title: Brahmotsavam (film)

text: The film was released on over 200 screens in the United States, during its special premiere on 19 May, where it collected $560,274. According to trade analyst Taran Adarsh, "Brahmotsavam" had collected $1,053,521 (7.12 crore), in the opening weekend, becoming Babu's fifth film to surpass the $1 million mark at the U.S. box office. The film collected more than $1,092,075 (7.31 crore), at the end of the first week, surpassing the lifetime collection of "Sardaar Gabbar Singh" (2016), at the US Box office, where it collected $1,070,130 (Rs. 7.12 crore). The film collected an estimated US$1.15 million after ten days, becoming the Babu's fourth highest-grossing film in US.


title: Matt Preston

text: Matt Preston (born 21 July 1961) is an English-Australian food critic, writer and television presenter. He is best known for his role as a judge on Network Ten's "MasterChef Australia" between 2009 and 2019, and for his weekly national food column that appears in NewsCorp's metro newspapers, with a combined reach of over 2.9 million Australians each week. Preston is also a senior editor for "Delicious." and "Taste" magazines, and is also the author of four best-selling cookbooks.


title: Matt Preston

text: Preston is the son of British naval historian and journalist Antony Preston. He was born in London, United Kingdom, to a Roman Catholic family and from the age of 11 was educated at Worth School, a Benedictine monastic boarding school in West Sussex. He graduated from the University of Kent with a BA Hons in Politics and Government. While growing up in London in the late 1970s, he became a DJ and punk rock musician.


title: Matt Preston

text: After a few stints working at City Limits and IPC Magazines ("TVTimes" and "What's on TV"), Preston relocated to Australia in October 1993. Initially he worked for IPC Magazines as their Australian TV correspondent writing about the soap operas "Neighbours" and "Home and Away" for "TVTimes", "What's on TV" and "Woman's Own". He subsequently wrote for a number of Australian trade publications owned by IPC's parent company, Reed Business Publishing including "Encore", "Supermarket News" and "Counterpoint".


title: Matt Preston

text: In 1996, Preston started writing reviews for a new Melbourne magazine, "Inside Melbourne", a role that he held until he moved on to write reviews for "The Age" in February 2000.


title: Matt Preston

text: Preston also worked as a regular food correspondent in a number of publications, including "Taste", a supplement in the "Herald Sun", "The Courier-Mail" and "The Daily Telegraph" (Australia) newspapers and "MasterChef Magazine", "delicious." (Senior Editor), "Australian Good Taste" as the drink reviewer, "The Guardian" newspaper (UK) and "Time Out" (London). Preston was a weekly contributor to "Epicure" between 2000 and 2009, writing a weekly review of a cafe or restaurant. He also wrote a weekly column in "The Age"'s A2 and was a senior editor at Vogue Entertaining & Travel. Preston has made many appearances on Australian radio.


title: Matt Preston

text: Today Preston is best known for his stint as a co-host and judge on "MasterChef Australia". He also works as a food columnist and regular food correspondent and his weekly national food column appears in NewsCorp's metro newspapers and has a combined reach of over 2.9 million Australians each week. It runs in "Stellar" magazine every Sunday and in "The Adelaide Advertiser". He is also a senior editor for "Delicious" and "Taste" magazines.


title: Matt Preston

text: In 2009, Preston joined Gary Mehigan and George Calombaris on the judging panel of "MasterChef Australia" (Network 10), a reality television competition to find Australia's best amateur chef. "MasterChef Australia" series two, series three and series eleven would go on to win the TV Week Logie for Australia's Best Reality Series.


title: Matt Preston

text: Preston would judge the first eleven series of "MasterChef Australia" (2009–2019), as well as the first season of "Celebrity MasterChef Australia" (2009), the first series of "Junior MasterChef Australia" (2010) and "MasterChef Australia All-Stars" (2012) with Mehigan and Calombaris. In 2013 Preston went it alone to host "MasterChef Australia: The Professionals" with Marco Pierre White. The show premiered on 20 January 2013 and subsequently won the prestigious AACTA for Best Reality Show in the 2014 awards.


title: Matt Preston

text: Preston is noted for the colourful suits and cravats he wears on "MasterChef". Preston says that his favourite part of "MasterChef Australia" was "the joy that comes from the contestants delivering us a delicious dish that's a pleasure to eat."


title: Matt Preston

text: Preston has also made numerous other appearances on TV shows including multiple appearances on "The Project", "Good News Week", "Studio 10", "The Living Room", "The Circle", "Rove Live", "This Week Live", "All Star Family Feud" and "Chris & Julia's Sunday Night Takeaway" (all Network 10), "ADbc" and "The Blue List" (SBS), "Compass" (ABC), "Today" and "Postcards" (both Nine Network) and Coxy's Big Break (Seven Network). He was also chosen as the secret reviewer in the first season of Channel Seven's "My Restaurant Rules". Preston has also taken small acting roles on "Offspring" (Network 10), Lowdown (ABC), "The Bold And The Beautiful" (Network 10) and "Neighbours" (Network 10). Previously, he has appeared on an episode of "Lonely Planet Six Degrees".


title: Matt Preston

text: On 23 October 2019, it was announced that Preston and fellow "MasterChef Australia" judge Gary Mehigan would join Manu Feildel in 2020 with a new show called "Plate of Origin" on Seven. In 2022 Preston appeared as a judge on the twelfth season of "My Kitchen Rules".


title: Matt Preston

text: Matt has been contributing to Australia's leading glossy food magazines, writing about restaurants, chefs, and leading culinary destinations. The role has taken him to more than 30 regions across Australia and the world.


title: Matt Preston

text: Matt began regularly contributing to the Epicure food section of "The Age" in February 2000. He wrote a weekly review of a cafe or ethnic eatery in his 'Unexplored' column in Epicure and in 2009 he wrote a weekly column in "The Age" on Saturday's A2 section. Preston also contributes cover stories to Epicure, for which he has won a number of awards.


title: Matt Preston

text: A football fan, Preston supports Chelsea FC and Melbourne Victory. He supports the Collingwood Football Club in the AFL.


title: Matt Preston

text: His biggest cooking triumphs are: "The national award I've won for my jam recipes and cooking a BBQ for 1,000 people at the Noosa Food and Wine Festival with some volunteers and chef mates. His favourite inspirational cooking quote: "It's not the food on the table, but the eyes across the table that matter" – Robert Castellani, chef at Melbourne's Donovan's restaurant.


title: Matt Preston

text: "Cravat-A-Licious", launched on 1 October 2009. "Matt Preston's 100 Best Recipes, launched in 2012" "Matt Preston's Fast Fresh and Unbelievably Delicious", launched in 2013 "Matt Preston's Cook Book", launched in 2014 "Matt Preston's Simple Secrets", launched in 2015, "Matt Preston's Yummy Easy Quick", launched in 2017 (Plum/Pan Macmillan)


title: Matt Preston

text: Preston has won a number of awards, both individually and as the leader of an organisation, including:


title: Taguig

text: Taguig (), officially the City of Taguig (), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in Metro Manila, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 886,722 people. Located in the northwestern shores of Laguna de Bay, the city is known for Bonifacio Global City, one of the leading financial centers of the Philippines. Originally a fishing village during the Spanish and American colonial periods, it experienced rapid growth when former military reservations were converted by the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) into mixed-use planned communities. Taguig became a highly urbanized city with the passage of Republic Act No. 8487 in 2004.


title: Taguig

text: The city is politically subdivided into 28 barangays: Bagumbayan, Bambang, Calzada, Central Bicutan, Central Signal Village, Fort Bonifacio, Hagonoy, Ibayo Tipas, Katuparan, Ligid Tipas, Lower Bicutan, Maharlika Village, Napindan, New Lower Bicutan, North Daang Hari, North Signal Village, Palingon Tipas, Pinagsama, San Miguel, Santa Ana, South Daang Hari, South Signal Village, Tanyag, Tuktukan, Ususan, Upper Bicutan, Wawa, and Western Bicutan. The city is also divided into two legislative districts: Pateros & Taguig (which includes the Municipality of Pateros) and Taguig, for its representation in the Congress and the election of city council members.


title: Taguig

text: The original farmer-fishermen of the area, about 800 in number, were good at threshing rice after harvest. Hence they were referred to as ""mga taga-giik"," (Tagalog for "rice thresher") and the settlement as ""pook ng mga taga-giik"." Spanish friar Fray Alonso de Alvarado, together with conquistador Ruy López de Villalobos who crossed Pasig River to reach the city's present site in 1571, found "taga-giik" difficult to pronounce. "Tagui-ig" was later shortened to its current form "Taguig".


title: Taguig

text: Before the Spaniards came, Taguig was a part of Namayan and Tondo ruled by Lakandula. There were also accounts that Chinese settlements were once present in the area as revealed by the recent archaeological diggings of various artifacts like cups, plates and other utensils, which bear Chinese characters. This was believed to have originated from China's Ming dynasty.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig was one of the earliest known territories to have been Christianized when the Spaniards succeeded in subjugating mainland Luzon through the Legazpi expedition in 1571. Between the years 1582 and 1583, Taguig was part of the encomienda of Tondo headed by an alcalde mayor, Captain Vergara. It was in 1587 when Taguig was established as a separate "pueblo" (town) of the then province of Manila. Captain Juan Basi was its Kapitan from 1587 to 1588. According to records, Taguig had nine barrios then namely, Bagumbayan, Bambang, Hagonoy, Palingon, Santa Ana, Tipas, Tuktukan, Ususan, and Wawa. Records show that Tipas had once petitioned to become an independent town but was denied by the Spanish government.


title: Taguig

text: During that time, Taguig was accessible via the Pasig River, which was connected to two large bodies of water, the Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. The population then was estimated to be 800 tributes. The town produced more than enough rice for consumption but had less sugar cane to mill. The men lived through fishing while women wove cotton cloth and "sawali" from bamboo strips. The people of Taguig were known to have resisted both Spanish and American colonial rule. During that early period of Spanish colonization. Don Juan Basi, "Kapitan" of Taguig from 1587 to 1588, took part in the Tondo Conspiracy, an attempt to overthrow the Spanish government which failed. Basi was exiled for two years as punishment. When the Katipunan was on its early years, many from Taguig became followers and later joined the uprising. The people of Taguig also joined the revolutionary government of General Emilio Aguinaldo on August 6, 1898.


title: Taguig

text: During the American occupation, they struggled against the forces of General Wheaton under the command of General Pio del Pilar. It was recorded that on February 6, 1899, Filipino forces including Taguig "revolutionarios" dislodged an American position in the hills of Taguig, now a portion of Pateros and Fort Bonifacio. They were defeated eventually by the Americans with superiority in the armaments and training. Taguig finally fell to the contingent of the First Washington Volunteer Infantry led by Col. Wholly.


title: Taguig

text: The defeat of the Filipinos after two years of struggle against the American forces subsequently subjected the Philippines to another system of governance. On August 14, 1898, United States occupied the islands and established a military government with General Wesley Meritt as the First Military Governor. He exercised legislative powers until September 1, 1900. At the start of American occupation, Taguig was proclaimed as an independent municipality with the promulgation of General Order No. 4 on March 29, 1900. The town was subsequently incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal when the Philippine Commission promulgated Act. No. 137 on June 11, 1901. On October 12, 1903, Taguig, Muntinlupa and Pateros were merged by the virtue of Act. No. 942 with Pateros hosting the seat of the municipal government. The merger did not last long as a month later Muntinlupa was segregated from it and made part of Biñan when Act. No. 1008 was enacted on November 25, 1903. However it was returned to Taguig on March 22, 1905, with the promulgation Act. No. 1308. On February 29, 1908, Taguig was again declared an independent municipality through Executive Order No. 20. Eventually, Pateros separated from Taguig and both became independent municipalities of Rizal province on January 1, 1918.


title: Taguig

text: It was also during the American Colonial Period that the US government acquired a property of Taguig for military purposes. This large piece of land, which had a TCT dated 1902, was turned into a camp that became known as Fort McKinley (named after William McKinley, 25th president of the U.S.).


title: Taguig

text: When the Japanese occupied the Philippines in 1942, Fort McKinley was taken over by the Japanese Imperial Army. They occupied the military camp until the end of the war in 1945.


title: Taguig

text: After the Philippines gained its political independence from the United States on July 4, 1946, the US surrendered the Republic of the Philippines all right of possession, jurisdiction, supervision and control over the Philippine territory except the use of the military bases. On May 14, 1949, Fort William McKinley was turned over to the Philippine government by virtue of the US Embassy Note No. 0570. Fort McKinley was made the permanent headquarters of the Philippine Army in 1957 and was subsequently renamed Fort Bonifacio after the Father of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Andres Bonifacio.


title: Taguig

text: When Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under martial law in 1972, Tagiuig, which contained Fort Bonifacio, became the host of two detention centers full of political prisoners - the Maximum Security Unit where Senators Jose W. Diokno and Benigno Aquino Jr. were detained. and the Ipil Reception Center (sometimes called the Ipil Detention Center). A third facility, the Youth Rehabilitation Center (YRC), was still treated as part of Fort Bonifacio but was later turned into the Makati City Jail. These detention centers became infamous for the numerous human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship, including warrantless detention and torture.


title: Taguig

text: Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. and Senator Jose Diokno were Marcos' first martial law prisoners, arrested just before midnight on September 22, 1972, and at 1 AM on September 23, 1972, respectively. They were eventually imprisoned in Fort Bonifacio at the Maximum Security Unit separate from Ipil and YRC. They stayed there until Marcos moved them to an even higher security facility in Fort Magsaysay in Laur, Nueva Ecija on March 12, 1973.


title: Taguig

text: Ipil was the largest prison facility for political prisoners during martial law. Among the prisoners held there were some of the country's leading academics, creative writers, journalists, and historians including Butch Dalisay, Ricky Lee, Bienvenido Lumbera, Jo Ann Maglipon, Ninotchka Rosca, Zeus Salazar, and William Henry Scott. After Fort Bonifacio was privatized, the area in which Ipil was located became the area near SNR and Home Depot, near 32nd Street and 8th Avenue in Bonifacio Global City.


title: Taguig

text: In 1974, the name of the Taguig's political subdivisions was changed from "barrios" to "barangays" following the nationwide implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP) under Presidential Decree No. 557. The IRP increased Taguig's administrative divisions to 18 barangays, namely, Bagong Tanyag, Bagumbayan, Bambang, Calzada, Hagonoy, Ibayo-Tipas, Ligid-Tipas, Lower Bicutan, Maharlika, Napindan, Palingon, Signal Village, Santa Ana, Tuktukan, Upper Bicutan, Ususan, Wawa, and Western Bicutan.


title: Taguig

text: On November 7, 1975, Taguig seceded from the province of Rizal to become part of the newly formed the National Capital Region through Presidential Decree No. 824.


title: Taguig

text: In 1998, a bill was passed in Congress pushing for the cityhood of Taguig. The resulting plebiscite in April showed that the citizens were against cityhood. A recent petition to the Supreme Court sought a recount of the plebiscite and the Supreme Court on February 19, 2004, ordered the Commission on Elections to conduct a recount. The recount showed that the residents did want the municipality of Taguig to become a city (21,105 'yes' and 19,460 'no'). Subsequently, Taguig became a city on December 8, 2004.


title: Taguig

text: In 2008, the City Council created 10 new barangays, carving them out from the initial 18 barangays. Hence, in December 2008, after a successful plebiscite, the numbers of barangays in the city increased from 10 to 28 barangays. The 10 newly created barangays were Central Bicutan, New Lower Bicutan, Fort Bonifacio, Katuparan, North Signal Village, South Signal Village, South Daanghari, North Daanghari, Pinagsama, San Miguel, and Tanyag.


title: Taguig

text: In 2011, during 424th foundation day, Mayor Lani Cayetano takes pride in calling the city a “ProbinSyudad” because it is the only remaining city in Metro Manila which has the amenities of a highly urbanized city, yet has the feel and relaxing atmosphere of a province plus its people exude the values and magandang asal of the probinsyano, what with its more than 10 kilometers of lakeshore, with farmers, fishermen, old churches, a historic lighthouse, and with people whose virtue of pagtutulungan is still very much alive.


title: Taguig

text: A new, "state-of-the-art" 17-storey Taguig City Hall is currently being built in Barangay Ususan along Cayetano Boulevard and is expected to be completed in 2021. This will replace the current city hall in Barangay Tuktukan that was built in 1959 and was renovated thrice.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig is located on the northwestern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines. Taguig River, a tributary of the Pasig River, runs through the northern half of the city, while the Napindan River, another tributary of Pasig, forms the natural border between Taguig in Pasig. A relatively small area of the city called Ibayo Napindan is located north of the river, adjoining the disputed territories between Pasig, Taguig and Taytay in Rizal Province. The city has an area of 53.67 square kilometers.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig is politically subdivided into 28 barangays. In December 2008, ten new barangays were created in the city after a successful plebiscite by virtue of City Ordinance Nos. 24–27, 57–61, 67–69, and 78, Series of 2008.


title: Taguig

text: The climate of Taguig is characterized by two types of season: dry season from November to April, and wet season from May to October. Rainfall is less evenly distributed.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig, Makati and Pateros have fought over the jurisdiction of Fort Bonifacio and nearby places. In 2003, the Pasig Regional Trial Court (RTC) ruled that Fort Bonifacio and Pinagsama Village belongs to Taguig. In 2011, the Pasig RTC also ruled that the "embo" barangays (Cembo, South Cembo, East Rembo, West Rembo, Comembo, Pembo), as well as Rizal and Pitogo, are part of Taguig since they were formerly part of the military reservation. Pateros also claims the "embo" barangays, parts of Taguig and Fort Bonifacio, but the municipality's petition were dismissed by the Supreme Court. Meanwhile, the Court of Appeals stopped Taguig from exercising jurisdiction in the said areas in 2013. On 2017, the Court of Appeals upheld its final decision that Fort Bonifacio belongs to Taguig.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig is also involved in a dispute between Pasig and Taytay, Rizal over a large area which covers Ibayo Napindan, Pinagbuhatan, and Lupang Arendra.


title: Taguig

text: According to the 2020 census, the population of the city was 886,722, making it the seventh most populous city in the Philippines, and the fourth most populous city in Luzon.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig's center of trade and commerce are at the Bonifacio Global City, Uptown district, McKinley Hills and McKinley West, and Arca South. The Philippine Stock Exchange main office and trading floor is located in Taguig.


title: Taguig

text: Like other cities in the Philippines, Taguig is governed by a mayor and vice mayor who are elected to three-year terms. The mayor is the executive head and leads the city's departments in executing the city ordinances and improving public services. The city mayor is restricted to three consecutive terms, totaling nine years, although a mayor can be elected again after an interruption of one term. The vice mayor heads a legislative council consisting of 18 members: 8 councilors from the First District, 8 councilors from the Second District, the president of the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council) Federation, representing the youth sector, and the president of the Association of Barangay Chairmen (ABC) as barangay sectoral representative. The council is in charge of creating the city's policies in the form of Ordinances and Resolutions.


title: Taguig

text: The current mayor for the 2022-2025 term is Lani Cayetano. Arvin Alit, a former councilor is the city's incumbent vice mayor. The current district representatives of the city are the former vice mayor Ricardo "Ading" Cruz, Jr., representing the 1st District and former councilor Amparo Maria "Pammy" Zamora, representing the 2nd District.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig City is home to several prestigious international schools which provide international education to Metro Manila residents, such as the British School Manila, Everest Academy Manila, International School Manila, and Manila Japanese School, which are all located in the University Parkway of Bonifacio Global City. The Chinese International School Manila, Enderun Colleges, and Korean International School Philippines are in the nearby area of McKinley Hill, while The Beacon School is located along the nearby Chino Roces Avenue.


title: Taguig

text: The Taguig City University is the prime university run and managed by the city. Established in 2004 through Ordinance No. 29, Series of 2004 (enacted September 6, 2004, Municipal Government of Taguig. The university main campus is located inside the Taguig City Hall of Justice Compound.


title: Taguig

text: Other schools in Fort Bonifacio are the STI College Global City, Global City Innovative College, Leaders International Christian School of Manila (Christian-based curriculum), Victory Leadership Institute, and MGC-New Life Christian Academy.


title: Taguig

text: Two of the top state universities are also in Taguig—the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, and the Technological University of the Philippines. Both universities are located within the city in Central Bicutan and Western Bicutan.


title: Taguig

text: The University of Santo Tomas in 2015 offered an offsite Masters in Business Administration (MBA) class of its Graduate School at the PCCI Building at McKinley Hills.


title: Taguig

text: In 2016, the University of the Philippines inaugurated its campus in Bonifacio Global City for its law programs. Following that year


title: Taguig

text: in 2017, the De La Salle University College of Law opened its Rufino Campus at Bonifacio Global City's University Parkway Drive.


title: Taguig

text: Enderun Colleges, an affiliate of Les Roches International School of Hotel Management-Switzerland is an undergraduate college and management school in the Philippines that offers a full range of bachelor's degree and non-degree courses in the fields of international hospitality management and business administration. Likewise, The Meridian International College or MINT, a tertiary educational institution of arts, business and technology are both located in McKinley Hill, Barangay Pinagsama, Taguig City.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig City University, the city's local state university located in Central Bicutan started operations in November 2006.


title: Taguig

text: The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) was established through the enactment of "Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994", which was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos. This Act aims to encourage the full participation of and mobilize the industry, labor, local government units, and technical-vocational institutions in the skills development of the country's human resource. The TESDA complex and facilities are located at the East Service Road of the South Luzon Expressway in Taguig.


title: Taguig

text: The Philippine Public Safety College in Fort Bonifacio is an educational institution offering undergraduate and graduate programs for the training, human resource development, and continuing education of police, fire and jail personnel.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig has two Islamic educational institutions located in Maharlika Village—the Maharlika Bandara-Inged Integrated School and the Maharlika Village Islamic Madrasa.


title: Taguig

text: Other notable schools in Taguig include the city's Science High Schools Taguig Science High School in Barangay San Miguel, Senator Renato "Compañero" Cayetano Memorial Science and Technology High School in Ususan, Taguig National High School, a state-owned secondary institution in New Lower Bicutan, the Catholic Church-owned Colegio de Santa Ana (formerly Santa Ana Parochial School), The Fisher Valley College, a Christian school in Hagonoy and Pinagsama and Saint Francis of Assisi College System, a Catholic school in Bagumbayan.


title: Taguig

text: Taguig is set to become the new "university city" of Metro Manila as new campuses of University of the Philippines Professional Schools and De La Salle University are located in Bonifacio Global City.


title: Noida International Airport

text: Noida International Airport is an international airport being constructed near Jewar in Gautam Buddha Nagar District, Uttar Pradesh in India. Once completed, it is planned to be India's largest airport. The Noida International Airport Limited (NIAL) will be the implementing agency on behalf of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. The airport is to be developed through a public-private partnership model (PPP). In 2019, Flughafen Zürich AG, the operator of Zurich Airport in Switzerland won the bid to build and operate the airport for 40 years. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is also constructing a greenfield highway from Jewar Airport to Sector-65, Faridabad on Delhi–Mumbai Expressway.


title: Noida International Airport

text: The proposed plan is to build a two-runway airport by 2024, and at a future date, to expand it into a six-runway airport. According to the plan, the airport will handle five million passengers per annum (MPA) initially and up to 60–120 MPA, after its expansion over a period of 30 years. It will be the third commercial airport in the National Capital Region, after Indira Gandhi International Airport and Hindon Airport.


title: Noida International Airport

text: The project was first proposed in 2001 by then Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Rajnath Singh as a greenfield Taj International Aviation Hub (TIAH) at Jewar near Greater Noida, adjacent to the Yamuna Expressway. The Central Government cleared the techno-feasibility report for setting up TIAH in April 2003. It was to be built at an approximate cost of 5000 crores by the year 2007–2008. The project was put on hold during the UPA regime because the project site was within of an existing greenfield airport in Delhi. This site was within of Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI), Delhi. Its operator GMR Group had protested against plans for another international airport within of the existing Delhi Airport, claiming that it would impact traffic and revenue generation. GMR has the right of first refusal (RoFR) on a new airport within of the existing Delhi Airport. The RoFR was to ensure that GMR gets preference in bidding for the Greater Noida airport in case its bid price is within 10% of the lowest bidder.


title: Noida International Airport

text: When the Akhilesh Yadav-led government was formed in Uttar Pradesh in 2012, it contemplated shelving the project while proposing a new international airport in Agra. In June 2013, the State Government decided on the Kurrikupa village near Hirangaon, Tundla in the Firozabad district as the site for the proposed airport. In January 2014, the Defence Ministry raised some objections regarding the site near Tundla. The state government allocated land near Etmadpur for the proposed airport in November 2014.


title: Noida International Airport

text: In 2014, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was voted to power at the centre and the project was again shifted back to Jewar. The civil aviation ministry cleared the proposal for the new airport to be set up on of land in June 2015. The Union Ministry of Defence (MoD) cleared the project in June 2016. The Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) gave an in-principle approval to the Uttar Pradesh government to build the airport in May 2018. In July 2017, the Union Chief Secretary for Aviation warned the Uttar Pradesh government to expedite the planning process as Hisar Airport was also pushing for its competing Union Cabinet approval for building another airport to serve the NCR region, thus prolonging the return on investment for both airports due to a still-feasible-but-diluted viability for both.


title: Noida International Airport

text: The Noida International Airport (NIA) is located around north of Jewar Town in Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh in India. Noida, Dadri, and Jewar are the three tehsils (sub-divisions) in this district. In October 2017, for the first phase of building the airport, the Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA) acquired land in villages such as Mukimpur Siwara, Dayanat Pur, Ramner, Kishorpur, Banwari Bas, Ranhera, Rohi, and Parohi. Similarly in January 2021, YEIDA started taking possession of land for the phase-2 expansion in villages such as Ranhera, Shahpur Nangla, Birampur, Karauli Bangar, and Dayanat Pur (Jewar Tehsil).


title: Noida International Airport

text: The project site is located from Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI), the airport that currently serves the needs of the entire Delhi NCR and is quickly reaching its peak capacity. Jewar Airport is from Bulandshahr, from Palwal, from Noida and from Faridabad, Ghaziabad, and Mathura. It is about from Pari Chowk in Greater Noida, from Aligarh, from Gurgaon and from Agra. It will be connected to the Yamuna Expressway, allowing domestic and international tourists to reach Agra, Mathura, and Vrindavan.


title: Noida International Airport

text: With six runways once all its expansions are completed, it will be India's and Asia's largest airport and will be the fourth-largest airport in the world. In 2019, a proposal was made to build two additional runways to bring the total to eight runways once completed, subject to the availability of land. The proposal has been approved by Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath.


title: Noida International Airport

text: It will also be India's first net-zero carbon emissions airport. Only the Chicago–O'Hare and the Dallas/Fort Worth airports are larger, with eight and seven runways respectively. Other existing airports with six runways are Amsterdam, Boston, Denver, and Detroit. Atlanta, Houston–Intercontinental, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, and Toronto–Pearson have five runways. As of September 2019, with four runways, the Indira Gandhi International Airport has the highest number of runways of any airport in India.


title: Noida International Airport

text: The Noida International Airport (NIA) shall be connected with various highways in Delhi NCR like Ghaziabad–Bulandshahr–Aligarh (NH-34) and Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut Expressway.


title: Noida International Airport

text: The NHAI is also constructing a highway which will connect Jewar Airport with Faridabad on Delhi–Mumbai Expressway. The greenfield alignment is as follows (east to west):


title: Noida International Airport

text: Noida Airport is also proposed to be connected to Noida Metro via the Greater Noida route; and the Delhi Metro via the Faridabad–Ballabhgarh–Palwal–Jewar route. It is proposed to be connected with driverless pod taxis or personal rapid transit (PRT) from amusement park included in the proposed film city project, located in Greater Noida's Sector 21 to the airport. It is also proposed that the airport will have a high-speed railway (HSR) station in the proposed Delhi-Varanasi HSR corridor, included in India's High-Speed Rail project.


title: Noida International Airport

text: Construction work started in November 2021. At present, ATC, runway and terminal building work is under process.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Unalaska (; ) is the chief center of population in the Aleutian Islands. The city is in the Aleutians West Census Area, a regional component of the Unorganized Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. Unalaska is located on Unalaska Island and neighboring Amaknak Island in the Aleutian Islands off mainland Alaska. The population was 4,254 at the 2020 census, which is 81% of the entire Aleutians West Census Area. Unalaska is the second largest city in the Unorganized Borough, behind Bethel.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: The Aleut (Unangan) people have lived on Unalaska Island for thousands of years. The Unangan, who were the first to inhabit the island of Unalaska, named it "Ounalashka", meaning "near the peninsula". The regional native corporation has adopted this moniker, and is known as the Ounalashka Corporation. The Russian fur trade reached Unalaska when Stepan Glotov and his crew arrived on August 1, 1759. Natives, Russians and their descendants comprised most of the community's population until the mid-20th century, when the involvement of the United States in World War II led to a large-scale influx of people and construction of buildings all along the strategically located Aleutians.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Almost all of the community's port facilities are on Amaknak Island, better known as Dutch Harbor or just "Dutch". It is the largest fisheries port in the U.S. by volume caught. It includes Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army, a U.S. National Historic Landmark. Dutch Harbor lies within the city limits of Unalaska and is connected to Unalaska by a bridge. Amaknak Island is home to almost 59 percent of the city's population, although it has less than 3 percent of its land area.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: As a result of the town's strong fishing industry, Unalaska has also become notable for its large population of bald eagles, which number in the hundreds and were attracted to the area by human activity.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Unalaska and Amaknak Islands contained 24 settlements with more than 1,000 Aleut inhabitants in 1759, when the first Russian group under Stepan Glotov came and started trading for three years on Umnak and Unalaska. Between 1763 and 1766, a conflict between the Russian fur traders and the Unalaska Natives occurred; the Aleuts destroyed four Russian ships and killed 175 hunters/traders. In the 1760s, Unalaska was temporarily used as a Russian fur trading post. The post was permanently established in 1774, and was eventually incorporated into the Russian-American Company. It was there that Captain James Cook encountered the navigator Gerasim Izmailov in 1778.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: In 1788, the Spanish made contact with the Russians in Alaska for the first time. An expedition by Esteban José Martínez and Gonzalo López de Haro visited several Russian settlements. Their westernmost visit was to Unalaska. On August 5, 1788, they claimed Unalaska for Spain, calling it "Puerto de Dona Marie Luisa Teresa".


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: In 1825, the Russian Orthodox Church of the Holy Ascension was built in Unalaska. The founding priest, Ivan Veniaminov, later canonized as Saint Innocent of Alaska, composed the first Aleut writing system with local assistance, and translated scripture into Aleut. Between 1836 and 1840, measles, chicken-pox and whooping-cough epidemics drastically reduced the population; thus, at the end of the decade, only 200 to 400 Aleuts lived in Unalaska.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: In 1880, the Methodist Church opened a school and a clinic for orphans in Unalaska. Between 1899 and 1905, the Gold Rush brought many ships through Dutch Harbor where the North American Commercial Company had a coaling station.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: During the first half of the century, the island was touched by numerous epidemics, first in 1900, and then in 1919 the Spanish flu touched the island: these contributed to a dramatic decrease of the population in Unalaska.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Fearing the threat from Imperial Japan during World War II, the then neutral United States started fortifying Dutch Harbor in 1940, resulting in the construction of the Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears that was finished entirely by September 1941 three months before the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor that caused the U.S. to enter the war. On June 3, 1942, the town was attacked by Japanese air forces in the Battle of Dutch Harbor, part of the Aleutian Islands Campaign. After the attack and the Japanese occupations of Kiska and Attu, almost all of the native residents of Amaknak Island were evacuated. Many were held, under poor conditions, in camps in Southeast Alaska for the duration of the war; a substantial number of the internees died during the imprisonment.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Beginning in the 1950s, Unalaska became a center of the Alaskan king crab fishing industry; by 1978 it was the largest fishing port in the United States. A 1982 crash in king crab harvests decimated the industry, and the mid-1980s saw a transition to bottom fishing.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: The city has struggled with problems like alcoholism and unemployment in the past and still does, although the situation has improved in recent years. One example is the Elbow Room, a bar which locally, and later abroad, became infamous for its raucousness. It was closed in 2005.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Since 2005, the Discovery Channel's documentary show "Deadliest Catch" has focused on fishermen who are based in Dutch Harbor.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (47.71%) is water.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Makushin Volcano () is located on the island; it is not quite visible from within the town of Unalaska, though the steam rising from its cone is visible on the rare clear day. By climbing one of the smaller hills in the area, such as Pyramid Peak or Mount Newhall, it is possible to get a good look at the snow-covered cone.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: A major find was announced in 2015 after scientists examined a group of giant, tusked, quadruped, marine mammal fossils. The species had been unearthed during excavation for the construction of a school. They are unique, shore dwellers belonging to the extinct order Desmostylia, and possibly related to Proboscidea or Sirenia. A rendition of a group was drawn by Alaskan artist Ray Troll.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: As in all of the Aleutian islands in the south of Akutan Island (32 °F or 0 °C isotherm) the climate of Unalaska is a subpolar oceanic climate ("Cfc"), closely bordering a subarctic climate ("Dfc") following the trend of warming have predominates the first one. Even so, other climatic maps present even in group D in the Köppen Classification (even though all months average above freezing), with moderate and fairly uniform temperatures and heavy precipitation. Winters are consistently cold, but relatively mild in comparison to other parts of the state. Summers are cool, with most afternoons only reaching highs of to . Fog is often present even when it is not raining. Summer weather is around cooler than Southeast Alaska (Sitka), but the winter temperatures are nearly the same, although despite the lower latitudes of cities such as Sitka and Ketchikan, both of the two cities have warmer winters than Unalaska.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: The mean annual temperature for Unalaska is about , being about in January and about in August. With about 225 rainy days a year, Unalaska is among the rainiest places in the United States. June through August are markedly the driest months of the year, with very rare thunderstorms. Precipitation is especially heavy from October to February, when frequent, often-intense storms from the North Pacific Ocean cross the area, bringing high to very high winds and heavy precipitation in any form, and sometimes, changing forms (rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow). On average, December is the year's wettest month. Snowfall averages over per winter season, and can be heavy from December to March.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Unalaska's recorded temperature range is from in August 1982 to in January 1986. The coldest daytime maximum recorded is and the annual mean coldest day is . The warmest night on record is well above the average daily summer high temperature, standing at , with the mean for the annual warmest night being .


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Unalaska first reported on the 1880 U.S. Census as the Aleut and Creole (Mixed Russian & Aleut) village of Iliuliuk. Of its 406 residents, 230 were Aleut, 162 were Creole (Mixed Russian & Native) and 14 were White. It was the 9th largest community in Alaska. In 1890, it returned as Unalaska with 317 residents. This included a majority of 165 Creoles, 84 Natives, 66 Whites and 2 Asians (the total population included adjacent Dutch Harbor, and 5 docked vessels including the steamers "Arago" and "Dora" and schooners "Nellie Martin", "Pearl" and "Matthew Turner". In 1900, it reported as Unalaska again, but did not present a racial breakdown. It reported again as Iliuliuk in 1910, but has reported from 1920 onwards as Unalaska. It was formally incorporated in 1942.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: In the census of 2010, there were 4,376 people, 927 households, and 533 families residing in the city. There were 1106 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 39% White, 7% Black or African American, 6% Native American, 33% Asian (28% Filipino, 3% Vietnamese, 1% Japanese, 1% Other Asian), 2% Pacific Islander, 7% from other races, and 6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15% of the population.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: There were 927 households, out of which 34% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43% were married couples living together, 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43% were non-families. 35% of all households had individuals under 18 and 5% had someone living who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.5 and the average family size was 3.2.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 15% under the age of 20, 6% from 20 to 24, 40% from 25 to 44, 36% from 45 to 64, and 3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 194.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 218.7 males.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: The port of Unalaska / Dutch Harbor is the main port and field base for the storied Bering Sea king crab fishery. The Dutch Harbor crabbing fleet is featured in the television show "Deadliest Catch", a documentary style show on the Discovery Channel, and Dutch Harbor's facilities and local pub are featured prominently in numerous episodes.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Dutch Harbor has also been the largest fisheries port in the United States, in terms of volume of seafood caught, for nearly every year since 1981. Until 2000, it also ranked first in terms of the dollar value of its catch; since 2000, however, the port of New Bedford, Massachusetts, has outranked Dutch Harbor in that category.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: A pilot project in Unalaska / Dutch Harbor, Alaska, is producing fish oil biodiesel from the local fish processing industry in conjunction with the University of Alaska Fairbanks. It is rarely economical to ship the fish oil elsewhere and Alaskan communities are heavily dependent on diesel power generation. The local factories process 3.5 million gallons of fish oil annually.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Unalaska has a council–manager form of government. The mayor is elected at large, and serves a three-year term; his or her powers are mostly ceremonial.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: The city council is the legislative body of the city; it is made up of six members, who are elected at large by a direct vote of the city's electorate. They also serve three-year terms. The city council has for its mission to "enact the laws of the city, set the mill rate for property taxes within the city, approve the annual budget for the city, and appropriate funds to provide for city services".


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: The incumbent mayor is Vincent M. Tutiakoff, Sr. Former mayor Frank Kelty served more terms than any other Unalaska mayor, with a total of six terms over the years.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Unalaska is located in the Aleutians No. 2 voting precinct, in the 37th election district and Senate district S. The city is represented in the Alaska House of Representatives by Bryce Edgmon, an Independent from Dillingham, and in the Alaska Senate by Lyman Hoffman, a Democrat from Bethel.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Unalaska was home to Carl Moses, who moved there from King Cove in the mid-1960s and was a business and political leader in the community for decades until shortly before his death in 2014. Moses was the longest-serving member in the history of the Alaska House, serving a total of 22 years, from 1965 to 1973 and from 1993 to 2007. He also served under three different political parties, first as a Republican, later switching to Democrat, and also served the majority of one term as a member of the Alaskan Independence Party. The only other Unalaska resident to serve in the legislature was Eric G. Sutcliffe, at the time owner of Stormy's Restaurant. Sutcliffe served a single term in the House, from 1981 to 1983.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: As Unalaska is designated a first-class city and located within the Unorganized Borough, it is required under state law to operate its own schools rather than participate in a Rural Education Attendance Area. The Unalaska City School District reported an enrollment of 418 students for the 2018–2019 school year, split roughly evenly between Eagle's View Elementary School (pre-elementary through 4th grade) and Unalaska Jr/Sr High School (5th through 12th grades).


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: UCSD was voted one of the best 100 school districts in the United States by "Offspring Magazine", a "Forbes" publication. It has also consistently been one of the highest scoring schools in Alaska in both the Standards-based exams and Alaska Exit Exam. In 2006, the Alaska Association of School Boards awarded the school district with the Outstanding School Board Award and Superintendent of the Year award.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: Previously the Aleutian Region School District, which serves rural areas in the western Aleutian Islands, had its administrative headquarters in Unalaska; the school board's mailing address was in Unalaska.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: The University of Alaska Fairbanks also has a campus in Unalaska, the University of Alaska, Aleutian Pribilof campus. This college is part of the College of Rural Alaska network and offers both conventional classroom and distance classes. It offers university classes, community workshops, local courses, as well as dual credit for high school students.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: The state of Alaska owns a paved runway, where daily flights are scheduled. Because of the very harsh weather conditions around Unalaska Airport, about a fifth of those flights are cancelled. A seaplane base is also available. The state of Alaska changed the name of the airport in 2002 to "Tom Madsen Airport", after a bush pilot killed in an accident that year, although the FAA still uses the airport's original name.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: The Alaska Marine Highway operates once every two weeks from Kodiak between April and October. Out of the ten major docks in Unalaska, three are operated by the city. A World War II sub dock was refurbished and now offers ship repair services.


title: Unalaska, Alaska

text: There are approximately seven miles (11 km) of paved road, and of road total in Unalaska. According to traffic counts taken by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, the most heavily traveled roads in Unalaska are Airport Beach Road between 5th Street and East Point Road, 5th Street between Broadway Avenue and Airport Beach Road, and Broadway Avenue between 5th Street and Steward Road. These roads recorded an annual average daily traffic volume of approximately 3,000 cars.


title: Haberdasher

text: In British English, a haberdasher is a business or person who sells small articles for sewing, dressmaking and knitting, such as buttons, ribbons, and zippers; in the United States, the term refers instead to a retailer who sells men's clothing, including suits, shirts, and neckties.


title: Haberdasher

text: The sewing articles are called "haberdashery" in British English. The corresponding term is "notions" in American English where haberdashery is the name for the shop itself, though it's largely an archaicism now. In Britain, haberdashery shops, or "haberdashers", were a mainstay of high street retail until recent decades, but are now uncommon, due to the decline in home dressmaking, knitting and other textile skills and hobbies, and the rise of internet shopping. They were very often drapers as well, the term for sellers of cloth.


title: Haberdasher

text: The word "haberdasher" appears in Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales". It is derived from the Anglo-French word "hapertas" meaning "small ware", a word of unknown origin. A haberdasher would retail small wares, the goods of the pedlar, while a mercer would specialize in "linens, silks, fustian, worsted piece-goods and bedding".


title: Haberdasher

text: Saint Louis IX, King of France 1226–70, is the patron saint of French haberdashers. In Belgium and elsewhere in Continental Europe, Saint Nicholas remains their patron saint, while Saint Catherine was adopted by the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers in the City of London.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: "Metalhead" is the fifth episode of the fourth series of the anthology series "Black Mirror". It was written by series creator Charlie Brooker and directed by David Slade. The episode first aired on Netflix, along with the rest of series four, on 29 December 2017.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: "Metalhead" is filmed entirely in black and white, and follows the plight of Bella (Maxine Peake) trying to flee from robotic "dogs" after the unexplained collapse of human society. The dogs were influenced by Boston Dynamics' robots such as BigDog. Filming took place in England, with Lidar scans used for scenes from the dog's perspective. The running time of 41 minutes makes "Metalhead" the shortest "Black Mirror" episode.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: The episode has a simple plot and received mostly positive reviews. It has been compared to "The Terminator", as both works feature machines chasing humans. The episode's message has been widely debated, with reviewers discussing questions about artificial intelligence and the final shot of a box of teddy bears. The plot and short running time have received mixed reviews, while Peake's acting and Slade's directing have been praised, along with the cinematography and the design of the dogs.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: In a desolate landscape, Bella (Maxine Peake), Anthony (Clint Dyer), and Clarke (Jake Davies) drive to a warehouse searching for something to help ease the pain of Jack, who is dying. While Clarke hot-wires a van, Bella and Anthony break into the warehouse. They find the box they are looking for, but behind it is a four-legged robotic guard—a "dog". The dog sprays Bella and Anthony with shrapnel that contains trackers, then climbs down and shoots Anthony dead. Bella flees without the box to her car, with Clarke following in the van. The dog jumps into the van, kills Clarke and pursues Bella. It eventually enters her car, but she sends the car off a cliff and escapes.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Bella uses pliers to extract the tracker embedded in her leg. Over her walkie-talkie, she asks someone to pass a message to her loved ones in case she is killed. Bella is chased by the dog into a forest, climbing a nearby tree. The dog's forelimb was damaged in the car wreck, so it cannot climb the tree, and instead powers down and waits. Bella drains it of power by repeatedly throwing sweets at it, causing it to power up and down. When the dog no longer responds, Bella climbs down. She finds a compound and breaks in.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Bella takes car keys and a shotgun from two rotting corpses in the bedroom. When the sun rises, the dog recharges and gains access to the compound. As the dog approaches, Bella leaps out and throws paint over its visual sensor, then throws the paint can to the corner of the room to distract it and hurries to the car. However, the car will not start, so she turns on the radio and hides. As the dog investigates the noise, Bella shoots it. The dog stabs her in the leg; she shoots it again and it falls to the ground. The dog releases an air-burst shell, showering Bella with tracker-embedded shrapnel.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: In the bathroom mirror, Bella sees many trackers in her face. She lifts a knife, but notices a tracker in her jugular vein. Bella speaks into her walkie-talkie, unsure if she can be heard, saying goodbye to her loved ones. As she puts the knife to her throat, the camera pans out over the landscape, showing dogs approaching and investigating. In the warehouse, the box's contents—dozens of teddy bears—have spilled onto the floor.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: While series one and two of "Black Mirror" were shown on Channel 4 in the UK, Netflix commissioned the series for 12 episodes (split into two series of six episodes) in September 2015 with a bid of $40 million, and in March 2016, Netflix outbid Channel 4 for the right to distribute the series in the UK. The six episodes in series four were released on Netflix simultaneously on 29 December 2017. "Metalhead" is listed as the fifth episode, though as each episode is standalone the episodes can be watched in any order.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: "Metalhead" is the shortest episode of "Black Mirror", with a length of 41 minutes. The episode was written by series creator Charlie Brooker and directed by David Slade. Maxine Peake stars in the episode as Bella. Joel Collins worked as the production designer. With Al Green as music editor, the soundtrack features compositions by Krzysztof Penderecki and includes some pieces which were used in 1980 horror film "The Shining".


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: It was filmed in black and white, a style which had been considered for "Black Mirror" before but not previously used. The idea was suggested by the director David Slade to bring to mind old horror films and to match the "oppressive nature" of the episode. Brooker originally wanted the episode to be entirely free from dialogue, similar to the film "All Is Lost". Brooker suggested using the Steven Spielberg films "Duel" and "Jaws" as inspiration, whilst "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" was an influence for Slade. Executive producer Annabel Jones felt that the story presented a world devoid of hope, and filming "a world drained of color felt right". Slade reported that though biological events or apocalypses were considered, the episode does not suggest a backstory for the world in order to focus on the conflict between Bella and the dog.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Brooker came up with the episode's central idea while watching videos of Boston Dynamics' robotics products such as BigDog. He found that there was something "creepy" in how the products, if knocked over, would look helpless as they worked to regain their stance. Brooker captured this idea in the scene where the dog breaks through the van's back window, but ends up off its legs. The dogs have "enough artificial intelligence to problem solve", according to Slade, and they have no feelings, in contrast to many robots in fiction. Their design underwent many iterations, the aim being that it should look terrifying, be designed with functionality in mind and kill brutally.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Brooker's original script featured a human operating the dog from his home, including a scene where the operator left the "control unit" to give his kids a bath. However, this felt "superfluous", so the intention became for the episode to tell "a very simple story" and hence Brooker pared back the plot. Though viewers may assume the dogs are security for the warehouse, where they are first seen, the intention was for the dogs to have been deployed during a war. Camouflage for the dogs was designed but not used. One physical model of a dog was created for the episode, to help give actors and production a concept of their size and shape, but otherwise, all dogs were digitally added in post-production. Visual effects company DNEG were hired to work on this.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Slade initially received the script in June 2016, while finishing work on the first series of "American Gods". Slade was involved in Peake's casting, and had a large amount of autonomy during filming. A large amount of location scouting was carried out, with Slade looking for "incredibly soft and overcast" light and "desolation". The 12-day shoot took place in England, largely in Devon and around London. With minimal dialogue in the episode, Slade noted that scenes were divided into many brief shots, as scenes utilising green screens would be difficult for Peake.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Filming took place on two monochrome cameras, not many of which existed at the time. In the scenes with Bella in a car, a remote driver controlled steering from a pod on top of the car. This allowed Peake to act fearfully with more realism. At one point, a dog jumps through a van window and shoots the driver. This sequence was achieved by filming the glass being broken for real, then adding the dog and additional broken glass in post-production.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Real Lidar scans were used to create the scenes shown from the dog's perspective. Collins came up with the idea that in the scene where the dog escapes the car wreckage, the release of its limb would be similar to the action of a drill chuck. Collins noted that the dog is "almost humanized" by its movement and damaged arm and compared the dog's multifaceted limbs to Pin Art.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: The final scene shows a case full of teddy bears, which were yellow in real life but appear white in the episode. Brooker originally considered a gadget such as a Game Boy instead of a teddy bear, but Slade insisted on "something that you can touch, that you would hold to you, that would give you comfort". The teddy bears were intended by Slade to be the only "soft and comforting" element of the story.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: In May 2017, a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of "Black Mirror". The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017, and it contained the six episode titles. In October 2017, Jones revealed that "Metalhead" was filmed in black and white.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Beginning on 24 November 2017, Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for the fourth series of the show, referred to as the "13 Days of "Black Mirror"". The poster for "Metalhead" was released on 2 December, and the episode's trailer was released on 3 December. The trailer led one commentator to speculate that the episode could be the show's "most disturbing episode yet", with another saying the trailer was "enigmatic". The following day, Netflix published a trailer featuring an amalgamation of scenes from the fourth series, which announced that the series would be released on 29 December.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: "Metalhead" has been described as genre fiction and low concept. Its tone is one of hopelessness. The episode is "pared-down and gimmick-free" and has "the most minimal plot in the series". "The Ringer"s Alison Herman wrote that it is the only episode that can not be read as an allegory. Jacob Stolworthy of "The Independent" suggested that it is the scariest episode of "Black Mirror", while "The Verge"s Bryan Bishop and his wife were ""literally" squirming" while watching. However, "The Atlantic" reviewer David Sims commented that it has little gore when compared with other one-person survival fiction.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: The episode has widely been described as a simplified version of "The Terminator", a 1984 film which—similar to "Metalhead"—is "about a human run ragged by an android's unceasing pursuit". It has also been compared to the "adrenaline highs" of "", a 2015 post-apocalyptic film which director George Miller wanted to shoot in black and white. Comparisons have also been drawn with the 2016 Anohni album "Hopelessness", which "effectively communicates the cold horrors of drone warfare", and the Philip K. Dick short story "Second Variety". Scott Huver of "Variety" noted that the episode is one of several monochrome works produced around the same time, with others including FX anthology series "Feud", and "Gotta Light?" from the 2017 revival of "Twin Peaks". Tim Surette of "TV Guide" compared the episode's horror to past "Black Mirror" episodes "Playtest" and "White Bear".


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: "Metalhead" contains several Easter eggs—small details which refer to other "Black Mirror" episodes. A postcard and the letters "TCKR" on a truck refer to "San Junipero", while "Callister" appears on a computer screen in allusion to "USS "Callister"". When Clarke hijacks a van at the beginning of the episode, text on the car screen refers to previous episodes, as well as containing the message "WHY. did. you. bother. PAUSING. this. you. freak". The white teddy bears at the end of the episode have been read as a reference to "White Bear".


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: The episode can be seen to explore the AI control problem: Ed Cumming of "The Telegraph" questioned how one could "set limits on [the] ruthlessness" of a robotic guard dog. While watching the episode, Nick Harley of "Den of Geek" questioned whether the dogs were self-aware. Another "Den of Geek" critic, Ryan Lambie, believed the dogs are not artificial intelligence, as their "lack of empathy or emotional nuance" is suggestive of "cold, pre-programmed logic". "Cultfix"s Ryan Monty described the episode as a "pressing statement" on autonomous AI and drone warfare. Bishop commented that "Metalhead" may have been conceived with Amazon in mind, particularly its use of drones to carry packages. Before reaching the final twist, Harley suggested the episode could have been about health care in a world where medication is government-controlled and guarded by AI.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Slade has stated that if there is a theme, it is "how important it is to hold onto our humanity". Commenting on the teddy bears, Emily VanDerWerff said in "Vox" that the message may be that humans are "ruthless in some contexts and quite stupid and soft in others". According to Scott Beggs of "Nerdist", the episode implies "toys and art are just as vital to survival as the other stuff at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy". "Digital Spy"s Steve O'Brien thought the moral is that "there's still room for a tender gesture" in the post-apocalyptic world. Bishop believed the story is about the "loss of human innocence" as a sacrifice for progress. Monty opined that the episode is about the triumph of "cold, calculated machine effectiveness" over human nature.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Reviewers have commented on early dialogue in the car, when Bella, Anthony and Clarke pass some pigsties. Bishop believed it is a metaphor for economic inequality. VanDerWerff suggested the scene evokes predator and prey imagery, comparing it to George Orwell's dystopia "Animal Farm".


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: The episode has received mostly positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode has a score of 69% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 6.90 out of 10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Though 'Metalhead' is the show's shortest installment, the bleakness of its plot and spareness of its thrills can often make it feel longer – though some may appreciate its claustrophobic beauty." A "Cultfix" review gave the episode a score of eight out of ten. The episode received four out of five stars in "Den of Geek" and three out of five stars in "The Telegraph". A reviewer for "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a B+ rating. Stolworthy believed "Metalhead" is in the "upper echelons" of "Black Mirror" episodes, while Adam Starkey of "Metro" summarised it as "an interesting experiment and welcome palette cleanser", though far from the best episode. Beggs called the episode "gorgeous but incredibly dull".


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Reviewers have widely commented on the episode's 41-minute running time. Sims praised the storyline as "taut", writing that it didn't "waste a moment". Stolworthy opined that the "relentless" plot makes the episode "feel like the longest" rather than the shortest "Black Mirror" episode, and Monty believed its runtime makes it "one of the most effective and skin-crawling" episodes. Bishop commented that it would have been "untenable" to make the episode longer and Starkey called the episode's length a "relief" rather than a "detriment". However, Cumming believed the episode's themes are not enough to sustain it for its running time.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: The episode's minimalism was praised by Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" for its "clear and immediate stakes" and threat which keeps the viewers interested. However, Handlen also claimed that the episode is limited by its simplicity, and VanDerWerff criticised it as "exactly the wrong balance between too much information and too little". "Paste"s Jacob Oller said that the episode "meanders", and criticised the plot devices as unoriginal.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Stolworthy praised Peake's acting, saying that it "elevates" the episode and increases the viewer's fear of the dog. Harley praised her performance for allowing the audience to empathise with her character immediately. Harley also complimented the poignancy of Bella's final scene. Monty opined that "Peake showcases the absolute best of her abilities", playing a character who is "fittingly human and emphatic in her will to survive". Handlen praised her as "easy to root for", saying that Peake "does a good job of finding new ways to be terrified, angry, triumphant, and depressed". Cumming wrote that the actor is "never hard to watch" but only has the chance to express degrees of terror.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Bishop commented on the quick pace and wrote that the dog appears "utterly grounded in reality". Sims praised that "every glimpse of the empty moors in high-contrast black-and-white photography jumps out at the viewer", while Lambie commented positively on the ending's final landscape shots. Harley noted the sparse use of music to create a feeling of dread. Monty lauded the lack of exposition in the episode, believing it is the "strongest aspect" as the audience can make individual inferences about the backstory. However, Beggs criticised that the lack of exposition makes it difficult to empathise with Bella.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: The ending of "Metalhead" reveals that the warehouse box contained teddy bears. Lambie suggested this is "bleak humour" from Brooker, and another example of the show's exploration of the worst outcomes of new technology. Beggs opined that the ending is paradoxically both "face-slappingly cheap" and "an outstanding, deeply humane subversion" of apocalypse films. Harley criticised the ending as laughable and not profound. Sims criticised it as "perhaps a little too cute" and VanDerWerff called it "nonsensical", going on to write that it "lands somewhere between affectionate exasperation for humanity's foibles and a sick joke". Starkey wrote that the viewer anticipates a revelation about the world or conflict which never comes.


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: The dog's design has been praised: Cumming called it "horribly believable". Lambie opined that the dog's first appearance in the warehouse is a "superb introduction", and praised the "spiteful and unpredictable" weapons used by the dog. Handlen was impressed by the special effects team's dramatisation of "what is essentially a box on legs", commending the "creepily real" design of the dog. Contrastingly, Oller found the dog's design and animation simplistic, commenting that it is "not the imposing, minimalist murder machine it needs to be". Oller found that the monochrome gave the scenery an "especially unreal sheen".


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: "Metalhead" appeared on many critics' rankings of the 19 episodes in "Black Mirror", from best to worst:


title: Metalhead (Black Mirror)

text: Instead of by quality, Proma Khosla of Mashable ranked the episodes by tone, concluding that "Metalhead" is the 12th-most pessimistic episode of the show.


title: GHS hazard pictograms

text: Hazard pictograms form part of the international Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). Two sets of pictograms are included within the GHS: one for the labelling of containers and for workplace hazard warnings, and a second for use during the transport of dangerous goods. Either one or the other is chosen, depending on the target audience, but the two are not used together. The two sets of pictograms use the same symbols for the same hazards, although certain symbols are not required for transport pictograms. Transport pictograms come in wider variety of colors and may contain additional information such as a subcategory number.


title: GHS hazard pictograms

text: Hazard pictograms are one of the key elements for the labelling of containers under the GHS, along with:


title: GHS hazard pictograms

text: The GHS chemical hazard pictograms are intended to provide the basis for or to replace national systems of hazard pictograms. It has still to be implemented by the European Union (CLP regulation) in 2009.


title: GHS hazard pictograms

text: The GHS transport pictograms are the same as those recommended in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, widely implemented in national regulations such as the U.S. Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 5101–5128) and D.O.T. regulations at 49 C.F.R. 100–185.


title: GHS hazard pictograms

text: The following pictograms are included in the UN Model Regulations but have not been incorporated into the GHS because of the nature of the hazards.


title: Degenerate art

text: Degenerate art ( was a term adopted in the 1920s by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe modern art. During the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, German modernist art, including many works of internationally renowned artists, was removed from state-owned museums and banned in Nazi Germany on the grounds that such art was an "insult to German feeling", un-German, Freemasonic, Jewish, or Communist in nature. Those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions that included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art.


title: Degenerate art

text: "Degenerate Art" also was the title of an exhibition, held by the Nazis in Munich in 1937, consisting of 650 modernist artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art. Designed to inflame public opinion against modernism, the exhibition subsequently traveled to several other cities in Germany and Austria.


title: Degenerate art

text: While modern styles of art were prohibited, the Nazis promoted paintings and sculptures that were traditional in manner and that exalted the "blood and soil" values of racial purity, militarism, and obedience. Similar restrictions were placed upon music, which was expected to be tonal and free of any jazz influences; disapproved music was termed degenerate music. Films and plays were also censored.


title: Degenerate art

text: The term (or "degeneracy") had gained currency in Germany by the late 19th century when the critic and author Max Nordau devised the theory presented in his 1892 book "Entartung". Nordau drew upon the writings of the criminologist Cesare Lombroso, whose "The Criminal Man", published in 1876, attempted to prove that there were "born criminals" whose atavistic personality traits could be detected by scientifically measuring abnormal physical characteristics. Nordau developed from this premise a critique of modern art, explained as the work of those so corrupted and enfeebled by modern life that they have lost the self-control needed to produce coherent works. He attacked Aestheticism in English literature and described the mysticism of the Symbolist movement in French literature as a product of mental pathology. Explaining the painterliness of Impressionism as the sign of a diseased visual cortex, he decried modern degeneracy while praising traditional German culture. Despite the fact that Nordau was Jewish and a key figure in the Zionist movement (Lombroso was also Jewish), his theory of artistic degeneracy would be seized upon by German Nazis during the Weimar Republic as a rallying point for their antisemitic and racist demand for Aryan purity in art.


title: Degenerate art

text: Belief in a Germanic spirit—defined as mystical, rural, moral, bearing ancient wisdom, and noble in the face of a tragic destiny—existed long before the rise of the Nazis; the composer Richard Wagner celebrated such ideas in his writings. Beginning before World War I, the well-known German architect and painter Paul Schultze-Naumburg's influential writings, which invoked racial theories in condemning modern art and architecture, supplied much of the basis for Adolf Hitler's belief that classical Greece and the Middle Ages were the true sources of Aryan art. Schultze-Naumburg subsequently wrote such books as ' ("The art of the Germans. Its nature and its works") and ' ("Art and Race"), the latter published in 1928, in which he argued that only racially pure artists could produce a healthy art which upheld timeless ideals of classical beauty, while racially mixed modern artists produced disordered artworks and monstrous depictions of the human form. By reproducing examples of modern art next to photographs of people with deformities and diseases, he graphically reinforced the idea of modernism as a sickness. Alfred Rosenberg developed this theory in "" ("Myth of the Twentieth Century"), published in 1933, which became a best-seller in Germany and made Rosenberg the Party's leading ideological spokesman.


title: Degenerate art

text: The early 20th century was a period of wrenching changes in the arts. The development of modern art at the beginning of the 20th century, albeit with roots going back to the 1860s, denoted a revolutionary divergence from traditional artistic values to ones based on the personal perceptions and feelings of the artists. Under the Weimar government of the 1920s, Germany emerged as a leading center of the "avant-garde". It was the birthplace of Expressionism in painting and sculpture, of the atonal musical compositions of Arnold Schoenberg, and the jazz-influenced work of Paul Hindemith and Kurt Weill. Films such as Robert Wiene's "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" (1920) and F. W. Murnau's "Nosferatu" (1922) brought Expressionism to cinema.


title: Degenerate art

text: In the visual arts, such innovations as Fauvism, Cubism, Dada, and Surrealism—following Symbolism and Post-Impressionism—were not universally appreciated. The majority of people in Germany, as elsewhere, did not care for the new art, which many resented as elitist, morally suspect, and too often incomprehensible. Artistic rejection of traditional authority, intimately linked to the Industrial Revolution, the individualistic values of the Age of Enlightenment and the advance of democracy as the preferred form of government, was exhilarating to some. However, it proved extremely threatening to others, as it took away the security they felt under the older way of things.


title: Degenerate art

text: Wilhelm II, who took an active interest in regulating art in Germany, criticized Impressionism as "gutter painting" () and forbade Käthe Kollwitz from being awarded a medal for her print series "A Weavers' Revolt" when it was displayed in the Berlin Grand Exhibition of the Arts in 1898. In 1913, the Prussian house of representatives passed a resolution "against degeneracy in art".


title: Degenerate art

text: The Nazis viewed the culture of the Weimar period with disgust. Their response stemmed partly from a conservative aesthetic taste and partly from their determination to use culture as a propaganda tool. On both counts, a painting such as Otto Dix's "War Cripples" (1920) was anathema to them. It unsparingly depicts four badly disfigured veterans of the First World War, then a familiar sight on Berlin's streets, rendered in caricatured style. (In 1937, it would be displayed in the Degenerate Art exhibition next to a label accusing Dix—himself a volunteer in World War I—of "an insult to the German heroes of the Great War".)


title: Degenerate art

text: Art historian Henry Grosshans says that Hitler "saw Greek and Roman art as uncontaminated by Jewish influences. Modern art was [seen as] an act of aesthetic violence by the Jews against the German spirit. Such was true to Hitler even though only Liebermann, Meidner, Freundlich, and Marc Chagall, among those who made significant contributions to the German modernist movement, were Jewish. But Hitler ... took upon himself the responsibility of deciding who, in matters of culture, thought and acted like a Jew." The supposedly "Jewish" nature of all art that was indecipherable, distorted, or that represented "depraved" subject matter was explained through the concept of degeneracy, which held that distorted and corrupted art was a symptom of an inferior race. By propagating the theory of degeneracy, the Nazis combined their antisemitism with their drive to control the culture, thus consolidating public support for both campaigns.


title: Degenerate art

text: Cultural Bolshevism (), sometimes referred to specifically as art Bolshevism, music Bolshevism or sexual Bolshevism, was a term widely used by state-sponsored critics in Nazi Germany to denounce secularist, modernist and progressive cultural movements.


title: Degenerate art

text: The modernist break occurred around the same time as the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, and those who felt threatened by the new artistic viewpoint associated it with the group that came to power after that revolution, the Bolsheviks with their Marxist–Leninist political philosophy. In reality, the connection between the modernism and Bolshevism was extremely tenuous, and primarily a matter of both existing at the same unsettled time in European history. Still, some artists in Western Europe drew inspiration from revolutionary ideals, to the extent that Dadaist Richard Huelsenbeck confidently declared in 1920 that Dada was a "German Bolshevist affair".


title: Degenerate art

text: The association of new art with Bolshevism circulated in right-wing and nationalist discourse in the following years, being the subject of a chapter in Adolf Hitler's "Mein Kampf". Amid Hitler's rise to power, the Nazis denounced a number of contemporary styles as "cultural Bolshevism," notably abstract art and Bauhaus architecture. German artists such as Max Ernst and Max Beckmann were similarly denounced as "cultural Bolsheviks".


title: Degenerate art

text: After seeing a colleague beaten by Nazi supporters for comments sympathetic to modern art, typographer Paul Renner published an essay against Nazi aesthetics titled "Kulturbolschewismus?" Around the same time, Carl von Ossietzky mocked the flexibility of the term in Nazi writings:


title: Degenerate art

text: One of the first writers outside of Germany to associate Bolshevism as an art movement was Julius Evola. Evola was a dadaist painter after the first World War, something which was considered decadent and subversive. In an article called "Sui limiti del bolscevismo culturale", published in February 1938 in "La Vita Italiana" monthly magazine, he named the movement as "cultural Bolshevism" ("bolscevismo culturale").


title: Degenerate art

text: "Cultural Bolshevism" resembles the contemporary term "Cultural Marxism" which is sometimes used by far-right antisemitic conspiracy theorists, including terrorist Anders Breivik in the introductory chapter of his manifesto.


title: Degenerate art

text: Once in control of the government, the Nazis moved to suppress modern art styles and to promote art with national and racial themes. Various Weimar-era art personalities, including Renner, Huelsenbeck, and the Bauhaus designers, were marginalized.


title: Degenerate art

text: In 1930 Wilhelm Frick, a Nazi, became Minister for Culture and Education in the state of Thuringia. By his order, 70 mostly Expressionist paintings were removed from the permanent exhibition of the Weimar Schlossmuseum in 1930, and the director of the König Albert Museum in Zwickau, Hildebrand Gurlitt, was dismissed for displaying modern art.


title: Degenerate art

text: Hitler's rise to power on January 31, 1933, was quickly followed by actions intended to cleanse the culture of degeneracy: book burnings were organized, artists and musicians were dismissed from teaching positions, and curators who had shown a partiality for modern art were replaced by Party members. In September 1933, the (Reich Culture Chamber) was established, with Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's (Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) in charge. Sub-chambers within the Culture Chamber, representing the individual arts (music, film, literature, architecture, and the visual arts) were created; these were membership groups consisting of "racially pure" artists supportive of the Party, or willing to be compliant. Goebbels made it clear: "In future only those who are members of a chamber are allowed to be productive in our cultural life. Membership is open only to those who fulfill the entrance condition. In this way all unwanted and damaging elements have been excluded." By 1935 the Reich Culture Chamber had 100,000 members.


title: Degenerate art

text: As dictator, Hitler gave his personal taste in art the force of law to a degree never before seen. Only in Stalin's Soviet Union, where Socialist Realism was the mandatory style, had a modern state shown such concern with regulation of the arts. In the case of Germany, the model was to be classical Greek and Roman art, regarded by Hitler as an art whose exterior form embodied an inner racial ideal.


title: Degenerate art

text: Nonetheless, during 1933–1934 there was some confusion within the Party on the question of Expressionism. Goebbels and some others believed that the forceful works of such artists as Emil Nolde, Ernst Barlach and Erich Heckel exemplified the Nordic spirit; as Goebbels explained, "We National Socialists are not unmodern; we are the carrier of a new modernity, not only in politics and in social matters, but also in art and intellectual matters." However, a faction led by Alfred Rosenberg despised the Expressionists, and the result was a bitter ideological dispute, which was settled only in September 1934, when Hitler declared that there would be no place for modernist experimentation in the Reich. This edict left many artists initially uncertain as to their status. The work of the Expressionist painter Emil Nolde, a committed member of the Nazi party, continued to be debated even after he was ordered to cease artistic activity in 1936. For many modernist artists, such as Max Beckmann, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, and Oskar Schlemmer, it was not until June 1937 that they surrendered any hope that their work would be tolerated by the authorities.


title: Degenerate art

text: Although books by Franz Kafka could no longer be bought by 1939, works by ideologically suspect authors such as Hermann Hesse and Hans Fallada were widely read. Mass culture was less stringently regulated than high culture, possibly because the authorities feared the consequences of too heavy-handed interference in popular entertainment. Thus, until the outbreak of the war, most Hollywood films could be screened, including "It Happened One Night", "San Francisco", and "Gone with the Wind". While performance of atonal music was banned, the prohibition of jazz was less strictly enforced. Benny Goodman and Django Reinhardt were popular, and leading British and American jazz bands continued to perform in major cities until the war; thereafter, dance bands officially played "swing" rather than the banned jazz.


title: Degenerate art

text: By 1937, the concept of degeneracy was firmly entrenched in Nazi policy. On June 30 of that year Goebbels put Adolf Ziegler, the head of (Reich Chamber of Visual Art), in charge of a six-man commission authorized to confiscate from museums and art collections throughout the Reich, any remaining art deemed modern, degenerate, or subversive. These works were then to be presented to the public in an exhibit intended to incite further revulsion against the "perverse Jewish spirit" penetrating German culture.


title: Degenerate art

text: Over 5000 works were seized, including 1052 by Nolde, 759 by Heckel, 639 by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and 508 by Max Beckmann, as well as smaller numbers of works by such artists as Alexander Archipenko, Marc Chagall, James Ensor, Albert Gleizes, Henri Matisse, Jean Metzinger, Pablo Picasso, and Vincent van Gogh. The exhibit, featuring over 650 paintings, sculptures, prints, and books from the collections of 32 German museums, premiered in Munich on July 19, 1937, and remained on view until November 30, before traveling to 11 other cities in Germany and Austria.


title: Degenerate art

text: The exhibit was held on the second floor of a building formerly occupied by the Institute of Archaeology. Viewers had to reach the exhibit by means of a narrow staircase. The first sculpture was an oversized, theatrical portrait of Jesus, which purposely intimidated viewers as they literally bumped into it in order to enter. The rooms were made of temporary partitions and deliberately chaotic and overfilled. Pictures were crowded together, sometimes unframed, usually hung by cord.


title: Degenerate art

text: The first three rooms were grouped thematically. The first room contained works considered demeaning of religion; the second featured works by Jewish artists in particular; the third contained works deemed insulting to the women, soldiers and farmers of Germany. The rest of the exhibit had no particular theme.


title: Degenerate art

text: Speeches of Nazi party leaders contrasted with artist manifestos from various art movements, such as Dada and Surrealism. Next to many paintings were labels indicating how much money a museum spent to acquire the artwork. In the case of paintings acquired during the post-war Weimar hyperinflation of the early 1920s, when the cost of a kilogram loaf of bread reached 233 billion German marks, the prices of the paintings were of course greatly exaggerated. The exhibit was designed to promote the idea that modernism was a conspiracy by people who hated German decency, frequently identified as Jewish-Bolshevist, although only 6 of the 112 artists included in the exhibition were in fact Jewish.


title: Degenerate art

text: The exhibition program contained photographs of modern artworks accompanied by defamatory text. The cover featured the exhibition title—with the word , meaning art, in scare quotes—superimposed on an image of Otto Freundlich's sculpture .


title: Degenerate art

text: A few weeks after the opening of the exhibition, Goebbels ordered a second and more thorough scouring of German art collections; inventory lists indicate that the artworks seized in this second round, combined with those gathered prior to the exhibition, amounted to 16,558 works.


title: Degenerate art

text: Coinciding with the exhibition, the "Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung" (Great German art exhibition) made its premiere amid much pageantry. This exhibition, held at the palatial (House of German Art), displayed the work of officially approved artists such as Arno Breker and Adolf Wissel. At the end of four months had attracted over two million visitors, nearly three and a half times the number that visited the nearby "Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung".


title: Degenerate art

text: Avant-garde German artists were now branded both enemies of the state and a threat to German culture. Many went into exile. Max Beckmann fled to Amsterdam on the opening day of the exhibit. Max Ernst emigrated to America with the assistance of Peggy Guggenheim. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner committed suicide in Switzerland in 1938. Paul Klee spent his years in exile in Switzerland, yet was unable to obtain Swiss citizenship because of his status as a degenerate artist. A leading German dealer, Alfred Flechtheim, died penniless in exile in London in 1937.


title: Degenerate art

text: Other artists remained in internal exile. Otto Dix retreated to the countryside to paint unpeopled landscapes in a meticulous style that would not provoke the authorities. The Reichskulturkammer forbade artists such as Edgar Ende and Emil Nolde from purchasing painting materials. Those who remained in Germany were forbidden to work at universities and were subject to surprise raids by the Gestapo in order to ensure that they were not violating the ban on producing artwork; Nolde secretly carried on painting, but using only watercolors (so as not to be betrayed by the telltale odor of oil paint). Although officially no artists were put to death because of their work, those of Jewish descent who did not escape from Germany in time were sent to concentration camps. Others were murdered in the Action T4 (see, for example, Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler).


title: Degenerate art

text: After the exhibit, only the most valuable paintings were sorted out to be included in the auction held by Galerie Theodor Fischer (auctioneer) in Luzern, Switzerland, on 30 June 1939 at the Grand Hotel National. The sale consisted of artworks seized from German public museums; some pieces from the sale were acquired by museums, others by private collectors such as Maurice Wertheim. Nazi officials took many for their private use: for example, Hermann Göring took 14 valuable pieces, including a Van Gogh and a Cézanne. In March 1939, the Berlin Fire Brigade burned about 4000 paintings, drawings and prints that had apparently little value on the international market. This was an act of unprecedented vandalism, although the Nazis were well used to book burnings on a large scale.


title: Degenerate art

text: A large amount of "degenerate art" by Picasso, Dalí, Ernst, Klee, Léger and Miró was destroyed in a bonfire on the night of July 27, 1942, in the gardens of the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume in Paris. Whereas it was forbidden to export "degenerate art" to Germany, it was still possible to buy and sell artworks of "degenerate artists" in occupied France. The Nazis considered indeed that they should not be concerned by Frenchmen's mental health. As a consequence, many works made by these artists were sold at the main French auction house during the occupation.


title: Degenerate art

text: The couple Sophie and Emanuel Fohn, who exchanged the works for harmless works of art from their own possession and kept them in safe custody throughout the National Socialist era, saved about 250 works by ostracized artists. The collection survived in South Tyrol from 1943 and was handed over to the Bavarian State Painting Collections in 1964.


title: Degenerate art

text: After the collapse of Nazi Germany and the invasion of Berlin by the Red Army, some artwork from the exhibit was found buried underground. It is unclear how many of these then reappeared in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, where they still remain.


title: Degenerate art

text: In 2010, as work began to extend an underground line from Alexanderplatz through the historic city centre to the Brandenburg Gate, a number of sculptures from the degenerate art exhibition were unearthed in the cellar of a private house close to the "Rote Rathaus". These included, for example, the bronze cubist-style statue of a female dancer by the artist Marg Moll, and are now on display at the Neues Museum.


title: Degenerate art

text: The (Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) compiled a 479-page, two-volume typewritten listing of the works confiscated as "degenerate" from Germany's public institutions in 1937–38. In 1996 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London acquired the only known surviving copy of the complete listing. The document was donated to the V&A's National Art Library by Elfriede Fischer, the widow of the art dealer Heinrich Robert ("Harry") Fischer. Copies were made available to other libraries and research organisations at the time, and much of the information was subsequently incorporated into a database maintained by the Freie Universität Berlin.


title: Degenerate art

text: A digital reproduction of the entire inventory was published on the Victoria and Albert Museum's website in January 2014. The V&A's publication consists of two PDFs, one for each of the original volumes. Both PDFs also include an introduction in English and German. An online version of the inventory was made available on the V&A's website in November 2019, with additional features. The new edition uses IIIF page-turning software and incorporates an interactive index arranged by city and museum. The earlier PDF edition remains available too.


title: Degenerate art

text: The V&A's copy of the full inventory is thought to have been compiled in 1941 or 1942, after the sales and disposals were completed. Two copies of an earlier version of Volume 1 (A–G) also survive in the German Federal Archives in Berlin, and one of these is annotated to show the fate of individual artworks. Until the V&A obtained the complete inventory in 1996, all versions of Volume 2 (G–Z) were thought to have been destroyed. The listings are arranged alphabetically by city, museum and artist. Details include artist surname, inventory number, title and medium, followed by a code indicating the fate of the artwork, then the surname of the buyer or art dealer (if any) and any price paid. The entries also include abbreviations to indicate whether the work was included in any of the various exhibitions (see Degenerate Art Exhibition) or (see The Eternal Jew (art exhibition)).


title: Degenerate art

text: The main dealers mentioned are Bernhard A. Böhmer (or Boehmer), Karl Buchholz, Hildebrand Gurlitt, and Ferdinand Möller. The manuscript also contains entries for many artworks acquired by the artist Emanuel Fohn, in exchange for other works.


title: Degenerate art

text: Neil Levi, writing in "The Chronicle of Higher Education", suggested that the branding of art as "degenerate" was only partly an aesthetic aim of the Nazis. Another was the confiscation of valuable artwork, a deliberate means to enrich the regime.


title: Degenerate art

text: "A Picasso", a play by Jeffrey Hatcher based loosely on actual events, is set in Paris 1941 and sees Picasso being asked to authenticate three works for inclusion in an upcoming exhibition of degenerate art.


title: Degenerate art

text: In the 1964 film "The Train", a German Army colonel attempts to steal hundreds of "degenerate" paintings from Paris before it is liberated during World War II.


title: Blight

text: Blight refers to a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism.


title: Blight

text: Blight is a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant tissues such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organs. Accordingly, many diseases that primarily exhibit this symptom are called blights. Several notable examples are:


title: Blight

text: On leaf tissue, symptoms of blight are the initial appearance of lesions which rapidly engulf surrounding tissue. However, leaf spots may, in advanced stages, expand to kill entire areas of leaf tissue and thus exhibit blight symptoms.


title: Blight

text: Blights are often named after their causative agent. For example, "Colletotrichum" blight is named after the fungus "Colletotrichum capsici", and "Phytophthora" blight is named after the water mold "Phytophthora parasitica".


title: Blight

text: When blights have been particularly vast and consequential in their effects, they have become named historical events, such as the 19th Century Potato Blight, also known locally from its primary consequence as the "Great famine", the Great Famine of Ireland, and Highland Potato Famine, and the near extinction of the Bermuda cedar during the 1940s and 1950s in the event described as "The Blight" or "The Cedar Blight".