening day win against Sunderland, and scored his first goal for the club the following week in a 2–1 win against West Ham United. On 19 December 2015, Okazaki scored the winner in a 3–2 win over Everton at Goodison Park, to ensure that Leicester City topped the table at Christmas. On 10 January 2016, Okazaki scored Leicester's second goal in the FA Cup clash at White Hart Lane with Tottenham Hotspur despite drawing to a late Harry Kane penalty in the 90th minute. On 14 March 2016, Okazaki scored the winning goal in a league fixture against Newcastle United, a spectacular overhead strike that won Leicester City the game 1–0 and took them five points clear at the top of the Premier League table. Okazaki went on to win the league that year thus becoming the second Japanese player to win the Premier League after Shinji Kagawa.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: His performances in the 2015–16 season earned him the Asian International Player of the Year award in December 2016.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki scored twice in a 2–4 defeat to Chelsea in the third round of the 2016–17 EFL Cup on 20 September 2016. He scored his first league goal of the season in a 3–1 win over Crystal Palace on 22 October 2016, earning him Man of the match and achieving an 84.8% pass success rate, more than any other Leicester player. On 22 November 2016, Okazaki scored in a 2–1 win over Club Brugge in the Champions League group stage, becoming the sixth Japanese player to score a Champions League goal and the first since Keisuke Honda in November 2013. He finished the season with only three league goals.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki was in goalscoring form at the start to the 2017–18 season, scoring four goals in six appearances for Leicester in all competitions. He was released by Leicester at the end of the 2018–19 season.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: On 30 July 2019, Okazaki signed a one-year contract with Málaga CF. However, Málaga canceled its contract with Okazaki after just 34 days, since his wage demands exceeded its maximum budget as permitted by the league.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: On 4 September 2019, the free agent Okazaki signed a one-year contract with Segunda División side Huesca. On 8 September 2019, he made his debut for Huesca as a substitute.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: On 25 July 2020, after scoring 12 times as his side achieved promotion to La Liga, Okazaki renewed his contract for a further year.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: After competing for the country's under-23 team at the 2008 Olympic Games in China, Okazaki made his full international debut for Japan against the United Arab Emirates in October 2008. On 20 January 2009, he scored his first goal for "Samurai Blue" in the team's opening 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualifier against Yemen.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: In October 2009, Okazaki scored hat-tricks in consecutive matches as Japan beat Hong Kong and Togo 6–0 and 5–0 respectively. He was named The World's Top Goal Scorer of 2009 by the IFFHS for his 15 goals with the national team.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki was included in the 2010 FIFA World Cup squads for the 2010 FIFA World Cup and appeared as a substitute in all four of the Japan's matches. He scored once in the final Group E match, a 3–1 defeat of Denmark, to send Japan into the second round.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: On 8 October 2010, Okazaki scored as Japan beat Argentina 1–0 in friendly match to record its first ever win over the 1978 and 1986 world champions.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki scored his third international hat-trick in a 5–0 Group B win against Saudi Arabia at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. He then scored his kick in the semi-final shootout win over South Korea and played all 120 minutes of the final as Japan beat Australia to win the trophy for a fourth time.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki finished as top goalscorer in the Asian section of qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup with eight goals.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki scored twice at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, against Italy and Mexico respectively. However, Japan lost all three of its matches and was eliminated at the end of the group stage.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: In June 2014, Okazaki was selected in the Japan national football team for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In the team's third group match, a 4–1 defeat to Colombia, he scored Samurai Blue's only goal with a header in the 45th minute.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki was included in Japan national football team for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup and scored in a 4–0 defeat of Palestine during the group stage.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: In March 2016 Okazaki was presented with a commemorative shirt with 100 on the back in a presentation to celebrate his 100th international appearance for Japan.


title: Shinji Okazaki

text: Okazaki is currently the top active Japan national team goalscorer and third all-time in team history with 50 international goals.


title: Marriage vows

text: Marriage vows are promises each partner in a couple makes to the other during a wedding ceremony based upon Western Christian norms. They are not universal to marriage and not necessary in most legal jurisdictions. They are not even universal within Christian marriage, as Eastern Christians do not have marriage vows in their traditional wedding ceremonies.


title: Marriage vows

text: In the time of the Roman Empire (17 BC476 AD) the lower classes had "free" marriages. The bride's father would deliver her to the groom, and the two agreed that they were wed, and would keep the vow of marriage by mutual consent. Wealthy Romans, though, would sign documents listing property rights to publicly declare that their union was legalized and not a common law marriage. This was the beginning of the official recording of marriage.


title: Marriage vows

text: The oldest traditional wedding vows can be traced back to the manuals of the medieval church. In England, there were manuals of the dioceses of Salisbury (Sarum) and York. The compilers of the first "Book of Common Prayer", published in 1549, based its marriage service mainly on the Sarum manual. Upon agreement to marry, the Church of England usually offered couples a choice. The couple could promise each other to "love and cherish" or, alternatively, the groom promises to "love, cherish, and worship", and the bride to "love, cherish, and obey".


title: Marriage vows

text: Couples wedding in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church essentially make the same pledge to one another. According to the Rite of Marriage (#25) the customary text in English is:


title: Marriage vows

text: I, ____, take you, ____, to be my (husband/wife). I promise to be true to you in good times and in bad, in sickness and in health. I will love you and honour you all the days of my life.


title: Marriage vows

text: I, ____, take you, ____, to be my lawfully wedded (husband/wife), to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do us part.


title: Marriage vows

text: The priest will then say aloud "You have declared your consent before the Church. May the Lord in his goodness strengthen your consent and fill you both with his blessings. What God has joined, men must not divide. Amen."


title: Marriage vows

text: N. Vis habere hunc uirum in sponsum et illi obedire et servire et eum diligere et honorare ac custodire sanum et infirmum sicut sponsa debet sponsum, etc.


title: Marriage vows

text: Ich .N. take the .N. to my weddyd housbonde to hau and to holden fro this day forward, for bettere, for wers, for richere for porere, in seknesse and in helthe to be boneyre and buxsum in bedde and at borde, tyl deth us departe, zif holi cherche hit wyle ordeyne and there to y plight the my treuthe.


title: Marriage vows

text: The law in England authorizes marriages to be legal if properly carried out and registered in the Church of England and some other religious bodies (e.g. Jewish, Quakers): other men and women who wish to marry can be married by a local official authorized to do so (civil ceremony). Circumstances may result in the same partners having both ceremonies at different times, though this is rare. The vows, presence of witnesses, and civil registration are absolute requirements under the law.


title: Marriage vows

text: Civil ceremonies often allow couples to choose their own marriage vows, although many civil marriage vows are adapted from the traditional vows, taken from the Book of Common Prayer, "To have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part."


title: Marriage vows

text: They were first published in English in the prayer book of 1549, based on earlier Latin texts (the Sarum and York Rituals of the medieval period). An older version of the final phrase is " until death us depart" where "depart" means "separate". "Until death us depart" had to be changed due to changes in the usage of "depart" in the Prayer Book of 1662. In the 1928 prayer book (not authorized) and in editions of the 1662 prayer book printed thereafter "obey" was retained (in the 1928 book an alternative version omitted this). The 1928 revised form of Matrimony was quite widely adopted, though the form of 1662 was also widely used, though less so after the introduction of the Alternative Service Book.


title: Marriage vows

text: Groom: I,____, take thee,_____, to be my wedded Wife, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death do us part, according to God's holy ordinance; and thereto I plight thee my troth.


title: Marriage vows

text: Bride: I,_____, take thee,_____, to be my wedded Husband, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love, cherish, and to obey, till death us do part, according to God's holy ordinance; and thereto I give thee my troth.


title: Marriage vows

text: With this Ring I thee wed, with my body I thee worship, and with all my worldly goods I thee endow: In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.


title: Marriage vows

text: In the Alternative Service Book (1980) two versions of the vows are included: the bride and groom must select one of the versions only. Version A:


title: Marriage vows

text: I, ____, take you, ____, to be my wife (or husband), to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part, according to God's holy law, and this is my solemn vow.


title: Marriage vows

text: Version B is identical except for the clause "to love and to cherish" where the groom says "to love, cherish, and worship" and the bride says "to love, cherish, and obey".


title: Marriage vows

text: I, "N", take you, "N", to be my wife (or husband), to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part, according to God's holy law, in the presence of God I make this vow.


title: Marriage vows

text: However, the bride and groom may choose to replace the clause "to love and to cherish" with "to love, cherish, and obey" when the bride makes her vows.


title: Marriage vows

text: On September 12, 1922, the Episcopal Church voted to remove the word "obey" from the bride's section of wedding vows. Other churches of the Anglican Communion each have their own authorized prayer books which in general follow the vows described above though the details and languages used do vary.


title: Marriage vows

text: In the United Kingdom, since the first law regulating marriage (the Marriage Act 1753), the state recognises marriages conducted by the "Society of Friends" (Quakers), Jews, and the Church of England.


title: Marriage vows

text: The declarations made in Quaker marriage were first set down in a London Yearly Meeting minute in 1675 as such:


title: Marriage vows

text: Man: Friends, in the fear of the Lord, and before this assembly, I take my friend "AB" to be my wife, promising, through divine assistance, to be unto her a loving and faithful husband, until it shall please the Lord by death to separate us.


title: Marriage vows

text: Woman: Friends, in the fear of the Lord, and before this assembly, I take my friend "CD" to be my husband, promising, through divine assistance, to be unto him a loving and faithful wife, until it shall please the Lord by death to separate us.


title: Marriage vows

text: The procedure is restated in a minute of London Yearly Meeting of 1754, and the declarations remained the same until the twentieth century. In July 1922, the Committee on the Marriage Declaration was set up, and this reported to London Yearly Meeting in 1923, and after reference to a further committee the final phrase was changed to "as long as we both on earth shall live"; although the option of "until it shall please the Lord by death to separate us" remained as an alternative.


title: Marriage vows

text: Friends, I take this my friend [name] to be my spouse, promising, through divine assistance, to be unto him/her a loving and faithful spouse, so long as we both on earth shall live.


title: Marriage vows

text: Whilst couples may add to these, under the Marriage Act 1949, all civil marriage in England and Wales, and marriage by an authorised person (this includes religious marriage not carried out by the Anglican church, Jewish or Society of Friends (Quakers)), must include the following declaration and contracting words:


title: Marriage vows

text: I do solemnly declare that I know not of any lawful impediment why I ____ may not be joined in matrimony to ____.


title: Marriage vows

text: I call upon these persons here present to witness that I ____ do take thee ____ to be my lawfully wedded wife/husband.


title: Marriage vows

text: The wedding vows as practised in most English-speaking countries derive ultimately from the Sarum rite of mediaeval England. The first part of the vows of the Sarum rite is given in Latin, but is instructed to be said by the priest "in linguam materna", i.e. in the "mother tongue" of those present. The vows of the first English prayer book of 1549 mostly correspond to those of the Sarum rite.


title: Piedmont (United States)

text: The Piedmont is a plateau region located in the Eastern United States. It is situated between the Atlantic coastal plain and the main Appalachian Mountains, stretching from New York in the north to central Alabama in the south. The Piedmont Province is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division which consists of the Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands, the Piedmont Upland and the Piedmont Lowlands sections.


title: Piedmont (United States)

text: The Atlantic Seaboard fall line marks the Piedmont's eastern boundary with the Coastal Plain. To the west, it is mostly bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains, the easternmost range of the main Appalachians. The width of the Piedmont varies, being quite narrow above the Delaware River but nearly 300 miles (475 km) wide in North Carolina. The Piedmont's area is approximately .


title: Piedmont (United States)

text: The French word "Piedmont" comes from the , meaning "foothill", ultimately from Latin "pedemontium", meaning "at the foot of the mountains", similar to the name of the Italian region of Piedmont ("Piemonte"), abutting the Alps.


title: Piedmont (United States)

text: The surface relief of the Piedmont is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills with heights above sea level between 200 feet (50 m) and 800 feet to 1,000 feet (250 m to 300 m). Its geology is complex, with numerous rock formations of different materials and ages intermingled with one another. Essentially, the Piedmont is the remnant of several ancient mountain chains that have since been eroded. Geologists have identified at least five separate events which have led to sediment deposition, including the Grenville orogeny (the collision of continents that created the supercontinent Rodinia) and the Appalachian orogeny during the formation of Pangaea. The last major event in the history of the Piedmont was the break-up of Pangaea, when North America and Africa began to separate. Large basins formed from the rifting and were subsequently filled by the sediments shed from the surrounding higher ground. The series of Mesozoic basins is almost entirely located inside the Piedmont region.


title: Piedmont (United States)

text: Piedmont soils are generally clay-like (Ultisols) and moderately fertile. In some areas they have suffered from erosion and over-cropping, particularly in the South where cotton was historically the chief crop. In the central Piedmont region of North Carolina and Virginia, tobacco is the main crop, while in the north region there is more diversity, including orchards, dairying, and general farming.


title: Piedmont (United States)

text: The portion of the Piedmont region in the southern United States is closely associated with the Piedmont blues, a style of blues music that originated there in the late 19th century. According to the Piedmont Blues Preservation Society, most Piedmont blues musicians came from Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs — styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.


title: Piedmont (United States)

text: Many major cities are located on the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the eastern boundary of the Piedmont. (In Georgia and Alabama, where the Piedmont runs mostly east to west, the fall line is its southern boundary.) The fall line, where the land rises abruptly from the coastal plain, marks the limit of navigability on many major rivers, so inland ports sprang up along it.


title: Piedmont (United States)

text: Within the Piedmont region itself, there are several areas of urban concentration, the largest being the Philadelphia metropolitan area in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Piedmont cuts Maryland in half, covering the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. In Virginia, the Greater Richmond metropolitan area is the largest urban concentration. In North Carolina, the Piedmont Crescent includes several metropolitan clusters such as Charlotte metropolitan area, the Piedmont Triad, and the Research Triangle. Other notable areas include the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area in South Carolina, and the Atlanta metropolitan area in Georgia.


title: FC Sion

text: Football Club de Sion, commonly known as simply FC Sion or Sion, is a Swiss football team from the city of Sion. The club was founded in 1909, and play their home matches at the Stade Tourbillon. They have won the Swiss Super League twice, and the Swiss Cup in 13 of their 14 appearances in the final, the most recent being in 2015. The first team of the club was also known as their incorporated name Olympique des Alpes SA.


title: FC Sion

text: FC Sion were founded in 1909 by Robert Gilliard, who became club captain, and played their first match the same year, a 3–2 win against FC Aigle. The club grew thanks to contributions from locals, and played their first competitive league fixture in 1914, again a 3–2 victory, against FC Monthey. In 1919, Sion formally organised its managerial structure, with Gilliard becoming vice-president and Charles Aymon taking the presidency.


title: FC Sion

text: From 1932, Sion played in the fourth tier of Swiss football, where they spent much of the next 20 years, briefly interrupted by promotion to the third tier in 1944, quickly followed by relegation in 1946. In 1952, Sion returned to the third tier. Five years later, Sion gained promotion again to the National League B, followed five years later by promotion to the National League A (now the Swiss Super League) in 1962. 1965 saw the first of Sion's Swiss Cup wins following a 2–1 victory over Servette.


title: FC Sion

text: The 16,263 capacity Stade Tourbillon was officially opened in August 1968, but the club was relegated in 1969. Sion returned to the National League A at the first attempt and secured a second victory in the Swiss Cup, winning 3–2 against Neuchâtel Xamax in 1974. Sion would go on to consistently perform well in the Swiss Cup, with victories in 1980 (against Young Boys), 1982 (against Basel), 1986 (against Servette) and 1991 (against Young Boys). This period of success also saw the renovation and expansion of the Tourbillon in 1989, and was crowned with Sion's first Swiss League Championship in 1992.


title: FC Sion

text: More success in the Swiss Cup followed, winning the tournament in three consecutive years from 1995 with victories over Grasshopper, Servette and Luzern. Their win against Luzern in 1997 secured Sion their only domestic double, having also won the Swiss League.


title: FC Sion

text: However, the club quickly fell into financial trouble, and having narrowly avoided bankruptcy due to its purchase by Gilbert Kadji, the club suffered relegation in 1999. Despite returning to the top division the following season, financial problems plagued the team, culminating in relegation in 2001, the departure of Kadji and a denial of a professional license in 2003. The club was saved by architect and former footballer Christian Constantin, and they were re-instated into the second division in October 2003.


title: FC Sion

text: Constantin spent the following seasons rebuilding the club, with the club going through 20 managers in the following eight years, including taking the role himself twice, in a bid to financially stabilize. He was rewarded in 2006 with promotion back to the Super League, as well as a victory in the Swiss Cup, becoming the first second-tier team to achieve this, with a 5–3 penalty shoot-out victory over Young Boys after a 1–1 draw.


title: FC Sion

text: In 2008, controversy came to Sion when they signed Essam El Hadary, leading to a two-year "registration period" ban for Sion from June 2009, and an international playing ban for El Hadary for four months, due to El-Hadary still being under contract at his former club Al Ahly. Sion appealed this action, but the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland confirmed the FIFA, DRC and Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) decisions in 2009 and 2010 respectively. However, the lengthy legal battle (including the temporary reprieve) meant the ban was only practically instituted beginning in the winter transfer window of the 2010–11 season.


title: FC Sion

text: Although gaining a place in the qualifying round of the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League by winning the previous season's Swiss Cup, Sion were excluded from the Europa League by UEFA after fielding ineligible players in their play-off victory against Celtic. On 2 September, the Swiss Football League (SFL) rejected the registration of one more player, Brian Amofa.


title: FC Sion

text: On 30 September 2011, the SFL decided to provisionally qualify the six new signings, namely Stefan Glarner, Billy Ketkeophomphone, Mario Mutsch, Pascal Feindouno, José Gonçalves and Gabri, to comply with the ongoing legal process. Sion also sued the SFL and UEFA respectively in the Tribunal Cantonal de Valais and the Tribunal in Vaud, however both actions were dismissed. The club's earlier appeal was dismissed by UEFA Appeals Body on 13 September. Sion also sued the SFL and UEFA in the CAS, but withdrew the former claim. The hearing of the latter claim was set on 24 November.


title: FC Sion

text: On 25 October, the Discipline Commission (fr: "Commission de discipline") of SFL suspended all six players for five matches. It was reported that each player filed their legal claim in civil court instead of using the Swiss FA and CAS "sports court" system, which the ban was requested by FIFA. On 27 October, as a "provisional and super-provisional measures", UEFA invited Sion to a match schedule consultation once UEFA lost the legal battle.


title: FC Sion

text: On 31 October 2011, Sion sent a complaint to the European Commission. FIFA also won the legal battle in civil court in November. Previously, the civil court of Martigny and Saint-Maurice (both of the city of Valais) ordered FIFA to confirm the signing of those six players on 3 August, a consequence of lawsuit brought out by the players. On 16 November, FIFA and the SFL appeal was upheld in the Valais canton court.


title: FC Sion

text: On 15 December, the CAS upheld the complaints by UEFA, affirming its right to discipline Sion according to previous agreements. The CAS also lifted the provisional measures ordered by the Tribunal Cantonal of Vaud (Cour civile) on 5 October 2011. After the ruling, FIFA threatened to suspend Swiss national and club teams from international competition if Sion were not appropriately penalized for its ostensible rules violations. In late December 2011, the Swiss Football Association complied with FIFA's demands and penalized Sion 36 standings points (based on how many matches ineligible players were involved), moving the club to last place in the league standings and putting the club at risk of relegation if the ruling stood.


title: FC Sion

text: Sion finished the 2011–12 season in ninth place, which qualified them to the relegation matches against Aarau, whom they defeated 2–1 on aggregate to stay in the Swiss Super League. Without suffering their 36-point deduction Sion would have finished in the third place, which would have qualified them into the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. Prior to the start of the 2012–13 season, they made a major coup by signing Gennaro Gattuso and Kyle Lafferty, both via free transfers. However, the club had a disappointing season which saw them change coaches three times before settling on Gattuso to finish the season, ending in third place.


title: FC Sion

text: Sion held the distinction of having never lost a domestic cup final, with 13 wins in 13 appearances in the Swiss Cup, until a defeat by Basel in the 2017 edition.


title: FC Sion

text: Sion play their home matches at the multi-purpose Stade Tourbillon, which has a capacity of 14,500. It was originally constructed in 1968, and was renovated in 1989 and 2012. The club also has a training centre near its office in Martigny and a youth development center in nearby Riddes.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The fourth generation of the C/K series is a range of trucks that was manufactured by General Motors. Marketed by the Chevrolet and GMC brands from the 1988 to the 2002 model years, this generation is the final version of the C/K model line. The C/K nomenclature itself became exclusive to Chevrolet, with the GMC division applying the GMC Sierra nameplate across its entire full-size pickup truck line. Internally codenamed the GMT400 platform, the fourth generation C/K was not given a word moniker (i.e., "Rounded-Line series"). After its production, the model line would informally become known by the public as the "OBS" (Old Body Style), in reference to its GMT800 successor.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Introduced in early 1987 for the 1988 model year, the fourth-generation C/K was initially produced as full-size pickup trucks and chassis cabs, later expanding to full-size SUVs. The model line would overlap production with both its predecessor and its successor. As with its predecessor, the fourth-generation C/K shared body commonality with GM medium-duty commercial trucks.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: After the 2000 model year, the fourth-generation C/K was discontinued and was replaced by the GMT800 platform (introduced for 1999); heavy-duty chassis cabs remained in production through 2002. In line with the GMC Sierra, Chevrolet adopted a singular Chevrolet Silverado nameplate for its full-size truck line (which remains in use).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Over nearly a 14-year production run, the fourth-generation C/K was assembled by GM in multiple facilities in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The development of the fourth-generation C/K began in the early 1980s, with design operations headed by General Motors Truck and Bus Group. In comparison to its predecessor, computers took on a greater role in the development of the fourth-generation C/K, with GM using computer data to develop both components and tooling for the vehicle. The second vehicle to adapt the GMT platform nomenclature, GM assigned the model line the GMT400 internal codename, replacing the tradition of monikers for its full-size trucks (i.e., Rounded Line, Action Line, Task Force, Advance Design). During the development of the GMT400 platform GM designers based their prototypes on the compact GMT325 S-series (S10 and S15/Sonoma)


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: As a truck, the C/K was styled with straight lines to maximize space and function, but was designed to optimize its aerodynamics, improving fuel economy. Along with a flush, curved grille and front bumper, it adopted many upgrades over the Rounded-Line generation, including sedan-style doors and flush window glass. Nearly 20 years after removing them from its car lines, GM removed vent windows from the C/K trucks (the first full-size trucks to delete them).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Under the redesign, K-Series four-wheel drive trucks underwent a major upgrade, as the front axle received independent front suspension for the first time. In another change, a shift-on-the-fly system was standardized. To enhance durability, the chassis was redesigned with a fully welded frame with a boxed front section for strength and rigidity; to better resist corrosion, additional galvanized steel was added to the body.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: As the fourth-generation C/K model line was introduced during the 1987 calendar year, GM expanded its full-size truck line for the 1987 model year by redesignating the third-generation C/K as the R/V series. Alongside selling two full-size truck lines besides one another, the product change allowed GM to transition buyers into the new model line. In a more subtle change, trim levels were revised (to match the fourth-generation C/K).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For the traditional beginning of the 1988 model year, GM ended sales of -ton R/V trucks; -ton trucks were discontinued after 1989. For 1990 and 1991, the series was offered by Chevrolet and GMC as R/V 3500 crew-cab pickups and chassis cabs, along with full-size SUVs.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1992, GM launched production of crew cabs on the fourth-generation C/K body (along with full-size SUVs), marking the end of the Rounded-Line series after 18 model years.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The fourth-generation GMT400 C/K model line was introduced in April 1987 for the 1988 model year. Produced for nearly 14 years, the fourth-generation C/K underwent multiple minor revisions through its production, including a mid-cycle revision for the 1995 model year.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: From 1988 to 1991, the model line was sold alongside its predecessor (the "Rounded-Line" C/K) and was sold alongside its successor (the GMT800 Silverado/Sierra) from 1999 to 2000. For 2001 and 2002, pickup trucks were discontinued, with the model line sold only as a C3500HD heavy-duty chassis cab.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1988, the fourth-generation C/K was introduced, including (nominal) -ton, -ton, and 1-ton pickup trucks and chassis cabs. In a nomenclature revision, GM adopted the 1500/2500/3500 payload series (previously used by GMC) for all full-size trucks (the Rounded-Line R/V series would do so for 1989).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1990, Chevrolet and GMC pickup trucks underwent a minor exterior revision, with upper trims (Chevrolet Scottsdale/Silverado, and GMC SLX/SLE) replacing four sealed-beam headlamps with white-lens composite headlamps; base trims (Cheyenne and GMC SL) continued the use of two sealed-beam headlamps. Two new versions (exclusive to Chevrolet) were introduced: the W/T 1500 and the 454SS. The W/T 1500 (W/T= Work Truck) was a de-contented version of the Cheyenne marketed primarily for work use; the 454SS combined elements of the Sport appearance package and the Silverado with the 7.4 L V8 of 3500-series trucks.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For the 1992 model year, the Rounded Line (R/V series) was retired (after 18 years), with GM moving the crew-cab pickups and full-size SUVs to the GMT400 model line (nearly 5 years after its introduction). As its design had effectively been overtaken by that of the extended cab, the single-seat "Bonus cab" was not carried over (all crew cabs were now fitted with rear seats). In another change, trim levels were reduced to two, with the mid-level Chevrolet Scottsdale and GMC SLX withdrawn.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1993, the body of the GMT400 saw few changes, introducing front bucket seats for extended-cab pickups. For 1994, the body was largely carryover.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For the 1995 model year, all GMT400 trucks underwent a mid-cycle revision, distinguished by a revision of the front fascia (for both Chevrolet and GMC). The sideview mirrors were redesigned and enlarged (adopted from the Suburban SUV); on extended cabs, opening rear side windows became standard equipment. Several updates coincided with safety mandates, adding a driver-side airbag to all 1500-series (and most 2500-series) vehicles, 4-wheel ABS, a center brake light (CHMSL), and a brake-shift interlock for the transmission.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1996, as a running change through the model year, extended-cab models received a passenger-side third door. Introduced at nearly the same time as Ford (though a model year before), the feature was an option for all 1500-series extended-cab trucks. The bench seat of Silverado/SLE-trim vehicles underwent a revision, with the center seatback converted to a fold-down armrest/console. In another change, the GMT400 platform received daytime running lights as standard equipment.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1997, the dashboard underwent a minor revision to accommodate a passenger-side airbag (only vehicles with a GVWR under 8500 pounds were equipped, including 1500-series and non-HD 2500s).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1998, GM revised the tailgate badging for pickup trucks. To reflect the 1996 divisional merger of GMC and Pontiac, "GMC Truck" became "GMC" on all Sierras; Chevrolet introduced a tailgate badge for Silverado-trim pickups matching Suburban and Tahoe SUVs.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: In August 1998, General Motors released the GMT800 generation of full-size pickups for the 1999 model year as the replacement for the fourth-generation C/K trucks introduced for 1988. The long-running C/K nomenclature was retired by Chevrolet in favor of a singular Chevrolet Silverado nameplate (as GMC had done in 1988 with the GMC Sierra).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For the 1999 model year, GM continued sales of the fourth-generation C/K alongside its GMT800 successor, intending to use up leftover parts stock. Newly rebranded the Chevrolet Silverado Classic and GMC Sierra Classic (dropping the Chevrolet Cheyenne), GM continued sales of the Classic in all three payload series. Largely aimed towards fleet sales, to minimize production costs, the 1500-series Classic was offered only with the 5.0 L and 5.7 L V8 and an automatic transmission and much of the previous Silverado interior trim (in an effort to steer potential base-trim or W/T 1500 buyers towards the all-new Silverado).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 2000, the Classic was pared down to the 2500 and 3500 series, with the model line reduced solely to the C3500HD chassis cab for 2001 and 2002.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The fourth-generation C/K pickup trucks were marketed by the Chevrolet and GMC divisions of General Motors. Offered in 1500 (⁄-ton), 2500 (⁄-ton), and 3500 (1-ton) payload series, the C/K pickup trucks were sold in two-door standard cab, two or three-door extended cab, and four-door crew cab configurations. In total, six wheelbases for pickup trucks were offered. The C/K product line also included General Motors full-size SUVs (again derived from the body of the crew cab).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: While again using perimeter-frame layout as the Rounded-Line C/K trucks, the fourth-generation chassis was an all-new design, adopting fully-boxed frame rails forward of the cab. In a first for the model line, power steering became standard on all C/K trucks for 1988. For 1997, the system was revised to a variable-ratio assist system.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Evolved from the previous generation, the front suspension for the GMT400 chassis is fully independent with unequal-length control arms. C-series trucks used front coil springs, with front torsion bars for K-series trucks (the first American 4x4 pickups with unequal-length control arm front suspension). The rear suspension configuration was largely unchanged, with rear leaf springs supporting the live rear axle, changing to a two-stage setup to improve load capability while improving ride characteristics while unloaded.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: On all pickup trucks, the model line was fitted with front disc brakes and rear drum brakes (4-wheel disc brakes were exclusive to the C3500HD). Anti-lock brakes (ABS) was introduced as part of the redesign. From 1988 to 1994, ABS was used on the rear wheels (on K-Series trucks, only when in two-wheel drive). From 1995 to 2000, pickups were equipped with four-wheel ABS.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The GMT400 model line was produced in three wheelbases in its first year: the regular cab carrying over the and wheelbase lengths from the previous generation, and the new extended cab with a wheelbase. A short bed extended cab model on a wheelbase was introduced for 1989. In 1992, the crew cab was introduced in a wheelbase (four inches longer than the R/V series) on 3500 models only, with a short bed model on a wheelbase appearing for 1999, for both 2500 (SRW) and 3500 (DRW) models.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: At its 1988 launch, the fourth-generation C/K pickup trucks shared its five-engine powertrain offering with the R/V series. On 1500 series vehicles, a 4.3 L Vortec V6 was standard, with the options of a 5.0 L V8, 5.7 L V8 and a 6.2 L diesel V8. On 2500-series and 3500-series vehicles, a 5.7 L V8 was standard, with a 7.4 L V8 and 6.2 L diesel V8 as options. The 4-speed manual of the previous generation was carried over (for 3500-series trucks), with GM introducing a 5-speed overdrive manual (for 1500 and 2500-series vehicles). A 4-speed overdrive automatic was an option on all engines (for 1500 and 2500-series vehicles); a 3-speed automatic was also offered (and was the sole automatic for 3500-series trucks).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1991, the THM400 gained a 4th gear and electronic controls, becoming the 4L80E; designed for over-8,600 lb GVWR, the transmission was paired with the 7.4 L and 6.2 L engines.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1992, GM introduced its first turbodiesel V8, expanded to 6.5 L displacement; the engine was not offered in 1500-series trucks. In another change, 4-speed manual transmissions (largely carried over from the R/V series) were discontinued (replaced by a NP4500 5-speed); along with overdrive, the heavy-duty transmission again offered a low-ratio first gear.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1993, the lighter-duty 700R4 (paired with engines up to the 5.7 L V8) was upgraded with electronic controls, becoming the 4L60E.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1994, naturally-aspirated versions of the 6.5 L diesel were introduced (replacing the 6.2 L engine entirely); both versions of the 6.5 L engine were offered in all three payload series of the GMT400.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1996, the three gasoline V8 engines underwent a series of design upgrades, becoming the Vortec 5000, 5700, and 7400, respectively. To meet OBD-II compliance, the Vortec engines replaced throttle-body fuel injection with sequential fuel injection, redesigned engine camshaft and cylinder heads, along with longer-life engine coolant and spark plugs. The naturally-aspirated 6.5 L engine was discontinued (the turbodiesel remained offered for all C/K trucks).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: From 1997 onward, few major changes were made to the powertrain. For 2002, the C3500HD chassis cab replaced the 7.4 L V8 with an 8.1 L Vortec 8100 V8, becoming the only GMT400 vehicle to use the engine.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Introduced for 1988, the fourth-generation C/K marked the addition of the extended-cab body to the pickup truck line (trailing Dodge and Ford by nearly 15 years). Offered with an optional rear bench seat, versions without one effectively replaced the single-seat "Bonus Cab" (previously derived from the crew cab). For 1992 (nearly five years after the two-door pickups were released), a four-door crew cab was introduced. As with the previous generation, the crew cab shared its body design with the Suburban SUV.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For pickup trucks, three different bed designs were offered in 6⁄ and 8-foot lengths. The fenderless Chevrolet Fleetside/GMC Wideside was again offered in both lengths; the dual rear-wheel "Big Dooley" bed was sold only in an 8-foot bed. The long-running Chevrolet Stepside/GMC Fenderside was replaced by an all-new Sportside design. Offered solely in a 6⁄-foot length, the Sportside bed was a more modern design (sharing the bed sides, taillamps, and a revised tailgate), fitting the rounded fiberglass fenders of the Big Dooley bed with a narrower single rear-wheel axle and bodied with functional pickup bed steps.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 2500 and 3500-series trucks, chassis cabs were also offered. Assembled as C/K trucks with no pickup truck bed, the incomplete vehicles were fitted with aftermarket components by second-party manufacturers to complete fabrication of the vehicle. For 1991, the heavier-duty C3500HD was introduced (developed specifically for commercial use).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: While losing nearly 4 inches of exterior width over its Rounded-Line predecessor, the fourth-generation C/K underwent an increase in interior size, gaining both legroom and seat travel. While carrying over little more than the steering column, the model line evolved the driver-centered dashboard layout from its predecessor. In an effort to modernize the interior, the model line shed all chrome trim from the cab interior (regardless of trim level), with hard plastic replacing many soft-touch surfaces. The dashboard introduced a hybrid of digital and analog instruments, with digital scales replacing analog gauge needles. In a functional change, all manual transmissions became floor-shifted (retiring the column-mounted shifter). For 1991, the instrument panel replaced electronic gauges with analog counterparts, adding a tachometer as an option (for the first time since 1980)


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Coinciding with the 1995 model revision, the interior underwent a substantial redesign, with the dashboard and door panels undergoing a redesign for the first time since 1988. Along with the standardization of a tachometer, a double-DIN radio (integrating the cassette/CD player) was introduced, alongside a complete redesign of the climate controls. The seats underwent a redesign; leather-trimmed seats became an option for the first time on a factory-produced GM pickup truck.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The 1995 interior design remained in use through the discontinuation of the fourth-generation model line, revised for the addition of a passenger-side airbag during the 1997 model year (for 1500-series and non-HD 2500-series vehicles). For 1998, the steering wheel was redesigned (with a repackaged driver-side airbag); dual airbags became standard on all C/K vehicles (below 8500 lbs GWVR).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: On Chevrolet vehicles, the C/K nomenclature returned from the previous generation; "C" denoted two-wheel drive trucks while "K" denoted four-wheel drive vehicles. While all GMC pickup trucks were now badged under a singular Sierra nameplate, GM still used C and K as internal model codes for both divisions.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: In a marketing change, GM adopted the 1500/2500/3500 series previously used by GMC for both divisions (denoting -ton, -ton, and 1-ton nominal payload).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Carrying over the trim lines from the previous generation, Chevrolet marketed its C/K pickup trucks under three trim levels for 1988. The Cheyenne made its return as the standard trim (replacing the Custom Deluxe), with the Scottsdale and Silverado serving as the top two trims. Externally, the Cheyenne was distinguished by its two sealed-beam headlights; the Scottsdale and Silverado were fitted with four headlamps (replaced by rectangular composite headlamps for 1990). The trim levels had less distinguished badges as previous models, having miniature nameplates behind the cab on the B pillar before the bed; the Cheyenne name was in white on a black square above one gold line, Scottsdale in between two gold lines, and Silverado above three gold lines.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Intended primarily for fleet sales and work use, the Cheyenne was a spartan vehicle with most features offered as optional equipment. Marketed more widely for retail sale, the Scottsdale standardized many optional features of the Cheyenne and added additional interior trim, cloth seating (bucket seats were an option). Serving as the flagship, the Silverado featured the most chrome trim and a fully carpeted interior.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1992, the Scottsdale trim was dropped; the Cheyenne and Silverado trims were offered through 1998, with the Cheyenne badging updated to be similar to the previous Scottsdale badge. For 1999, to accommodate the introduction of its successor, the C/K was renamed the Silverado Classic. The Silverado Classic adopted the trim nomenclature of its successor, with an unnamed base trim (replacing the W/T), LS (Cheyenne), and LS Premium (Silverado).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: In contrast to Chevrolet, the GMC division marketed the fourth-division C/K pickup trucks under the GMC Sierra nameplate. For 1988, GMC replaced the Sierra Grande, High Sierra, and Sierra Classic of the previous generation with the SL (counterpart of the Cheyenne), SLX (Scottsdale), and SLE (Silverado).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Through production of the model line, GMC offered a counterpart of the Z71 and Sport option packages offered by Chevrolet, but would not market a version of the W/T 1500 or the 454SS pickup trucks.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1990 production, GM introduced an all-new medium-duty truck series (codenamed GMT530). While no longer part of the C/K series, the Chevrolet Kodiak and GMC TopKick shared design commonality with their predecessors in adopting the cab design of C/K pickup trucks. Following the 1987 exit of GM from heavy-truck production, the Kodiak/TopKick became the largest vehicles produced by the company.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Offered as both a Class 6-7 truck and as a cowled bus chassis, the GMT530 chassis was offered with 6.0 L and 7.4 L gasoline V8s (developed for commercial use); these were replaced by an 8.1 L V8. As an option, Caterpillar inline-6 diesel engines were offered.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: After 2002 production, the GMT530 chassis was discontinued and replaced by the GMT560 (which adopted its cab from GM full-size vans).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1991 production, GM introduced a C3500HD variant of the C/K for both Chevrolet and GMC. Developed exclusively as a chassis cab vehicle, the C3500HD was intended to bridge the gap between the 2500/3500-series chassis cab trucks and the medium-duty Kodiak/TopKick. Intended nearly exclusively for commercial use, the C3500HD was not sold for retail sale.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: To raise its GVWR to 15,000 lbs, the C3500HD underwent multiple design modifications. In place of the drop-center frame rails that C/K chassis cabs shared with the pickup trucks, the C3500HD received a heavier-duty straight frame. The heavier-duty frame design led to several visible exterior design changes to the model line; as the cab was raised several inches, a filler panel was placed below the grille and bumper. While factory-produced as a C-series truck, the front fenders were fitted with the plastic fender flares typically fitted to K2500 trucks to accommodate a wider front axle and larger (19.5-inch) tires. The model line was offered in 135.5, 159.5, and 183.5-inch wheelbases, distinct from pickups and C/K chassis cabs.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The standard engine for the C3500HD was the 5.7 L V8 with the 7.4 L V8 as an option; the 6.5 L turbodiesel was introduced as an option for 1992. The engines were paired to the 4L80E 4-speed OD automatic and the NV4500 5-speed manual transmissions. Both front and rear axles were leaf-sprung solid axles. In line with commercial trucks, the front axle was a solid I-beam drop axle; the rear drive axle was a Dana 80 full-floating axle (11-inch ring gear). While sharing the same ABS capability as the pickup trucks, the C3500HD was fitted with 4-wheel disc brakes.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Intended primarily for commercial and fleet use, the cab was fitted with marker lights and either "camper-style" or "west-coast" sideview mirrors. Initially offered in only a standard cab with Cheyenne trim, the C3500HD was expanded to a Silverado trim for 1994; a crew cab became an option for 1996. During its production, the C3500HD was not offered with an extended-cab body.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: While GM produced the K2500 and K3500 as chassis-cab trucks, no K3500HD was ever produced from the factory by General Motors; several equivalent vehicles were fabricated through aftermarket conversions (including a Dana 60 or Dana 70 front axle).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The final C/K vehicle produced, the C3500HD, was discontinued after the 2002 model year and was not directly replaced. Currently, the closest functional equivalent is the Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD (produced by Navistar).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For the 1992 model year, GM full-size SUVs underwent their first redesign since 1973, becoming part of the fourth-generation C/K model family. Nearly five years after pickup trucks made their debut, the Suburban (marketed by both Chevrolet and GMC) was released, again derived from the crew-cab pickup truck body (itself debuting for 1992). Alongside the Suburban, the Chevrolet K5 Blazer also adopted the fourth-generation C/K chassis, with GMC renaming the Jimmy as GMC Yukon (to eliminate nameplate confusion with the compact Jimmy). In a substantial change to its body configuration, the Blazer/Yukon abandoned its lift-off hardtop for a permanent roof (effectively becoming a three-door version of the Suburban).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The Suburban was offered in both 1500 and 2500 payload series (the Blazer/Yukon, 1500-series, only); both vehicles were offered in both rear-wheel and four-wheel drive. For 1995, Chevrolet retired the K5 Blazer name (following suit with GMC) with the Chevrolet Tahoe. The same year, a five-door version of the Tahoe/Yukon was introduced (a short-wheelbase version of the Suburban with two rows of seats).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Following a decline in demand for large three-door SUVs (which led to the withdrawal of the Ford Bronco and Dodge Ramcharger), the three-door version of the Tahoe/Yukon was discontinued without a replacement. To produce a full-size luxury SUV slotted above the Oldsmobile Bravada in both size and content, GM introduced the GMC Yukon Denali and the Cadillac Escalade. Derived from the five-door Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon, the Yukon Denali and Escalade shared a nearly identical exterior (differing primarily in grilles and divisional badging).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1990, Chevrolet introduced the W/T 1500 (Work Truck) as the lowest-price version of the 1500-series. Marketed towards vocational users, the W/T 1500 was a de-contented of the Cheyenne trim offered solely as a long-bed Fleetside truck. Distinguished by its black plastic grille, steel wheels, and monochromatic paint, the W/T was offered with the 4.3 L V6 and a manual transmission as standard equipment.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: One of the most spartan vehicles marketed by General Motors, the W/T 1500 lacked features such as air conditioning, an AM/FM radio, carpeting, or a full-length headliner; the former two were introduced (as options) through its production. To streamline manufacturing costs, the W/T retained the ABS and dual airbags phased in during production.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1989, the Z71 (Off-Road Chassis Package) option was introduced for both Chevrolet and GMC. Exclusive to K1500s, the option package included skid plates for the engine, front axle, and transfer case along with heavy-duty Bilstein shock absorbers. Distinguished by "Z71" bedside graphics and standard aluminum-alloy wheels


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Offered on the Cheyenne (except W/T 1500), Scottsdale, and Silverado trims, the Z71 could also be combined with the Sport Equipment Package. Following the withdrawal of the C/K 1500 for 2000, the Z71 option package ended production on the GMT400 generation, but Chevrolet and GMC have continued the use of the Z71 RPO code for off-road chassis packages for each successive generation of full-size pickups (to current production).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1989, Chevrolet introduced a Sport Equipment Package as an appearance package for the C/K1500. Paired with the 6⁄-foot Fleetside truck bed and Silverado interior trim, the option package was offered in monochrome black, red, or white paint; the exterior was given a black grille and side mirrors, body-color bumpers, and "Sport" bedside and tailgate decals.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: On two-wheel drive examples, the front bumper included a black air dam (with fog lamps); the 15-inch styled steel wheels were chrome-plated. 4x4 versions of the Sport Equipment Package were able to be combined with the Z71 package, and were painted exclusively in white; the "Sport" graphics were replaced by "4x4"; in line with 2500/3500-series trucks, the fenders received black wheel flares.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: In contrast to the higher-performance 454SS, the Sport Equipment Package was offered with the 4.3 L V6 and 5.0 L V8 engines; a 5.7 L V8 replaced the 5.0 L for 1994. Two-wheel drive versions were offered with an upgraded ZQ8 heavy-duty suspension option, including heavy-duty shocks and high-ratio steering.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: From 1989 to 1992, the package was paired solely with the Fleetside bed; for 1993, Chevrolet shifted the option to the Sportside stepside bed. In another change, the chromed steel wheels (shared with the 454SS) were replaced by cast-aluminum wheels for both two and four-wheel drive example. The grille of the Sport package was revised, adopting a body-color version of the W/T 1500 grille. Previously exclusive to Chevrolet, the option package became available for GMC Sierra 1500s. For 1994, Teal Green replaced Summit White as a third exterior color (the latter returned for 1996).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1990, Chevrolet debuted the 454SS as a high-performance variant of the C1500. The newest American high-performance pickup truck since the 1989 Shelby Dakota, the 454SS was a ⁄-ton C1500 powered by a 7.4 L V8.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Deriving much of its design from the Sport Equipment Package, the 454SS was distinguished by a nearly monochromatic black exterior, gloss-black grille (with red-trim badging), and body-color bumpers and mirrors (borrowing the latter from the Cheyenne). Externally identified by "454SS" bed-side decals, the vehicle received Silverado interior trim, with model-specific bucket seats and interior colors.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: To improve the road manners of the vehicle, the 454SS received an upgraded suspension, including Bilstein gas-filled shock absorbers, a front stabilizer bar, and 12.7:1 fast-ratio steering gear assembly


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Borrowed directly from the R/V and C/K 3500-series trucks, the 7.4 L V8 was mated to a 3-speed THM400 for 1990. For 1991, the 454SS underwent a series of upgrades, centered around an increase of engine output to and the introduction of the 4-speed 4L80E overdrive transmission To improve its handling, the 454SS received an upgraded suspension, including Bilstein gas-filled shock absorbers, a front stabilizer bar, and 12.7:1 fast-ratio steering gear assembly; a locking differential was changed to a numerically-higher 4.10:1 axle ratio.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Initially offered solely in black paint and a red interior, Chevrolet introduced a choice of paint colors for the 454SS for 1992, adding red and white monochrome exteriors, along with blue, beige, and gray interiors.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Competing with the similar Ford SVT Lightning, the 454SS was produced through the 1993 model year. In total, 16,953 examples were produced (13,748 were sold for the 1990 model year).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: In 1992, GM began imports of GMC trucks into Australia through its Holden division, exclusively for conversion to ambulances. The trucks were GMC K2500s, powered by 6.5L turbodiesel V8 engines. In contrast to the subsequent Holden Suburban, the vehicles were not sold to the general public and retained GMC divisional badging.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The ambulance conversion was done by Jakab Industries of Tamworth, New South Wales, who fitted a fiberglass hatchback body to the GMC chassis cab; the firm also converted the vehicles to right-hand drive. The vehicles were developed as a successor for ambulances based on Ford F-series chassis (Ford of Australia ended importation of the F-Series for 1992).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: While imported in highly limited numbers due to their specific use, Australian importation of the C/K chassis lasted through 1999 production.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: In New Zealand, the national Ambulance Advisory Transport Board selected on the fourth-generation C/K in 1988 to replace vehicles based on Bedford and International Harvester chassis. Beginning in 1989, the C2500 chassis cab was imported by General Motors New Zealand and locally converted to right-hand drive. While exported from the United States with Chevrolet badging, GM New Zealand branded the vehicles with the Sierra nameplate (used by GMC in North America); conversely, GM Australia imported GMC-branded trucks.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: Through the 1990s, "Chevrolet Sierras" served in the fleet of the St John Ambulance Service; as the C/K was replaced by the Chevrolet Silverado for 1999, subsequent imports to New Zealand were badged in line with its North American counterpart, serving as ambulances into the 2000s.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: For 1997, General Motors do Brazil replaced the 10/20 series (a locally engineered derivative of the Rounded-Line generation introduced in 1985) with the GMT400-based Silverado. The Silverado was offered with three engines: a Maxion 4.0 L inline-4 diesel, a 4.2 L MWM inline-6 turbodiesel, and a GM-sourced 4.1 L gasoline inline-6. All three engines were paired to a five-speed manual transmission. The final vehicle line to use the Chevrolet inline six, the Brazilian-produced Silverado was retired in 2001, with GM shifting production to the mid-size S10.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: In Brazil, the C3500HD was offered as a GMC and was exported to Argentina and Uruguay as a Chevrolet. Sharing diesel engines with the locally produced Silverado, the C3500HD was badged differently than its US-produced namesake. Adopting the 6-100 and 6-150 nameplates, the series was named after its approximate GVWR in metric tonnes (approximately over 6 tonnes) and a rounded number for the PS horsepower rating for each engines (approximately 100 PS for the Maxion diesel and 150 PS for the MWM turbodiesel).


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: In Brazil, GM renamed a version of the short-bed C2500 pickup truck as the GMC 3500HD for 2000 and 2001. The model saw its GVWR increased to for the vehicle to be classified as a truck, allowing for lower taxes and licensing fees. The GMC C3500HD pickup was produced only with the MWM diesel engine.


title: Chevrolet C/K (fourth generation)

text: The Chevrolet C/K was used in the NASCAR Truck Series, starting in the inaugural 1995 season, after 7 previous exhibition races were demonstrated in 1994 and 1995. It was used up until the 1999 season, when it was replaced by its successor, the Chevrolet Silverado.


title: Sailfish

text: The sailfish is one or two species of marine fish in the genus Istiophorus, which belong to the family Istiophoridae (marlins). They are predominantly blue to gray in colour and have a characteristically large dorsal fin known as the sail, which often stretches the entire length of the back. Another notable characteristic is the elongated rostrum (bill) consistent with that of other marlins and the swordfish, which together constitute what are known as billfish in sport fishing circles. Sailfish live in colder pelagic waters of all Earth's oceans, and hold the record for the highest speed of any marine animal.


title: Sailfish

text: Two sailfish species have been recognized. No differences have been found in mtDNA, morphometrics or meristics between the two supposed species and most authorities now only recognize a single species, "Istiophorus platypterus", found in warmer oceans around the world. FishBase continues to recognize two species:


title: Sailfish

text: Considered by many scientists the fastest fish in the ocean, sailfish grow quickly, reaching in length in a single year, and feed on the surface or at middle depths on smaller pelagic forage fish and squid. Sailfish were previously estimated to reach maximum swimming speeds of , but research published in 2015 and 2016 indicate sailfish do not exceed speeds between . During predator–prey interactions, sailfish reached burst speeds of and did not surpass .


title: Sailfish

text: Some sources indicate that sailfish are capable of changing colours as a method of confusing prey, displaying emotion, and/or communicating with other sailfish.


title: Sailfish

text: Sailfish have been documented attacking humans in self-defense; a sailfish stabbed a woman in the groin when her party tried to catch it.


title: Sailfish

text: Sailfish have been reported to use their bills for hitting schooling fish by tapping (short-range movement) or slashing (horizontal large-range movement) at them.


title: Sailfish

text: The sail is normally kept folded down when swimming and only raised when the sailfish attack their prey. The raised sail has been shown to reduce sideways oscillations of the head, which is likely to make the bill less detectable by prey fish. This strategy allows sailfish to put their bills close to fish schools or even into them without being noticed by the prey before hitting them.


title: Sailfish

text: Sailfish usually attack one at a time, and the small teeth on their bills inflict injuries on their prey fish in terms of scale and tissue removal. Typically, about two prey fish are injured during a sailfish attack, but only 24% of attacks result in capture. As a result, injured fish increase in number over time in a fish school under attack. Given that injured fish are easier to catch, sailfish benefit from the attacks of their conspecifics but only up to a particular group size. A mathematical model showed that sailfish in groups of up to 70 individuals should gain benefits in this way. The underlying mechanism was termed protoco-operation because it does not require any spatial co-ordination of attacks and could be a precursor to more complex forms of group hunting.


title: Sailfish

text: The bill movement of sailfish during attacks on fish is usually either to the left or to the right side. Identification of individual sailfish based on the shape of their dorsal fins identified individual preferences for hitting to the right or left side. The strength of this side preference was positively correlated with capture success. These side-preferences are believed to be a form of behavioural specialization that improves performance. However, a possibility exists that sailfish with strong side preferences could become predictable to their prey because fish could learn after repeated interactions in which direction the predator will hit. Given that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent in sailfish populations, living in groups possibly offers a way out of this predictability. The larger the sailfish group, the greater the possibility that individuals with right- and left-sided preferences are about equally frequent. Therefore, prey fish should find it hard to predict in which direction the next attack will take place. Taken together, these results suggest a potential novel benefit of group hunting which allows individual predators to specialize in their hunting strategy without becoming predictable to their prey.


title: Sailfish

text: The injuries that sailfish inflict on their prey appear to reduce their swimming speeds, with injured fish being more frequently found in the back (compared with the front) of the school than uninjured ones. When a sardine school is approached by a sailfish, the sardines usually turn away and flee in the opposite direction. As a result, the sailfish usually attacks sardine schools from behind, putting at risk those fish that are the rear of the school because of their reduced swimming speeds.


title: Sailfish

text: The sailfish is an epipelagic and oceanic species and shows a strong tendency to approach continental coasts, islands and reefs tropical and temperate waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans.


title: Sailfish

text: Sailfish in some areas are reliant on coral reefs as areas for feeding and breeding. As witnessed in the Persian Gulf, the disappearance of coral reefs in a sailfish's habitat may be followed by the disappearance of the species from that area.


title: Sailfish

text: When freshly hatched, sailfish are hunted by other fishes that mainly survive on eating plankton. The size of their predators increases as they grow, and adult sailfish are not eaten by anything other than larger predatory fish like open ocean shark species, orcas and dolphinfish.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Nicholas David Nurse (born July 24, 1967) is an American professional basketball coach, author and former college basketball player. He is the head coach of the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Canadian men's national team.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Born in Carroll, Iowa, Nurse played at the University of Northern Iowa from 1985 to 1989, appearing in 111 games. He is the school's all-time 3-point percentage leader at .468 (170 of 363). During their successful 1989–90 season, Nurse was the sole student assistant coach for Northern Iowa in his final year with the team. Nurse graduated from Northern Iowa in May 1990 with a B.A. in accounting.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Nurse became a player-coach for the Derby Rams in the British Basketball League during the 1990–91 season; following the 1990–91 season, Nurse never played professionally again, opting to pursue a full-time coaching career.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Nurse got his first full-time head coaching job at Grand View University when he was only 23 years old; at the time, he was the youngest college basketball head coach in the country. He coached at Grand View for two seasons before taking on an assistant coaching role at the University of South Dakota for two seasons.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Nurse later spent 11 seasons coaching in Europe, mostly in the British Basketball League (BBL). During that time, he won two BBL championships as a head coach, one with the Birmingham Bullets in 1996 and one with the Manchester Giants in 2000, while also helping London Towers in the Euroleague. Nurse also won the BBL Coach of the Year Award in the 1999–2000 and 2003–04 seasons. He also coached for the Telindus Oostende of the Ethias League in 1998, as well as became an assistant coach for the Oklahoma Storm of the United States Basketball League in both 2001 and 2005.


title: Nick Nurse

text: In 2007, Nurse accepted the head coaching job for the Iowa Energy, who were preparing for their first season in the NBA D-League (now called the NBA G League). The Energy won division titles under Nurse in the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons.


title: Nick Nurse

text: After three seasons with the Energy, Nurse agreed to join the coaching staff of the Iowa State Cyclones as an associate head coach in April 2010. Four days after Nurse's hiring was announced on April 22, Greg McDermott left to become the head coach at Creighton. Nurse was not offered a spot on the new staff, but received $175,000 in a settlement for his four days as an assistant.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Nurse immediately returned to his former position as head coach with the Energy. In the 2010–11 NBA D-League season, Nurse received the Dennis Johnson Coach of the Year Award after helping Iowa achieve the best record in the league (37–13). Nurse and the Energy then went on to win the 2011 D-League championship. Before the 2011–12 season, Nurse left the Energy for the D-League's Rio Grande Valley Vipers. In the 2012–13 season, the Vipers finished with a record of 35–15 and won the D-League finals in a two-game sweep of the Santa Cruz Warriors.


title: Nick Nurse

text: During his six seasons coaching in the D-League, Nurse had 23 players on his rosters called up to the NBA.


title: Nick Nurse

text: In July 2013, Nurse departed the Vipers for an assistant job on the coaching staff of the Toronto Raptors under Dwane Casey. He was in charge of the offense during his time under Casey, and in the 2017–18 season he was credited for changes to the Raptors offensive game plan which included increases in passing and 3-point attempts. The improved offense helped the Raptors win a franchise-record 59 games, but the team was swept in the second round of the 2018 NBA playoffs by the Cleveland Cavaliers, and Casey was fired shortly thereafter.


title: Nick Nurse

text: On June 14, 2018, the Raptors promoted Nurse to the position of head coach to succeed Casey. In his first season, he guided the Raptors to a 58–24 record, led by offseason acquisition (and eventual Finals MVP) Kawhi Leonard and emerging star Pascal Siakam, who would go on to win the NBA's Most Improved Player award. On May 25, 2019, Nurse coached the Raptors to the 2019 NBA Finals, the first for the franchise, after taking the Eastern Conference Championship by defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in six games. On June 13, Nurse became the first head coach to win both the NBA and NBA G League (formerly D-League) titles, when the Raptors defeated the Golden State Warriors in Game 6 of the NBA Finals, winning the Raptors their first championship in franchise history.


title: Nick Nurse

text: In Nurse's second season, the Raptors finished with a 53–19 record, despite losing Leonard to free agency, in a season shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic. He was widely praised for his creativity and innovation in ensuring that the Raptors were able to maintain a high level of play despite losing Leonard. That season, Nurse qualified to be a head coach in the 2020 NBA All-Star Game as the Eastern Conference representative. On August 22, 2020, Nurse was named NBA Coach of the Year. However, the Raptors were unable to repeat their playoff success of the previous season, and were eliminated in the Conference Semifinals, losing in 7 games at the hands of the Boston Celtics.


title: Nick Nurse

text: On September 15, 2020, the Raptors announced that Nurse had signed a multi-year contract extension. After an unsuccessful 2020-21 season in which the Raptors played in Tampa Bay due to COVID-19, Nurse guided the team to 48 wins and a return to the playoffs in 2022.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Nurse was an assistant coach under Chris Finch, for the Great Britain national team from 2009 to 2012, including the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.


title: Nick Nurse

text: On June 24, 2019, Nurse was named the head coach of the Canadian men's national team for the 2019 FIBA World Cup and beyond.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Nurse and his wife, Roberta, have two sons, Leo and Rocky Levi. He also has a nephew named David, who previously worked with the Brooklyn Nets before becoming a personal trainer for professional players.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Nurse is a lifelong Chicago Cubs fan and was a guest conductor of the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field in 2019, singing "Take Me Out to the Ball Game."


title: Nick Nurse

text: On June 20, 2019, Nurse joined Hamilton-based rock band Arkells at their sold-out Toronto concert to perform a cover of Stevie Wonder's hit song "Signed, Sealed, Delivered (I'm Yours)" on guitar.


title: Nick Nurse

text: In May 2022, after completing his dissertation and comprehensive exam, Nurse graduated from Concordia University Chicago with a Ph.D. in Sports Leadership.


title: Nick Nurse

text: Nurse is a big fan of the late Prince, and was the master of ceremonies at a performance by the New Power Generation in Toronto on July 26, 2022.


title: Nick Nurse

text: "Rapture: Fifteen Teams, Four Countries, One NBA Championship, and How to Find a Way to Win — Damn Near Anywhere" Little, Brown and Company (2020) "ISBN 978-0316540179"


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: No.6 Collaborations Project is the fourth studio album by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released through Asylum Records and Atlantic Records on 12 July 2019. The album features guest appearances from Khalid, Camila Cabello, Cardi B, Chance the Rapper, PnB Rock, Stormzy, Yebba, Justin Bieber, Travis Scott, Eminem, 50 Cent, Young Thug, J Hus, Ella Mai, Paulo Londra, Dave, H.E.R., Meek Mill, A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Skrillex, Chris Stapleton, and Bruno Mars. It continues Sheeran's 2011 extended play, "No. 5 Collaborations Project".


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: Eight singles were released from "No.6 Collaborations Project." Its lead single, "I Don't Care" reached atop the UK Singles Chart and reached number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Further released singles were "Cross Me", "Beautiful People", "Blow", "Best Part of Me", "Antisocial", "South of the Border", and "Take Me Back to London". Met with mixed reviews by critics, the album debuted atop the UK Albums Chart and US "Billboard" 200, and was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: Sheeran announced the album on 23 May 2019. In a post on Instagram, he said: "Before I was signed in 2011, I made an EP called No.5 Collaborations Project. Since then, I've always wanted to do another, so I started No.6 on my laptop when I was on tour last year. I'm a huge fan of all the artists I've collaborated with and it's been a lot of fun to make."


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: Sheeran released the album's track list on 23 May 2019, but the names of all the featured artists on the unreleased tracks were redacted. The track list includes 15 tracks, a departure from his previous three studio albums, which each consisted of 12 tracks. The track list including all guest appearances was revealed on 18 June 2019.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: "No.6 Collaborations Project" was released on 12 July 2019. The album was made available for pre-order on 23 May 2019.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: The lead single of the album, "I Don't Care", a collaboration with Canadian singer Justin Bieber, was released on 10 May 2019. The song debuted and peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: The second single, "Cross Me", which features American rappers Chance the Rapper and PnB Rock, was released on 24 May 2019. as the album's second single. The song reached number four in the UK and number 25 on the Hot 100.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: The third single, "Beautiful People", which features American singer-songwriter Khalid, was released on 28 June 2019. The song reached number one in the UK and number 13 on the Hot 100.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: The dual fourth singles, "Blow", a collaboration with American singer-songwriters Chris Stapleton and Bruno Mars, and "Best Part of Me", which features American singer Yebba, were both released on 5 July 2019. The songs debuted and peaked at numbers 60 and 99 on the Hot 100, respectively.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: The dual fifth singles, "Antisocial", a collaboration with American rapper and singer Travis Scott, and "South of the Border", which features Cuban-American singer Camila Cabello and American rapper Cardi B, were both released alongside the album on 12 July 2019. The latter song reached number four in the UK and both songs reached at numbers 37 and 49 on the Hot 100, respectively.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: The sixth single, "Take Me Back to London", which features British rapper Stormzy, was sent to UK radio airplay on 9 August 2019. The song reached number one in the UK.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: The seventh single, "Nothing on You", which features Argentine rapper Paulo Londra and British rapper Dave, was released on 8 August 2019.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: The eighth and final single, "Put It All on Me", which features fellow English singer-songwriter Ella Mai, was released on 22 December 2019.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: "No. 6 Collaborations Project" received mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews and ratings from selected mainstream critics, the album received an average of 57, based on 14 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: In a positive review, Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" wrote that "unsurprisingly, the end result sounds not unlike a Top 20 rundown or Spotify's Hot Hits UK playlist" and that "Sheeran succeeds in pulling off his patent trick of simultaneously stunning you with the pitiless commercial efficiency of his writing while retaining a certain ordinary-bloke humanity," naming the album "smarm, charm and a watertight winning formula." Similarly, Neil McCormick of "The Daily Telegraph" says, "Sheeran has delivered a solid commercial showcase of the power of contemporary pop music brands. It is a case of Superstars Assemble. A fan base shared is a fan base multiplied." Nick Levine of "NME" concluded that "it's less an album, more a collection of savvy and generally savvy collaborations which blurs traditional genre boundaries unselfconsciously and acknowledges that Latin-pop is the sound of the near-future. Most of the time, it's a credit to Sheeran's songwriting skills and well-honed persona."


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: In a more mixed review, Helen Brown, writing for "The Independent" concluded that "though his fare is bland, it is sincere and hygienically prepared." Writing for "Pitchfork", Rawiya Kameir opined that "few releases have been as baldly transparent and destined for ubiquity as "No. 6", which has all the conspicuous mining of a Drake album, but very little of the finesse or cultural fluency" while criticizing Sheeran's rapping ability. Stephen Thomas Erlewin of AllMusic called pointed out Sheeran's "blandiness" but complimented him for knowing "that this is the sound that defines global pop in 2019" and the fact that the album was full of multiple genres. Seth Wilson of "Slant Magazine" felt that Sheeran spends "the entirety of the album strenuously avoiding his strengths" and that "when Sheeran trots out his bad-boy routine, his music feels ersatz." Writing for "Rolling Stone", Danny Schwartz opined that "Sheeran's unobtrusively sweet voice easily slips between genres, but he struggles to connect with many of his A-list guest artists, deepening the album’s isolated mood." Malvika Padin of "Clash" called the record "worth a listen to catch those glimpses of experimentation" but felt that some songs "feel out of place and fail to impress despite the involvement of such acclaimed artists."


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: Lucy Shanker of "Consequence of Sound" wrote that "Sheeran has got the pop-song formula down pat" and that "he’s versatile, or at least trying to be" but that "it doesn't pay off, though, because this effort results in a sense of emptiness, an abyss of authenticity or real feeling." Writing for "The New York Times", Jon Caramanica opined that "even though this record presents countless opportunities for Sheeran to fumble, there is something to be said for his choice to release it at all" but that at times "he stretches too thin." Michael Cragg of "The Observer" called the record "a hotchpotch of genres and guests a laser-guided exercise in streaming monopoly, a credibility-by-osmosis playlist primed for summer dominance." Writing for "Variety", Chris Willman wrote that "with such an impressive friends list, you hope for at least the illusion of chemistry somewhere along the way, but it’s the ultimate Dropbox duets album" and that fans "need another set of songs as good and deeply felt as the ones that preceded this" although he did acknowledge that the album does have "less bogged down moments." In a negative review, Bernadette Giacomazzo of "HipHopDX" scored the album 2.5 of out five, opining that it "leaves horrible taste in one’s mouth" and that it "would go over better if Sheeran positioned this as a "pop" album rather than as a wannabe Hip Hop album," ending his review by writing "this is an experiment that could have worked — but, ultimately, didn’t."


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: "No. 6 Collaborations Project" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 173,000 album-equivalent units (AEUs), including 70,000 pure album sales. It is Sheeran's third US number-one album. In its second week, the album stayed at number one on the chart, earning 78,000 album-equivalent units of which 16,000 copies in pure albums sales. On 23 September 2019, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: In the UK, the album debuted at number one on the "Official Albums Chart" with 125,000 AEUs - making it the fastest selling album of 2019 (as of 23 July 2019). In its first week, "No. 6 Collaborations Project" had 57,000 physical sales, 18,000 downloads and 70.2 million track streams in the UK. This is Sheeran's fourth UK number-one album.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: The album debuted at number one in other 14 countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Taiwan, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands and Finland. It also debuted at number two in Italy, France and Germany.


title: No.6 Collaborations Project

text: By the end of 2019, the album had sold 1.1 million pure copies worldwide, ranking as the seventh best selling album of that year. In China the album sold with 151,502 units on Chinese music platforms, including NetEase Cloud Music, Inc.


title: Downey, California

text: Downey is a city located in Southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States, southeast of downtown Los Angeles. It is considered part of the Gateway Cities. The city is the birthplace of the Apollo space program. It is also the home of the oldest operating McDonald's restaurant in the world. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 114,355.


title: Downey, California

text: Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was initially founded on September 8, 1771, near settlements of the Tongva people. It was located in the Whittier Narrows on a bluff overlooking the Rio Hondo, near the intersection of today's San Gabriel Blvd and Lincoln Avenue. After five years, flooding forced the relocation of the mission to its present site in San Gabriel.


title: Downey, California

text: In 1784, Governor Pedro Fages granted to former soldier Manuel Nieto (1734–1804) the largest of the land concessions made in what was then Alta California, a province of New Spain. Its stretched from the Santa Ana River on the east to the Old San Gabriel River (now the Rio Hondo and Los Angeles River) on the west, and from the mission highway (approximately Whittier Boulevard) on the north to the ocean on the south. Its acreage was slightly reduced later at the insistence of Mission San Gabriel on whose lands it infringed. The Spanish concessions, of which 25 were made in California, were unlike the later Mexican land grants in that title was not transferred but were similar to grazing permits with the title remaining with the Spanish crown.


title: Downey, California

text: The Rancho Los Nietos passed to Manuel Nieto's four children upon his death and remained intact until 1833 when his heirs petitioned Mexican Governor José Figueroa to partition the property. The northwestern portion of the original rancho, comprising the Downey-Norwalk area, was granted as Rancho Santa Gertrudes to Josefa Cota, the widow of Manuel's son, Antonio Nieto. At approximately , Santa Gertrudes was itself a sizable rancho and contained the old Nietos homestead, which was a center of social life east of the pueblo of Los Angeles. After the Mexican–American War concluded in 1848, many of the Californio ranchos were obtained by affluent Anglo-Americans who were immigrating west under the United States manifest destiny doctrine, and marrying into established Californio Spanish families. This migration was distinct from that prompted by the California Gold Rush farther north.


title: Downey, California

text: Dairy was a major industry in Downey. The Central Milk Agency marketed the milk for "seven hundred dairymen whose dairy herds range from thirty to two thousand head" with the value of the products marketed in excess of $1,000,000 per month.


title: Downey, California

text: Some of Downey's settlers came from Ireland. Downey was founded by and named for the former and youngest ever governor of California, John Gately Downey, who was born in Ireland. Although he was an Irish Democrat, he supported the Republican Lincoln in his efforts to keep the Union intact during the American Civil War. He pioneered the modern subdivision with land he acquired between the Rio Hondo and the San Gabriel River, in about 1865. Downey was convinced that oranges would flourish in Southern California, so he imported several varieties, and therefore set in motion what became one of the state's biggest cash crops. In conjunction with the construction of the Tehachapi Loop, the Southern Pacific Railroad arrived in 1873.