title: Red Rose Speedway

text: According to McCartney's official website, his archive team found an updated double album track listing from 30 January 1973 that differed from Seiwell's 1972 acetates. McCartney confirmed the updated track list as the one originally intended for release, saying, "You know, this is actually how I recollect that double album."


title: Red Rose Speedway

text: In December 2018, McCartney officially released "Red Rose Speedway: Reconstructed", a reconstructed version of its originally conceived "double album", as a bonus CD in the Deluxe configuration of "Red Rose Speedway", and separately as 2 LP vinyl.


title: Studio Dragon

text: Studio Dragon Corporation () is a South Korean drama production, marketing and distribution company under CJ ENM's E&M division. It was established on May 3, 2016, as a spin-off from E&M Media Content.


title: Studio Dragon

text: The company joined the KOSDAQ index of Korea Exchange, the same index where its parent company is included, through an initial public offering on November 24, 2017.


title: Studio Dragon

text: Studio Dragon has partnered with Netflix to carry dozen of tvN dramas like "Crash Landing on You" and "It's Okay to Not Be Okay" to the platform. Their partnership would expect to be expired on 2022 as CJ ENM, founder of Studio Dragon, has decided to focus on TVING following the merger with KT Seezn, which also owned minority shares on KT StudioGenie, who founded the streaming platform .


title: Studio Dragon

text: Studio Dragon's logo, which it calls the "Drama Paragon", was inspired by Cintamani, a wish-fulfilling jewel within both Hindu and


title: Studio Dragon

text: Buddhist traditions. It represents Asian culture, which the company wants to glorify through every production it makes. The logo, made by Korean brand design company BRANDMAJOR, was first introduced in the 2016 drama "Squad 38".


title: Studio Dragon

text: According to company CEO Jinnie Choi, Studio Dragon currently manages 133 directors and writers under its different subsidiaries and affiliates.


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: Dawnn Jewel Lewis (born August 13, 1961) is an American actress. Lewis is best known for her role as Jaleesa Vinson–Taylor on the NBC television sitcom "A Different World" from the series beginning in 1987 until the end of its fifth season in 1992; in addition to being on the show, Lewis co–wrote the theme song.


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: Lewis's other notable roles include portraying Robin Dumars on the ABC sitcom "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" for its first season (1992–93) and as Cheryl Spade in the 1988 film "I'm Gonna Git You Sucka". Since then, Lewis has appeared in numerous TV series, including other sitcoms, and has also performed on stage.


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: Dawnn Lewis was born on August 13, 1961 in Brooklyn, New York City, to Carl and Joyce Lewis, who are of African-American and Guyanese descent, She began singing at the age of four and acting at eleven. At sixteen, Lewis graduated from the High School of Music & Art in New York City, now known as Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School. In college, she majored in musical theatre with a minor in journalism, graduating with a Bachelor of Music degree, "cum laude," from the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, in 1982.


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: From August 1, 1985 to July 6, 1986, Lewis performed and understudied in the National Tour of the Broadway musical "The Tap Dance Kid" under the name "Dawnn J. Lewis".


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: Lewis appeared for the first five of the six-season run as Jaleesa Vinson (later Vinson–Taylor) from 1987 until 1992. Lewis co-wrote the theme song to "A Different World", with Bill Cosby and Stu Gardner, and co-performed the song for the first season. In "A Different World", Although her character was married to another of the main characters on the show, her character disappeared from "A Different World" without explanation, like Chuck Cunningham of "Happy Days". Lewis appeared in a special week-long segment of "A Different World" called the "Hillman College Reunion" airing on Nick at Nite, along with Lisa Bonet, Jasmine Guy, Kadeem Hardison, Darryl M. Bell, Cree Summer, and Sinbad. On her "Super Password" appearance in 1988, she was paired with "Dallas" star Ken Kercheval, not any of her co-stars.


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: In September 1992, Lewis began starring in ABC's "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper" alongside Mark Curry and Holly Robinson. Lewis appeared in 20 of the 22 episodes of the first season as Robin Dumars, Mark's childhood best friend and roommate. Lewis did not appear on the two shows concurrently – she left "A Different World" to star in "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper". Lewis and Holly Robinson, along with R&B quartet En Vogue, performed the theme song for season one of "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper". Sometime before the end of season one, the show producers decided to scale back on the updated version of the 1970s ABC sitcom "Three's Company" concept. Lewis left the show after the conclusion of the first season due to the producers deciding to change the direction of the show, replacing her character with a mother and child; Mark's cousin Geneva Lee (portrayed by Saundra Quarterman) and her daughter Nicole (portrayed by Raven-Symoné).


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: Lewis provided additional voices in the video game, "". She portrayed Deloris Van Cartier in Peter Schneider's "Sister Act the Musical", which opened at the Pasadena Playhouse on October 24, 2006. Lewis has voiced Storm of the X-Men in three games, most recently "". She also voiced Granny Grim on "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy", and voiced the female Shokan (Sheeva) in "". Lewis has also done voice work as LaBarbara Conrad, wife of Hermes Conrad, in the animated TV series "Futurama", Detective Terri Lee on "Spider-Man: The Animated Series", villainess Di Archer on "Bruno the Kid", and voiced a number of characters on "The Boondocks". Additionally, she voiced the character Sharona on "King of the Hill".


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: Lewis co-starred in two Disney Channel Original Movies, "The Poof Point" as Marigold Ballord, and as Gail DeBarge in "Let It Shine". In 2000, Lewis played Blabberwort the Troll in the five-episode NBC miniseries "The 10th Kingdom".


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: In 2006, Lewis starred as Melba Early in the film adaptation of "Dreamgirls". Lewis released her debut CD, entitled "Worth Waiting For", in 2006. She played Addaperle in "The Wiz" with New York City Center's "Encores!" In 2009, Lewis played Denise Fields on "One Tree Hill". In 2010, Lewis played a minor recurring role as Lauren's mother in "The Secret Life of the American Teenager". In 2012, she voiced Malora in "Strange Frame". She also appeared as Dr. Knapp on "Days of Our Lives" in 2012–2013. In 2014 Lewis starred in The Divorce along with Vanessa Bell Calloway, Tatyana Ali & Freda Payne. As of 2015, Lewis is playing a recurring role on "Major Crimes" as Patrice, a love interest for Lt. Provenza, whom he met during a case. In that same year, she also voiced Ruby's mother Helen Hanshaw in one episode of "Sofia The First".


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: In March 2016, Lewis was cast in Disney Junior's animated series "Doc McStuffins" as the voice of Grandma McStuffins.


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: In 2017 she provided the voice of Maybelle Mundy in the film "Bunyan and Babe". In 2018 she began voicing Fannie Granger on DreamWorks's "Spirit Riding Free" and Dr. Jones in "Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters", while in 2019 began voicing The Chief on Netflix's animated "Carmen Sandiego". She voiced Attorney General's special agent Lenora Carter in "The Simpsons" episode "The Fat Blue Line" in 2019, and became the voice of Bernice Hibbert starting with "Uncut Femmes" in 2021.


title: Dawnn Lewis

text: On November 7, 2019 Lewis began portraying Zelma, Tina Turner's mother in "Tina" on Broadway and working under the name "Dr. Dawnn Lewis."


title: Compass rose

text: A compass rose, sometimes called a wind rose, rose of the winds or compass star, is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart, or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions (north, east, south, and west) and their intermediate points. It is also the term for the graduated markings found on the traditional magnetic compass. Today, a form of compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical charts, non-directional beacons (NDB), VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) systems, global-positioning systems (GPS), and similar equipment.


title: Compass rose

text: Linguistic anthropological studies have shown that most human communities have four points of cardinal direction. The names given to these directions are usually derived from either locally-specific geographic features (e.g. "towards the hills", "towards the sea") or from celestial bodies (especially the sun) or from atmospheric features (winds, temperature). Most mobile populations tend to adopt sunrise and sunset for East and West and the direction from where different winds blow to denote North and South.


title: Compass rose

text: The ancient Greeks originally maintained distinct and separate systems of points and winds. The four Greek cardinal points (, , and ) were based on celestial bodies and used for orientation. The four Greek winds (, , , ) were confined to meteorology. Nonetheless, both systems were gradually conflated, and wind names came eventually to denote cardinal directions as well.


title: Compass rose

text: In his meteorological studies, Aristotle identified ten distinct winds: two north-south winds (, ) and four sets of east-west winds blowing from different latitudes—the Arctic circle (, ), the summer solstice horizon (, ), the equinox (, ) and the winter solstice (, ). Aristotle's system was asymmetric. To restore balance, Timosthenes of Rhodes added two more winds to produce the classical 12-wind rose, and began using the winds to denote geographical direction in navigation. Eratosthenes deducted two winds from Aristotle's system, to produce the classical 8-wind rose.


title: Compass rose

text: The Romans (e.g. Seneca, Pliny) adopted the Greek 12-wind system, and replaced its names with Latin equivalents, e.g. , , , , etc. The "De architectura" of the Roman architect Vitruvius describes 24 winds.


title: Compass rose

text: According to the chronicler Einhard (), the Frankish king Charlemagne himself came up with his own names for the classical 12 winds. During the Migration Period, the Germanic names for the cardinal directions entered the Romance languages, where they replaced the Latin names "borealis" with north, "australis" with south, "occidentalis" with west and "orientalis" with east.


title: Compass rose

text: The following table gives a rough equivalence of the classical 12-wind rose with the modern compass directions (Note: the directions are imprecise since it is not clear at what angles the classical winds are supposed to be with each other; some have argued that they should be equally spaced at 30 degrees each; for more details, see the article on Classical compass winds).


title: Compass rose

text: The sidereal compass rose demarcates the compass points by the position of stars in the night sky, rather than winds. Arab navigators in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, who depended on celestial navigation, were using a 32-point sidereal compass rose before the end of the 10th century. In the northern hemisphere, the steady Pole Star (Polaris) was used for the N-S axis; the less-steady Southern Cross had to do for the southern hemisphere, as the southern pole star, Sigma Octantis, is too dim to be easily seen from Earth with the naked eye. The other thirty points on the sidereal rose were determined by the rising and setting positions of fifteen bright stars. Reading from North to South, in their rising and setting positions, these are:


title: Compass rose

text: The western half of the rose would be the same stars in their setting position. The true position of these stars is only approximate to their theoretical equidistant rhumbs on the sidereal compass. Stars with the same declination formed a "linear constellation" or "" to provide direction as the night progressed.


title: Compass rose

text: A similar sidereal compass was used by Polynesian and Micronesian navigators in the Pacific Ocean, although different stars were used in a number of cases, clustering around the East-West axis.


title: Compass rose

text: In Europe, the Classical 12-wind system continued to be taught in academic settings during the Medieval era, but seafarers in the Mediterranean came up with their own distinct 8-wind system. The mariners used names derived from the Mediterranean lingua franca, composed principally of Ligurian, mixed with Venetian, Sicilian, Provençal, Catalan, Greek and Arabic terms from around the Mediterranean basin.


title: Compass rose

text: The exact origin of the mariner's eight-wind rose is obscure. Only two of its point names ("Ostro", "Libeccio") have Classical etymologies, the rest of the names seem to be autonomously derived. Two Arabic words stand out: "Scirocco" (SE) from "al-Sharq" (الشرق – east in Arabic) and the variant "Garbino" (SW), from "al-Gharb" (الغرب – west in Arabic). This suggests the mariner's rose was probably acquired by southern Italian seafarers not from their classical Roman ancestors, but rather from Norman Sicily in the 11th to 12th centuries. The coasts of the Maghreb and Mashriq are SW and SE of Sicily respectively; the "Greco" (a NE wind), reflects the position of Byzantine-held Calabria-Apulia to the northeast of Arab Sicily, while the "Maestro" (a NW wind) is a reference to the Mistral wind that blows from the southern French coast towards northwest Sicily.


title: Compass rose

text: The 32-point compass used for navigation in the Mediterranean by the 14th century, had increments of 11° between points. Only the eight principal winds (N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW) were given special names. The eight half-winds just combined the names of the two principal winds, e.g. Greco-Tramontana for NNE, Greco-Levante for ENE, and so on. Quarter-winds were more cumbersomely phrased, with the closest principal wind named first and the next-closest principal wind second, e.g. "Quarto di Tramontana verso Greco" (literally, "one quarter wind from North towards Northeast", i.e. North by East), and "Quarto di Greco verso Tramontana" ("one quarter wind from NE towards N", i.e. Northeast by North). Boxing the compass (naming all 32 winds) was expected of all Medieval mariners.


title: Compass rose

text: In the earliest medieval portolan charts of the 14th century, compass roses were depicted as mere collections of color-coded compass rhumb lines: black for the eight main winds, green for the eight half-winds and red for the sixteen quarter-winds. The average portolan chart had sixteen such roses (or confluence of lines), spaced out equally around the circumference of a large implicit circle.


title: Compass rose

text: The cartographer Cresques Abraham of Majorca, in his Catalan Atlas of 1375, was the first to draw an ornate compass rose on a map. By the end of the 15th century, Portuguese cartographers began drawing multiple ornate compass roses throughout the chart, one upon each of the sixteen circumference roses (unless the illustration conflicted with coastal details).


title: Compass rose

text: The points on a compass rose were frequently labeled by the initial letters of the mariner's principal winds (T, G, L, S, O, L, P, M). From the outset, the custom also began to distinguish the north from the other points by a specific visual marker. Medieval Italian cartographers typically used a simple arrowhead or circumflex-hatted T (an allusion to the compass needle) to designate the north, while the Majorcan cartographic school typically used a stylized Pole Star for its north mark. The use of the fleur-de-lis as north mark was introduced by Pedro Reinel, and quickly became customary in compass roses (and is still often used today). Old compass roses also often used a Christian cross at Levante (E), indicating the direction of Jerusalem from the point of view of the Mediterranean sea.


title: Compass rose

text: The twelve Classical winds (or a subset of them) were also sometimes depicted on portolan charts, albeit not on a compass rose, but rather separately on small disks or coins on the edges of the map.


title: Compass rose

text: The compass rose was also depicted on traverse boards used on board ships to record headings sailed at set time intervals.


title: Compass rose

text: The contemporary compass rose appears as two rings, one smaller and set inside the other. The outside ring denotes true cardinal directions while the smaller inside ring denotes magnetic cardinal directions. True north refers to the geographical location of the north pole while magnetic north refers to the direction towards which the north pole of a magnetic object (as found in a compass) will point. The angular difference between true and magnetic north is called variation, which varies depending on location. The angular difference between magnetic heading and compass heading is called deviation which varies by vessel and its heading. North arrows are often included in contemporary maps as part of the map layout.


title: Compass rose

text: Although modern compasses use the names of the eight principal directions (N, NE, E, SE, etc.), older compasses use the traditional Italianate wind names of Medieval origin (Tramontana, Greco, Levante, etc.)


title: Compass rose

text: 4-point compass roses use only the four "basic winds" or "cardinal directions" (North, East, South, West), with angles of difference at 90°.


title: Compass rose

text: 8-point compass roses use the eight principal winds—that is, the four cardinal directions (N, E, S, W) plus the four "intercardinal" or "ordinal directions" (NE, SE, SW, NW), at angles of difference of 45°.


title: Compass rose

text: 12-point compass roses, with markings 30° apart, are often painted on airport ramps to assist with the adjustment of aircraft magnetic compass compensators.


title: Compass rose

text: 32-point compass roses are constructed by bisecting these angles, and coming up with quarter-winds at 11° angles of difference. Quarter-wind names are constructed with the names "X by Y", which can be read as "one quarter wind from X toward Y", where X is one of the eight principal winds and Y is one of the two adjacent cardinal directions. For example, North-by-east (NbE) is one quarter wind from North towards East, Northeast-by-north (NEbN) is one quarter wind from Northeast toward North. Naming all 32 points on the rose is called "boxing the compass".


title: Compass rose

text: The 32-point rose has 11° between points, but is easily found by halving divisions and may have been easier for those not using a 360° circle. Eight points make a right angle and a point is easy to estimate allowing bearings to be given such as "two points off the starboard bow".


title: History of the compass

text: The compass is a magnetometer used for navigation and orientation that shows direction in regards to the geographic cardinal points.The structure of a compass consists of the compass rose, which displays the four main directions on it: East (E), South (S), West (W) and North (N). The angle increases in the clockwise position. North corresponds to 0°, so east is 90°, south is 180° and west is 270°.


title: History of the compass

text: The history of the compass started more than 2000 years ago during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). The first compasses were made of lodestone, a naturally magnetized stone of iron, in Han dynasty China. It was called the "South Pointing Fish" and was used for land navigation by the mid-11th century during the Song dynasty (960–1279 AD). Shen Kuo provided the first explicit description of a magnetized needle in 1088 and Zhu Yu mentioned its use in maritime navigation in the text "Pingzhou Table Talks", dated 1111–1117. Later compasses were made of iron needles, magnetized by striking them with a lodestone. Magnetized needles and compasses were first described in medieval Europe by the English theologian Alexander Neckam (1157–1217 AD). The first usage of a compass in Western Europe was recorded in around 1190 and in the Islamic world 1232. Dry compasses begin appearing around 1269 in Medieval Europe and 1300 in the Medieval Islamic world. This was replaced in the early 20th century by the liquid-filled magnetic compass.


title: History of the compass

text: Before the introduction of the compass, geographical position and direction at sea were primarily determined by the sighting of landmarks, supplemented with the observation of the position of celestial bodies. Other techniques included sampling mud from the seafloor (China), analyzing the flight path of birds, and observing wind, sea debris, and sea state (Polynesia and elsewhere). Objects that have been understood as having been used for navigation by measuring the angles between celestial objects, were discovered in the Indus Valley site of Lothal. The Norse are believed to have used a type of sun compass to locate true north. On cloudy days, the Vikings may have used cordierite or some other birefringent crystal to determine the sun's direction and elevation from the polarization of daylight; their astronomical knowledge was sufficient to let them use this information to determine their proper heading. The invention of the compass made it possible to determine a heading when the sky was overcast or foggy, and when landmarks were not in sight. This enabled mariners to navigate safely far from land, increasing sea trade, and contributing to the Age of Discovery.


title: History of the compass

text: The compass was invented in China during the Han dynasty between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD where it was called the "south-governor"("sīnán" ) or "South Pointing Fish" (). The magnetic compass was not, at first, used for navigation, but for geomancy and fortune-telling by the Chinese. The earliest Chinese magnetic compasses were possibly used to order and harmonize buildings by the geomantic principles of "feng shui". These early compasses were made with lodestone, a form of the mineral magnetite that is a naturally occurring magnet and aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic field. People in ancient China discovered that if a lodestone was suspended so it could turn freely, it would always point toward the magnetic poles. Early compasses were used to choose areas suitable for building houses, growing crops, and to search for rare gems. Compasses were later adapted for navigation during the Song dynasty in the 11th century.


title: History of the compass

text: Based on Krotser and Coe's discovery of an Olmec hematite artifact in Mesoamerica, radiocarbon dated to 1400–1000 BC, astronomer John Carlson has hypothesized that the Olmec might have used the geomagnetic lodestone earlier than 1000 BC for geomancy, a method of divination, which if proven true, predates the Chinese use of magnetism for feng shui by a millennium. Carlson speculates that the Olmecs used similar artifacts as a directional device for astronomical or geomantic purposes but does not suggest navigational usage. The artifact is part of a polished hematite bar with a groove at one end, possibly used for sighting. Carlson's claims have been disputed by other scientific researchers, who have suggested that the artifact is actually a constituent piece of a decorative ornament and not a purposely built compass. Several other hematite or magnetite artifacts have been found at pre-Columbian archaeological sites in Mexico and Guatemala.


title: History of the compass

text: A number of early cultures used lodestone so they could turn, as magnetic compasses for navigation. Early mechanical compasses are referenced in written records of the Chinese, who began using it for navigation sometime between the 9th and 11th century, "some time before 1050, possibly as early as 850." At present, according to Kreutz, scholarly consensus is that the Chinese invention used in navigation pre-dates the first European mention of a compass by 150 years. The first recorded appearance of the use of the compass in Europe (1190) is earlier than in the Muslim world (1232), as a description of a magnetized needle and its use among sailors occurs in Alexander Neckam's "De naturis rerum" (On the Natures of Things), written in 1190.


title: History of the compass

text: However, there are questions over diffusion. Some historians suggest that the Arabs introduced the compass from China to Europe. Some suggested the compass was transmitted from China to Europe and the Islamic world via the Indian Ocean, or was brought by the crusaders to Europe from China. However, some scholars proposed an independent European invention of the compass.


title: History of the compass

text: Thus, the use of a magnetic compass by the military for land navigation occurred sometime before 1044, but incontestable evidence for the use of the compass as a maritime navigational device did not appear until 1117.


title: History of the compass

text: The typical Chinese navigational compass was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song dynasty and continuing Yuan dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass. Evidence of this is found in the "Shilin Guang Ji" ("Guide Through the Forest of Affairs"), published in 1325 by Chen Yuanjing, although its compilation had taken place between 1100 and 1250. The dry compass in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the lodestone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the European compass-card in a box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had, in turn, learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century. However, according to Kreutz there is only a single Chinese reference to a dry-mounted needle (built into a pivoted wooden tortoise) which is dated to between 1150 and 1250 and claims that there is no clear indication that Chinese mariners ever used anything but the floating needle in a bowl until the 16th century.


title: History of the compass

text: The first recorded use of a 48 position mariner's compass on sea navigation was noted in "The Customs of Cambodia" by Yuan dynasty diplomat Zhou Daguan, he described his 1296 voyage from Wenzhou to Angkor Thom in detail; when his ship set sail from Wenzhou, the mariner took a needle direction of “ding Wei” position, which is equivalent to 22.5 degree SW. After they arrived at Baria, the mariner took "Kun Shen needle", or 52.5 degree SW. Zheng He's Navigation Map, also known as the "Mao Kun Map", contains a large amount of detail "needle records" of Zheng He's expeditions.


title: History of the compass

text: Alexander Neckam reported the use of a magnetic compass for the region of the English Channel in the texts "De utensilibus" and "De naturis rerum", written between 1187 and 1202, after he returned to England from France and prior to entering the Augustinian abbey at Cirencester. In his 1863 edition of Neckam's "De naturis rerum", Thomas Wright provides a translation of the passage in which Neckam mentions sailors being guided by a compass' needle: "The sailors, moreover, as they sail over the sea, when in cloudy whether they can no longer profit by the light of the sun, or when the world is wrapped up in the darkness of the shades of night, and they are ignorant to what point of the compass their ship's course is directed, they touch the magnet with a needle, which (the needle) is whirled round in a circle until, when its motion ceases, its point looks direct to the north."


title: History of the compass

text: In 1269 Petrus Peregrinus of Maricourt described a floating compass for astronomical purposes as well as a dry compass for seafaring, in his well-known "Epistola de magnete".


title: History of the compass

text: In the Mediterranean, the introduction of the compass, at first only known as a magnetized pointer floating in a bowl of water, went hand in hand with improvements in dead reckoning methods, and the development of Portolan charts, leading to more navigation during winter months in the second half of the 13th century. While the practice from ancient times had been to curtail sea travel between October and April, due in part to the lack of dependable clear skies during the Mediterranean winter, the prolongation of the sailing season resulted in a gradual, but sustained increase in shipping movement; by around 1290 the sailing season could start in late January or February, and end in December. The additional few months were of considerable economic importance. For instance, it enabled Venetian convoys to make two round trips a year to the Levant, instead of one.


title: History of the compass

text: At the same time, traffic between the Mediterranean and northern Europe also increased, with the first evidence of direct commercial voyages from the Mediterranean into the English Channel coming in the closing decades of the 13th century, and one factor may be that the compass made traversal of the Bay of Biscay safer and easier. However, critics like Kreutz have suggested that it was later in 1410 that anyone really started steering by compass.


title: History of the compass

text: The earliest reference to a compass in the Muslim world occurs in a Persian talebook from 1232, "Jawami ul-Hikayat", where a compass is used for navigation during a trip in the Red Sea or the Persian Gulf. This fish shape was from a typical early Chinese design. The fish-shaped iron leaf described indicates that this early Chinese design has spread outside of China. The earliest Arabic reference to a compass, in the form of magnetic needle in a bowl of water, comes from a work by Baylak al-Qibjāqī, written in 1282 while in Cairo. Al-Qibjāqī described a needle-and-bowl compass used for navigation on a voyage he took from Syria to Alexandria in 1242. Since the author describes having witnessed the use of a compass on a ship trip some forty years earlier, some scholars are inclined to antedate its first appearance in the Arab world accordingly. Al-Qibjāqī also reports that sailors in the Indian Ocean used iron fish instead of needles.


title: History of the compass

text: Late in the 13th century, the Yemeni Sultan and astronomer al-Malik al-Ashraf described the use of the compass as a "Qibla indicator" to find the direction to Mecca. In a treatise about astrolabes and sundials, al-Ashraf includes several paragraphs on the construction of a compass bowl (ṭāsa). He then uses the compass to determine the north point, the meridian (khaṭṭ niṣf al-nahār), and the Qibla. This is the first mention of a compass in a medieval Islamic scientific text and its earliest known use as a Qibla indicator, although al-Ashraf did not claim to be the first to use it for this purpose.


title: History of the compass

text: In 1300, an Arabic treatise written by the Egyptian astronomer and muezzin Ibn Simʿūn describes a dry compass used for determining qibla. Like Peregrinus' compass, however, Ibn Simʿūn's compass did not feature a compass card. In the 14th century, the Syrian astronomer and timekeeper Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375) invented a timekeeping device incorporating both a universal sundial and a magnetic compass. He invented it for the purpose of finding the times of prayers. Arab navigators also introduced the 32-point compass rose during this time. In 1399, an Egyptian reports two different kinds of magnetic compass. One instrument is a “fish” made of willow wood or pumpkin, into which a magnetic needle is inserted and sealed with tar or wax to prevent the penetration of water. The other instrument is a dry compass.


title: History of the compass

text: In the 15th century, the description given by Ibn Majid while aligning the compass with the pole star indicates that he was aware of magnetic declination. An explicit value for the declination is given by ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Wafāʾī (fl. the 1450s in Cairo).


title: History of the compass

text: Pre modern Arabic sources refer to the compass using the term "ṭāsa" (lit. "bowl") for the floating compass, or "ālat al-qiblah" ("qibla instrument") for a device used for orienting towards Mecca.


title: History of the compass

text: Friedrich Hirth suggested that Arab and Persian traders, who learned about the polarity of the magnetic needle from the Chinese, applied the compass for navigation before the Chinese did. However, Needham described this theory as "erroneous" and "it originates because of a mistraslation" of the term "chia-ling" found in Zhu Yu's book "Pingchow Table Talks".


title: History of the compass

text: The development of the magnetic compass is highly uncertain. The compass is mentioned in fourth-century AD Tamil nautical books; moreover, its early name of "macchayantra" (fish machine) suggest a Chinese origin. In its Indian form, the wet compass often consisted of a fish-shaped magnet, float in a bowl filled with oil.


title: History of the compass

text: There is evidence that the distribution of the compass from China likely also reached eastern Africa by way of trade through the end of the Silk Road that ended in East African centre of trade in Somalia and the Swahili city-state kingdoms. There is evidence that Swahili maritime merchants and sailors acquired the compass at some point and used it for navigation.


title: History of the compass

text: The dry mariner's compass consists of three elements: A freely pivoting needle on a pin enclosed in a little box with a glass cover and a wind rose, whereby "the wind rose or compass card is attached to a magnetized needle in such a manner that when placed on a pivot in a box fastened in line with the keel of the ship the card would turn as the ship changed direction, indicating always what course the ship was on". Later, compasses were often fitted into a gimbal mounting to reduce grounding of the needle or card when used on the pitching and the rolling deck of a ship.


title: History of the compass

text: While pivoting needles in glass boxes had already been described by the French scholar Peter Peregrinus in 1269, and by the Egyptian scholar Ibn Simʿūn in 1300, traditionally Flavio Gioja (fl. 1302), an Italian pilot from Amalfi, has been credited with perfecting the sailor's compass by suspending its needle over a compass card, thus giving the compass its familiar appearance. Such a compass with the needle attached to a rotating card is also described in a commentary on Dante's "Divine Comedy" from 1380, while an earlier source refers to a portable compass in a box (1318), supporting the notion that the dry compass was known in Europe by then.


title: History of the compass

text: A "bearing compass" is a magnetic compass mounted in such a way that it allows the taking of bearings of objects by aligning them with the lubber line of the bearing compass. A "surveyor's compass" is a specialized compass made to accurately measure heading of landmarks and measure horizontal angles to help with map making. These were already in common use by the early 18th century and are described in 1728 Cyclopaedia. The bearing compass was steadily reduced in size and weight to increase portability, resulting in a model that could be carried and operated in one hand. In 1885, a patent was granted for a hand compass fitted with a viewing prism and lens that enabled the user to accurately sight the heading of geographical landmarks, thus creating the "prismatic compass". Another sighting method was employing a reflective mirror. First patented in 1902, the "Bézard compass" consisted of a field compass with a mirror mounted above it. This arrangement enabled the user to align the compass with an objective while simultaneously viewing its bearing in the mirror.


title: History of the compass

text: In 1928, Gunnar Tillander, a Swedish unemployed instrument maker and an avid participant in the sport of orienteering, invented a new style of bearing the compass. Dissatisfied with existing field compasses, which required a separate protractor to take bearings from a map, Tillander decided to incorporate both instruments into a single instrument. It combined a compass with a protractor built into the base. His design featured a metal compass capsule containing a magnetic needle with orienting marks mounted into a transparent protractor baseplate with a lubber line (later called a "direction of travel indicator"). By rotating the capsule to align the needle with the orienting marks, the course bearing could be read at the lubber line. Moreover, by aligning the baseplate with a course drawn on a map – ignoring the needle – the compass could also function as a protractor. Tillander took his design to fellow orienteers Björn, Alvin, and Alvar Kjellström, who were selling basic compasses, and the four men modified Tillander's design. In December 1932, the Silva Company was formed with Tillander and the three Kjellström brothers, and the company began manufacturing and selling its Silva orienteering compass to Swedish orienteers, outdoorsmen, and army officers.


title: History of the compass

text: The liquid compass is a design in which the magnetized needle or card is damped by fluid to protect against excessive swing or wobble, improving readability while reducing wear. A rudimentary working model of a liquid compass was introduced by Sir Edmond Halley at a meeting of the Royal Society in 1690. However, as early liquid compasses were fairly cumbersome and heavy and subject to damage, their main advantage was aboard the ship. Protected in a binnacle and normally gimbal-mounted, the liquid inside the compass housing effectively damped shock and vibration, while eliminating excessive swing and grounding of the card caused by the pitch and roll of the vessel. The first liquid mariner's compass believed practicable for limited use was patented by the Englishman Francis Crow in 1813. Liquid-damped marine compasses for ships and small boats were occasionally used by the Royal Navy from the 1830s through 1860, but the standard Admiralty compass remained a dry-mount type. In the latter year, the American physicist and inventor Edward Samuel Ritchie patented a greatly improved liquid marine compass that was adopted in revised form for general use by the United States Navy, and later purchased by the Royal Navy as well.


title: History of the compass

text: Despite these advances, the liquid compass was not introduced generally into the Royal Navy until 1908. An early version developed by RN Captain Creek proved to be operational under heavy gunfire and seas but was felt to lack navigational precision compared with the design by Lord Kelvin. However, with ship and gun sizes continuously increasing, the advantages of the liquid compass over the Kelvin compass became unavoidably apparent to the Admiralty, and after widespread adoption by other navies, the liquid compass was generally adopted by the Royal Navy.


title: History of the compass

text: Liquid compasses were next adapted for aircraft. In 1909, Captain F.O. Creagh-Osborne, Superintendent of Compasses at the Admiralty, introduced his "Creagh-Osborne" aircraft compass, which used a mixture of alcohol and distilled water to damp the compass card. After the success of this invention, Capt. Creagh-Osborne adapted his design to a much smaller pocket model for individual use by officers of artillery or infantry, receiving a patent in 1915.


title: History of the compass

text: In December 1931, the newly founded Silva Company of Sweden introduced its first baseplate or bearing compass that used a liquid-filled capsule to damp the swing of the magnetized needle. The liquid-damped Silva took only four seconds for its needle to settle in comparison to thirty seconds for the original version.


title: History of the compass

text: In 1933 Tuomas Vohlonen, a surveyor by profession, applied for a patent for a unique method of filling and sealing a lightweight celluloid compass housing or capsule with a petroleum distillate to dampen the needle and protect it from shock and wear caused by excessive motion. Introduced in a wrist-mount model in 1936 as the Suunto Oy "Model M-311", the new capsule design led directly to the lightweight liquid-filled field compasses of today.


title: History of the compass

text: The first gyroscope for scientific use was made by the French physicist Léon Foucault (1819–1868) in 1852, who also named the device while researching in the same line that led him to use the eponymous pendulum, for which he was awarded a Copley Medal by the Royal Society. The gyrocompass was patented in 1885 by Marinus Gerardus van den Bos in The Netherlands after continuous spinning was made possible by small electric motors, which were, in turn, a technological outcome of the discovery of magnetic induction. Yet only in 1906 was the German inventor Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe (1872–1931) able to build the first practical gyrocompass. It had two major advantages over magnetic compasses: it indicated true north and was unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as the steel hull of ships. Thus, it was widely used in the warships of World War I and modern aircraft.


title: History of the compass

text: Three compasses meant for establishing the meridian was described by Peter Peregrinus in 1269 (referring to experiments made before 1248) Late in the 13th century, al-Malik al-Ashraf of Yemen wrote a treatise on astrolabes, which included instructions and diagrams on using the compass to determine the meridian (khaṭṭ niṣf al-nahār) and Qibla. In 1300, a treatise written by the Egyptian astronomer and muezzin Ibn Simʿūn describes a dry compass for use as a "Qibla indicator" to find the direction to Mecca. Ibn Simʿūn's the compass, however, did not feature a compass card nor the familiar glass box. In the 14th century, the Syrian astronomer and timekeeper Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375) invented a timekeeping device incorporating both a universal sundial and the magnetic compass. He invented it to find the times of salat prayers.


title: History of the compass

text: Evidence for the orientation of buildings by the means of a magnetic compass can be found in 12th-century Denmark: one fourth of its 570 Romanesque churches are rotated by 5–15 degrees clockwise from true east–west, thus corresponding to the predominant magnetic declination of the time of their construction. Most of these churches were built in the 12th century, indicating a fairly common usage of magnetic compasses in Europe by then.


title: History of the compass

text: The use of a compass as a direction finder underground was pioneered in the Tuscan mining town Massa where floating magnetic needles were employed for tunneling, and for defining the claims of the various mining companies, as early as the 13th century. In the second half of the 15th century, the compass became standard equipment for Tyrolian miners. Shortly afterward the first detailed treatise dealing with the underground use of compasses was published by a German miner Rülein von Calw (1463–1525).


title: History of the compass

text: A sun compass uses the position of the Sun in the sky to determine the directions of the cardinal points, making allowance for the local latitude and longitude, time of day, equation of time, and so on. At fairly high latitudes, an analog-display watch can be used as a very approximate sun compass. A simple sundial can be used as a much better one. An automatic sun compass developed by Lt. Col. James Allason, a mechanized cavalry officer, was adopted by the British Army in India in 1938 for use in tanks and other armored vehicles where the magnetic field was subject to distortion, affecting the standard-issue prismatic compass. Cloudy skies prohibited its use in European theatres. A copy of the manual is preserved in the Imperial War Museum in London.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engined medium transport/utility helicopter that was designed and originally produced by the French aerospace manufacturer Sud Aviation. It is capable of carrying up to 20 passengers as well as a variety of cargoes, either internally or externally; numerous armaments have also been outfitted to some helicopters.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The Puma was originally developed as an all-new design during the mid-1960s in response to a French Army requirement for a medium-sized all-weather helicopter. On 15 April 1965, the first prototype Puma made its maiden flight; the first production helicopter flew during September 1968. Deliveries to the French Army commenced in early 1969; the type quickly proved itself to be a commercial success. Production of the Puma continued into the 1980s under Sub Aviation's successor company Aérospatiale. It was also license-produced in Romania as the IAR 330; two unlicensed derivatives, the Denel Rooivalk attack helicopter and Atlas Oryx utility helicopter, were built in South Africa. Several advanced derivatives have been developed, such as the AS332 Super Puma and AS532 Cougar, and have been manufactured by Eurocopter and its successor company Airbus Helicopters since the early 1990s. These descendants of the Puma remain in production in the 21st century.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The Puma has seen combat in a range of theatres by a number of different operators; significant operations include the Gulf War, the South African Border War, the Portuguese Colonial War, the Yugoslav Wars, the Lebanese Civil War, the Iraq War, and the Falklands War. Numerous operators have chosen to modernise their fleets, often adding more capabilities and new features, such as glass cockpits, Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation, and various self-defense measures. The type also saw popular use in the civilian field and has been operated by a number of civil operators. One of the largest civil operators of the Puma was Bristow Helicopters, which regularly used it for off shore operations over the North Sea.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The SA 330 Puma was originally developed by Sud Aviation to meet a requirement of the French Army for a medium-sized all-weather helicopter capable of carrying up to 20 soldiers as well as various cargo-carrying duties. The choice was made to develop a completely new design for the helicopter, work began in 1963 with backing from the French government. The first of two Puma prototypes flew on 15 April 1965; six further pre-production models were also built, the last of which flew on 30 July 1968. The first production SA 330 Puma flew in September 1968, with deliveries to the French Army starting in early 1969.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In 1967, the Puma was selected by the Royal Air Force (RAF), who were impressed by the Puma's performance. It was given the designation "Puma HC Mk 1". A significant joint manufacturing agreement was signed between Aerospatiale and Westland Helicopters of the UK. The close collaboration between the French and British firms would lead to purchases of Aérospatiale Gazelle by the UK and the Westland Lynx by France. Under this agreement, Westland manufactured a range of components and performed the assembly of Pumas ordered by the RAF.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The SA 330 was a success on the export market, numerous countries purchased military variants of the Puma to serve in their armed forces; the type was also popularly received in the civil market, finding common usage by operators for transport duties to off-shore oil platforms. Throughout most of the 1970s, the SA 330 Puma was the best selling transport helicopter being produced in Europe. By July 1978, over 50 Pumas had already been delivered to civil customers, and the worldwide fleet had accumulated in excess of 500,000 operational hours.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: Romania entered into an arrangement with Aerospatiale to produce the Puma under license as the IAR 330, manufacturing at least 163 of the type for the Romanian armed forces, civil operators, and several export customers of their own. Indonesia also undertook domestic manufacturing of the SA 330. South Africa, a keen user of the type, performed their own major modification and production program conducted by the government-owned Atlas Aircraft Corporation to upgrade their own Pumas, the resulting aircraft was named Oryx. In the 1990s, Denel would also develop an attack helicopter for the South African Air Force based on the Puma, known as the Denel Rooivalk.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In 1974, Aerospatiale began development of improved Puma variants, aiming to produce a successor to the type; these efforts would cumulate in the AS332 Super Puma. The first prototype AS332 Super Puma took flight on 13 September 1978, featuring more powerful engines and a more aerodynamically-efficient extended fuselage; by 1980, production of the AS332 Super Puma had overtaken that of the originating SA 330 Puma. Production of the SA 330 Puma by Aérospatiale ceased in 1987, by which time a total of 697 had been sold; production in Romania would continue into the 21st Century.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The SA 330 Puma is a twin-engine helicopter intended for personnel transport and logistic support duties. As a troop carrier, up to 16 soldiers can be seated on foldable seats; in a casualty evacuation configuration, the cabin can hold six litters and four additional personnel; the Puma can also perform cargo transport duties, using alternatively an external sling or the internal cabin, with a maximum weight of 2500 kg. Civilian Pumas feature a variety of passenger cabin layouts, including those intended for VIP services. In a search and rescue capacity, a hoist is commonly installed, often mounted on the starboard fuselage.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: A pair of roof-mounted Turbomeca Turmo turboshaft engines power the Puma's four-blade main rotor. The helicopter's rotors are driven at a speed of roughly 265 rpm via a five reduction stage transmission. The design of the transmission featured several unique and uncommon innovations for the time, such as single-part manufacturing of the rotor shaft and the anti-vibration measures integrated into the main gearbox and main rotor blades. The Puma also featured an automatic blade inspection system, which guarded against and alerted crews to fatigue cracking in the rotor blades. There are two hydraulic systems on board, these operate entirely independent of one another, one system powers only the aircraft's flight controls while the other serves the autopilot, undercarriage, rotor brake, and the flight controls.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In flight, the Puma was designed to be capable of high speeds, exhibit great maneuverability, and have good hot-and-high performance; the engines have an intentionally high level of reserve power to enable a Puma to effectively fly at maximum weight with only one functioning engine and proceed with its mission if circumstances require. The cockpit has conventional dual controls for a pilot and copilot, a third seat is provided in the cockpit for a reserve crew member or commander. The Puma features a SFIM-Newmark Type 127 electro-hydraulic autopilot; the autopilot is capable of roll and pitch stabilization, the load hook operator can also enter corrective adjustments of the helicopter's position from his station through the autopilot.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The Puma is readily air-transportable by tactical airlift aircraft such as the Transall C-160 and the Lockheed C-130 Hercules; the main rotor, landing gear, and tailboom are all detachable to lower space requirements. Ease of maintenance was one of the objectives pursued in the Puma's design; many of the components and systems that would require routine inspection were positioned to be visible from ground level, use of life-limited components was minimised, and key areas of the mechanical systems were designed to be readily accessed. The Puma is also capable of operating at nighttime, in inhospitable flying conditions, or in a wide range of climates from Arctic to desert environments.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: Although not included during the original production run, numerous operators of Pumas have installed additional features and modern equipment over the aircraft's service life. The RAF have equipped their Puma fleet with Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation equipment, along with an assortment of self-defense measures including infrared jammers and automatic flares/chaff dispensers, and night vision goggles for night-time flights. The French Army Light Aviation have modernised their Pumas to meet International Civil Aviation Organization standards, this involved additional digital systems to the aircraft, this has included new mission command and control systems, such as the Sitalat data link. Third party companies such as South Africa's Thunder City have provided life extension and modernisation programmes for the Puma, some operators have chosen to refurbish their fleets with glass cockpits.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: During the Falklands War/Guerra de Malvinas in 1982, five SA 330 Pumas of the Argentine Army and one of the Argentine Coast Guard were deployed to the theatre; these could either operate from the decks of Navy vessels as well as performing missions across the breadth of the islands; all were lost in the ensuing conflict. On 3 April, while landing Argentine troops as part of the capture of South Georgia, a Puma was badly damaged by small arms fire from British ground forces and crashed into terrain shortly after. On 9 May, a single Puma was destroyed by a Sea Dart anti-aircraft missile launched from . On 23 May, a pair of Royal Navy Sea Harriers intercepted three Argentine Pumas in the middle of a supply mission to Port Howard; during the subsequent engagement one Puma was destroyed by colliding with the terrain and a second was disabled and subsequently destroyed by cannon fire from the Sea Harriers, the third Puma escaped. On 30 May, a Puma was lost in the vicinity of Mount Kent under unknown circumstances, possibly due to friendly fire. An article in the Argentine newssite MercoPress states however that on 30 May, at about 11.00 a.m., an Aerospatiale SA-330 Puma helicopter was brought down by a Stinger missile, fired by the SAS, in the vicinity of Mount Kent. Six National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight more wounded.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In September 1979, four Pumas were employed during Operation Barracuda to transport a French assault team directly upon the government headquarters of the Central African Empire; after which confiscated valuables and assorted diplomatic and political records were quickly extracted to the nearby French embassy by continuous air lifts by the Pumas.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: One distinctive use of the Puma in French service was as a VIP transport for carrying the President of France both at home and during overseas diplomatic engagements; these duties were transferred to the larger AS332 Super Puma as that became available in sufficient numbers.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: During the 1991 First Gulf War, France chose to dispatch several Pumas in support of coalition forces engaged in a conflict with Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Those Pumas that had been assigned to the role of performing combat search-and-rescue duties were quickly retrofitted with GPS receivers to enhance their navigational capabilities.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: As part of France's contribution to the 1990s NATO-led intervention in the Yugoslav Wars, a number of French Pumas operated in the region alongside other Puma operators such as Britain and the United Arab Emirates; one frequent mission for the type was the vital provision of humanitarian aid missions to refugees escaping ongoing ethnic genocide. In April 1994, a French Puma performed a nighttime extraction of a British SAS squad and a downed Sea Harrier pilot from deep inside hostile Bosnian territory, the aircraft came under small arms fire while retreating from the area. On 18 June 1999, a single coordinated aerial insertion of two companies of French paratroopers was performed by 20 Pumas, helping to spearhead the rapid securing of Kosovska Mitrovica by NATO ground forces.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: As of 2010, both the French Army and French Navy have opted to procure separate variants of the NHIndustries NH90 to ultimately replace the Puma in French military service.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: About 20 SA 330 Pumas remain in French Air and Space Force service as of 2016. Two Pumas of "Escadron d'Hélicoptères 1/67 'Pyrénées" (EH 1/60) were deployed to Chad and Niger from June 2014 as part of Operation Barkhane to disrupt Islamist insurgency in the Sahel region. Initially operation from N'Djamena in Chad, the detachment later moved forwards to Dirkou and Madama in Niger, supporting ground troops and interdicting supply routes for the insurgents. The detachment returned to France in September 2015, being relieved by French Army helicopters.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In 1980–84, the Lebanese Air Force received from France ten SA 330C Pumas to equip its newly raised 9th transport squadron at Beirut Air Base, where it was initially based. In 1983, the squadron was relocated north of the Lebanese capital, with the machines being dispersed in small improvised helipads around Jounieh and Adma for security reasons. On 23 August 1984 a Puma helicopter carrying the Lebanese Armed Forces' Chief-of-staff and commander of the Seventh Brigade, General Nadim al-Hakim and eight other senior military officers crashed in thick fog near Beirut, all passengers and crewmen being killed. On 1 June 1987, the Lebanese Prime-Minister Rachid Karami was assassinated aboard a Puma helicopter en route to Beirut, when a bomb exploded in an attaché case on his lap. Injured in the explosion were Interior Minister Abdullah Rassi and three of the other twelve aides and crewmen on the helicopter, which was severely damaged. On 17 January 1988, another Puma helicopter crashed in the Mediterranean off the Bouar coast, killing both the pilot Captain Georges Sadaka and the co-pilot Jean Azzi, though their bodies were never found. During the final phase of the Lebanese Civil War, the Puma fleet – now reduced to seven or six helicopters on flying condition – was used in liaison flights with neighboring Cyprus on behalf of General Michel Aoun's interim military government, although fuel shortages and maintenance problems forced their crews to ground them for most of the time until the end of the war on October 1990.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: After the War, the Lebanese Air Force Command made consistent efforts to rebuild its transport helicopter squadron with the help of the United Arab Emirates and seven IAR 330 SM helicopters formerly in service with the United Arab Emirates Air Force were delivered in 2010.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In 2013, the Lebanese Air Force converted an IAR 330 SM into a helicopter gunship by mounting on hardened side-swivel mounts a single ADEN Mk 4/5 30mm revolver cannon on a modified pod and a pair of SNEB 68mm rocket launchers taken from decommissioned Hawker Hunter FGA.70 and FGA.70A fighter jets. Re-designated SA 330SM, the new Puma gunship version underwent trials on October 10 that same year during aerial maneuvers held in Hamat Air Base. Although the trials were successful, the SA 300SM was not accepted for active service, with the Lebanese Air Force Command settling instead on an armed version of the Eurocopter AS532 Cougar, of which seven helicopters were scheduled to be received over the next three years.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In 1974, Morocco made an agreement with France for the purchase of 40 Puma helicopters for their armed forces. During the 1970s and 1980s, Moroccan Pumas saw combat service against Polisario Front separatists and helped exert greater control over the Western Sahara region; use of air power by Moroccan forces was severely curtailed after several aircraft were lost or damaged due to the presence of Soviet-provided 2K12 Kub anti-aircraft missiles in rebel hands in the early 1980s.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In October 2007, as part of a €2 billion deal between Morocco and France, a total of 25 Moroccan Pumas are to undergo extensive modernisation and upgrades.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The Pakistan Army has been using Pumas for transportation of army personal, food and equipment near Siachen regions. The Siachen Glacier is the highest battleground on earth, claimed by both India and Pakistan, but administered by India. Pakistan maintains permanent military presence near the region at a height of over 6,000 metres, just about 915 metres below the Indian presence.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In 1969, Portugal emerged as an early export customer for the Puma, ordering 12 of the helicopters for the Portuguese Air Force; Portugal would also be the first country to employ the Pumas in combat operations during the Portuguese Colonial War; the type was used operationally to complement the smaller Alouette III helicopter fleet during the Angola and Mozambican wars of independence, the type had the advantages of greater autonomy and transport capacity over other operated helicopters.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: During the 1980s, Portugal engaged in an illicit arrangement with South Africa in order to circumvent a United Nations embargo being enforced upon South Africa under which France had refused to provide upgrades and spares for South Africa's own Puma fleet. In the secretive deal, Portugal ordered more powerful engines and new avionics with the public intention of employing them on its own Pumas, however many of the components were diverted via a Zaire-based front company to South African defense firm Armscorp, where they were used to overhaul, upgrade and rebuild the existing Pumas, ultimately resulting in the Atlas Oryx; the Portuguese Pumas also received significant upgrades which were paid for under the terms of the agreement.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In 2006, the Portuguese Air Force began receiving deliveries of the AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin, a larger and more capable helicopter, replacing the aging Puma fleet.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: Since 2007, Portugal has tried unsuccessfully to sell 8 Pumas. Again in May 2015 it is trying to sell them again.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: From 1972 onwards, Pumas operated by the SAAF were deployed on extended operations in South West Africa and Angola during the Border War. The Puma was involved in normal trooping; rapid deployment during "follow up" operations; acting as radio relays; evacuation of casualties; rescuing downed aircrew; insertion of Special Forces; and large scale cross border operations such as Savannah, Uric, Protea, Super, and Modular.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The majority of South African Puma purchases, including spare parts, were made in advance of an anticipated United Nations embargo that was applied in 1977. South Africa subsequently upgraded many of its Pumas, eventually arriving at the derived indigenous Atlas Oryx; external assistance and components were obtained via secretive transactions involving Portugal during the arms embargo era.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In December 1979, South Africa's government acknowledged the presence of its military forces operating in Rhodesia; Pumas were routinely used in support of the South African Army's ground forces. In June 1980, 20 Pumas accompanied a force of 8,000 troops during a South African invasion of Angola in pursuit of nationalist SWAPO fighters. In 1982, the government confirmed that 15 servicemen had been killed when a South African Puma was downed by SWAPO forces, it was one of the worst losses suffered in a single incident in the conflict.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: During the 1990s, clandestine efforts to purchase surplus SAAF Pumas were made by then-President Pascal Lissouba of the Republic of Congo, most likely intended for use in the Congolese Civil War. When the cruise ship sank off the Wild Coast of South Africa in 1991, as many as 13 Pumas played crucial roles in the rescue efforts, winching 225 survivors to safety during bad weather conditions.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: The first two Pumas for the Royal Air Force were delivered on 29 January 1971, with the first operational squadron (33 Squadron) forming at RAF Odiham on 14 June 1971. The RAF would order a total of 48 Puma HC Mk 1 for transport duties; during the Falklands War, an additional SA 330J formerly operated by Argentine Naval Prefecture was captured by British forces and shipped back to Britain and used as a RAF static training aid for several years. This SA 330J was later refurbished by Westland using parts from damaged RAF Puma XW215 and put into RAF service after a lengthy rebuild as ZE449. The Puma became a common vehicle for British special forces, such as the SAS, and has been described as being "good for covert tasks".


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: Between the early 1970s and the 1990s, RAF Pumas were based at RAF Odiham (33 Squadron and 240 OCU), RAF Gutersloh (230 Squadron) and No. 1563 Flight RAF at RAF Belize. During The Troubles it was also common for a detachment to be based at RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland. In 1994, 230 Squadron relocated to RAF Aldergrove to provide a permanent presence to augment the Westland Wessex of 72 Squadron. In 2009, 230 Squadron relocated to RAF Benson together with 33 Squadron from RAF Odiham.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: Royal Air Force Pumas have also seen active service in Venezuela, Iraq, Yugoslavia, and Zaire. Britain has frequently dispatched Pumas on disaster relief and humanitarian missions, such as during the 2000 Mozambique flood and the 1988 Jamaican flash flood; and to conduct peacekeeping operations in regions such as Zimbabwe and the Persian Gulf.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: During the climax of the First Gulf War, a joint force of Pumas from 230 and 33 Squadrons proved decisive in rapidly mobilizing and deploying troops to prevent Iraqi troops from sabotaging the Rumaila oil field. From the beginning of the Iraq War, between 2003 and 2009, RAF Pumas would be used to provide troop mobility across the theatre. On 15 April 2007, two RAF Pumas collided during a special forces mission close to Baghdad, Iraq. In November 2007, a Puma crashed during an anti-insurgent operation in Iraq; an inquest found the cause to be pilot error primarily, however the Ministry of Defence (MoD) was criticised for failing to equip RAF Pumas with night vision goggles and inadequate maintenance checks compromising safety, these shortcomings were addressed following the incident.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: In order to extend the type's service, six ex-South African SA 330L were purchased by Britain in 2002. A programme to produce an extensive upgrade of the RAF's Pumas saw the first Puma HC Mk2 enter service in late 2012 and was completed by early 2014, enabling the Puma fleet to remain in operational service until 2025. In 2008, it was envisaged that 30 aircraft would be upgraded, this was subsequently cut to 22, and was later revised upwards for a total of 24 HC Mk2 Pumas to be produced. Upgrades include the integration of two Turbomeca Makila engines, new gearboxes and tail rotors, new engine controls, digital autopilot, a flight management system, an improved defensive aids suite, as well as ballistic protection for helicopter crew and passengers. The upgraded aircraft can transport double the payload over three times the range than its predecessor, and will be deployed for tactical troop transport, as well as fast moving contingent combat and humanitarian operations.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: It is expected that the RAF will replace its Puma fleet in the mid-2020s, with the replacement aircraft being procured through the New Medium Helicopter programme.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: One of the largest and prominent operators of the type was Bristow Helicopters, where the Puma was regularly used for off shore operations over the North Sea. during the 1970s, Bristow had sought to begin replacing their Sikorsky S-61 helicopters, the Puma was selected after a highly competitively-priced bid had been made by Aerospatiale; Puma G-BFSV was the first of the type to enter service with Bristow. From 1979 onwards, the Puma formed the mainstay of the Bristow fleet; the type took over the duties of Bristow's retiring Westland Wessex helicopters in 1981. In 1982, Bristow introduced the more powerful Super Puma into service, supplementing their then-total fleet of 11 SA 330J Pumas.


title: Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma

text: Erickson Inc. has operated four Pumas since 2014. They are used for Vertical replenishment (VERTREP) to the United States Fifth Fleet and United States Seventh Fleet.


title: Stephen Furst

text: Stephen Furst (born Stephen Nelson Feuerstein; May 8, 1954 – June 16, 2017) was an American actor, director and producer. After gaining attention with his featured role as Kent "Flounder" Dorfman in the comedy film "National Lampoon's Animal House" and its spin-off television series "Delta House",


title: Stephen Furst

text: he went on to be a regular as Dr. Elliot Axelrod in the medical drama series "St. Elsewhere" from 1983 to 1988, and as Centauri diplomatic attaché Vir Cotto in the science fiction series "Babylon 5" from 1994 to 1998. Other notable film roles included the college comedy "Midnight Madness" (1980), as a team leader in an all-night mystery game, the action thriller "Silent Rage" (1982), as deputy to a sheriff played by Chuck Norris, and the comedy "The Dream Team" (1989), as a good-natured psychiatric patient.


title: Stephen Furst

text: Born Stephen Nelson Feuerstein in Norfolk, Virginia, on May 8, 1954, Furst attended Virginia Commonwealth University.


title: Stephen Furst

text: Furst worked as a pizza delivery driver while looking for acting jobs in the mid-1970s, and included his head shot in pizza boxes. After Matty Simmons saw his photo, Furst was cast as Kent "Flounder" Dorfman in "National Lampoon's Animal House" (1978), reprising the role in the short-lived 1979 spin-off ABC sitcom "Delta House", and repeating his famous line, "Oh boy, is this great!", as a school principal with a personality mirroring Flounder's in the music video for Twisted Sister's "I Wanna Rock."


title: Stephen Furst

text: Other roles include "Junior" Keller (the unseen) in the 1980 horror movie "The Unseen", Gonzer in the 1984 feature film "Up the Creek", Dr. Elliot Axelrod in the television series "St. Elsewhere" (1983–1988), and Vir Cotto in the science fiction television series "Babylon 5" (1994–1998). Furst was amused by the report that North Korean dictator Kim Jong Un modeled his haircut after Furst's character in "Babylon 5".


title: Stephen Furst

text: In 1979 he starred as an overweight high school tuba player coerced onto the wrestling team in Kieth Merrill's feel-good underdog film, "Take Down". In 1980, he played the character of Harold in the movie, "Midnight Madness". Furst appeared in 1982 in an episode of Newhart called "Sprained Dreams" where he played a Dartmouth College student. In 1983, he also appeared in a supporting role as Aldo in the provocative ABC TV movie "The Day After." In 1989, he played the character of Albert Ianuzzi in the film "The Dream Team."


title: Stephen Furst

text: In 1983, Furst also appeared alongside Erik Estrada, Tom Reilly, and Heather O'Rourke in an episode of "CHiPs" titled "Fun House" as a student who belonged to the college fraternity "DDT."


title: Stephen Furst

text: In the 1995 animated TV series "Freakazoid!," he voiced the character Fanboy. Also in 1995, he took a hiatus from "Babylon 5" to star in a short-lived TV series, "Misery Loves Company." In 1997, he played Derby Ferris in "Little Bigfoot 2: The Journey Home." He also voiced a young Colonel Hathi in Season 2 of Disney's "Jungle Cubs," had a starring voice role as Booster in the 2000 series "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command" and its direct-to-video prequel "" and also voiced a hulky walrus named Dash in the 2000 Disney movie "." He starred in "Magic Kid" and its sequel.


title: Stephen Furst

text: In 2002, he guest starred in an episode of "Scrubs." In the same year, he was cast as Walter Nichols in the unaired pilot of the Nickelodeon television series "Drake & Josh", but his identity was unknown in visuals, until his name was revealed in a YouTube video from 2017. He was replaced by Jonathan Goldstein prior to the series' debut, due to his unavailability for future episodes.


title: Stephen Furst

text: Furst began directing with three episodes of "Babylon 5"; two in the fourth season and one in the fifth. Furst directed many independent and/or low-budget movies, including the 2001 film "Title to Murder", starring Christopher Atkins and Maureen McCormick, and the direct-to-video children's movie "Baby Huey's Great Easter Adventure". He also directed three low-budget movies for the Sci Fi Channel: "Dragon Storm" in 2004, "Path of Destruction" in 2005, and "Basilisk: The Serpent King" in 2006; he also co-starred in the last two films.


title: Stephen Furst

text: Furst produced "My Sister's Keeper", based on the Jodi Picoult novel, starring Cameron Diaz and Alec Baldwin. He produced other several films under his production company Curmudgeon Films. "Atomic Shark" aired in August 2016 on Syfy, during "Sharknado Week". "Christmas in Homestead" premiered on the Hallmark Channel during the holiday season of 2016. "Cold Moon", a psychological thriller based on the Michael McDowell book, is set for a theatrical release in October 2017 in the United States. "Cold Moon" won "Best Horror Film" at the 2016 Laughlin Film Festival.


title: Stephen Furst

text: Furst wrote a letter, later published in "Variety", criticizing the Academy's portrayal of its own members as racist and resistant to diversity and suggested the Academy's response to the 2016 #OscarsSoWhite was ageist and sexist. He suggested that most members of the Academy do not watch the films nominated for awards, and that the Academy should start by ensuring those who vote have watched the films.


title: Stephen Furst

text: Furst was married to entertainment lawyer Lorraine Wright from 1976 until his death. The couple had two sons, both of whom are in the entertainment business. His older son Nathan (born 1978) is a television and film composer, while his younger son Griff (born 1981) is an actor, director and musician.


title: Stephen Furst

text: Both of Furst's parents died from complications of diabetes. Shortly after his father's death, Furst, too, was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at the age of 17. He reached a weight of 320 pounds and had uncontrolled type 2 diabetes by the age of 40. After almost needing to have his left foot amputated due to diabetes complications in 1996, Furst reduced his weight from 260 lbs to 175 lbs.


title: Stephen Furst

text: Starting in June 2006, Furst co-hosted the Renal Support Network's webcast "KidneyTalk" with Lori Hartwell. He became a spokesperson for the American Diabetes Association and authored the book "Confessions of a Couch Potato". As a celebrity spokesperson for the American Heart Association, Furst said, "I thought I was more powerful than the disease of diabetes, but in reality, I was letting it take control of me. Now, I've decided to take control of my life."


title: Stephen Furst

text: On June 16, 2017, Furst died from complications related to diabetes at his home in Moorpark, California, at age 63.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Laura Dennis (born September 3, 1987) is a Canadian professional wrestler, better known by the ring names Allie and The Bunny. She is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW).


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: She is best known for her time in Impact Wrestling, where she is a former two-time Impact Knockouts Champion. She has also competed for Great Canadian Wrestling, NCW Femmes Fatales, Shimmer Women Athletes, Shine Wrestling, Women Superstars Uncensored (WSU) and Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) under the ring name Cherry Bomb. With tag team partner Kimber Lee, collectively known as The Kimber Bombs, they have held the Shine Tag Team Championship and the Shimmer Tag Team Championship both once. She is also a former 1 time WSU Champion.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: On her eighteenth birthday, Dennis signed up to begin training at the Squared Circle Training centre based in Toronto, Ontario, with Rob Etcheverria. Etchevaria named her Cherry Bomb, and she began wrestling under the name. She later trained with Derek Wylde. She debuted in May 2005 in Oshawa, Ontario.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Cherry Bomb debuted for the Pure Wrestling Association (PWA) in a match with 21st Century Fox on July 22, 2005. She competed in the Elite 8 Tournament, but was eliminated by Danyah Rivietz in the first round. Later in the night, she aligned with Kristal Banks only to lose to the tag team of Tiana Ringer and Luscious Lily. She scored her very first victory against 21st Century Fox at a PWX event. In January 2006, Cherry Bomb lost to 21st Century Fox in a match to determine the inaugural PWA Elite Women's Champion.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: She appeared for Ottawan promotion, Capital City Championship Combat, in 2008. Cherry Bomb also wrestled for Classic Championship Wrestling (CCW), and once held their Women's Championship, which she successfully defended against Evilyn, Alexxis, and Jaime D.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Cherry Bomb was part of the debut show of NCW Femmes Fatales on September 5, 2009, where she lost to Sara Del Rey. She gained her first victory in the promotion on February 6, 2010, when she defeated Mistress Belmont. She was scheduled to wrestle against Daffney at NCW Femmes Fatales' third show, but was unable to make the show. At "Femmes Fatales IX" on July 7, 2012, Cherry Bomb and Sweet Cherrie unsuccessfully challenged The Canadian NINJAs (Portia Perez and Nicole Matthews) for the Shimmer Tag Team Championship. After the match, Cherry Bomb attacked Sweet Cherrie, blaming her for the loss.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: On May 1, 2006, Cherry Bomb debuted in Great Canadian Wrestling (GCW), quickly associating herself with Jake O'Reilly, whom she began managing. In 2006, Cherry Bomb wrestled at the "Super Hardcore Anime Wrestling Expo" show, a combination of the 10th Annual Anime North Convention and GCW's "Great Canadian Wrestling Expo" show, where she teamed with LuFisto and Darkston as Team Sailor Moon to defeat Team Rocket (Timothy Dalton, Pandora and Steve Brown). She competed in the tournament to determine the inaugural GCW W.I.L.D. Champion on November 18, 2006, and defeated Portia Perez in the first round before losing to Sirelda, the eventual winner of the tournament, in the semi-finals. She continued competing in GCW throughout early 2007, teaming up with Hayden the Destroyer to defeat Cody Deaner and Portia Perez at "New Year's Evil" on January 12, and teaming with Sirelda to gain a victory over Deanna Conda and Aurora on April 13. The following night, on April 14, she won the W.I.L.D. Championship by defeating the reigning champion, April Hunter, Hailey Rogers, and Miss Danyah in a fatal four-way match at the "Anarchy in Angus" show. She successfully defended the championship by defeating the Southside Stranglerette by disqualification, and held the championship for just over two months, before she was defeated by Miss Danyah at "Random Acts of Violence" on June 22. On September 7, 2007, Cherry Bomb suffered a neck injury during a victory over Danyah. The injury forced her to take a nine-month hiatus from wrestling.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Cherry Bomb had her first match for Shimmer Women Athletes as part of the SPARKLE Division, losing a match against Melanie Cruise on October 19, 2008. She later formed a regular tag team with Kimber Lee in Shimmer, briefly called Team Combat Zone before being renamed The Kimber Bombs. In October 2013, the Kimber Bombs unsuccessfully challenged 3G (Kellie Skater and Tomoka Nakagawa) for the Shimmer Tag Team Championship. Throughout 2014, The Kimber Bombs continued to compete in Shimmer's tag team division against teams including Leva Bates and Veda Scott, Ray and Leon, Bambi Hall, and KC Cassidy, and The Buddy System (Heidi Lovelace and Solo Darling). On April 11, 2015, The Kimber Bombs defeated 3G to win the Shimmer Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Evie and Heidi Lovelace on June 26, 2016.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: In June 2010, Cherry Bomb debuted for Women Superstars Uncensored (WSU), where she lost to Daizee Haze. She won the WSU Championship on May 9, 2015, by defeating reigning champion LuFisto.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Dennis was invited for a try-out match with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) at the May 17, 2010 episode of "Raw", and she appeared in a segment with Goldust during the show. In March 2011, Dennis attended a try-out camp at Florida Championship Wrestling, WWE's then-developmental territory.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: In 2013, Cherry Bomb began wrestling for Ring of Honor, appearing at the "Ring of Honor Wrestling" television tapings on March 3 and April 5. Her debut match for the promotion resulted in a loss in a four-way match against MsChif, Athena, and Scarlett Bordeaux. She won her second bout, a singles match against MsChif in May.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Under her 'Allie' ring name, it was announced that she would be making her debut for the Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide promotion by taking part in the Lucha Libre World Cup (2016) Women's Division Tournament. She would be a part of 'Team Canada' alongside fellow Canadians KC Spinelli, and the AAA Reina de Reinas Champion at the time, Taya.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Cherry Bomb toured Japan in November 2010. She teamed with Sexy Star and Madison Eagles in a loss to Hailey Hatred, Yoshiko Tamura, and Makoto. She then appeared at a Super FMW show, teaming with Sexy Star again to defeat Senri Kuroki and Kaori Yoneyama. Cherry Bomb returned to Japan in July 2012, and on July 28 made her debut for the Ice Ribbon promotion with a win over Kurumi. At the following day's Kaientai Dojo and Reina X World co-promoted event, Cherry Bomb teamed with Aki Kanbayashi to defeat Alex Lee and Bambi in a tag team match.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: In July 2012, Cherry Bomb debuted for Shine Wrestling at their inaugural show, where she lost to Christina Von Eerie. She returned to the promotion in February 2014, where The Kimber Bombs participated in the tournament to determine the inaugural Shine Tag Team Champions; they were eliminated in the first round by eventual winners The Lucha Sisters (Leva Bates and Mia Yim). The Kimber Bombs continued to compete in tag team competition, defeating the S-N-S Express (Sassy Stephie and Jessie Belle Smothers) at "Shine 21", and at "Shine 23", they unsuccessfully challenged Legendary (Malia Hosaka and Brandi Wine) for the Shine Tag Team Championship. In a rematch at "Shine 25", The Kimber Bombs won the championship. On October 2, at "Shine 30", The Kimber Bombs were stripped of the title by Lexie Fyfe, due to Cherry Bomb's knee injury.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Cherry Bomb began appearing for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) in late 2012, alongside her real-life boyfriend Pepper Parks. She lost her debut match for the promotion to Nevaeh at "Cerebral" in October 2012. Cherry Bomb and Parks quickly became villainous characters known as the "fitness power couple", doling out fitness and health advice to the audience. They defeated Greg Excellent and Candice LeRae in a mixed tag team match at "Down with the Sickness 2013", after Cherry Bomb attacked Excellent with a kettle bell. Cherry Bomb and Parks continued to feud with Excellent in late 2013, which resulted in Cherry Bomb being forced to conform to Excellent's lifestyle, a distinct contrast to Cherry Bomb and Parks' fitness power couple gimmick. On March 8, 2014, at CZW's High Stakes internet pay-per-view, Parks defeated Excellent to "win back" Cherry Bomb.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: In 2015, Cherry Bomb and Parks would align themselves with BLK Jeez, forming the villainous stable known as TV Ready. On December 12 at CZW's seventeenth annual Cage of Death event, TV Ready would go on to win the CZW World Tag Team Championship, defeating Dan Barry and Sozio. On May 14, 2016 TV Ready lost the CZW World Tag Team Championship to Da Hit Squad at Prelude to Violence 2016, the match would also be Cherry Bomb and Parks' final appearance for CZW after signing with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: On September 10, 2016, Cherry Bomb returned to CZW to accompany her husband Pepper Parks and BLK Jeez to the ring, as TV Ready challenged Da Hit Squad for the CZW World Tag Team Championship, in a losing effort.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Dennis initially appeared for TNA in the year of 2013 on the December 5 edition of "Impact Wrestling" in a squash match, losing to Gail Kim.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Two years later in the year of 2015, Dennis appeared for TNA again under her real name on February 14 through the company's One Night Only PPV Knockouts Knockdown 2015 in a match against Gail Kim, once again in a losing effort. Dennis returned to TNA on the "TKO: Night of Knockouts" edition of "Impact Wrestling" on April 24, where she defeated Jade but lost by disqualification.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: On March 23, 2016, Dennis signed a contract. She was given the new ring name Allie and aligned herself with Maria and Sienna after Allie revealed that she is Maria's apprentice, establishing herself as a heel in the process. A few weeks after her signing, Allie teamed up with Sienna and lost to Gail Kim and Jade in a tag team match.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: On August 25, 2016, during a special Turning Point edition of "Impact Wrestling", Allie turned face and won the TNA Knockouts Championship in a five–way match against the champion Sienna, Madison Rayne, Marti Bell and Jade. Allie would unknowingly pin Madison after being knocked out by Marti Bell with a baton, winning the Knockouts Championship for the first time in her career. On the September 1 "Impact", Allie dropped the title to Maria after she was forced to lie down, gaining sympathy from the crowd in the process. A few weeks later, Allie was attacked by Laurel Van Ness, which lead into a match between the two. On the October 27 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Allie faced her first singles match against Van Ness in a losing effort.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: In the following week, Allie was forced to dress as a pilgrim where she hit Maria with a pumpkin pie. On the December 2 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Allie was again attacked by Van Ness after she slapped Maria in the face which led to a match between both of them on the December 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where Allie revealed her to be "training" with Braxton Sutter, before subsequently winning the match. On the January 5, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Allie faced Sienna where she lost due to interference from Van Ness. On the January 12, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Allie assisted Sutter in getting a victory over Mike Bennett, thus entering him into her feud with Maria. On the February 23, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Allie was forced to be the ring bearer for the wedding of Braxton Sutter (who is Allie's real-life husband) and Van Ness, which ended abruptly, when Sutter rejected the wedding and professed his love for Allie. The following week on "Impact Wrestling" Maria went to fire Allie, but she responded by quitting, ending their feud after Maria left the company.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Throughout early 2017, Allie continued her on screen relationship with Sutter, accompanying him to his matches and vice versa. On the May 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Laurel Van Ness and Sienna would jump Allie, prompting Rosemary to return and save her. Rosemary later explained that "the hive" sent her to protect Allie, beginning an alliance between the two. On the June 8 episode, Allie came out and saved Rosemary from being attacked by Sienna and Van Ness, fending them off with a kendo stick. At Slammiversary, Allie would make an appearance as she chased Van Ness away again with a kendo stick, saving Rosemary from interference during the championship match against Sienna. On August 31, 2017 episode of GFW Impact Wrestling, Allie was attacked by Taryn Terrell backstage which lead into a tag team match between the four. At Bound for Glory, Allie competed in a Three-way match for the Impact Knockouts Championship but failed to win the title. During the second half of 2017, Allie and Braxton Sutter ended their on camera relationship without any explanation. However during a January 2018 episode of "Impact" (which aired March 1, 2018), Sutter made his return to "Impact" television, where he turned heel and revealed that he dropped Allie like "a bad habit." Also in January 2018, she defeated Van Ness to become Knockouts Champion for the second time. (again, the episode did not air until March 2018, even though it was filmed in January) Allie successfully defended her title against Sienna on the March 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling". After the match, Sutter proposed to Allie, only to provide distraction for Su Yung to attack Allie. This led into a title match between the two at Redemption, when Allie successfully retained her title over Yung. On the April 26 episode of "Impact!", Allie had another successful title defense against Taya Valkyrie. After the match, Allie was attacked by Yung, and was saved by Rosemary.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: On the May 3 episode of "Impact!", after Rosemary was defeated by Su Yung and buried in a coffin that Su Yung set alight, promos showed Allie channeling Rosemary's spirit through her, dressing like Rosemary and stating that she was ready to get her revenge on Su Yung for what she did to her best friend. At Under Pressure, Allie lost the Knockout's Championship to Su Yung in a Last Rites match. at Slammiversary XVI, Allie lost to Tessa Blanchard. On August 30 episode of "Impact! ReDefined", Allie unsuccessfully challenged Yung for the title in a three–way match, which was won by Tessa Blanchard. At Bound for Glory, Allie entered into the Undead Realm, when she rescued Kiera Hogan from Yung and her undead bridesmaids. When both left the Undead Realm, Allie appeared to be possessed. Following the next couple of months, Allie showed a darker and villainous version of herself. She aligned herself with Yung and turned on her friend Hogan under possession thus turning heel for the first time since 2016. At Homecoming, Allie and Su Yung defeated Jordynne Grace and Kiera Hogan. On March 8 episode, Team Rosemary defeated Team Su Yung, putting Allie in the possession of Rosemary. On the March 29 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Allie was shown "dying" in Rosemary's arms, officially writing off her television character. On March 23, 2019, Impact decided not to renew her contract and she left the company.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: It was announced on the March 21, 2019 edition of "Road to Double or Nothing" that Allie had signed with All Elite Wrestling (AEW). She debuted at Fyter Fest, defeating Leva Bates after a superkick. At Fight for the Fallen, she was defeated by Brandi Rhodes. Allie also was part of the AEW Women's Casino Battle Royal at All Out getting eliminated at number 16 by eventual winner Nyla Rose after working with Britt Baker to eliminate Rhodes.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: On the November 27 episode of AEW "Dynamite", Allie debuted a variation of her "Dark Allie" character The Bunny appearing as a manager/valet for her husband The Blade and his partner The Butcher by making an entrance via a hole in the mat of the ring and attacking Cody, turning heel in the process. In May 2020, Allie ceased appearing with The Butcher and The Blade and began a romantic storyline with Q. T. Marshall, thus turning face in the process. On the June 2 episode of "AEW Dark", Allie arrived with Marshall to the arena in a corvette and accompanied him to the ring for his match to Brandi and Dustin Rhodes's behest. After a couple of months of managing Marshall and Rhodes, Allie returned to in-ring competition on the June 16 episode of "AEW Dark", by teaming with Brandi Rhodes and defeating the team of Kenzie Paige and Red Velvet. Allie and Brandi, now known as "The Nightmare Sisters", entered the , which started on August 3. The Nightmare Sisters advanced to the final, when they were defeated by the team of Diamante and Ivelisse.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: On the October 20 episode of "AEW Dark", Allie turned heel once again when she returned as The Bunny and aligned with Eddie Kingston's stable, betraying Marshall during his match against Pentagón Jr. On August 4, 2021, at "Homecoming", The Bunny was defeated by Leyla Hirsch in a match to determine the challenger for the NWA World Women's Championship at NWA EmPowerrr. On the November 5 episode of "AEW Rampage," The Bunny took part in the AEW women's TBS championship tournament where she faced Red Velvet in the first round and lost. After months of feuding, the Bunny teamed up with Penelope Ford to take on Anna Jay and Tay Conti in a street fight on the December 31 episode of "Rampage", which they lost. On February 23, 2022, The Bunny faced Jade Cargill on "Dynamite" for the AEW TBS Championship which The Bunny lost. On March 30 on "Dynamite", The Bunny took part in the AEW Owen Hart Cup where she faced Toni Storm and lost.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Her Bunny character takes inspiration from Baby (from House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil's Rejects), Katherine Pierce (The Vampire Diaries) and the movie The Strangers.


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: Dennis posed for the 2010 Nearly Naked Ladies of Wrestling Calendar, which was set up in aid of the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation. She appears as herself in the 2011 independent film "Beat Down".


title: Allie (wrestler)

text: On September 21, 2013, Dennis married fellow professional wrestler Jesse Guilmette, better known as The Blade. She has been a vegetarian for ethical reasons since she was 14 years old, and a vegan since late 2014. Dennis was once a long term London, Ontario resident, and as a result it is often mistakenly believed to be her birthplace.


title: Mike Von Erich

text: Michael Brett Adkisson (March 2, 1964 – April 12, 1987) was an American professional wrestler under the ring name Mike Von Erich. His four brothers, David, Kerry, Kevin and Chris, also wrestled. He was the son of longtime Texas wrestler and wrestling promoter Fritz Von Erich and a member of the Von Erich family.


title: Mike Von Erich

text: Mike had five brothers: David, Kerry, Kevin, Jack and Chris. His father, longtime Texas wrestler and wrestling promoter, Fritz Von Erich, trained all his sons in professional wrestling. Several wrestlers associated with Mike, such as his brother Kevin, King Kong Bundy, "Gentleman" Chris Adams, Gary Hart and Jake Roberts, have all stated that he never wanted to be a wrestler. Instead, he wanted to work for his father's company, World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), as a cameraman. He knew how to play the guitar and wanted to be a musician.


title: Mike Von Erich

text: Mike made his debut on November 24, 1983, winning a match against Skandor Akbar during "WCCW Wrestling Star Wars" at the Reunion Arena. He was then involved in several encounters with The Freebirds. Von Erich and Michael Hayes brawled on October 17, 1983, in Ft. Worth, after Hayes ripped a jacket given to Mike by his brother Kerry. Mike teamed up with his brother Kevin against Terry Gordy and Buddy Roberts on December 25, 1983. The only time Mike ever teamed up with his brother David was in January 1984 when, along with Kerry, they battled the Freebirds. Mike took David's place teaming with Kerry after David's death in February 1984.


title: Mike Von Erich

text: WCCW tried to give Mike a feud of his own against Brian Adias in October 1986, since Kerry was out of wrestling with an ankle injury. Mike and Adias were to battle in a match at Parade of Champions on May 3, 1987, but Mike died on April 12 of that year. His final match took place at the Sportatorium on April 3, 1987, against Mike Williams.


title: Mike Von Erich

text: While wrestling for World Class, Mike ventured to Japan for the first and only time in his career, to wrestle for New Japan Pro-Wrestling in January 1987, during their "New Year Dash" series tour. Even though he didn't wrestle for very long on that tour, Mike had a strong encounter with then IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion Shiro Koshinaka, facing him on January 3, in a losing effort. He also teamed with fellow foreigners such as Tony St. Clair, Black Bart, Konga The Barbarian and The Cuban Assassin against the likes of Antonio Inoki, Tatsumi Fujinami, Osamu Kido and Yoshiaki Fujiwara. However, he also enjoyed some success in it, scoring victories against veteran Kantaro Hoshino, young lion Shunji Kosugi and South Korean wrestler Kim Su Hong. After wrestling for 10 days in their tour, Mike returned home to America.


title: Mike Von Erich

text: He underwent shoulder surgery on August 22, 1985, due to an injury suffered during a wrestling tour of Israel. He was released from the hospital but later he developed a fever of . He was later diagnosed with toxic shock syndrome. He suffered some brain damage as a result of his illness and lost a great deal of weight.


title: Mike Von Erich

text: In 1986, he suffered head injuries from a car accident in which his vehicle overturned after he lost control. In addition, Kevin cited an incident in which Mike attacked a streetlight in frustration over his current condition. Kevin once said that Mike also suffered from the pressure of having to "be David" after his brother's death. Since the beginning of his career, the pressure was on for Mike to succeed on the same level as his brothers.