title: Straitjacket

text: The straitjacket is described as early as 1772, in a book by the Irish physician David Macbride, though there are claims an upholsterer named Guilleret invented it in 1790 France for Bicêtre Hospital. (See the "French Wikipedia article," .)


title: Straitjacket

text: Before the development of psychiatric medications and talking therapy, doctors did not know how to treat mental disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety disorders. They attempted treatments that are cruel by modern standards, and the straitjacket was one of them. At the height of its use, doctors considered it more humane than restraints of ropes or chains. It prevented the patient from damaging clothes or furniture, and from injuring self, staff, or fellow inmates.


title: Straitjacket

text: Before the American Civil War, the mentally ill were often in poorhouses, workhouses, or prisons when their families could no longer care for them. Patients were forced to live with criminals and treated likewise: locked in a cell or even chained to walls. By the 1860s, Americans wanted to provide better assistance to the less fortunate, including the mentally ill. The number of facilities devoted to the care of people with mental disorders saw a dramatic increase. These facilities, meant to be places of refuge, were called "insane asylums". Between 1825 and 1865, the number of asylums in the United States increased from nine to sixty-two.


title: Straitjacket

text: The establishment of asylums did not mean treatment improved. Because doctors did not understand what caused the behavior of their patients, they often listed the possible causes of mental illness as religious excitement, sunstroke, or even reading novels . They believed the patient had lost all control over their morals and strict discipline was necessary to help the patient regain self-control. Asylums often employed straitjackets to restrain patients who could not control themselves.


title: Straitjacket

text: Many assessors, including Marie Ragone and Diane Fenex, considered straitjackets humane, gentler than prison chains. The restraint seemed to apply little to no pressure to the body or limbs and did not cause skin abrasions. Moreover, straitjackets allowed some freedom of movement. Unlike patients anchored to a chair or bed by straps or handcuffs, those in straitjackets could walk. Some registered nurse specialists even recommended restrained individuals stroll outdoors, thereby reaping the benefits of both control and fresh air.


title: Straitjacket

text: Despite its popular consideration as humane, straitjackets were misused. Over time, asylums filled with patients and lacked adequate staff to provide proper care. The attendants were often ill-trained to work with the mentally ill and resorted to restraints to maintain order and calm. In fact, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some prisons even used straitjackets to punish or torture inmates.


title: Straitjacket

text: Modified variants of the garment are still in use. A particular brand of straitjacket is called an "Argentino" suit, manufactured by PSP Argentino Inc. In Canada in 2015, there was a class action lawsuit that won over the misuse of the restraint.


title: Straitjacket

text: The security of a straitjacket depends very much on its size, which should be as small as practicable to be secure. A tight jacket at the chest and armpits will make it difficult for the wearer to pull the arms out of the sleeves.


title: Straitjacket

text: The sleeves of the jacket are sewn shut at the ends—a significant restraint in itself because it restrains the use of the hands. The arms are folded across the front, with the ends of the sleeves wrapping around to fasten or tie behind the back. On some jackets, the sleeve-ends are anchored to the garment to allow the fastening or knot to rotate away from the wearer's hands as they move their arms, making it more difficult to undo. Some straitjackets are designed to have the person's arms crossed behind them rather than in front to ensure further restraint.


title: Straitjacket

text: Most jackets feature a crotch-strap to prevent wearers from pulling off the jacket. Some bear loops at the front and/or sides; the sleeves are threaded through these to prevent the arms from being raised over the head. Friction buckles are used to fasten institutional jackets with webbing or cloth straps because they are difficult to open without a free pair of hands.


title: Straitjacket

text: In stage magic, gimmicked jackets, made for magicians who practice escape stunts, omit arm loops, fasten with simpler buckles, and/or leave hidden openings in the sleeves.


title: Straitjacket

text: Wearing an institutional straitjacket for long periods of time may cause pain for wearers. Blood pools in the elbows, causing swelling. The hands may become numb from lack of proper circulation. Bone and muscle stiffness causes the upper arms and shoulders to experience pain. Many wearers in these situations attempt to move and stretch their arms by thrashing around in their jackets, which is why institutions take great precautions, such as monitoring patients and conforming to strict protocols, when outfitting people in straitjackets.


title: Straitjacket

text: To remove a straitjacket with both back and crotch-straps, it is not necessary to be able to dislocate one's shoulders in order to gain the slack necessary to pull an arm out of the sleeves. The necessity of this ability was fictitiously created by Harry Houdini and his brother Hardeen to try to lessen the amount of competition. Houdini later in his career published his technical handling of the escape in a newspaper. Escape artists around the world commonly continue this rumor to "spice up" the escape. Without dislocating the shoulder, it is sometimes possible to get more room by pulling at the inside of the arms as they are being strapped or by keeping an elbow held outward to gain slack in the sleeves when the arm is relaxed. Another way to gain slack is to take and hold a deep breath while the jacket is being done up.


title: Straitjacket

text: It is possible for one person to put a willing volunteer into a straitjacket, but it generally takes at least two people to straitjacket a struggling person.


title: Straitjacket

text: For a jacket without a front strap, the most common way to escape is to hoist the arms over the head before undoing the crotch strap and at last the strap at the back of the neck. This allows the jacket to simply be peeled off upward over the head. The straitjacket escape was popularized by Houdini, who "discovered" it. Houdini first did it behind a curtain, forcing the audience to listen to thumps while watching a billowing curtain for many minutes. He found the trick went over better when the audience could see his struggles. In a few of his later and more popular acts, he performed the straitjacket escape while hung upside down from a crane, and also did the same when placed in a sealed milk can which was filled. Houdini's (and many other illusionists) acts showed the straitjacket in action in a variety of ways.


title: Straitjacket

text: The official "Fastest Escape from a Regulated Posey Straitjacket" is 2.84 seconds, set by Danilo Audiello at the Studio Fleming Medicina Generale, Foggia, Italy, on 11 August 2014.


title: Straitjacket

text: Straitjacket escape is one of the most sensational and famous magicians' tricks; it was a staple in illusionist Harry Houdini's act. Thus, new world records for straitjacket escape are constantly being attempted, in various ways and with various degrees of difficulty added. Some of the more newsworthy attempts and successes include:


title: J. C. Jackson

text: Jerald Christopher Jackson (born November 17, 1995) is an American football cornerback for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Maryland and signed with the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2018. Jackson earned Pro Bowl honors during the 2021 season and was part of the Patriots team that won a Super Bowl title in Super Bowl LIII. After his rookie contract expired in 2022, he joined the Chargers.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: He was a four-star recruit coming out of high school and ranked as the 20th-best wide receiver in the class of 2014 by247Sports. He committed to play football at the University of Florida.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: Jackson began his college career with the Florida Gators, but injured his shoulder in the opening game and did not play for the rest of the season. He was able to use this as a redshirt year. After being acquitted on an armed robbery charge, he did not return to Florida.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: While Jackson was a student at Riverside, college teams including the University of Michigan and Penn State expressed an interest in recruiting him. He began practicing with Maryland in April 2016 and transferred there for the 2016 season. After the 2017 season, Jackson announced he was forgoing his senior season and declaring for the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: On May 11, 2018, the New England Patriots signed Jackson to a three-year, $1.72 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $10,000.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: After a stellar training camp and preseason performance, Jackson was named to the Patriots' Week 1 53-man roster. In a Week 4 victory over the Miami Dolphins, Jackson recorded the first interception of his career on a throw from Ryan Tannehill. He recorded his second during a Week 7 road win over the Chicago Bears. He recorded his first career start during a Week 13 victory over the Minnesota Vikings, playing in 54 of the team's 61 defensive snaps. Jackson finished the 2018 season with 24 tackles, 6 passes defended, and 3 interceptions. Jackson helped the Patriots reach Super Bowl LIII, when they defeated the Los Angeles Rams 13–3. In practices Jackson moonlighted as a receiver playing for the scout team.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: In 2019, Jackson again made the Patriots' 53-man roster. In week 4 against the Buffalo Bills, Jackson intercepted quarterback Josh Allen twice and blocked a punt which was recovered by teammate Matthew Slater for a touchdown in the 16–10 win.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: In week 14 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Jackson recorded his third interception of the season off a pass thrown by Patrick Mahomes during the 23–16 loss. In the Patriots' 34–13 win over the Cincinnati Bengals, Jackson intercepted quarterback Andy Dalton twice. All of Jackson's career interceptions to date have come on pass attempts of at least 15 yards.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: In Week 1 playing in a game against the Miami Dolphins, Jackson recorded his first interception of the season off a pass thrown by Ryan Fitzpatrick late in the fourth quarter to secure a 21–11 Patriots' win.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: In Week 6 against the Denver Broncos, Jackson intercepted a pass thrown by Drew Lock during the 18–12 loss. In Week 7 against the San Francisco 49ers, Jackson recorded another interception, this time off a pass thrown by Jimmy Garoppolo, during the 33–6 loss. In Week 8 against the Buffalo Bills, Jackson recorded an interception off a pass thrown by Josh Allen during the 24–21 loss. This was Jackson's third interception in three games.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: In Week 9 against the New York Jets, Jackson recorded another interception off a pass thrown by Joe Flacco in the fourth quarter after allowing two long touchdown passes from Flacco to wide receiver Breshad Perriman earlier in the game during the 30–27 win. In Week 10 against the Baltimore Ravens, Jackson recorded another interception from Lamar Jackson, setting a new franchise record for games in a row with an interception with five. This interception prevented the Ravens from scoring to end the first half and helped the Patriots earn a 23–17 upset victory. In Week 17 against the Jets, Jackson recorded his 9th interception of the season off a pass thrown by Sam Darnold during the 28–14 win.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: On March 17, 2021, Jackson received a second-round restricted free agent tender worth $3.384 million from the Patriots. He signed a one-year contract on April 16.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: Jackson finished the season with 8 interceptions, including his first career pick six, and a league-leading 23 pass deflections. He was selected for the Pro Bowl, along with teammates Matthew Judon and Matthew Slater. He was also named a second-team All-Pro.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: On March 16, 2022, Jackson signed a five-year, $82.5 million contract with the Los Angeles Chargers. In August, he underwent ankle surgery, which forced him to miss the preseason and the season opener against the Las Vegas Raiders. He made his Chargers debut the following week in a 27–24 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: Jackson struggled while playing for the Chargers leading to him being benched for Michael Davis in the Week 6 Monday Night Football matchup with the Denver Broncos. He returned the following week against the Seattle Seahawks, but suffered a non-contact patellar tendon rupture that ended his season.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: On April 18, 2015, Jackson was arrested in connection with an armed robbery. He was later formally charged with three counts of home invasion with a deadly weapon and one count of burglary of an occupied dwelling. On November 14, 2015, Jackson was found not guilty of all charges.


title: J. C. Jackson

text: County commissioners in Jackson's home county of Collier County, Florida, declared April 9, 2019, "J. C. Jackson Day" in his honor.


title: Under Suspicion (2000 film)

text: Under Suspicion is a 2000 American-French thriller film directed by Stephen Hopkins and starring Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman, Monica Bellucci and Thomas Jane. The film is based on the 1981 French film "Garde à vue" and the 1970s British novel "Brainwash", written by John Wainwright. It was screened out of competition at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Under Suspicion (2000 film)

text: Wealthy tax attorney Henry Hearst (Hackman) is about to give a speech at an exclusive fundraising party in San Juan, Puerto Rico, as the city celebrates the San Sebastián Festival. He is called to the police station to be questioned about the body he found the day before – that of a young girl who had been raped and murdered. Hearst changes his version of events several times; Captain Victor Benezet (Freeman) and Detective Felix Owens (Jane) question him about inconsistencies in his story. Hearst quickly realizes that they think he committed the murder, as well as that of another young girl whose body was found days earlier, but at this stage of questioning he is unalarmed. Benezet is under pressure from his boss (Miguel Ángel Suárez) to free Hearst so that he can give his speech. As there is no conclusive proof, Benezet's superior at the party says to let Hearst at least come to the party and give his fund raising speech. After a fracas at the police station, Hearst arrives, disheveled, at the party, gives his speech, and is then escorted back to the police station.


title: Under Suspicion (2000 film)

text: At the party, a crowd is gossiping and Chantal (Bellucci), Hearst's much younger wife, has to keep her face emotionless. She is questioned later about why she and her husband sleep in separate rooms. Little by little, the story that each of them tells changes, always casting Hearst in a worse light.


title: Under Suspicion (2000 film)

text: Hearst first blames Chantal for being jealous. Then, it is discovered he likes cheap, very young prostitutes and visits pornography websites featuring barely legal-age women. Hearst says that Chantal and her brother-in-law, artist Paco Rodriguez (Luis Caballero), are lovers. Chantal says that she saw Hearst with her 13-year-old niece Camille (Isabel Algaze), giving her presents and trying to seduce her. She also says that on the night of one of the recent murders she saw her husband washing his blood-stained clothes at night. Hearst adamantly denies molesting Camille, but admits that he has a fondness for younger women.


title: Under Suspicion (2000 film)

text: Chantal, the legal owner of the mansion where they live, permits the police to search the premises for hard evidence linking her husband to the murders. In the dark room, they find photographs of the two murdered girls. When the photographs are shown to him at the police station, Henry says that he can't believe Chantal would go this far.


title: Under Suspicion (2000 film)

text: Hearst, recalling the details revealed to him by Benezet, now confesses to the murder of both girls. Whilst still recording Hearst's confession, the detectives are notified that the real killer has been arrested, having been "caught in the act." Benezet and Owens free Hearst, who is still badly shaken by what he has gone through in the previous hours. Chantal attempts to connect with him outside the police station, but he cannot forgive her for turning on him and believing him capable of the murders, and walks away into the crowd of San Sebastián Festival revelers.


title: Under Suspicion (2000 film)

text: Based on 45 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 49% of critics gave "Under Suspicion" a positive review, with an average rating of 5.3/10.


title: Under Suspicion (2000 film)

text: The film was given limited release to only 19 theaters in North America, grossing a total of $334,245 during its theatrical run. The film was also given limited release internationally, grossing $752,783 in Mexico, $17,222 in Taiwan and $277,675 in the United Kingdom.


title: Under Suspicion (2000 film)

text: The film was nominated by the Mystery Writers of America for the 2001 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture.


title: Barun Sobti

text: Barun Sobti ( ; born 21 August 1984) is an Indian actor, known for his roles in television series "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon" (2011–2012) and "Asur" (2020–present).


title: Barun Sobti

text: He started his acting career in 2009 with Star Plus show "Shraddha" and later appeared in a negative role in "Dill Mill Gayye". He portrayed his first lead role in Sony Entertainment Television's "Baat Hamari Pakki Hai" (2010). In 2011, Sobti rose to fame by playing Arnav Singh Raizada in "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon". He made his film debut with the romantic comedy "Main Aur Mr. Riight" (2014) and then went onto appear in films like "Tu Hai Mera Sunday" (2017), "22 Yards" (2019), "Halahal" (2020) and "200 Halla Ho" (2021).


title: Barun Sobti

text: He also starred in the Disney+ Hotstar series "Tanhaiyan" (2017) and ALT Balaji series "The Great Indian Dysfunctional Family" (2018). He also narrated the audiobook "The Last Boy to fall in Love" by Durjoy Datta for Audible.


title: Barun Sobti

text: Sobti was born on 21 August 1984 to Raj Sobti and Veenu Sobti in Delhi, India. Sobti attended St. Mark's School in Paschim Vihar, New Delhi. He worked as an operations manager at Jindal Telecom for 7 years before entering the entertainment industry.


title: Barun Sobti

text: Sobti made his acting debut as a lead in 2009 as Swayam Khurana in Star Plus's "Shraddha". He later did negative cameo role in the famous medical show "Dill Mill Gayye" as Dr. Raj, a medical intern with drug addiction.


title: Barun Sobti

text: From 2010 to 2011, Sobti starred as the carefree, rich, spoiled Shravan Jaiswal in Sony TV's "Baat Hamari Pakki Hai".


title: Barun Sobti

text: In 2011, Sobti gained recognition by playing Arnav Singh Raizada, a business tycoon in Star Plus's show "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?" opposite Sanaya Irani. It was one of the top watched show of that time. In 2012, the show got cancelled because Barun's break from the show due to health problems. The last episode was aired on 30 November 2012.


title: Barun Sobti

text: In 2017, he portrayed Advay Singh Raizada aka Dev Kashyap in "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3", third installment in the "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doom" series. After airing for three months, the show ended because of poor ratings.


title: Barun Sobti

text: He then starred in Hotstar original romantic drama show "Tanhaiyan", in which he played Haider Ali Khan opposite Surbhi Jyoti. The show received lukewarm response. Alpha Girl Reviews wrote "Tanhaiyan should be watched only for Barun and Surbhi. They are the only reason to keep you engaged in this directionless romantic series.". Kunal Nirmal Kothari for Koimoi wrote "Tanhaiyan is here and it is AMAZING..!".


title: Barun Sobti

text: He later on starred in ALTBalaji's "The Great Indian Dysfunctional Family" in 2018 as Samar Ranaut alongside Kay Kay Menon. The show also starred Eisha Chopra, Swaroop Sampat, Shriswara and Sanaya Pithawalla in key roles. It received almost positive reviews from critics and audience. Nicole of The Quint writes "Beyond its contemporary packaging, "TGIDF" doesn’t reinvent the wheel. But it’s entertaining nonetheless much in a way that watching a mindless Bollywood flick is." Soumya Rao of Scroll writes "The show is frequently engaging, especially when it has a firm grip on the storyline, but loses its footing often.". SpotboyE wrote "The Great Indian Dysfunctional Family isn’t a ground-breaking show, but it does enough to keep you engaged with the life of the Ranauts.".


title: Barun Sobti

text: In 2020, he appeared in Voot original mystery crime thriller show "Asur" as Nikhil Nair. The show also starred Arshad Warsi, Anupriya Goenka, Ridhi Dogra, Amey Wagh and Sharib Hashmi. The show is set in the context of a modern day serial killer having religious ties. The show received generally positive reviews from critics and audience alike.


title: Barun Sobti

text: Sobti made his film debut in 2014 with the Romantic comedy "Main Aur Mr. Riight", opposite Shenaz Treasury. It received negative reviews from critics, although Sobti received some praise for his performance. Letty Mariam Abraham from "Bollywood Life" while reviewing the film said, "Without Barun, there is clearly nothing to see in the film and hence recommended only if you are a Sobti fan." Paloma Sharma from Rediff wrote, Barun Sobti fares better than his costars in the acting department.


title: Barun Sobti

text: Sobti's second feature film was "Tu Hai Mera Sunday" (2016), directed by Milind Dhaimade, which premiered at festivals like BFI London Film Festival, Mumbai Film Festival and Cannes Film Festival among others. The film received positive reviews. "The Indian Express" praised the film, remarking, "Dhaimade is clearly skilled at creating life-like characters who feel as if they are people you could know, tics and all. ‘Tu Hai Mera Sunday’ is a feel-good, light-hearted yarn. And it comes at a time when that precious, vanishing space—middle-of-the-road and realistic, not too shiny or too drab but just right—needs an urgent refill. I guarantee you will leave smiling.". "Film Companion" wrote, "Starring Barun Sobti and Shahana Goswami, this film about the lack of space in Mumbai is elevated into a profound zone thanks to director Milind Dhaimade's understanding of fragile middle-class dynamics". "Hindustan Times" gave it 3/5 stars and reviewed, "However, "Tu Hai Mera Sunday" tries to talk about many issues in 126 minutes. The heated arguments sometimes look forced. The firm grips on the audience slacks somewhere in the second half. But thanks to his actors, director Milind Dhaimade manages to sail through these scenes and still conveys a very positive vibe about "Tu Hai Mera Sunday".".


title: Barun Sobti

text: In 2019, he starred in thriller-drama short film "Derma". It was premiered on Voot. Cinestaan while reviewing wrote "Barun Sobti's technically sound film falls short of the desired impact". In the same year, he also appeared in a sports drama film "22 Yards". It was directed by sports journalist turned filmmaker Mitali Ghoshal. The trailer was launched by Sourav Ganguly. Nandini Ramnath in Scroll.in writes, "Barun Sobti scores in a familiar cricketing tale of failure and redemption." News 18 gave the movie two stars out of five and wrote 'an average film that gives a simplistic insight in to the crafty world of Cricket'.


title: Barun Sobti

text: He then played the role of Inspector Yusuf Qureshi in Eros Now original movie "Halahal" (2020). It was written, produced by Zeishan Quadri and directed by Randeep Jha and also starred Sachin Khedekar and Manu Rishi Chadha. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics and audience. Archika Khurana of "The Times of India" gave the film two and a half out of five stars stating "The story is griping in the beginning but tends to get a bit draggy towards the end. However, the final nail in the coffin is its unrealistic climax." Writing in "News18" Rohit Vats states "Minor flaws overlooked, Halahal is engaging for sure, and its lead talents are quite impressive. With careful project selection, the director can offer much more." "The Free Press Journal" gave the movie three stars out of five and Heer Kothari states "Impressive performances make this film watchable."


title: Barun Sobti

text: In the following year, he starred in Zee5 original film "200 Halla Ho". It was based on the real life incident in which 200 Dalit women lynched by Akku Yadav, a gangster, robber, serial rapist, and killer in an open court in Nagpur in 2004. It also starred Amol Palekar, Sahil Khattar, Upendra Limaye, Rinku Rajguru, Flora Saini and Indraneil Sengupta. It gained mixed reviews. Arushi Jain of "The Indian Express" gave the film a mixed review and stated, "Though a torpid screenplay fails the subject of the movie, veteran actor Amol Palekar stays committed to the character of a retired Dalit judge. He brings some profundity to a film that lacks depth." Archika Khurana of "The Times of India" gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated, "If you like non-fiction films based on true stories, this drama definitely deserves a watch in order to comprehend the grief and suffering that those women must have endured." Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "Drawing strength from a slew of quietly efficient performances, the director parlays the material into an impactful tale of crime and punishment that transcends genre limitations." "News 18" praised its "decent" production values, tone, pacing, "powerful" performances and "dramatic" direction.


title: Barun Sobti

text: In the same year, he appeared in a short film "When A Man Loves A Woman", directed by Sai Deodhar opposite Girija Oak.


title: Barun Sobti

text: He met his wife Pashmeen Manchanda the first time in school, after a long-distance relationship, Sobti married Manchanda in a private ceremony on 12 December 2010 in a Gurudwara. In 2019, the couple had a daughter, Sifat.


title: Barun Sobti

text: He was voted as the 3rd Sexiest Asian Man by UK magazine "Eastern Eye" following Hrithik Roshan and Shahid Kapoor. He was also ranked 2nd in the "Gazette Review" list of Most Handsome Men in the World in 2017-2018 as runner up to Chris Evans.


title: Kronshtadt Orion

text: The Kronshtadt Orion is a family of Russian unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) developed by Kronstadt Group. There are several variants of the drone, both for Russia's domestic and export market.


title: Kronshtadt Orion

text: Kronstadt began the development of Orion in 2011 as part of the Russian MoD-funded Inokhodets programme. In 2013-2015, the company revealed the first layout of the Orion. In May 2016, RIA Novosti reported that test flights of the drone had begun.


title: Kronshtadt Orion

text: On 24 August 2021, it was reported that the Russian MoD and Kronshtadt signed a deal for the procurement of 5 combat groups of an upgraded version of Orion, Inokhodets-RU (also known as Sirius). Each group will have several drones; delivery is scheduled for 2023.


title: Kronshtadt Orion

text: According to Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu, the Orion was tested for strike missions in 2019 in Syria. In 2020, the Russian Defence Ministry received the first batch of Orion drones for trial operation.


title: Kronshtadt Orion

text: By 9 April during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, there was video confirmation of Orion performing six successful strikes on Ukrainian vehicles, however the first combat loss of a drone was reported on 7 April.


title: Terry Venables

text: Terence Frederick Venables (born 6 January 1943), often referred to as El Tel, is an English former football player and manager, and an author. During the 1960s and '70s, he played for various clubs including Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur and Queens Park Rangers, and gained two caps for England.


title: Terry Venables

text: As a club manager, Venables won the Second Division championship with Crystal Palace in 1979. He reached the 1982 FA Cup Final with Queens Park Rangers and won the Second Division in 1983. With Barcelona, he won La Liga in 1985 and reached the 1986 European Cup Final. He guided Tottenham Hotspur to FA Cup victory in 1991. He also managed Middlesbrough and Leeds United. As the England national team manager from 1994 to 1996, he reached the semi-finals of the 1996 European Championships, and managed Australia from 1997 to 1998.


title: Terry Venables

text: Terence Frederick Venables was born in Dagenham on 6 January 1943, the only child of Fred and Myrtle Venables. His father was a Navy petty officer who originally came from Barking. His mother was Welsh, and her family lived in Clydach Vale. When he was 13, his parents moved to run a pub in Romford, Essex, sending him to live with his maternal grandparents Ossie and Milly, who fostered his love of football.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables progressed from representing his county to earning caps for England Schoolboys, and attracted interest from Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, and Manchester United.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables left school in the summer of 1958 and signed for Chelsea as an apprentice at the age of 15. He later said that he joined Chelsea as he felt he had a better chance of breaking into the first team at Stamford Bridge, and also because the club offered his father a job as a part-time scout, and he denied West Ham's youth coach Malcolm Allison's claim that he had only joined Chelsea for financial reasons. He delayed becoming a professional player so he could try for a place on the Great Britain squad for the 1960 Summer Olympics, and turned professional after learning that he would not be selected for the squad. He won the FA Youth Cup with Chelsea in consecutive seasons, as they beat Preston North End in 1960 and Everton in 1961. He made his much anticipated senior debut in a 4–2 defeat to West Ham United on 6 February 1960, with newspapers billing him as "the new Duncan Edwards".


title: Terry Venables

text: Tommy Docherty joined Chelsea as player-coach in September 1961, and went on to replace Ted Drake as manager the following month. Docherty proved to be a successful manager at the club, promoting younger players who became known as "Docherty's Diamonds", and was a highly influential coach in Venables' career. However the pair had a difficult relationship, and Venables believed Docherty to be tactically limited. Chelsea were relegated at the end of the 1961–62 season, but managed to gain promotion out of the Second Division at the first attempt with a second-place finish in 1962–63. They went on to finish fifth in the First Division in the 1963–64 season. He took his FA coaching badges at the age of 24, passing with distinction and a 95% pass mark.


title: Terry Venables

text: He went on to lift the League Cup with Chelsea, and scored a penalty against Leicester City in the two-legged final. Chelsea also reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup in 1964–65, where they were knocked out by Liverpool. With three games left to play they were also in with an outside chance of overtaking Manchester United and Leeds United to win the league title, but Chelsea lost the first of these games 2–0 to Liverpool at Anfield. Docherty reversed his decision to allow the players a night out after the game, but Venables and seven other players (George Graham, Barry Bridges, John Hollins, Marvin Hinton, Eddie McCreadie, Joe Fascione, and Bert Murray) broke curfew and went out for a brief night out. Upon their return to the team hotel Docherty suspended all eight players for the remainder of the season. Chelsea then lost 6–2 to Burnley, before Docherty reinstated the players for a final day defeat to Blackpool. Venables never forgave Docherty for the punishment, describing it as "crass, stupid and self-defeating". Docherty placed Venables on the transfer list towards the end of the 1965–66, with Chelsea again heading towards a fifth-place finish.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables was signed by Tottenham Hotspur for a fee of £80,000, and made his debut for the club in a 1–0 win at Blackburn Rovers on May 9, 1966. He soon made his presence felt when he punched club legend Dave Mackay during training, though no long-term rift developed because of the incident. Spurs went on to have a good 1966–67 season though, finishing third in the league and beating Millwall (after a replay), Portsmouth, Bristol City, Birmingham City (after a replay) and Nottingham Forest to reach the 1967 FA Cup Final to face his former club Chelsea at Wembley Stadium. Spurs won the cup with a 2–1 victory, Jimmy Robertson and Frank Saul providing the goals before Bobby Tambling scored a late consolation goal for Chelsea. Ironically, earlier in the season Venables had bet £25 on Chelsea to win the cup at odds of 25/1, which would have paid out £500 if Spurs had lost the game, exactly the same figure as the £500 cup bonus he would receive for winning the match; in fact after tax deductions, Venables would have been better off financially if Chelsea had won.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables did not enjoy a great relationship with his manager, believing Bill Nicholson to have a negative attitude that drained him of enthusiasm. More significantly, he also felt that he was not appreciated by the Spurs fans. The club dropped to seventh and sixth-place finishes in 1967–68 and 1968–69 and Nicholson accepted an offer of £70,000 for Venables from Queens Park Rangers on 20 June 1969.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables later said that his transfer to Second Division QPR changed his life, and stated that "I cannot think of a transfer blessed with so much good fortune". Initially however, Rangers could only manage mid-table finishes in the 1969–70 and 1970–71 campaigns, with Venables scoring 18 goals in 83 games. Chairman Jim Gregory opted to sack Les Allen and appoint Gordon Jago as manager, who took Rangers up to fourth-place in 1971–72 – just two points behind promoted Birmingham City. Once coach Bobby Campbell departed Loftus Road for Arsenal, Jago allowed Venables to supervise the club's training sessions. Rangers continued to progress, and won promotion in 1972–73 after securing runners-up spot with an 11-point gap over third-place Aston Villa.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables signed with Crystal Palace in 1974; he and Ian Evans were traded to Palace in exchange for Don Rogers. He made 14 Third Division appearances in the 1974–75 season before retiring due to arthritis on New Year's Eve. Manager Malcolm Allison gave him a coaching role for the second half of the campaign.


title: Terry Venables

text: As well as receiving two international caps, Venables held the distinction of being the only footballer to play for England at schoolboy, youth, amateur, Under-23, and for the full international team; as the amateur team was disbanded in 1974 no player was ever able to match his record. He was named by Alf Ramsey on the list of 33 "possibles" for the 1966 FIFA World Cup, having won two caps in 1964 – a 2–2 draw with Belgium and a 1–1 draw with the Netherlands, but did not make it into the final squad of 22.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables worked as Malcolm Allison's coach for the 1975–76 season, when Palace reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup; however they lost the semi-final tie with Southampton and their subsequent league form suffered as they slipped back to fifth-place. Venables succeeded Allison as manager in June 1976. It proved to be a busy month for Venables, as he turned down the surprise offer to walk out on Palace to succeed Bertie Mee as Arsenal manager and also had a para-sailing accident in Majorca which required 40 stitches.


title: Terry Venables

text: As Crystal Palace manager, Venables built a young team of mostly youth team players and free transfer signings which the media dubbed the "Team of the Eighties". Star winger Peter Taylor was sold on to Spurs for £200,000, but most of this sum went on balancing the club's books. Venables spent £1,500 to sign striker Rachid Harkouk from Feltham, coming up with half of this sum out of his own funds on the understanding that he would receive 50% of any future transfer fee for the player. By March 1977, the board found enough money for Venables to purchase Jeff Bourne from Derby County for £30,000, and Bourne ended the 1976–77 campaign with nine goals in 15 games to help Palace to secure the third and final automatic promotion place.


title: Terry Venables

text: His team adjusted well to the Second Division and finished in ninth-place in 1977–78, before going on to win promotion as champions in 1978–79. They secured the title with a final day victory over Burnley in a rearranged fixture some days after all their promotion rivals had completed their fixtures; the win meant that they leapfrogged Brighton & Hove Albion, Stoke City and Sunderland, and they denied their M23 derby rivals from the south coast what would have been their club's highest honour.


title: Terry Venables

text: His first season as a manager in the First Division, in the 1979–80 season, started successfully, and on 29 September, Crystal Palace were top of the English Football League for one week. They ended back down in 13th-place, which was at that time the club's highest ever league finish.


title: Terry Venables

text: The following season started badly for Venables; expensive high-profile signings failed to gel, and by October 1980, Palace were bottom of the First Division, and in financial difficulties. Venables left during October to join Second Division Queens Park Rangers; although the exact reasons behind his sudden departure have never been made clear.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables left Palace, in the top division, for Queens Park Rangers, who were in the Second Division. His departure from Selhurst Park coincided with a decline in form for Palace, who were relegated at the end of the season and did not regain their top flight status for another eight years. Venables drew a number of players over to Queens Park Rangers which, as reported at the time, gave an additional financial boost to his personal earnings.


title: Terry Venables

text: He took QPR back into the First Division as Second Division champions in 1983. He also guided Rangers to the FA Cup final in 1982 whilst still a Second Division side, but lost in a replay against his former club Tottenham.


title: Terry Venables

text: His final season as QPR manager, 1983–84, brought more success as they finished fifth in the league (their highest finish since they were runners-up in 1976) and qualified for the UEFA Cup. Venables then moved to Spain to take over at Barcelona, while Alan Mullery took over from him at Loftus Road in an ill-fated arrangement that lasted just six months.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables gained a good reputation as a manager with his successes at Crystal Palace and QPR, and this attracted offers from some of Europe's most prestigious clubs. In 1984, Venables took the role of manager at Barcelona, earning the sobriquet "El Tel". He was recommended by Bobby Robson, a good friend of the Barcelona Vice-president and who himself, years later, would take over the team. Venables used a very English system, a classic 4–4–2, which took advantage of outstanding defenders like Gerardo, Migueli and Julio Alberto and a hard-working midfield led by West German Bernd Schuster. During his three seasons in Catalonia, Venables led the club to the Spanish league title in 1985 (their first since 1974). He also won the 1986 Copa de la Liga, and led them to the Copa del Rey final in 1986 losing to Real Zaragoza.


title: Terry Venables

text: Barcelona also reached the 1986 European Cup Final, although they lost to Steaua București in a penalty shoot-out following a 0–0 draw. It was Barcelona's first appearance in a European Cup final since 1961 and had been achieved after one of the most dramatic European Cup semi-finals in the history of the competition. Venables's side overcame a 3–0 first-leg defeat to Swedish club IFK Göteborg, winning the second-leg of the 1986 semi-final at the Camp Nou in a penalty shoot-out after a 3–3 aggregate score.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables brought two British strikers to Barcelona in 1986 – Gary Lineker from Everton and Mark Hughes from Manchester United. Lineker was a great success at the Camp Nou, scoring 21 goals during his first season, including a hat-trick in a 3–2 win over Real Madrid. Lineker spent three years at Barcelona, until Venables brought him back to England with his new club Tottenham Hotspur in 1989. Hughes, however, was less successful and spent just one season in the Barcelona side, before being loaned to Bayern Munich.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables was dismissed by Barcelona in September 1987, after failing to repeat his title success at the Camp Nou and losing home and away to eventual finalists Dundee United in the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup six months earlier.


title: Terry Venables

text: On 23 November 1987, he returned to England to manage Tottenham Hotspur. His success with the Spurs team was varied, with the side finishing in mid-table for most of his tenure, though they did win the FA Cup in 1991 and finished third in the league in 1990. Venables had brought both Gary Lineker and Paul Gascoigne to Spurs and was a favourite to replace Bobby Robson as England national football team manager when the job became vacant in 1990, but doubts about his probity led him to be passed over in favour of Graham Taylor. Venables did not even make it onto the shortlist of three managers selected by The Football Association.


title: Terry Venables

text: After a failed £20m bid to take over Spurs with Larry Gillick, Venables was appointed chief executive by Alan Sugar, who had won the takeover battle against Robert Maxwell in June 1991. Over the next two seasons, the Spurs team was managed by Peter Shreeves and then the joint management team of Ray Clemence and Doug Livermore, with the final arrangement seeing Venables having more involvement with the first team. A clash of personalities developed and Sugar dismissed Venables on 14 May 1993, over his business dealings. After gaining a temporary injunction, he was reinstated, but lost a 3-day high court hearing and ordered to pay costs.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables was appointed manager of the England national team on 28 January 1994, having been recommended to the FA by Jimmy Armfield. However he came under intense scrutiny and censure in the media for his business dealings, which led MP Kate Hoey to state in Parliament that Venables was unfit for the post of national team manager. He appointed Don Howe and Mike Kelly as coaches and put Dave Sexton in charge of the England under-21 team. He took England to a second-place finish in the Umbro Cup in June 1995, but froze Paul Ince out of the international set-up after Ince declined to play in the tournament.


title: Terry Venables

text: As England automatically qualified for UEFA Euro 1996 as hosts, he organised friendlies to allow him to experiment and find his best squad for the tournament, and particularly to find the best tactical system to suit the players. Venables decided to stand down at the end of Euro 1996 after the FA's International Committee chairman Noel White refused to grant Venables a contract extension in December 1995; the FA insisted on evaluating England's performances in competitive fixtures before deciding on his future. In May 1996, Glenn Hoddle was announced as his successor, meaning that Venables would have no choice but to stand down as manager no matter how well England performed at the tournament.


title: Terry Venables

text: Having selected David Platt as captain during the friendly matches, Venables decided to appoint Tony Adams as captain for Euro 1996. He stood by his players in the face of media criticism before and during the tournament, which grew particularly intense after Paul Gascoigne and several others were photographed drunk in a nightclub during a team stay in Hong Kong; Venables went so far as to accuse some reporters as being "traitors" for what he described as a "witch-hunt" against England players. England went unbeaten throughout the competition, drawing with Switzerland in the opening group game before beating Scotland 2–0 and the Netherlands 4–1. After his retirement, Venables described the win over the Netherlands as "perfection – my most thrilling experience in football". England advanced past Spain in the quarter-finals with a victory on penalties, before being eliminated by Germany on penalties at the semi-finals following a 1–1 draw.


title: Terry Venables

text: According to Alan Shearer, who played for Venables at Euro '96, "Terry's knowledge and tactical know-how were spot-on and he knew how to get the best out of us too. We responded to him, believed in him and played some outstanding football in that tournament." Another player in the squad, Gareth Southgate, said, "Terry opened my eyes to things that no one else has. He has fantastic tactical awareness. Every senior player in the group went away having learnt a lot from him, which is an achievement." On the Euro '96 team, Rob Smyth wrote in "The Guardian", "Under the managership of Terry Venables, this was an admirably enlightened, flexible and relaxed England side, one for the modern age; they even played a genuine 3-5-2... against Scotland and Germany. But they still weren't actually that good." Smyth argued there were "only two decent performances" by England in the tournament, against Holland and Germany.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables became manager of Australia in November 1996, following the resignation of Eddie Thomson. In the 1997 Confederations Cup, Venables led Australia to the final before defeat to Brazil. His side swept through the Oceania World Cup qualifiers, but were beaten in a play-off by Iran on away goals. With the team having drawn 1–1 in Tehran, Australia led the second leg 2–0 early in the second half, but they conceded two late goals to miss out on qualification for the 1998 World Cup on away goals. Venables decided to quit the Socceroos as the National Governing Body had bank-rolled the Federation in the hope of reaching their first World Cup since 1974.


title: Terry Venables

text: In summer 1998, he returned to Crystal Palace who had just been taken over by Mark Goldberg. Venables left acrimoniously in January 1999, as the south-London club went into administration. His appointment had created a media frenzy, with Goldberg boasting that he was going to turn Palace into a European force within the next five years. Venables missed the first competitive game in charge citing his busy schedule as a TV pundit for that summer's World Cup as his reason for needing a break from football. Ultimately his first game in charge was the away leg of an InterToto Cup tie, with the club already 0-2 down from the home leg in his absence. Venables chose to field youth and ultimately the adventure ended immediately. After a spell of inconsistent results the Goldberg dream of building Palace as a force was over in January 1999 when Venables was released as the club faced financial problems and narrowly avoided going out of business, although they did at least finish in a secure position in Division One.


title: Terry Venables

text: Despite being linked with vacant managerial positions with Wales and Chelsea, Venables remained out of football for nearly two years until December 2000, when he was appointed Head Coach to assist and co-manage Middlesbrough with the incumbent manager Bryan Robson in a bid to help the club avoid relegation. The club eventually finished 14th and survived. However, Venables felt Teesside was too remote a base for his media and business interests and he left at the same time as Robson in June 2001.


title: Terry Venables

text: In July 2002, Venables joined Leeds United as manager. Although the extent of Leeds' disastrous financial problems were only beginning to become clear with club captain Rio Ferdinand sold to Manchester United only a fortnight into Venables appointment, he still inherited a stronger squad than the one that had qualified for the UEFA Champions League two years earlier (effectively, since Ferdinand was bought after qualification.) Despite this, by December of that year the side had crashed out of both the League Cup and the UEFA Cup and were languishing in the bottom half of the table.


title: Terry Venables

text: Leeds were further weakened in January 2003, when Jonathan Woodgate was sold to Newcastle United without Venables being informed, in an attempt to pay off mounting debts. Venables threatened to leave if Woodgate was sold, but was persuaded to stay by Peter Ridsdale. With the club spiralling towards relegation, and amid later substantiated rumours of further player sales by the board Venables was sacked in March 2003.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables was linked with Australian club Newcastle Jets in 2005, but his commitments in the UK prevented him from taking up a role within the club, and his agent announced that he did not sign any deal with the club. At the end of the 2005–06 season, he was linked with a return to Middlesbrough, but decided that at his age he would be unable to manage a Premier League club full-time. Later in the year, Venables returned to the England set-up as assistant to new manager Steve McClaren. He was later sacked from this role in November 2007, along with McClaren, after England failed to qualify for Euro 2008.


title: Terry Venables

text: Since 2007, Venables has been linked in the media with many managerial vacancies, including those at the Republic of Ireland, Bulgaria, Queen's Park Rangers, Hull City, and Wales. In 2012, he was hired by non-League club Wembley as a technical adviser.


title: Terry Venables

text: According to Luke Ginnell, writing for football magazine "FourFourTwo", Venables' career "arguably promised more than it delivered," and he was dubbed the "False Messiah" by sports writer Mihir Bose. "The Times" described Venables as a "wide boy with a history of trouble off the pitch". According to Richard Williams, "those who distrusted Venables were shouted down by those who had actually played under him, and who regard him—with rare unanimity—as possessing one of this country's very few exceptional football intellects." Writing for "The Observer" in 2004, Bill Borrows questioned why Venables, "who has won so little and failed at so much," was "considered by his peers to be 'synonymous with success'." Borrows wrote, "He has lost a couple of big games on penalties and even led Spurs to third in the League. But, in truth, his record isn't good enough, certainly when compared to the best managers, such as Brian Clough."


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables described himself as a "players' man", who gave players freedom off the pitch and defended them if they were criticised in the media. He was reluctant to praise players during his half-time team talks so as to avoid complacency, and felt it was important to keep his words brief and the tone light-hearted so players could take on board key points and remain in good spirits for the second half.


title: Terry Venables

text: Terry married Christine McCann, a dressmaker, in 1966. They had two daughters before divorcing in 1984. He met his second wife Yvette Bazire in 1984, in his father's pub in Chingford, Greater London. She accompanied him to Barcelona when he was appointed as their manager and they married in 1991. She managed his Kensington dining club, Scribes West, for seven years. He sold it in 1997.


title: Terry Venables

text: One of his first business ventures was to open a tailors in the West End of London, along with Chelsea teammates George Graham and Ron 'Chopper' Harris; the business proved unsuccessful and eventually filed for bankruptcy.


title: Terry Venables

text: On 14 January 1998 he was disqualified by the high court from acting as a company director for seven years under section 8 of the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 for mismanagement of four companies – Scribes West Ltd, Edenote plc, Tottenham Hotspur plc and Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company Ltd. The case was brought by the Department of Trade and Industry who cited instances of bribery, lying, deception, manipulation of accounts and taking money that should have been given to creditors. Re Tottenham Hotspur plc


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables combined his duties with Australia for a period as consultant and then chairman at Portsmouth. He purchased a 51% controlling interest in the club for £1 in February 1997, but left in controversial circumstances 11 months later. His company Vencorp received a £300,000 bonus in the summer of 1997 and he is thought to have been paid around £250,000 upon leaving the club, but he left them bottom of Division One.


title: Terry Venables

text: Although Portsmouth avoided relegation 1997–98, their financial situation worsened and they were in real danger of bankruptcy, until being taken over by Milan Mandarić in late 1999.


title: Terry Venables

text: In 2014, together with his wife, Venables opened a boutique hotel and restaurant in Penàguila, in the Alicante region of Spain. It was sold in early 2019 when they decided to retire.


title: Terry Venables

text: Venables served the Professional Footballers' Association as vice-chairman in the 1970s, and represented QPR teammate Dave Thomas at his tribunal against Burnley chairman Bob Lord. He co-authored five novels with writer Gordon Williams: "They Used to Play on Grass" (1972), "The Bornless Keeper" (1974), "Hazell Plays Solomon" (1974), "Hazell and the Three Card Trick" (1975), and "Hazell and the Menacing Jester" (1976). He used the pseudonym "P.B. Yuill" after completing the first book as he felt critics dismissed his contribution to "They Used to Play on Grass" as a gimmick. "They Used to Play on Grass" was voted at #172 in the BBC's "The Big Read" survey in 2003. He is credited as co-creator of the ITV detective series "Hazell". Having been a football pundit for BBC since the mid-80s, he left for ITV in 1994, following a legal dispute with the corporation over allegations made against him in a "Panorama" programme. In 1990, Venables co-devised the board game, "Terry Venables invites you to be... The Manager".


title: Terry Venables

text: His parents were very good singers, and encouraged Venables to also take up singing. At the age of 17 he entered a singing competition at Butlins in Clacton-on-Sea, though Chelsea did not allow him to compete in the final stages. In 2002, he recorded a single for the World Cup together with the band Rider. "England Crazy" reached number 46 in the UK charts. In 2010, he recorded a cover of the Elvis Presley song "If I Can Dream" in association with British newspaper "The Sun". It featured a 60-piece Royal Philharmonic Orchestra with Harry Redknapp and Ian Wright filmed at Wembley Stadium. The song reached number 23 in the UK charts on 13 June.


title: Gary Goddard

text: Gary Goddard (born July 18, 1954) is an American producer and director who co-founded the Landmark Entertainment Group. In 2002, he left it to form Gary Goddard Entertainment (GGE), later known as the Goddard Group, an entertainment design firm based in North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. The firm reorganized, changed ownership, and was rebranded Legacy Entertainment in 2018 after Goddard left the company following accusations of sexual assault.


title: Gary Goddard

text: Goddard has produced several shows on and off-Broadway, including the 2009 revival of "Hair" (Tony Award winner, Best Revival of a Musical), Neil LaBute's "reasons to be pretty" (Tony Award nominee, Best Play), "Jekyll & Hyde", "Jesus Christ Superstar" (one-night concert event), "The Wiz" at Encores!, among others.


title: Gary Goddard

text: Goddard had developed "Broadway 4D", a proposed American musical film to be written and directed by Goddard with Bryan Singer. Produced by Nigel Wright and Bad Hat Harry Productions, the film was in 2014 expected to star Christina Aguilera, Hugh Jackman, Matthew Morrison, Harvey Fierstein, Lea Salonga, and George Katt. It was to be shot in Brooklyn, New York City with a budget of $60 million to $90 million.


title: Gary Goddard

text: Goddard has created several television shows, including "Captain Power", "Mega Babies", and "Skeleton Warriors".


title: Gary Goddard

text: Goddard co-founded Landmark Entertainment Group in Los Angeles, California, in 1980. The firm designs theme parks, live entertainment and other visitor attractions, in the United States and other countries. In 2002, he left Landmark and formed the Goddard Group design firm, which was rebranded Legacy Entertainment after he left the company in 2018.


title: Gary Goddard

text: In April 2014, Goddard and his frequent film collaborator Bryan Singer, along with several other filmmakers, were sued by actor Michael Egan III, who alleged that they had sexually assaulted him when he was a minor and had videotaped some of the assaults. Egan withdrew his lawsuit against Goddard in June 2014; by August of that year, he had dismissed his lawsuits against all of the other defendants as well.


title: Gary Goddard

text: On November 10, 2017, actor Anthony Edwards wrote an essay on "Medium" in which he alleged that Goddard molested him and raped his best friend "for years" starting when they were 12 years old. Speaking on behalf of Goddard, his publicist denied the allegations. Brian Claflin, an aspiring artist and fashion designer from Salt Lake City, Utah, accused Goddard of a 1999 sexual assault at his Beverly Hills residence; Claflin died by suicide in Berlin in 2014.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Samuel Goldwyn (born Szmuel Gelbfisz; ; August 27, 1882 (claimed) January 31, 1974), also known as Samuel Goldfish, was a Polish-born American film producer. He was best known for being the founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood. He was awarded the 1973 Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (1947) and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (1958).


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Goldwyn was likely born in July 1879, although he claimed his birthday to be August 27, 1882. He was born as Szmuel Gelbfisz in Warsaw to Polish Jewish Hasidic parents, Aaron Dawid Gelbfisz (1859–1894), a peddler, and his wife, Hanna Frymet ("née" Fiszhaut ; 1860–1925).


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: He left Warsaw penniless after his father's death and made his way to Hamburg. There he stayed with acquaintances of his family where he has trained as a glove maker. On November 26, 1898, Gelbfisz left Hamburg for Birmingham, England, where he remained with relatives for six weeks under the name Samuel Goldfish. On January 4, 1899, he sailed from Liverpool, arrived in Philadelphia on January 19, and went to New York. He found work in upstate Gloversville, New York in the bustling glove business. Soon, his innate marketing skills made him a very successful salesman at the Elite Glove Company. After four years as vice-president of sales, he moved to New York City and settled at 10 West 61st Street.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: In 1913, Goldfish, along with his brother-in-law Jesse L. Lasky, Cecil B. DeMille, and Arthur Friend formed a partnership, The Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, to produce feature-length motion pictures. Film rights for a stage play, "The Squaw Man", were purchased for $4,000 and Dustin Farnum was hired for the leading role. Shooting for the first feature film made in Hollywood began on December 29, 1913.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: In 1914, Paramount was a film exchange and exhibition corporation headed by W. W. Hodkinson. Looking for more movies to distribute, Paramount signed a contract with the Lasky Company on 1 June 1914 to supply 36 films per year. One of Paramount's other suppliers was Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Company. The two companies merged on 28 June 1916, forming The Famous Players-Lasky Corporation. Zukor had been quietly buying Paramount stock, and two weeks before the merger, became president of Paramount Pictures Corporation and had Hodkinson replaced with Hiram Abrams, a Zukor associate.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: With the merger, Zukor became president of Paramount and Famous Players-Lasky, Goldfish was named chairman of the board of Famous Players-Lasky, and Jesse Lasky was the first vice-president. After a series of conflicts with Zukor, Goldfish resigned as chairman of the board, and as a member of the executive committee on September 14, 1916. Goldfish was no longer an active member of management, although he still owned stock and was a member of the board of directors. Famous Players-Lasky later became part of Paramount Pictures Corporation, and Paramount became one of Hollywood's major studios.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: In 1916, Goldfish partnered with Broadway producers Edgar and Archibald Selwyn, using a combination of both names to call their film-making enterprise Goldwyn Pictures. Seeing an opportunity, he had his name legally changed to Samuel Goldwyn in December 1918 and used this name for the rest of his life. Goldwyn Pictures proved successful, but it is their "Leo the Lion" trademark for which the company is remembered today.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: On April 10, 1924, Goldwyn Pictures was acquired by Marcus Loew and merged into his Metro Pictures Corporation, becoming Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Despite including his name, Samuel Goldwyn never connected with ownership, management, or production at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Before the sale and merger of Goldwyn Pictures in April 1924, Goldwyn had established Samuel Goldwyn Productions in 1923 as a production-only operation (with no distribution arm). Their first feature was "Potash and Perlmutter", released in September 1923 through First National Pictures. Some of the early productions bear the name "Howard Productions", named for Goldwyn's wife, Frances.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: For 35 years, Goldwyn built a reputation in filmmaking and developed an eye for finding the talent for making films. William Wyler directed many of his most celebrated productions, and he hired writers such as Ben Hecht, Sidney Howard, Dorothy Parker, and Lillian Hellman. (According to legend, at a heated story conference, Goldwyn scolded someone—in most accounts, Mrs. Parker, who recalled he had once been a glove maker—who responded to him, "Don't you point that finger at me. I knew it when it had a thimble on it!")


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Goldwyn made numerous films during that time and reigned as Hollywood's most successful independent producer. Many of his films were forgettable; his collaboration with John Ford, however, resulted in a Best Picture Oscar nomination for "Arrowsmith" (1931). Goldwyn and Ford had another successful collaboration six years later with "The Hurricane" (1937). William Wyler was responsible for most of Goldwyn's highly lauded films, with Best Picture Oscar nominations for "Dodsworth" (1936), "Dead End" (1937), "Wuthering Heights" (1939), "The Little Foxes" (1941) and "The Best Years of Our Lives" (1946). Leading actors in several Goldwyn films, especially those directed by Wyler, were also Oscar-nominated for their performances. Throughout the 1930s, Goldwyn released all his films through United Artists; beginning in 1941 and continuing nearly to the end of his career, Goldwyn's films were distributed by RKO Pictures.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: In 1946, the year he was honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, Goldwyn's drama, "The Best Years of Our Lives", starring Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Teresa Wright and Dana Andrews, won the Academy Award for Best Picture. In the 1950s, Samuel Goldwyn turned to make several musicals including "Hans Christian Andersen" (1952), his last with Danny Kaye, with whom he had made many others, and "Guys and Dolls" (1955) starring Marlon Brando, Jean Simmons, Frank Sinatra, and Vivian Blaine, which was based on the successful Broadway musical. This was the only independent film that Goldwyn released through MGM.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: In his final film, Samuel Goldwyn brought together African-American actors Sidney Poitier, Dorothy Dandridge, Sammy Davis Jr. and Pearl Bailey in a film rendition of the George Gershwin opera, "Porgy and Bess" (1959). Released by Columbia Pictures, the film was nominated for three Oscars but won only one for Best Original Score. It was also a critical and financial failure, and the Gershwin family reportedly disliked the film and eventually pulled it from distribution. The film turned the opera into an operetta with spoken dialogue in between the musical numbers. Its reception was a major disappointment for Goldwyn, who, according to biographer Arthur Marx, saw it as his crowning glory and had wanted to film "Porgy and Bess" since he first saw it onstage in 1935.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Goldwyn's house at 1200 Laurel Lane in Beverly Hills was completed in 1934, designed by Douglas Honnold and George Vernon Russell. The Goldwyns hosted frequent social events at the house.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: In 1910, Goldwyn married Blanche Lasky, a sister of Jesse L. Lasky. The marriage produced a daughter, Ruth. The couple divorced in 1915. In 1925, he married actress Frances Howard, to whom he remained married for the rest of his life. Their son, Samuel Goldwyn Jr., eventually joined his father in the business.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Despite his marriages, Samuel Goldwyn was known as a ladies' man in social circles. Goldwyn Girl Jean Howard was quoted saying, "Sam Goldwyn was not a fellow to make a pass in public; he had too much taste for that," but his dalliances were many, even as his wife Frances Howard turned a blind eye.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Goldwyn died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles in 1974 at 91. In the 1980s, the Samuel Goldwyn Studio was sold to Warner Bros. There is a theater named after him in Beverly Hills and he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1631 Vine Street for his contributions to motion pictures on February 8, 1960.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Goldwyn's relatives include Fred Lebensold, an award-winning architect (best known as the designer of multiple concert halls in Canada and the United States). Fred was the son of Manya Lebensold, Sam's younger sister, who was murdered in the Holocaust, despite the best efforts of her brothers Sam and Ben in 1939–40 to extricate her from the Warsaw Ghetto.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Samuel Goldwyn's will created a multimillion-dollar charitable foundation in his name. Among other endeavors, the Samuel Goldwyn Foundation funds the Samuel Goldwyn Writing Awards, provides construction funds for the Frances Howard Goldwyn Hollywood Regional Library, and provides ongoing funding for the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Several years after the senior Goldwyn's death, his son, Samuel Jr., initiated an independent film and television distribution company dedicated to preserving the integrity of Goldwyn's ambitions and work. The company's assets were later acquired by Orion Pictures, and in 1997, passed on to Orion's parent company, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Several years later, the Samuel Goldwyn Jr. Family Trust and Warner Bros. acquired the rights to all the Goldwyn-produced films except "The Hurricane", which was returned to MGM subsidiary United Artists.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Goldwyn was also known for his malapropisms, paradoxes, and other speech errors called 'Goldwynisms' ("a humorous statement or phrase resulting from the use of incongruous or contradictory words, situations, idioms, etc.") and was frequently quoted. For example, he was reported to have said, "I don't think anybody should write his autobiography until after he's dead." and "Include me out." Some famous Goldwyn quotations are misattributions. For example, the statement attributed to Goldwyn that "a verbal contract isn't worth the paper it's written on" is a well-documented misreporting of an actual quote praising the trustworthiness of a colleague: "His verbal contract is worth more than the paper it's written on". The identity of the colleague is variously reported as Joseph M. Schenck or Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Goldwyn himself was reportedly aware of—and pleased by—the misattribution.


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: Upon being told that a book he had purchased for filming, "The Well of Loneliness", couldn't be filmed because it was about lesbians, he reportedly replied: "That's all right, we'll make them Hungarians." The same story was told about the 1934 rights to "The Children's Hour" with the response "That's okay; we'll turn them into Armenians."


title: Samuel Goldwyn

text: In the Grateful Dead's "Scarlet Begonias", the line "I ain't often right, but I've never been wrong" appears in the bridge. This is similar to Goldwyn's "I'm willing to admit that I may not always be right, but I am never wrong."


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Malcolm Latif Shabazz (October 8, 1984 – May 9, 2013) was the grandson of civil rights activists Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz, through their daughter, Qubilah Shabazz. Shabazz made headlines for various reasons throughout his life, most notably for causing the fire that killed his grandmother, Betty. He was murdered in Mexico on May 9, 2013, at the age of 28.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Malcolm Shabazz was born in Paris on October 8, 1984. His father, L. A. Bouasba, was an Algerian Muslim whom his mother, Qubilah Shabazz, an African American Quaker and former Muslim, met there while studying. His mother is of African-American, African-Grenadian, English and Scottish descent. He was the first male descendant of Malcolm X. According to Malcolm, he never met his father. Other sources say Malcolm knew his father, but they had little contact with one another.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: When Malcolm was a few months old, he and his mother moved to Los Angeles. A little while later, they moved to New York City and then Philadelphia. One landlord there remembered frequently having to let young Malcolm into the apartment because his mother was not at home. Malcolm showed some evidence of disturbance as a child. As a three-year-old, he reportedly set fire to his shoes. He brought a knife to school in the third grade. About the same time, he suffered from delusions and was hospitalized for a short time.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: During the early 1990s, Malcolm often stayed with his grandmother Betty and his aunts in New York, while his mother Qubilah lived with various friends. In 1994, Malcolm moved with his mother to Minneapolis. She was being drawn into a plot to assassinate Louis Farrakhan by an FBI informant, Michael Fitzpatrick. Malcolm saw in Fitzpatrick the father figure he had never known, calling him "my dad".


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: In January 1995, Qubilah was charged with trying to hire an assassin to kill Farrakhan. She accepted a plea agreement with respect to the charges, in which she maintained her innocence but accepted responsibility for her actions. Under the terms of the agreement, she was required to undergo psychological counseling and treatment for drug and alcohol abuse for a two-year period in order to avoid a prison sentence. For the duration of her treatment, ten-year-old Malcolm was sent to live with Betty at her apartment in Yonkers, New York.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Malcolm visited Qubilah in December 1996 in San Antonio, where she was undergoing treatment. She had remarried, and Malcolm quickly bonded with his stepfather. The marriage soon ended; Malcolm and his mother began to fight, sometimes physically. On February 26, 1997, she called the police saying she wanted him committed to a mental hospital. After a brief stay, Malcolm was released. In April, he called the police and reported that they had been in a fight. His mother said she was going to place him in foster care, but sent Malcolm back to New York on April 26 to live with his grandmother instead.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: On June 1, 1997, Malcolm Shabazz, then twelve years of age, started a fire in Betty Shabazz's apartment. She suffered burns over 80 percent of her body. The police found Malcolm wandering the streets, barefoot and reeking of gasoline. Betty Shabazz died of her injuries on June 23, 1997. At a hearing, experts described Malcolm as psychotic and schizophrenic. He was also described as "brilliant but disturbed."


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Despite opposition from both Shabazz<nowiki>'s defense attorneys and the state prosecutors, the presiding Family Court judge did not close the case to the press, citing his desire "to preserve the integrity of public proceedings."</nowiki> Family Court cases in the state were frequently closed to protect children in sensitive cases, though the judge's decision in the Shabazz case came two weeks after the state's Chief Judge announced new rules to keep Family Court cases open to the public.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Former New York City Mayor David Dinkins and former Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton represented Malcolm Shabazz in his Westchester Family Court trial. At the end of each hearing, Dinkins and Sutton would make a "motion to hug" Shabazz before he was handcuffed, shackled, and led back to detention. The two lawyers accepted that he started the fire, but argued he intended no real harm to his grandmother; throughout the trial, Dinkins and Sutton tried to arrange an alternative to youth detention that would satisfy their security, therapeutic, and academic standards by visiting locations from North Carolina to Upstate New York.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Shabazz pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 18 months of juvenile detention at Hillcrest Education Center in Pittsfield, MA for manslaughter and arson, with possible annual extensions until his 18th birthday. After his 18 month sentence elapsed, Shabazz was transferred to Leake & Watts, another treatment center, in Yonkers, NY. Following two attempted escapes from the Yonkers facility, officials transferred him to Woodfield Cottage in Valhalla, NY. He and another resident escaped the facility within a month. Though the teenager was abroad for a single afternoon and did not commit any additional crimes, Westchester County Attorney Alan Scheinkman decided to prosecute him due to the "alarm" the search caused in the local community. Shabazz was eventually released after four years.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: In a 2003 interview with "The New York Times", Shabazz, then aged 18, gave his version of the fire and the events leading up to it. He explained that he had been unhappy living in New York with his grandmother and had stated: "being bad, doing anything to get them to send me back to my mother. Then I got the idea to set the fire." Expressing remorse for the event, Shabazz continued:


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: I set a fire in the hallway, and I didn't think the whole thing through thoroughly, but she didn't have to run through that fire ... There was another way out of the house from her room. I guess what she thought was, I was stuck, and she had to run and get me because it was in front of my room as well. She ran through the fire. I did not picture that happening, that she would do that.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Expressing regret for his actions, Malcolm said he would sit on his jail cot and ask for a sign of forgiveness from his dead grandmother. Shabazz said:


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: I just wanted her to know I was sorry and I wanted to know she accepted my apology, that I didn't mean it. But I would get no response, and I really wanted that response.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: In the same interview, Shabazz also dismissed the child psychiatrist's diagnosis of him at his trial that he was a paranoid schizophrenic, saying that he had only "made up" a story about hearing voices in his childhood "to get attention".


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Following his release, Shabazz lived for a time with his aunt, Ilyasah Shabazz. He was arrested in 2002 for stealing $100. He pleaded guilty to attempted robbery and was sentenced to three and a half years in prison. Shabazz was arrested again in 2006, for punching a hole in a store's glass window.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: In February 2013, Iranian state-controlled Press TV reported that Shabazz had been arrested by the FBI while en route to Iran. The story was widely reported, but, two days later, Shabazz's family announced that the Press TV report was incorrect. They said Shabazz had been arrested, but his arrest had nothing to do with the FBI or Iran.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Shabazz died in Mexico City on May 9, 2013, at the age of 28. He was said to be on a tour to demand more rights for Mexican construction workers relocated to the USA. His body, which according to prosecutors had been badly beaten with a rod of some kind, was found in the street in Plaza Garibaldi, a busy tourist spot. According to "New York" magazine, a friend who was with Shabazz the night of his death said the beating was related to a dispute over a $1,200 bar tab for drinks and female companionship.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: On May 13, David Hernandez Cruz and Manuel Alejandro Pérez de Jesús, waiters at a nightclub called "The Palace", were arrested in connection with Shabazz's death. In 2015, Pérez de Jesús and Juan Dircio Guzmán, the head waiter at The Palace, were each sentenced to terms of 27 years and six months for their roles in the murder. As of June 2015, Hernandez was awaiting trial and a fourth suspect was still being pursued by police.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Approximately 200 people attended his funeral in California. One activist stated that Shabazz had plans to construct mosques and schools throughout America.


title: Malcolm Shabazz

text: Shabazz was survived by his mother, his two daughters, and five aunts. He was buried in Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York, near the graves of his grandparents, Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: Harvey is a 1950 American comedy-drama film based on Mary Chase's 1944 play of the same name, directed by Henry Koster, and starring James Stewart and Josephine Hull. The story centers on a man whose best friend is a pooka named Harvey, a tall white invisible rabbit, and the ensuing debacle when the man's sister tries to have him committed to a sanatorium.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: Elwood P. Dowd is an amiable but eccentric man whose best friend is an invisible, white rabbit named Harvey. As described by Elwood, Harvey is a pooka, a benign but mischievous creature from Celtic mythology. Elwood spends most of his time taking Harvey around town, drinking at various bars and introducing Harvey to almost every person he meets, much to the puzzlement of strangers, though Elwood's friends have accepted Harvey's (supposed) existence. His older sister Veta and his niece Myrtle Mae live with him in his large estate, but have become social outcasts along with Elwood due to his obsession with Harvey.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: After Elwood ruins a party Veta and Myrtle Mae had arranged in secret, Veta finally tries to have him committed to a local sanatorium. In exasperation she admits to the attending psychiatrist, Dr. Lyman Sanderson, that she sees Harvey every once in a while herself. Mistaking Veta as the real mental case, Sanderson has Elwood released and Veta locked up. Dr. Chumley, head of the sanatorium, discovers the mistake and realizes he must bring Elwood back, searching the town with orderly Marvin Wilson. With Veta's help, Chumley eventually tracks Elwood to his favorite bar, "Charlie's", and decides to confront him alone.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: Four hours later, Marvin returns to the sanatorium, but learns from Sanderson and nurse Kelly that Chumley has not returned with Elwood. They arrive at Charlie's and find Elwood alone; he explains that Chumley had wandered off with Harvey after several rounds of drinks. When asked, Elwood explains that he met Harvey one night several years ago after escorting a drunk friend to a taxi, and they had since enjoyed going to bars and socializing with other patrons to hear their grand life stories and aspirations. Convinced Elwood is insane and may have harmed Chumley, Marvin calls the police and has Elwood escorted back to the sanatorium.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: Chumley returns to the sanatorium disheveled and paranoid, and is followed by an invisible presence. When the others arrive, Chumley invites Elwood to his office. In private, Chumley says that he now knows Harvey is real, and Elwood explains Harvey's various powers, including his ability to stop time, send anyone to any destination for as long as they like, and then bring them back without a minute passing. Chumley expresses his fantasy to go to Akron with a beautiful woman for two weeks. Veta arrives with Judge Gaffney and Myrtle Mae, prepared to commit Elwood, but are convinced by Sanderson that an injection of a serum called "Formula 977" will stop Elwood from "seeing the rabbit".


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: As they prepare the injection, Veta tries to pay the cab driver but, emptying her purse, is unable to find her smaller coin purse. She interrupts the injection procedure and asks Elwood to pay the driver. Warmed by Elwood's kindness, the cab driver explains how he has driven many people to the sanatorium to receive the same medicine, warning Veta that Elwood will soon become "a perfectly normal human being, and you know what stinkers they are." Veta is upset by this, and halts the injection; she then finds her coin purse, and realizes that Harvey had intervened to save her brother.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: Leaving the institute, Elwood sees Harvey on the porch swing. Harvey tells him that he's decided to stay and take Chumley on his fantasy trip to Akron. Elwood walks out the gates dejected, but after they close he sees Harvey coming back, and the gate switch is pulled open by an unseen force. Elwood happily says "I prefer you too, Harvey", and they follow Veta and Myrtle Mae into the sunrise.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: Reviews from critics were mostly positive. Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote that "so freely flowing is the screenplay which Mrs. Chase and Oscar Brodney have prepared, so vivid and droll is the direction which Henry Koster has given it and, particularly, so darling is the acting of James Stewart, Josephine Hull and all the rest that a virtually brand new experience is still in store for even those who saw the play." "Variety" wrote that the play "loses little of its whimsical comedy charm in the screen translation", and that Stewart "would seem the perfect casting for the character so well does he convey the idea that escape from life into a pleasant half-world existence has many points in its favor." "Harrison's Reports" wrote, "A brief synopsis cannot do justice to the humor in the story, much of it delightful and some of it hilarious. Stewart is excellent in the leading role; his casual ease and amiability, and the quiet manner in which he explains his relationship with 'Harvey,' are fascinating." Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" called it "one of the most beguiling comedies possible ... I'm certain you'll admire the able playing of Stewart and the marvelous out-of-this-world perplexity of the superb Mrs. Hull. Both are Academy Award performances."


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: John McCarten of "The New Yorker" called it "a movie that only a case-hardened wowser would fail to find beguiling. Even if you saw the play, I don't think your familiarity with the alcoholic hallucinations of Elwood P. Dowd, the hero, will diminish your enjoyment of the film, and though James Stewart, who plays Dowd in the picture, doesn't bring to his part all the battered authority of Frank Fay, the originator of the role, he nevertheless succeeds in making plausible the notion that Harvey, the rabbit, would accept him as a pal." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" was less positive, writing that "Harvey himself scarcely begins to exist for the audience until the last few minutes. In his absence, the humours that can be extracted from the more obvious aspects of lunacy or suspected lunacy are wrung rather dry."


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: "TV Guide" says James Stewart gave "one of his finest performances in this lighthearted film", and it currently has five out of five stars on their site. The film holds an 86% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 28 reviews.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: Stewart took a percentage of the profits. In 1953, William Goetz estimated that Stewart had earned $200,000 from the film which is equivalent to $2.1 million today.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: In March 1990, James Stewart recorded a special narrative introduction, that would be combined with many of the film's still photos, which would be added to the film's original release on VHS. MCA Home Video released "Harvey" on VHS in 1990. This also appears on at least one DVD release of the film.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: James Stewart later declared in an interview that Josephine Hull had the most difficult role in the film, since she had to believe and "not" believe in the invisible rabbit... at the same time.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: Producer Don Gregory purchased the merchandising and film rights to "Harvey" from the Mary Chase estate in 1996. In April 1999, Gregory sold the rights to Miramax Films, who beat out several high-profile bidders, including Walt Disney Pictures (represented by the producing team Barry Sonnenfeld and Barry Josephson), Universal Pictures and New Line Cinema. However, Miramax still intended to have Gregory produce "Harvey". Universal was interested in having "Harvey" with Jim Carrey starring and Tom Shadyac directing, while New Line saw it as an Adam Sandler movie. Harvey Weinstein of Miramax was also considering Carrey and Sandler, as well as Tom Hanks. Weinstein wanted "Harvey" to be set in a modern setting. Weinstein eventually took the project to Dimension Films, who partnered with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to co-finance. Craig Mazin was hired by Dimension in November 2001 to adapt the screenplay. John Travolta entered negotiations to star in March 2003, but the rights for Dimension and MGM lapsed, which were picked up by 20th Century Fox in 2008. Jonathan Tropper was hired to write the script, which, in August 2009, drew interest from Steven Spielberg as director. As a result, Spielberg pushed back development for an Abraham Lincoln biopic (which was released in 2012); a remake of "Oldboy" and an adaptation of "The 39 Clues". It was then announced that "Harvey" would be a joint 50/50 production between 20th Century Fox and Spielberg's DreamWorks, with Spielberg and Gregory also set to produce the film. Tom Hanks, who previously worked with Spielberg on "Saving Private Ryan", "Catch Me If You Can" and "The Terminal", was considered for the lead role. Spielberg had also approached Robert Downey Jr., but in December 2009 Spielberg opted out after a dispute over his vision for the project.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: In December 2018, it was reported that streaming service Netflix had started developing a version of "Harvey".


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: The Jimmy Stewart Museum, based in Stewart's hometown of Indiana, Pennsylvania, presents the Harvey Award to a distinguished celebrity tied to Stewart's spirit of humanitarianism. Past recipients include Robert Wagner, Shirley Jones, Janet Leigh, and Rich Little.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: A 1971 children's film, "Mr. Horatio Knibbles", also starred a giant talking rabbit, visible only to one person.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: The first episode of the 1975 television series "The Invisible Man" featured a scene with an invisible rabbit (wearing a visible collar) called "Harvey", in a cage in a laboratory.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: The 1977 comic book story, "The Harvey Pekar Name Story," written by Harvey Pekar and illustrated by Robert Crumb, alludes to the play/film when Pekar describes how childhood acquaintances made fun of his name by calling him "Harvey the Rabbit."


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: A scene in the 1988 film "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" has a barfly confessing to Judge Doom, "I seen the rabbit" (seemingly referring to Roger, who is being wrongfully sought as a murder suspect). He puts his arm around an invisible presence and says, "Well say hello – Harvey!", as a means of both mocking Doom and protecting Roger. The movie takes place in 1947, while the play was released in 1944.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: In the 1989 film "Field of Dreams", farmer Ray Kinsella hears a voice in his cornfield that no one else can hear. His daughter, Karin, is later shown watching a scene from "Harvey" on TV.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: The 1992 film "Memoirs of an Invisible Man" sees the recently-turned-invisible Nick Holloway, afraid to reveal his identity to a sinister government agent, answer "Harvey" when asked his name.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: The character Andy Dufresne in "The Shawshank Redemption", released in 1994, describes "Randall Stevens" – the fake person Dufresne created to launder money – as "a phantom, an apparition, second cousin to Harvey the rabbit."


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: In the "Farscape" television series, produced by The Jim Henson Company between 1999 and 2003, the main character Crichton was often "haunted" by visual-auditory hallucinations referred to as a neural-clone of his archenemy Scorpius, produced by an interactive neurochip embedded in his brain. This character is dubbed "Harvey" and called such by Crichton in direct reference to the original film.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: In the 2001 movie "A Beautiful Mind", John Nash points to an empty chair and says to his friend, "Have you met Harvey?"


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: The 2001 film "Donnie Darko" contains a six-foot tall rabbit named Frank, which haunts the titular character. Despite popular belief that this character was a reference to Harvey, "Donnie Darko"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s writer/director Richard Kelly denies it. In an interview with "Future Movies", he is quoted as saying: "I have never even seen the movie, it never occurred to me." In 2002, the Aero Theatre in Santa Monica programmed "Harvey" and "Donnie Darko" as a double feature.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: In 2004, the 15th-season episode of "The Simpsons", "My Big Fat Geek Wedding" contained a similar imaginary rabbit acting as Barney's 'anti-sobriety' sponsor.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: In the 2008 video game "", the titular protagonist has a stuffed rabbit named Harvey whom she imagines talks to her.


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: In the 2015 episode "Adventures in Chinchilla-sitting" in the cartoon series "Bob's Burgers", character Teddy seems to spot Louise's signature bunny ears. When he turns, the ears have disappeared and he remarks, "Thought I saw Harvey."


title: Harvey (1950 film)

text: The British indie rock band Her's has a song based on the film titled "Harvey" on their 2018 debut album "Invitation to Her's". "Harvey" was one of lead singer Stephen Fitzpatrick's favorite films.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: John Brown (8 December 1826 – 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and favourite of Queen Victoria for many years after working as a gillie for Prince Albert. He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others (most notably her son and heir apparent, the future Edward VII, the rest of the Queen's children, ministers, and the palace staff) for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: Brown was born on 8 December 1826 at Crathienaird, Crathie and Braemar Aberdeenshire, to Margaret Leys and John Brown, and went to work as an outdoor servant (in Scots "ghillie" or "gillie") at Balmoral Castle, which Queen Victoria and Prince Albert leased in February 1848, and purchased outright in November 1851.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: Brown had several younger brothers and a sister, three of whom also entered the royal service. His brother Archibald Anderson "Archie" Brown, 15 years John's junior, eventually became personal valet to Victoria's youngest son, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: By 1851, Brown's role changed from being gillie and personal friend to Prince Albert to a "permanent role" as the leader of the Queen's pony, "on Prince Albert's instigation".


title: John Brown (servant)

text: Prince Albert's untimely death in 1861 was a shock from which Queen Victoria never fully recovered. John Brown became a friend and supported the Queen. Victoria was known to give him many gifts as well as creating two medals for him, the Faithful Servant Medal and the Devoted Service Medal. She also commissioned a portrait of him in 1876, given to him on Albert's birthday, 26 August.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: Victoria's children and ministers were not as accepting of the high regard she had for Brown, and rumours circulated that there was something improper in their relationship. Victoria herself dismissed the chatter as "ill-natured gossip in the higher classes".


title: John Brown (servant)

text: The diaries of Lewis Harcourt contain a report that one of the Queen's chaplains, Rev. Norman Macleod, made a deathbed confession repenting his action in presiding over Queen Victoria's marriage to John Brown. Debate continues over this report. Harcourt did not receive the confession directly (he was nine when Macleod died) but rather, it passed (if it did) from Macleod's sister to the wife of Henry Ponsonby, the Queen's private secretary, and thence to Harcourt's father Sir William Harcourt, then Home Secretary. Harcourt served as Home Secretary in the final three years of Brown's life.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: A letter from Victoria to Viscount Cranbrook, written shortly after Brown's death but rediscovered in 2004, shows how she described the loss:


title: John Brown (servant)

text: The phrase "for the second time" relates to the death of Brown after the death of her husband Prince Albert. The historian who discovered the letter believed that it suggested that Victoria, in her mind, equated Brown's death with Albert's, and that she therefore viewed him as more than a servant, but also as a good friend and confidant. There is, however, no evidence that Brown and Victoria were lovers.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: Those who believe that the Queen saw Brown as little more than a servant point to the fact that after his death she became similarly attached to an Indian servant, Mohammed Abdul Karim, one of two who had come to work for her in late June 1887. She called him "the Munshi", and he came to be resented even more than John Brown. Unlike Brown, whose loyalty was not questioned, there were unevidenced contemporary claims that Abdul Karim exploited his position for personal gain and prestige.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: Tony Rennell's book "Last Days of Glory: The Death of Queen Victoria" describes Victoria's detailed instructions about her burial to her doctor, Sir James Reid (Brown died in 1883: the Queen's wish was for him to attend to her). These included a list of the keepsakes and mementoes, photographs and trinkets to be placed in the coffin with her: along with Albert's dressing gown and a plaster cast of his hand, the Queen was buried with a lock of Brown's hair, his photograph, Brown's mother's wedding ring, given to her by Brown, along with several of his letters. The photograph, wrapped in white tissue paper, was placed in her left hand, with flowers arranged to hide it from view. She wore the ring on the third finger of her right hand.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: Two days after being afflicted with erysipelas, which crippled him to the point of not being able to attend the queen for the first time in over eighteen years as her servant, John Brown died, aged 56, at Windsor Castle on 27 March 1883, and is buried in Crathie Kirkyard, in the next plot to his parents and a number of his siblings. The inscription on his gravestone further shows the attachment between him and the Queen:


title: John Brown (servant)

text: "He was the best, truest heart that ever beat," Queen Victoria wrote to Brown's sister-in-law, Jessie McHardy Brown. In a letter to the British poet Alfred Tennyson, from whom she commissioned lines for Brown's tombstone, Victoria eulogised her faithful servant:He had "no" thought but for me, my welfare, my comfort, my safety, my happiness. Courageous, unselfish, "totally" disinterested, discreet to the highest degree, speaking the truth fearlessly and telling me what he thought and considered to be "just and right," without flattery and without saying what would be pleasing if he did not think it right. . . . The comfort of my daily life is gone—the void is terrible—the loss is irreparable!


title: John Brown (servant)

text: Queen Victoria commissioned a life-sized statue of Brown by Edgar Boehm shortly after his death. The inscription read: "Friend more than Servant. Loyal. Truthful. Brave. Self less than Duty, even to the Grave." When Victoria's son succeeded to the throne he had the statue moved to a less conspicuous site.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: The statues and private memorials that Victoria had created for Brown were destroyed on the orders of her son, Edward VII, with whom Brown had often clashed and who resented Brown.


title: John Brown (servant)

text: Gordon McLeod portrayed John Brown in "Victoria the Great" (1937), "Sixty Glorious Years" (1938) and "The Prime Minister" (1941).