title: San Jose State University

text: Sparta Camp was an annual event held between 1953 and 1965. The retreat was hosted by the Associated Students and was held every spring at the Asilomar State Beach. The event was open to all students with an interest in student government, and students had to apply to go. Participants attended workshops and discussion groups on leadership. A similar event known as Freshman Camp was also held at Asilomar every September to help new students get oriented to the campus and the "Spirit of Sparta."


title: San Jose State University

text: The chimes heard on the SJSU campus each quarter hour are Westminster chimes, which were a gift from the class of 1947. They ring the same tones as the famous Big Ben chimes in England.


title: San Jose State University

text: Whenever the Spartan Fight Song or SJSU Alma Mater are played, students are asked to stand, remove their hats and sing along. Players and students typically sing the fight song at the end of football games.


title: San Jose State University

text: Students and alumni, no matter where they are in the world, show their Spartan pride every Thursday by wearing Spartan blue and gold.


title: San Jose State University

text: Each year during homecoming week, SJSU hosts a series of events leading up to the homecoming football game at CEFCU Stadium. Events include the Campus MovieFest Finale and Fire on the Fountain festival.


title: San Jose State University

text: In addition to its various NCAA Division I sports programs, San José State University has a very active club sports community consisting of 25 sports and 30 teams. Many of the club sports teams are run and organized by students, although some of the more established teams enjoy strong alumni support. The list of club sports active at SJSU includes:


title: San Jose State University

text: Archery, badminton, bowling, boxing, cycling, dance, fencing, ACHA Division II and Division lll ice hockey, judo, MCLA Division II men's lacrosse, women's lacrosse, mountain biking, powerlifting, quidditch, roller hockey, men's rugby, salsa, men's and women's soccer, softball, swimming, table tennis, track and field, triathlon, ultimate Frisbee, men's and women's volleyball, men's water polo, and wrestling.


title: San Jose State University

text: About 60 percent of San Jose State's 275,000 living alumni of record reside in the San Francisco Bay Area. The other 40 percent are scattered around the globe, with concentrations in Southern California, Seattle, Portland, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C. and New York City.


title: San Jose State University

text: SJSU is consistently listed among the leading suppliers of undergraduate and graduate alumni to Silicon Valley science and technology firms. As of 2015, San José State University is listed as the top feeder school for Apple Inc., which employs over 1,000 SJSU graduates. SJSU ranks 9th on the list of top feeder schools for Facebook.


title: San Jose State University

text: Some of the more notable SJSU alumni in science and engineering include Ray Dolby, founder of Dolby sound systems; Dian Fossey, primatologist and gorilla researcher; Gordon Moore, founder of Intel Corporation and creator of "Moore's law"; and Ed Oates, co-founder of Oracle.


title: San Jose State University

text: Nearly 200 former SJSU students and graduates have founded, co-founded, served or serve as senior executives or officers of public and private companies reporting annual sales between $40 million and $26 billion. This list includes former Intel Corporation CEO, Brian Krzanich, and current Crown Worldwide Group CEO, billionaire James E. Thompson.


title: San Jose State University

text: Notable companies founded by SJSU students and alumni include Dolby Laboratories (1965), Intel Corporation (1968), Specialized Bicycle Components (1974), Oracle Corporation (1977), Seagate Technology (1979) and WhatsApp (2008).


title: San Jose State University

text: Musicians Doug Clifford and Stu Cook (Creedence Clearwater Revival), Tom Johnston and Patrick Simmons (The Doobie Brothers), Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks (Fleetwood Mac) and Paul Kantner (Jefferson Airplane) all attended San Jose State.


title: San Jose State University

text: SJSU alumni Dick Vermeil and Bill Walsh earned a combined four Super Bowl victories as NFL head coaches.


title: San Jose State University

text: San Jose State alumnus and 1964 U.S. Open winner Ken Venturi was named Sports Illustrated "Sportsman of the Year" and later inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame.


title: Four Tet

text: Kieran Hebden (born September 1977), known as Four Tet, is an English electronic musician. He came to prominence as a member of the post-rock band Fridge before establishing himself as a solo artist with charting UK albums such as "Rounds" (2003) and "Everything Ecstatic" (2005). In addition to his eleven studio albums as Four Tet, Hebden's work includes a number of improvisational works with jazz drummer Steve Reid and collaborations with Burial and Thom Yorke.


title: Four Tet

text: Alongside his own recordings, Hebden has produced albums by American improvisational group Sunburned Hand of the Man and Syrian dabke singer Omar Souleyman, and arranged the 2021 Madlib album "Sound Ancestors". He has also remixed tracks by artists including Aphex Twin, Bicep, Explosions in the Sky, Bloc Party, Super Furry Animals, Radiohead, Ellie Goulding, J Dilla, Lana Del Rey, Manic Street Preachers, Sia, Black Sabbath and Madvillain; several of these were collected on the compilation "Remixes" (2006).


title: Four Tet

text: Kieran Hebden was born in Putney, London, England, to a South African-born Indian mother and a sociology lecturer father. He attended Elliott School in Putney, where he formed the band Fridge with classmates Adem Ilhan and Sam Jeffers. The band signed a recording contract when Hebden was 15, and released their first album, "Ceefax", on Trevor Jackson's Output Recordings label in March 1997. While working with Fridge, Hebden went on to earn a degree in maths and computer studies from Manchester University.


title: Four Tet

text: Hebden's first solo release was the 1997 single "Double Density", released on the Output label under the artist name 4T Recordings. He began releasing material as Four Tet in 1998 with the 36 minute, 25 second single "Thirtysixtwentyfive". Later that year, he released another single, the jazz-influenced "Misnomer". 1999's "Dialogue", again on Output, was Four Tet's first full-length album release and fused hip hop drum lines with dissonant jazz samples. This was followed by the double A-side single "Glasshead"/"Calamine", which was to be Four Tet's last release on Output. In late 1999, Warp Records released "", a tenth-anniversary compilation of remixes of Warp tracks. Hebden contributed a remix of the opening track of Aphex Twin's "Selected Ambient Works Volume II", which was considered to be his break-out release.


title: Four Tet

text: In 2001, Four Tet's second album "Pause" was released on Domino Recording Company and found Hebden using more folk and electronic samples, which was quickly dubbed "folktronica" by the media and press in an attempt to label the style (often also applied to artists such as Isan and Gravenhurst). "Rounds" was released in May 2003. Three singles were released from the album: "She Moves She", "As Serious as Your Life" and "My Angel Rocks Back and Forth". This last single was released as an EP featuring remixes by electronica duo Icarus and Isambard Khroustaliov along with additional Four Tet tracks "I've Got Viking in Me" and "All the Chimers". An accompanying DVD featured all of Four Tet's videos to date. In addition, the closing track "Everything is Alright" was featured in a U.S. Nike commercial in 2001 and 2002.


title: Four Tet

text: At the beginning of 2003, Four Tet opened for Radiohead on their European tour. A remix of the song "Scatterbrain" from Radiohead's sixth studio album "Hail to the Thief" was released in November 2003 as a B-side to the single "2 + 2 = 5" and later included on their 2004 EP "COM LAG (2plus2isfive)". Furthermore, Hebden was among the people thanked by Radiohead in the booklet accompanying their 2007 "In Rainbows" "discbox" release.


title: Four Tet

text: A live album named "Live in Copenhagen 30th March 2004" was released in April 2004 as a limited edition, available exclusively from the Domino Records website.


title: Four Tet

text: In March and April 2005, Four Tet performed two shows of improvisational music, in collaboration with jazz drummer Steve Reid, in Paris and London. He also appears on Steve Reid Ensemble 2005 album "Spirit Walk". This collaboration was extended into a series of international tours, and the release of two albums, "The Exchange Session Vol. 1" and "The Exchange Session Vol. 2" over the course of 2005 and 2006.


title: Four Tet

text: His fourth studio album "Everything Ecstatic" was released on Domino on 23 May 2005. The video for the lead single, "Smile Around the Face", features actor Mark Heap. On 7 November 2005, Domino released a DVD version of "Everything Ecstatic" featuring video clips for each track of the album plus a CD with new material, titled "Everything Ecstatic Part 2", which was later made available as an individual EP.


title: Four Tet

text: Hebden has also remixed, under the Four Tet name, tracks by a wide range of artists including Tegan And Sara, Madvillain, Andrew Bird, Bloc Party, Super Furry Animals, Beth Orton, Badly Drawn Boy, CYNE, The Notwist, Boom Bip, Battles, Kings of Convenience, Lars Horntveth, Bonobo, Rothko, The xx, Thom Yorke and Radiohead. On 25 September 2006, Domino Records released "Remixes", a two-disc compilation of Four Tet remixes. The first disc contains twelve Four Tet remixes selected by Hebden, with the second disc comprising every official remix to date (both by Hebden himself and by other artists) of Four Tet tracks, many of which had previously been available on vinyl only. A new EP, "Ringer", was released on 21 April 2008.


title: Four Tet

text: In 2008, he collaborated with composer David Arnold to write "Crawl, End Crawl", the song used for the end credits of the film "Quantum of Solace". He worked on a secret collaboration with former schoolmate Burial the following year.


title: Four Tet

text: In November 2009, he released the fifth full-length Four Tet album. Heavily influenced by a period DJing at the Plastic People club in Shoreditch and entitled "There Is Love in You", it was released on 25 January 2010. The album was preceded by a limited edition release of the 12" single "Love Cry".


title: Four Tet

text: In 2010, Hebden collaborated with Laurie Anderson playing keyboards on the song Only an Expert from her "Homeland" album. nIn 2011, he released a split 12" with Burial and Thom Yorke, entitled "Ego"/"Mirror". He began to release music under the alias Percussions, following a track he produced on his Fabriclive mix CD. He was chosen by Caribou to perform at the ATP Nightmare Before Christmas festival that they co-curated in December 2011 in Minehead, England.


title: Four Tet

text: The sixth full-length Four Tet album, "Pink", consisting of eight tracks, six of them already released as singles, was released on 20 August 2012 through Hebden's own record label, Text Records. Hebden followed up "Pink" with "0181" on 15 January 2013. "0181" is a collection of unreleased material from 1997 to 2001, collected as one track and released online. A vinyl version was also released on the Text Records label.


title: Four Tet

text: Hebden released the seventh Four Tet album, "Beautiful Rewind", in October 2013, and his eighth album, "Morning/Evening" in July 2015. In October 2015, Hebden released a remix of Eric Prydz's "Opus" under his Four Tet pseudonym.


title: Four Tet

text: Hebden undertook a month-long residency as Four Tet for online radio station NTS Radio in May 2014. He has been an occasional DJ for NTS, playing in February, June and November 2015, and again alongside fellow DJ and producer Floating Points in June and October 2016, and March 2017. In September 2017, Hebden released the ninth Four Tet album "New Energy". That November he was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Production, Non-Classical, for his remix of The xx's "Violent Noise".


title: Four Tet

text: On 1 March 2019, Hebden released Only Human, his first new track since his last album, New Energy, the track was named 'Best New Music' by Pitchfork, shortly after release. A month after, on 17 April 2019, Hebden released another new single, "Teenage Birdsong".


title: Four Tet

text: In May 2019, Hebden played two shows at London's Alexandra Palace, his largest shows to date. The performance was filmed as part of the music video for Teenage Birdsong. A live recording of the two shows was released on 29 July 2019 under his "4TLR" moniker.


title: Four Tet

text: On 29 August 2019, Hebden had released a collection of three brand new songs as part of an EP called "Anna Painting". The project was made in collaboration with painter Anna Liber Lewis, and features artwork by Liber Lewis in the release.


title: Four Tet

text: Starting in September 2020, Hebden began a string of concurrent live streams. The livestreams included songs from other artists as well as his own remixes. The music was accompanied by various animations from artists, including Anna Liber Lewis. Some of the material was released on Christmas Day of 2020 across two albums, "Parallel" and "871", under the Four Tet and 00110100 01010100 monikers respectively. Over a year later, on 28 October 2021, the live stream concluded.


title: Four Tet

text: Information about a second collaboration with Burial and Thom Yorke, entitled "Her Revolution / His Rope", surfaced around 2 December 2020, and a very limited 12" was released in three known record stores. Hebden collaborated with Madlib for the album "Sound Ancestors", which was released on 29 January 2021.


title: Four Tet

text: In August 2021, Hebden filed a legal suit against Domino Records for "damages of up to £70,000" in an ongoing dispute regarding streaming royalties. The case pertained to Hebden's recording contract with Domino, which he signed in February 2001. Hebden argued that the contract entitled him to 50% of all of his royalties from streaming services based outside of the United Kingdom. Domino argued that contractual clause cited by Hebden does not apply to streaming royalties. The label, citing a separate clause, argued that Hebden "was only entitled to 75% of 18% of the dealer price (i.e. a 13.5% royalty rate)." A settlement out of court was not reached, and the case would be decided upon by a judge of the Business and Property Courts of the High Court of Justice. In November 2021, three albums by Four Tet were removed from streaming services. Hebden claims he was informed by Domino's legal team that the label would remove his music from all digital platforms "in order to stop the case progressing," which he disagreed to. In June 2022, Hebden announced that he won the suit in the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court, receiving £56,921.08, plus his legal costs, after Domino agreed to backpay the 50 percent rate.


title: Four Tet

text: AllMusic's Paul Simpson called Hebden "perhaps the definitive indie electronic artist", noting that his "experimental yet highly accessible recordings, which blend organic and electronic sounds, have earned widespread acclaim from critics and fans of electronic music as well as indie rock." His work has drawn influence from styles such as spiritual jazz, krautrock, folk music, and hip-hop. According to Piotr Orlov of "Pitchfork", Hebden's music has touched on genres such as folktronica, electronic jazz, and global trance, with his 2003 album "Rounds" specifically drawing from hip-hop's collage approach and "pushing IDM into a whole new space." Hebden rejected critics' early labeling of him as a "folktronica" artist as misleading, calling attention to the influence of hip-hop oriented producers such as Rodney Jerkins and Timbaland on his work.


title: Premier of the Soviet Union

text: The Premier of the Soviet Union () was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The office had four different names throughout its existence: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1923–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1991), Prime Minister (January – August 1991) and Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy (August–December 1991). Long before 1991, most non-Soviet sources referred to the post as "Premier" or "Prime Minister."


title: Premier of the Soviet Union

text: Twelve individuals held the post. Of these, two died in office of natural causes (Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin), three resigned – Alexei Kosygin, Nikolai Tikhonov and Ivan Silayev – and three were concurrently party leader and head of government (Lenin, Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev). By this account, Ivan Silayev spent the shortest time in office at 119 days. At more than 16 years, Kosygin spent the longest time in office.


title: Premier of the Soviet Union

text: Lenin's First Government was created on 6 July 1923 by the Central Executive Committee with Lenin as its first chairman. The government was empowered to initiate decrees and legislation that were binding throughout the USSR. After the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, Kosygin was appointed head of government. However, Kosygin's prestige was weakened when he proposed the economic reform of 1965. Upon Valentin Pavlov's ascension to the premiership, the Council of Ministers was abolished and replaced with the Cabinet of Ministers. After the August coup of 1991, the majority of the cabinet members endorsed the coup, leading the Cabinet of Ministers dissolving and being replaced by the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy in 1991. The government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic began seizing Soviet ministries in the aftermath of the coup, and by December 1991 the Soviet government had completely lost control of itself and shut down entirely.


title: Premier of the Soviet Union

text: Under the 1977 Soviet Constitution, the head of government was the leader of the highest executive and administrative organ of state. The head of government was appointed by and accountable to the Supreme Soviet (and its Presidium). The head of government was tasked with resolving all state administrative duties within the jurisdiction of the USSR to the degree which were not the responsibility of the Supreme Soviet or its Presidium. The head of government managed the national economy, formulated the five-year plans and ensured socio-cultural development. It functioned as the most influential office of government until the establishment of the Office of the President of the Soviet Union in 1990.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: Let It Snow is a 2019 American Christmas romantic comedy film directed by Luke Snellin from a screenplay by Kay Cannon, Victoria Strouse and Laura Solon, based on the young adult by Maureen Johnson, John Green, and Lauren Myracle. It was released on November 8, 2019, by Netflix.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: On Christmas Eve in Laurel, Illinois, Julie Reyes runs into rising pop star Stuart Bale on a train. He mistakes her for a fan when she tries to return his phone to him, to which she takes offense, despite his apologies.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: After the train is stopped by snowed-over tracks, Julie gets off to walk home, Stuart joins her and offers lunch at a local diner called Waffle Town. She reluctantly agrees and later has to save him from a group of fangirl cheerleaders. Julie reveals to Stuart she got accepted to Columbia and her mom is also deathly sick, but if she delays leaving, she will lose the scholarship.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: They go sledding and meet Julie's mother, Debbie. Going to Julie's, Stuart is introduced to her grandpa and they bond over Mick Jagger. Everyone dances to one of his songs. While dancing, Debbie has a coughing fit, causing Julie concern. Stuart offers to get a nurse for her mom, offending her. He dismisses her concerns, stating he offered it because he cares about Julie. They almost kiss before Stuart's publicist shows up to take him back to his hotel. He asks Julie to come with him, but she declines, feeling a need to stay with her mother.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: Across town, Waffle Town employee Dorrie tries to juggle her best friend, Addie, who is worried that her boyfriend is going to break up with her, and Kerry, a cheerleader Dorrie hooked up with. Kerry visits the diner with her friends and pretends not to know Dorrie; Addie makes a scene with her boyfriend in the diner. Dorrie tries to calm Addie down, but she storms off.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: Later, Dorrie and Kerry meet in the bathroom, kissing passionately. Dorrie tells Keon that Kerry will probably be at the party. Meanwhile, Tobin plans to tell his best friend, Angie, 'The Duke', he likes her. They are invited to a party by Duke's friend, JP, who Tobin sees as competition. The three steal the keg from the party, ending up in a ditch. Waiting for the tow truck in a nearby church, Duke has Tobin play "Whole of the Moon", but when JP and Duke start dancing together, Tobin leaves. Duke attempts to talk to him about it, but he brushes her off, angering her.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: Tobin's friend, Keon, attempts to arrange a party to impress a big time DJ at his house, but his parents shut down the party attempt and he gets called into work at Waffle Town. His friend and fellow co-worker, Billy, offers Waffle Town as a party spot, provided he get the necessary supplies. Back at home, Julie's mom convinces her to go to Columbia, stating "when life offers you something special, you take it". Everyone ends up at Keon's party after Tobin arrives with the stolen keg. Duke comes and Tobin confesses his love for her, to which she admits the same.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: Addie returns to Waffle Town and apologizes to Dorrie for her rude behavior. Kerry also apologizes to her for being hot and cold, kisses her in the open, and they begin a relationship. Dorrie and Julie are telling each other about their day when Stuart returns, wanting to see Julie again before he leaves town. They kiss and make plans to meet in New York when she's at Columbia. Keon's party ends up a success, despite the DJ not coming, and they dance all night long.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: In September 2014, Universal optioned the rights to the fix-up novel "" by Maureen Johnson, John Green, and Lauren Myracle. In March 2016, Luke Snellin was announced as the film's director. In December 2018, it was announced that film would be produced and released by Netflix in 2019. In January 2019, Kiernan Shipka, Isabela Merced, Shameik Moore and Odeya Rush were announced as leads, with Jacob Batalon, Miles Robbins, Mitchell Hope, Liv Hewson, Anna Akana, and Joan Cusack also joining the cast of the film.


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of based on reviews from critics, with an average rating of . The site's consensus reads, "Comfortably cliché, "Let It Snow" wears its influences on its sleeve, but works anyway thanks to an excellent ensemble and just the right amount of holiday cheer." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Let It Snow (2019 film)

text: Noel Murray of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "With its cast of veteran child actors and its baked-in holiday warmth, "Let It Snow" has some baseline appeal. But like the formulaic Christmas movies that fill the Hallmark Channel this time of year, this film isn’t exactly a timeless classic. It’s more like something to put on in the background, while making cookies or wrapping presents."


title: Fearless Girl

text: Fearless Girl is a bronze sculpture by Kristen Visbal, on Broad Street across from the New York Stock Exchange Building in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The statue was installed on March 7, 2017, in anticipation of International Women's Day the following day. It depicts a girl promoting female empowerment.


title: Fearless Girl

text: "Fearless Girl" was commissioned by State Street Global Advisors (SSGA), a large asset management company, to advertise for an index fund that comprises gender-diverse companies that have a relatively high percentage of women among their senior leadership. A plaque originally placed below the statue stated: "Know the power of women in leadership. SHE makes a difference," with "SHE" being both a descriptive pronoun and the fund's NASDAQ ticker symbol.


title: Fearless Girl

text: The statue was first installed at the northern tip of Bowling Green on Broadway, facing down the "Charging Bull" statue. Following complaints from that statue's sculptor, Arturo Di Modica, it was removed in November 2018 and relocated to its current location the following month. A plaque with footprints was placed on the original site of "Fearless Girl".


title: Fearless Girl

text: "Fearless Girl" measures approximately tall and weighs about . As first placed, it faced "Charging Bull", a much larger and heavier bronze statue that is tall and weighs .


title: Fearless Girl

text: "Fearless Girl" is meant to "send a message" about workplace gender diversity and encourage companies to recruit women to their boards. The plaque below the statue stated: "Know the power of women in leadership. SHE makes a difference," with SHE referring to both the gender of the subject and the NASDAQ ticker symbol of a SSGA supported and gender diverse index fund.


title: Fearless Girl

text: The commission by State Street Global Advisors specified that the statue should depict a girl with hands on her hips and chin up, with a height of 36 inches, which Kristen Visbal and her collaborators then increased to 50 inches, to better match the size of "Charging Bull". Still, Visbal commented that "I made sure to keep her features soft; she's not defiant, she's brave, proud, and strong, not belligerent". She modeled the sculpture on two children from Delaware "so everyone could relate to the Fearless Girl."


title: Fearless Girl

text: The statue was installed on March 7, 2017—the day before International Women's Day—by State Street Global Advisors, in a campaign developed by advertising agency McCann New York. SSGA was celebrating the first anniversary of its "Gender Diversity Index" fund that "invests in U.S. large-capitalization companies that rank among the highest in their sector in achieving gender diversity across senior leadership". The concept for the statue was developed by Senior Art Director Lizzie Wilson and Senior Copywriter Tali Gumbiner. Wilson and Gumbiner established both the idea for the statue as well as the overall look of the girl using countless moodboards and imagery, which Visbal referenced.


title: Fearless Girl

text: "Fearless Girl" was originally given a one-week City Hall permit that was later extended to 30 days. Later, it was announced that the statue would remain in place through February 2018. Among those advocating for the statue to stay longer was U.S. Representative Carolyn Maloney of New York's 12th congressional district, who stated, "This statue has touched hearts across the world with its symbolism of the resiliency of women." New York City Public Advocate Letitia James wrote a letter that supported keeping the statue, "Fearless Girl stands as a powerful beacon, showing women—young and old—that no dream is too big and no ceiling is too high".


title: Fearless Girl

text: A petition on Change.org asking for the statue to be made permanent gathered 2,500 signatures in its first 48 hours. Efforts to make the statue permanent continued after the statue was granted a one-year permit. In April 2018, after "Fearless Girl" had been in place for thirteen months, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that both "Charging Bull" and "Fearless Girl" would be moved to a location facing the New York Stock Exchange. The move would occur before the end of 2018.


title: Fearless Girl

text: The statue was removed from its original location at Bowling Green on November 28, 2018. On the spot where the statue stood was placed a marker which read, ""Fearless Girl" is on the move to the New York Stock Exchange. Until she's there, stand for her." The plaque has footprints where people can stand. The statue was unveiled on December 10 at its new site facing the New York Stock Exchange Building.


title: Fearless Girl

text: Di Modica, who installed "Charging Bull" in 1989, asked that the statue of the girl be removed, arguing that the piece exploited his work for commercial purposes and altered the perception of the bull. He called "Fearless Girl" "an advertising trick" that he wanted relocated.


title: Fearless Girl

text: On April 12, 2017, Di Modica and his attorney, former New York Civil Liberties Union director Norman Siegel, challenged city officials who let the "Fearless Girl" statue be installed. Di Modica said that the statue corrupted "Charging Bull" artistic integrity by distorting the intent of his statue from "a symbol of prosperity and for strength" into a villain, and does so for SSGA's commercial gain. Siegel said a lawsuit had not been filed as of yet. De Blasio supported keeping the statue, tweeting that "Men who don't like women taking up space are exactly why we need the Fearless Girl."


title: Fearless Girl

text: Some women criticized the statue as "corporate feminism" that violated their own feminist principles. "The New York Times" columnist Ginia Bellafante called it "an exercise in corporate imaging" by State Street, which, she wrote, had entered into a deferred prosecution agreement with the United States Department of Justice, agreeing to pay more than $64 million to resolve fraud charges for secretly billing clients for unwarranted commissions. "Corporate feminism", she wrote, "operates with the singular goal of aiding and abetting a universe of mothers who tuck their daughters in at night whispering, 'Someday, honey, you can lead the emerging markets and sovereign debt team at Citigroup, and then become a director at Yahoo. Christine Emba, an opinion writer for "The Washington Post", wrote that the statue "portrays the empowered woman as a child, reinforcing the idea of femaleness as cute and inoffensive—a child with potential, maybe, but not all the way there."


title: Fearless Girl

text: On February 14, 2019, State Street Global Advisors filed a lawsuit against Kristen Visbal, claiming that she has made and sold replicas of the statue in violation of her contract with the company. The suit claims the artist made at least three unauthorized "Fearless Girl" reproductions that could damage the company's global campaign in support of female leadership and gender diversity. Court filings reported that replica "Fearless Girl" statues were selling for as much as $250,000.


title: Fearless Girl

text: On February 25, 2021, SSGA took Australian law firm Maurice Blackburn (MBL) to the Federal Court in Australia alleging that one of "Fearless Girl" replicas constituted copyright and trademark infringement. Justice Jonathan Beach ruled in MBL's favor, finding there was no violation of SSGA's trademark, since the replica's name “fearless girl” was used in a descriptive way. In other words, MBL was able to rely upon the defense of acting in good faith under s.122(1)(b)(i) of Trade Marks Act 1995. The copyright infringement claim under s.36 Copyright Act 1968 also failed as MBL was able to rely upon the defense of innocent infringement. Overall, this meant that MBL is able to display its Australian replica legally.


title: Fearless Girl

text: The permit for the statue's placement on city-owned property expired on November 23, 2021, though Visbal sought its renewal. There was a dispute over what rights are held by the artist and State Street Global Advisors. Specifically, while SSGA claimed to have commissioned the work, these claims were challenged in court filings in the lawsuit between SSGA and Visbal. In April 2022, the city decided to extend the sculpture's permits by 11 months but required Visbal and SSGA to come up with plans for a permanent location within six months.


title: Fearless Girl

text: On May 29, 2017, artist Alex Gardega added a statue of a small dog, titled "Peeing Pug", next to the Fearless Girl and removed it after approximately three hours.


title: Fearless Girl

text: Gothamist reported on March 20, 2017, that masked activists had covered the statue in "Make America Great Again" apparel and a US flag. They also placed pro-Donald Trump signs on it, including one reading "VETS B4 ILLEGALS" and another with a drawing of Pepe the Frog.


title: Fearless Girl

text: On October 6, 2017, State Street, the company that funded "Fearless Girl", paid $5 million to settle a lawsuit from its female and minority employees who alleged the company violated equal pay rights.


title: Fearless Girl

text: The statue was given a lace collar in respect of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg death in 2020.


title: Fearless Girl

text: In November 2022 the Oslo statue was moved in front of the Iranian embassy in Drammensveien in support of women of Iran and the Mahsa Amini protests.


title: Fearless Girl

text: As reported by Bloomberg News, analysts from marketing firm Apex Marketing estimated that the statue resulted in $7.4 million in free publicity for SSGA as of April 2017, broken down into $201,075 worth of free radio coverage, $393,047 worth of free social media coverage, $3,115,751 worth of free TV coverage, and $3,729,926 worth of free online/print news coverage.


title: Fearless Girl

text: "Fearless Girl" is one of only two campaigns that have ever won four Grand Prix at Cannes. It won in the Glass (which deals with marketing addressing gender inequality) and PR categories, and tying for first in the Outdoor category alongside a campaign by Twitter.


title: Fearless Girl

text: A reproduction of the sculpture was unveiled outside the Grand Hotel in the Norwegian city of Oslo on March 8, 2018, as a permanent addition. It faces the Norwegian parliament Stortinget.


title: Fearless Girl

text: Reports indicate another reproduction being installed in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2018, later moved to Cape Town. This is not a replica of "Fearless Girl", but instead a piece inspired by Visbal's work called "Fearless Thinker", created by local artist Marieke Prinsloo-Rowe.


title: Fearless Girl

text: A reproduction was revealed by Kristen Visbal at Federation Square in Melbourne, Australia, before Women's Day at March 8, 2019. It is planned to stand there for four years. This replica became the subject of a federal lawsuit, when SSGA, the company that originally commissioned Visbal, sued for its removal in an attempt to stop the spread of replicas around the world. In 2021, Australia's Federal Court threw out the lawsuit.


title: Fearless Girl

text: A reproduction was placed in Paternoster Square, near the London Stock Exchange between March and June 2019.


title: Fearless Girl

text: In March 2019, a private boarding school for girls in Stevensville, MD (St. Timothy's School), displayed a reproduction permanently placed on its campus.


title: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film)

text: The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a 1982 American musical comedy film co-written, produced and directed by Colin Higgins (in his final film as director). It is an adaptation of the 1978 Broadway musical of the same name, and stars Burt Reynolds, Dolly Parton, Jim Nabors, Charles Durning, Dom DeLuise, Noah Beery Jr., Robert Mandan, Lois Nettleton, Theresa Merritt, Barry Corbin, Mary Jo Catlett and Mary Louise Wilson.


text: Durning was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the Texas governor. Golden Globe Award nominations went to the film for Best Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) and Parton for Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical). It was the fourth highest-grossing live-action musical film of the 1980s, and the top grossing of 1982.


text: Ed Earl Dodd, the Sheriff of Gilbert, Texas, has a longstanding relationship with Miss Mona Stangley, who runs a brothel called the "Chicken Ranch" outside of town. Illegal or not, Ed Earl does not interfere with her business, which has been a fixture of the town going back to before World War I.


text: Occasionally interrupted by Deputy Fred Wilkins, the narrator, Ed Earl and Miss Mona have a pleasant arrangement as secret lovers. Almost everyone in town approves of Miss Mona, a public-minded citizen who regularly donates to charity and is decent and law-abiding except in her line of work.


text: Mayor Rufus P. Poindexter and insurance salesman/local townsman C.J. Vernon inform Ed Earl that altruistic consumer advocate and television personality Melvin P. Thorpe, originally from New Jersey, announces his intention to do an exposé about the Chicken Ranch. Visiting Thorpe in his Houston studio, Ed Earl is shocked by Thorpe's live telecast, in which Thorpe sensationalizingly reveals to a huge audience, "Texas has a whorehouse in it." He later compounds the problem by insulting and threatening Thorpe in the town square after Thorpe comes to town and accuses him of taking payoffs and bribes for not cracking down on Miss Mona's business, all caught on TV.


text: The Chicken Ranch is an institution, one where the winning team of the football game between state rivals the University of Texas Longhorns and the Texas A&M Aggies traditionally comes to "celebrate" its victory. Thorpe's negative publicity puts a spotlight on the place, so Ed Earl asks Miss Mona to shutter the property until the TV attention subsides in two months. She closes the bordello to her regular customers, but elects to allow the football players have their victory party. Thorpe and his TV cameras infiltrate the property, break into the house, and catch the Aggies and a State Senator on tape in mid-debauch. Ed Earl and Miss Mona quarrel, punctuated by him calling her "a whore", and then bitterly break up.


text: The Governor of Texas, who cannot decide on any issue until he first sees what voters say in opinion polls, listens to Ed Earl's eloquent appeal to keep the Chicken Ranch open. However, when the polls say a bare majority of Texans disapprove of the place, he orders Ed Earl to close it down. The working girls sadly leave the Chicken Ranch immediately and permanently. Miss Mona is disconsolate, at least until learning what Ed Earl did for her to attempt to keep it open.


text: As Miss Mona is departing the whorehouse for the last time, Ed Earl stops her and proposes. She turns him down, knowing that having a wife who had once run a whorehouse would hurt his chances of running for the state legislature. He insists that he wants to marry her, regardless of what people will think or say. To drive his point home, he picks up Miss Mona like a bridegroom, installs her in the passenger seat of the pickup, and drives away.


text: In an epilogue, Deputy Fred, who succeeded Ed Earl as the Sheriff, states that Ed Earl and Miss Mona married and that Ed Earl successfully ran for the legislature, becoming a State Senator.


text: Originally, Larry L. King and Peter Masterson were going to write the screenplay and Masterson and Tommy Tune, who had directed the stage production, were to direct the film together. King recommended Shirley MacLaine, Dyan Cannon, Cari Glynn and Jill Clayburgh as the possibles to star but was told they were not a sufficient box office draw.


text: When Dolly Parton was cast King suggested Willie Nelson as a co-star and Universal executives met with him but at the end Burt Reynolds was cast. Reynolds was paid $3.5 million and Parton $1.5 million.


text: Reynolds wanted script changes and wanted to sing. Universal became nervous about giving the film to first-time directors and ended up replacing Masterson and Tune with Colin Higgins.


text: Reynolds later said Parton "had two directors fired before we started – they were gone. Because I'd made so many movies and she hadn't, everyone thought it was me. Whether she was right or wrong in those decisions, it was amazing to me that she could do it."


text: Higgins prepared for directing it by watching old George Cukor films and Dr. Pepper commercials ("They have a lot of wonderful movement", said Higgins.)


text: Reynolds said he suggested to Higgins that Charles Durning be cast. "Colin is very smart, very commercial. They wanted Mickey Rooney, so I manipulated him a little. I told Colin, 'Mickey Rooney is a wonderful actor, but everyone knows that. You won't get any credit. Charles Durning can sing and dance and no one knows it, so you'll get all the credit.' "


text: The plot is basically the same as that of the stage production, with one significant difference. In the original, Ed Earl and Miss Mona had a one-night stand 15 years earlier, but in the film, they maintain an ongoing affair.


text: The relationship in the film brings about not only the accusatory scene, when the sheriff—disappointed that Mona has broken her promise to close the Chicken Ranch down long enough for things to cool off—calls her a whore, but also the happy ending, when he proposes marriage to Mona, even though that might endanger his chances to be elected as a state legislator; the epilogue comments state that he is elected anyway.


text: Parton described her experience as "a nightmare." For his part, Reynolds described Parton as "very self-deprecating, at least in public."


text: Much of Carol Hall's original Broadway score was performed in the adaptation. Eight songs, "Girl, You're a Woman", "Twenty-Four Hours of Lovin'", "Doatsy Mae", "The Anglette March", "The Bus from Amarillo", "No Lies", "Good Old Girl" and "Finale", were omitted. Two additional Parton compositions appear in the film: "Sneakin' Around", performed as a duet with Parton and Reynolds, and a two-stanza rendition of Parton's 1973 composition "I Will Always Love You". The film version of "I Will Always Love You" — the original recording had been a U.S. country chart-topper for Parton in the spring of 1974 — was released as a single in July 1982, and again reached number one on the U.S. country singles chart. It was also a mid-level hit on Billboard pop and adult contemporary charts. An altered version of Hall's "Hard Candy Christmas", in which Parton sings both the chorus and the verses of the song (as opposed to the film, which is partially sung by the brothel ladies), was also released as a single, reaching the top ten on the country singles chart in late 1982.


text: Parton wrote several new songs that were filmed but ultimately unused, including "A Gamble Either Way" and "Where Stallions Run". The former was restored for the ABC network television broadcast, as the film was too short for its time slot after the censors finished their edits and additional material was needed. "A Gamble Either Way" replaced "Girl, You're a Woman" and was sung by Parton after Mona interviewed "Shy" (Andrea Pike) for a job at the Chicken Ranch. The characters of Shy and Angel from the Broadway show were significantly reduced in the film; their footage was eventually edited out. "Down at the Chicken Ranch" was written for the trailer. Parton recorded two of the deleted songs, "A Gamble Either Way" and "A Cowboy's Ways" (a reworking of "Where Stallions Run"), and included them on her 1983 album "Burlap & Satin."


text: The film presented some difficulties for Universal, particularly with advertising. In 1982, the word "whorehouse" was considered obscene in parts of the United States, resulting in the film being renamed "The Best Little Cathouse in Texas" in some print ads, while television ads were either banned outright in some areas, or the offending word was censored; on WXYZ-TV in Detroit, the announcer on the station's "Now Showing" segment merely clicked his tongue to eliminate the offending word: "The Best Little [click, click] in Texas!" In Canada, the title was generally left alone in print, but televised trailers used a bleep censor over the word. During interviews, Parton sometimes referred to the film as "The Best Little Chicken House in Texas".


text: "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" opened in 1,400 theaters on July 23, 1982 and earned $11,874,268 in its opening weekend, ranking number one in the United States box office, dethroning "E.T. The Extra Terrestrial"s six-week run at the top of the box office. It was the biggest weekend for a musical film ever. The film grossed $69,701,637 domestically.


text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 42% rating based on 12 reviews. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two out of four stars, stating, "If they ever give Dolly her freedom and stop packaging her so antiseptically, she could be terrific. But Dolly and Burt and "Whorehouse" never get beyond the concept stage in this movie."


text: The film and the original Broadway musical it was based on were spoofed in the 1982 pornographic film "Memphis Cathouse Blues", which starred Annette Haven in the Dolly Parton role of the madam and Mike Horner in the Burt Reynolds role as the sheriff. Porn star Kay Parker, who played one of the prostitutes in the film, had an uncredited bit role in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas".


text: The house used in the film is located at Universal Studios in Hollywood and can be viewed as part of the backlot tram tour. The inspiration for the set came from a real ranch house located outside Austin, Texas, which is featured in scenes from the movie.


text: The film was mentioned in an episode of "The Venture Bros.", where Dr. Venture mistakes it for a pornographic film, given its "racy" history.


title: Tally Solutions

text: Tally Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian multinational technology company, that provides enterprise resource planning software. It is headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka. The company reports that its software is used by more than 7 million customers.


title: Tally Solutions

text: Tally Solutions was co-founded in 1986 by Shyam Sunder Goenka and his son Bharat Goenka after the family's cotton business was destroyed by fire. It began as Peutronics Financial Accountant, an accounting software application. The company was incorporated in 1991 and was renamed Tally Solutions in 1999.


title: Tally Solutions

text: Shyam Sundar Goenka was running a company that supplied raw materials and machine parts to plants and textile mills in southern and eastern India. Unable to find software that could manage his books of accounts, he asked his son, Bharat Goenka, 23, a Maths graduate to create a software application that would handle financial accounts for his business. The first version of the accounting software was launched as an MS-DOS application. It had only basic accounting functions, and was named Peutronics Financial Accountant.


title: Tally Solutions

text: Tally Solutions sells enterprise resource software and business management software to SMEs (small and medium-sized business enterprises.) The company's flagship product, Tally.ERP 9, was replaced by TallyPrime in 2020. In 2022, they worked with more than 28,000 partners.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: The is a Japanese order, established in 1875 by Emperor Meiji. The Order was the first national decoration awarded by the Japanese government, created on 10 April 1875 by decree of the Council of State. The badge features rays of sunlight from the rising sun. The design of the Rising Sun symbolizes energy as powerful as the rising sun in parallel with the "rising sun" concept of Japan ("Land of the Rising Sun").


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: The Order of the Rising Sun is awarded to people who have rendered distinguished service to the state in various fields except military service. Since there is no order for military achievements under the current Japanese system, Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel are awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure for their long engagement in public service. Prior to the end of World War II, it was also awarded for exemplary military service. In 2003, the 7th and 8th Class, which were at the bottom of the Order of the Rising Sun, were abolished, and the upper half of the 1st Class ("勲一等", "Kun-ittō") was separated as the Order of the Paulownia Flowers, which was higher than the Order of the Rising Sun.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: Until 2003, the Order of the Rising Sun was on the same rank as the Order of the Precious Crown, with the Order of the Rising Sun being for men only and the Order of the Precious Crown for women only. The Order of the Sacred Treasure was treated as an order of slightly lower rank than the Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Precious Crown. For example, the 1st class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure was placed between the 1st class and the 2nd class of the Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Precious Crown, and the 2nd class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure was placed between the 2nd class and the 3rd class of the Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Precious Crown.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: Since 2003, the Order of the Rising Sun has been awarded not only to men but also to women, and the Order of the Precious Crown has become a special order given only to female members of the imperial family in Japan and female members of royal families in foreign countries, only when it is specifically necessary for diplomatic ceremonies. The Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Sacred Treasure became the same rank of orders, and one of them came to be awarded because of the difference in the viewpoint of contribution to the state. The Order of the Rising Sun is awarded with an emphasis on achievements to the state, and the Order of the Sacred Treasure is awarded with an emphasis on long-term public service.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: While it is the third highest order bestowed by the Japanese government, it is however generally the highest ordinarily conferred order. The highest Japanese order, the Order of the Chrysanthemum, is reserved for heads of state or royalty, while the second highest order, the Order of the Paulownia Flowers, is mostly reserved for politicians.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: The modern version of this honour has been conferred on non-Japanese recipients beginning in 1981 (although several foreigners were given the honor before World War II). The awarding of the Order is administered by the Decoration Bureau of the Cabinet Office headed by the Japanese Prime Minister. It is awarded in the name of the Emperor and can be awarded posthumously.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: Since 2003, the number representing rank included in the official name of the order was removed. As a result, although numbers representing ranks were sometimes used in common names, the formal names such as "勲一等" ("Kun-ittō", First Class) and 勲二等 ("Kun-nitō", Second Class) were no longer used.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: Among them, regulations on the criteria for awarding orders to those who belong to the National Diet, the central and local governments, and courts stipulate in detail which ranks are awarded for each position. For example, the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1st class) is awarded to a person who has made outstanding achievements in his/her position as Prime Minister, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President of the House of Councillors, or Chief Justice of Japan. The Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1st class) or the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays (2nd class) are awarded to a person who has made outstanding achievements in his/her position as Minister of State, Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary, Senior Vice-Minister, Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives, Vice President of the House of Councilors, or Judge of the Supreme Court.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: The Order was awarded in nine classes until 2003, when the Grand Cordon with Paulownia Flowers was made a separate order, and the lowest two classes were abolished. Since then, it has been awarded in six classes. Conventionally, a diploma is prepared to accompany the insignia of the order, and in some rare instances, the personal signature of the Emperor will have been added. As an illustration of the wording of the text, a translation of a representative 1929 diploma says:


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: The "star" for the "Grand Cordon" and "Second Class" is a silver star of eight points, each point having three alternating silver rays; the central emblem is identical to the badge. It is worn on the left chest for the Grand Cordon, on the right chest for the 2nd Class.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: The "badge" for the "Grand Cordon to Sixth Classes" is an eight-pointed badge bearing a central red enamelled sun disc, with gilt points (1st–4th Classes), with four gilt and four silver points (5th Class), or with silver points (6th Class); each point comprises three white enamelled rays. It is suspended from three enamelled paulownia leaves (not chrysanthemum leaves as the Decoration Bureau page claims) on a ribbon in white with red border stripes, worn as a sash from the right shoulder for the Grand Cordon, as a necklet for the 2nd and 3rd Classes and on the left chest for the 4th to 6th Classes (with a rosette for the 4th Class).


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: The "badge" for the "Seventh and Eighth Classes" consisted of a silver medal in the shape of three paulownia leaves, enamelled for the 7th Class and plain for the 8th Class. Both were suspended on a ribbon, again in white with red border stripes, and worn on the left chest. Both classes were abolished in 2003 and replaced by the Order of the Paulownia Flowers, a single-class order that now ranks above the Order of the Rising Sun.


title: Order of the Rising Sun

text: In 2003, the 7th and 8th levels – named for leaves of the Paulownia tree, long used as a mon (emblem) for the highest levels of Japanese society – were moved to a new and distinct order, the single-class "Order of the Paulownia Flowers".


title: Tiger versus lion

text: Historically, a comparison of the tiger ("Panthera tigris") versus the lion ("Panthera leo") has been a popular topic of discussion by hunters, naturalists, artists and poets, and has inspired the popular imagination. In the past, lions and tigers reportedly competed in the wilderness, where their ranges overlapped in Eurasia. The most common reported circumstance of their meeting is in captivity, either deliberately or by accident.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: In general, the lion is a social animal, while the tiger is solitary, though at times, male lions are separate from the females, and tigers socialise, usually for mating, and rarely for hunts. There are differing scenarios regarding whether tigers would beat lions in fights, or vice-versa:


title: Tiger versus lion

text: According to Colin Tudge (2011), given that both cats hunt large herbivores, it is likely that they had been in competition in Asia. Despite their social nature, lions might have competed with tigers one-against-one, as they would with each other. Apart from the possibility of competition, there are legends of Asiatic lions and tigers breeding to produce hybrid offspring, which would be ligers or tigons. From the fossil record, besides genetics, it would appear that the modern lion and tiger were present in Eurasia since the Pleistocene, when now-extinct relatives also existed there. Additionally, in the days before Indian Independence, the Maharaja of Gwalior introduced African lions into his area, which is a habitat for Bengal tigers.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: As of the 21st century, India is the only country to have both wild lions and tigers, specifically Asiatic lions and Bengal tigers. Though they do not share the same territory, they did in the past, and there is a project mentioned below that could lead to their meeting in the wild.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: The possibility of conflict between lions and tigers had been raised in relation to India's Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which was meant to introduce the lions of Gir Forest in the State of Gujarat, to another reserve which is considered to be within the former range of the lion, that is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh, before December 2017. Kuno was reported to contain some tigers that came from Ranthambore National Park, including one called 'T-38'. Concerns were raised that the co-presence of lions and tigers would "trigger frequent clashes". At the same, the American biologist Craig Packer and his students at the University of Minnesota considered that a group of lions (two to three males) would have a clear advantage over a tiger and a pack of lionesses (two to four females) would have a similar advantage over a tigress, despite the general advantage of the latter in weight or height. Coalitions of male lions usually fight as a group against territorial rivals, so he mentions that a tiger may have an advantage in a one-on-one encounter, but they also considered that the additional fighting experience and mane perhaps confer an advantage to a lone male lion since the tiger's fighting style evolved in the absence of a mane. Despite all of this, Craig Packer is of the opinion that for Asiatic lions to survive in an area with Bengal tigers, the lions would have to be moved there as intact groups rather than as individuals. Although the habitats of Indian lions and tigers are similar means that they both live in conditions that favour solitary hunters of prey, these lions are social like their African relatives, and may form fighting groups, whereas tigers are usually solitary.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: The tiger reserves of Ranthambhore and Sariska in Rajasthan, Gir Forest and Kuno-Palpur are all located in the ecoregion of Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests. In early 2019, a tiger trekked from Madhya Pradesh to Gujarat, before apparently dying there of starvation. Otherwise, in Gujarat is the Dangs' Forest, which is a potential habit of the tiger.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: Reginald Innes Pocock (1939) mentioned that some people had the opinion that the tiger played a role in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, but he dismissed this view as 'fanciful'. According to him, there was evidence that tigers inhabited the Indian Subcontinent before lions. The tigers likely entered Northern India from the eastern end of the Himalayas, through Burma, and started spreading throughout the area, before the lions likely entered Northern India from Balochistan or Persia, and spread to places like the Bengal and the Nerbudda River. Because of that, before the presence of man could limit the spread of lions, tigers reached parts of India that lions did not reach. However, the presence of tigers throughout India did not stop the spread of lions there, in the first place, so Pocock said that it is unlikely that Bengal tigers played a role, significant or subordinate, in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, rather, that man was responsible for it, as was the case with the decline in tigers' numbers. As such, Pocock thought that it was unlikely that serious competition between them regularly occurred, and that even if Indian lions and tigers met, the chance that they would fight for survival was as good as the chance that they would choose to avoid each other, and that their chances of success, if they were to clash, were as good as each other's.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: Before the end of the 20th century, Asiatic lions and Caspian tigers had occurred in other Asian or Eurasian nations, including Iran. As such, there is a word for 'Lion', which can also mean 'Tiger', and is used in Iran, South Asia and other areas, that is "Sher" or "Shir" (), and its significance is discussed below. Not only did Heptner and Sludskiy talk about the lion and tiger both occurring in places like Iran, Anatolia and Transcaucasia, they also mentioned that the ranges of the lion and tiger often overlapped, occurring in riverine habitats which were abundant in prey like deer and wild boar.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: In the circuses of ancient Rome, exotic beasts were commonly pitted against each other, including Barbary lions and tigers. A mosaic in the House of the Faun in Pompeii shows a fight between a lion and a tiger. There are different accounts of which of these animals gained the victory. Although lions and tigers can be kept together in harmony in captivity, fatal conflicts have also been recorded.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: In addition to historical recordings, clashes between lions and tigers were reported or even caught on camera in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was not always clear which species regularly beat the other, according to Craig Packer (2015).


title: Tiger versus lion

text: Battles between the two were painted in the 18th and 19th centuries by Eugène Delacroix, George Stubbs and James Ward. James Ward's paintings portrayed lion victories in accordance with the lion's symbolic value in Britain, and have been described as less realistic than Stubbs.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: The British Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger in battle; the medal commemorated the British victory at the 1799 Battle of Seringapatam (in the town now known as Srirangapatna in India) over Tipu Sultan—who used tigers as emblems, as opposed to the British emblematic use of lions.


title: Tiger versus lion

text: In the Hindu epic "Mahabharata", Narada told Srinjaya that tigers were fiercer and more ruthless than lions. Vedic literature depicted the lion, rather than the tiger, as the "king of the forest".


title: Tiger versus lion

text: The 15th-century book "Anvâr-i Suhaylî" (, "Lights of the Canopus") talks about the lion and the tiger competing for dominance on the banks of the Tigris River, in the vicinity of Basrah.


title: Rinderpest

text: Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and many other species of even-toed ungulates, including gaurs, buffaloes, large antelope, deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs. The disease was characterized by fever, oral erosions, diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality. Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations. Rinderpest was mainly transmitted by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air. After a global eradication campaign starting in the mid-20th century, the last confirmed case of rinderpest was diagnosed in 2001.


title: Rinderpest

text: On 14 October 2010, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced that field activities in the decades-long, worldwide campaign to eradicate the disease were ending, paving the way for a formal declaration in June 2011 of the global eradication of rinderpest. On 25 May 2011, the World Organisation for Animal Health announced the free status of the last eight countries not yet recognized (a total of 198 countries were now free of the disease), officially declaring the eradication of the disease. In June 2011, the United Nations FAO confirmed the disease was eradicated, making rinderpest only the second disease in history to be fully wiped out (outside laboratory stocks), following smallpox. In June 2019 the UK destroyed its stocks of rinderpest virus, held at the Pirbright Institute in Surrey, which were most of the world's retained samples. This followed the completion of a digital record of the virus's genetic code, thereby obviating the need to store samples as a protective resource in case the virus re-emerges. Researchers at Pirbright and the United Nations expressed a hope that the other samples in laboratories around the world will also be destroyed, totally eradicating the virus from the Earth.


title: Rinderpest

text: Rinderpest is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle. The term "Rinderpest" is a German word meaning "cattle-plague". The rinderpest virus (RPV) is closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses. The measles virus possibly emerged from rinderpest as a zoonotic disease around 600 BC, a period that coincides with the rise of large human settlements.


title: Rinderpest

text: Rinderpest virus (RPV), a member of the genus "Morbillivirus", is closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses. Like other members of the "Paramyxoviridae" family, it produces enveloped virions, and is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus. The virus is particularly fragile and is quickly inactivated by heat, desiccation and sunlight.


title: Rinderpest

text: Measles virus evolved from the then-widespread rinderpest virus most probably between the 11th and 12th centuries. The earliest likely origin is during the seventh century; some linguistic evidence exists for this earlier origin.


title: Rinderpest

text: Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations. The disease was mainly spread by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air.


title: Rinderpest

text: Initial symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and nasal and eye discharges. Subsequently, irregular erosions appear in the mouth, the lining of the nose, and the genital tract. Acute diarrhea, preceded by constipation, is also a common feature. Most animals die six to twelve days after the onset of these clinical signs.


title: Rinderpest

text: The disease is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle. Other cattle epizootics are noted in ancient times: a cattle plague is thought to be one of the 10 plagues of Egypt described in the Hebrew Bible. By around 3,000 BC, a cattle plague had reached Egypt, and rinderpest later spread throughout the remainder of Africa, following European colonization.


title: Rinderpest

text: In the 4th century, Roman writer Severus Sanctus Endelechius described rinderpest in his book, "On the Deaths of Cattle".


title: Rinderpest

text: Cattle plagues recurred throughout history, often accompanying wars and military campaigns. They hit Europe especially hard in the 18th century, with three long panzootics, which although varying in intensity and duration from region to region, took place in the periods of 1709–1720, 1742–1760, and 1768–1786.


title: Rinderpest

text: In the early 18th century, the disease was seen as similar to smallpox, due to its analogous symptoms. The personal physician of the pope, Giovanni Maria Lancisi, recommended the destruction of all infected and exposed animals. This policy was not very popular and was used only sparingly in the first part of the century. Later, it was used successfully in several countries, although it was sometimes seen as too costly or drastic, and depended on a strong central authority to be effective (which was notably lacking in the Dutch Republic). Because of these downsides, numerous attempts were made to inoculate animals against the disease. These attempts met with varying success, but the procedure was not widely used and was no longer practiced at all in 19th-century Western or Central Europe. Rinderpest was an immense problem, but inoculation was not a valid solution. In many cases, it caused too many losses. Even more importantly, it perpetuated the circulation of the virus in the cattle population. The pioneers of inoculation did contribute significantly to knowledge about infectious diseases. Their experiments confirmed the concepts of those who saw infectious diseases as caused by specific agents, and were the first to recognize maternally derived immunity.


title: Rinderpest

text: The first written report of rinderpest inoculation was published in a letter signed "T.S." in the November 1754 issue of "The Gentleman's Magazine", a widely read journal which also supported the progress of smallpox inoculation. This letter reported that a Mr Dobsen had inoculated his cattle and had thus preserved 9 out of 10 of them, although this was retracted in the next issue, as it was apparently a Sir William St. Quintin who had done the inoculating (this was done by placing bits of material previously dipped in morbid discharge into an incision made in the dewlap of the animal). These letters encouraged further application of inoculation in the fight against diseases. The first inoculation against measles was made three years after their publication.


title: Rinderpest

text: From early 1755 onwards, experiments were taking place in the Netherlands, as well, results of which were also published in "The Gentleman's Magazine". As in England, the disease was seen as analogous with smallpox. While these experiments were reasonably successful, they did not have a significant impact: The total number of inoculations in England appears to have been very limited, and after 1780, the English interest in inoculation disappeared almost entirely. Almost all further experimentation was done in the Netherlands, northern Germany and Denmark.


title: Rinderpest

text: Due to a very severe outbreak at the end of the 1760s, some of the best-known names in Dutch medicine became involved in the struggle against the disease. Several independent trials were begun, most notably by Pieter Camper in Groningen and Friesland. The results of his experiment in Friesland were encouraging, but they proved to be the exception; testing by others in the provinces of Utrecht and Friesland obtained disastrous results. As a result, the Frisian authorities concluded in 1769 that the cause of rinderpest was God's displeasure with the sinful behavior of the Frisian people, and proclaimed 15 November a day of fasting and prayer. Interest in inoculation declined sharply across the country.


title: Rinderpest

text: In this climate of discouragement and scepticism, Geert Reinders, a farmer in the province of Groningen and a self-taught man, decided to continue the experiments. He collaborated with Wijnold Munniks, who had supervised earlier trials. They tried different inoculation procedures and a variety of treatments to lighten the symptoms, all of them without significant effect. Although they were not able to perfect the inoculation procedure, they did make some useful observations.


title: Rinderpest

text: Reinders resumed his experiments in 1774, concentrating on the inoculation of calves from cows that had recovered from rinderpest. He was probably the first to make practical use of maternally derived immunity. The detailed results of his trials were published in 1776 and reprinted in 1777. His inoculation procedure did not differ much from what had been used previously, except for the use of three separate inoculations at an early age. This produced far better results, and the publication of his work renewed interest in inoculation. For the period of 1777 to 1781, 89% of inoculated animals survived, compared to a 29% survival rate after natural infection.


title: Rinderpest

text: In the Netherlands, too, interest in rinderpest inoculation declined in the 1780s because the disease itself decreased in intensity.


title: Rinderpest

text: Apart from the Dutch Republic, the only other regions where inoculation was used to any significant level were northern Germany and Denmark. Experiments started in Mecklenburg during the epizootic of the late 1770s. "Insurance companies" were created which provided inoculation in special "institutes". Although these were private initiatives, they were created with full encouragement from the authorities. Though neighboring states followed this practice with interest, the practice never caught on outside Mecklenburg; many were still opposed to inoculation.


title: Rinderpest

text: While some experimentation occurred in other countries (most extensively in Denmark), in the majority of European countries, the struggle against the disease was based on stamping it out. Sometimes this could be done with minimal sacrifices; at other times, it required slaughter at a massive scale.


title: Rinderpest

text: Around the turn of the century, a plague struck in Southern Africa. The outbreak in the 1890s killed an estimated 80 to 90% of all cattle in eastern and southern Africa. Sir Arnold Theiler was instrumental in developing a vaccine that curbed the epizootic. The loss of animals caused famine which depopulated sub-Saharan Africa, allowing thornbush to colonise. This formed ideal habitat for tsetse fly, which carries sleeping sickness, and is unsuitable for livestock; "hence the European view of an empty unspoiled Africa teeming with game".


title: Rinderpest

text: In his classic study of the Nuer of southern Sudan, E. E. Evans-Pritchard suggested rinderpest might have affected the Nuer's social organization before and during the 1930s. Since the Nuer were pastoralists, much of their livelihood was based on cattle husbandry, and bride-prices were paid in cattle; prices may have changed as a result of cattle depletion. Rinderpest might also have increased dependence on horticulture among the Nuer.


title: Rinderpest

text: A more recent rinderpest outbreak in Africa in 1982–1984 resulted in an estimated US$2 billion in stock losses.


title: Rinderpest

text: In 1917–18, William Hutchins Boynton (1881–1959), the chief veterinary pathologist with the Philippine Bureau of Agriculture, developed an early vaccine for rinderpest, based on treated animal organ extracts.


title: Rinderpest

text: Walter Plowright worked on a vaccine for the RBOK strain of the rinderpest virus for about a decade, from 1956 to 1962. Plowright was awarded the World Food Prize in 1999 for developing a vaccine against a strain of rinderpest. In 1999, the FAO predicted that with vaccination, rinderpest would be eradicated by 2010.


title: Rinderpest

text: Widespread eradication efforts began in the early 20th century although, until the 1950s, they mostly took place on an individual country basis, using vaccination campaigns. In 1924, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) was formed in response to rinderpest. In 1950, the Inter-African Bureau of Epizootic Diseases was formed, with the stated goal of eliminating rinderpest from Africa. With the loss of its wildebeest population, the Serengeti experienced radical fire regime shift to intense annual wildfires. During the 1960s, a program called JP 15 attempted to vaccinate all cattle in participating countries and, by 1979, only one of the countries involved, Sudan, reported cases of rinderpest. In the decades since the wildebeest have returned to the Serengeti and tree cover has returned with them.


title: Rinderpest

text: In 1969, an outbreak of the disease originated in Afghanistan, travelling westwards and promoting a mass vaccination plan, which by 1972, had eliminated rinderpest in all areas of Asia except for Lebanon and India; both countries were the site of further occurrences of the disease in the 1980s.


title: Rinderpest

text: During the 1980s, however, an outbreak of rinderpest from Sudan spread throughout Africa, killing millions of cattle, as well as wildlife. In response, the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign was initiated in 1987, using vaccination and surveillance to combat the disease. By the 1990s, nearly all of Africa, with the exception of parts of Sudan and Somalia, was declared free of rinderpest.


title: Rinderpest

text: Worldwide, the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme was initiated in 1994, supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization, the OIE, and the International Atomic Energy Agency. This program was successful in reducing rinderpest outbreaks to few and far between by the late 1990s. The program is estimated to have saved affected farmers 58 million net euros.


title: Rinderpest

text: The end was in sight by 2000 when only the Horn of Africa and Pakistan appeared to have a continued presence. Mariner "et al.", 2000 introduced participatory disease surveillance to rinderpest efforts. The last confirmed case of rinderpest was reported in Kenya in 2001. Since then, while no cases have been confirmed, the disease is believed to have been present in parts of Somalia past that date. The final vaccinations were administered in 2006, and the last surveillance operations took place in 2009, failing to find any evidence of the disease.


title: Rinderpest

text: The Mariner method continued to be used in those two locations (the Horn and Pakistan) to track down possible lingering refugia in the coming years. In 2008, scientists involved in rinderpest eradication efforts believed a good chance existed that rinderpest would join smallpox as officially "wiped off the face of the planet". The FAO, which had been co-ordinating the global eradication program for the disease, announced in November 2009 that it expected the disease to be eradicated within 18 months.


title: Rinderpest

text: In October 2010, the FAO announced it was confident the disease has been eradicated. The agency said that "[a]s of mid 2010, FAO is confident that the rinderpest virus has been eliminated from Europe, Asia, Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, and Africa," which were the locations where the virus had been last reported. Eradication was confirmed by the World Organization for Animal Health on 25 May 2011.


title: Rinderpest

text: On 28 June 2011, FAO and its members countries officially recognized global freedom from the deadly cattle virus. On this day, the FAO Conference, the highest body of the UN agency, adopted a resolution declaring the eradication of rinderpest. The resolution also called on the world community to follow up by ensuring that samples of rinderpest viruses and vaccines be kept under safe laboratory conditions and that rigorous standards for disease surveillance and reporting be applied. "While we are celebrating one of the greatest successes for FAO and its partners, I wish to remind you that this extraordinary achievement would not have been possible without the joint efforts and strong commitments of governments, the main organizations in Africa, Asia and Europe, and without the continuous support of donors and international institutions", FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf commented.


title: Rinderpest

text: Stocks of the rinderpest virus are still maintained by highly specialized laboratories. In 2015, FAO launched a campaign calling for the destruction or sequestering of the remaining stocks of rinderpest virus in laboratories in 24 countries, citing risks of inadvertent or malicious release.


title: Rinderpest

text: Rinderpest was one of more than a dozen agents the United States government researched as potential biological weapons before terminating its biological weapons program.


title: Rinderpest

text: Rinderpest was also considered as a biological weapon in a United Kingdom government programme during World War II.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: A graduate of the Southampton Academy where he made his debut in 1998, Bridge also played for Chelsea, West Ham, Manchester City, Fulham and Sunderland during his Premier League career.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge made 36 appearances for the England national team between 2002 and 2009, being selected for two FIFA World Cup squads and UEFA Euro 2004.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge was born in Southampton, but moved to Olivers Battery, Winchester, at an early age. He attended Oliver's Battery Primary and Kings' School, Winchester. When playing for Olivers Battery he was spotted by Micky Adams, who recommended him to Southampton, who signed him as a trainee in July 1996. He made his reserve team debut as a centre-forward against Portsmouth on 13 August 1997 and turned professional in January 1998.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge made his first-team debut on 16 August 1998 (the opening day of the 1998–99 season) coming on as a replacement for John Beresford, who had badly damaged his knee. Bridge made his first senior start in the next match on 22 August in a 5–0 defeat away to Charlton Athletic. As Southampton struggled to pick up points (with only two points after the first nine games), Bridge played (on the left wing) in most of Saints' league games until early December before losing his place to Hassan Kachloul. For the remainder of the 1998–99 Premier League season, Bridge was only used occasionally as Saints narrowly avoided relegation. He completed his first season as a first-team player with 15 starts and eight substitute appearances.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: The following season carried on in a similar vein with Bridge making occasional appearances on the left wing until injuries to Francis Benali and the poor form of his intended replacement Patrick Colleter gave Bridge the opportunity to play at left-back, where he soon became a fixture in the Saints starting line-up. In the 1999–2000 season, he made 15 starts (plus four substitute appearances) scoring his first senior goal, with a powerful free-kick over the wall, in the final match of the season on 14 May 2000 against Wimbledon, as a result of which Wimbledon were relegated to Division 1 after 14 years in the top flight.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: In the 2000–01 season, Bridge was an ever-present at left-back as Saints finished their final season at The Dell in tenth place in the Premier League table. Bridge was rewarded by being voted the Southampton Player of the Year for the 2000–01 season.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge was "fast, determined, skilful and full of youthful promise" and "his forward runs became an exciting sight at The Dell and then at St Mary's." He was an ever-present yet again in the following season as Saints again finished their first season at their new stadium comfortably in mid-table.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge's temperament and consistency, together with a high level of fitness, enabled him to continue to play every match until 18 January 2003 when he limped off with an injury in a 1–0 defeat to Liverpool. This brought to an end a run of 113 consecutive appearances, a Premier League record for an outfield player (since surpassed by Frank Lampard, Jr.). His run started on 4 March 2000, from when Bridge played 10,160 consecutive minutes of Premier League football, not missing any play through injury or suspension.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: By now, bigger clubs were trailing Bridge, and he was finally tempted away to join Chelsea for £7 million in the 2003 close season. His last appearance for the club came in the 2003 FA Cup Final defeat to Arsenal. During his five years as a Saints first-team player, he made 173 appearances, with two league goals against Wimbledon and Bolton Wanderers.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: After five years with the Saints, Bridge moved to Chelsea in July 2003 for a fee of £7 million plus Graeme Le Saux, and was initially a regular starter. His finest moment came in the Champions League quarter-final against Arsenal in 2003–04. Bridge scored the winning goal in the 88th minute to send Chelsea into the semi-finals and end an 18-game winless run against Arsenal. The goal was later voted goal of the season. Bridge also scored against Beşiktaş and Portsmouth in the 2003–04 season.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge started the 2004–05 season playing regularly under new manager José Mourinho, but he picked up a serious ankle injury in an FA Cup tie against Newcastle United on 20 February 2005. This ended his season and also meant he missed the following weekend's League Cup Final. Chelsea went on to win the Premier League in his absence but Bridge had already made enough appearances (15) to receive a winners' medal.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: For the 2005–06 season, Chelsea signed Spanish left-back Asier del Horno and Bridge faced a challenge to get back into the side when he recovered from the injury that kept him out of the team in the latter stages of the 2004–05 campaign. He only made two appearances for Chelsea that season, both in domestic cup games. These limited first team opportunities saw him join Fulham on loan on 19 January 2006. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat to West Ham United at Upton Park. The move seemed to benefit him as he managed to secure his place in the 2006 World Cup English squad for the tournament in Germany. Chelsea won the Premier League again, but Bridge was not eligible for a medal this time as he had not made a single league appearance for them all season.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge's main competition for the Chelsea left back position then came from fellow England international left back Ashley Cole. Bridge played the full match in Chelsea's 3–0 victory over Manchester City on the opening day of the 2006–07 Premier League season, providing a telling cross for the third goal, scored by a header from Didier Drogba. His strong early season form, however, was not enough to hold down the left-back position, with Mourinho preferring Ashley Cole in most games. Following Cole's injury in the 3–0 Premier League win against Blackburn Rovers early in 2007, Bridge became Chelsea's natural choice for left-back.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge featured in attack for an injury struck Chelsea side against League Two side Wycombe Wanderers in the 2007 semi-final 1st leg League Cup match, scoring one goal in the process.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge finished the 2006–07 season with two cup final winner's medals after playing in both the League Cup Final against Arsenal in a 2–1 win and in the FA Cup Final against Manchester United in a 1–0 victory.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge played his third cup final for Chelsea in just over two years in the 2–1 loss in the 2008 League Cup Final against Tottenham Hotspur. Bridge was adjudged to have handled the ball in the penalty area and Tottenham were awarded a penalty from which they scored, going on to win 2–1 after extra-time.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: In the League Cup fourth round tie against Burnley in the 2008–09 season, Bridge wore the captain's armband in the absence of John Terry and Frank Lampard, but the Blues lost on penalties.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: On 2 January 2009, it was confirmed by Mark Hughes that Manchester City had agreed an undisclosed fee with Chelsea for Bridge, thought to be around £10 million and, on the following day, Manchester City agreed personal terms with the player, who later passed his medical, thus enabling the transfer to be completed and he signed a four-and-a-half-year deal. Bridge was unveiled to the home fans that day at an FA Cup home tie against Nottingham Forest, and two weeks later made his debut for the club in a 1–0 win against Wigan Athletic in the league. He was given the squad number 25. For the 2009–10 season, Bridge switched to the number 3, which was previously worn by Michael Ball.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: On 27 February 2010, City inflicted Chelsea's first home Premier League defeat of the season with a 4–2 victory. Prior to the match, Bridge was involved in a highly publicised incident in which he refused to shake hands with Chelsea captain and former club and international teammate John Terry, who was at the time the subject of claims that he had had an affair with Bridge's ex-girlfriend Vanessa Perroncel. His position as left-back for Manchester City gradually faded with the arrival of two new left-backs. In the summer of 2010, Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini signed Aleksandar Kolarov from Lazio, and in 2011 signed Gaël Clichy from Arsenal, thus indicating Bridge was surplus to requirements at City.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: On 12 January 2011, Bridge joined West Ham United on loan until the end of the season. He made his West Ham debut on 15 January 2011 in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal. Bridge made 18 appearances in all competitions for West Ham before his loan ended.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: On 31 January 2012, it was announced that Bridge had joined Sunderland on a loan deal until the end of the 2011–12 season. He made his debut appearance as an 82nd minute substitute for Kieran Richardson in Sunderland's 3–0 victory over Norwich City the following day. He made his first start for Sunderland in their 1–0 win over Liverpool on 10 March 2012, and also featured in the FA Cup quarter-final draw with Everton the following week.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: On 6 July 2012, it was confirmed that Bridge would join Brighton & Hove Albion on a season-long loan. He made his debut for Brighton on 14 August 2012 in a 3–0 away defeat to Swindon Town in the League Cup. His first Brighton goal came on 25 August 2012 in a 5–1 home victory over Barnsley, his first league goal since scoring for Chelsea in December 2003.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: In June 2013, Bridge signed a one-year contract with Reading, who had just been relegated to the Football League Championship. Bridge chose Reading ahead of offers from Queens Park Rangers and Brighton, who wished to make his loan permanent.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: On 6 May 2014, Bridge was released by Reading after 12 games in his only season for the club, subsequently retiring from professional football.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: During his time with Southampton, all Bridge's managers (Jones, Hoddle and Gray) predicted full international honours. He was soon making regular appearances for the England under-21 team, and the managers' prophecy was realised when Sven-Göran Eriksson gave him his first full cap against the Netherlands on 13 February 2002. He quickly proved himself and appeared twice as a substitute in the 2002 World Cup, although he did not appear at all in Euro 2004, with Ashley Cole being preferred.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: During qualification for the 2006 World Cup, Bridge occupied England's problematic left midfield position, but lost this to his Chelsea teammate Joe Cole when he received an injury. He returned to the England team for a friendly against Argentina in November 2005, covering for the injured Cole at left back and winning his 21st cap.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge played in the Euro 2008 qualifier match against Estonia on 6 June 2007, which England won 3–0, with Bridge assisting Joe Cole's goal with a long throw into the box.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: On 25 February 2010, Bridge announced his permanent withdrawal from international duty following allegations regarding England captain John Terry and Bridge's former girlfriend Vanessa Perroncel.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge was in a relationship with French model Vanessa Perroncel from 2005 to 2009. They had a son together, Jaydon Jean Claude Bridge, who was born on 21 November 2006. The next day, Bridge signed a new four-year contract with Chelsea, on 22 November 2006.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: In January 2010, a super injunction was imposed by a High Court judge preventing the media reporting that Bridge's former teammate John Terry had allegedly had an affair with Perroncel shortly after she split from Bridge. The injunction was lifted a week later. On 25 March, Perroncel succeeded in a claim against Bridge for maintenance for their son with the High Court awarding her a payment of £6,000 per month until Jaydon's 18th birthday. The "News of the World" printed an apology for the story on 3 October 2010 to Perroncel for invading her private life, and indicating that she has refuted the claims against herself and Terry.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: On 8 April 2013, The Saturdays singer Frankie Sandford announced on Twitter that she was engaged to Bridge. She gave birth to their son, Parker Bridge, on 18 October 2013. The couple married on 19 July 2014 in a private ceremony. In January 2015, Sandford announced that they were expecting their second child. On 15 August 2015, Carter Bridge was born.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge was a contestant in the 2016 series of TV show "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!", but was voted out on 2 December. In 2019, he won the first celebrity series of Channel 4's "", after trekking the El Morado glacier in Chile.


title: Wayne Bridge

text: Bridge has spoken about his love for playing poker, which began when his friends started a local monthly home game. He plays in one day live events, and has described his style of play as 'kamikaze'.


title: The Shangri-Las

text: The Shangri-Las were an American pop girl group of the 1960s. Between 1964 and 1966 several hit songs of theirs documented teen tragedies and melodramas. They continue to be known for their hits "Remember (Walking in the Sand)", "Give Him a Great Big Kiss", and in particular, "Leader of the Pack" which went to #1 in the US in late 1964.


title: The Shangri-Las

text: The group was formed at Andrew Jackson High School in Cambria Heights, a neighborhood in Queens, New York City, in 1963. The group was two pairs of sisters: Mary Weiss (lead singer) (born December 28, 1948) and Elizabeth "Betty" Weiss (born November 27, 1946), and identical twins Marguerite "Marge"/"Margie" Ganser (February 4, 1948 – July 28, 1996) and Mary Ann Ganser (February 4, 1948 – March 14, 1970).


title: The Shangri-Las

text: They began playing school shows, talent shows, and teen hops; Artie Ripp heard about them and arranged the group's first record deal with Kama Sutra. Their first recording in December 1963 was "Simon Says", later issued on the Smash label, on which Betty Weiss sang lead. They also recorded "Wishing Well" / "Hate to Say I Told You So", which became their first release in early 1964 when leased to the small Spokane, Washington label.


title: The Shangri-Las

text: Initially the girls performed without a name for their group; however when they signed their first deal, they began calling themselves the Shangri-Las, after a restaurant in Queens.


title: The Shangri-Las

text: Some discographies list The Beatle-ettes and The Bon Bons, who both issued singles in 1964, as early versions of the Shangri-Las; however, they are different groups.


title: The Shangri-Las

text: Mary Weiss was the main lead singer; Betty, however, took lead on "Maybe" (the LP version), "Shout", "Twist and Shout", "Wishing Well", and a number of B-sides and album tracks. Mary Ann Ganser took lead on most of "I'm Blue", which is a cover of the Ikettes' biggest hit at the time, and was included on their 1965 album "Shangri-Las 65!".


title: The Shangri-Las

text: In April 1964, while the girls were minors their parents signed with Red Bird Records; Mary was 15, Betty was 17, and the Ganser twins were 16. Having been hired by record producer George "Shadow" Morton, they had their first success with the summer hit "Remember (Walking in the Sand)" (U.S. #5, UK #14). Billy Joel, a then-unknown working as a session musician, played on the demo of "Remember (Walkin' in the Sand)". The demo was nearly seven minutes long, too long for Top 40 radio. Morton had hired the group to perform on the demo, but Red Bird released a re-recorded version. Morton faded the new version out around 2:16.


title: The Shangri-Las

text: The recordings for Morton featured lavish production with heavy orchestration and sound effects, and their next and biggest hit, "Leader of the Pack" (U.S. #1, UK #11), climaxes with roaring motorcycles and breaking glass. UK re-issues peaked at #3 in 1972 and #7 in 1976. The song epitomized the "death disc"; other examples include Ray Peterson's "Tell Laura I Love Her", Jan and Dean's "Dead Man's Curve", J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers's "Last Kiss," Mark Dinning's "Teen Angel", Dickey Lee's "Laurie (Strange Things Happen"), Twinkle's "Terry", and Jody Reynolds' "Endless Sleep".


title: The Shangri-Las

text: After the sudden success of "Remember (Walking in the Sand)", all the girls were called upon to make personal appearances, which required them to leave high school. Mary, however, stayed on for classes at a high school for young professionals in Manhattan.


title: The Shangri-Las

text: By the end of 1964, the group was an established act. They performed with the Beatles, a Fall 1964 tour with the Rolling Stones, R&B artists such as The Drifters and James Brown (who according to Mary Weiss was surprised to discover the girls were white), and "Cashbox" magazine listed them as best new R&B group. The group was also a fixture on the Murray the K shows at the Brooklyn Fox from 1964 to 1966. They also promoted Revlon cosmetics. In March 1965, they toured the United Kingdom with Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, Del Shannon, and others.


title: The Shangri-Las

text: The Shangri-Las appeared as a quartet to promote "Remember", starting with their stint on the 1964 Labor Day Murray the K show in September. Shortly before the Shangri-Las went to the UK for the aforementioned promotional tour in Oct. 1964, Betty Weiss dropped out temporarily, leaving the group as a trio. She is still featured on the recording for "Leader of the Pack", which was recorded prior to the release of "Remember". The trio which remained went on to tour the US and also appeared on many TV shows, including "Hullabaloo", "Shindig!", "Hollywood A-Go-Go", and "Lloyd Thaxton". Many TV clips and photos of the group taken at this time (just Mary Weiss and the twins) circulated at the group's peak in popularity and beyond, which led many to recall the group being only a trio. Betty then rejoined the group in mid-1965 (her first return appearance with the Shangri-las was listed as a June 1965 "Hollywood A-Go-Go Show" episode hosted by Cousin Brucie in New York City), and the group appeared as a quartet once again until the start of 1966, when they permanently became a trio again (Mary Ann and Marge left at different times, replacing each other until the demise of the group).


title: The Shangri-Las

text: The group alternated between touring with their own band and local bands. Among the latter were the Sonics, as well as the Iguanas featuring a young Iggy Pop. They also appeared as headliners on package tours such as Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars, and as said tours with R&B acts like the Orlons and Joe Tex. Later in their career, the Shangri-Las performed several college dates with bands like The Young Rascals, The Animals, and Vanilla Fudge.