title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: Set in the Eastern United States, the film was shot mostly in New Zealand. Principal photography began on January 27, 2014, in Canterbury, around the city of Christchurch. Director Craig Zobel and cinematographer Tim Orr drew on Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky's films, like "Solaris" (1972), "The Mirror" (1975), and "Stalker" (1979) for inspiration, incorporating landscapes into the story and for the use of desaturated color. The film was shot digitally on an Arri Alexa camera and Panavision anamorphic lenses. Additional scenes at the opening of the film were shot in Welch, West Virginia in March 2014.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2015. Prior to the premiere of the film, Roadside Attractions acquired distribution rights to the film.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: The film was released both theatrically and on demand in the United States on August 28, 2015, by Roadside Attractions.


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 79% based on reviews from 89 critics, with an average rating of 6.88/10. The site's consensus states: ""Z for Zachariah" wrings compelling drama out of its simplistic premise -- albeit at a pace that may test the patience of less contemplative viewers."


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: On Metacritic it has a score of 68 out of 100, based on 28 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Z for Zachariah (film)

text: Max Nicholson of IGN awarded 7.7 out of 10, saying "While the film isn't without a few tonal flaws, the performances -- particularly Robbie's -- keep the story grounded in a sublime, post-apocalyptic reality." Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com awarded it two and a half out of 4, saying "There are many sharply written, directed and performed moments of illumination and anxiety."


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan ( ; ) is a city in and the borough seat of the Ketchikan Gateway Borough of Alaska. It is the state's southeasternmost major settlement. Downtown Ketchikan is a National Historic District.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: With a population at the 2020 census of 8,192, up from 8,050 in 2010, it is the sixth-most populous city in the state, and thirteenth-most populous community when census-designated places are included. The surrounding borough, encompassing suburbs both north and south of the city along the Tongass Highway (most of which are commonly regarded as a part of Ketchikan, albeit not a part of the city itself), plus small rural settlements accessible mostly by water, registered a population of 13,948 in that same census.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Incorporated on August 25, 1900, Ketchikan is the earliest extant incorporated city in Alaska, because consolidation or unification elsewhere in Alaska resulted in the dissolution of those communities' city governments. Ketchikan is located on Revillagigedo Island, so named in 1793 by Captain George Vancouver.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan is named after Ketchikan Creek, which flows through the town, emptying into the Tongass Narrows a short distance southeast of its downtown. "Ketchikan" comes from the Tlingit name for the creek, , the meaning of which is unclear. It may mean "the river belonging to Kitschk"; other accounts claim it means "Thundering Wings of an Eagle". In modern Tlingit, this name is .


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan Creek served as a summer fish camp for Tlingit natives for untold years before the town was established by Mike Martin in 1885. He was sent to the area by an Oregon canning company to assess prospects. He established the saltery Clark & Martin and a general store with Nova Scotia native George Clark, who had been foreman at a cannery that burned down.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan became known as "Alaska's first city" due to its strategic position at the southern tip of the Inside Passage, connecting the Gulf of Alaska to Puget Sound.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: In 1905 a mission house was built, which in 1909 became the Yates Memorial Hospital. In 2020, the National Trust for Historic Preservation named the former hospital as one of America's most endangered historic places.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan has the world's largest collection of standing totem poles, found throughout the city and at four major locations: Saxman Totem Park, Totem Bight State Park, Potlatch Park, and the Totem Heritage Center. Most of the totems at Saxman Totem Park and Totem Bight State Park are recarvings of older poles, a practice that began during the Roosevelt Administration through the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Totem Heritage Center displays preserved 19th-century poles rescued from abandoned village sites near Ketchikan. The Chief Kyan pole in Whale Park in the city center is one of the featured background images in most US passports.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan's GPS geographic coordinates are latitude 55.342 (slightly south of both Copenhagen, Denmark at 55.676 and Glasgow, Scotland at 55.864) and longitude -131.648. The city is located in southernmost Southeast Alaska on Revillagigedo Island, northwest of Seattle, Washington, southeast of Juneau, Alaska, and northwest of Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada. It is surrounded by the Tongass National Forest, which is managed by the United States Forest Service from its headquarters in the Ketchikan Federal Building downtown, and to the south by the Tongass Narrows, a narrow east-west saltwater channel, which is part of the Inside Passage.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Due to its steep and forested terrain, Ketchikan is long and narrow with much of the built-up area being located along, or no more than a few city blocks from, the waterfront. Elevations of inhabited areas range from just above sea level to about . Deer Mountain, a peak, rises immediately east of the city's downtown area.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (29.14%) is water.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The half-mile (800 m) wide channel called the Tongass Narrows separates Ketchikan from Gravina Island, where Ketchikan International Airport is located.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan has a mild maritime or oceanic climate, characterized by heavy cloud cover and high humidity through much of the year and abundant rainfall throughout the year (even in the driest month), earning it the nickname of the "Rain Capital of Alaska". Ketchikan’s climate is classified as Köppen "Cfb" (“Marine West Coast”). Winters are chilly but milder than its latitude alone may suggest: January has a 24-hour average of with an average daytime high of and an overnight low of . Summers are mild, as August's temperature averages with an average daytime high of and an overnight low of . Rainfall averages per year, falling more heavily in autumn and winter. On average, the growing season (non-freezing temperatures) lasts about 6.3 months or 191 days, extending from about April 19 to about October 27.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan rivals Whittier and Yakutat as the wettest city in Alaska and the United States. However, with an annual precipitation of , the city of Whittier receives significantly more annual precipitation than both Yakutat and Ketchikan, which makes it the wettest city in Alaska and the United States, and Yakutat and Ketchikan the second- and third-wettest, respectively.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Further east and away from moderating maritime influence, winters on these parallels in inland North America are much colder.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The record high temperature in Ketchikan was on June 25, 1913. The record low temperature was on January 23, 1916. On January 14, 2018 Ketchikan recorded a high temperature of which is the highest recorded temperature in Alaska in the month of January. The wettest year was 1949 with and the driest year was 1995 with . The most rainfall in one month was during October 1974 and the most rainfall in 24 hours was on October 11, 1977. The most snowfall in one month was in January 1971.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Kichikan." Of its 40 residents, 26 were Native, nine were White and five were Creole (Mixed Russian & Native). It returned as Ketchikan beginning in 1900 and in every successive census. It incorporated as a city also in 1900.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: , there were 8,050 people, 3,259 households, and 1,885 families residing in the city. As of 2017, The population density was 1,829.5 per square mile (714.1/km). There were 3,731 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 60.7% White, 16.7% Native American (8.3% Tlingit-Haida, 1.9% Tsimshian), 10.8% Asian (9.4% Filipino), 10.0% from two or more races, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 0.7% some other race. 4.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino (2.6% Mexican) of any race.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: There were 3,259 households. 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.6% were headed by married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.2% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41, and the average family size was 3.07.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The population was spread by age ranges, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: In 2017, the ACS-estimated median and average annual incomes for a household in the city were $56,372 and $70,490, respectively. The median and average incomes for a family were $68,438 and $84,518, respectively. The per capita income for the city was $30,474. About 12.4% of the population, including 19.8% of those under 18-years old, were below the poverty line. 90.0% spoke English, 5.98% Tagalog, 1.81% Spanish, and 0.7% Tsimshian as their first language.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan is home to four radio stations: KTKN-AM 930, KGTW-FM 106.7, KFMJ-FM 99.9, and community-owned NPR-affiliated KRBD-FM 105.3.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan has one over-the-air broadcast television station, KUBD (TV), Channel 13 digital and 4 visual, a CBS network affiliate.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The region has local cable television programming provided by Ketchikan Public Utilities, including public meetings, Southeast Alaska programming, Ketchikan High School sports and events, local history, gardening and scenes, and a calendar of upcoming local events; local television signals carried on the cable system are also translations of Seattle and Anchorage stations.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The City of Ketchikan operates under a council-manager form of government. In 2018, Robert Sivertsen replaced Lew Williams III, who had served as mayor or councilmember for 28 years, as mayor of the City of Ketchikan. The current city mayor is Dave Kiffer who was elected in 2021. The Ketchikan Gateway Borough includes both the City of Ketchikan and the City of Saxman and encompasses more than from the Canada–US border to just south of Wrangell. Rodney Dial is the current Mayor of the Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska. The Alaska Marine Highway System has its headquarters in Ketchikan.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan has long loomed heavy in Alaska's political landscape, though the increasing population in Southcentral Alaska has led to a diminishment of its influence since the 1980s. Following a round of redistricting, the convening of the 28th Alaska State Legislature in January 2013 marked the first time in the state's history that no residents of Ketchikan or the surrounding area serve as members of the Alaska Legislature. Ketchikan is represented in the Alaska Senate by Bert Stedman, who lives in Sitka, and in the Alaska House of Representatives by independent Dan Ortiz, a former schoolteacher who taught at Ketchikan High School.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Over the decades, Ketchikan has produced a number of political figures of note to Alaska in general. In territorial days, Norman Ray "Doc" Walker, a Canadian-born pharmacist practicing in Ketchikan, was arguably the first career member of the Alaska Legislature. Walker served in the territorial Senate for 16 years before losing reelection in 1948 following a feud with territorial governor Ernest Gruening. During the first governorship of Walter Hickel in the 1960s, two members of his cabinet (Frank Murkowski and Robert W. Ward) held strong ties to Ketchikan. Following Hickel's resignation, Ward ascended to the office of secretary of state when Keith H. Miller became governor. Ketchikan native Walter L. Kubley, deputy commissioner of commerce under Hickel, became commissioner of the department under Miller. Another Ketchikan native, Terry Gardiner, was notable as the youngest person elected to the Alaska House of Representatives (at age 22), as well as the youngest person elected Speaker of the House (at age 28).


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The United States Coast Guard maintains a large shore installation, Coast Guard Base Ketchikan, south of the downtown area, which serves as a homeport to three cutters and as a regional maintenance base for Alaska.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: According to the U.S. Postal Service, one of Ketchikan's two zip codes, 99950, is the highest-numbered in the United States.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: A major and first port of entry into Alaska, Ketchikan's economy has been based on fishing industries, canneries in particular, tourism, government, and forestry. Average annual civilian employment in 2017 was 4,070, with a substantial seasonal work force peaking in July.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The area near the mouth of Ketchikan Creek earned Ketchikan a measure of infamy during the first half of the 20th century for a red-light district known as Creek Street, with brothels aligned on either side of the creek.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan's economy is currently based upon government services, tourism and commercial fishing. Civic boosters have dubbed the community the "Salmon Capital of the World."


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan also receives a large number of tourists, both by air and sea, due to its popularity as a cruise ship stop. In 2018, Ketchikan Harbour saw 40 different cruise ships making more than 500 stops in the harbour and bringing more than 1,073,000 visitors to Ketchikan.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The Misty Fiords National Monument is one of the area's major attractions, and the Tongass National Forest has long been headquartered in Ketchikan, mostly in the city's historic Federal Building. For most of the latter half of the 20th century, a large portion of Ketchikan's economy and life centered on the Ketchikan Pulp Company pulp mill in nearby Ward Cove. The mill closed in 1997 in the wake of the passage of the Tongass Timber Reform Act of 1990, which reduced timber harvest targets in the national forest.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan Pulp Company (KPC), a subsidiary of Louisiana-Pacific Corp., was headquartered just outside Ketchikan's city limits on the shores of Ward Cove. The company's pulp mill opened in the cove in 1954. A 1995 joint EPA and FBI investigation of the company revealed it had dumped contaminated wastewater and sludge in the waters around Ward Cove, leaving them classified as "impaired" by the EPA. KPC plead guilty to the charges and agreed to pay a $3 million fine.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: In 1996, following the Clinton Administration's refusal to reinstate the original terms of KPC's timber contract, Louisiana-Pacific Corp. announced it would be shutting down the pulp mill, and did so in March 1997. A total of 514 direct year-round jobs and more than 500 indirect jobs were lost as a result.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The Ketchikan Shipyard consists of two dry-docks (10,000 ton and 2,500 ton) owned and operated by Alaska Ship & Drydock, a subsidiary of Vigor Industrial. It successfully launched the M/V "Susitna" in April 2010. A prototype ferry craft for use by Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the "Susitna" is the result of planning by Admiral Jay M. Cohen, former chief of the Office of Naval Research, and former Navy captain Lew Madden, then working as a project manager for Lockheed Martin.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Dubbed E-Craft (for Expeditionary use), the "Susitna" will serve as the engineering and feasibility platform for a Navy vessel of approximately double the size to assist troops in landing at undeveloped beaches around the world.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The contract for two new Alaska-class day ferries in the Alaska Marine Highway was awarded to the shipyard on September 20, 2014,at a cost of $101 million.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Companies involved in power and telecommunications include Ketchikan Public Utilities (KPU), which is city-owned, as well as GCI and Alaska Power and Telephone Company (AP&T).


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The Ketchikan International Airport serves as both a gateway for Alaska Airlines nonstop jet service to and from Seattle, Juneau, Sitka and Wrangell, with direct service to Anchorage, and as a bush carrier and charter aircraft hub for destinations such as Hyder, Metlakatla and Prince of Wales Island communities. Flying time to/from Seattle, Washington is approximately ninety minutes, making Ketchikan easily accessible to travelers from the continental U.S. Delta Air Lines began operating seasonal service to Seattle in May 2015.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan receives service from two separate ferry lines. Ketchikan is a major port along the Alaska Marine Highway System's Inside Passage route. Vessels depart northbound to Alaskan ports of call and southbound to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, a six-hour trip, — where a connection can be made to the BC Ferries system — and Bellingham, Washington, a thirty-six-hour voyage. Sailings depart several times each week. Ketchikan also sees regular day service from the Alaska Marine Highway vessel M/V "Lituya", a day boat that shuttles between its homeport in Metlakatla, AK and Ketchikan.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The Inter-Island Ferry Authority serves Ketchikan with daily service from its homeport in Hollis on Prince of Wales Island.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The former Ketchikan Community College became the Ketchikan campus of the University of Alaska Southeast during the late 1980s restructuring of the University of Alaska System. The campus is located on the uphill side of Ketchikan's West End neighborhood and consists of two buildings, the Paul Building and the Ziegler Building. Both are named for prominent Ketchikan residents of the early and mid 20th century, William Lewis Paul and Adolph Holton Ziegler, respectively.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: The city of Ketchikan and its surrounding areas are primarily served by the PeaceHealth Ketchikan Medical Center, which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Ketchikan's former sister city of Kanayama, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, was incorporated along with four other cities into the larger city of Gero on March 1, 2004. An educational exchange program has been active between the two towns since 1986. Every year, Ketchikan and Kanayama exchange one teacher each to instruct middle-school level language classes in their respective tongues. In addition, Kanayama sends a group of students to Ketchikan during the spring, and students from Ketchikan travel to Kanayama the following summer. Ketchikan students travel across Japan, with the majority of their time spent in Kanayama with home-stay families, attending classes and touring the town.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: Several movies have been shot in Ketchikan, including "The Silver Horde", "Spawn of the North", "Timber Tramps" and "Cry Vengeance", plus episodes of the television programs "The Love Boat" and "Baywatch". An episode of "Mythbusters" where the team sees if a ship made out of ice and sawdust can really float was filmed in Ketchikan in 2009. The National Geographic Channel series "Alaska Wing Men" in the episode "Fatal Crash" follows a National Transportation Safety Board investigator's site visit of a July 2010 bush pilot fatal crash near Ketchikan.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: In "The Young Pope" TV series, the character Pope Pius XIII as a punishment sends several cardinals who upset him to Ketchikan, which is depicted as a frozen wasteland.


title: Ketchikan, Alaska

text: In Arthur Miller's play "Death of a Salesman", Uncle Ben must leave Willy to go to Ketchikan, where he presumably made part of his fortune.


title: Maison Margiela

text: Maison Margiela, formerly "Maison Martin Margiela", is a French luxury fashion house founded by Belgian designer Martin Margiela and Jenny Meirens in 1988 and headquartered in Paris. The house produces both haute couture-inspired artisanal collections and ready-to-wear collections, with the former influencing the designs of the latter. Product lines include womenswear, menswear, fine jewelry, footwear, objects, fragrance, and home goods, among others. Known for deconstructive and avant-garde designs with unconventional materials, Maison Margiela has traditionally held live shows in unusual settings, for example empty metro stations and street corners. Models' faces are often obscured by fabric or long hair to direct attention to the clothes and design. Margiela resigned as creative designer in 2009 and John Galliano was appointed to the role in 2014.


title: Maison Margiela

text: Maison Margiela was founded by Martin Margiela, a Belgian fashion designer, in 1988. Earlier, Margiela had studied fashion at the Royal Academy of Antwerp, and although he actually graduated a year earlier, in 1979, he is often mistaken for a member of the university's Avant-garde fashion collective the Antwerp Six. Among other influences, during the 1980s Margiela and other Belgian designers such as the Antwerp Six were inspired by deconstructive fashions introduced by Japanese avantgardists such as Rei Kawakubo—creator of the label Comme des Garçons. Margiela began utilizing the deconstructive style in the 1980s while a freelance designer in Milan, Italy, and early on his work would often reveal the garments’ structure, for example intentionally exposed linings and seams. In 1984 he became Jean Paul Gaultier’s design assistant in Paris, a role he held until 1987.


title: Maison Margiela

text: In 1988, Martin launched his own self-titled design label Maison Martin Margiela with business partner and fellow designer Jenny Meirens. Initially working out of a Paris apartment, they opened their first store in an unmarked white space in Paris, also opening a small studio on 12 Leopoldstraat in Antwerp. "New York Magazine" wrote that "the designer quickly defined a deconstructed look [with his new label]… Vaguely Dadaist, as if Marcel Duchamp were reincarnated as a fashion designer, Margiela questioned every tenet of fashion and luxury." "Vogue" would later write that his early ideas "provoked shock and intrigue" in the fashion industry. On the label's garments, simple blank white labels with four white tacks were sewn to signify the brand. Distinct product ranges were given numbers as signifiers, in no particular chronological order.


title: Maison Margiela

text: With "New York Magazine" describing the label's early shows as "perhaps more like art happenings than the thematic and operatic productions ‘80s Paris fashion is known for," in 1988, Maison Martin Margiela presented its debut womenswear collection in Paris. for the spring of 1989. Refusing to take bows at his live shows, Margiela began avoiding pictures and began handling all media via fax, with interviews taken collectively by the entire design team and correspondence signed with "we." Many in the fashion media contended that the anonymity was a publicity stunt, although Maison Martin Margiela asserted that Margiela's anonymity was a reaction to an overly commercialized fashion industry and a genuine attempt to return the focus of fashion to the clothing, and not the personas behind it. The press dubbed Margiela the Greta Garbo of fashion as a result, a reference to Garbo's similar avoidance of the spotlight, and in 2008 the "New York Times" called Margiela "fashion's invisible man."


title: Maison Margiela

text: In 1994 the "New York Times" commented on the company's influence by writing that its "made-over flea-market clothes put an end to the conspicuous consumption [of the fashion industry] of the 1980s." That year Maison Martin Margiela debuted its first period pieces. In 1998, Maison Martin Margiela debuted a menswear collection, known as line 10. Maison Martin Margiela oversaw creative direction of womenswear for the French design house Hermès from 1997 until 2003, with the design team working under Hermès chairman Jean-Louis Dumas. After going public in 2002, the majority of Maison Martin Margiela's shares were purchased by the OTB Group, a holding company led by Renzo Rosso, also owner of the Italian fashion label Diesel. In December 2004, Maison Martin Margiela moved into a new headquarters in an eighteenth-century convent in Paris' 11th arrondissement. The interior of the headquarters and furniture were painted entirely white with emulsion, creating an aged look. In addition to the white surroundings, employees all wear "blouse blanche", white coats traditionally worn by couture craftsmen. The white coats are both a nod to history and aesthetics, as well as an equalizer, as all employees wear them, regardless of title. By the summer of 2008 there were 14 Margiela boutiques.


title: Maison Margiela

text: In October 2009, it was announced that Martin Margiela had resigned as creative director of Maison Martin Margiela, to varied speculation about the reasons. Following Margiela's departure, the anonymous design team continued to design the label, with no single creative director in place. CEO Giovanni Pungetti stated that "we want to stay avant-garde, and provocative, but without a new creative director. It’s a challenge. We know this. We will probably make mistakes, but the most important thing is to learn from them." The company expanded its homewares and interior design business in 2010, and in July 2011 the house designed several concept hotel suites for La Maison Champs-Élysées in Paris.


title: Maison Margiela

text: By the fall of 2014, sources estimated that the brand generated about $126 million in annual revenues, with around 50 directly owned stores. In October 2014 it was announced that John Galliano would take the position of creative director, after having previously served in that position at Givenchy, Dior, and his eponymous line, John Galliano. As reported by the "Guardian," Margiela's only directions to the new director were "make it your own." Giving rare interviews in the interim, Galliano presented his debut collection for Maison Margiela in January 2015, to broadly positive reviews. Coinciding with Galliano's debut collection, it was revealed that the house had dropped "Martin" from its name, in favor of "Maison Margiela." A spokesperson for Maison Margiela said that the name change "represented an evolution of the house." With Galliano focusing on the haute couture element of the company, by the end of 2015 revenues were up 30%.


title: Maison Margiela

text: Prior to the brand's acquisition by OTB Group in 2002, its stores were not listed in the phone directory, and Margiela's name did not appear outside the shops. By the summer of 2008 there were 14 Margiela boutiques operating internationally, with expansion in Dubai, Hong Kong, Moscow and Munich taking place over the subsequent six months. In late 2009 the brand opened a "pop-up store" at the Art Basel Miami Beach art fair. The number of standalone stores had grown to 17 by 2010, with 21 "shop-in-shops" internationally. As of 2017, Maison Margiela has stores in countries such as France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, China, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the United States, and Thailand.


title: Maison Margiela

text: Maison Margiela assigns each of its product ranges a number from 0 to 23 as a reference code, with no particular chronological order. Examples include fine jewelry (12), footwear (22), eyewear (8), objects (13) and fragrance (3). The house produces both artisanal collections and ready-to-wear collections, with the former inspiring the designs of the latter. With formal allegiance to no particular fashion movement, Maison Margiela's designs are famous for deconstructionist traits such as exposed seams, being oversized and upcycling garments. Other deconstructionist tactics Maison Margiela has utilized include using traditional fabric linings as the outer layers of garments, and the label's 1988 debut womenswear collection included what "The Independent" described as "a leather butcher's apron reworked into a seductive evening gown," and an old tulle dress worked into several tailored jackets. Other work with unconventional materials has included clothes fashioned of plastic carrier bags and wire coat hangers, trouser suits made from 1970s upholstery fabrics, tops made with leather gloves, and jewelry made of colored ice such that clothes are dyed as the jewelry melts.


title: Maison Margiela

text: First shown in 1989 and introduced in 1992, one of the company's more recognized pieces is the Tabi boot, an interpretation of the traditional split Japanese tabi sock which separates the large toe. In 1994 Maison Margiela debuted its first period pieces, with a line of "complete reproductions," after building its previous collection entirely from its archives. Maison Margiela debuted a menswear collection in 1998, known as line 10.


title: Maison Margiela

text: Martin Margiela was creative director for womenswear of the French design house Hermès from 1997 until 2003, with the Maison Martin Margiela team's designs for Hermès unveiled twice a year in Hermes’ rue St-Honoré store. "The Independent" called the collections "understated," with both "loose-fitting masculine tailoring" and "black crêpe evening dresses," among other items. "New York MAgazine" in turn described the designs as "quiet explorations of luxury that focused on classic clothes with subtle but masterful twists." Maison Martin Margiela debuted its first haute couture collection in 2006. In November 2008 the brand launched a small jewelry and eyewear collection including its first pair of sunglasses, described as "an impenetrable black band that wraps right around the face." The house's first fragrance was created in collaboration with L’Oreal, debuting in 2009. Maison Margiela debuted a capsule collection for H&M in 2012, consisting largely of reissued pieces from the Margiela archives. The company collaborated with Converse on shoe designs in 2013, and has also worked with the watch brand G-Shock and collaborated with Swarovski on ready-to-wear jewelry in 2013.


title: Maison Margiela

text: On 26 September 2018, after the spring/summer 2019 show, Maison Margiela's new fragrance, Mutiny was launched. Nose Dominique Ropion took six years to come up with a fragrance that reflects Galliano's vision of the Maison Margiela women. Willow Smith, Teddy Quinlivan, Hanne Gaby Odiele, Sasha Lane, Princess Nokia and Molly Bair are the chosen “Mutinist” ambassadors, who will be representing the diversity and individuality of the fragrance.


title: Maison Margiela

text: Maison Margiela is known for showcasing collections in atypical settings and manners, with "The New York Times" describing the shows as "alternately electrifying or humorous or sexy or just plain weird." According to "New York Magazine", early shows were "perhaps more like art happenings than the thematic and operatic productions ‘80s Paris fashion is known for," as well as "radically personal and humanistic expressions about clothes [at a time] when fashion otherwise seemed estranged from everyday realities." Maison Margiela's runway shows are notable in that the models' faces are often obscured by hoods, fabric or long hair, in an attempt to direct attention to the clothes and away from the models themselves. In 1989 Maison Margiela staged a collection on a playground in the outskirts of Paris. With local children interacting with the models in an unrehearsed way and a first-come, first-served seating arrangement, according to "Business of Fashion," "the critics loathed it. The industry loved it." Continuing to stage catwalks in unusual places, in spring 1992 a show in an abandoned Paris metro station featured models walking down staircases lined with candles, and according to "The Independent," other settings have included round dining tables arranged in neglected warehouses, stairwells of old town houses, and disused subway cars.


title: Maison Margiela

text: Although the house has a reputation for avoiding booking celebrity models, for spring of 1993 models such as Cecilia Chancellor and Kate Moss showcased "minimalism paired with Victoriana." 1993 also saw a show with models weaving among a brass band on the runway, and in 1994 the label staged a collection based on what Barbie’s wardrobe would look like full size. Models sat amongst the audience in 1995, and on another occasion, in 1997 the company used a map to invite the fashion press to a street corner in France, and then had the models and a Belgian brass band showcase the newest collection after disembarking from an AEC Routemaster bus. "Vogue" also related that "one show challenged editors and buyers to seat themselves according to their perceived importance, while another saw models wheeled out on trolleys." According to "Vogue," for two seasons in 1998 the label made do without live models, in one case instead using marionettes by Jane How.


title: Maison Margiela

text: Maison Martin Margiela was invited to show their first haute couture collection in Paris by The Chamber Syndicale in May 2006. The house then held its 20th anniversary show in September 2008 in Paris, featuring a catwalk with a walking birthday cake and "an oom-pah band surrounded by Margiela's lab-coated assistants." Clothing was described as "coats made of synthetic wigs, bodysuits that fused parts of trench coats and tuxedo jackets, and mirrored tights made to look like disco balls." The house designed Kanye West’s tour wardrobe in 2013 for his "Yeezus" tour.


title: Maison Margiela

text: The spring show of 2014 "melded sweet, pioneer styles like floral house dresses with edgier fare like nude bodysuits and oversize Willy Wonka sunglasses." In early 2015 the house premiered its first two collections with Galliano as head designer, initially the brand's "artisanal" collection. The second collection comprised 30 outfits including neon accessors, "Mary-Jane shoes and fake-fur slippers, short skirts, long coats, patent finishes." Galliano upheld house tradition by not taking a post-show bow, although he was in attendance at the shows. The July 2016 show by the house featured items such as military coats, a parachute dress, neon face paint, and 19th-century garments. In September 2016, Maison Margiela partnered with Barneys New York for its fall windows on Madison Avenue, creating four vignettes to reflect the house's recent artisans and ready-to-wear collections.


title: Maison Margiela

text: The Fashion Museum Province of Antwerp (MoMu) held a retrospective on the label's work in 2008, moving the exhibit to Somerset House in London two years later. In 2017, MoMu showcased the 12 collections the label had produced while Margiela was appointed by Jean-Louis Dumas to work with Hermès.


title: Maison Margiela

text: In early 2015 filmmaker Alison Chernick released "The Artist is Absent," a short biopic on Martin Margiela that launched at the Tribeca Film Festival. In November 2019, director Reiner Holzemer premiered the documentary 'Martin Margiela: In His Own Words'. Co-produced by Aminata and Holzemer (who had previously worked on a documentary by Dries Van Noten), it was called "the definitive study of this elusive, technically gifted designer " in "Hollywood Reporter". He notably explained his withdrawal from the public eye and his desire to remain a designer, rather than "a creative director who directs his assistants". Typically, he is not shown on-screen.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: "Livin' la Vida Loca" () is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin for his fifth studio album and English-language debut, "Ricky Martin" (1999). The song was written by Draco Rosa and Desmond Child, while the production was handled by the latter. It was released to radio stations by Columbia Records as the lead single from the album on March 23, 1999. A Latin pop song, it is about an irresistible, particularly sinister, wild woman who lives on the edge, seducing others into her crazy world. The song received acclaim from music critics, who complimented its lyrics and danceable rhythm. It was ranked as the best 1990s pop song by "Elle", and was listed among the Best Latin Songs of All Time by "Billboard".


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: "Livin' la Vida Loca" was also commercially successful, reaching number one in more than 20 countries. It is considered to be Martin's biggest hit and one of the best-selling singles of all time. In the United States, it topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for five consecutive weeks, becoming Martin's first number-one single on the chart. Additionally, it broke several records on "Billboard" charts. It also spent eight consecutive weeks atop the Canada Top Singles chart and topped the country's year-end chart. In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number one and stayed there for three weeks, making Martin the first Puerto Rican artist in history to hit number one. It has received several certifications, including double platinum in the UK. The track was nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, and Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: The accompanying music video was directed by American director Wayne Isham and filmed in Los Angeles, California. It received a number of awards and nominations. At the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards, it won a total of five awards and was nominated for several other categories, including Video of the Year, making Martin the first Latin artist in history to receive a nomination in this category. A Spanish-language version of "Livin' la Vida Loca" was recorded under the same title and reached the summit of the "Billboard" Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States. To promote the original version of the song, Martin performed it on many television programs and award shows, including the MTV Video Music Awards and the World Music Awards in 1999. It is generally seen as the song that began the "Latin pop explosion" and paved the way for a large number of other Latin artists such as Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Christina Aguilera, Marc Anthony, Santana, and Enrique Iglesias. Many bands and singers covered the song, and it has been featured in several films and video games.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: In February 1999, Ricky Martin performed his smash hit "The Cup of Life" at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, which was greeted with a massive standing ovation and met with acclaim from music critics. On October 22, 1998, CNN confirmed that Martin had started working on his first English language album, following the success of "Vuelve". On March 6, 1999, almost two weeks after his Grammy performance, "Billboard" revealed the lead single's name as "Livin' la Vida Loca" in an article and mentioned that it is set for release later that month. Martin wrote about the recording of the song in his book:


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: In 2018, during an interview with "Attitude", Martin told the magazine that the release of the song was not decided until he started working on "Be Careful (Cuidado Con Mi Corazón)" with Madonna: "This album was almost going to be released without 'Livin' la Vida Loca', but three days before I walked into the studio with Madonna, we were done with 'Livin' La Vida Loca', so I showed her what I was presenting – and she was like, 'Yep! I'm ready to go into the studio with you!"


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: Columbia Records released "Livin' la Vida Loca" to radio stations on March 23, 1999, as the lead single from the album. Afterwards, standard-length commercial formats were released in the United States on April 20, 1999. It was included as the first track on Martin's fifth studio album "Ricky Martin", released May 11, 1999, and the Spanish version was included as the eleventh track. On July 5, three remixes were released as a CD single in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: Musically, "Livin' la Vida Loca" is a Latin pop song that features Latin percussion rhythms and horn riffs mixed with surf rock-inspired guitar riffs. Suzy Exposito from "Rolling Stone" described the track as "salsa-rock fusion", and Marc Oxoby described it as an "energetic dance single" in his book, "The 1990s". Larry Flick from "Billboard" named it a "rock-etched uptempo tune". During an interview with Digital Spy, Martin said that he has reworked the song several times for concerts, changing it "from heavy hardcore rock to being exclusively influenced by ska and it's been urban as well!" According to the song's sheet music on Musicnotes.com, "Livin' la Vida Loca" is composed in the key of C minor with a groove of 140 beats per minute. Martin's vocals span from the low note of C to the high note of G. The construction includes a syncopated brass intro and a Spanish chorus.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: "Livin' la Vida Loca" was written by American musicians Draco Rosa and Desmond Child, with its production being handled by Desmond Child. Also, Spanish songwriter Luis Gómez Escolar joined the original version's lyricists to write the Spanish version. The original version of the song runs for a total of 4 minutes and 3 seconds, and was recorded without using then-conventional recording studio equipment; instead, the track was created at Desmond Child's Gentlemen's Club Studio, which uses a 169-track Pro Tools digital system. The recording is also noted for its exceptional use of dynamic range compression to increase the track's perceived loudness. Lyrically, "Livin' la Vida Loca", which translates to "Livin' the Crazy Life" in English, is about an irresistible, particularly sinister wild woman who lives on the edge, seducing others into her crazy world, with lyrics including, "Upside, inside out / She's livin' la vida loca / She'll push and pull you down / Livin' la vida loca". Throughout the song, Martin sings about an evil seductress, who makes him go "dancing in the rain", and leaves him broke and alone in a "funky cheap hotel".


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: "Livin' la Vida Loca" has been met with overwhelmingly positive reviews from music critics. Chuck Taylor from "Billboard" applauded the song, saying it is "so electrifying, so terrifically filled with life, that even folks at the retirement home down the street could get their groove on with couple spins", and described the song as a "frantically-paced, dance-ready track." Also from "Billboard", Leila Cobo ranked it as the best track of "Ricky Martin" (1999), calling it "Awesome". She questions, "Was there a person alive in 1999 whose jaw literally did not drop when they saw Ricky Martin strut and swivel in the video to the song whose title would come to exemplify an era and a lifestyle?" In another article, she labeled it "an irresistible invitation to dance". Also from the same magazine, Harley Brown wrote, "No matter what language it was in, 'La Vida Loca' was a bona fide hit." In addition, "Billboard" staff praised the single, saying: "The big horns, the seductive bass, the debauchery in the lyrics, and Ricky Martin shaking his bon-bon: how could anyone resist this late '90s anthem penned by Robi Draco Rosa and Desmond Child?"


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: Multiple sources have named "Livin' la Vida Loca" a "mega-hit", including "The Hollywood Reporter", "Rolling Stone", "Billboard", "Los Angeles Times", and "Entertainment Tonight". Liz Calvario from "Entertainment Tonight" complimented the track, saying it is "part of pop culture history". Martin was featured on the cover of "Interview" magazine in June 1999 because of the popularity of the song. In the featured article, he was interviewed by his friend Gloria Estefan about the rising wave of Latin music. Agustin Gurza from "Los Angeles Times" celebrated the song, labeling it "a sensual smash hit that came to symbolize the frenzied cultural breakthrough of a long-marginalized minority". Writing for LiveAbout.com, Bill Lamb gave the song a positive review, saying: "It's irresistibly sexy and nearly impossible to listen to without moving the body." Both Katherine Keenan and Noa Amouyal from "The Jerusalem Post" described "Livin' la Vida Loca" as catchy, while the latter said it "was truly inescapable as the century drew to a close". An author of "ABC" labeled the track "an unprecedented classic" and named it Martin's "most characteristic song".


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: In her review for "O, The Oprah Magazine", Amanda Mitchell ranked the track as Martin's second-best song on her 2019 list. In 2020, MTV Argentina ranked it as one of Martin's best songs, and Luca Mastinu from "Optimagazine" listed it as one of Martin's five greatest hits. Brittany Berkowitz and Elisa Tang from "Good Morning America" described "Livin' la Vida Loca" as an "epic dance song", and Katrina Rees from "CelebMix" described it as infinitely infectious. "Metro Weekly"s Randy Shulman complimented the track, labeling it "a song with an infectious hook and a sexy, growling delivery". Alejandra Torres from "¡Hola!" named its chorus "the greatest chorus of all time". Rafly G. from "TheThings" called the song "an iconic piece of art". Greg Kot from "Chicago Tribune" described it as "the year's most ubiquitous hit single" and wrote: "It's the kind of tune that defines the word 'pop': a jolt of instant caffeine, with its fizzy combination of surf guitar, Latin percussion and strutting horns." He also acclaimed its "canny, genre-leaping arrangement, eye-popping production, and Latin-lover lyrics".


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: "Elle" hailed "Livin' la Vida Loca" as the best '90s pop song. In "Women's Health", the song placed at number 45 on their decade-end list. VH1 ranked it at number 28 on their "Greatest Songs of the '90s" list, while "Cosmopolitan" ranked it at number 36 on their decade-end list. LiveAbout named it the 18th best song of the decade and the fourth pop song of 1999. "Latina" ranked the single as the third-best Latin-infused song from the 90s. In "GQ" the track placed at number eight on their "Best Songs of 1999" list. "Billboard" and "Rolling Stone" ranked the song at number 13 and 51 respectively on their year-end lists. It was ranked at number 9 on "uDiscoverMusic"s "25 Songs That Defined The Millennium" list. In The Ringer, the song was placed in the 40th position on their year-end list. Bruce Pollock placed it on an unranked list of the 7500 most important songs of 1944–2000, and "Plain Dealer" ranked it as the 42nd best No. 1 song of the 1990s. In 2020, "Entertainment Tonight Canada" named it the 14th Happiest Songs of All Time, and "Billboard" ranked it at number 30 on their "Best Latin Songs of All Time" list. Also from "Billboard", Leila Cobo placed it on an unranked list of "10 Essential Latin Dance Songs" in 2016. In 2019, LiveAbout ranked "Livin' la Vida Loca" as the fourth top Latin pop song of all time. The song was voted the top dance track of all time by VH1 viewers.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: "Livin' la Vida Loca" was nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, and Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, marking Martin's first acknowledgment in one of the four "General Field" categories. Thus, he became the only mainstream Latin act, who had achieved global success and had major Grammy impact in 2000. The Spanish version was nominated for Record of the Year at the 2000 Latin Grammy Awards. As of 2017, "Livin' la Vida Loca" and "Despacito" are the only songs to be nominated for Record of the Year in both Grammy Awards and Latin Grammy Awards. The song won the award for Pop Song of the Year at the 2000 Lo Nuestro Awards, and Latin Pop Track of the Year at the 2000 Latin Billboard Music Awards, both for the second year in a row. It also received a respective nomination for Hot Latin Track of the Year at the Latin Billboard Music Awards. "Livin' la Vida Loca" was honored as Song of the Year and was recognized as one of the most performed songs, both in Pop/Ballad category at the 2000 ASCAP Awards. The track won Pop/Ballad Song of the Year at the 1999 Premios Globo awards. It was also acknowledged as an award-winning song and Song of the Year at the 2000 BMI Latin Awards, and at the 15th Annual International Dance Music Awards, presented in 2000, the single won the award for Best Latin 12". "Livin 'la Vida Loca" won the Best Song award at the 2001 Music Television Awards. The song also received a nomination for Best Re-Mix at the 2004 Premios Juventud. In 2022, "Livin' la Vida Loca" was selected by the Library of Congress among the recordings being inducted into the National Recording Registry, as "important contributions to American culture and history".


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: Internationally, "Livin' la Vida Loca" topped the charts in more than 20 countries and is considered to be Martin's biggest hit, and one of the best-selling singles of all time. In the United States, the single debuted at number 54 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on April 17, 1999, becoming Martin's third entry. The following week it climbed to number 32, and in its third week, it became Martin's first top 10 in the country. In its fourth week, it reached number one and remained at the top for five consecutive weeks, making Martin the first solo male artist in over a year to capture the top spot and achieve the first number one hit for his label, Columbia. "Livin' la Vida Loca" also became the first number-one song, which was made entirely in Pro Tools. It finished 1999 as the year's tenth top "Billboard" Hot 100 song and the decade's 38th top song. The song also reached number one on the US Hot Dance Maxi-Singles Sales, Pop Songs, Adult Pop Songs, Rhythmic Top 40, Top 40 Tracks, and Hot 100 Airplay charts. Thus it became the first song in history to top "Billboard"s Adult Pop Airplay, Pop Airplay, and Rhythmic Airplay charts, holding its record as the only song to do so for 14 years. On the US Dance Club Songs chart, it peaked at number 5, becoming Martin's first top 10.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of over one million copies. As of February 2000, the song has sold over 1.2 million physical copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan, and although it was released years before the digital era, it has sold over 502,000 digital copies in the United States, as of January 2011. The Spanish version debuted at number two on "Billboard"s Hot Latin Tracks chart on April 17, 1999, and reached number one the following week, becoming Martin's third number one. It remained at the top for nine weeks, and also reached number one and two on the US Latin Pop Songs and Tropical/Salsa charts, respectively. On May 15, 1999, it became the first single ever to rule four different "Billboard" charts and made Martin the first act to simultaneously scale a pop, Latin, and dance chart. Two weeks later, he became the first artist to simultaneously top the "Billboard" 200, Hot Latin Tracks, Hot Dance Music/Club Play, Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales, Top 40 Tracks, and the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: In November 1999, it was labeled as one of the "hottest tracks" for Sony Discos in a list including the most successful songs released by the label since the launching of the "Billboard" Hot Latin Tracks chart in 1986. In January 2010, almost 11 years after the song's release, "Billboard" introduced a US Latin Digital Song Sales chart and "Livin' la Vida Loca" debuted at number 15 on January 23, 2010, before reaching a peak of number two on September 3, 2011. The song has since become Martin's longest-charting hit, spending 357 weeks on the chart.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: "Livin' la Vida Loca" spent eight consecutive weeks atop the Canada Top Singles chart and topped the country's year-end chart. In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number one and stayed there for three weeks, making Martin the first Puerto Rican artist in history to hit number one. As of May 2017, Martin and Luis Fonsi are the only Puerto Rican singers to reach number one in the UK. Later in 1999, the song was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting sales of over 600,000 physical copies. It sold a total of 776,000 copies in the country that year, becoming the sixth best-selling song of 1999. In March 2021, the track was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for additional track-equivalent sales of 1.2 million digital units since 2011. In Australia, it peaked at number four and was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of over 140,000 copies. The song also reached number one in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, it peaked in the top 10 of numerous countries, including France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. In Romania, "Livin' la Vida Loca" was listed as the most-played song of the year, however, its peak position on the weekly chart is unknown.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: The accompanying music video was filmed in Los Angeles, California, and directed by American director Wayne Isham, who had also directed the videos for Martin's previous singles "Vuelve", "The Cup of Life", and "La Bomba". The video cost US$500,000 making it one of the most expensive music videos ever made. The visual was aired on March 25, 1999, on MTV, and begins with a scene, showing a car hitting a fire hydrant on the sidewalk. Then, Martin is seen wearing a black shirt and pants, walking on stage in a nightclub and performing the song and dancing to it, backed by his band, playing horns, while a group of dancers and party-ready crowd are dancing to the song.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: At night, a young wild woman, portrayed by Croatian model Nina Morić, sits next to Martin, as he drives a car. She lives the ultimate crazy life and drives him crazy too, and shimmies and dances nearby. Lying on a pale brown blanket, he wakes up in a cheap New York City motel, and the woman grabs his hand from the window and brings him out. They flirt and kiss, while they walk on the sidewalk, and then Martin takes his jacket off and they kiss while dancing in the rain. In one of the later scenes, Martin is distracted while driving causing him to veer in another lane, resulting in another car knocking out a fire hydrant. Several women take their clothes off and dance in the rain, which is similar to the lyrics of the song. The video ends with Martin's performance on the stage.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: "TheThings" ranked "Livin' la Vida Loca" as the 10th most iconic pop music video from the 1990s. Leila Cobo from "Billboard" gave the video a positive review, saying: "From the moment he sashayed up to the mic in 'Livin La Vida Loca' all dressed in black, and gave us that look, the Menudo alum became the most memorable and watchable drop-dead handsome guy in pop music." Also from "Billboard", Larry Flick described it as "high-tech" and "ultra-sexy", mentioning the fact that it had "gotten strong attention from video out-lets like MTV and VH1". Cristal Mesa from mitú named it Martin's best music video on her 2018 list, and an author of Cultura Colectiva listed "Livin' la Vida Loca" among the "13 Videos to Appreciate Ricky Martin's Talent and Sickening Good Looks". The music video has received a number of awards and nominations. At the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards, it was nominated for several categories, including Video of the Year, making Martin the first Latin artist in history to receive a nomination in this category. It won two primary awards for Best Pop Video and Best Dance Video, and was voted three additional awards in the International Viewer's Choice categories, making it rank among the videos with most wins in the history of the MTV Video Music Awards. Since then, Martin has become the most awarded Latin artist of all time in the ceremony.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: Martin gave his first live performance of "Livin' la Vida Loca" at the 11th Annual World Music Awards on May 5, 1999. Three and six days later, he performed it on "Saturday Night Live" and "The Rosie O'Donnell Show". Two weeks later, he performed it at the 1999 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards, and the following day, he performed it on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". On May 29, 1999, he performed "Livin' la Vida Loca" and "The Cup of Life" on Bingolotto TV Show. Martin also delivered a performance of "Livin' la Vida Loca" on the BBC's "Top of the Pops" on August 6, 1999. At the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards, he performed "She's All I Ever Had" and "Livin' la Vida Loca", accompanied by a group of impressive women dressed in glitter. Maria G. Valdez from "Latin Times" ranked his rendition as the sixth performance by a Latin artist at the MTV Video Music Awards, saying: "At the beginning we thought it was going to be a mystic performance, slow and focused on the vocals, but eventually it became a party and you definitely gotta see some of Ricky's best moves on full display during that performance." Wonderwall.com editors picked his performance as one of their favorite moments from MTV VMAs until 2020.


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: "Livin' la Vida Loca" was included on the set lists for Martin's the Livin' la Vida Loca Tour, the One Night Only with Ricky Martin tour, the Black and White Tour, the Música + Alma + Sexo World Tour, the Ricky Martin Live tour, the Live in Mexico tour, the One World Tour, the All In residency, the Ricky Martin en Concierto, the Movimiento Tour, and the Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin Live in Concert tour. Martin's performance of the song in Puerto Rico during the Black and White Tour was included on the live album "Ricky Martin... Live Black & White Tour" (2007). Martin also performed the track along with his other hits during the 48th, 55th, and 61st editions of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in 2007, 2014, and 2020, respectively. In October 2015, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift invited Martin as a surprise guest to her The 1989 World Tour in Miami, and the two performed the song together. She teased the crowd before bringing him out, saying: "I'm about to bring out somebody whose album I bought when I was 10. When he came out, he paved the way for so many incredible Latin artists to cross over to pop and become huge and make amazing music. He's such an inspiring person, I'm so lucky to have him here tonight."


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: On season two of "The Voice Australia" in 2013, Martin and other coaches performed the song together. On February 10, 2015, he performed "Adiós", "Disparo al Corazón" and "Livin' la Vida Loca" on the Honda Stage at the iHeartRadio Theater. Two days later, he performed "Adiós", "Livin' la Vida Loca" and "The Cup of Life" on "The Today Show". He also performed "Livin' la Vida Loca", "She Bangs" and "Adrenalina" with the show's finalists, and "La Copa de la Vida" with Cristina Scuccia on season two of "The Voice of Italy" in 2014. On May 13, 2015, he performed "Mr. Put It Down", "Livin' la Vida Loca", "She Bangs", and "The Cup of Life" alongside Clark Beckham, Nick Fradiani, Quentin Alexander, Qaasim Middleton, and Rayvon Owen on the fourteenth season's finale of "American Idol". On November 15, 2016, Martin performed a medley of "Mr. Put It Down", "Livin' La Vida Loca", "Shake Your Bon-Bon" and "La Mordidita" on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show".


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: Many bands and singers have recorded their own cover version of the song, and it has been parodied several times. On the same evening that Martin was "Saturday Night Live"s musical guest in May 1999, American comedian and SNL cast member Jimmy Fallon parodied an acoustic version of his song under the title "Livin' la Vida Yoda" as an ode to the fictional character in the "Star Wars" universe. A live cover of "Livin' la Vida Loca" was performed as part of a reggaeton medley by Calle 13, Julio Voltio, La Sista, Randy, Héctor el Father during the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year gala in 2006 where Martin was honored with the accolade. Concert footage of American heavy metal band Slipknot was edited with the audio of "Livin' La Vida Loca" in 2015 to create a mashup video, making Slipknot frontman Corey Taylor appear to be singing the song; the video went viral. Japanese singer Hiromi Go remade "Livin' la Vida Loca" in 1999 as "Goldfinger '99". The song became a hit in Japan and was covered itself by multiple Japanese artists, including Koda Kumi who recorded the song in 2019. On January 16, 2020, Cuban-born American singer Camila Cabello and English television host James Corden competed on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" in a singing battle to decide if music from 1999 or 2019 is better. Corden performed "Livin' la Vida Loca" and Cabello shimmied around the host while he performed the tune. Afterward, Cabello joked: "Okay, really impressive. Ricky Martin? OK boomer."


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: The 2000 album "La Vida Mickey" features re-make versions of Latin/pop songs with the voices of the Disney characters in the background singing along, and its title track, which is performed by Mark Lennon is a re-make of "Livin' la Vida Loca". A version of the "Livin' la Vida Loca" performed by Eddie Murphy and Antonio Banderas (Donkey and Puss in Boots voice roles) is played at the end of the 2004 American computer-animated comedy film "Shrek 2", which also appears on its soundtrack. "The Guardian" described their performance as exuberant and as of April 2007, this cover version and Murphy's cover of "I'm a Believer" have sold over 3.6 million copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. The original Martin's song was also featured in the American live-action/computer-animated adventure comedy film "" (2020), the Mexican mystery thriller streaming television series "Who Killed Sara?" (2021), and the Ubisoft video game "Far Cry 6" (2021). A pop-punk version of the song was played in the action role-playing video game "Gotham Knights" (2022).


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: The song has been covered by many contestants on various music talent shows. Chico Slimani performed "Livin' la Vida Loca" on series two of "The X Factor" in 2005. Ray Quinn performed it on series three in 2006, Wagner on series seven in 2010, Stevi Ritchie on series 11 in 2014, and Matt Linnen on series 14 in 2017. In 2018, Luke Anthony covered the track on season seven of "The Voice Australia", while his rendition failed to impress the audience. Princess La Tremenda and Kynnie Williams delivered a performance of the song on the third season of "The Voice Brasil" in 2014. Joey Fatone performed the song as "Rabbit" on the first season of the American television series "The Masked Singer" in 2019. On the second season of "The Masked Singer Australia" in 2020, Simon Pryce gave it a performance as "Puppet".


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: Martin is regarded by the media as the "Original Latin Crossover King". Angie Romero from "Billboard" wrote: "If you look up 'crossover' in the dictionary, there should be a photo of Ricky shaking his bon bon and/or 'Livin' la Vida Loca'." Following his performance of "The Cup of Life" at the Grammys, and the success of "Livin' la Vida Loca" and "Ricky Martin" (1999), he opened the gates for many Latin artists such as Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Christina Aguilera, Marc Anthony, Santana, and Enrique Iglesias who released their crossover albums and followed him onto the top of the charts. According to "Entertainment Tonight", "Livin' la Vida Loca" paved the way for a large number of other Latin artists, and is "credited as the song that helped other Latin artists break through to English-speaking markets".


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: As believed by "Spin", the song "lit the fuse for the Latin pop explosion of the '90s". Lucas Villa from "Spin" wrote about it: "When the world went loca for Ricky, he led the way for other Latin music superstars like Spain's Enrique Iglesias, Colombia's Shakira and Nuyoricans like Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony to make their marks beyond the Spanish-speaking crowds." He also described Martin as "a trailblazer in globalizing Latinx culture" in his Grammy.com article. Also from Grammy.com, Ernesto Lechner described "Livin' la Vida Loca" as "the manifesto for all the fun-loving, tropically tinged Latin hit singles that followed", stating that Martin led "the Latin music explosion that took over the U.S. at the tail end of the '90s". According to "The Independent", the single is "widely regarded as the song that began the first Latin pop explosion". "People"s Jason Sheeler credited it as the song that "led the way for the late-'90s so-called 'Latin explosion' that dominated pop music into the new century: Shakira, Enrique Iglesias, Marc Anthony, and Jennifer Lopez".


title: Livin' la Vida Loca

text: Leila Cobo named the track one of the genre's biggest singles of the past 50 years in his 2021 book "Decoding "Despacito": An Oral History of Latin Music". She also wrote about his impact in "Whenever, Wherever" chapter: "Ricky Martin’s phenomenal success opened the door for a string of Latin artists who waved the flags of their heritage, but who sang in English." Additionally, she compared Martin's song with "Despacito" in one of her "Billboard" articles: "'Livin', like 'Despacito', became not just a global hit but a cultural phenomena that transcended all barriers of language and nationality." In another article, she described it as the song that "ignited the late-'90s Latin explosion". Also from "Billboard", Gary Trust wrote: "The song helmed a Latin pop boom in the U.S., with Jenner Lopez, Marc Anthony and others crossing over, as well." Writing for LiveAbout.com, Bill Lamb credited the song as "the record which kicked off a wave of major Latin performers hitting the pop mainstream". During an interview with mitú in 2021, Colombian singer-songwriter Maluma told the channel about Latin Music globalization: "This has been work that started with Ricky Martin's 'Livin' La Vida Loca' and Shakira like 15 or 20 years ago." Puerto Rican rapper and singer Wisin has described its music video as the video of another artist that has impacted him the most. Colombian singer-songwriter J Balvin referenced "Livin' la Vida Loca" on his song "Reggaetón" (2018) since Martin "gave as clear a depiction of his actualized artistic dreams".


title: Gad Saad

text: Gad Saad (; ; born 13 October 1964) is a Lebanese-Canadian marketing professor at the John Molson School of Business at Concordia University. He is known for applying evolutionary psychology to marketing and consumer behaviour. He also writes a blog for "Psychology Today" and hosts a YouTube channel titled "The Saad Truth".


title: Gad Saad

text: Saad was born in 1964 in Beirut, Lebanon, to a Jewish family. His family fled in October 1975 to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to escape the Lebanese Civil War. His older brother, David Saad, is a judoka who competed in the men's lightweight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.


title: Gad Saad

text: He obtained a B.Sc. (mathematics and computer science) and M.B.A. from McGill University, and an M.Sc. and Ph.D. from Cornell University. Saad's doctoral adviser was J. Edward Russo, the mathematical and cognitive psychologist and behavioral decision theorist.


title: Gad Saad

text: Saad has been a professor of marketing at Concordia University since 1994. As of 2020, he holds the Concordia University Research Chair in Evolutionary Behavioural Sciences and Darwinian Consumption. During this time he has also held visiting professorships at Cornell University, Dartmouth College, and the University of California, Irvine. He was an associate editor for the journal "Evolutionary Psychology" from 2012 to 2015. He is an advisory fellow for the Centre for Inquiry Canada.


title: Gad Saad

text: Saad hosts a YouTube show titled "The Saad Truth". As of February 2021, his channel has received more than 22 million views.


title: Gad Saad

text: One line of research that Saad has been exploring is how hormones affect consumers and the decisions they make. Examples of this research include how showy products affect testosterone levels, how testosterone levels affect various forms of risk-taking, and how hormones in the menstrual cycle affect buying decisions. Another line of research has involved gift giving, including how men and women differ in why they give.


title: Gad Saad

text: Saad has been profiled in the "Toronto Star" and his life story was documented by the Télévision française de l'Ontario. His views have also been mentioned in "The Economist", "Forbes", "Chatelaine", "Time", "The Globe and Mail", and "The New York Times".


title: Gad Saad

text: Saad appeared on Reason TV in November 2011. In September 2015, Saad was interviewed by TJ Kirk on the "Drunken Peasants Podcast".


title: Gad Saad

text: As of 2022, he had been featured on seven episodes of Joe Rogan's podcast "The Joe Rogan Experience". In February 2022, Spotify removed 70 episodes of the podcastincluding one where Saad was featuredreportedly at Rogan's own request.


title: Gad Saad

text: Saad has also appeared on Sam Harris's "Making Sense" podcast (then titled "Waking Up"), "The Adam Carolla Show", "Talk Nerdy with Cara Santa Maria", and "The Rubin Report".


title: Jennifer Freeman

text: Jennifer Nicole Freeman, often credited as Jennifer N. Freeman, is an American actress and spokesmodel. She is best known for playing the role of Claire Kyle in the sitcom "My Wife and Kids" (introduced in season 2) and her film roles in "You Got Served" (2004), and "Johnson Family Vacation" (2004).


title: Jennifer Freeman

text: Freeman is best known for playing the role of Claire Kyle (replacing Jazz Raycole) in the ABC sitcom "My Wife and Kids". She has also made guest appearances on TV such as "7th Heaven", "Switched!", "One on One", and "The OC". Her music video appearance is B2K's "Girlfriend". She is a spokesmodel for the Neutrogena skincare.


title: Jennifer Freeman

text: Freeman's TV credits include "My Wife and Kids", "7th Heaven", "Even Stevens", and "Lizzie McGuire". Her film credits include feature roles in "Johnson Family Vacation", "You Got Served" and "Mercy Street". She also appeared in films such as "The '70s" and "The Visit". Her stage credits include the L.A.-area productions of "The Wiz", in which she played Dorothy, and Billa in "The Gift".


title: Jennifer Freeman

text: Freeman began a nationwide print and television campaign as one of "the young fresh faces" of Neutrogena. In 2003, "TV Guide" named her as one of the Top 10 Hot Teens to watch. In 2018, Freeman released a self-help book, "Journey to Loving Yourself".


title: Sagarika Ghatge

text: Sagarika Ghatge is an Indian actress and model who primarily works in Hindi films. She is known for her role of Preeti Sabharwal in "Chak De! India". In 2015, she participated in "" and emerged as a finalist. Ghatge is a national-level field hockey player.


title: Sagarika Ghatge

text: Ghatge was born to Vijaysinh Ghatge (not Vijayendra Ghatge, as sometimes reported) and Urmila Ghatge in a Maharashtrian Family in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, where she stayed till the age of eight. She then shifted to Ajmer, Rajasthan to attend Mayo College Girls School. She is related to a former royal house of India through Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur, with her father being from the former royal family of Kagal and her grandmother, Sita Raje Ghatge, being the daughter of Tukojirao Holkar III of Indore. She has a brother. She was a national level hockey player.


title: Sagarika Ghatge

text: On 24 April 2017, Ghatge announced her engagement to cricketer Zaheer Khan. The two got married in November 2017.


title: Sagarika Ghatge

text: In 2007, Ghatge made her acting debut in "Chak De! India", where she portrayed Preeti Sabharwal due to which she became the brand ambassador of Reebok India. She has appeared in fashion magazines and various fashion shows.


title: Sagarika Ghatge

text: Ghatge then appeared in the 2009 film, "Fox" as Urvashi Mathur. She later portrayed Kamiah in "Miley Naa Miley Hum". Ghatge then starred opposite Emraan Hashmi in the 2012 film "Rush." She next appeared in Satish Rajwade's Marathi movie "Premachi Goshta" with Atul Kulkarni which released in 2013 which was her first Marathi movie.


title: Sagarika Ghatge

text: In 2015, she participated in "" and emerged as a finalist. Ghatge also made her Punjabi film debut, "Dildariyaan" opposite Jassi Gill where she portrayed Paali.


title: Sagarika Ghatge

text: In 2019, she made her digital debut with ALT Balaji's "Boss – Baap of Special Services" where she portrayed ACP Sakshi Ranjan opposite Karan Singh Grover.


title: Sagarika Ghatge

text: For her role in "Chak De! India", Ghatge received the Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress. She was also rewarded with a Lions Gold Award.


title: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: The Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions. It was ratified in 1791 as part of the United States Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court has applied the protections of this amendment to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.


text: The Sixth Amendment grants criminal defendants the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury consisting of jurors from the state and district in which the crime was alleged to have been committed. Under the impartial jury requirement, jurors must be unbiased, and the jury must consist of a representative cross-section of the community. The right to a jury applies only to offenses in which the penalty is imprisonment for longer than six months. In "Barker v. Wingo", the Supreme Court articulated a balancing test to determine whether a defendant's right to a speedy trial had been violated. It has additionally held that the requirement of a public trial is not absolute and that both the government and the defendant can in some cases request a closed trial.


text: The Sixth Amendment requires that criminal defendants be given notice of the nature and cause of accusations against them. The amendment's Confrontation Clause gives criminal defendants the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, while the Compulsory Process Clause gives criminal defendants the right to call their own witnesses and, in some cases, compel witnesses to testify. The Assistance of Counsel Clause grants criminal defendants the right to be assisted by counsel. In "Gideon v. Wainwright" and subsequent cases, the Supreme Court held that a public defender must be provided to criminal defendants unable to afford an attorney in all trials where the defendant faces the possibility of imprisonment.


text: Criminal defendants have the right to a speedy trial. In "Barker v. Wingo", , the Supreme Court laid down a four-part case-by-case balancing test for determining whether the defendant's speedy trial right has been violated. The four factors are:


text: In "Strunk v. United States", , the Supreme Court ruled that if the reviewing court finds that a defendant's right to a speedy trial was violated, then the indictment must be dismissed and any conviction overturned. The Court held that, since the delayed trial is the state action which violates the defendant's rights, no other remedy would be appropriate. Thus, a reversal or dismissal of a criminal case on speedy trial grounds means no further prosecution for the alleged offense can take place.


text: In "Sheppard v. Maxwell", , the Supreme Court ruled that the right to a public trial is not absolute. In cases where excess publicity would serve to undermine the defendant's right to due process, limitations can be put on public access to the proceedings. According to "Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court", , trials can be closed at the behest of the government if there is "an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest". The accused may also request a closure of the trial; though, it must be demonstrated that "first, there is a substantial probability that the defendant's right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent, and second, reasonable alternatives to closure cannot adequately protect the defendant's right to a fair trial."


text: The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged. Petty offenses—those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months—are not covered by the jury requirement. Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned, the total time of imprisonment possibly exceeding six months, the right to a jury trial does not exist. Also, in the United States, except for serious offenses (such as murder), minors are usually tried in a juvenile court, which lessens the sentence allowed, but forfeits the right to a jury.


text: Originally, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to "a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law, and includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted." Therefore, it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.


text: When, under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts, it re-examined some of the standards. It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident", and that a jury of six would be sufficient, but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury. In "Ramos v. Louisiana" (2020), the Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment mandates unanimity in all federal and state criminal jury trials.


text: The Sixth Amendment requires juries to be impartial. Impartiality has been interpreted as requiring individual jurors to be unbiased. At "voir dire", each side may question potential jurors to determine any bias, and challenge them if the same is found; the court determines the validity of these challenges for cause. Defendants may not challenge a conviction because a challenge for cause was denied incorrectly if they had the opportunity to use peremptory challenges.


text: In "Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado" (2017), the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment requires a court in a criminal trial to investigate whether a jury's guilty verdict was based on racial bias. For a guilty verdict to be set aside based on the racial bias of a juror, the defendant must prove that the racial bias "was a significant motivating factor in the juror's vote to convict".


text: Another factor in determining the impartiality of the jury is the nature of the panel, or venire, from which the jurors are selected. Venires must represent a fair cross-section of the community; the defendant might establish that the requirement was violated by showing that the allegedly excluded group is a "distinctive" one in the community, that the representation of such a group in venires is unreasonable and unfair in regard to the number of persons belonging to such a group, and that the under-representation is caused by a systematic exclusion in the selection process. Thus, in "Taylor v. Louisiana", , the Supreme Court invalidated a state law that exempted women who had not made a declaration of willingness to serve from jury service, while not doing the same for men.


text: In "Apprendi v. New Jersey", , and "Blakely v. Washington", , the Supreme Court ruled that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but also regarding any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. In "Alleyne v. United States", , the Court expanded on "Apprendi" and "Blakely" by ruling that a defendant's right to a jury applies to any fact that would increase a defendant's sentence beyond the minimum otherwise required by statute. In "United States v. Haymond", 588 U.S. ___ (2019), the Court decided a jury is required if a federal supervised release revocation would carry a mandatory minimum prison sentence.


text: of the Constitution requires defendants be tried by juries and in the state in which the crime was committed. The Sixth Amendment requires the jury to be selected from judicial districts ascertained by statute. In "Beavers v. Henkel", , the Supreme Court ruled that the place where the offense is charged to have occurred determines a trial's location. Where multiple districts are alleged to have been locations of the crime, any of them may be chosen for the trial. In cases of offenses not committed in any state (for example, offenses committed at sea), the place of trial may be determined by the Congress.


text: A criminal defendant has the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. Therefore, an indictment must allege all the ingredients of the crime to such a degree of precision that it would allow the accused to assert double jeopardy if the same charges are brought up in subsequent prosecution. The Supreme Court held in "United States v. Carll", , that "in an indictment... it is not sufficient to set forth the offense in the words of the statute, unless those words of themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offense intended to be punished." Vague wording, even if taken directly from a statute, does not suffice. However, the government is not required to hand over written copies of the indictment free of charge.


text: The Confrontation Clause relates to the common law rule preventing the admission of hearsay, that is to say, testimony by one witness as to the statements and observations of another person to prove that the statement or observation was true. The rationale was that the defendant had no opportunity to challenge the credibility of and cross-examine the person making the statements. Certain exceptions to the hearsay rule have been permitted; for instance, admissions by the defendant are admissible, as are dying declarations. Nevertheless, in "California v. Green", , the Supreme Court has held that the hearsay rule is not the same as the Confrontation Clause. Hearsay is admissible under certain circumstances. For example, in "Bruton v. United States", , the Supreme Court ruled that while a defendant's out of court statements were admissible in proving the defendant's guilt, they were inadmissible hearsay against another defendant. Hearsay may, in some circumstances, be admitted though it is not covered by one of the long-recognized exceptions. For example, prior testimony may sometimes be admitted if the witness is unavailable. However, in "Crawford v. Washington", , the Supreme Court increased the scope of the Confrontation Clause by ruling that "testimonial" out-of-court statements are inadmissible if the accused did not have the opportunity to cross-examine that accuser and that accuser is unavailable at trial. In "Davis v. Washington" , the Court ruled that "testimonial" refers to any statement that an objectively reasonable person in the declarant's situation would believe likely to be used in court. In "Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts", , and "Bullcoming v. New Mexico", , the Court ruled that admitting a lab chemist's analysis into evidence, without having him testify, violated the Confrontation Clause. In "Michigan v. Bryant", , the Court ruled that the "primary purpose" of a shooting victim's statement as to who shot him, and the police's reason for questioning him, each had to be objectively determined. If the "primary purpose" was for dealing with an "ongoing emergency", then any such statement was not testimonial and so the Confrontation Clause would not require the person making that statement to testify in order for that statement to be admitted into evidence. The right to confront and cross-examine witnesses also applies to physical evidence; the prosecution must present physical evidence to the jury, providing the defense ample opportunity to cross-examine its validity and meaning. Prosecution generally may not refer to evidence without first presenting it. In "Hemphill v. New York", , the Court ruled the accused had to be given an opportunity to cross-examine a witness called to rebut the accused's defense, even if the trial judge rules that defense to be misleading.


text: In the late 20th and early 21st century this clause became an issue in the use of the silent witness rule.


text: The Compulsory Process Clause gives any criminal defendant the right to call witnesses in his favor. If any such witness refuses to testify, that witness may be compelled to do so by the court at the request of the defendant. However, in some cases the court may refuse to permit a defense witness to testify. For example, if a defense lawyer fails to notify the prosecution of the identity of a witness to gain a tactical advantage, that witness may be precluded from testifying.


text: In "Powell v. Alabama", , the Supreme Court ruled that "in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him." In "Johnson v. Zerbst", , the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases, counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own.


text: In 1961, the Court extended the rule that applied in federal courts to state courts. It held in "Hamilton v. Alabama", , that counsel had to be provided at no expense to defendants in capital cases when they so requested, even if there was no "ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like". "Gideon v. Wainwright", , ruled that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases, overruling "Betts v. Brady", , in which the Court ruled that state courts had to appoint counsel only when the defendant demonstrated "special circumstances" requiring the assistance of counsel. Under "Argersinger v. Hamlin", , counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment. Regarding sentences not immediately leading to imprisonment, the Court in "Scott v. Illinois", , ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed, but in "Alabama v. Shelton", , the Court held that a suspended sentence that may result in incarceration cannot be imposed if the defendant did not have counsel at trial.


text: As stated in "Brewer v. Williams", , the right to counsel "[means] at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him, whether by formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment." "Brewer" goes on to conclude that once adversary proceedings have begun against a defendant, he has a right to legal assistance when the government interrogates him and that when a defendant is arrested, "arraigned on [an arrest] warrant before a judge", and "committed by the court to confinement", "[t]here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha[ve] been initiated."


text: A criminal defendant may represent himself, unless a court deems the defendant to be incompetent to waive the right to counsel.


text: In "Faretta v. California", , the Supreme Court recognized a defendant's right to "pro se" representation. However, under "Godinez v. Moran", , a court that believes the defendant is less than fully competent to represent himself can require that defendant to be assisted by counsel. In "Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California", , the Supreme Court ruled the right to "pro se" representation did not apply to appellate courts. In "Indiana v. Edwards", 554 U.S. 164 (2008), the Court ruled that a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial, but not competent to represent himself.


text: In "Bounds v. Smith", , the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of "meaningful access to the courts" can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials. "Bounds" has been interpreted by several United States courts of appeals to mean a "pro se" defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: Henry George Carey Jr. (May 16, 1921 – December 27, 2012) was an American actor. He appeared in more than 90 films, including several John Ford Westerns, as well as numerous television series.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: Carey was born on a ranch near the Saugus neighborhood of Santa Clarita, California, the son of actor Harry Carey (1878–1947) and actress Olive Carey (1896–1988). As a child, he learned to speak Navajo. His maternal grandfather was vaudeville entertainer George Fuller Golden. As a boy, he was nicknamed "Dobe", short for adobe, because of the color of his hair. He grew up on his parents' ranch in Santa Clarita; they had horses and cattle. His family ranch was later turned into a historic park by the Los Angeles County and was named Tesoro Adobe Park.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: During World War II, Carey Jr. served in the United States Navy as a Pharmacist Mate 2nd Class (medical corpsman) in the Pacific War. However, he was transferred back to the United States (against his wishes) to serve with his father's good friend the director John Ford in a Naval photographic unit attached to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). He then helped to make training films for the Navy and the OSS.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: After leaving the Navy, Carey attempted a singing career to avoid acting but was unsuccessful. He began acting in the John Ford Stock Company with his father. Carey collaborated frequently with director John Ford, who was a close friend. He appeared in such notable Ford films as "3 Godfathers" (1948), "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon" (1949), "The Searchers" (1956), and "Cheyenne Autumn" (1964). Both of his parents had appearances in Ford's films as well. He can be seen in a very early episode of "The Lone Ranger".


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: He became a respected character actor like his father. Carey appeared in many Westerns. He made four films with director Howard Hawks. The first was "Red River", which featured both Carey and his father in separate scenes, followed by "Monkey Business", "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes", and "Rio Bravo". Carey is credited in "Rio Bravo", but his scenes were cut. Carey speculated that Hawks either did not like Carey's outfit or cut the scene because Carey addressed Hawks as "Howard" instead of "Mr. Hawks".


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: Carey also collaborated with John Wayne with whom he made nine films. He got to work with Wayne first in "Red River" and last in "Cahill U.S. Marshal". He also starred in nine films alongside Ben Johnson including "Rio Grande" and "Cherry 2000." Between 1955 and 1957, Carey appeared as ranch counselor Bill Burnett in the serial "Spin and Marty", seen on Walt Disney's "Mickey Mouse Club". A DVD version of was released in December 2005 as part of the "Walt Disney Treasures" series. Carey was interviewed by Leonard Maltin on the 50th anniversary of the series' debut as a DVD bonus feature. In the 1960s, Carey appeared on such western series as "Have Gun - Will Travel" and "The Legend of Jesse James."


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: On April 29, 1962, Carey was cast as Mitch Evers in the episode "Cort" of the ABC-WB Western series, "Lawman", with John Russell and Peter Brown. In the story line, Cort Evers (Kevin Hagen), who is much younger than he appears, seeks revenge against his brother Mitch, whom he mistakenly blames for betraying six Union Army prisoners from their hometown during the American Civil War. Mitch is compelled to confront Cort in a shootout during which he explains that it had been Cort himself, under the influence of a fever, who betrayed the prisoners. Cort faints to the ground as he remembers the startling truth of his brother's words.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: 1972 saw Carey in a mostly comedic role as the character "Holy Joe" in the Terence Hill Spaghetti Western "Man of the East". In 1980, Carey portrayed George Arthur in the movie "The Long Riders", a film about the exploits of Jesse James.In 1984, he played Mr. Anderson in "Gremlins". In 1985, Carey played the aging biker Red in the movie "Mask". In 1987, Carey was a featured actor in the film, "The Whales of August", with Bette Davis, Lillian Gish, Vincent Price, and Ann Sothern. In this film, Carey portrayed a good-natured and noisy handyman and delivered his lines in a perfect Maine accent. In 1990, Carey appeared in the film "Back to the Future Part III" in a saloon scene set in 1885. In 1993, he made a cameo in the film "Tombstone" as Marshal Fred White.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: Carey appeared in "Tales from the Set", a series of video interviews in which he discussed various individuals with whom he worked. The series debuted in France at the Epona Festival, an event devoted to horses, in October 2007. In 2009, Carey and his partner Clyde Lucas completed "Trader Horn: The Journey Back", a remembrance of the 1931 adventure film featuring the elder Carey. Carey attempted to produce a feature film called "Comanche Stallion", a project which John Ford had considered making in the early 1960s, based on the 1958 book by Tom Millstead.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: He married Marilyn Fix, daughter of actor Paul Fix, in 1944. They had four children, Steven, Melinda, Thomas and Patricia.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: Carey wrote an autobiography, "Company of Heroes: My Life as an Actor in the John Ford Stock Company", which was published in 1996.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: Carey died of natural causes in a hospice on Thursday, December 27, 2012, in Santa Barbara at the age of 91. His ashes are interred at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. Survivors included his wife, the former actress Marilyn Frances Fix Carey (died 25 April 2017); a son, Thomas; two daughters, Melinda and Patricia; and three grandchildren. He was preceded in death by a son Steven Carey, who died in 1989. At the time of his death, he was reported to be the last living member of the John Ford Stock Company, though in reality John Wayne's son Patrick Wayne survives him.


title: Harry Carey Jr.

text: For his contribution to the television industry, Carey was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6363 Vine Street. In 1987, Carey received the Golden Boot award from the Motion Pictures & Television Fund Foundation. In 2003, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. That same year he also received the Silver Spur award that was given to him by Reel Cowboys.


title: Sean Patrick Maloney

text: Sean Patrick Maloney (born July 30, 1966) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative from . The district includes Newburgh, Beacon, and Poughkeepsie. A member of the Democratic Party, Maloney ran for New York Attorney General in 2018, losing to Letitia James in the primary.


title: Sean Patrick Maloney

text: Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, and raised in Hanover, New Hampshire, Maloney earned his Bachelor of Arts and Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia. He entered politics as a volunteer for Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential campaign and later served as his senior West Wing adviser and White House Staff Secretary.


title: Sean Patrick Maloney

text: Before being elected to Congress, Maloney worked as a software company executive and as an attorney. He was elected to the U.S. House in 2012, defeating Republican Party incumbent Nan Hayworth. He campaigned as a moderate and is a member of the centrist New Democrat Coalition. He is the first openly gay person elected to Congress from New York. He has served as chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee since 2021. In the November 8, 2022, general election, he lost his seat to Republican Mike Lawler.


title: Sean Patrick Maloney

text: Maloney was born on July 30, 1966, in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, to American parents. His father's job as a lumberjack had temporarily brought them to Canada. Maloney grew up in Hanover, New Hampshire. He was raised with his six siblings in what he describes as a "small Irish Catholic family". Maloney graduated from Hanover High School in 1984.


title: Sean Patrick Maloney

text: After attending Georgetown University for two years, Maloney transferred to the University of Virginia, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in international relations in 1988. He then spent a year volunteering with Jesuit priests in the slums of Chimbote, Peru, after which he returned to the U.S. and attended the University of Virginia School of Law, graduating with a Juris Doctor in 1992.