title: Kia Soul

text: As part of the 2012 upgrades, European models were fitted with new 1.6-liter GDI gasoline or 1.6 CRDi diesel engines, both of which can be specified with an automatic gearbox or a new six-speed manual gearbox, replacing the five-speed unit in the old version. As a result, the gasoline offers a 14 bhp uplift in power compared to its predecessor, while returning improved fuel economy. The modified 1.6 CRDi diesel returns 57.6 mpg and has cut its CO emissions from 138  g/km to 129g/km – particularly important for the European market where taxation is based on carbon emissions.


title: Kia Soul

text: The 2013 North American Kia Soul received upgrades including 3 new colors, a bulged hood, revised grille with black chrome accents, LED red tail lights, LED amber front turn signals under the headlights and white LED running lights under the front turn signals. The exterior Kia badges became now smooth instead of raised lettering. Inside, audio controls were relocated to the steering wheel and Bluetooth became standard across the range. Upper trims included power folding heated mirrors with turn signal repeaters. The center display for sound system was previously red LED and was revised to include a full color range. The Kia Soul will be a mini SUV after 2013 in its second generation which the Kia Track'ster will succeed the first generation Kia Soul.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Denim is a limited (1200 units) version of 2010 Kia Soul Soul+ for the US market. Appearing in June 2009, it features a blue body color with white racing stripes, white painted side-view mirrors, and white, 18-inch, alloy wheels.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Shadow Dragon edition is based on the Soul trim line and was limited to about 1900 units. Exterior details include shadow black paint with matte-black dragon graphics on its hood and tailgate, gloss-black bumper inserts, a body-color rear wing and 18 inch black alloy wheels. The interior features heated, black leather trimmed seats. MSRP for Shadow Dragon Soul starts at $18,195 with a five speed manual transmission or $19,195 with the available four-speed automatic.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Soul White Tiger Special Edition comes with features such as Clear White with Grey exterior graphics, body colored bumpers, sport rear spoiler, black 18-inch alloy wheels, black fender vents with side marker repeater, rear bumper applique, alloy fuel door, black leather seat trim, heated front seats, leather wrapped steering wheel and shift knob, push button start with smart key, illuminated sill plates, automatic climate control and front fog lights.


title: Kia Soul

text: Kia presented the Soul Flex at the 2010 São Paulo International Auto Show. The Soul Flex is the first Korean flexible-fuel vehicle capable of running on any blend from E20-E25 gasoline (mandatory Brazilian blend) to E100 (neat ethanol). The new Soul Flex delivers a 44% improvement in fuel efficiency compared with the existing gasoline model, as well as superior power and torque.


title: Kia Soul

text: The North American version of the Soul was initially available in 2010 and 2011 with one of two inline four-cylinder gasoline engines. The base model is powered by a 1.6-liter unit producing and mated exclusively with a five-speed manual transmission. Higher trims feature a 2.0-liter unit producing connected to a standard five-speed manual transmission with a four-speed automatic available as a stand-alone option. A 1.6-liter diesel engine producing and torque is offered in European models instead of the 2.0-liter gas, mated to a five-speed manual gearbox.


title: Kia Soul

text: For the 2012 model, the Soul received two new transmissions and a new engine: 6-speed manual and 6-speed automatic transmissions replaced the old choices, and the new 2.0-liter Nu engine replacing the old Beta engine; the 1.6-liter Gamma engine remained as the base model choice. The Gamma 1.6 gets a new dual variable valve timing (128 HP), and in some countries, gets a direct injection fuel system.


title: Kia Soul

text: Kia Soul earned a maximum five star safety rating from Euro NCAP. In 2009, According to Euro NCAP, the five star safety rating places Kia Soul among the safest B-segment family cars in the world. The Soul was awarded the maximum five star safety rating by the Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP), but only on the New Zealand version. Australian versions get 4 out of 5 stars.


title: Kia Soul

text: The design was based on the Kia Mesa concept and it was initially introduced as a compact crossover with a 5-door SUV body styling with 5 seats and suicide doors. It included a 2.0 L I4 engine, 5-speed automatic transmission with manual shift capability and adaptive cruise control.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Kia Soul Burner, Diva, and Searcher are concept vehicles, created by Kia's European design team, under the guidance of Kia's Chief Design Officer, Peter Schreyer.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Soul Diva was created as a fashion accessory for a style-conscious young-at-heart woman, who regards her car to be as important as her entire outfit. It included a white, gold and black color scheme, full-length tinted glass panoramic roof, glossy black imitation leather, using 'quilted' stitching and trimmed to look like sofas, and black long-pile 'Pony-hide' carpet.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Soul Burner was described as the 'bad boy' of Soul concepts. It included a solid roof panel and no roof rails, 245/40R19 tires, 4 bucket seats, and L-shaped day-light LED driving lamps around the outer edges. At the rear, two vertical exhaust pipes were placed at the extremes of the bumper.


title: Kia Soul

text: Kia's Soul Searcher was designed to capture the spirit of Korean and Far Eastern culture, with a focus on achieving personal inner peace and creating a calm cocoon for the occupants. It included an old leather finish on the bonnet, powered folding roof, tailgate panel, dashboard, door panels and steering wheel rim, plus gray-beige felt floor and seats.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Soul Hamstar Edition, introduced in 2011, featured body colored bumpers, rear sport spoiler, black 18-inch wheels, black fender vents w/side marker repeater, rear bumper applique, matte alloy fuel door, hamstar exterior graphics, black leather seating, heated seats, hamstar edition floor mats, smart key push button starting, automatic climate control, fog lights, and leather steering wheel and shift knob.


title: Kia Soul

text: The vehicles were unveiled at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show. The Soul Burner later appeared at the 2008 SEMA show.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Soul Hybrid/Eco-Soul is a concept vehicle with Gamma 1.6L gasoline engine, an electric motor rated and , continuously variable transmission, ISG (Idle Stop&Go), regenerative braking.


title: Kia Soul

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2008 Paris Motor Show and later at Auto Shanghai and later at the Canadian International Auto Show.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Soul'ster is a concept vehicle which is a subcompact crossover SUV with a 2-door, 4-seater cabriolet SUV body styling with an open roof over the rear seats. It includes dual chrome exhaust, polished aluminum exhaust tips featuring carbon-fiber interior sleeves, and 19-inch 5-spoke aluminum alloy wheels. It is similar to the Jeep Wrangler. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2009 NAIAS.


title: Kia Soul

text: The production version includes a choice of 1.6L I4 rated at with a 5-speed manual transmission or a 2.0L I4 rated at with a 5-speed manual transmission. It went on sale in 2010.


title: Kia Soul

text: After the Soul's release, Kia USA launched commercials in a campaign titled "A new way to roll", created by Los Angeles-based ad agency David&Goliath, and featuring city streets with animated hamsters on stationary hamster wheels. The commercials have attracted popularity on video-sharing sites and were awarded "Automotive Ad of the Year" at the Nielsen Automotive Advertising Awards.


title: Kia Soul

text: Featured songs include "Do What You Do" by Marz, "Fort Knox" by Goldfish, "Junkyard" by The Potbelleez, "colors" by Calvin Harris, "The Choice Is Yours (Revisited)" by Black Sheep, "Applause" by Lady Gaga and, during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, "Party Rock Anthem" by LMFAO.


title: Kia Soul

text: A 2013 Soul commercial, released August 2012, featured the song "In My Mind (Axwell Remix)" by Ivan Gough, Feenixpawl and Georgi Kay with hamsters at an 18th-century opera house to the song.


title: Kia Soul

text: In October 2011, the Kia Soul Hamsters were inducted into the Madison Avenue Walk of Fame, advertising industry's equivalent of Hollywood and Vine. As of 2011, Kia is also the only car manufacturer to be inducted. From 2010 to 2012, Kia released a series of commercials for the Soul featuring professional golfer Michelle Wie.


title: Kia Soul

text: As an April Fool's Day joke, Kia published a press release on a new environmentally friendly concept based on the Soul in 2010, called the Air Propulsion and Retardation Installation Line. The concept used sensors on the bumpers and retractable panels to harness the flow of wind.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Kia Soul earned a red dot design award in 2009. In a "Popular Mechanics" comparison, the Kia Soul surpassed the Nissan Cube and the Scion xB. "Fifth Gear" gave it a 4/5 rating, as did "The Times" and "WhatCar?". Kia Soul was named to the "Kelley Blue Book's" '5 Great Deals' List, and recognized by the Texas Auto Writers Association as 'Best Value'.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Kia Soul was recognized on 'Coolest New Cars Under US $18,000' List by Kelley Blue Book's Kbb.com in 2009. The Kia Soul'ster was also awarded 2009 Concept Truck of the Year and named to 'Top 10 Back-to-School Cars' List by Kelley Blue Book's kbb.com. Kia Soul was named "Best Car 2009" by the Chilean daily newspaper "La Tercera", and Kia Motors Chile was also selected as "Best Maker of the Year 2009" in Chile.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Soul's residual value after three years was valued at 56 percent of the original value to take the top place in its segment in the "Automotive Lease Guide's" latest report. It surpassed the Nissan Cube and the Scion xB.


title: Kia Soul

text: In 2010, the Kia Soul Named to "Time"'s 'Most Exciting Cars of 2010' List. Also that year, the car was named one of '10 Great And Safe Rides For Teens' by "Autoweek" magazine, and was given the '2010 Automotive Excellence Award' By "Popular Mechanics". In 2010, Kia Soul was named 'Small Car of the Year' by "FAMA Magazine" and 'Best Hatchback of 2010' by Cars.com. Edmunds.com named Kia Soul as one of the "Top Recommended" Vehicles for 2010.


title: Kia Soul

text: Unveiled at the 2013 New York and Frankfurt auto shows, the second generation Soul is based on Kia's Track'ster concept, and offers an increase in torsional rigidity of 28.7%, wheelbase increased to , width increased to and the same overall height of . The redesign features a wraparound greenhouse, high-mounted tail lights, large trapezoidal lower air intake and "floating" body color panel set into the liftgate.


title: Kia Soul

text: The U.S. model went on sale as 2014 model year vehicle, and early models included a choice of 1.6 liter Gamma GDI or 2.0 liter Nu GDI engines, mated to 6-speed manual or 6-speed automatic transmissions. Trim levels included base, + (Plus), and ! (Exclaim) models.


title: Kia Soul

text: The European model was set to go on sale in early 2014, with UK launch in Spring 2014. Early models include a choice of 1.6 liter GDi gasoline or CRDi diesel engines (from the previous generation Kia Soul), six-speed manual or automatic transmission, three different roof colors (black, white, and red), a choice of 11 body colors. Korean market models received the same two engines, with the 2.0 liter gasoline engine currently reserved for North American buyers.


title: Kia Soul

text: The second-generation Kia Soul shares its platform with the second generation Kia Cee'd hatchback. Sixty six percent of the chassis utilizes either Ultra High Strength Steel (35 percent) or High Strength Steel (31 percent). The front subframe uses four bushings (the first generation has none) and the shock absorbers on the rear torsion beam axle are now mounted vertically allowing for more suspension travel.


title: Kia Soul

text: This is a 3-door concept subcompact crossover SUV which presaged the second generation Soul. It is now having a subcompact crossover SUV-like styling and it abandons the compact crossover SUV-like styling, it has custom 19-inch wheels designed by Kia's California design team and HRE, 14-inch Brembo vented and cross-drilled front disc brakes with six-piston calipers, 13.6-inch rear brake discs with four-piston calipers, angled roof accented with Inferno Orange, lengthened front door with smooth billet push-style handles, carbon fiber lower side valances in Inferno Orange and incorporate functional rear-brake cooling ducts, back hatch incorporates a horizontal Inferno Orange "backpack" panel five inches wider than a production Soul, 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine rated at , electronically controlled four-wheel-drive system, short-throw six-speed manual transmission with a stubby spherical shift lever, Inferno Orange suede-covered racing seats, Granite Gray leather upholstery, Granite Gray suede wraps the sport steering wheel and door panels, red-glowing nacelles, rear seats removed and replaced with a fully integrated equipment tray and spare-tire well, paneled bins in Inferno Orange behind seats, custom rear strut brace incorporates a quick-release handle to allow for fast wheel changes.


title: Kia Soul

text: For model year 2017, Kia Soul underwent a facelift. Included in the changes are some minor body trim changes, new paint colors, and new headlight options. The biggest change comes at the top trim level, in which the old 2.0-liter Nu engine is replaced by the 1.6-liter turbo gasoline engine, which adds and of torque over the outgoing model. The engine is mated to a 7-speed Dual-clutch transmission, replacing the 6-speed automatic. The powertrain change resulted in the car being one of the fastest in its class.


title: Kia Soul

text: In 2018, reports linked a large number of fires to the Kia Soul in the United States. The Center for Auto Safety subsequently demanded Kia recall all Kia Souls from 2010 through 2015 for fire hazard. Kia initiated a voluntary recall for fire risk on January 11, 2019, but the Kia Soul was not included in the recall.


title: Kia Soul

text: It is a limited (2000 units) version of 2014 Kia Soul Plus with white body color, body kit with red accents, redesigned grille, front and rear fascias, and side skirts; custom 18-inch alloy wheels, 2.0-liter gasoline direct injected (GDI) four-cylinder engine, six-speed automatic transmission, black cloth seats with red stitching, leather steering wheel, black-leather dash hood with red stitching, black carpeted floor mats with red piping, sport pedals; shift knob ring, air vent ring, dash speakers and console tray trim in red.


title: Kia Soul

text: In 2013, Kia started testing prototype versions of a Soul electric vehicle. In November 2013, Kia announced they would be producing the Soul EV and it would go on sale in 2014. The Soul EV would be based on the second generation Kia Soul. Powered by a 27 kWh lithium-ion polymer battery pack, the Soul EV has a target range of over and fast charging capability of 100 kW DC via a CHAdeMO connection. Its motor is rated at and of torque.


title: Kia Soul

text: The vehicle was first showcased at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2014 where Kia said the Soul EV will be offered in California, Oregon, New York, New Jersey, and Maryland. Kia is targeting regions with the largest EV markets and infrastructure, and plans to offer the Soul EV in other markets in the near future.


title: Kia Soul

text: Kia demonstrated their upcoming "Drive Wise" sub-brand at the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show with a Kia Soul EV modified with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) technology.


title: Kia Soul

text: Kia Motors once again teamed up with David&Goliath to promote the Soul using anthropomorphic hamster characters. The most recent commercial was for the Turbo model, featuring the Motörhead song "Ace of Spades".


title: Kia Soul

text: The Soul won the 2014 Red Dot Award for Passenger Car Design and the iF Design Award for Discipline: Product in 2014 and Discipline: Communication in 2016.


title: Kia Soul

text: On November 21, 2018, Kia Motors released teaser pictures of the new Soul. In addition, it was confirmed that the Soul will be offered with a 2.0 L I4 or a 1.6 L turbo-four engine. A rugged X-Line trim will also be added to the Soul's trim options. According to Kia, this version of the Soul will have two options for four-cylinder engines. There is a turbocharged 1.6 liter engine and a naturally aspirated 2.0 liter engine. It will be both a gasoline model and an electric vehicle, with a "toughened chassis" for accidents. Unlike earlier models, it has thin lights as headlights, with the large grille remaining.


title: Kia Soul

text: Kia Motors unveiled the third generation Soul and Soul EV (e-Soul in some markets, codenamed SK3) at the 2018 LA Auto Show. The 2020 Soul and Soul EV are slated for release in North America in the second quarter of 2019. In the US, Kia postponed the launch of the Soul EV to 2021. The Kia Soul now shares a platform with the Hyundai Kona.


title: Kia Soul

text: The Soul EV is the only version of this generation sold in Europe. It is now called e-Soul in most European markets, except for the UK. Distinguished with the name "Soul Booster," the 2020 Kia Soul shares a 64-kWh battery pack and powertrain with the Niro.


title: Kia Soul

text: In 2021, Kia discontinued the Soul in South Korea, due to poor sales and Seltos competition. The same year, the Soul started featuring the new Kia logo.;


title: Kia Soul

text: The 6-speed manual was discontinued in the United States for the 2022 model year, it was only offered on the base LX model.


title: Kia Soul

text: For the 2023 model year, Kia updated the Soul, giving it revised headlights, taillights, front bumper, and rear fascia, along with new two-tone color combinations and new wheel designs. Along with the facelift, Kia discontinued the rugged-looking X-Line trim. Additionally, the turbo version was discontinued in the US, making the 2.0 nu MPi naturally aspirated engine with CVT transmission the only available powertrain.


title: Kia Soul

text: "U.S. News & World Report" ranked the Kia Soul at No. 1 (tied with the Mazda CX-30 and Hyundai Kona) on its list of Best Subcompact SUVs for 2022, giving it a score of 8.4 out of 10.


title: Kia Soul

text: As of 2015, Kia has produced over a million units of the Soul. In the United States, over 100,000 units have been sold each year from 2011 to 2018, becoming the best-selling subcompact car ahead of the Nissan Versa.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived from about 3.9–2.9 million years ago (mya) in the Pliocene of East Africa. The first fossils were discovered in the 1930s, but major fossil finds would not take place until the 1970s. From 1972 to 1977, the International Afar Research Expedition—led by anthropologists Maurice Taieb, Donald Johanson and Yves Coppens—unearthed several hundreds of hominin specimens in Hadar, Ethiopia, the most significant being the exceedingly well-preserved skeleton AL 288-1 ("Lucy") and the site AL 333 ("the First Family"). Beginning in 1974, Mary Leakey led an expedition into Laetoli, Tanzania, and notably recovered fossil trackways. In 1978, the species was first described, but this was followed by arguments for splitting the wealth of specimens into different species given the wide range of variation which had been attributed to sexual dimorphism (normal differences between males and females). "A. afarensis" probably descended from "A. anamensis" and is hypothesised to have given rise to "Homo", though the latter is debated.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: "A. afarensis" had a tall face, a delicate brow ridge, and prognathism (the jaw jutted outwards). The jawbone was quite robust, similar to that of gorillas. The living size of "A. afarensis" is debated, with arguments for and against marked size differences between males and females. Lucy measured perhaps in height and , but she was rather small for her species. In contrast, a presumed male was estimated at and . A perceived difference in male and female size may simply be sampling bias. The leg bones as well as the Laetoli fossil trackways suggest "A. afarensis" was a competent biped, though somewhat less efficient at walking than humans. The arm and shoulder bones have some similar aspects to those of orangutans and gorillas, which has variously been interpreted as either evidence of partial tree-dwelling (arboreality), or basal traits inherited from the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor with no adaptive functionality.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: "A. afarensis" was probably a generalist omnivore of both C forest plants and C CAM savanna plants—and perhaps creatures which ate such plants—and was able to exploit a variety of different food sources. Similarly, "A. afarensis" appears to have inhabited a wide range of habitats with no real preference, inhabiting open grasslands or woodlands, shrublands, and lake- or riverside forests. Potential evidence of stone tool use would indicate meat was also a dietary component. Marked sexual dimorphism in primates typically corresponds to a polygynous society and low dimorphism to monogamy, but the group dynamics of early hominins is difficult to predict with accuracy. Early hominins may have fallen prey to the large carnivores of the time, such as big cats and hyenas.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: Beginning in the 1930s, some of the most ancient hominin remains of the time dating to 3.8–2.9 million years ago were recovered from East Africa. Because "Australopithecus africanus" fossils were commonly being discovered throughout the 1920s and '40s in South Africa, these remains were often provisionally classified as "Australopithecus" aff. "africanus". The first to identify a human fossil was German explorer Ludwig Kohl-Larsen in 1939 by the headwaters of the Gerusi River (near Laetoli, Tanzania), who encountered a maxilla. In 1948, German palaeontologist Edwin Hennig proposed classifying it into a new genus, ""Praeanthropus"", but he failed to give a species name. In 1950, German anthropologist Hans Weinert proposed classifying it as "Meganthropus africanus", but this was largely ignored. In 1955, M.S. Şenyürek proposed the combination "Praeanthropus africanus". Major collections were made in Laetoli, Tanzania, on an expedition beginning in 1974 directed by British palaeoanthropologist Mary Leakey, and in Hadar, Ethiopia, from 1972 to 1977 by the International Afar Research Expedition (IARE) formed by French geologist Maurice Taieb, American palaeoanthropologist Donald Johanson and Breton anthropologist Yves Coppens. These fossils were remarkably well preserved and many had associated skeletal aspects. In 1973, the IARE team unearthed the first knee joint, AL 129-1, and showed the earliest example at the time of bipedalism. In 1974, Johanson and graduate student Tom Gray discovered the extremely well-preserved skeleton AL 288–1, commonly referred to as "Lucy" (named after the 1967 Beatles song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" which was playing on their tape recorder that evening). In 1975, the IARE recovered 216 specimens belonging to 13 individuals, AL 333 "the First Family" (though the individuals were not necessarily related). In 1976, Leakey and colleagues discovered fossil trackways, and preliminarily classified Laetoli remains into "Homo" spp., attributing "Australopithecus"-like traits as evidence of them being transitional fossils.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: In 1978, Johanson, Tim D. White and Coppens classified the hundreds of specimens collected thus far from both Hadar and Laetoli into a single new species, "A. afarensis", and considered the apparently wide range of variation a result of sexual dimorphism. The species name honours the Afar Region of Ethiopia where the majority of the specimens had been recovered from. They later selected the jawbone LH 4 as the lectotype specimen because of its preservation quality and because White had already fully described and illustrated it the year before.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: "A. afarensis" is known only from East Africa. Beyond Laetoli and the Afar Region, the species has been recorded in Kenya at Koobi Fora and possibly Lothagam; and elsewhere in Ethiopia at Woranso-Mille, Maka, Belohdelie, Ledi-Geraru and Fejej. The frontal bone fragment BEL-VP-1/1 from the Middle Awash, Afar Region, Ethiopia, dating to 3.9 million years ago has typically been assigned to "A. anamensis" based on age, but may be assignable to "A. afarensis" because it exhibits a derived form of postorbital constriction. This would mean "A. afarensis" and "A. anamensis" coexisted for at least 100,000 years. In 2005, a second adult specimen preserving both skull and body elements, AL 438–1, was discovered in Hadar. In 2006, an infant partial skeleton, DIK-1-1, was unearthed at Dikika, Afar Region. In 2015, an adult partial skeleton, KSD-VP-1/1, was recovered from Woranso-Mille.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: For a long time, "A. afarensis" was the oldest known African great ape until the 1994 description of the 4.4-million-year-old "Ardipithecus ramidus", and a few earlier or contemporary taxa have been described since, including the 4-million-year-old "A. anamensis" in 1995, the 3.5-million-year-old "Kenyanthropus platyops" in 2001, the 6-million-year-old "Orrorin tugenensis" in 2001, and the 7- to 6-million-year-old "Sahelanthropus tchadensis" in 2002. Bipedalism was once thought to have evolved in australopithecines, but it is now thought to have begun evolving much earlier in habitually arboreal primates. The earliest claimed date for the beginnings of an upright spine and a primarily vertical body plan is 21.6 million years ago in the Early Miocene with "Morotopithecus bishopi".


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: "A. afarensis" is now a widely accepted species, and it is now generally thought that "Homo" and "Paranthropus" are sister taxa deriving from "Australopithecus", but the classification of "Australopithecus" species is in disarray. "Australopithecus" is considered a grade taxon whose members are united by their similar physiology rather than close relations with each other over other hominin genera. It is unclear how any "Australopithecus" species relate to each other, but it is generally thought that a population of "A. anamensis" evolved into "A. afarensis".


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: In 1979, Johanson and White proposed that "A. afarensis" was the last common ancestor between "Homo" and "Paranthropus", supplanting "A. africanus" in this role. Considerable debate of the validity of this species followed, with proposals for synonymising them with "A. africanus" or recognising multiple species from the Laetoli and Hadar remains. In 1980, South African palaeoanthropologist Phillip V. Tobias proposed reclassifying the Laetoli specimens as "A. africanus afarensis" and the Hadar specimens as "A. afr. aethiopicus". The skull KNM-ER 1470 (now "H. rudolfensis") was at first dated to 2.9 million years ago, which cast doubt on the ancestral position of both "A. afarensis" or "A. africanus", but it has been re-dated to about 2 million years ago. Several "Australopithecus" species have since been postulated to represent the ancestor to "Homo", but the 2013 discovery of the earliest "Homo" specimen, LD 350-1, 2.8 million years old (older than almost all other "Australopithecus" species) from the Afar Region could potentially affirm "A. afarensis" ancestral position. However, "A. afarensis" is also argued to have been too derived (too specialised), due to resemblance in jaw anatomy to the robust australopithecines, to have been a human ancestor.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: Palaeoartist Walter Ferguson has proposed splitting "A. afarensis" into ""H. antiquus"", a relict dryopithecine ""Ramapithecus"" (now "Kenyapithecus") and a subspecies of "A. africanus". His recommendations have largely been ignored. In 2003, Spanish writer Camilo José Cela Conde and evolutionary biologist Francisco J. Ayala proposed reinstating ""Praeanthropus"" including "A. afarensis" alongside "Sahelanthropus", "A. anamensis", "A. bahrelghazali" and "A. garhi". In 2004, Danish biologist Bjarne Westergaard and geologist Niels Bonde proposed splitting off ""Homo hadar"" with the 3.2-million-year-old partial skull AL 333–45 as the holotype, because a foot from the First Family was apparently more humanlike than that of Lucy. In 2011, Bonde agreed with Ferguson that Lucy should be split into a new species, though erected a new genus as ""Afaranthropus antiquus"".


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: In 1996, a 3.6-million-year-old jaw from Koro Toro, Chad, originally classified as "A. afarensis" was split off into a new species as "A. bahrelghazali". In 2015, some 3.5- to 3.3-million-year-old jaw specimens from the Afar Region (the same time and place as "A. afarensis") were classified as a new species as "A. deyiremeda", and the recognition of this species would call into question the species designation of fossils currently assigned to "A. afarensis". However, the validity of "A. bahrelghazali" and "A. deyiremeda" is debated. Wood and Boyle (2016) stated there was "low confidence" that "A. afarensis", "A. bahrelghazali" and "A. deyiremeda" are distinct species, with "Kenyanthropus platyops" perhaps being indistinct from the latter two.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: "A. afarensis" had a tall face, a delicate brow ridge, and prognathism (the jaw jutted outwards). One of the biggest skulls, AL 444–2, is about the size of a female gorilla skull. The first relatively complete jawbone was discovered in 2002, AL 822–1. This specimen strongly resembles the deep and robust gorilla jawbone. However, unlike gorillas, the strength of the sagittal and nuchal crests (which support the temporalis muscle used in biting) do not vary between sexes. The crests are similar to those of chimpanzees and female gorillas. Compared to earlier hominins, the incisors of "A. afarensis" are reduced in breadth, the canines reduced in size and lost the honing mechanism which continually sharpens them, the premolars are molar-shaped, and the molars are taller. The molars of australopiths are generally large and flat with thick enamel, which is ideal for crushing hard and brittle foods.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The brain volume of Lucy was estimated to have been 365–417 cc, specimen AL 822-1 about 374–392 cc, AL 333-45 about 486–492 cc, and AL 444-2 about 519–526 cc. This would make for an average of about 445 cc. The brain volumes of the infant (about 2.5 years of age) specimens DIK-1-1 and AL 333-105 are 273–277 and 310–315 cc, respectively. Using these measurements, the brain growth rate of "A. afarensis" was closer to the growth rate of modern humans than to the faster rate in chimpanzees. Though brain growth was prolonged, the duration was nonetheless much shorter than modern humans, which is why the adult "A. afarensis" brain was so much smaller. The "A. afarensis" brain was likely organised like non-human ape brains, with no evidence for humanlike brain configuration.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: "A. afarensis" specimens apparently exhibit a wide range of variation, which is generally explained as marked sexual dimorphism with males much bigger than females. In 1991, American anthropologist Henry McHenry estimated body size by measuring the joint sizes of the leg bones and scaling down a human to meet that size. This yielded for a presumed male (AL 333–3), whereas Lucy was . In 1992, he estimated that males typically weighed about and females assuming body proportions were more humanlike than apelike. This gives a male to female body mass ratio of 1.52, compared to 1.22 in modern humans, 1.37 in chimpanzees, and about 2 for gorillas and orangutans. However, this commonly cited weight figure used only three presumed-female specimens, of which two were among the smallest specimens recorded for the species. It is also contested if australopiths even exhibited heightened sexual dimorphism at all, which if correct would mean the range of variation is normal body size disparity between different individuals regardless of sex. It has also been argued that the femoral head could be used for more accurate size modeling, and the femoral head size variation was the same for both sexes.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: Lucy is one of the most complete Pliocene hominin skeletons, with over 40% preserved, but she was one of the smaller specimens of her species. Nonetheless, she has been the subject of several body mass estimates since her discovery, ranging from for absolute lower and upper bounds. Most studies report ranges within .


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: For the five makers of the Laetoli fossil trackways (S1, S2, G1, G2 and G3), based on the relationship between footprint length and bodily dimensions in modern humans, S1 was estimated to have been considerably large at about tall and in weight, S2 and , G1 and , G2 and , and G3 and . Based on these, S1 is interpreted to have been a male, and the rest females (G1 and G3 possibly juveniles), with "A. afarensis" being a highly dimorphic species.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: DIK-1-1 preserves an oval hyoid bone (which supports the tongue) more similar to those of chimpanzees and gorillas than the bar-shaped hyoid of humans and orangutans. This would suggest the presence of laryngeal air sacs characteristic of non-human African apes (and large gibbons). Air sacs may lower the risk of hyperventilating when producing faster extended call sequences by rebreathing exhaled air from the air sacs. The loss of these in humans could have been a result of speech and resulting low risk of hyperventilating from normal vocalisation patterns.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: It was previously thought that the australopithecines' spine was more like that of non-human apes than humans, with weak neck vertebrae. However, the thickness of the neck vertebrae of KSD-VP-1/1 is similar to that of modern humans. Like humans, the series has a bulge and achieves maximum girth at C5 and 6, which in humans is associated with the brachial plexus, responsible for nerves and muscle innervation in the arms and hands. This could perhaps speak to advanced motor functions in the hands of "A. afarensis" and competency at precision tasks compared to non-human apes, possibly implicated in stone tool use or production. However, this could have been involved in head stability or posture rather than dexterity. A.L. 333-101 and A.L. 333-106 lack evidence of this feature. The neck vertebrae of KDS-VP-1/1 indicate that the nuchal ligament, which stabilises the head while distance running in humans and other cursorial creatures, was either not well developed or absent. KSD-VP-1/1, preserving (among other skeletal elements) 6 rib fragments, indicates that "A. afarensis" had a bell-shaped ribcage instead of the barrel shaped ribcage exhibited in modern humans. Nonetheless, the constriction at the upper ribcage was not so marked as exhibited in non-human great apes and was quite similar to humans. Originally, the vertebral centra preserved in Lucy were interpreted as being the T6, T8, T10, T11 and L3, but a 2015 study instead interpreted them as being T6, T7, T9, T10 and L3. DIK-1-1 shows that australopithecines had 12 thoracic vertebrae like modern humans instead of 13 like non-human apes. Like humans, australopiths likely had 5 lumbar vertebrae, and this series was likely long and flexible in contrast to the short and inflexible non-human great ape lumbar series.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: Like other australopiths, the "A. afarensis" skeleton exhibits a mosaic anatomy with some aspects similar to modern humans and others to non-human great apes. The pelvis and leg bones clearly indicate weight-bearing ability, equating to habitual bipedal, but the upper limbs are reminiscent of orangutans, which would indicate arboreal locomotion. However, this is much debated, as tree-climbing adaptations could simply be basal traits inherited from the great ape last common ancestor in the absence of major selective pressures at this stage to adopt a more humanlike arm anatomy.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The shoulder joint is somewhat in a shrugging position, closer to the head, like in non-human apes. Juvenile modern humans have a somewhat similar configuration, but this changes to the normal human condition with age; such a change does not appear to have occurred in "A. afarensis" development. It was once argued that this was simply a byproduct of being a small-bodied species, but the discovery of the similarly sized "H. floresiensis" with a more or less human shoulder configuration and larger "A. afarensis" specimens retaining the shrugging shoulders show this to not have been the case. The scapular spine (reflecting the strength of the back muscles) is closer to the range of gorillas.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The forearm of "A. afarensis" is incompletely known, yielding various brachial indexes (radial length divided by humeral length) comparable to non-human great apes at the upper estimate and to modern humans at the lower estimate. The most complete ulna specimen, AL 438–1, is within the range of modern humans and other African apes. However, the L40-19 ulna is much longer, though well below that exhibited in orangutans and gibbons. The AL 438-1 metacarpals are proportionally similar to those of modern humans and orangutans. The "A. afarensis" hand is quite humanlike, though there are some aspects similar to orangutan hands which would have allowed stronger flexion of the fingers, and it probably could not handle large spherical or cylindrical objects very efficiently. Nonetheless, the hand seems to have been able to have produced a precision grip necessary in using stone tools. However, it is unclear if the hand was capable of producing stone tools.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The australopith pelvis is platypelloid and maintains a relatively wider distance between the hip sockets and a more oval shape. Despite being much smaller, Lucy's pelvic inlet is wide, about the same breadth as that of a modern human woman. These were likely adaptations to minimise how far the centre of mass drops while walking upright in order to compensate for the short legs (rotating the hips may have been more important for "A. afarensis"). Likewise, later "Homo" could reduce relative pelvic inlet size probably due to the elongation of the legs. Pelvic inlet size may not have been due to fetal head size (which would have increased birth canal and thus pelvic inlet width) as an "A. afarensis" newborn would have had a similar or smaller head size compared to that of a newborn chimpanzee. It is debated if the platypelloid pelvis provided poorer leverage for the hamstrings or not.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The heel bone of "A. afarensis" adults and modern humans have the same adaptations for bipedality, indicating a developed grade of walking. The big toe is not dextrous as is in non-human apes (it is adducted), which would make walking more energy efficient at the expense of arboreal locomotion, no longer able to grasp onto tree branches with the feet. However, the foot of the infantile specimen DIK-1-1 indicates some mobility of the big toe, though not to the degree in non-human primates. This would have reduced walking efficiency, but a partially dextrous foot in the juvenile stage may have been important in climbing activities for food or safety, or made it easier for the infant to cling onto and be carried by an adult.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: "A. afarensis" was likely a generalist omnivore. Carbon isotope analysis on teeth from Hadar and Dikika 3.4–2.9 million years ago suggests a widely ranging diet between different specimens, with forest-dwelling specimens showing a preference for C forest plants, and bush- or grassland-dwelling specimens a preference for C CAM savanna plants. C CAM sources include grass, seeds, roots, underground storage organs, succulents and perhaps creatures which ate those, such as termites. Thus, "A. afarensis" appears to have been capable of exploiting a variety of food resources in a wide range of habitats. In contrast, the earlier "A. anamensis" and "Ar. ramidus", as well as modern savanna chimpanzees, target the same types of food as forest-dwelling counterparts despite living in an environment where these plants are much less abundant. Few modern primate species consume C CAM plants. The dental anatomy of "A. afarensis" is ideal for consuming hard, brittle foods, but microwearing patterns on the molars suggest that such foods were infrequently consumed, probably as fallback items in leaner times.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: In 2009 at Dikika, Ethiopia, a rib fragment belonging to a cow-sized hoofed animal and a partial femur of a goat-sized juvenile bovid was found to exhibit cut marks, and the former some crushing, which were initially interpreted as the oldest evidence of butchering with stone tools. If correct, this would make it the oldest evidence of sharp-edged stone tool use at 3.4 million years old, and would be attributable to "A. afarensis" as it is the only species known within the time and place. However, because the fossils were found in a sandstone unit (and were modified by abrasive sand and gravel particles during the fossilisation process), the attribution to hominin activity is weak.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: It is highly difficult to speculate with accuracy the group dynamics of early hominins. "A. afarensis" is typically reconstructed with high levels of sexual dimorphism, with males much larger than females. Using general trends in modern primates, high sexual dimorphism usually equates to a polygynous society due to intense male–male competition over females, like in the harem society of gorillas. However, it has also been argued that "A. afarensis" had much lower levels of dimorphism, and so had a multi-male kin-based society like chimpanzees. Low dimorphism could also be interpreted as having had a monogamous society with strong male–male competition. Contrarily, the canine teeth are much smaller in "A. afarensis" than in non-human primates, which should indicate lower aggression because canine size is generally positively correlated with male–male aggression.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The platypelloid pelvis may have caused a different birthing mechanism from modern humans, with the neonate entering the inlet facing laterally (the head was transversally orientated) until it exited through the pelvic outlet. This would be a non-rotational birth, as opposed to a fully rotational birth in humans. However, it has been suggested that the shoulders of the neonate may have been obstructed, and the neonate could have instead entered the inlet transversely and then rotated so that it exited through the outlet oblique to the main axis of the pelvis, which would be a semi-rotational birth. By this argument, there may not have been much space for the neonate to pass through the birth canal, causing a difficult childbirth for the mother.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The Laetoli fossil trackway, generally attributed to "A. afarensis", indicates a rather developed grade of bipedal locomotion, more efficient than the bent-hip–bent-knee (BHBK) gait used by non-human great apes (though earlier interpretations of the gait include a BHBK posture or a shuffling movement). Trail A consists of short, broad prints resembling those of a two-and-a-half-year-old child, though it has been suggested this trail was made by the extinct bear "Agriotherium africanus". G1 is a trail consisting of four cycles likely made by a child. G2 and G3 are thought to have been made by two adults. In 2014, two more trackways were discovered made by one individual, named S1, extending for a total of . In 2015, a single footprint from a different individual, S2, was discovered.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The shallowness of the toe prints would indicate a more flexed limb posture when the foot hit the ground and perhaps a less arched foot, meaning "A. afarensis" was less efficient at bipedal locomotion than humans. Some tracks feature a long drag mark probably left by the heel, which may indicate the foot was lifted at a low angle to the ground. For push-off, it appears weight shifted from the heel to the side of the foot and then the toes. Some footprints of S1 either indicate asymmetrical walking where weight was sometimes placed on the anterolateral part (the side of the front half of the foot) before toe-off, or sometimes the upper body was rotated mid-step. The angle of gait (the angle between the direction the foot is pointing in on touchdown and median line drawn through the entire trackway) ranges from 2–11° for both right and left sides. G1 generally shows wide and asymmetrical angles, whereas the others typically show low angles.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The speed of the track makers has been variously estimated depending on the method used, with G1 reported at 0.47, 0.56, 0.64, 0.7 and 1 m/s (1.69, 2, 2.3, 2.5 and 3.6 km/h; 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6 and 2.2 mph); G2/3 reported at 0.37, 0.84 and 1 m/s (1.3, 2.9 and 3.6 km/h; 0.8, 1.8 and 2.2 mph); and S1 at . For comparison, modern humans typically walk at .


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The average step distance is , and stride distance . S1 appears to have had the highest average step and stride length of, respectively, and whereas G1–G3 averaged, respectively, 416, 453 and 433 mm (1.4, 1.5 and 1.4 ft) for step and 829, 880 and 876 mm (2.7, 2.9 and 2.9 ft) for stride.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: Australopithecines, in general, seem to have had a high incidence rate of vertebral pathologies, possibly because their vertebrae were better adapted to withstand suspension loads in climbing than compressive loads while walking upright. Lucy presents marked thoracic kyphosis (hunchback) and was diagnosed with Scheuermann's disease, probably caused by overstraining her back, which can lead to a hunched posture in modern humans due to irregular curving of the spine. Because her condition presented quite similarly to that seen in modern human patients, this would indicate a basically human range of locomotor function in walking for "A. afarensis". The original straining may have occurred while climbing or swinging in the trees, though, even if correct, this does not indicate that her species was maladapted for arboreal behaviour, much like how humans are not maladapted for bipedal posture despite developing arthritis. KSD-VP-1/1 seemingly exhibits compensatory action by the neck and lumbar vertebrae (gooseneck) consistent with thoracic kyphosis and Scheuermann's disease, but thoracic vertebrae are not preserved in this specimen.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: In 2010, KSD-VP-1/1 presented evidence of a valgus deformity of the left ankle involving the fibula, with a bony ring developing on the fibula's joint surface extending the bone an additional . This was probably caused by a fibular fracture during childhood which improperly healed in a nonunion.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: In 2016, palaeoanthropologist John Kappelman argued that the fracturing exhibited by Lucy was consistent with a proximal humerus fracture, which is most often caused by falling in humans. He then concluded she died from falling out of a tree, and that "A. afarensis" slept in trees or climbed trees to escape predators. However, similar fracturing is exhibited in many other creatures in the area, including the bones of antelope, elephants, giraffes and rhinos, and may well simply be taphonomic bias (fracturing was caused by fossilisation). Lucy may also have been killed in an animal attack or a mudslide.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: The 13 AL 333 individuals are thought to have been deposited at about the same time as one another, bear little evidence of carnivore activity, and were buried on a stretch of a hill. In 1981, anthropologists James Louis Aronson and Taieb suggested they were killed in a flash flood. British archaeologist Paul Pettitt considered natural causes unlikely and, in 2013, speculated that these individuals were purposefully hidden in tall grass by other hominins (funerary caching). This behaviour has been documented in modern primates, and may be done so that the recently deceased do not attract predators to living grounds.


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: "A. afarensis" does not appear to have had a preferred environment, and inhabited a wide range of habitats such as open grasslands or woodlands, shrublands, and lake- or riverside forests. Likewise, the animal assemblage varied widely from site to site. The Pliocene of East Africa was warm and wet compared to the preceding Miocene, with the dry season lasting about four months based on floral, faunal and geological evidence. The extended rainy season would have made more desirable foods available to hominins for most of the year. Africa 4–3 million years ago featured a greater diversity of large carnivores than today, and australopithecines likely fell prey to these dangerous creatures, including hyenas, "Panthera", cheetahs, and the sabre-toothed "Megantereon", "Dinofelis", "Homotherium" and "Machairodus".


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: Australopithecines and early "Homo" likely preferred cooler conditions than later "Homo", as there are no australopithecine sites that were below in elevation at the time of deposition. This would mean that, like chimpanzees, they often inhabited areas with an average diurnal temperature of , dropping to at night. At Hadar, the average temperature from 3.4 to 2.95 million years ago was about .


title: Australopithecus afarensis

text: 72. Bonnefille, R. ; Potts, R.; Chalie, F.; Jolly, D. (2004). "High-Resolution Vegetation and Climate Change Associated with Pliocene Australopithecus afarensis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (33): 12125–12129. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112125B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401709101. PMC 514445. PMID 15304655.


title: Our Girl

text: Our Girl is a British television military drama series, written and created by Tony Grounds, first broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2013. The series initially starred Lacey Turner as Molly Dawes, a young working-class woman, who joins the British Army after deciding her life is going down the drain. Following the feature-length pilot episode, a full series of five episodes was commissioned, commencing broadcast on 21 September 2014.


title: Our Girl

text: Turner left her role after the first series, and was replaced by Michelle Keegan as the lead character, Lance Corporal Georgie Lane. The second five-episode series began airing on 7 September 2016. An extended third series, comprising 12 episodes, was commissioned in 2017. The first four episodes, known as the "Nepal Tour", began broadcasting on 10 October 2017. The remaining eight episodes aired consecutively from 5 June 2018, with Olly Rix joining the cast as new special forces Captain "Bones" McClyde. In January 2019, it was confirmed by the BBC that Keegan would return for a fourth series of six parts; she also announced that this would be her last series. It began broadcasting on 24 March 2020. Following Keegan's departure, it was announced in August 2020 that the fourth series of "Our Girl" was the final series.


title: Our Girl

text: 18-year-old Molly Dawes (Lacey Turner), who lives in the East End of London, discovers that her boyfriend has been cheating. She feels that her life has no purpose and decides to join the army. Encouraged only by the manager of the recruitment office, Sergeant Lamont (Paul Fox), she initially keeps her decision a secret from her family, which consists of her controlling father Dave (Sean Gallagher) and doting mother Belinda (Kerry Godliman). When the truth is exposed, Dave demands she changes her mind, threatening to disown her if she does not; leaving her to make the heartbreaking decision to step away as she heads off to training camp. Here, Corporal Geddings (Matthew McNulty) initially doubts Molly's merits as a potential soldier, but she strives to prove herself and eventually earns the respect of her peers, even reuniting with her mother Belinda when she visits her to apologise for Dave's actions.


title: Our Girl

text: Molly has completed training as a Combat Medical Technician. She is deployed to Afghanistan attached to a British Army infantry section based from a small UK/ANA shared FOB somewhere in Helmand. She arrives at Camp Bastion in Afghanistan alongside her new team, 2 Section, who are all men. She is disconcerted when she discovers that an ex-flame, Dylan "Smurf" Smith (Iwan Rheon), belongs to her new section, and gets off on the wrong foot with haughty team leader Captain Charles James (Ben Aldridge), a hailed war hero. On arrival in Afghanistan, Molly fights to prove herself to the men around her while also offering compassion to the locals, including 11-year-old Afghan girl Bashira (Becky Eggersglusz), giving herself an understanding of what it is like to be a civilian caught up in the Taliban's war.


title: Our Girl

text: Lance Corporal Georgie Lane (Michelle Keegan) is dispatched on a humanitarian tour to Kenya with 2 Section, and she quickly becomes involved in the activities of a terrorist group. Georgie's ex-fiancé, Elvis (Luke Pasqualino), a special forces officer in the Special Air Service, frequently attempts to regain her trust after jilting her at the altar on their wedding day several years previously. However, Georgie now has a new boyfriend, Dr. Jamie Cole (Royce Pierreson). Molly has been written out of the story, having returned to Afghanistan for a short tour off-screen. It is briefly mentioned by Captain James that he and Molly are now married.


title: Our Girl

text: Georgie, now a corporal, is dispatched alongside 2 Section on a humanitarian mission to Nepal following an earthquake. 2 Section discover a group responsible for trafficking children, connected to the Taliban, which sends them on a covert mission in the heart of Afghanistan supporting special forces. Captain James struggles with the point of British involvement in Afghanistan, and Elvis is desperate to get Georgie back. However, she is uninterested and meets a Nepalese engineer, Milan (Rudi Dharmalingam), whom she takes a shine to. Meanwhile, romance between the two new privates of 2 Section, Maisie (Shalom Brune-Franklin) and Rab (Harki Bhambra), blossoms.


title: Our Girl

text: Following Elvis's death, Georgie returns to duty as 2 Section are deployed to Nigeria to help the Nigerian Army in the fight against Boko Haram. But when she goes in search of a group of missing children, who are suspected of having been trafficked out of the country, she is kidnapped and held hostage by a group of Boko Haram rebels. Undercover Special Forces Captain "Bones" McClyde (Olly Rix), who has spent the last six months infiltrating Boko Haram, is forced to break cover in order to save Georgie. Later, 2 Section find themselves in Belize for a jungle training exercise. But when Captain James is severely injured by a bandit trap, Georgie is forced to put all her skills into action in a desperate attempt to save him. In Bangladesh, 2 Section are called to assist local police inspector Chowdrey (Navin Chowdhry) and his wife Barsha (Farzana Dua Elahe) who are running a refugee camp for thousands forced to flee from their war-torn villages, but Georgie soon begins to suspect the inspector of being involved in the trafficking of prostitutes and drug smuggling.


title: Our Girl

text: On 22 January 2019 it was confirmed by the BBC press office that Michelle Keegan would return for a six-part fourth series shooting in April, airing sometime in 2020. On 13 January 2020, Keegan announced that she had quit the role of Georgie and that this would be her final series. The BBC later confirmed that the show would not continue for a fifth series. in Early March it was announced the fourth series would start airing on 24 March 2020. This season Georgie returns as a sergeant. As 2 Section prepares to return to Afghanistan, Georgie is happy to focus on her training role in the UK and send trainee medic Mimi in her place – especially as she is privately haunted by thoughts of Elvis's death. But with Mimi's confidence dipping after some complex training exercises, Georgie is compelled to return to Afghanistan to support the new recruits.


title: Our Girl

text: In Kabul, she is pleasantly surprised at how Afghanistan has changed. But on the way to a local hospital in Kabul, she and some of the section are caught up in a suicide attack targeted at Dr Bahil, the hospital administrator and a candidate in upcoming local elections. Georgie learns that the attack was orchestrated by Aatan Omar - Elvis's killer - who is still at large.


title: Our Girl

text: Meanwhile, the newest members of 2 Section bed in: Prof, an ex-teacher with a painful past; Throbber, the section's clown, who has some growing up to do; and Sandy, their new commanding officer, who is determined to show them who's in charge. Mimi, meanwhile, harbours a secret about her home life.


title: Our Girl

text: The feature-length pilot episode first broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2013 at 9:00pm. Based on official overnight figures, it gained an audience of 5.34 million viewers. Consolidated viewing increased this figure to 6.31 million. The pilot received mixed to positive reviews, with Dan Owen of MSN praising Turner's acting and the moving storyline, while criticising some of the characterisation and "weird shortcuts in the storyline". Sarah Crompton of "The Telegraph" found the pilot "compelling" but argued that "the depiction of the army – which became too obviously her surrogate family – would be better suited to a glossy advertising campaign than a television drama, glamorising both its methods and its personnel". Audience reaction on social media website Twitter was overall positive.


title: Our Girl

text: The series premiered in Australia on ABC on 16 April 2015. In New Zealand, the series premiered on TVNZ on 3 May 2015. In Sweden, the series premiered on SVT on 15 June 2015. In Finland, the series premiered on Yle on 20 March 2017. On 7 April 2016 the series premiered in Germany under the title "Eine Frau an der Front" (A Woman on the Frontline) and in France and Belgium under the title "Molly, une femme au combat" ("Molly: A Woman In Battle").


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: A second film of the franchise was announced in March 2019, with the staff and cast from the first film returning. The film has elements to its story that were once going to be used by Horikoshi as a finale to the series. It was intended to be the last film in the series until images of a possible third film appeared online.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: The film was released in Japan on December 20, 2019, and in North America on February 26, 2020. The film grossed over $29 million worldwide and received positive reviews from critics. A third film, "," was released in Japan on August 6, 2021.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: The League of Villains is pursued by Endeavor and Hawks while driving off in a truck carrying a life support capsule, the heroes managing to destroy the truck with the villains revealed to be clones created by Twice. The figure within the capsule, a villain named Nine who allowed himself to be experimented on by Daruma Ujiko, escaped during the crash and regroups with his team of villains to fulfill their dream to create a society ruled by those with strong Quirks. But while Daruma gave him a copy of All for One's Quirk to acquire eight more Quirks besides his weather ability, Nine needs a special Cell Activation Quirk to cure himself of a terminal disease that worsened as a side-effect of his modification.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: U.A. High's Class 1-A has been sent to the remote Nabu Island as part of a summer semester safety program. Izuku Midoriya, the holder of One for All, meets Mahoro Shimano and her younger brother Katsuma, residents of the island. Bonding with them along with his rival Katsuki Bakugo, they discover that Katsuma wishes to become a hero despite Mahoro seeking to dissuade him. Meanwhile, Mahoro and Katsuma's father is attacked by Nine's group with his Quirk stolen. But the Quirk is incompatible with Nine's blood type with the villain surmising that the man's children might possess a better variant. Nine's gang arrives on the island and destroy all means of escape and communication. Class 1-A learns of the invasion and split up to stop the villains and protect the island residents. Nine finds the children and confirms Katsuma possesses the Quirk he seeks as Midoriya intervenes. Midoriya manages to overpower him with Bakugo's help, and Nine is forced to fallback after overusing his Quirks.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: Class 1-A regroups, and after Katsuma uses his Quirk to heal the unconscious Midoriya and Bakugo, they decide to attack the villains head-on while awaiting the arrival of other heroes. After evacuating the islanders, the class manages to defeat the rest of Nine's crew but are all incapacitated by Nine, except for Midoriya and Bakugo. Seeing no other way to defeat Nine, Midoriya transfers One For All into Bakugo, while he uses its leftover embers. Together, the two defeat Nine, but Midoriya's One For All seemingly fades afterward.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: As professional heroes arrive, All Might finds an unconscious Bakugo and Midoriya. He realizes that One For All remains within Midoriya, as the transfer into Bakugo was interrupted, theorizing that the previous wielders of One For All wish for Midoriya to keep it. Elsewhere, Tomura Shigaraki finds and kills the weakened Nine out of spite.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: With Nine's gang apprehended, the class repair the damage done to the island before returning home. Midoriya and Bakugo, who had lost the memory of wielding One For All, say goodbye to Katsuma and Mahoro, as Midoriya assures Katsuma he can become a hero, just like All Might had done for him previously.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: On March 23, 2019, a stage event at AnimeJapan 2019 announced that a second "My Hero Academia" film was planned for a "winter 2019" release, with Kōhei Horikoshi responsible for supervision and original character design. On July 7, 2019, the title and release date were revealed at the "Hero Fes." event, with Horikoshi stating the film would be the last film adaptation for the series. The event also revealed that Bones would be producing the film, with Kenji Nagasaki returning as director, Yōsuke Kuroda returning as writer, Yoshihiko Umakoshi returning as character designer, and Yuki Hayashi returning as composer. On October 11, 2019, it was announced that Tomoyo Kurosawa would be joining the cast as Mahoro, and Yuka Terasaki would be voicing Katsuma. On September 26, 2019, it was announced that Mio Imada had been cast as Slice, and Yoshio Inoue had been cast as Nine. On November 11, 2019, "Weekly Shōnen Jump" revealed that Kohsuke Toriumi and Shunsuke Takeuchi had been cast as villains Mummy and Chimera respectively, and on December 6, 2019, it was revealed that Yuichi Nakamura would voice Hawks.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: The film was composed by Yuki Hayashi, who previously doing so for "My Hero Academia" anime series and "". In October 2019, sumika was revealed to be performing the theme song for the film titled . The film's original soundtrack was released in Japan by Toho Animation Records on December 18, 2019, and in the United States by Milan Records on July 17, 2020. Milan Records released the original soundtrack on vinyl records in the United States in October 2020.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: Toho released the film theatrically in Japan on December 20, 2019. The first one million audience members to see the film received a bonus manga booklet written by Horikoshi, titled "Vol. Rising", with the booklet containing an extended interview with Horikoshi, character designs and sketches. The film also received 4D screenings across 81 theaters in Japan on January 24, 2020.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: Funimation announced that it had licensed the film for English-speaking regions, and released the film in North America on February 26, 2020 in both English subtitled and dubbed formats. Manga Entertainment announced that it would release the film in the United Kingdom and Ireland, with the theatrical release from February 26 and 27, 2020 in both English subtitled and dubbed. In Australia and New Zealand, Madman Anime premiered the film at Anime Festival Sydney on March 7 and 8, 2020 in English subtitled and dubbed respectively, with a wide release on March 12, 2020. Funimation provided MX4D screenings in select theaters in the United States, and Madman provided 4DX screenings in Sydney with the English dub.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: On March 3, 2021, PVR Pictures announced that the film would get a theatrical release in India on March 12, 2021.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: "My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising" was released on Blu-ray and DVD in Japan on July 15, 2020 in a "Complete Edition", that includes new scenes not seen during the theatrical release. Then, on July 15, 2020, the North American Blu-ray was officially listed for pre-order, with a release date of October 27, 2020. Netflix began streaming the film in India and the Philippines on May 15, 2021.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: , "My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising" has grossed in Japan, as well as in the United States and Canada, for a total of worldwide.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: During the opening weekend, "My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising" ranked third at the Japanese box office, earning () in its first three days, () of which during the weekend. The film remained 3rd for the second weekend, dropped to 4th in its third week, dropped to 7th in its fourth weekend, and left the top 10 in its fifth weekend, though briefly rising to 9th in its sixth weekend before leaving the top 10 again. The film surpassed "" during its ninth weekend.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: In the United States, the film made $2.47 million from 1,275 theaters on its first day (topping the box office), and $815,000 on its second. It went on to debut to $5.1 million in its opening weekend (a five-day total of $8.5 million), finishing fourth.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising" sends fans of the saga on an exhilarating adventure that ends the series on a beautifully animated high note." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100, based on nine critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." American audiences polled by PostTrak gave it an average 5 out of 5 stars, with 73% of people saying they would definitely recommend it.


title: My Hero Academia: Heroes Rising

text: Anime News Network's Richard Eisenbeis praised the setting, concept and climax, stating that the climax was "insanely impactful", though criticized the film's position in the "My Hero Academia" timeline, causing confusion and therefore "[draining] the film's tension". Twwk of Beneath the Tangles agreed about the confusing elements while stating that the film "may not reinvent or add anything new to the genre, but it is fun, fan-pleasing, and above all, meaningful, a heightened and focused tale infused with the characters, superpowers, and heart that series fans have come to love." Daryl Harding from Crunchyroll News praised the animation, stating "the final fight animation was some of the series’ best", but criticized the side-story nature of the film, saying that "the world-ending stakes in it felt lessened" due to viewers knowing the continuity of the series.


title: Johnny Cash albums discography

text: The albums discography of American singer Johnny Cash spans his lengthy career, from 1954 to 2003. It includes the release of 97 albums, most of them for Columbia Records. Over the years, Cash also collaborated with many of the industry's most notable artists.


title: Red Forest

text: The Red Forest (, , ) is the area surrounding the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant within the Exclusion Zone, located in Polesia. The name "Red Forest" comes from the ginger-brown colour of the pine trees after they died following the absorption of high levels of ionizing radiation as a consequence of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster on 26 April 1986. In the post-disaster cleanup operations, the Red Forest was bulldozed and buried in "waste graveyards"; the site remains one of the most contaminated areas in the world today.


title: Red Forest

text: The Red Forest is located in the zone of alienation; this area received the highest doses of radiation from the Chernobyl accident and the resulting clouds of smoke and dust, heavily polluted with radioactive contamination. The trees died from this radiation. The explosion and fire at the Chernobyl No. 4 reactor contaminated the soil, water and atmosphere with radioactive material equivalent to that of 20 times the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.


title: Red Forest

text: In the post-disaster cleanup operations, a majority of the pine trees were bulldozed and buried in trenches by the "liquidators". The trenches were then covered with a thick carpet of sand and planted with pine saplings. Many fear that as the trees decay, radioactive contaminants will leach into the ground water. People have evacuated the contaminated zone around the Red Forest.


title: Red Forest

text: As humans were evacuated from the area in 1986, animals moved in despite the radiation. The flora and fauna of the Red Forest have been dramatically affected by the accident. It seems that the biodiversity of the Red Forest has increased in the years following the disaster. There are reports of some stunted plants in the area. Wild boar multiplied eightfold between 1986 and 1988.


title: Red Forest

text: The site of the Red Forest remains one of the most contaminated areas in the world. However, it has proved to be an astonishingly fertile habitat for many endangered species. The evacuation of the area surrounding the nuclear reactor has created a lush and unique wildlife refuge. In the 1996 BBC "Horizon" documentary "Inside Chernobyl's Sarcophagus", birds are seen flying in and out of large holes in the structure of the former nuclear reactor. The long-term impact of the fallout on the flora and fauna of the region is not fully known, as plants and animals have significantly different and varying radiologic tolerance. Some birds are reported with stunted tail feathers (which interferes with breeding). Storks, wolves, beavers, deer, and eagles have been reported in the area.


title: Red Forest

text: In 2005, radiation levels in the Red Forest were in some places as high as 10 mSv/h. More than 90% of the radioactivity of the Red Forest was concentrated in the soil.


title: Red Forest

text: The nature of the area seems to have not only survived, but flourished due to significant reduction of human impact. The zone has become a "Radiological Reserve", a classic example of an involuntary park. Currently, there is concern about contamination of the soil with strontium-90 and caesium-137, which have half-lives of about 30 years. The highest levels of caesium-137 are found in the surface layers of the soil where they are absorbed by plants, and insects living there today. Some scientists fear that radioactivity will affect the land for the next several generations.


title: Red Forest

text: In April 2015, a large forest fire burning nearly came within of the abandoned nuclear power plant, raising fears the flames would burn shrub and woodland surrounding the disaster zone, which could have released radioactive material into the atmosphere. The forest was ravaged again by another wildfire in April 2020 that caused an unknown amount of damage.


title: Red Forest

text: A study published in 2014 found that plant matter - leaf litter and trunks of dead trees in the Red Forest area decays at a far slower rate than is typical for forest detritus. The researchers found that microorganisms responsible for decomposing forest litter do not act on such matter within the contaminated zone at nearly the rate seen in forests outside the zone. As a result, the amount of detritus - the major fuel of wildfires - is significantly larger than in other forests. Fire risks are therefore elevated compared with those in other forests with similar climatic conditions.


title: Red Forest

text: In February 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces reportedly moved vehicles through the Red Forest, using it as a route for their convoys, which kicked up clouds of radioactive dust from the forest. Local workers reported the Russian troops moving through the Red Forest were not using protective suits and could have potentially endangered themselves. On 31 March 2022, it was reported that most of the Russian troops occupying Chernobyl were forced to pull back after suffering from radiation sickness caused by digging trenches in the heavily contaminated Red Forest. There has not been independent confirmation that the pull-back was caused by radiation sickness, but Ukrainian officials have provided access to the site which shows considerable trenches and digging in the Red Forest.


title: Red Forest

text: On 1 April 2022, "The Telegraph" reported that one Russian soldier died from acute radiation sickness after being camped in the Red Forest for a prolonged time. In October, CNN reported that injured Russian soldiers who operated in Chernobyl had been treated at the Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology in Belarus, including some who showed signs of radiation poisoning.


title: Emma Dumont

text: Emma Dumont is an American actress, model, and dancer. She is known for her roles as Melanie Segal in the ABC Family series "Bunheads", as Emma Karn in the NBC series "Aquarius", and as Lorna Dane/Polaris in the FOX series "The Gifted".


title: Emma Dumont

text: Dumont was born in Seattle, Washington. She attended Washington Middle School and later James A. Garfield High School before homeschooling in order to pursue modeling and acting. She also attended Orange County High School of the Arts in the Music and Theater Conservatory in Santa Ana, California.


title: Emma Dumont

text: She began her ballet training at age 3 and has studied at Pacific Northwest Ballet School, Cornish College of the Arts and Spectrum Dance Theatre School (The Academy - pre-professional program) with summers at American Ballet Theatre, Joffrey Ballet School and the Bolshoi Ballet Academy in Moscow, Russia.


title: Emma Dumont

text: She began performing in community theater at age 6 with performances at Seattle Public Theatre and Seattle Musical Theatre among others. Her musical theater training includes four summers at 5th Avenue Theatre.


title: Emma Dumont

text: In 2011, she was a member of a FIRST Tech Challenge team located in Pasadena, California and in 2012 a FIRST Robotics Competition team based in Burbank, California in 2013. Dumont became a FIRST Dean's List Finalist at the Los Angeles Regional Competition. Dumont spoke at the 2013 FIRST World Championship at a VIP Dinner on April 26, 2013.


title: Emma Dumont

text: Dumont's first film role was in "True Adolescents" in 2007 at age 12 (released 2009) alongside Melissa Leo and Mark Duplass. She later appeared in the movie "Dear Lemon Lima" in 2008 (released 2009). Both movies were filmed in Dumont's hometown of Seattle.


title: Emma Dumont

text: In January 2010, Dumont won the "V" magazine "V A Model" search contest, appearing in the March 2010 issue and receiving a Ford Models contract. She worked fashion week in New York City that same year, and subsequently modeled in Hong Kong, New York, Los Angeles, Mainland China and Tokyo.


title: Emma Dumont

text: In 2011, she was cast in a lead role in Stephen Gaghan's NBC pilot "Metro", alongside Noah Emmerich and Jimmy Smits. In October 2011, Dumont was cast in the ABC Family original series, "Bunheads", starring Sutton Foster and Kelly Bishop. Throughout 2012 and early 2013, she portrayed Melanie Segal, who attends the dance academy run by the lead's mother-in-law in the TV series.


title: Emma Dumont

text: Also in 2012, she appeared in the independent film "Nobody Walks" alongside Dylan McDermott, John Krasinski, Jane Levy, Olivia Thirlby, and Rosemarie DeWitt.


title: Emma Dumont

text: In 2013, Dumont became a FIRST Robotics Competition team mentor. In 2014, Dumont filmed two television pilots for NBC: "Aquarius", which ran for two seasons, and "Salvation" (starring Ashley Judd), which was not picked up as a series. In March 2017, she was cast in Fox's pilot for an X-Men television series, "The Gifted", which was picked up to series in May 2017 and premiered the same year, in October.


title: Emma Dumont

text: She will portray the sister-in-law of J. Robert Oppenheimer in a biopic directed by Christopher Nolan.


title: Emma Dumont

text: Dumont participated in For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology (FIRST) Robotics on a team sponsored by NASA/JPL and Walt Disney Imagineering.


title: Emma Dumont

text: At age fifteen she became an avid roller derby skater and participated in the Los Angeles Derby Dolls training programs. Dumont, roller derby, and LADD skaters were featured in a 2013 episode of "Bunheads".


title: Denis McDonough

text: Denis Richard McDonough (born December 2, 1969) is an American government official serving as the 11th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs under President Joe Biden since 2021.


title: Denis McDonough

text: McDonough served in the Obama Administration as chief of staff at the National Security Council from 2009 to 2010 and as Deputy National Security Advisor from 2010 to 2013. He also served as White House Chief of Staff for the full second term of President Barack Obama from 2013 to 2017. He was the second-longest Democrat to serve as the chief of staff since John R. Steelman in 1946, and the longest since Andrew Card (5 years, 84 days) during the first and second terms of the Bush administration.


title: Denis McDonough

text: McDonough was born on December 2, 1969, in Stillwater, Minnesota. He was one of 11 children in a devout Irish Catholic family, his grandparents having immigrated from Connemara in the Gaeltacht.


title: Denis McDonough

text: McDonough graduated from Stillwater Area High School in 1988, then attended Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota He played safety on the Johnnies football team for Hall of Fame coach John Gagliardi and was a member of teams that won two conference titles in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. McDonough graduated from Saint John's University with a Bachelor of Arts, "summa cum laude", in history and Spanish in 1992. After graduation, he traveled extensively throughout Latin America and taught high school in Belize.


title: Denis McDonough

text: In 1996, McDonough earned an MSFS degree at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service.


title: Denis McDonough

text: From 1996 to 1999, McDonough worked as an aide for the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, where he focused on Latin America. He then served as a senior foreign policy advisor to Senator Tom Daschle. After Daschle's reelection defeat in 2004, McDonough became legislative director for newly elected Senator Ken Salazar. McDonough was a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress in 2004.


title: Denis McDonough

text: In 2007, Senator Barack Obama's chief foreign policy advisor Mark Lippert, a Navy reservist, was called into active duty. Lippert recruited McDonough to serve as his replacement during his deployment to Iraq. McDonough continued to serve as a senior foreign policy advisor to Obama during his 2008 presidential campaign.


title: Denis McDonough

text: After Obama was elected president, McDonough joined the administration as the National Security Council's head of strategic communication. He also served as National Security Council chief of staff.


title: Denis McDonough

text: On October 20, 2010, Obama announced that McDonough would replace Thomas E. Donilon as Deputy National Security Advisor, who had been promoted to succeed General James L. Jones as National Security Advisor. McDonough was seen in photos of the White House Situation Room taken during the monitoring of the May 2011 SEAL operation in Pakistan that resulted in the Osama bin Laden's death.


title: Denis McDonough

text: On January 20, 2013, at the beginning of his second term in office, Obama appointed McDonough his chief of staff. In February 2013 McDonough urged lawmakers to quickly confirm Chuck Hagel and John O. Brennan to their posts in Obama's national security team, expressing "grave concern" about the delays.


title: Denis McDonough

text: In 2017, McDonough joined the Markle Foundation, a nonprofit that aims to "transform America's outdated labor market to reflect the needs of the digital economy", boost employment opportunities, and expand job training for Americans. As a senior principal, he worked to grow the organization nationwide and broaden its work with governments such as the state of Colorado, public institutions such as Arizona State University, and private companies such as LinkedIn.


title: Denis McDonough

text: McDonough is a professor of the practice at Notre Dame's Keough School of Global Affairs and a visiting senior fellow in Carnegie's Technology and International Affairs Program.


title: Denis McDonough

text: President Joe Biden nominated McDonough to lead the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. He appeared before the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee on January 27, 2021. On February 8, the Senate confirmed McDonough as VA Secretary by a 87–7 vote, with six senators absent. McDonough is the second non-veteran to hold this position. Vice President Kamala Harris swore him in on February 9.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Jain vegetarianism is practised by the followers of Jain culture and philosophy. It is one of the most rigorous forms of spiritually motivated diet on the Indian subcontinent and beyond. The Jain cuisine is completely lacto-vegetarian and also excludes root and underground vegetables such as potato, garlic, onion etc., to prevent injuring small insects and microorganisms; and also to prevent the entire plant getting uprooted and killed. It is practised by Jain ascetics and lay Jains.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: The objections to the eating of meat, fish and eggs are based on the principle of non-violence (ahimsa, figuratively "non-injuring"). Every act by which a person directly or indirectly supports killing or injury is seen as act of violence ("himsa"), which creates harmful reaction karma. The aim of ahimsa is to prevent the accumulation of such karma. The extent to which this intention is put into effect varies greatly among Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. Jains believe nonviolence is the most essential religious duty for everyone ("ahinsā paramo dharmaḥ", a statement often inscribed on Jain temples). It is an indispensable condition for liberation from the cycle of reincarnation, which is the ultimate goal of all Jain activities. Jains share this goal with Hindus and Buddhists, but their approach is particularly rigorous and comprehensive. Their scrupulous and thorough way of applying nonviolence to everyday activities, and especially to food, shapes their entire lives and is the most significant hallmark of Jain identity. A side effect of this strict discipline is the exercise of asceticism, which is strongly encouraged in Jainism for lay people as well as for monks and nuns. Out of the five types of living beings, a householder is forbidden to kill, or destroy, intentionally, all except the lowest (the one sensed, such as vegetables, herbs, cereals, etc., which are endowed with only the sense of touch).


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: For Jains, vegetarianism is mandatory. In 2021 it was found that 92% of self-identified Jains in India adhered to some type of vegetarian diet and another 5% seem to try to follow a mostly vegetarian diet by abstaining from eating certain kinds of meat and/or abstaining from eating meat on specific days. In the Jain context, Vegetarianism excludes all animal products except dairy products. Food is restricted to that originating from plants, since plants have only one sense ('ekindriya') and are the least developed form of life, and dairy products. Food that contains even the smallest particles of the bodies of dead animals or eggs is unacceptable. Some Jain scholars and activists support veganism, as they believe the modern commercialised production of dairy products involves violence against farm animals. In ancient times, dairy animals were well cared for and not killed. According to Jain texts, a "śrāvaka" (householder) should not consume the four "maha-vigai" (the four perversions) – wine, flesh, butter and honey; and the five "udumbara" fruits (the five udumbara trees are Gular, Anjeera, Banyan, Peepal, and Pakar, all belonging to the fig genus). Lastly, Jains should not consume any foods or drinks that have animal products or animal flesh. A common misconception is that Jains cannot eat animal-shaped foods or products. As long as the foods do not contain animal products or animal flesh, animal shaped foods can be consumed without the fear of committing a sin.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Jains go out of their way so as not to hurt even small insects and other tiny animals, because they believe that harm caused by carelessness is as reprehensible as harm caused by deliberate action. Hence they take great pains to make sure that no minuscule animals are injured by the preparation of their meals and in the process of eating and drinking.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Traditionally Jains have been prohibited from drinking unfiltered water. In the past, when stepwells were used for the water source, the cloth used for filtering was reversed, and some filtered water poured over it to return the organisms to the original body of water. This practice of "jivani" or "bilchavani" is no longer possible because of the use of pipes for water supply. Modern Jains may also filter tap water in the traditional fashion and a few continue to follow the filtering process even with commercial mineral or bottled drinking water.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Jains make considerable efforts not to injure plants in everyday life as far as possible. Jains accept such violence only in as much as it is indispensable for human survival, and there are special instructions for preventing unnecessary violence against plants. Strict Jains do not eat root vegetables, such as potatoes, onions, roots and tubers, as they are considered "ananthkay". Ananthkay means one body, but containing infinite lives. A root vegetable, such as potato, though from the looks of it is one article, is said to contain infinite lives in it. Also, tiny life forms are injured when the plant is pulled up and because the bulb is seen as a living being, as it is able to sprout. Also, consumption of most root vegetables involves uprooting and killing the entire plant, whereas consumption of most terrestrial vegetables does not kill the plant (it lives on after plucking the vegetables or it was seasonally supposed to wither away anyway). Among Indian Jains, 67% report that they abstain from eating root vegetables. Green vegetables and fruits contain uncountable lives. Dry beans, lentils, cereals, nuts and seeds contain a countable number of lives and their consumption results in the least destruction of life.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Mushrooms, fungi and yeasts are forbidden because they grow in unhygienic environments and may harbour other life forms.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Jain texts declare that a "śrāvaka" should not cook or eat at night. According to Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya:


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Strict Jains do not consume food that has been stored overnight, as it possesses a higher concentration of micro-organisms (for example, bacteria, yeast etc.) as compared to food prepared and consumed the same day. Hence, they do not consume yoghurt or dhokla and idli batter unless they have been freshly set on the same day.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: During certain days of the month and on important religious days such as Paryushana and 'Ayambil', strict Jains avoid eating green leafy vegetables along with the usual restrictions on root vegetables.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Jains do not consume fermented foods (beer, wine and other alcohols) to avoid killing of a large number of microorganisms associated with the fermenting process. According to "Puruṣārthasiddhyupāya":


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Along with practicing total abstinence from consuming certain types of food and limiting foods that harbor the lives of many microorganisms, fasting is also important component of Jain dietary practices, Jain identity and Jain culture. However, Jain fasting exists in many forms and both ability and social status can limit the practice of fasting to some extent. In India 84% of Jains report partaking in some form of fasting.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: The vegetarian cuisines of some regions of the Indian subcontinent have been strongly influenced by Jainism. These include


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: In India, vegetarian food is considered appropriate for everyone for all occasions. This makes vegetarian restaurants quite popular. Many vegetarian restaurants and Mishtanna sweet-shops – for example, the Ghantewala sweets of Delhi and Jamna Mithya in Sagar – are run by Jains.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Some restaurants in India serve Jain versions of vegetarian dishes that leave out carrots, potatoes, onions and garlic. A few airlines serve Jain vegetarian dishes upon prior request.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: According to survey responses of Indian Jains who identified themselves as vegetarians, 92% would be unwilling to eat at a restaurant that isn't exclusively vegetarian and 89% would be unwilling to eat at the home of a friend/acquaintance who isn't a vegetarian as well.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: When Mahavira revived and reorganized the Jain community in the 6th century BCE, "ahimsa" was already an established, strictly observed rule. Parshvanatha, a tirthankara whom modern Western historians consider a historical figure, lived in about the 8th century BCE and founded a community to which Mahavira's parents belonged. Parshvanatha's followers vowed to observe "ahimsa"; this obligation was part of their "caujjama dhamma" (Fourfold Restraint).


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: In the times of Mahavira and in the following centuries, Jains criticized Buddhists and followers of the Vedic religion or Hindus for negligence and inconsistency in the implementation of ahimsa. In particular, they strongly objected to the Vedic tradition of animal sacrifice with subsequent meat-eating, and to hunting.


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: According to the famous Tamil classic, Tirukkuṛaḷ, which is also considered a Jain work by some scholars:


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: If the world did not purchase and consume meat, no one would slaughter and offer meat for sale. (Kural 256)


title: Jain vegetarianism

text: Some Brahmins—Kashmiri Pandits and Bengali Brahmins—have traditionally eaten meat (primarily seafood). However, in regions with strong Jain influence such as Rajasthan and Gujarat, or strong Jain influence in the past such as Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, Brahmins are strict vegetarians. Bal Gangadhar Tilak has described Jainism as the originator of ahimsa. He wrote in a letter:In ancient times, innumerable animals were butchered in sacrifices. Evidence in support of this is found in various poetic compositions such as the Meghaduta. But the credit for the disappearance of this terrible massacre from the Brahminical religion goes to Jainism.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: Manmadha Leelai () is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language adult black comedy thriller film directed by Venkat Prabhu and written by Manivannan and produced by Rockfort Entertainment. It stars Ashok Selvan, Samyuktha Hegde, Riya Suman, and Smruthi Venkat, while Chandran, Jayaprakash, Premgi Amaren, and Karunakaran play supporting roles. The film's music is composed by Premgi Amaren, with cinematography handled by Thamizh A Azhagan and editing done by Venkat Raajen.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: There was already a film named "Manmadha Leelai" starring Kamal Haasan which was released in 1976, directed by K. Balachander. The film was released on 1 April 2022 to positive reviews and became an box office success.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: The film is shown in a nonlinear narrative, showing the life of Sathya in two different stages: 2010 and 2020. In 2010, Sathya is a rich and spoiled college-going student, who is always into chatting and dating women online. He is shown to be chatting with a woman named Poorni and is planning to meet her soon. In 2020, Sathya is a successful entrepreneur, owning a chain of fashion outlets. He is happily married to Anu and has a daughter. He is keen on expanding his business and plans to open an outlet in Dubai.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: In 2010, Sathya convinces Poorni to meet up, and they agree to meet in Poorni's house, when her father is away on a business trip. On Poorni's request, Sathya buys her a few bottles of beer. Soon, things start developing between them, and they end up having sex.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: In 2020, one day, Anu and their daughter are off to Anu's parents' home, leaving Sathya alone at home. He is visited by Leela, an attractive woman who had mistakenly knocked his door for someone else. Since it is raining outside, Sathya offers her to come in, and they share a drink. Attracted by her beauty, Sathya woos her, and they end up having sex. The next morning, while still in bed, Anu suddenly comes back home and is outside the door, knocking. Similarly, in 2010, the next morning, while still in bed, Poorni's father suddenly comes back home and is outside the door, knocking. Sathya is caught in a helpless situation and is desperately looking for an escape.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: Somehow, Sathya manages Anu, while Leela hides underneath the bed and Anu goes back to her parents' house, as she came to take some things. While going back, she makes Sathya feel that she always loves him, and Sathya starts to feel guilty for his actions. He immediately asks Leela to leave. Leela is upset that Sathya used her for a one-night stand and pleads him to let her stay.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: In 2010, Sathya somehow manages to escape from being seen by Poorni's father, and hides in the store room. There, shockingly, he finds a few photographs that reveal Poorni was lying the whole time about her father, and that the man knocking the door is indeed her husband Mohan, not her father, as Poorni told him. While trying to escape, Sathya is caught. Mohan knocks him out by smashing a bottle on his head.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: In 2020, Sathya finds out that Leela has no plans to leave and she had indeed planned everything that happened last night and recorded it all using a small camera, with the idea of blackmailing Sathya into laundering money from him. Leela is shown to be working along with Madan, her associate, who enters the home and knocks him out.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: In 2010, Sathya is captured by Mohan, and he tells them that he would rather kill them both as Poorni has had a history of cheating and Sathya was not her first boyfriend. In the ensuing mishap, Sathya mistakenly strangulates and kills Mohan, much to the shock of Poorni. Sathya convinces Poorni that in order to escape, she must write a letter depicting Mohan as a villain and she had run away from him to escape his torture, so that people would believe that Mohan had committed suicide out of shame. They stage everything perfectly and leave the home. Sathya drives her away to his old farmhouse, where he promises to keep her safe.


title: Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)

text: In 2020, it is revealed that Madan was actually Poorni's first boyfriend and the police found some evidence linking him to Mohan's death. He was wrongfully accused, and due to the incident, lost his education and family support. He desperately has been searching for Sathya and Poorni since 2010 as Madan had seen Poorni getting away with Sathya in his car after killing Mohan. Madan asks Sathya to show him the location of Poorni to get his revenge on her. Sathya takes Madan and Leela to his old farmhouse. Sathya tells Madan and Leela that he will enter the house through the back door and open the front door from inside as it appears to be locked. He enters through the back door, opens the front door, and appears with a shotgun. He shoots and kills Leela.