title: Italian Libya

text: After Cyrenaica's full 'pacification', the Italian archaeological efforts in the 1930s were more focused on the former Greek colony of Cyrenaica than in Tripolitania, which was a Punic colony during the Greek period. The rejection of Phoenician research was partly because of anti-Semitic reasons (the Phoenicians were a Semitic people, distantly related to the Arabs and Jews). Of special interest were the Roman colonies of Leptis Magna and Sabratha, and the preparation of these sites for archaeological tourism.


title: Italian Libya

text: Tourism was further promoted by the creation of the Tripoli Grand Prix, a racing car event of international importance.


title: Italian Libya

text: After independence, most Italian settlers still remained in Libya; there were 35,000 Italo-Libyans in 1962. However, the Italian population virtually disappeared after the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi ordered the expulsion of remaining Italians (about 20,000) in 1970. Only a few hundred of them were allowed to return to Libya in the 2000s. In 2004, there were 22,530 Italians in Libya.


title: Italian Libya

text: Italy maintained diplomatic relations with Libya and imported a significant quantity of its oil from the country. Relations between Italy and Libya warmed in the first decade of the 21st century, when they entered co-operative arrangements to deal with illegal immigration into Italy. Libya agreed to aggressively prevent migrants from sub-Saharan Africa from using the country as a transit route to Italy, in return for foreign aid and Italy's successful attempts to have the European Union lift its trade sanctions on Libya.


title: Italian Libya

text: On 30 August 2008, Gaddafi and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi signed a historic cooperation treaty in Benghazi. Under its terms, Italy would pay $5 billion to Libya as compensation for its former military occupation. In exchange, Libya would take measures to combat illegal immigration coming from its shores and boost investments in Italian companies. The treaty was ratified by Italy on 6 February 2009, and by Libya on 2 March, during a visit to Tripoli by Berlusconi. Cooperation ended in February 2011 as a result of the Libyan Civil War which overthrew Gaddafi. At the signing ceremony of the document, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi recognized historic atrocities and repression committed by the state of Italy against the Libyan people during colonial rule, stating: ""In this historic document, Italy apologizes for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule."" and went on to say that this was a "complete and moral acknowledgement of the damage inflicted on Libya by Italy during the colonial era".


title: Marcia Warren

text: Marcia Warren (born 26 November 1942) is an English stage, film and television actress. On stage, she appeared in "Blithe Spirit" as Madame Arcati and "The Sea" (2008) at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket. She is currently appearing in Netflix's fifth season of "The Crown", in which she plays Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.


title: Marcia Warren

text: Warren trained as an actress at Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, graduating in 1963. From there on she took the path of many of her performing contemporaries, acting in repertory throughout the country – beginning as an assistant stage manager in "David Copperfield" in Salisbury.


title: Marcia Warren

text: From 1983 to 1986 she played Vera in the BBC sitcom, "No Place Like Home". From 2013 to 2016, she played the role of Penelope in the ITV sitcom "Vicious" and also starred in the 2014 sitcom "Edge of Heaven" as Nanny Mo. She has also appeared in "Keeping Up Appearances", "Midsomer Murders" and "Inside No. 9".


title: Marcia Warren

text: She has won two Laurence Olivier Theatre Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role—one in 1984 for "Stepping Out" and the other in 2002 for "Humble Boy" at the Royal National Theatre. She was also nominated for another in 2001 for "In Flame" at the New Ambassadors Theatre.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP), originally codenamed Scorpion W2, is a military camouflage pattern adopted in 2015 by the United States Army for use as the U.S. Army's main camouflage pattern on the Army Combat Uniform (ACU). This pattern officially replaced the U.S. Army's previous Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) as the official combat uniform pattern for most U.S. soldiers at the end of September 2019. The pattern also superseded the closely related MultiCam, a pattern previously used for troops deploying to Afghanistan.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: The United States Air Force also replaced their former Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) with the ACU in OCP after positive feedback from airmen who wore the uniform while being deployed to Afghanistan with Army soldiers. In 2019, it also commenced use by United States Space Force personnel who had transferred from the Air Force to the Space Force.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: The original "Scorpion" pattern was developed by a joint venture of the Army's Natick Labs and Crye Precision as part of the "Objective Force Warrior" (OFW) program more than a decade prior. Crye then modified it to create MultiCam for commercial sales. In July 2014, the Army announced that OCP could be used in the field by the summer of 2015.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: In early April 2015, Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno revealed that OCP uniforms were beginning to be issued to deployed soldiers going to Afghanistan, Iraq, Europe, and the Horn of Africa. The OCP ACU became available for soldiers to purchase starting 1 July 2015.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: In the early 2010s, the U.S. Army concluded that the UCP did not adequately meet all of the concealment needs for Afghanistan’s multiple regions.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: In 2010, the United States Army Camouflage Improvement Effort considered 22 entrants. The Army eliminated the patterns down to five finalists who exceeded the baseline patterns and Scorpion W2 was among them in the Army's in-house submission (the Army later withdrew their submission leaving the four commercial vendors). The finalists in the Army's Phase IV camouflage testing were Crye Precision; ADS Inc. and Hyperstealth Inc.; Brookwood Companies Inc.; and Kryptek Inc.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: The 2014 National Defense Authorization Act (NDA or NDAA), prevents any service from adopting a new camouflage pattern not already in inventory before the NDA, unless they get all other services to adopt the same pattern. As a result, the Army had to consider existing camouflage patterns within the United States Department of Defense.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: Initially, the Army's first pattern choice was the MultiCam pattern developed by Crye Precision, but allegedly due to "printing fees", procurement discussions broke down. Crye Precision developed the original Scorpion pattern under a government contract in 2002. The pattern was modified by the United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center in 2009 and named the Scorpion W2 pattern. The Army owns the licensing rights for Scorpion W2, which lowers the overall cost, and allows the Army the option to restrict the pattern to service members only.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: The ACU patterned in OCP first became available to U.S. Army soldiers on 1 July 2015, at 20 locations in the contiguous United States and in South Korea, with first-day sales exceeding $1.4 million. More installations began sales later in 2015, although soldiers deploying on real-world missions began receiving uniforms and equipment printed in OCP before that date. The color of the T-shirt and belt worn with the OCP ACU are Tan 499, as opposed to the desert sand color for the previous uniform, although soldiers were allowed to continue to wear the older color T-shirts, belts, and boots until October 2019. Body armor, packs, and pouches in previous UCP and MultiCam patterns will be worn until they can be replaced with OCP.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: On 14 May 2018, the U.S. Air Force announced that all airmen will transition from the Airman Battle Uniform to the OCP uniform. Airmen were authorized to wear OCP uniforms beginning 1 October 2018. Recruits in basic training, and cadets in Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps, and Officer Training School were issued OCPs beginning 1 October 2019. All airmen will be required to own OCP uniforms by 1 April 2021. Unlike the Army, the Air Force uses brown thread for name tapes and rank insignia and have a subdued-color flag patch at all times instead of when on deployment.


title: Operational Camouflage Pattern

text: The U.S. Space Force has also adopted the OCP uniform, but with navy blue thread for ranks and tapes.


title: Syrah

text: Syrah (), also known as Shiraz, is a dark-skinned grape variety grown throughout the world and used primarily to produce red wine. In 1999, Syrah was found to be the offspring of two obscure grapes from southeastern France, Dureza and Mondeuse Blanche. Syrah should not be confused with Petite Sirah, a cross of Syrah with Peloursin dating from 1880.


title: Syrah

text: The style and flavor profile of wines made from Syrah are influenced by the climate where the grapes are grown. In moderate climates (such as the northern Rhone Valley and parts of the Walla Walla AVA in Washington State), they tend to produce medium to full-bodied wines with medium-plus to high levels of tannins and notes of blackberry, mint and black pepper.


title: Syrah

text: In hot climates (such as Crete, and the Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale regions of Australia), Syrah is more consistently full-bodied with softer tannin, jammier fruit and spice notes of licorice, anise and earthy leather.


title: Syrah

text: In many regions the acidity and tannin levels of Syrah allow the wines produced to have favorable aging potential.


title: Syrah

text: Syrah is used as a single varietal or as a blend. Following several years of strong planting, Syrah was estimated in 2004 to be the world's 7th most grown grape at .


title: Syrah

text: It can be found throughout the globe from France to New World wine regions such as: Chile, South Africa, the Hawke's Bay, Waiheke, New Zealand, California and Washington.


title: Syrah

text: It can also be found in several Australian wine regions such as: Barossa, Heathcote, Coonawarra, Hunter Valley, Margaret River, Adelaide Hills, Clare Valley and McLaren Vale.


title: Syrah

text: Syrah has a long documented history in the Rhône region of southeastern France, but it was not known if it had originated in that region.


title: Syrah

text: In a 1998 study conducted by Carole Meredith's research group in the Department of Viticulture and Enology at University of California, Davis used DNA typing and extensive grape reference material from the viticultural research station in Montpellier, France to conclude that Syrah was the offspring of the grape varieties Dureza (father) and Mondeuse blanche (mother)


title: Syrah

text: Dureza, a dark-skinned grape variety from the Ardèche region in France, has all but disappeared from the vineyards, and the preservation of such varieties is a speciality of Montpellier. Mondeuse blanche is a white grape variety cultivated in the Savoy region, and is still found in small amounts in that region's vineyards today.


title: Syrah

text: Both varieties are somewhat obscure today, and have never achieved anything near Syrah's fame or popularity, and there is no record of them ever having been cultivated at long distances from their present homes. Thus, both of Syrah's parents come from a limited area in southeastern France, close to northern Rhône. Based on these findings, the researchers have concluded Syrah originated from northern Rhône.


title: Syrah

text: The DNA typing leaves no room for doubt in this matter, and the numerous other hypotheses of the grape's origin which have been forwarded during the years all completely lack support in the form of documentary evidence or ampelographic investigations, be it by methods of classical botany or DNA.


title: Syrah

text: Instead, they seem to have been based primarily or solely on the name or synonyms of the variety. Varying orthography for grape names render dubious any name-based evidence of origins. Nevertheless, origins such as Syracuse or the famous Iranian city of Shiraz have been proposed while the genomic studies had yet to be done.


title: Syrah

text: The parentage information, however, does not reveal how old the grape variety is, i.e., when the pollination of a Mondeuse blanche vine by Dureza took place, leading to the original Syrah seed plant. In the year AD 77, Pliny the Elder wrote in his "Naturalis Historia" about the wines of Vienne (which today would be called Côte-Rôtie), where the Allobroges made famous and prized wine from a dark-skinned grape variety that had not existed some 50 years earlier, in Virgil's age.


title: Syrah

text: It is called Syrah in its country of origin, France, as well as in the rest of Europe, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, New Zealand and South Africa. The name "Shiraz" became popular for this grape variety in Australia, where it has long been established as the most grown dark-skinned variety. In Australia, it was also commonly called Hermitage up to the late 1980s, but since that name is also a French Protected Designation of Origin, this naming practice caused a problem in some export markets and was dropped.


title: Syrah

text: The grape's many other synonyms are used in various parts of the world, including Antourenein noir, Balsamina, Candive, Entournerein, Hignin noir, Marsanne noir, Schiras, Sirac, Syra, Syrac, Serine, and Sereine.


title: Syrah

text: Legends of Syrah's origins come from one of its homonyms, Shiraz. Because Shiraz, capital of the Persian Empire (modern-day Iran), produced the well-known Shirazi wine, legends claim the Syrah grape originated in Shiraz and then was brought to Rhône. At least two significantly different versions of the myth are reported, giving different accounts of how the variety is supposed to have been brought from Shiraz to Rhône and differing up to 1,800 years in dating this event. In one version, the Phocaeans could have brought Syrah/Shiraz to their colony around Marseilles (then known as Massilia), which was founded around 600 BC by the Greeks. The grape would then later have made its way to northern Rhône, which was never colonized by the Phocaeans. No documentary evidence exists to back up this legend, and it also requires the variety to later vanish from the Marseilles region without leaving any trace.


title: Syrah

text: The legend connecting Syrah with the city of Shiraz in Iran may, however, be of French origin. James Busby wrote in "Journal of a recent visit to the principal vineyards of Spain and France" that the 1826 book "Œnologie Française" "stated that, according to the tradition of the neighbourhood, the plant [Scyras] was originally brought from Shiraz in Persia, by one of the hermits of the mountain" called Gaspare de Stérimberg.


title: Syrah

text: Another proposed etymology links it with the Proto-Celtic word *"serra", "billhook," presumably because the billhook was used in pruning.


title: Syrah

text: Since the name "Shiraz" has been used primarily in Australia in modern times, while the earliest Australian documents use the spelling "Scyras", it has been speculated (among others by Jancis Robinson) to be in fact a so-called "strinization" of Syrah's name via Scyras. However, while the names "Shiraz" and "Hermitage" gradually seem to have replaced "Scyras" in Australia from the mid-19th century, the spelling "Shiraz" has also been documented in British sources back to at least the 1830s. So while the name or spelling "Shiraz" may be an effect of the English language on a French name, there is no evidence that it actually originated in Australia, although it was definitely the Australian usage and the Australian wines that made the use of this name popular.


title: Syrah

text: Another legend of the grape variety's origin, based on the name Syrah, is that it was brought from Syracuse by the legions of Roman Emperor Probus sometime after AD 280. This legend also lacks documentary evidence and is inconsistent with ampelographic findings.


title: Syrah

text: The wines that made Syrah famous were those from Hermitage, the hill above the town Tain-l'Hermitage in northern Rhône, where an hermitage (chapel) was built on the top, and where De Stérimberg is supposed to have settled as a hermit after his crusades. Hermitage wines have for centuries had a reputation for being powerful and excellent. While Hermitage was quite famous in the 18th and 19th centuries, and attracted interest from foreign oenophiles, such as Bordeaux enthusiast Thomas Jefferson, it lost ground and foreign attention in the first half of the 20th century.


title: Syrah

text: In the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries, most Hermitage wine that left France did so as a blending component in Bordeaux wines. In an era when "clarets" were less powerful than today, and before appellation rules, red wines from warmer regions would be used for improvement (or adulteration, depending on the point of view) of Bordeaux wines. While Spanish and Algerian wines are also known to have been used for this purpose, top Bordeaux châteaux would use Hermitage to improve their wines, especially in weaker vintages.


title: Syrah

text: In 1831, the Scotsman James Busby, often called "the Father of Australian viticulture", made a trip back to Europe to collect cuttings from vines (primarily from France and Spain) for introduction to Australia. One of the varieties collected by him was Syrah, although Busby used the two spellings "Scyras" and "Ciras". The cuttings were planted in the Sydney Botanical Gardens, and in Hunter Region, and in 1839 brought from Sydney to South Australia. By the 1860s, Syrah was established as an important variety in Australia.


title: Syrah

text: Syrah continues to be the main grape of the northern Rhône and is associated with classic wines such as Hermitage, Cornas and Côte-Rôtie. In the southern Rhône, it is used as a blending grape in such wines as Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Gigondas and Côtes du Rhône, where Grenache usually makes up the bulk of the blend. Although its best incarnations will age for decades, less-extracted styles may be enjoyed young for their lively red and blueberry characters and smooth tannin structure. Syrah has been widely used as a blending grape in the red wines of many countries due to its fleshy fruit mid-palate, balancing the weaknesses of other varieties and resulting in a "complete" wine.


title: Syrah

text: From the 1970s and even more from the 1990s, Syrah has enjoyed increased popularity, and plantings of the variety have expanded significantly in both old and new locations. In the early 2000s, it broke into the top 10 of varieties planted worldwide for the first time.


title: Syrah

text: The name "Shiraz", from Shiraz in Iran, was historically applied to a wine unrelated to contemporary Shiraz wines and was made from a grape or grapes entirely different from the Syrah that has been proven to originate in southeastern France.


title: Syrah

text: Smaller amounts of Syrah are also used in the production of other wine styles, such as rosé wine, fortified wine in Port wine style, and sparkling red wine. While Australian sparkling Shiraz traditionally have had some sweetness, a number of Australian winemakers also make a full-bodied sparkling dry Shiraz, which contains the complexity and sometimes earthy notes that are normally found in still wine.


title: Syrah

text: Due to their concentrated flavours and high tannin content, many premium Syrah wines are at their best after some considerable bottle aging. In exceptional cases, this may be 15 years or longer.


title: Syrah

text: Wines made from Syrah are often powerfully flavoured and full-bodied. The variety produces wines with a wide range of flavor notes, depending on the climate and soils where it is grown, as well as other viticultural practices chosen. Aroma characters can range from violets to berries (usually dark as opposed to red), chocolate, and black pepper. No one aroma can be called typical though blackberry, coffee and pepper are often noticed. With time in the bottle these primary notes are moderated and then supplemented with earthy or savory tertiary notes such as leather and truffle. Secondary flavor and aroma notes are those associated with several things, generally winemakers' practices (such as oak barrel and yeast treatment).


title: Syrah

text: The Syrah-dominated appellations (AOCs) of northern Rhône have, like most other French appellations and regions, no tradition of varietal labeling of their wines. Indeed, such practices are generally disallowed under AOC rules, and only the AOC name (such as Cote-Rotie, Crozes-Hermitage or Hermitage) appears on the label. Varietal labeling of Syrah/Shiraz wines is therefore a practice that has emerged in the New World, primarily in Australia.


title: Syrah

text: To confuse matters, in northern Rhône, different clones of genuine Syrah are referred to as "Petite Syrah" (small Syrah) or "Gros Syrah" (large Syrah) depending on the size of their berries, with "Petite Syrah" being considered the superior version, giving wines higher in phenolics.


title: Syrah

text: As a general rule, most Australian and South African wines are labeled "Shiraz", and most European wines (from such regions where varietal labeling is practiced) are labeled "Syrah". In other countries, practices vary and winemakers (or wine marketers) sometimes choose either "Syrah" or "Shiraz" to signify a stylistic difference in the wine they have made. "Syrah"-labelled wines are sometimes thought to be more similar to classic Northern Rhône reds; presumably more elegant, tannic, smoke-flavoured and restrained with respect to their fruit component. "Shiraz"-labelled wines, on the other hand, would then be more similar to archetypical Australian or other New World examples, presumably made from riper berries, more fruit-driven, higher in alcohol, less obviously tannic, peppery rather than smokey, usually more easily approached when young, and possibly slightly sweetish in impression. It must, however, be realized that this rule of thumb is unevenly applied.


title: Syrah

text: Syrah is a variety that during the last few decades has been imported for cultivation in several countries. It is primarily grown in warmer regions. Worldwide plantations of Syrah have increased considerably in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and both "Syrah"-labelled and "Shiraz"-labelled wines are on the increase.


title: Syrah

text: It is grown in many wine producing regions around the world, with concentrations in Australia, The Rhone Valley in France, and the US. It is often used as a blending grape in Spain and Italy as well. It is also planted in Portugal, which favor making varietal Syrah wine, and not only blending with other types.


title: Syrah

text: In Italy, Syrah is grown in Tuscany (i.e. Cortona DOC), Lazio (Pontine Agro), and Apulia (Syrah Tarantino IGT). Also a DOC Sirah Piedmont exists. The region though which has made one of the best uses of Syrah, by blending it with Nero d'Avola grapes, is Sicily.


title: Syrah

text: Syrah, as it is known in France, is grown throughout the Rhône valley. The wines that are made from it vary greatly, even over small changes in the location of the vines. The differences in the soil quality as well as the changes in the slope of the terrain tend to produce different styles of wine. Ranging from the mineral and tannic nature of Hermitage, to fruity and perfumed in the case of Côte-Rôtie.


title: Syrah

text: Syrah is also a key component to many blends. It may be used to add structure and color to Grenache in southern Rhône blends, including Côtes-du-Rhône and Châteauneuf-du-Pape. Syrah is also the only red grape used in the wines of the northern Rhône.


title: Syrah

text: In 1968, there existed only of Syrah vineyards in France, primarily in the traditional appellations of northern Rhône, which at that time had not received much attention in the wine world for several decades, and the vineyards of which were not planted to full capacity. After the wines of northern Rhône were "rediscovered" by wine writers in the 1970s, plantings expanded considerably. This trend received an extra boost in the 1980s and 1990s, when influential wine writer Robert M. Parker Jr. awarded high scores, up to the "perfect" score of 100 points, to wines of some Rhône producers. The popularity of Australian Shiraz on the export market may also have played a role. In 1988, total French plantings stood at , and the 1999 viticultural survey found of Syrah vineyards. France thus has the world's largest plantations of Syrah.


title: Syrah

text: While previously unused parts of the northern Rhône vineyards have been planted with Syrah as part of the expansion, the major part of the new French Syrah plantations are located in southern Rhône (which covers a much larger vineyard area than the northern part) and Languedoc-Roussillon. While southern Rhône produces relatively few wines where Syrah is in the majority, the proportion of Syrah in the blended wines of this region has been on the rise. Languedoc-Roussillon uses Syrah to produce both Southern Rhône-like blends with Grenache, Australian-style blends with Cabernet Sauvignon, and varietal Syrah.


title: Syrah

text: Syrah vines in France often suffer from a form of dieback characterised by the leaves turning red in late summer, deep cracks developing in the stem above the graft, and the premature death of the vine. The syndrome was first observed in 1990s in the Gard and Hérault departments of Southern of France, but is now widespread. It is believed to be caused by mismatch between the rootstock and scion rather than an infection by a fungus or a virus.


title: Syrah

text: In Spain there was an increase in the area cultivated in Syrah grapes from in 1990 to in 2009. It is grown primarily in Castilla-La Mancha, with lesser amounts in Aragon and Catalonia. As of 2015 it was the seventh most grown red grape in Spain, with accounting for 4% of the red grape total.


title: Syrah

text: The Syrah grape was introduced into Switzerland in 1926 and in 2009 was the 6th most common red wine grape in Switzerland (181 hectares). Mostly grown in Valais, along the upper Rhône valley above Lake Geneva, it produces "unexpectedly concentrated wine from mature vines".


title: Syrah

text: Syrah plantations in Argentina increased from less than in 1990 to in 2002. Syrah has occasionally been used as a blending component with Argentina's signature dark-skinned grape Malbec to provide an "Argentinian take" on the Australian Cabernet-Shiraz blend.


title: Syrah

text: The Syrah grape was introduced into Australia in 1832 by James Busby, an immigrant who brought vine clippings from Europe with him, and it is almost invariably called "Shiraz". Today it is Australia's most popular red grape, but has not always been in such favour; in the 1970s, white wine was so popular that growers were ripping out unprofitable Shiraz and Grenache vineyards, even those with old vines. In the Barossa Valley, the world's oldest continually producing commercial vineyard is believed to be the Shiraz vines at Turkey Flat in Tanunda that were originally planted in 1847.


title: Syrah

text: Many factors, including the success of brands like Lindemans (part of Treasury Wine Estates) and Jacob's Creek in the UK, as well as Rosemount in the US and UK, were responsible for a dramatic expansion of plantings during the 1980s and 1990s; a similar trajectory occurred in California. However, the biggest factor in this expansion during the 1990s was a steady increase in exports due to the historically low value of the Australian dollar.


title: Syrah

text: In the 2005–2006 growing season, total Shiraz plantations in Australia stood at , of which were old enough to be productive. These vines yielded a total of 422,430 tonnes of Shiraz grapes for wine production. This made Shiraz the most planted variety in Australia and Australia the world's second largest Syrah/Shiraz grower, after France.


title: Syrah

text: Victorian regions include Heathcote, roughly 1.5 hours north of Melbourne. Cooler climate regions such as Western Australia's Margaret River produce Shiraz with marginally less alcohol content and often in a more traditional French style.


title: Syrah

text: A well-known example of the Shiraz grape in Australian viticulture is the Penfolds "Grange". This wine was created by winemaker Max Schubert in 1951 and has a reputation for aging well. The Penfolds Grange is predominantly Shiraz but often includes a small quantity of Cabernet Sauvignon. It is usually a multi-regional blend of quality South Australian Shiraz, with the Barossa Valley playing an important role, and matured in new American Oak. Other well-known Australian Shiraz wines include the Henschke "Hill of Grace" and the Penfolds "RWT".


title: Syrah

text: Recently, Australian Shiraz producers have started to add up to 4% Viognier to their Shiraz to add apricot tones to the wine's nose and palate. With such a small percentage added, the producer wasn't obliged to declare the blend on the label. In the past 5 years, however, it's becoming increasingly fashionable to label the wine "Shiraz Viognier" as Viognier gains consumer acceptance in the marketplace. The practise of blending Viognier with Syrah has actually been common for years in the Northern Rhône Valley region of Cote-Rotie.


title: Syrah

text: "Shiraz" is also the S in "GSM" (Grenache-Shiraz-Mourvèdre), which is common Australian designation for a Châteneuf-du-Pape-like blend.


title: Syrah

text: South African plantations have expanded significantly, from 1% of the vineyard area in 1995 to 9.7% in 2007 making up a total area under cultivation of . In South Africa, the variety is predominately known as "Shiraz", but the designation "Syrah" is used for "Rhône-style" wines. Some see this variety as the "great hope" for South African wines.


title: Syrah

text: In the United States, wine produced from the grape is normally called by its French name, "Syrah". However, in cases where winemakers choose to follow a New World style, similar to Penfolds Grange, they may choose to label their wines as "Shiraz". Under American wine laws, either name may appear on the label. Syrah first appeared as a wine grape in California in the 1970s, where it was planted by a group of viticulturists who called themselves "Rhône rangers". Although most plantings of the grape are in California, there are increasing amounts of it being grown in Washington state. Syrah makes up a significant percentage of wine produced in several Washington AVAs such as the Naches Heights AVA and the Walla Walla AVA. Syrah is increasingly being grown and produced in Oregon. Syrah is also found in small regions in Ohio.


title: Syrah

text: California Syrahs, much like those in France, vary a great deal based on the climate and "terroir" that they inhabit. In exceptionally warm regions, such as parts of Napa, the wine is often blended with other Rhône varieties. Other appellations, primarily mountainous ones, tend to produce varietal-based wines that can stand on their own. Syrah was introduced into Washington state in 1986 by Red Willow Vineyard through their partnership with Woodinville, Washington-based Columbia Winery and Master of Wine David Lake. Expanding at a significant rate, it is used to produce single-varietial wines as well as being blended with grapes such as Grenache, Cinsault, and Viognier.


title: Syrah

text: Durif, or Petite Sirah, is a descendant of Syrah and Peloursin. It was propagated by and named after Dr. Francois Durif. Durif is a cross breed between the lesser known Peloursin and Syrah. Regions such as Rutherglen have achieved international regard for their Durif. This varietal is similar to Shiraz but is even more full-bodied and tannic because of the smaller, thicker-skinned grapes used. Petite Sirah is widely planted in California, where it is popular as a varietal (for example, by Bogle Vineyards), and especially blended with Zinfandel, which results in a rich, bold and fruity wine.


title: Syrah

text: Synonyms for Syrah include Antourenein noir, Candive, Entournerein, Hermitage, Hignin noir, Marsanne noir, Shiraz, Sira, Sirac, Sirah, Syra, and Syrac.


title: James Patrick Stuart

text: James Patrick Stuart is an American actor, currently portraying Valentin Cassadine on the daytime soap opera "General Hospital", for which he received three consecutive Daytime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2020, 2021 and 2022.


title: James Patrick Stuart

text: Stuart was born to English parents Chad and Jill Stuart. His father was one-half of the 1960s British Invasion duo Chad & Jeremy; because of this, Stuart spent much of his childhood in recording studios. As a child actor, he went by the name Patrick Stuart, and starred in the 1980s TV series "Galactica 1980" as Doctor Zee.


title: James Patrick Stuart

text: Stuart played Confederate Colonel Edward Porter Alexander in the 1993 film "Gettysburg" and its 2003 prequel "Gods and Generals". Between 1989 and 1992, he was the second actor (after Lonnie Quinn) to play Will Cortlandt on the daytime soap opera "All My Children". He is known mostly for his work on television, appearing in such shows as "", "Andy Richter Controls the Universe", "The Closer", "90210", "Still Standing", "Seinfeld", "Supernatural" and "Frasier."


title: James Patrick Stuart

text: He provides the voices of Avalanche in "Wolverine and the X-Men", Private the Penguin (replacing Christopher Knights) and Joey the Kangaroo in Nickelodeon's "The Penguins of Madagascar", Pvt. MacGregor in "Call of Duty 2" and Xigbar and Braig in the "Kingdom Hearts" video games.


title: James Patrick Stuart

text: He is next set to star in the Disney Channel sitcom "The Villains of Valley View", premiering June 3, 2022, as the mad scientist Kraniac.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Detlef Schrempf (born January 21, 1963) is a German-American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Washington Huskies from 1981 to 1985, and was drafted into the National Basketball Association (NBA) by the Dallas Mavericks in the first round of the 1985 NBA draft, with the eighth overall pick. He was an All-NBA Third Team member in 1995, a three-time NBA All-Star and the NBA Sixth Man of the Year twice.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Schrempf played in the NBA for 16 seasons, including stints with the Indiana Pacers, the Seattle SuperSonics, and the Portland Trail Blazers. In 1996, he reached the NBA Finals with the SuperSonics. He played for the West German, and later German, national team in the 1984 and 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1983 and 1985 EuroBasket championships. Schrempf was inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame in 2021.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Born in Leverkusen, West Germany, Schrempf played for the youth teams of Bayer Leverkusen, before attending Centralia High School in Centralia, Washington, for one year. As a senior, he led the Tigers to the Class AA (now 2A) state championship in 1981, scoring 24 points in the title game, a 52–43 victory over the Timberline Blazers of Lacey. After graduating he enrolled at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he played for the Huskies under head coach Marv Harshman. With Schrempf, the Huskies won Pac-10 regular-season titles in 1984 and 1985 and made three postseason appearances, reaching the Sweet 16 in 1984. He was named team captain for his senior year. In his career at Washington, he scored 1,449 total points.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Schrempf was named to the All-Pac-10 First Team and "The Sporting News" All-America Second Team. He was inducted into the Husky Hall of Fame in 1995, and was also named to the University of Washington All-Century Team. While attending UW, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity and majored in international business.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Schrempf was selected eighth overall by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1985 NBA draft. He became a regular in NBA rotations after being traded to the Indiana Pacers for veteran center Herb Williams in February 1989. Playing for the Mavericks, he finished second in the NBA with a .478 three-point percentage in 1986–87, and eventually worked his way into the starting lineup. In 1991 and 1992, he won consecutive NBA Sixth Man Awards. In the 1992–93 season, he was the only player in the NBA to finish in the top 25 in scoring (19.1 ppg), rebounding (9.5 rpg) and assists (6.0 apg), and was the first European selected to play in the NBA All-Star Game, the first of his three appearances.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Following the 1992–93 NBA season, Schrempf was traded to the Seattle SuperSonics for forwards Derrick McKey and Gerald Paddio. He ranked second in the NBA in three-point accuracy during the 1994–95 season with a 51.4 three-point field goal percentage and became leader in the NBA in offensive rating the same season with 127 points per 100 possessions. On a Sonics team that also featured Gary Payton, Shawn Kemp, Sam Perkins, and Hersey Hawkins, Schrempf reached the NBA Finals in 1996, where they lost to Michael Jordan's Chicago Bulls in six games. Schrempf became the first (and one of only three, to date, along with Dirk Nowitzki and Daniel Theis) German-born NBA player to reach the NBA Finals. While with the Sonics, Schrempf played in the NBA All-Star game in both 1995 and 1997.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Schrempf was released by the Sonics in 1999 and signed the same day by the Portland Trail Blazers, with whom he played until his retirement from professional basketball in 2001, playing in a total of 1,136 regular season games and 114 playoff games.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: On January 24, 2006, the Seattle SuperSonics hired Schrempf as an assistant coach under Bob Hill, who had coached Schrempf when he played for the Indiana Pacers.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Schrempf first appeared for the West Germany national team at the EuroBasket in 1983. He also led the team in scoring during the event at 15.3 ppg. A year later, he led the team to the 1984 Olympics. In 1985, Schrempf helped West Germany to their best finish at the EuroBasket in their history to that point. Seven years later, at the 1992 Olympics, he represented the team for his last international tournament.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Schrempf established the Detlef Schrempf Foundation in 1996 to benefit local charities. In January 2012, he won the Paul Allen Award for Citizenship (formerly the Seattle Sports Commission Sports Citizen of the Year) at the 77th annual Sports Star of the Year banquet in Seattle. His foundation hosts the Detlef Schrempf Celebrity Golf Classic at McCormick Woods Golf Course in Port Orchard, Washington, each summer and has raised about $10 million for children's charities in the Pacific Northwest.


title: Detlef Schrempf

text: Schrempf is married to Mari Schrempf. They have two sons, Alex and Michael. Since 2010, Schrempf has been the Business Development Officer at Coldstream Capital, a wealth management firm in Seattle.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: Miss Universe 2018 was the 67th Miss Universe pageant, held at the IMPACT Arena, Muang Thong Thani, Nonthaburi Province, Thailand on December 17, 2018.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: At the end of the event, Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters of South Africa crowned Catriona Gray of the Philippines as Miss Universe 2018. It is the Philippines' fourth victory after their recent victory in 2015.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: Contestants from 94 countries and territories competed in this year's pageant, surpassing the previous record of 92 contestants in 2017 and marking the biggest turnout to date for Miss Universe as of . The pageant was hosted by Steve Harvey in his fourth consecutive year, with supermodel Ashley Graham. Television personality Carson Kressley and runway coach Lu Sierra provided commentary and analysis throughout the event. American singer-songwriter Ne-Yo performed in this year's pageant.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: The Miss Universe Organization was in talks to host the Miss Universe 2018 competition in China. Negotiations collapsed after the Chinese refused to broadcast the pageant live, due to a huge time difference between China and the United States. Afterward, the Miss Universe Organization opened negotiations with the Philippines after they had previously hosted 2016.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: In April 2018, then-Secretary of Tourism Wanda Tulfo-Teo spoke with President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte regarding the possibility of hosting the pageant in Boracay in November 2018, which will be newly rehabilitated by then after being closed to tourists for six months. On 6 May 2018, Tulfo-Teo announced that the Philippines had a "90% chance" of hosting the pageant and also disclosed that the tourism department would be looking for sponsors since the LCS Holdings Inc. of Chavit Singson, the major sponsor of Miss Universe 2016, had declined to finance the 2018 pageant. On 18 May 2018, Tulfo-Teo's successor Bernadette Romulo-Puyat announced that the country dropped the hosting bid due to budget constraints and other concerns. Romulo-Puyat also pointed out that the Philippines had hosted the pageant recently, and had no reason to do so again so soon.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: On July 31, 2018, it was announced by Miss Universe Organization President, Paula Shugart, in a live press conference at Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, that the 2018 pageant would be in Bangkok, Thailand on 17 December 2018. The city has hosted the Miss Universe pageant twice, in 1992 and 2005. Current Miss Universe Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters with Miss Universe 1965 Apasra Hongsakula and Miss Universe 2005 Natalie Glebova participated in the announcement. The national costume competition took place on 10 December 2018 at the Nong Nooch Tropical Garden in Pattaya, Thailand.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: Contestants from 94 countries and territories were selected to compete in the pageant. Nine of these delegates were appointees to their titles after being a runner-up of their national pageant or an audition process or other internal selection.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: Zoé Brunet, the first runner-up of Miss Belgium 2018, was appointed to represent Belgium after Angeline Flor Pua, Miss Belgium 2018, chose to compete in Miss World 2018. Eva Colas of France and Magdalena Swat are also appointees to their titles after their original titleholders, Miss France 2018 Maëva Coucke and Miss Polonia 2017 Agata Biernat are unable to compete because of commitments to Miss World 2018. Coucke and Pua competed in the pageant the following year.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: The 2018 edition saw the debuts of Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia and the returns of Belize, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Kenya, Kosovo, and Switzerland. Greece last competed in 2015, and the others in 2016. Austria, Ethiopia, Guyana, Iraq, Romania, Slovenia, Tanzania, and Trinidad and Tobago withdrew. Guyana was suspended from participating in Miss Universe due to a controversy involving "nasty emails" and "death threats" sent to the organization over a delegate issue in 2017. No license holder replaced the previous license holder, forcing the country to withdraw. Trinidad and Tobago withdrew after they announced that there would be no pageant held, despite Martrecia Alleyne having crowned as Miss Universe Trinidad and Tobago 2018 at their 2017 national pageant. Austria, Ethiopia, Iraq, Romania, Slovenia, and Tanzania withdrew after their respective organizations lost their Miss Universe license and failed to hold a national competition or designate a contestant.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: Marie Esther Bangura of Sierra Leone arrived in Bangkok after registration had ended and was unable to participate due to visa and logistical concerns. However, she was allowed to participate in the pageant's activites and watch the competition from the audience. She was also invited to compete in the next edition of the pageant.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: Ángela Ponce of Spain is Miss Universe's first openly transgender contestant. Despite not making it to the top 20, Ponce was recognized by pageant organizers for her historical importance during the competition. The pageant rules were changed to allow transgender women to compete in 2012.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: The number of semifinalists was increased to 20— the same number of semifinalists in 2006. The results of the preliminary competition— which was composed of the swimsuit and evening gown competition and closed-door interviews, determined the top 20 semifinalists. The continental format was retained, with five semifinalists from the Americas, Europe, Africa & Asia-Pacific, and wildcards coming from any continental region. The top 20 competed in the opening statement round, after which the judges narrowed down the semifinalists to 10, who then competed in both swimsuit and evening gown competitions. After the swimwear and evening gown competitions, the judges then selected the top five to compete in the preliminary question and answer round. After said segment, the judges selected the final three, who participated in the final word and final look portions.


title: Miss Universe 2018

text: The seven judges for both the preliminary competition and the final telecast were an all-female panel which included:


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: 2022 is the 1st year in the history of the Eagle Fighting Championship, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Miami, Florida. 2022 began with Eagle FC 44.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Khabib Nurmagomedov announced that Eagle Fighting Championship has plans for United States expansion in 2022. The organization plans to hold as many as 10 events in the USA.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle Fighting Championship 44: Spong vs. Kharitonov was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on January 28, 2022, in Miami, Florida, USA.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: The main event was initially set to feature the former It's Showtime champion Tyrone Spong and UFC veteran Antônio Silva, but Silva was forced off the card on December 13 due to undisclosed reasons. Instead, the event was headlined by a heavyweight bout between Spong and Sergei Kharitonov, who stepped in for Silva.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Former UFC Bantamweight champion Renan Barão was scheduled to face Horacio Gutiérrez at this event, but the bout was cancelled.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle FC: Selecton 4 was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on January 29, 2022, in Kizilyurt, Russia.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle FC 45: Gitinovasov vs. Magomedov was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on February 18, 2022, in Moscow, Russia.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle Fighting Championship 46: Lee vs. Sanchez was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on March 11, 2022, in Miami, Florida, USA.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: At weigh ins, Impa Kasanganay and Ikram Aliskerov missed weight for their respective bouts. Kasanganay weighed in at 179.2 pounds, 3.2 pounds over the welterweight non-title limit. Aliskerov weighed in at 186.2 pounds, 0.2 pounds over the middleweight non-title limit. Both of their bouts proceeded at catchweight and they were each fined a percentage of their individual purses respectively, which went to their opponents.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle Fighting Championship 47: Dos Santos vs. De Castro was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on May 20, 2022, in Miami, Florida, USA .


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: In the main event, the show featured the debut of former UFC heavyweight champion Junior Dos Santos as he faced fellow UFC veteran Yorgan De Castro.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: The co-main event featured the debut of former Bellator MMA middleweight champion and UFC contender Héctor Lombard against fellow UFC alum Thiago Silva, who returned after a three-year absence from mixed martial arts competition.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: At weigh ins, Maki Pitolo, Doug Usher, Alexandre Almeida, and Paulo Silva missed weight for their respective bouts. Pitolo weighed in at 187.4 pounds, Usher weighed in at 189 pounds, Alexandre Almeida weighed in at 158.4 pounds, and Paulo Silva weighed in at 156.6 pounds.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle Fighting Championship 48 & Naiza FC 41 was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship & Naiza Fighting Championship on July 16, 2022, in Aktau, Kazakhstan.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle Fighting Championship 49: Busurmankul vs. Magomedov was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on August 10, 2022, in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle Fighting Championship 50: Nurgozhay vs. Andreitsev was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on August 21, 2022, in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle FC: Selection 5 Cup of Minin was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on October 30, 2022, in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle FC: Selection 6 was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on December 2, 2022 in Almetyevsk, Russia.


title: 2022 in Eagle Fighting Championship

text: Eagle FC 51: Izmodenov vs. Mukhtarov was a mixed martial arts event held by Eagle Fighting Championship on December 10, 2022 in Atyrau, Kazakhstan.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Jonathan Grant Evans (born 3 January 1988) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a defender for club Leicester City and the Northern Ireland national team.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans started his career at Manchester United and progressed through the club's academy. He went on loan to Royal Antwerp and Sunderland to gain first-team experience before making his Manchester United first-team debut in the 2007–08 League Cup. He became a regular first-team squad member the following season, and played almost 200 matches for Manchester United in an eight-year spell; however, he fell out of favour at the club under manager Louis van Gaal and left for West Bromwich Albion. After West Brom's relegation three years later, Evans signed for Leicester City.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans is the second-most decorated player in Northern Irish football history. He has played 100 matches for the Northern Ireland national team, and was ever-present in the team's run to the round of 16 at UEFA Euro 2016.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans was scouted while playing for Greenisland F.C., the same club that his younger brother Corry and Craig Cathcart played for before moving to Manchester United. At the age of nine, he was invited to attend the Manchester United Centre of Excellence in Belfast, before being invited for a trial in Manchester a year later. Rule changes within The Football Association at the time meant that clubs were limited to players who lived within 90 minutes' travel of the club, so Evans' opportunities were limited. However, his family soon relocated to Manchester, allowing Evans to train with Manchester United full-time. He progressed through Manchester United's academy, featuring in two of the club's three games during the 2006 summer tour of South Africa, as well as domestic friendlies against Celtic and Preston North End. Evans also made a surprise appearance in the Amsterdam Tournament against Ajax.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Alongside fellow youngsters Darron Gibson, Danny Simpson and Fraizer Campbell, Evans spent the first half of the 2006–07 season on loan at Manchester United's Belgian feeder club Royal Antwerp.


title: Jonny Evans

text: In December 2006, he agreed to join Sunderland on loan in the January transfer window until the end of the 2006–07 season, again along with Danny Simpson. The pair helped Sunderland clinch the Championship title, with Evans winning the club's Youth Player of the Year award at the end of the season. Sunderland manager Roy Keane was hopeful of re-signing the young centre-back on another loan following their promotion to the Premier League, though United elected to keep him at the club to push for a place in the first team.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans ultimately rejoined Sunderland for a second loan spell on 4 January 2008, and was immediately drafted into the first team squad in a 3–0 loss to Wigan Athletic in the FA Cup. He played the full 90 minutes but was criticised for Wigan's second goal of the game, prior to which he lost the ball on the edge of his own box, resulting in a deflected own goal by Paul McShane. Making 15 league appearances, Evans helped Sunderland avoid relegation back to the Championship.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans made his Manchester United debut on 26 September 2007 against Coventry City in the League Cup which ended in a 2–0 defeat. He then appeared as a late substitute for Gerard Piqué in a UEFA Champions League match at home to Dynamo Kyiv on 7 November 2007 to secure Manchester United's qualification to the knockout stage of the competition. He subsequently made his first Champions League start on 12 December 2007 against Roma.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans made his league debut for United in a 1–1 draw with Chelsea on 21 September 2008, filling in for the suspended Nemanja Vidić. In December 2008, Evans made two substitute appearances at the FIFA Club World Cup, including one in the final after Vidić was sent off shortly after half-time. Evans continued to deputise throughout the rest of the season, appearing in a number of league games and in the League Cup final.


title: Jonny Evans

text: At the beginning of the 2010–11 football season, Evans became a regular fixture in the United team, partnering Vidić in the centre of defence in the absence of the injured Rio Ferdinand. On 19 March 2011, Evans injured Bolton Wanderers midfielder Stuart Holden with a tackle which ruled Holden out initially for six months, though eventually caused the United States international to be sidelined for 22 months. Despite Evans receiving a straight red card for the tackle, Manchester United went on to win the game 1–0 with a Dimitar Berbatov goal.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Before the start of the 2011–12 season, Evans was handed the number 6 shirt after Wes Brown was transferred to Sunderland. On 14 August, he wore his new shirt number for the first time in United's opening day 2–1 win at West Bromwich Albion, coming on for the injured Vidić in the 52nd minute at The Hawthorns. On 23 October, he was sent off in United's 6–1 defeat against Manchester City after bringing down Mario Balotelli in a last-man challenge. Evans made his 100th appearance for the "Red Devils" on 30 November, playing the full 120 minutes as United lost 2–1 to Championship side Crystal Palace in the League Cup quarter-final. On 18 March 2012, he scored his first goal for United, opening the scoring in a 5–0 league win away to Wolverhampton Wanderers. Evans missed the final three games of the season with a foot injury.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Having undergone surgery to repair an ankle injury at the end of the previous season, Evans was unable to commence his preseason training until early August. Evans scored his second goal for the club in a 3–0 win away at Newcastle United on 7 October 2012, thumping home a header from a Robin van Persie corner. On 23 October, he scored his first UEFA Champions League goal and his first at Old Trafford, scrambling home from a corner kick the 2-2 equaliser in a 3–2 victory over Braga. Evans netted his third goal of the season on 24 November 2012, heading in the equaliser from a corner to begin a 3–1 comeback victory against Queens Park Rangers at Old Trafford. On 21 December 2012, Evans signed a new contract with United which would keep him at the club until June 2016. He scored his third league goal of the season and fourth overall on Boxing Day in a 4–3 win against Newcastle, tapping home after Javier Hernández's shot had been saved by Tim Krul. He scored an own goal moments later, turning into his own net a cross from former United, Antwerp and Sunderland teammate Danny Simpson.


title: Jonny Evans

text: On 4 March 2015, Newcastle striker Papiss Cissé spat at Evans after Evans spat in Cissé's direction following an altercation. Neither player was punished by the referee during the game, though both were charged by the FA after review. Evans denied the charge and said "I would like to make it clear that I did not spit at Papiss Cissé. Having woken up this morning, I am shocked to have seen the media coverage from last night's match." He was banned for six games on 7 March, with Cissé banned for seven due to a previous suspension.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans signed for Premier League club West Bromwich Albion for an undisclosed fee on 29 August 2015. He made his debut for the club on 12 September 2015 in a 0–0 draw against Southampton. On 2 January 2016, Evans scored his first West Brom goal in a 2–1 victory over Stoke City. On 15 May 2016, before the final game of the season, he received the Players' Player of the Season award for his first season at the club.


title: Jonny Evans

text: He had to wait a long time for his next goal, which came in a 3–1 win over Watford on 3 December 2016. His next goal came in a 2–1 loss against Swansea on the final game of the season.


title: Jonny Evans

text: In July 2017, following the departure of club skipper Darren Fletcher to Stoke City, Evans was confirmed permanent captain by head coach Tony Pulis. He scored his first goal of the season on 30 September 2017 in a 2–2 draw against Watford, scoring a header as he had done ten months earlier against the same opponent. His second goal of the season was against Brighton at home on 13 January 2018, which brought his side's first league win in five months and 20 games.


title: Jonny Evans

text: In June 2018, Leicester City triggered the £3.5 million relegation release clause in Evans' West Brom contract. He signed a three-year contract with the Foxes, and made his Leicester debut in a 2–0 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers on 18 August 2018. He scored his first goal for the club in a 4–1 defeat to Crystal Palace on 23 February 2019.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans made his 400th appearance in English football on 12 July 2020 and scored an own goal in a 1–4 defeat away to AFC Bournemouth in the Premier League.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Ahead of the 2022–23 season, Evans was appointed captain following the departure of previous captain Kasper Schmeichel.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Despite having not yet made his senior debut for Manchester United, Evans was called up to the full Northern Ireland squad for the first time in September 2006, making his debut in the memorable 3–2 victory over Spain. On 28 March 2009, Evans scored his first international goal in a 3–2 win over Poland in 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification, volleying home from close range.


title: Jonny Evans

text: On 28 May 2016, Evans was included by national team manager Michael O'Neill in Northern Ireland's final 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2016. This was the first time Northern Ireland had ever been involved in the finals of the competition, and their first major tournament since the 1986 FIFA World Cup. The team eventually reached the last 16, being knocked out by Wales after a 1–0 defeat. Evans participated in all four of Northern Ireland's games in the tournament.


title: Jonny Evans

text: His second international goal came eight and a half years after his first on 4 September 2017, via a header in a 2–0 victory against the Czech Republic in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. Northern Ireland reached a November playoff versus Switzerland, aiming to qualify for the World Cup for the first time in 32 years. They suffered a 1–0 defeat in the first leg with the winner coming from a controversial penalty awarded by Romanian referee Ovidiu Hategan. Corry Evans was penalised for handball, though the ball clearly struck the player's shoulder; manager Michael O'Neill said it was the worst decision he had ever seen in a game he had been involved in. A goalless draw in the second leg three days later meant Northern Ireland were eliminated from qualification. Evans nearly scored a winner in injury time of the second leg which would have levelled the aggregate score; his header beat Switzerland goalkeeper Yann Sommer but was cleared off the line by defender Ricardo Rodriguez, who had converted the penalty in the first leg.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans scored his third goal at senior international level when he opened the scoring against Belarus in Northern Ireland's second game of the qualification phase for UEFA Euro 2020. On 27 September 2022 in the Nations League game against Greece, he became the fourth player to make 100 appearances for Northern Ireland.


title: Jonny Evans

text: Evans was born in Belfast. He was a student at Belfast High School in Newtownabbey before being enrolled at Ashton-on-Mersey School in Sale, Greater Manchester, once he had been signed by Manchester United. He holds nine GCSEs, all A* or A grades.


title: Jonny Evans

text: On 19 December 2007, Evans was arrested in connection with an alleged rape that occurred at the hotel where Manchester United's Christmas party was held. On 8 March 2008, it was reported that he would not be prosecuted for any offence.


title: Jonny Evans

text: On 1 June 2013, Evans married Helen McConnell, an MUTV reporter, at Clough Presbyterian Church. As of December 2019, the couple had three children.


title: Levantine cuisine

text: Perhaps the most distinctive aspect of Levantine cuisine is "meze" including "tabbouleh", "hummus" and "baba ghanoush".


The 2020 United States presidential election in Colorado was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Colorado voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, incumbent President Donald Trump from Florida, and his running mate Vice President Mike Pence from Indiana, against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden from Delaware, and his running mate, Senator Kamala Harris from California. Colorado had nine electoral votes in the Electoral College.


title: 2020 United States presidential election in Colorado

text: The Democratic National Committee (DNC) proposed Denver as a finalist to host the 2020 Democratic National Convention, but the city declined, citing conflicts. The Democrats had met in Denver in 1908 and 2008 Democratic National Convention. The DNC ultimately decided to hold the convention in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.


text: Prior to the election, all 14 news organizations considered Colorado a state Biden would win, or a likely blue state. On the day of the election, Biden won Colorado with over 55% of the vote, and by a victory margin of 13.50%, an 8.6 percentage point improvement on Clinton's victory in the state four years prior, the strongest Democratic performance since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, and the first time that it voted for a presidential candidate of either major party by a double-digit percentage since Ronald Reagan in 1984. In this election, Colorado weighed in as 9.1% more Democratic than the nation as a whole. The results established Colorado as a Democratic stronghold, rather than the Democratic-leaning battleground state it had been for the past three election cycles. With Biden's win, Colorado voted Democratic at the presidential level four times in a row for the first time since statehood, the state having previously voted for Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 and for Hillary Clinton in 2016. Per exit polls by the Associated Press, changing demographics made Colorado more favorable to Democrats, with Latinos backing Biden with 68%, including Latinos of Mexican heritage with 75%. Biden also carried whites with 53%. 69% of voters favored increasing federal government spending on green and renewable energy, and they favored Biden by 76%–23%.


text: Biden flipped three counties in the Centennial State: Pueblo County, which had been reliably Democratic before narrowly backing Trump in 2016; Chaffee County, one of the few counties to flip from John McCain to Obama in 2012; and Garfield County, which had last voted Democratic when Bill Clinton won it in 1992. Biden also significantly closed the gap in the GOP's two largest remaining strongholds in the state, El Paso County and Douglas County, becoming the first Democrat to win more than 40% of the vote in the former since 1964 and closing the gap in the latter to single digits for the first time since 1964. Nevertheless, Biden became the first Democrat since Grover Cleveland in 1892 to win the White House without carrying Conejos County, as well as the first since Woodrow Wilson in 1912 to do so without carrying Huerfano or Las Animas Counties; and Trump narrowly flipped Alamosa County, one of only fifteen counties nationwide that he won against Biden but not Hillary Clinton, thereby making Biden the first Democrat to win the White House without carrying this county since Jimmy Carter in 1976.


text: This marked the first time since 1968 that Colorado voted more Democratic than neighboring New Mexico. The margin of victory for Biden in New Mexico was 10.79%, 2.71% lower than Colorado.


text: The Republican primary was due to be canceled until Robert Ardini, a retired advertising executive, decided to submit his name for the ballot. Several others subsequently joined him.


title: Mason Dye

text: Mason Andrew Dye (born July 15, 1994) is an American actor known for his roles in "Teen Wolf", "Flowers in the Attic", and in season four of "Stranger Things".


title: Mason Dye

text: Mason Dye was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma. He grew up in Ada, Oklahoma with older brother Preston and younger sister Taylor, who is known for being one half of the country duo Maddie & Tae.


title: Mason Dye

text: Dye started his career with supporting roles in movie "Adventures of Bailey: A Night in Cowtown" and recurring role on web series "Secret Diary of an American Cheerleader 2: The Fierce One." In 2014, he starred as Christopher Dollanganger in the Lifetime movie "Flowers in the Attic" based on the novel by V. C. Andrews"." He also guest starred in the TV shows "Review" and "Teen Wolf." In 2015, he played the role of Victor in the Lifetime movie "My Stepdaughter". Dye guest starred in "Major Crimes" and recurred in shows "Roommates" and "Finding Carter."


title: Mason Dye

text: In 2016, Dye starred as Tyler Evans in the drama film "Natural Selection" co-starring Katherine McNamara. Later that year, he starred as Josh Jackson in the action-adventure drama film "" alongside Amber Frank and Dylan Sprayberry. In 2017, Dye played the role of Bruce Kane in the Lifetime thriller film "Stalker's Prey". He also starred as Tyler Pemhardt in the horror film "Truth or Dare," which premiered on syfy channel. In 2018, he starred as Matt in the lifetime movie "The Wrong Son."


title: Mason Dye

text: In 2022, Dye appeared as rich athlete Jason Carver in the fourth season of the Netflix original series "Stranger Things".


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: Hollywood's Bleeding is the third studio album by American rapper and singer Post Malone. It was released on September 6, 2019, by Republic Records. The album features guest appearances from DaBaby, Future, Halsey, Meek Mill, Lil Baby, Ozzy Osbourne, Travis Scott, SZA, Swae Lee, and Young Thug. The production was handled mainly by Louis Bell, with contributions by Andrew Watt, BloodPop, Brian Lee, Carter Lang, DJ Dahi, Emile Haynie, Frank Dukes, and Malone himself, among others.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: "Hollywood's Bleeding" received generally positive reviews and debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200. It is Malone's second US number-one album, and it was supported by six singles: "Wow", "Goodbyes", "Circles", "Enemies", "Allergic", and "Take What You Want". The first three singles peaked at number two, three, and one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, respectively. The album also includes the "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one single, "Sunflower", a collaboration with American rapper Swae Lee, from the "" soundtrack. It was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2021 Grammy Awards.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: On June 5, 2018, six weeks after the release of his second studio album "Beerbongs & Bentleys", it was reported that Post Malone was working on his third studio album. That November, Malone stated that he was "trying to put out a new body of work" before the end of the year, but only released the single "Wow" in that time. On July 28, 2019, Malone shared that he had finished recording his upcoming third studio album, describing it as "pretty goddamn out of sight".


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: The album's lead single, "Wow", was released on December 24, 2018, one day before Christmas. The song was produced by Louis Bell and Frank Dukes. It peaked at number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: The album's second single, "Goodbyes" featuring Young Thug, was released on July 5, 2019, one day after Malone's birthday. The song was produced by Brian Lee and Louis Bell. It peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: The album's third single, "Circles", was released for digital download on August 30, 2019. It was later sent to contemporary hit radio on September 3, 2019. The song was produced by Malone himself, Louis Bell, and Frank Dukes. It peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: "Enemies" featuring DaBaby, was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio on September 17, 2019, as the album's fourth single. It peaked at number 16 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: "Allergic" was sent to alternative radio on September 24, 2019, as the album's fifth single. It peaked at number 37 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: "Take What You Want" featuring Ozzy Osbourne and Travis Scott, was sent to contemporary hit radio on October 15, 2019, as the album's sixth single. It peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: A music video for the track "Saint-Tropez" was released on September 11, 2019. The song peaked at number 18 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: To further promote the album, Post announced the Runaway Tour with Swae Lee and Tyla Yaweh joining as the opening acts. The tour had two North American legs, and began September 14, 2019, in Tacoma, Washington and concluded March 12, 2020, in Denver.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: "Hollywood's Bleeding" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 79, based on 10 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 6.9 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: Danny Wright of "NME" gave the album a positive review, saying "he's able to skillfully cherry pick from different genres[, ...] But Post Malone is the post everything star the kids have called for, a musician made for the internet-age; a goofball chameleon instinctively skilled at understanding the ways genres can merge together. These are albums made as playlists that skip seamlessly between styles". Reviewing the album for "Variety", A. D. Amorosi said the album was a blend of "country, rock, hip-hop and modern soft soul" and that Malone gives the album a "refined trap-pop vibe". Neil Z. Yeung of AllMusic saying "More well-executed than his previous releases and undeniably catchy, "Hollywood's Bleeding" is a huge step forward for the guarded superstar, one that doesn't sacrifice the essential elements that made him such a surprise hitmaker, and pushes him even further into the pop-savvy landscape where he belongs". Writing for "Los Angeles Times", Mikael Wood stated, "Unlike "Stoney" and "Beerbongs & Bentleys", this album feels composed of discrete stylistic exercises; no longer is he boiling down rap and rock and a little bit of country into a kind of smearable paste". "Rolling Stone"s critic Nick Catucci said, "Post Malone curates as much as he creates, and there's not a misplaced feature among the 10 spread across seven of these tracks".


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: Dan Weiss of "Consequence" wrote, ""Hollywood's Bleeding" is immediately Post Malone's most listenable work and may well be the catchiest album you hear in 2019, and that includes Taylor Swift". Daniel Spielberger of "HipHopDX" said, "Besides a few questionable features, there's nothing offensive or particularly bad about "Hollywood's Bleeding". It's just Malone playing it safe and betting on the likelihood that the streaming algorithms will reward him once again". Jason Greene from "Pitchfork" stated, "When he's not wasting time trying to glower, he proves himself surprisingly versatile. ... There are a lot of guests on "Hollywood's Bleeding", and all of them sound engaged".


title: Hollywood's Bleeding

text: "Hollywood's Bleeding" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 489,000 album-equivalent units, of which 200,000 were pure album sales, giving Post Malone his second US number-one album. It also marks the second-biggest week of 2019 for an album only behind Taylor Swift's "Lover", and biggest in terms of streams. By the end of 2019 the album had sold 357,000 pure copies out of a sales total of 3.001 million combined units. "Hollywood's Bleeding" was the sixth best selling album of 2020 with 1.895 million album-equivalent units in the United States.


title: Immunology

text: Immunology is a branch of medicine and biology that covers the medical study of immune systems in humans, animals, plants and sapient species. In such we can see there is a difference of human immunology and comparative immunology in veterinary medicine and animal biosciences.


title: Immunology

text: Immunology measures, uses charts and differentiate in context in medicine the studies of immunity on cell and molecular level, and the immune system as part of the physiological level as its functioning is of major importance. In the different states of both health, occurring symptoms and diseases; the functioning of the immune system and immunological responses such as autoimmune diseases, allergic hypersensitivities, or in some cases malfunctioning of immune system as for example in immunological disorders or in immune deficiency, and the specific transplant rejection)


title: Immunology

text: Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of rheumatology, virology, allergology (dermatology), bacteriology, oncology and further transplantation medicine.


title: Immunology

text: The term was coined by Russian biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, who advanced studies on immunology and received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1908. He pinned small thorns into starfish larvae and noticed unusual cells surrounding the thorns. This was the active response of the body trying to maintain its integrity. It was Mechnikov who first observed the phenomenon of phagocytosis, in which the body defends itself against a foreign body.


title: Immunology

text: Immunology has importance in reproductive medicine as the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system "in vitro", "in situ", and "in vivo".


title: Immunology

text: In psychiatry it is said that psychiatric disorders lead to low levels of immunology but are not encountered any specific characteristics of immunological deficiencies.


title: Immunology

text: Prior to the designation of immunity, from the etymological root "immunis", which is Latin for "exempt", early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus, bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. However, many components of the immune system are cellular in nature, and not associated with specific organs, but rather embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.


title: Immunology

text: Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.


title: Immunology

text: The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.


title: Immunology

text: The immune system has the capability of self and non-self-recognition. An antigen is a substance that ignites the immune response. The cells involved in recognizing the antigen are Lymphocytes. Once they recognize, they secrete antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that neutralize the disease-causing microorganisms. Antibodies do not directly kill pathogens, but instead, identify antigens as targets for destruction by other immune cells such as phagocytes or NK cells.


title: Immunology

text: The (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (antibody generators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.


title: Immunology

text: It is now getting clear that the immune responses contribute to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic, including metabolic, cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease. Besides, there are direct implications of the immune system in the infectious diseases (tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, pneumonia, dysentery, and helminth infestations) as well. Hence, research in the field of immunology is of prime importance for the advancements in the fields of modern medicine, biomedical research, and biotechnology.


title: Immunology

text: Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).


title: Immunology

text: The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made the antibody an excellent tool for the detection of substances by a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired antigen can be conjugated with an isotopic (radio) or fluorescent label or with a color-forming enzyme in order to detect it. However, the similarity between some antigens can lead to false positives and other errors in such tests by antibodies cross-reacting with antigens that are not exact matches.


title: Immunology

text: The use of immune system components or antigens to treat a disease or disorder is known as immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is most commonly used to treat allergies, autoimmune disorders such as Crohn's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and rheumatoid arthritis, and certain cancers. Immunotherapy is also often used for patients who are immunosuppressed (such as those with HIV) and people with other immune deficiencies.


title: Immunology

text: Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.


title: Immunology

text: Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.


title: Immunology

text: The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).


title: Immunology

text: Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent the immune system's attempts to destroy allografts (transplant rejection).


title: Immunology

text: Clinical Immunology and Allergy is usually a subspecialty of Internal Medicine or Pediatrics. Fellows in Clinical Immunology are typically exposed to many of the different aspects of the specialty and get to treat Allergic conditions, Primary Immunodeficiencies and systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions. As part of their training fellows may do additional rotations in Rheumatology, Pulmonology, Otorhinolaryngology, Dermatology and the Immunologic lab.


title: Immunology

text: When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs, including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissues, can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.


title: Immunology

text: Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism's "humors" rather than its cells.


title: Immunology

text: In the mid-1950s, Macfarlane Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.


title: Immunology

text: More recently, several theoretical frameworks have been suggested in immunology, including "autopoietic" views, "cognitive immune" views, the "danger model" (or "danger theory"), and the "discontinuity" theory. The danger model, suggested by Polly Matzinger and colleagues, has been very influential, arousing many comments and discussions.


title: Immunology

text: The body's capability to react to antigens depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child's immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to glycoproteins and polysaccharides. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like "Staphylococcus" and "Pseudomonas". In neonates, opsonic activity and the ability to activate the complement cascade is very limited. For example, the mean level of C3 in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult. Phagocytic activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished up-regulation of integrin and selectin receptors, which limit the ability of neutrophils to interact with adhesion molecules in the endothelium. Their monocytes are slow and have a reduced ATP production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total lymphocytes is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired. Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during gestation but are not fully active.


title: Immunology

text: Maternal factors also play a role in the body's immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. These antibodies are transferred from the placenta to the fetus using the FcRn (neonatal Fc receptor). Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA do not cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly, the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six and nine months after birth, a child's immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.


title: Immunology

text: During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-estradiol (an estrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Estradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids not only act directly on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.


title: Immunology

text: The female sex hormone 17-β-estradiol has been shown to regulate the level of immunological response, while some male androgens such as testosterone seem to suppress the stress response to infection. Other androgens, however, such as DHEA, increase immune response. As in females, the male sex hormones seem to have more control of the immune system during puberty and post-puberty than during the rest of a male's adult life.


title: Immunology

text: Ecoimmunology, or ecological immunology, explores the relationship between the immune system of an organism and its social, biotic and abiotic environment.


title: Immunology

text: More recent ecoimmunological research has focused on host pathogen defences traditionally considered "non-immunological", such as pathogen avoidance, self-medication, symbiont-mediated defenses, and fecundity trade-offs. Behavioural immunity, a phrase coined by Mark Schaller, specifically refers to psychological pathogen avoidance drivers, such as disgust aroused by stimuli encountered around pathogen-infected individuals, such as the smell of vomit. More broadly, "behavioural" ecological immunity has been demonstrated in multiple species. For example, the Monarch butterfly often lays its eggs on certain toxic milkweed species when infected with parasites. These toxins reduce parasite growth in the offspring of the infected Monarch. However, when uninfected Monarch butterflies are forced to feed only on these toxic plants, they suffer a fitness cost as reduced lifespan relative to other uninfected Monarch butterflies. This indicates that laying eggs on toxic plants is a costly behaviour in Monarchs which has probably evolved to reduce the severity of parasite infection.


title: Immunology

text: Symbiont-mediated defenses are also heritable across host generations, despite a non-genetic direct basis for the transmission. Aphids, for example, rely on several different symbionts for defense from key parasites, and can vertically transmit their symbionts from parent to offspring. Therefore, a symbiont that successfully confers protection from a parasite is more likely to be passed to the host offspring, allowing coevolution with parasites attacking the host in a way similar to traditional immunity.


title: Immunology

text: The preserved immune tissues of extinct species, such as the thylacine ("Thylacine cynocephalus") can also provide insights into their biology.


title: Immunology

text: The study of the interaction of the immune system with cancer cells can lead to diagnostic tests and therapies with which to find and fight cancer. The immunology concerned with physiological reaction characteristic of the immune state.


title: Immunology

text: This area of the immunology is devoted to the study of immunological aspects of the reproductive process including fetus acceptance. The term has also been used by fertility clinics to address fertility problems, recurrent miscarriages, premature deliveries and dangerous complications such as pre-eclampsia.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning "red" and 'poiesis' "to make") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), which is the development from erythropoietic stem cell to mature red blood cell.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: It is stimulated by decreased O in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin. This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood cells (erythrocytes). In postnatal birds and mammals (including humans), this usually occurs within the red bone marrow. In the early fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the liver. After seven months, erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow. Increased levels of physical activity can cause an increase in erythropoiesis. However, in humans with certain diseases and in some animals, erythropoiesis also occurs outside the bone marrow, within the spleen or liver. This is termed "extramedullary erythropoiesis".


title: Erythropoiesis

text: The bone marrow of essentially all the bones produces red blood cells until a person is around five years old. The tibia and femur cease to be important sites of hematopoiesis by about age 25; the vertebrae, sternum, pelvis and ribs, and cranial bones continue to produce red blood cells throughout life. Up to the age of 20 years, RBCs are produced from red bone marrow of all the bones (long bones and all the flat bones). After the age of 20 years, RBCs are produced from membranous bones such as vertebrae, the sternum, ribs, scapulas, and the iliac bones. After 20 years of age, the shaft of the long bones becomes yellow bone marrow because of fat deposition and loses the erythropoietic function.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: Comparison of erythrocyte production by marrow stem cell lines from old and young adult donors shows no significant differences. This finding implies that little or none of the proliferative capacity of the erythropoietic stem cells is exhausted by a lifetime of normal functioning.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: In the process of red blood corpuscle maturation, a cell undergoes a series of "differentiations". The following stages of development all occur within the bone marrow:


title: Erythropoiesis

text: The cell is released from the bone marrow after Stage 7, and so in newly circulating red blood cells there are about 1% reticulocytes. After one to two days, these ultimately become "erythrocytes" or mature red blood cells.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: These stages correspond to specific appearances of the cell when stained with Wright's stain and examined by light microscopy, and correspond to other biochemical changes.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: In the process of maturation, a basophilic pronormoblast is converted from a cell with a large nucleus and a volume of 900 fL to an enucleated disc with a volume of 95 fL. By the reticulocyte stage, the cell has extruded its nucleus, but is still capable of producing hemoglobin.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: Essential for the maturation of red blood cells are Vitamin B (cobalamin) and Vitamin B (folate). Lack of either causes maturation failure in the process of erythropoiesis, which manifests clinically as reticulocytopenia, an abnormally low amount of reticulocytes.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: A feedback loop involving erythropoietin helps regulate the process of erythropoiesis so that, in non-disease states, the production of red blood cells is equal to the destruction of red blood cells and the red blood cell number is sufficient to sustain adequate tissue oxygen levels but not so high as to cause sludging, thrombosis, or stroke. Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and liver in response to low oxygen levels. In addition, erythropoietin is bound by circulating red blood cells; low circulating numbers lead to a relatively high level of unbound erythropoietin, which stimulates production in the bone marrow.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: Recent studies have also shown that the peptide hormone hepcidin may play a role in the regulation of hemoglobin production, and thus affect erythropoiesis. The liver produces hepcidin. Hepcidin controls iron absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and iron release from reticuloendothelial tissue. Iron must be released from macrophages in the bone marrow to be incorporated into the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. There are colony forming units that the cells follow during their formation. These cells are referred to as the committed cells including the granulocyte monocyte colony forming units.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: The secretion of hepcidin is inhibited by another hormone, erythroferrone, produced by erythroblasts in response to erythropoietin, and identified in 2014. It appears that this links erythropoietin-driven eyrthropoiesis with the iron mobilization needed for hemoglobin synthesis.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: Loss of function of the erythropoietin receptor or JAK2 in mice cells causes failure in erythropoiesis, so production of red blood cells in embryos and growth is disrupted. If there is no systemic feedback inhibition, for example, the diminishment or absence of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins, giantism may result as shown in mice models.


title: Erythropoiesis

text: In addition to the steady state erythropoiesis, acute anemia probably stimulates another response which results in rapid development of new red blood cells. This has been studied in rats and happens in the liver through the activation of the BMP4-dependent stress erythropoiesis pathway.


title: Harrison Ruffin Tyler

text: Harrison Ruffin Tyler (born November 9, 1928) is an American chemical engineer, businessperson, and preservationist. He cofounded ChemTreat, Inc., a water treatment company, in 1968 and restored the Sherwood Forest Plantation. He is a son of Lyon Gardiner Tyler as well as the last living grandchild of former U.S. president John Tyler, and speaks on the history of the Tyler family. Tyler purchased Fort Pocahontas in 1996 and advocates for its preservation.


title: Harrison Ruffin Tyler

text: Harrison Ruffin Tyler was born on November 9, 1928 to Susan Ruffin and Lyon Gardiner Tyler. His paternal grandparents were Julia Gardiner and John Tyler. Through his mother, he is a great-grandson of Edmund Ruffin, and a descendant of Benjamin Harrison IV, Robert Carter I and Pocahontas. She was a teacher and caretaker of the family's historical documents. Despite his familial connections, Tyler grew up poor.


title: Harrison Ruffin Tyler

text: Tyler was homeschooled by his mother and then attended Charles City County public schools. He briefly attended St. Christopher's School. Possibly through Lyon's friendship with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor funded Tyler's education at the College of William & Mary with a $5,000 check. He graduated with a degree in chemistry in 1949. In 1951, Tyler completed a degree in chemical engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute.