title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: For the preparation of the role, Dassani trained for martial arts for three months before the audition. He also practised swimming, gymnastics, yoga, freehand training, stick fighting and studied human anatomy, injuries, and first aid. Action director and martial arts consultant Prateek Parmar made his acting debut with the film, he also served as the martial arts consultant. Dassani went through one-and-a-half month of auditions with other people. Devaiah learned karate while Madan and Dassani learned mixed martial arts. All of them went through almost eight months of training.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: Madan mentioned that she was auditioning for "Laila Majnu" (2018) when she got to know about "Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota" and chose the latter film because of its "uniqueness". She performed all the stunts herself and watched several classic action films for days to familiarise herself with the genre. She was also injured and bruised during the physical training; she also followed a strict diet and a daily routine of exercises.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: Pop-culture references fly thick and fast in Vasan Bala's "Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota", in which a man whose medical condition makes him impervious to pain sets out to catch the chain-snatchers that killed his mother. The film's title itself is a reference to a recurring Amitabh Bachchan dialogue in "Mard (1985)" – "Jo mard hota hai usko dard nahin hota hai". Bala says these references weren't curated, but came about organically. "We didn't want to force-fit anything into the movie. Things kept getting added even while we were shooting."


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: Every film Surya watches: Egged on by his grandfather, Surya becomes obsessed with martial arts movies, watching them on VHS and mimicking the actors' moves. Here are the titles that pop up on his shelf or in his player: "Geraftaar (1985)", "Secret Rivals (1976)", "Return of The Street Fighter (1974)", "Big Trouble in Little China (1986)", "The Crow (1994)", "Gymkata (1985)", "The 36th Chamber of Shaolin (1978)" and "Game of Death (1972)".


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: Every movie poster spotted: "City Hunter (1993)", "The Protector (2005)", "Bad Taste (1987)", "Seven Samurai (1954)", "Rambo (2008)" and "Rocky (1976)".


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Aaj Ka Goonda Raj (1992)": Surya's parents and grandfather are at the theatre watching the 'It's A Challenge' song from this Ravi Raja Pinisetty film moments before he is born.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "The Terminator (1984)": Surya briefly toys with the idea of his mother defeating a Terminator before deciding to tell the audience the real story of his birth.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Drunken Master (1978)": 'Jaise Drunken Master ka wine, Bruce Lee ka nanchaku, waise tera water backpack,' says Surya's grandfather, cautioning him against getting dehydrated.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Kung Fu Panda (2008)": Unable to recall whether he should address the martial arts master as 'Karate Man' or 'Shaolin Master', an overwhelmed Surya blurts out 'Shifu' instead.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Eternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind (2004)": "The shot of Surya and Karate Mani lying on the ground outside the Country Liquor Bar is a reference to Joel and Clementine lying on the ice in Eternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind," says Bala.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Pulp Fiction (1994)": Jimmy sipping his drink from a plastic cup is a callback to Jules' (Samuel L. Jackson) drinking from the Big Kahuna Burger cup in the Quentin Tarantino film, says Bala.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Mother India (1957)": "Aisi hi hoon, Mother India banne ki koshish nahi kar rahi hoon," says Supri's mother, referencing the famous self-sacrificial mother played by Nargis.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Shahenshah (1988)": While Surya is fixated on his role as the (super)hero of his own story, others don't quite see him the same way. He gets called 'Matunga Ka Feroz Khan' and 'Sasta Shahenshah'.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Kaminey (2009)": Surya hums a brief snatch of 'Dhan Te Nan' from this Vishal Bhardwaj film when he gives his grandfather a peek at his new costume.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Big Trouble In Little China (1986)": Karate Mani's hairstyle was inspired by that of Kurt Russell's character's in this film.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "THX 1138 (1971)": The (fictional) guideline under which a gun can be obtained at the workplace, cited in the pre-climax sequence, is named after George Lucas's first feature film.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Gangs Of Wasseypur (2012)": "Karate Mani ka, Supri ka, sabka badla lega Surya," he says during the final showdown, referencing the iconic dialogue from Anurag Kashyap's film.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Rocky (1976)": Is any movie about underdogs really complete without a reference to Sylvester Stallone's seven-film franchise? Surya says he feels like the boxer towards the end of the climactic fight.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Iron Man": Surya's father calls himself 'Jatin Stark' while sporting what he calls his 'Iron Man' look – a three-piece suit and a beard reminiscent of Robert Downey Jr's character.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Narcos": "Karate Mani's sidekick is named Pablo because Ratheesh, who played the role and is also the film's production designer, is a huge Narcos fan," says Bala. Which brings us to…


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "": "Mahesh Manjarekar's name in the film is Raghunath Namdeo Shivalkar, which was Sanjay Dutt's name in Vastaav. It appears on the nameplate on the door," says Bala.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Inglorious Basterds (2009)": When Surya's father eventually remarries, his new wife, Nandini, introduces herself as Bridget von Hammersmark (Diane Kruger's character in Quentin Tarantino's Inglorious Basterds) during their vows. "There's no real meaning to it. It's just that the name had such a kick to it in the sound design. Who's going to read the subtitles?" asks Bala.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro (1983)": Kundan Shah - The official who conducts the marriage is named after the Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro (1983) director.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Karate Mani": Gulshan Devaiah's character was named after a real-life action director from the South, says Bala.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Michael Madana Kama Rajan": The twins' father, Michael Kamaraj, is named after the Kamal Haasan film in which the superstar plays a quadruple role. "Should've named someone in the film Madan. Missed opportunity," says Bala.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Die Hard (1988)":  The 'Now I Have A Machine Gun Ho Ho Ho' banyan that Surya wears early in the film has the same slogan as a sweater spotted in this Bruce Willis movie.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Raid 2 (2014)": The first time we see the adult Supri, she's wearing a white dress and a brown leather jacket – the same costume Julia Estelle's character "Hammer Girl" wears in this Indonesian action movie.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Dil Se (1998)": When the young Surya runs away from home and tries to board a train, he's wearing a red sweater similar to the one Shah Rukh Khan sports in the opening scene of Mani Ratnam's film – a stylistic choice that came about during the shoot, says Bala.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Apna Desh (1972)": The red goggles that Jimmy wears come from the Rajesh Khanna song 'Duniya Mein Logo Ko' in this Jambu film. "While Rajesh Khanna wore a red outfit with green-tinted glasses, here Jimmy wears green or blue suits with red-tinted glasses," says Bala.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Longstreet": Surya's maroon tracksuit and blue shoes reference the clothes worn by Bruce Lee in his TV series.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "The Jungle Book (1894)": Rudyard Kipling's characters become stand-ins for playful insults. Surya's father says he wished for a normal son but got Mowgli instead. In turn, his father asks if Surya calls him 'bagheera' now.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Rumi": The 13th century Persian poet becomes fodder for playful banter between Surya and his childhood friend Supri, who takes digs at people for being unable to even sneeze without mentioning him.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves": Ajoba teasingly calls his son-in-law Ali Baba when he's late to a meeting with his fiancée.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Khel Khel Mein (1986)": "Ek main aur ek tu. Dono miley is tarah…Yeh toh hona hi tha," plays early on in the film when a henchman trips and falls.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "New Delhi (1956)": A sequence of Supri taking on a gang of neighbourhood creeps is set to 'Nakhrewaali' from the Kishore Kumar starrer.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: In "Rappan Rappi Rap": "Back To The Future (1985)", "Big Trouble In Little China (1986)", "Enter the Dragon (1973)", "The Jungle Book", "Karan Arjun (1995)" "Pokemon", "Star Wars", "Pacman", "Bata shoes", "Nirma washing powder" – all get shoutouts in the song. "Surya's been in isolation for so long that in his head, he's still a kid. All these 90s references, karate films and retro stuff are what his world is about," Karan Kulkarni said in an earlier interview.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: In "Life Mein Fair Chance Kiska?": The lyric 'Show me the Mani' is a desi twist on a Tom Cruise line in Jerry Maguire (1996). Bruce Lee and The Good, The Bad And The Ugly (1966) are also referenced.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: In "Shaolin Sky": American hip-hop group Wu-Tang Clan and Japanese mafia members (the Yakuza) get namechecked in this song.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "Kamal Haasan" and "Rajinikanth": psychopath Jimmy (Gulshan Devaiah) accuses Kung Fu master Mani (also Gulshan Devaiah) of being too "senti" because he's a Kamal Haasan fan, suggesting he should've been a fan of Rajinikanth instead.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: "The 27 Club": The term refers to a group of popular artistes, such as Kurt Cobain, Amy Winehouse and Jimi Hendrix, who died at the age of 27. Surya alludes to it, saying he could've achieved "legit status" had he only died at that age.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: The official theatrical poster of the film was unveiled on 11 February 2019. The film was released in theatres on 21 March 2019 by RSVP Movies in India, New Zealand, and Australia, and was also released later in Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: The film only played on 375 screens in India due to a dispute with multiplex cinema companies. Producer Ronnie Screwvala claimed that four multiplex chains were imposing unnecessary fees to Hindi films, and he filed a grievance with the Competition Commission of India; in retaliation, INOX Leisure Limited would not play "Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota" on any of its screens. These "Virtual Print Fees" originated in 2010 to help cinemas transition from film prints to digital, but have continued longer than they were supposed to.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: The music of the film is composed by Karan Kulkarni and Dipanjan Guha while the lyrics are penned by Garima Obrah, Karan Kulkarni, Shantanu Ghatak and Hussain Haidry.


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has scored based on reviews with an average rating of . Rafael Motamayor of Bloody Disgusting called the film "India's highly entertaining answer to "Deadpool"". J Hurtado of Screen Anarchy wrote: "In this boisterous action comedy, Bala's passions and obsessions are writ large across the screen with a genuine affection that is hard to deny." He later included it in his list of 14 Favorite Indian Films of 2018. Joe Leydon of "Variety" wrote: "Writer-director Vasan Bala’s wild and wacky yet also warm and fuzzy fable about a resourceful young man who transcends ostensible physical limitations to become a two-fisted, swift-kicking hero likely will prove to be an irresistible crowd-pleaser on the global fest circuit, and in an international release on various platforms." For Scroll.in, Nandini Ramnath writes, "Vasan Bala’s action comedy, which he has also written, plays out at the intersection of cinephilia, nostalgia and mischief." Shikhar Verma of High On Films writes, "Vasan Bala’s film has endearing characters who all call for a big celebratory leap forward for conventional Hindi films; but the entire arc that comes along with the self-awareness lacks real oomph or glow."


title: Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota

text: Stephen Dalton of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it a "fun ride, unashamedly zany and eager to please, even if the humor is very broad and the sprawling plot too baggy for an action-driven piece." Rahul Desai of Film Companion called it "a Whimsically joyful ode to a life of movies." Pradeep Menon of "Firstpost" wrote that the film "remains watchable throughout, despite all its shaky foundation, precisely because it gives us an experience we rarely see in Indian cinema." Devesh Sharma of Filmfare giving three stars out of five says, "All-all-all, the film’s gags don’t travel well outside the context. It’s one of those -- ‘you’ve to be there’—kind of films. But within those two hours, you'll surely laugh your head off." Raja Sen of Hindustan Times giving four stars out of five feels that the film is most entertaining action movie in decades.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: USS "Ranger" (CV-4) was an interwar United States Navy aircraft carrier, the only ship of its class. As a Treaty ship, "Ranger" was the first U.S. vessel to be designed and built from the keel up as a carrier. She was relatively small, just long and under , closer in size and displacement to the first US carrier——than later ships. An island superstructure was not included in the original design, but was added after completion.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Deemed too slow for use with the Pacific Fleet's carrier task forces against Japan, she spent most of World War II in the Atlantic Ocean, where the German fleet, the "Kriegsmarine", was a weaker opponent. "Ranger" saw combat in that theater and provided air support for Operation Torch. In October 1943, she fought in Operation Leader, air attacks on German shipping off Norway. She was sold for scrap in 1947.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Work began in 1925 on the design of a fourth aircraft carrier for the US Navy, as a follow-on to the small , converted from a collier, and the large and , which were in the process of being converted from incomplete battlecruisers. Carrier number four was the Navy's first opportunity to design a ship built as an aircraft carrier. Preliminary design work occurred before extensive operation of the preceding three. Having limited experience to draw on, key characteristics of the design were derived from wargaming experience at the U.S. Naval War College. During design and construction many alterations would occur as a result of increasing experience with "Langley, Lexington," and "Saratoga".


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: The major limitation constraining any design was the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. After "Lexington" and "Saratoga", there were remaining for construction of aircraft carriers. This resulted in modeling for three 23,000 long ton carriers, four 17,250 ton carriers, and five 13,800 ton carriers. Of the three sizes, the smaller 13,800 was selected because the five hulls would have the largest aggregate aircraft capacity. Wargames had indicated that severe attrition to airframes and hulls would occur in any war. The college's solution was to maximize the number of aircraft and hulls allowable under the treaty.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Initially, "Ranger" was designed as a flush-decker, like "Langley", with nothing extending above the flight deck. Keeping the flightdeck clear of obstacles complicated the arrangement of machinery. The smoke from her six boilers was vented up six small stacks, with three on each side of the aft hangar. The stacks were hinged and were rotated to a position parallel with the hangar deck during flight operations. The unusual stack arrangement is a carry-over from her flush-deck design. When an island was added midway through construction, rebuilding the uptakes into the island was rejected as too costly.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Concerns about smoke dispersion impacted propulsion design. Size of the plant influenced both the placement of the boilers and the amount of smoke generated. A moderate 53,000shp power plant could be placed further aft than a 100,000shp plant without affecting trim. The further aft the boilers were placed the further aft the stacks could be too, dispersing smoke over less of the deck. The smaller plant also produced less gasses than a 100,000shp plant. Due to space limits, the carrier was equipped with geared turbines.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Nearly her entire upper deck was devoted to the hangar. The large height and open girders of the flight deck structure allowed for stowage of spare fuselages. The hangar deck was semi-open and had large roll-up metal curtain doors which could be closed in bad weather. The open hangar was adopted to allow the installation of two catapults on the hangar deck for the launching of observation aircraft. The catapults were dropped to save cost. "Ranger" also incorporated a gallery deck between the flight deck and hangar deck.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: The flight deck was a light superstructure sheathed in wood. Designed as a weight-saving measure, the light wood deck was found to be easily repairable. Three elevators were provided to move aircraft between the flight deck and hangar deck. Outriggers at the edge of the flight deck provided extra stowage for aircraft on deck. The carrier operated 76 aircraft as constructed; equal to "Lexington" with half the displacement.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: The carrier was one of the first U.S. Navy ships mounted with light automatic weapons to defend against dive-bombing attacks, and was initially armed with forty .50 cal machine guns. Complementing the machine guns were eight dual-purpose 5-inch (127 mm)/25 caliber guns controlled by two Mark 33 directors. The machine guns were arrayed along the gallery and the 5-inch guns arrayed with one at each corner of the gallery, two at the bow, and two on the fantail.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Authorized by Congress on 13 February 1929, the U.S. Navy opened bids for the construction of the aircraft carrier on 3 September 1930. Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company outbid Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation and New York Shipbuilding Company for the contract. In November, Newport News Shipbuilding received the contract to build her. The contract price was 15.2 million dollars. On 10 December, the name "Ranger" was assigned to the planned aircraft carrier.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: "Ranger" was laid down on 26 September 1931 by the Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Newport News, Virginia, and launched on 25 February 1933, sponsored by Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States. Late in construction the design was modified to include an island, increasing her displacement to 14,500 tons. Commencing trials on 1 May 1934, "Ranger" made 30.35 kn and generated 58,700 shp. She was commissioned at the Norfolk Navy Yard on 4 June 1934, with Captain Arthur L. Bristol in command.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: To save money, "Ranger" was initially designed and commissioned without torpedo stowage or a torpedo bomber squadron. "Wasp" was designed and commissioned to match. On 17 October 1941 approval was given to install torpedo stowage during the next overhaul in conjunction with the activation of a torpedo squadron. On 10 January 1942 Torpedo Squadron 4 (VT-4) was activated on "Ranger."


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Across the years many alterations were made to her armament. The first change was to consolidate the 5-in gun battery by pairing the four main deck guns with the four gallery deck guns. The anti-aircraft armament received a major upgrade when six 1.1-in quadruple mounts were installed; the 1.1-in battery replaced a battery of 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber guns installed months before as placeholders. In March 1942, the .50 cal machine guns were exchanged for much more capable Oerlikon 20mm cannons. Similarly, the 1.1-in battery was swapped with quadruple Bofors 40mm guns in December 1942. "Ranger's" ultimate armament was six 40mm quadruple mounts and forty-six 20mm mounts.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: On 13 December 1943, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King had approved an extensive modernization. Since "Ranger"'s commissioning, the size of carrier aircraft had grown enormously. Her flight deck supports were no longer capable of supporting the weight of a complete, modern air group. Other aircraft operating improvements were contemplated. The aft elevator was to be enlarged, the amidship elevator was to be replaced with a deck-edge elevator, and two flight deck catapults were to be installed. Weight and protection issues were to be solved by blistering the hull. Armament was to be increased with six additional 40mm quadruple mounts. Admiral King favored having the conversions done, but the Bureau of Ships insisted that allocating the manpower and resources required to accomplish this would considerably delay the completion of new aircraft carriers under construction. The full project was indefinitely postponed on 5 April 1944 after the third, increasing estimate. After arriving at New York Harbor on 16 May, "Ranger" entered the Norfolk Navy Yard to have her flight deck strengthened, new aircraft catapults installed, and radar equipment updated. This provided her with the capability of night fighter-interceptor training.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: "Ranger" conducted her initial flight operations off the Virginia Capes on 21 June 1934 and departed Norfolk on 17 August for a shakedown training cruise that took her to Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo. She returned to Norfolk on 4 October for operations off the Virginia Capes and two stints in dry dock for post trial repairs until 1 April 1935, when she sailed for the Pacific. Transiting the Panama Canal on 7 April, she arrived in San Diego on 15 April. For nearly four years, she participated in fleet problems reaching to Hawaii, the first-ever carrier cold weather test trials in Alaska, and in western seaboard operations that took her as far south as Callao, Peru, and as far north as Seattle, Washington. On 4 January 1939, she departed San Diego for winter fleet operations in the Caribbean based at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. She then steamed north to Norfolk, arriving on 20 April.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: "Ranger" cruised along the eastern seaboard out of Norfolk and into the Caribbean Sea. In the fall of 1939, she commenced Neutrality Patrol operations, operating out of Bermuda along the trade routes of the middle Atlantic and up the eastern seaboard up to NS Argentia, Newfoundland.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: In December 1940, "Ranger"'s VF-4 became one of the first units to receive the newer Grumman F4F-3 Wildcats.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: In December 1941, she was returning to Norfolk from an ocean patrol extending to Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Arriving in Norfolk on 8 December, she sailed on 21 December for patrol in the South Atlantic. She then entered the Norfolk Navy Yard for repairs on 21 March 1942. "Ranger" was one of 14 ships to receive the early RCA CXAM-1 radar.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: "Ranger" served as flagship of Rear Admiral Arthur B. Cook, Commander, Carriers, Atlantic Fleet—until 6 April 1942, when he was relieved by Rear Admiral Ernest D. McWhorter, who also broke his flag in "Ranger".


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: On 15 April 1942, Prime Minister Winston Churchill cabled President Franklin Delano Roosevelt requesting "North Carolina" and "Ranger" reinforce the Eastern Fleet in the wake of the Indian Ocean Raid. The day before in response to advance notice of the reinforcement request routed through General George Marshall, who was then visiting London, Admiral Ernest King had already definitely stated that "Ranger" and any other major fleet unit could not be made available for the Indian Ocean. He stated the only manner at all in which the Navy could assist was by using "Ranger" to ferry the pursuit planes necessary to bring the 10th Air Force up to full operational strength. King's draft response to Churchill's insistence displayed a lack of tact. Roosevelt supported King, but toned down King's draft by playing up "Ranger's" faults to steer the British towards accepting the ferry mission.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Steaming to Naval Air Station Quonset Point, Rhode Island, "Ranger" loaded 68 Curtiss P-40Es and put to sea on 22 April, launching the Army planes on 10 May to land at Accra, on the Gold Coast of Africa (Ghana). The P-40s were a general reinforcement for the American Volunteer Group Flying Tigers (soon to be redesignated as the Army Air Forces' 23rd Fighter Group) in China, to replenish their losses as well as forming a second unit, the 51st Fighter Group. Although no difficulties were encountered in flying off "Ranger"s deck, errors in crossing Africa led to the loss of 10 or so en route. Upon return to Quonset Point on 28 May, she made a patrol to Argentia, Newfoundland.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: After Rommel's victories in May and June, most notably the fall of Tobruk during the Battle of Gazala, the United States agreed to commit to the North African theater a total of nine combat groups, of which seven groups were to be in operation by the end of 1942. "Ranger"s contribution to the establishment of the Ninth Air Force was to ferry another 72 Army P-40s. This time she ferried a complete combat unit, 57th Fighter Group, which she launched off the coast of Africa for Accra on 19 July. Lessons learned from the previous ferry mission resulted in negligible losses, for which the 57th received commendations. The Group was operational with the Desert Air Force in time to participate in the Second Battle of El Alamein.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: After calling at Trinidad, she returned to Norfolk for local battle practice until 1 October, then based her training at Bermuda, in the company of four new s, ships converted from oil tankers to increase U.S. air power in the Atlantic Ocean.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: As the largest carrier in the Atlantic Fleet, "Ranger" led the task force that comprised herself and the four escort carriers. These provided air superiority during the amphibious invasion of Vichy-ruled French Morocco. On 8 November 1942, Allied landings in French North Africa (Operation Torch) began. Vichy French government forces attacked the Allied forces in defense of the neutrality of French Morocco, in what became known as the Naval Battle of Casablanca.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: It was still dark at 06:15 that day, when "Ranger"—stationed northwest of Casablanca—began launching her aircraft to support the landings made at three points on the Atlantic coast of North Africa (Operation Torch). Nine of her Wildcat fighters attacked the Rabat and Rabat-Sale aerodromes, headquarters of the French air forces in Morocco. Without loss to themselves, they destroyed seven planes at one field, and 14 bombers at the other. Another flight destroyed seven planes on the Port Lyautey field. Some of "Ranger"s planes strafed four French destroyers in Casablanca Harbor, while others strafed and bombed nearby shore batteries.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: The Vichy French battleship opened fire with the four guns of her one operational turret on U.S. warships covering the landings. She was hit and moderately damaged by "Ranger"s dive bombers, then silenced by the fifth hit from the guns of the American battleship , which jammed the rotating mechanism of the one working turret.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: "Jean Bart"s 15 in turret was quickly repaired. On 10 November, "Jean Bart" opened fire again, and almost hit the heavy cruiser , the Task Force 34 flagship. In retaliation, bombers from "Ranger" inflicted severe damage on "Jean Bart" with two heavy bombs hitting the bow and the stern, causing the French battleship to sink into the harbor mud with decks awash. In addition to damaging and sinking "Jean Bart", "Ranger"s attack aircraft scored two direct bomb hits on the French destroyer leader , completely wrecking her forward half and causing 300 casualties. They also attacked the French cruiser as she sortied from Casablanca Harbor and dropped depth charges within killing range of two submarines. "Ranger"s planes also knocked out coastal defense and anti-aircraft batteries, destroyed more than 70 enemy aircraft on the ground, and shot down 15 aircraft in aerial combat. It was estimated that 21 enemy light tanks were immobilized and some 86 military vehicles destroyed – most of them troop-carrying trucks. "Ranger" had launched 496 combat sorties in the three-day operation, with 16 planes lost or damaged beyond repair.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Casablanca capitulated to the American forces on 11 November. "Ranger" departed from the Moroccan coast on 12 November, returning to Hampton Roads on 24 November and Norfolk on 14 December 1942.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: On 2 December 1942, "Ranger" was again requested for in a cable from Churchill to Roosevelt, this time in connection to American misfortunes. The loss of "Hornet" in the Battle of Santa Cruz Islands kicked off a confused series of messages seeking British carrier reinforcement in the Pacific. To meet the request, Churchill offered both "Illustrious" and "Victorious" in exchange for "Ranger" replacing "Victorious" in the Home Fleet. King accepted one carrier but retained "Ranger" to use in the Atlantic or the Pacific at his discretion.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Following training in Chesapeake Bay, "Ranger" underwent an overhaul at the Norfolk Navy Yard from 16 December 1942 – 7 February 1943. By December 33 Fighter Group had taken heavy losses in Tunisia and need reinforcement. Responding to Eisenhower's request, "Ranger" departed Norfolk on 8 January with the 325th Fighter Group aboard for delivery to Casablanca. She repeated the mission with another load, 75 P-40L fighters of the Army Air Forces' 58th Fighter Group to Africa, arriving at Casablanca on 23 February.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: On 25 April 1943, German radio announced "Achtung! Achtung! We are proud to announce that a German submarine has sunk the United States aircraft carrier Ranger in the North Atlantic!" Following this broadcast, German news releases reported that Commander Otto von Bülow of the U-boat , personally decorated by Adolf Hitler with Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross, had "in addition to torpedoing four steamers, caught and sank the American aircraft carrier Ranger."


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: The US Navy, concerned about the impact of the German announcement on families of "Ranger" crewmen, issued a denial of the German claim. In the radio broadcast dated 15 February 1944, Captain Gordon Rowe, Commanding Officer of USS "Ranger", stated:The story that we were sunk was a coward's trick—spreading anxiety and fear among the innocent... The next day we issued a denial and ... on October 4 we spread panic and chaos in the Norwegian shipping lanes. Only one thing we regret. We kept looking for the Tirpitz but either she wouldn't or couldn't come out... Meanwhile, the Ranger, still very much afloat, is doing her job.She patrolled and trained pilots along the New England coast steaming as far north as Halifax, Nova Scotia. Departing from Halifax on 11 August, she joined the British Home Fleet at Scapa Flow, Scotland, on 19 August, with which she patrolled the approaches to the British Isles.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: "Ranger" departed from Scapa Flow with the Home Fleet on 2 October to attack German shipping in Norwegian waters (Operation Leader). The objective of the force was the northern Norwegian port of Bodø. The task force reached launch position off Vestfjorden before dawn on 4 October completely undetected. At 06:18, "Ranger" launched 20 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers and an escort of eight Wildcats. One division of dive bombers attacked the freighter "La Plata", while the rest continued north to attack a German ship convoy. The bombers severely damaged a tanker and a smaller troop transport. They also sank two of four small German merchant ships in the Bodø roadstead.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: A second attack group from "Ranger"—consisting of 10 Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers and six Wildcats—destroyed a German freighter and a small coastal ship, and bombed a troop-laden transport. Three of the aircraft were lost to anti-aircraft fire. On the afternoon of 4 October, "Ranger" was located by three German aircraft; her combat air patrol shot down two of the enemy planes and chased away the third.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: "Ranger" returned to Scapa Flow on 6 October. She patrolled with the British 2nd Battle Squadron in waters extending northwestward to Iceland, and then she departed from Hvalfjord on 26 November, arriving at Boston on 3 December.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: On 3 January 1944, "Ranger" became a training carrier out of Quonset Point, Rhode Island. This duty was interrupted on 20 April when she steamed to Staten Island, New York, to take on 76 Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters—together with Army, Navy, and French Navy personnel—for transportation to Casablanca. Steaming out on 24 April for her fifth and final transatlantic ferry mission, she arrived at Casablanca on 4 May. The new aircraft were exchanged with damaged U.S. Army aircraft marked for repair in the U.S., while military passengers were embarked for the return to New York City. After New York City, she moved to Norfolk for refit on 19 May 1944.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: On 11 July, she departed from Norfolk and headed for Panama. She transited the Panama Canal five days later, embarked several hundred U.S. Army passengers at Balboa, Panama, then sailed to San Diego, arriving there on 25 July. After embarking the men and aircraft of Night Fighting Squadron 102 and nearly 1,000 U.S. Marines, "Ranger" steamed for Hawaiian waters on 28 July, reaching Pearl Harbor on 3 August. During the next three months, "Ranger" conducted night carrier flight training operations out of Pearl Harbor.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: "Ranger" departed from Pearl Harbor on 13 October to train new naval pilots for combat duty. Operating out of San Diego under the Commander, Fleet Air, Alameda, California, "Ranger" continued training air groups and squadrons along the California coast throughout the remainder of the war. "Ranger" was the only pre-war U.S. carrier never to have engaged Japanese forces in battle.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: Departing San Diego on 30 September 1945, she embarked civilian and military passengers at Balboa and then steamed for New Orleans, Louisiana, arriving on 18 October. Following Navy Day celebrations there, she sailed on 30 October for brief operations at Pensacola, Florida, as a training carrier, later relieved in that role by . After calling at Norfolk, she entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on 19 November for overhaul. She remained on the eastern seaboard until decommissioned at the Norfolk Navy Yard on 18 October 1946. Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 29 October, she was sold for scrap to Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania, on 31 January 1947.


title: USS Ranger (CV-4)

text: For her service "Ranger" was awarded two Service stars and the following ribbons/awards. The two Service stars awarded to "Ranger" were awarded based on her participation in the operations detailed below.


title: IWantTFC

text: iWantTFC is a Filipino over-the-top content platform and production company owned and operated by ABS-CBN Digital Media, a division of ABS-CBN Corporation, formed in 2020 through the merger of two streaming services iWant and TFC Online. In addition to offering on-demand contents of ABS-CBN, iWantTFC also live streams linear channels such as Kapamilya Channel, TeleRadyo, Knowledge Channel, FashionTV, A8 ESports, and Black Belt.


title: IWantTFC

text: The service is available worldwide, primarily catering to a Filipino audience. The service is also a replacement for Sky On Demand of Sky Cable on September 1, 2020.


title: IWantTFC

text: Launched in 2003 as ABS-CBNnow!, a service primarily focusing to the overseas Filipino workers where they can watch ABS-CBN programs such as MTB, The Buzz and Magandang Gabi Bayan anywhere in the world using a PC with high-speed Internet or broadband connection. Users can stream directly or download files and are required to install Windows Media Player in order to view contents which are DRM protected. It is one of the first Filipino owned OTT platform. As of October 2005, there are approximately 23,000 subscribers worldwide. The biggest share of its subscribers comes from the United States with 8,000, another 6,000 in the United Kingdom, 4,000 in Canada, and the rest in Korea, Japan, the Philippines and other Asian countries.


title: IWantTFC

text: From its launch until 2015, iWant TV had foreign contents from many pan-regional television channels such as NatGeo, the Food Network, E!, CNN, and Cartoon Network. These particular contents are now diverted into a new service called Sky On Demand which is exclusive to Sky subscribers.


title: IWantTFC

text: In August 2015, iWant TV, together with StarFlix (a division of Star Cinema) and Wattpad, released "Must Date the Playboy", starring Kim Chiu, Xian Lim and directed by Mae Cruz Alviar, the first movie to be released exclusively through iWant TV and ABS-CBN Mobile service.


title: IWantTFC

text: On September 26, 2016, a partnership with PLDT and its subsidiary Smart Communications was announced during a signing ceremony attended by Eugenio Lopez III (Chairman of ABS-CBN), Carlo Katigbak (President and CEO of ABS-CBN), Manny Pangilinan (Chairman of PLDT) and other ABS-CBN, PLDT and Smart executives. The partnership will enable PLDT and Smart customers to access the iWant TV website and mobile apps.


title: IWantTFC

text: In 2018, iWant TV began streaming Filipino-dubbed Japanese anime series and movies that aired on ABS-CBN's original channel, starting with the hit anime film "Your Name".


title: IWantTFC

text: On November 16, 2018, the service officially relaunched as iWant, which now emphasizes on adding original content similar to Netflix and Iflix, featuring "Spirits: Reawaken" (a reboot version of the original 2004–2005 TV series), "Quezon's Game", and "Alamat ng Ano". "Glorious" and "MA" were the first two iWant original movies.


title: IWantTFC

text: In May 2019, the service adds the 2005 version of the Japanese animé series "Doraemon" (which airs on Yey!, an exclusive channel of ABS-CBN TV Plus), becoming the second animé title to be streamed on iWant.


title: IWantTFC

text: A television special called "iWant Originals" premiered on ABS-CBN's "Yes Weekend!" Sunday evening block on August 11, 2019, replacing the 14-year-old comedy gag show "Goin' Bulilit". Some scenes were edited for the TV version due to strict guidelines of the MTRCB. On August 18, "Call Me Tita" was the first original series to premiere simultaneously on both iWant and ABS-CBN. "iWant Originals" was cancelled on September 22, 2019, to give way for the "Kapamilya Super Blockbusters" movie block.


title: IWantTFC

text: On March 16, 2020, "iWant Originals" returned on ABS-CBN's "Primetime Bida" as part of the special TV programming due to the Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. iWant Originals showcased some of their fresh, most-watched programs. In the list are; Julia Barretto's mystery-thriller "I Am U", making it the lead miniseries, followed by Jodi Sta. Maria's "My Single Lady" and Joseph Marco's "Uncoupling".


title: IWantTFC

text: Various "iWant Originals" series airs weekdays on The Filipino Channel, a global subscription television network owned and operated by ABS-CBN. Each series or part of a mini-series will be replaced by another "iWant Originals" series. Beginning with "Past, Present, Perfect?" which aired on May 4, 2020; followed by "Taiwan That You Love" on May 12; "My Single Lady" on May 20; "Uncoupling" on May 28; "The End: Balikbayan" on June 5; "Spirits: Reawaken" on June 8; "The End: Accidental Friend" on June 26; "Bagman" on June 29; "Touchscreen:Wittyrella"; "Touchscreen:It's A Match"; "Bagman: New Season"; "The End: Third Wheel" on July 30; "Alamat ng Ano" on August 3; "HIGH" on August 17; Ang Babae sa Septic Tank 3: The Real Untold Story of Josephine Bracken on August 27; Jhon en Martian on September 7, as part of the special TV programming due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On the weekends, "TNT Boys: Journey to the World Stage", a documentary series airing on June 6, 2020. Also, another documentary series "Unlisted", airing in July 2020. "iWant Originals" ended on September 25, 2020.


title: IWantTFC

text: iWant also streamed "" on March 22, 2020, together with ABS-CBN, S+A, ANC, Jeepney TV, DZMM Radyo Patrol 630, DZMM Teleradyo, Metro Channel, Myx, Asianovela Channel, and TFC. The concert was aimed to help the people who were in need because of the community quarantine in Luzon and the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: IWantTFC

text: On September 1, 2020, iWant merged with TFC Online and was soft launched as iWantTFC. The service inherited the worldwide accessibility of the latter service. TFC IPTV and TFC Direct via cable and satellite subscribers have instant online access to iWantTFC with TFC Everywhere (TVE) feature. They also made iWantTFC's full library accessible for free for users in the Philippines.


title: IWantTFC

text: iWantTFC stores over 10,000 hours of content and programs, over 1,000 films, and several live on-demand channels and video on demand. Most of its content and films are produced by ABS-CBN Corporation's divisions such as ABS-CBN Entertainment and ABS-CBN Films. In addition, there are over 20 original films and over 50 original series produced by iWantTFC.


title: IWantTFC

text: The platform also provides live streams of several of ABS-CBN's broadcast properties, some operated by ABS-CBN's subsidiaries Creative Programs, Inc. and ABS-CBN international. Kapamilya Channel, ABS-CBN TeleRadyo, and Knowledge Channel are exclusively available in the Philippines. The Filipino Channel, ANC Global, ABS-CBN TeleRadyo, Cinema One Global, Cine Mo! Global, MOR Entertainment and Myx America are available in North America.


title: Joseph Bankman

text: Alan Joseph Bankman is an American lawyer, currently the Ralph M. Parsons Professor of Law and Business at Stanford Law School, and a licensed psychologist. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1977 and a Juris Doctorate degree from Yale Law School in 1980. He later earned a doctorate in clinical psychology from Palo Alto University.


title: Joseph Bankman

text: Bankman is considered a leading scholar in the discipline of tax law and is an author of two tax casebooks including "Federal Income Taxation".


title: Joseph Bankman

text: In the middle of his career, (in about 2009), he went back and earned an additional degree in clinical psychology from Palo Alto University, interning with the Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS) of the University of California, Santa Cruz. He put that degree to use in counseling first-year law students on handling the anxiety of law school. Bankman also hosted a podcast called WellnessCast for Stanford Law School to discuss "wellness and mental health within the legal profession."


title: Joseph Bankman

text: In 2004, he and his colleagues developed a proposal for a California program called ReadyReturn, whereby citizens' tax returns were filled out in advance, requiring only that the users make corrections. The program failed to pass the California legislature by one vote, reportedly after lobbying efforts from tax software preparation company Intuit.


title: Joseph Bankman

text: Following the defeat in California, he continued to advocate for simplification of the U.S. tax filing system and the adoption of return-free filing.


title: Joseph Bankman

text: In 2016, he lent his support to Senator Elizabeth Warren's Tax Filing Simplification Act along with 50 other law professors and economists. A letter with Bankman as the lead signatory states, "Much of the time and expense involved in tax filing is unnecessary." He was said to be involved with writing Senator Warren's bill.


title: Joseph Bankman

text: Bankman is the husband of Barbara Fried and the father of Sam Bankman-Fried and Gabe Bankman-Fried. He is the brother-in-law of Linda P. Fried.


title: Joseph Bankman

text: Bankman's son, Sam Bankman-Fried, has been indicted on multiple felony counts--conspiracy to commit wire fraud, wire fraud, conspiracy to commit commodities fraud, conspiracy to commit securities fraud, conspiracy to commit money laundering, and conspiracy to defraud the Federal Election Commission and commit campaign finance violations--after serving as the founder and former CEO of the FTX cryptocurrency exchange, which collapsed amid allegations of fraud in November 2022.


title: Joseph Bankman

text: Bankman was a paid part-time employee of FTX prior to its bankruptcy. He also raised funds for the firm before its bankruptcy. Via a connection to his former Stanford Law School student Orlando Bravo, Bankman made an introduction which led to a $125 million investment in FTX from private equity firm Thoma Bravo in June 2021.


title: Joseph Bankman

text: Bankman arrived in the Bahamas as FTX entered bankruptcy, and has not returned to the United States. After his son's indictment, Joseph Bankman has come under scrutiny for his part in the business. He has engaged a lawyer and will not be teaching at Stanford this winter.


title: Joseph Bankman

text: Bankman and his wife were signatories to a beachfront residence in Old Fort Bay, Bahamas, that is part of the FTX bankruptcy. A spokesperson for Bankman and his wife said they were trying to return the property to FTX.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate (brand name Deca-Durabolin) and nandrolone phenylpropionate (brand name Durabolin). Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias, cachexia (muscle wasting syndrome), osteoporosis, breast cancer, and for other indications. They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat.


title: Nandrolone

text: Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth or baldness from excessive Deca-Durabolin use (see Geoff Frazer), voice changes, and decreased sexual desire due to its ability to suppress endogenous testosterone synthesis while not being a sufficient androgen itself. They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Nandrolone has strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children. There are metabolites of Nandrolone that act as long-lasting prodrugs in the body, such as 5α-Dihydronandrolone.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s. They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide. In addition to their medical use, nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance, and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes. The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone esters are used clinically, although increasingly rarely, for people in catabolic states with major burns, cancer, and AIDS, and an ophthalmological formulation was available to support cornea healing.


title: Nandrolone

text: The positive effects of nandrolone esters include muscle growth, appetite stimulation and increased red blood cell production, and bone density. Clinical studies have shown them to be effective in treating anemia, osteoporosis, and breast cancer.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone esters are used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.


title: Nandrolone

text: Side effects of nandrolone esters include masculinization among others. In women, nandrolone and nandrolone esters have been reported to produce increased libido, acne, facial and body hair growth, voice changes, and clitoral enlargement. However, the masculinizing effects of nandrolone and its esters are reported to be slighter than those of testosterone. Nandrolone has also been found to produce penile growth in prepubertal boys. Amenorrhea and menorrhagia have been reported as side effects of nandrolone cypionate.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone theoretically may produce erectile dysfunction as a side effect, although there is no clinical evidence to support this notion at present. Side effects of high doses of nandrolone may include cardiovascular toxicity as well as hypogonadism and infertility. Nandrolone may not produce scalp hair loss, although this is also theoretical.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone is an agonist of the AR, the biological target of androgens like testosterone and . Unlike testosterone and certain other AAS, nandrolone is not potentiated in androgenic tissues like the scalp, skin, and prostate, hence deleterious effects in these tissues are lessened. This is because nandrolone is metabolized by 5α-reductase to the much weaker AR ligand 5α-dihydronandrolone (DHN), which has both reduced affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) relative to nandrolone "in vitro" and weaker AR agonistic potency "in vivo". The lack of alkylation on the 17α-carbon drastically reduces the hepatotoxic potential of nandrolone. Estrogen effects resulting from reaction with aromatase are also reduced due to lessened enzyme interaction, but effects such as gynecomastia and reduced libido may still occur at sufficiently high doses.


title: Nandrolone

text: In addition to its AR agonistic activity, unlike many other AAS, nandrolone is also a potent progestogen. It binds to the progesterone receptor with approximately 22% of the affinity of progesterone. The progestogenic activity of nandrolone serves to augment its antigonadotropic effects, as antigonadotropic action is a known property of progestogens.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone has a very high ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity. In fact, nandrolone-like AAS like nandrolone itself and trenbolone are said to have among the highest ratio of anabolic to androgenic effect of all AAS. This is attributed to the fact that whereas testosterone is potentiated via conversion into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in androgenic tissues, the opposite is true with nandrolone and similar AAS (i.e., other 19-nortestosterone derivatives). As such, nandrolone-like AAS, namely nandrolone esters, are the most frequently used AAS in clinical settings in which anabolic effects are desired; for instance, in the treatment of AIDS-associated cachexia, severe burns, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, AAS with a very high ratio of anabolic to androgenic action like nandrolone still have significant androgenic effects and can produce symptoms of masculinization like hirsutism and voice deepening in women and children with extended use.


title: Nandrolone

text: The oral activity of nandrolone has been studied. With oral administration of nandrolone in rodents, it had about one-tenth of the potency of subcutaneous injection of nandrolone.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 5% of that of testosterone and 1% of that of DHT. It is metabolized by the enzyme 5α-reductase, among others. Nandrolone is less susceptible to metabolism by 5α-reductase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase than testosterone. This results in it being transformed less in so-called "androgenic" tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland and in the kidneys, respectively. Metabolites of nandrolone include 5α-dihydronandrolone, 19-norandrosterone, and 19-noretiocholanolone, and these metabolites may be detected in urine.


title: Nandrolone

text: Single intramuscular injections of 100 mg nandrolone phenylpropionate or nandrolone decanoate have been found to produce an anabolic effect for 10 to 14 days and 20 to 25 days, respectively. Conversely, unesterified nandrolone has been used by intramuscular injection once daily.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone, also known as 19-nortestosterone (19-NT) or as estrenolone, as well as estra-4-en-17β-ol-3-one or 19-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a naturally occurring estrane (19-norandrostane) steroid and a derivative of testosterone (androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one). It is specifically the C19 demethylated (nor) analogue of testosterone. Nandrolone is an endogenous intermediate in the production of estradiol from testosterone via aromatase in mammals including humans and is present in the body naturally in trace amounts. It can be detected during pregnancy in women. Nandrolone esters have an ester such as decanoate or phenylpropionate attached at the C17β position.


title: Nandrolone

text: A variety of esters of nandrolone have been marketed and used medically. The most commonly used esters are nandrolone decanoate and to a lesser extent nandrolone phenylpropionate. Examples of other nandrolone esters that have been marketed and used medically include nandrolone cyclohexylpropionate, nandrolone cypionate, nandrolone hexyloxyphenylpropionate, nandrolone laurate, nandrolone sulfate, and nandrolone undecanoate.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone is the parent compound of a large group of AAS. Notable examples include the non-17α-alkylated trenbolone and the 17α-alkylated ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol) and metribolone (R-1881), as well as the 17α-alkylated designer steroids norboletone and tetrahydrogestrinone (THG). The following is list of derivatives of nandrolone that have been developed as AAS:


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone, together with ethisterone (17α-ethynyltestosterone), is also the parent compound of a large group of progestins, the norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) derivatives. This family is subdivided into two groups: the estranes and the gonanes. The estranes include norethisterone (norethindrone), norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate, lynestrenol, etynodiol diacetate, and noretynodrel, while the gonanes include norgestrel, levonorgestrel, desogestrel, etonogestrel, gestodene, norgestimate, dienogest (actually a 17α-cyanomethyl-19-nortestosterone derivative), and norelgestromin.


title: Nandrolone

text: The elaboration of a method for the reduction of aromatic rings to the corresponding dihydrobenzenes under controlled conditions by A. J. Birch opened a convenient route to compounds related to the putative 19-norprogesterone.


title: Nandrolone

text: This reaction, now known as the Birch reduction, is typified by the treatment of the monomethyl ether of estradiol (1) with a solution of lithium metal in liquid ammonia in the presence of alcohol as a proton source. Initial reaction constituents of 1,4-dimetalation of the most electron deficient positions of the aromatic ring–in the case of an estrogen, the 1 and 4-positions. Rxn of the intermediate with the proton source leads to a dihydrobenzene; a special virtue of this sequence in steroids is the fact that the double bind at 2 is in effect becomes an enol ether moiety. Treatment of this product (2) with weak acid, oxalic acid for e.g., leads to the hydrolysis of the enol ether, producing β,γ-unconjugated ketone 3. Hydrolysis under more strenuous conditions (mineral acids) results in migration/conjugation of the olefin to yield nandrolone (4).


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone use is directly detectable in hair or indirectly detectable in urine by testing for the presence of 19-norandrosterone, a metabolite. The International Olympic Committee has set a limit of 2.0 μg/L of 19-norandrosterone in urine as the upper limit, beyond which an athlete is suspected of doping. In the largest nandrolone study performed on 621 athletes at the 1998 Nagano Olympic Games, no athlete tested over 0.4 μg/L. 19-Norandrosterone was identified as a trace contaminant in commercial preparations of androstenedione, which until 2004 was available without a prescription as a dietary supplement in the U.S.


title: Nandrolone

text: A number of nandrolone cases in athletics occurred in 1999, which included high-profile athletes such as Merlene Ottey, Dieter Baumann and Linford Christie. However, the following year the detection method for nandrolone at the time was proved to be faulty. Mark Richardson, a British Olympic relay runner who tested positive for the substance, gave a significant amount of urine samples in a controlled environment and delivered a positive test for the drug, demonstrating that false positives could occur, which led to an overhaul of his competitive ban.


title: Nandrolone

text: Heavy consumption of the essential amino acid lysine (as indicated in the treatment of cold sores) has allegedly shown false positives in some and was cited by American shotputter C. J. Hunter as the reason for his positive test, though in 2004 he admitted to a federal grand jury that he had injected nandrolone. A possible cause of incorrect urine test results is the presence of metabolites from other AAS, though modern urinalysis can usually determine the exact AAS used by analyzing the ratio of the two remaining nandrolone metabolites. As a result of the numerous overturned verdicts, the testing procedure was reviewed by UK Sport. On October 5, 2007, three-time Olympic gold medalist for track and field Marion Jones admitted to use of the drug, and was sentenced to six months in jail for lying to a federal grand jury in 2000.


title: Nandrolone

text: Mass spectrometry is also used to detect small samples of nandrolone in urine samples, as it has a unique molar mass.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone was first synthesized in 1950. It was first introduced, as nandrolone phenylpropionate, in 1959, and then as nandrolone decanoate in 1962, followed by additional esters.


title: Nandrolone

text: "Nandrolone" is the generic name of the drug and its , , , and . The formal generic names of nandrolone esters include "nandrolone cyclohexylpropionate" (), "nandrolone cyclotate" (), "nandrolone decanoate" (, , , ), "nandrolone laurate" (), "nandrolone phenpropionate" (), and "nandrolone phenylpropionate" (, ).


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone was probably among the first AAS to be used as a doping agent in sports in the 1960s. It has been banned at the Olympics since 1974. There are many known cases of doping in sports with nandrolone esters by professional athletes.


title: Nandrolone

text: Nandrolone esters have been studied in several indications. They were intensively studied for osteoporosis, and increased calcium uptake and decreased bone loss, but caused virilization in about half of the women who took them and were mostly abandoned for this use when better drugs like the bisphosphonates became available. They have also been studied in clinical trials for chronic kidney failure, aplastic anemia, and as male contraceptives.


title: Anathema

text: Anathema, in common usage, is something or someone detested or shunned. In its other main usage, it is a formal excommunication. The latter meaning, its ecclesiastical sense, is based on New Testament usage. In the Old Testament, anathema was a creature or object set apart for sacrificial offering and thus removed from ordinary use and destined instead for destruction.


title: Anathema

text: Anathema derives from Ancient Greek: , "anáthema", meaning "an offering" or "anything dedicated", itself derived from the verb , , meaning "to offer up". In the Old Testament, it referred to both objects consecrated to divine use and those dedicated to destruction in the Lord's name, such as enemies and their weapons during religious wars. Since weapons of the enemy were considered unholy, the meaning became "anything dedicated to evil" or "a curse".


title: Anathema

text: In New Testament usage a different meaning developed. St. Paul used the word anathema to signify a curse and the forced expulsion of one from the community of Christians. By the 6th century, the liturgical meaning evolved again to mean a formal ecclesiastical curse of excommunication and the condemnation of heretical doctrines, the severest form of separation from the Christian church issued against a heretic or group of heretics by a Pope or other church official. The phrase ("let him be anathema"), echoing Galatians 1:8–9, was thus used in decrees of councils defining Christian faith.


title: Anathema

text: In 1526, the word "anathema" appeared in modern English for the first time and was used in the sense of "something accursed". The "consecrated object" meaning was also adopted a short time later, but is no longer widely used. Its most common modern usage is in secular contexts where it is used to mean something or someone that is detested or shunned.


title: Anathema

text: The Old Testament applied the word to anything set aside for sacrifice, and thus banned from profane use and dedicated to destruction—as, in the case of religious wars, the enemy and their cities and possessions. The New Testament uses the word to mean a curse and forced expulsion of someone from the Christian community.


title: Anathema

text: The Greek word ("anathema"), meaning something offered to a divinity, appeared in the translation of the Jewish Bible known as the Septuagint to render the Hebrew word ("herem"), and appears in verses such as Leviticus 27:28 to refer to things that are offered to God and so banned for common (non-religious) use. The Hebrew word was also used for what was devoted, by virtue of a simple vow, not to the Lord, but to the priest. In postexilic Judaism, the meaning of the word changed to an expression of God's displeasure with all persons, Jew or pagan, who do not subordinate their personal conduct and tendencies to the discipline of the theocracy, and must be purged from the community—thus making anathema an instrument of synagogal discipline.


title: Anathema

text: The noun ἀνάθεμα ("anathema") occurs in the Greek New Testament six times, and frequently in the Septuagint (Greek Old Testament). Its meaning in the New Testament is "disfavour of God", and is used both of the sentence of disfavour, as in Acts 23:14, and to the object of God's disfavour, as in the other cited places.


title: Anathema

text: Since the time of the apostles, the term 'anathema' has come to mean a form of extreme religious sanction, known as excommunication. The earliest recorded instance of the form is in the Council of Elvira (c. 306), and thereafter it became the common method of cutting off heretics; for example, the Synod of Gangra (c. 340) pronounced that Manicheanism was anathema. Cyril of Alexandria issued twelve anathemas against Nestorius in 431. In the fifth century, a formal distinction between anathema and "minor" excommunication evolved, where "minor" excommunication entailed cutting off a person or group from the rite of Eucharist and attendance at worship, while anathema meant a complete separation of the subject from the Church.


title: Anathema

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church distinguishes between "epitemia" (penances) laid on a person, one form of which is "separation from the communion of the Church" (excommunication), and anathema. While undergoing epitemia, the person remains an Orthodox Christian, even though their participation in the mystical life of the church is restricted; but those given over to anathema are considered completely torn from the Church until they repent. Epitemia, or excommunication, is normally limited to a specified period of time—though it always depends on evidence of repentance by the one serving the penance. The lifting of anathema, however, depends solely on the repentance of the one condemned. The two causes for which a person may be anathematized are heresy and schism. Anathematization is only a last resort, and must always be preceded by pastoral attempts to reason with the offender and bring about their restoration.


title: Anathema

text: For the Orthodox, anathema is not final damnation. God alone is the judge of the living and the dead, and up until the moment of death repentance is always possible. The purpose of public anathema is twofold: to warn the one condemned and bring about his repentance, and to warn others away from his error. Everything is done for the purpose of the salvation of souls.


title: Anathema

text: On the First Sunday of Great Lent—the "Sunday of Orthodoxy"—the church celebrates the Rite of Orthodoxy, at which anathemas are pronounced against numerous heresies. This rite commemorates the end of Byzantine Iconoclasm—the last great heresy to trouble the church (all subsequent heresies—so far—merely being restatements in one form or another of previous errors)—at the Council of Constantinople in 843. The "Synodicon", or decree, of the council was publicly proclaimed on this day, including an anathema against not only Iconoclasm but also of previous heresies. The "Synodicon" continues to be proclaimed annually, together with additional prayers and petitions in cathedrals and major monasteries throughout the Eastern Orthodox Churches. During the rite (which is also known as the "Triumph of Orthodoxy"), lections are read from Romans 16:17–20, which directs the church to "mark them which cause divisions and offenses contrary to the doctrine you have learned, and avoid them. For they … by good words and fair speeches deceive the hearts of the simple," and Matthew 18:10–18, which recounts the parable of the Good Shepherd, and provides the procedure to follow in dealing with those who err:


title: Anathema

text: "… if thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault between thee and him alone: if he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church: but if he shall neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as a heathen man and a publican. Verily I say unto you, whatever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."


title: Anathema

text: After an ektenia (litany), during which petitions are offered that God will have mercy on those who err and bring them back to the truth, and that he will "make hatred, enmity, strife, vengeance, falsehood and all other abominations to cease, and cause true love to reign in our hearts", the bishop (or abbot) says a prayer during which he beseeches God to: "look down now upon Thy Church, and behold how that, though we have joyously received the Gospel of salvation, we are but stony ground. For the thorns of vanity and the tares of the passions make it to bear but little fruit in certain places and none in others, and with the increase in iniquity, some, opposing the truth of Thy Gospel by heresy, and others by schism, do fall away from Thy dignity, and rejecting Thy grace, they subject themselves to the judgment of Thy most holy word. O most merciful and almighty Lord … be merciful unto us; strengthen us in the right Faith by Thy power, and with Thy divine light illumine the eyes of those in error, that they may come to know Thy truth. Soften the hardness of their hearts and open their ears, that they may hear Thy voice and turn to Thee, our Saviour. O Lord, set aside their division and correct their life, which doth not accord with Christian piety. … Endue the pastors of Thy Church with holy zeal, and so direct their care for the salvation and conversion of those in error with the spirit of the Gospel that, guided by Thee, we may all attain to that place where is the perfect faith, fulfillment of hope, and true love …." The protodeacon then proclaims the Synodicon, anathematizing various heresies and lauding those who have remained constant in the dogma and Holy Tradition of the Church.


title: Anathema

text: In the dogmatic canons of all the ecumenical councils recognized by the Catholic Church, the word "anathema" signifies exclusion from the society of the faithful because of heresy. Documents of the 9th and 12th centuries distinguish anathema from excommunication, a distinction later clarified by using the term "major excommunication" for exclusion from the society of the faithful, and "minor excommunication" for ordinary excommunication or exclusion from reception of the sacraments.


title: Anathema

text: Although in the canons of ecumenical councils the word "anathema" continued to be used to mean exclusion for heresy from the society of the faithful, the word was also used to signify a major excommunication inflicted with particular solemnity. Anathema in this sense was a major excommunication pronounced with the ceremonies described in the article bell, book, and candle, which were reserved for the gravest crimes.


title: Anathema

text: The 1917 Roman Code of Canon Law abandoned the distinction between major and minor excommunication (which continues in use among the Eastern Catholic Churches) and abolished all penalties of whatever kind envisaged in previous canonical legislation but not included in the Code. It defined excommunication as exclusion from the communion of the faithful and said that excommunication "is also called anathema, especially if inflicted with the solemnities described in the "Pontificale Romanum"."


title: Anathema

text: The 1983 Code of Canon Law, which is now in force, does not contain the word "anathema", and the "Pontificale Romanum", as revised after the Second Vatican Council, no longer mentions any particular solemnities associated with the infliction of excommunication.


title: MasterChef Junior (American season 8)

text: The eighth season of the American competitive reality television series "MasterChef Junior" premiered on Fox on March 17, 2022, and concluded on June 23, 2022. Gordon Ramsay and Aarón Sanchez returned as judges from the previous season, while Daphne Oz joined as a new judge. The season was won by Liya Chu, a 10-year-old from Scarsdale, New York, with Grayson Price from Austin, Texas being the runner-up.


title: MasterChef Junior (American season 8)

text: The season was filmed in 2019, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was officially announced on July 17, 2019. Additionally, it was revealed that Gordon Ramsay and Aarón Sanchez would return as judges, along with new judge Daphne Oz replacing Christina Tosi.


title: MasterChef Junior (American season 8)

text: The season was originally slated to premiere in September 2020 during the 2020–21 United States television season, but was later pushed to the 2021–22 television season, being replaced by "I Can See Your Voice". On January 26, 2022, it was announced that the eighth season would premiere on March 17, 2022.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The knockout stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup was the second and final stage of the competition, following the group stage. It began on 30 June with the round of 16 and ended on 15 July with the final match, held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow. The top two teams from each group (16 in total) advanced to the knockout stage to compete in a single-elimination style tournament. A third place play-off was also played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: France won the final 4–2 against Croatia for their second title, while Belgium won the third place play-off 2–0 over England.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: In the knockout stage, if a match was level at the end of 90 minutes of normal playing time, extra time was played (two periods of 15 minutes each), where each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution. If still tied after extra time, the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winners.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had faced each other in 11 previous matches, including two World Cup group stage matches, both won by Argentina (1–0 in 1930, and 2–1 in 1978).


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: After nine minutes, Antoine Griezmann's 25-yard free-kick crashed back off Franco Armani's crossbar. After picking the ball up deep inside his own half, Kylian Mbappé set off on a run that was halted when Marcos Rojo hauled him down just inside the area. Griezmann stepped up and converted from the spot, sending the ball low to Armani's right. Four minutes before the interval, Ángel Di María shot from distance with his left foot to beat Hugo Lloris into the top right corner of the net. Three minutes after the restart, Éver Banega's free-kick was headed out towards Lionel Messi whose effort towards goal from the right was diverted past Lloris by Gabriel Mercado with his left leg. Nine minutes later, Lucas Hernandez's cross from the left found Benjamin Pavard, who shot a half-volley from outside the area, sending it into Armani's top-right corner. Mbappé put France ahead again in the 64th minute when he picked up a loose ball in the left of the area, found a yard of space and fired in low with his left foot under Armani. His second – a first-time low finish from the right of the penalty area with his right foot – followed just four minutes later. Sergio Agüero nodded home in the third minute of stoppage time from a Messi cross from the right. Argentina had a final chance to score, but the ball was deflected, dumping them out of the World Cup. This game was hailed as "one of the greatest World Cup games of all time" by "The Independent".


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: With this match, Didier Deschamps became the longest-serving coach in the history of the French national team with his 80th game in charge of France, moving ahead of his predecessor Raymond Domenech. Mbappé became the first teenager to score at least twice in a World Cup tournament since Michael Owen in 1998, and the first teenager to score at least twice in a single World Cup match since Pelé netted twice for Brazil against Sweden in the 1958 final. Argentina became the first team to score at least three goals but still lose a World Cup match since the Soviet Union vs Belgium in 1986. Pavard's strike was later voted as goal of the tournament.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had met in two previous matches, most recently in Brazil Independence Cup in 1972, the match ending in a 1–1 draw.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: In the seventh minute, Edinson Cavani switched play from right to left with a sweeping pass out to Luis Suárez, who delivered a cross which the former crashed home at the back post from six yards out. In the 55th minute, Raphaël Guerreiro delivered a cross from a short corner on the left, which Pepe finished with a downward header. Just seven minutes later, Rodrigo Bentancur collected the ball around 30 yards out and slipped a pass out to Cavani on the left side of the penalty area, Cavani then shot a curling right-foot strike into the right corner of the net to reclaim the lead for Uruguay. Bernardo Silva shot off-target with the goal gaping after Fernando Muslera's mistake, with Cavani seeming to pick up an injury in the scramble.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Pepe, aged 35 years and 124 days, became Portugal's oldest goal-scorer at a FIFA World Cup. This was the first time Uruguay won their opening four games at a World Cup tournament since 1930, with the fourth game in that run being their 4–2 victory over Argentina in the final.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had met in six previous games, most recently in a friendly in 2017, which ended in a 3–3 draw. Playing as the Soviet Union, the teams had faced each other five times. Russia only had one victory over Spain.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: In the 12th minute, Marco Asensio's free-kick from deep on the right saw Sergei Ignashevich grappling with Sergio Ramos at the back post, the ball bouncing past Igor Akinfeev off the defender's heel. Russia were then awarded a penalty when Gerard Piqué handled in the box after a corner from the right. Artem Dzyuba shot home to the right of the net from 12 yards to send the sides into half-time level. In the 85th minute, Akinfeev got down low to his right to save a shot from Andrés Iniesta, the goalkeeper then denied Iago Aspas on the rebound. Piqué and Ramos both appeared to be held from a set-piece but, after a VAR check, the referee waved away Spain's appeals. In the penalty shoot-out, Akinfeev kept out a Koke effort and saw Aspas' effort diverted away by his leg to give Russia the win; as all Russia's penalty kicks ended up successful.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: This result meant Spain lost three of their four World Cup penalty shoot-outs (after losing to Belgium in 1986, beating the Republic of Ireland in 2002 and losing to South Korea in 2002), and had still never defeated a host nation at the FIFA World Cup, after losing to Italy 0–1 in 1934, Brazil 1–6 in 1950, and South Korea after penalties in 2002. Russia reached the quarter-final of the World Cup for the first time since the break-up of the Soviet Union. Ignashevich became the oldest player to score an own goal at the World Cup, aged 38 years and 352 days. The match marked the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup in which a fourth substitution was made during extra time, after Aleksandr Yerokhin of Russia entered the pitch in the 97th minute.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had met in five matches, which included two matches played in 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification, the first fixture ending in a 1–1 draw and the reverse fixture a 3–1 Denmark win.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: In the first minute, a long throw into the Croatia penalty area by Jonas Knudsen, allowed a run to Thomas Delaney who touched the ball on to Mathias Jørgensen, who side-footed it into the net via deflections off goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and the post. After three minutes, Šime Vrsaljko's ball into the box reached Henrik Dalsgaard, whose clearance hit Andreas Christensen in the face and saw Mario Mandžukić tucking the ball between Kasper Schmeichel and the left post with a shot on the turn from six yards. During extra time, Ante Rebić burst clear of the Denmark defence and was felled by Mathias Jørgensen when he was clean through on goal, only for Schmeichel to save Luka Modrić's spot-kick by diving down to his left and clutching the ball to his chest. In the shoot-out, Subašić tipped off Christian Eriksen's penalty onto the post but Schmeichel saved from Milan Badelj to bring the sides level. Lasse Schöne's shot was saved by Subašić and Josip Pivarić was denied by an acrobatic Schmeichel stop. On the final spot kicks for both the teams, Nicolai Jørgensen took a shot from a staggered run-up which Subašić saved with his feet, before Ivan Rakitić slotted the ball into the bottom left corner of the net.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had met in 40 previous matches including two games at CONCACAF Gold Cup finals (1996 and 2003, both won by Mexico), the 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup Final (won 4–3 by Mexico), and four times in the FIFA World Cup group stage, three won by Brazil and one ending in a draw (4–0 in 1950, 5–0 in 1954, 2–0 in 1962 and 0–0 in 2014).


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Hirving Lozano's half-volley was well blocked by Miranda, while at the other end, Guillermo Ochoa saved Neymar's drive from just outside the penalty area. After 25 minutes, Neymar raced past Edson Álvarez in the area and forced Ochoa into a save with his left hand. Gabriel Jesus went close in the 33rd minute, finding space in a crowded area and drilling in a left-footed strike that Ochoa palmed away. In the 51st minute, Neymar's back-heel on the edge of the area teed up Willian for a burst into the box and his scuffed cross from the left was slid into an empty net by Neymar from close range. With two minutes remaining, Neymar powered through on the left and his low effort was diverted by Ochoa's foot into the path of Roberto Firmino, who tapped the ball into an empty net from close range.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Since the introduction of the round of 16 in 1986, Mexico were eliminated at this stage of the World Cup seven times – more than twice as many as any other nation. This was also Mexico's fourth defeat at the hands of Brazil. In addition, with Neymar's and Firmino's goals, Brazil have now finally surpassed the record of all-time World Cup goals by any team with 228 goals (after being tied to Germany with 226 goals prior to this match) after constantly tying up the record with Germany in the group stage of this World Cup.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had faced each other in 5 previous matches, including one World Cup group stage match in 2002, which ended in a 2–2 draw. Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2017, a 1–0 Belgium win and also Belgium's first victory over Japan.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: In the 48th minute, Gaku Shibasaki slipped a pass through to Genki Haraguchi, who rifled a shot across Thibaut Courtois from the right which went into the left corner of the net. After 4 minutes, Japan scored a second, Shinji Kagawa collecting a loose ball and feeding Takashi Inui, the midfielder working himself a yard of space before arrowing home from 25-yards into the bottom right corner of the net. Jan Vertonghen's looping header from the left eluded goalkeeper Eiji Kawashima and landed in the right corner of the net after a corner caused chaos in the Japan penalty area – and five minutes later they were back on level terms. Eden Hazard twisted and turned to create space on the left wing, his cross delivered for Marouane Fellaini to climb above his marker and crash in a downward header. In the last minute of stoppage time, Courtois found Kevin De Bruyne with a long throw, who freed Thomas Meunier with a pass, Meunier squared a low cross from the right and, when Romelu Lukaku dummied the ball, substitute Nacer Chadli was on hand to complete the comeback for Belgium with a low finish.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Belgium became the first team to come from two or more goals down to win a World Cup knockout stage match within 90 minutes since Portugal beat North Korea in the 1966 quarter-final (3–0 down, 5–3 win). Japan scored six goals at Russia 2018, their highest ever tally in a single World Cup tournament. Belgium reached the World Cup quarter-finals in successive tournaments for the first time.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had faced each other in 28 previous matches, which included three matches in 1962 FIFA World Cup qualification, Switzerland winning twice (3–2 and 2–1) and Sweden winning once (4–0), and also twice in 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification, both matches ending in a 2–1 Sweden win.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Stephan Lichtsteiner and Fabian Schär were both ruled out through suspension. Albin Ekdal's volley missed the target prior to the break from a Mikael Lustig cross. Ola Toivonen fired over when well positioned inside the penalty area before Emil Forsberg finally broke the deadlock, his right foot shot from just outside the penalty area clipping Manuel Akanji to beat Yann Sommer. Switzerland sent on forwards Breel Embolo and Haris Seferovic, and the latter tested Sweden goalkeeper Robin Olsen with a header in the closing stages. Sweden were denied the chance to double their lead from the spot following Michael Lang's late dismissal for taking out Martin Olsson, with Sommer beating away Toivonen's driven free-kick after a lengthy delay.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Sweden qualified for their first World Cup quarter-final since 1994. Sweden won back-to-back World Cup matches for the first time since 1958, when they won the quarter-final and semi-final on their way to the final as host nation that year. Olsen kept his third clean sheet of the 2018 World Cup, a joint-record for a Swedish goalkeeper in World Cup finals history (also three clean sheets for Ronnie Hellström in 1974 and Kalle Svensson in 1958).


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had faced each other in five previous matches, including one World Cup group stage match in 1998, a 2–0 England win. Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2005, a 3–2 England win.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: In the 16th minute, Harry Kane arrived beyond the back post to meet a Kieran Trippier cross, but was unable to direct his header on target. Wilmar Barrios was booked when he appeared to headbutt Jordan Henderson in the build-up to a free-kick Trippier bent narrowly wide. Colombia gave away a penalty early in the second half when Carlos Sánchez dragged Kane down in the box after a corner from the right. Kane scored from 12 yards, shooting down the middle to give England the lead. Colombia forced their way into extra time, Yerry Mina scoring a downward header from a Juan Cuadrado corner from the right in injury time. Eric Dier scored the final penalty in the shoot-out, with England coming back from 3–2 down after Mateus Uribe and Carlos Bacca failed to convert their spot-kicks.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: This was the first time that England had won a penalty shoot-out at the FIFA World Cup, and only the second time they had won on penalties at any major tournament (the previous occasion being against Spain at Euro 1996). Kane became the first player to score in six consecutive England appearances since Tommy Lawton did so in 1939. England conceded in injury time at the end of the second half for the first time in World Cup history, with Mina's goal coming after 92 minutes and 33 seconds.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had met in eight previous matches including three times in the FIFA World Cup group stage, one won by Uruguay and the other two ending in a draw (2–1 in 1966, 0–0 in 2002 and 0–0 in 2010).


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: In the 15th minute, after latching on to Olivier Giroud's knockdown in the box, Kylian Mbappé headed the ball over Fernando Muslera's crossbar. Five minutes before the break, Antoine Griezmann's inswinging free kick from the right was met by Raphaël Varane, who headed the ball into the bottom left corner. Four minutes later, Martín Cáceres' header was saved by Hugo Lloris low to his right and Diego Godín shot the rebound over. In the 61st minute, Griezmann's left footed shot from outside the penalty area slipped through Muslera's hands and into the net as France doubled their lead. Mbappé went down softly under a challenge from Cristian Rodríguez, prompting angry confrontations involving Godín, Nahitan Nández and Paul Pogba. In the 73rd minute, Corentin Tolisso's shot curled over, while Griezmann also flashed a late free-kick over the top.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: France became only the second team to beat three different South American sides in a single World Cup tournament, after the Netherlands in 1974. This victory marked France's 10th game unbeaten in World Cup matches against South American sides (6 wins and 4 draws), since a 2–1 loss against Argentina in 1978 – the joint longest run alongside Italy (1982 to 2010).


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had met in four previous matches, including once in a World Cup knockout stage match in 2002 with Brazil winning 2–0 to advance to the quarter-finals, which was the last time the two sides had previously met.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Belgium scored from their first corner of the game in the 13th minute; Vincent Kompany flicked on Nacer Chadli's delivery, but the decisive touch came from Fernandinho, who turned the ball past Alisson via his arm. Belgium doubled their lead by breaking from a Brazil corner in the 31st minute, with Kevin De Bruyne arrowing a right foot drive across Alisson and into the left corner of the net from the edge of the penalty area after Romelu Lukaku collected the ball, turned and embarked on a 40-yard run with a pass at the end to free De Bruyne. Brazil's third change yielded a goal three minutes and 14 seconds after his introduction, Renato Augusto gliding between two Belgium defenders to nod a flicked header past Thibaut Courtois from a Philippe Coutinho cross. Coutinho's first-time shot flew wide and yet another Neymar penalty appeal was rejected, before he drew a fingertip save from Courtois in the 94th minute.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: De Bruyne became the 100th player to score at the 2018 World Cup (excluding own goals). Belgium reached the World Cup semi-finals for only the second time, with them losing out to eventual winners Argentina in 1986. Belgium's victory was only their second ever against Brazil, and first since a 1963 friendly match in Brussels. This was the first time in 30 matches in all competitions that Brazil had conceded more than once in a game, since a 2–2 draw with Paraguay in March 2016. Despite Brazil's loss, with Renato Augusto's goal, Brazil have now topped the all-time record of World Cup goals by any team with a total of 229 goals.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had faced each other in 23 previous matches, including two times in the group stage of the World Cup, both matches ending in a draw (1–1 in 2002 and 2–2 in 2006). Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2012, a 4–2 Sweden win.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: England took the lead in the 30th minute, Ashley Young's outswinging corner from the left finding Harry Maguire, goalkeeper Robin Olsen and Ola Toivonen on the line unable to stop the defender's downward header. Olsen did well with a strong hand to deny Raheem Sterling, who dallied with the rebound and allowed Andreas Granqvist to make a vital block. Shortly after the restart, Jordan Pickford dived to his left to palm away a header from Marcus Berg, who climbed above Young at the back post. In the 58th minute, another England set-piece caused chaos and, although Sweden initially cleared their lines when Jesse Lingard delivered a cross from the right to the back post, Dele Alli was there to double his side's advantage with a header. John Guidetti teed up strike partner Berg in the 71st minute, but Pickford tipped the effort over the crossbar.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Alli's goal was England's 11th at the 2018 World Cup, equalling the country's record of most goals at a single World Cup set in 1966. Alli became the second youngest player to score for England at the World Cup (22 years and 87 days), behind only Michael Owen (18 years and 190 days against Romania in 1998). Maguire became the first defender to score the opening England goal in a World Cup knockout match since Rio Ferdinand in 2002 against Denmark. Pickford made three saves in the match and became the youngest England goalkeeper to keep a clean sheet in a World Cup match (24 years and 122 days). England qualified for their first World Cup semi-final since 1990.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had faced each other in three previous matches. Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2015, a 3–1 Croatia win.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: In the 31st minute, Denis Cheryshev came in from the left and, after a one-two with Artem Dzyuba, skipped away from Luka Modrić to curl a left foot effort beyond Danijel Subašić and into the left of the net. Six minutes before half-time, Mario Mandžukić advanced down the left to set up the chance for Andrej Kramarić to head home the equaliser. In the first period of extra time, Croatia took the lead as Domagoj Vida nodded down past Igor Akinfeev and into the right corner of the net after a corner from the right. Mário Fernandes drew his team level, converting Alan Dzagoev's free-kick with a glancing header to the left corner of the net after a free-kick from the right. Penalties were required and while Fyodor Smolov's Panenka attempt with the first effort was foiled by Subašić, parity was restored when Akinfeev got down to his left to keep out Mateo Kovačić's second kick for Croatia. After Fernandes' failure, Modrić's strike found the net, following touches off Akinfeev's glove and the post. The decisive penalty fell to Ivan Rakitić, who rolled the ball into the bottom-left corner to give Croatia the win.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Russia became the first country in World Cup history to contest two shoot-outs while hosting the event. There were three headed goals in this match – the most in a World Cup match since Germany's 8–0 win over Saudi Arabia in 2002 (5 headers). Croatia became the second team to win two penalty shootouts at a single World Cup tournament – the other was Argentina in 1990 (against Yugoslavia and Italy). Croatia qualified for the semi-final for the first time since 1998 (their first World Cup tournament).


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: For the first time since 1966, all multiple World Cup winners were eliminated before the semi-final stage. This was only the second time that neither Brazil nor Germany were in the last four, the other being the inaugural 1930 tournament. With Uruguay and Brazil eliminated in the quarter-finals, an all-European semi-final line up was completed for the fifth time (after the 1934, 1966, 1982, and 2006 tournaments). This also ensured that a European side would win the World Cup for the fourth tournament in a row.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had faced each other in 73 previous matches, including two times in the World Cup, France winning both matches (3–1 in the round of 16 in 1938 and 4–2 in the third place play-off in 1986). Their most recent meeting came in a friendly in 2015, a 4–3 Belgium win.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Eden Hazard twice went close, narrowly missing the target with a low, left-footed drive before seeing a curler with his right deflected over the crossbar by the head of Raphaël Varane. Hugo Lloris' full-length dive kept out a first-time strike on the turn from Toby Alderweireld, while Thibaut Courtois blocked Benjamin Pavard's attempt from a tight angle on the right at the other end. Six minutes after the break, Vincent Kompany's block turned away Olivier Giroud's shot, and Antoine Griezmann's inswinging delivery from the right to the front post was turned in by Samuel Umtiti, who outjumped his marker, Marouane Fellaini, to head beyond Courtois. Dries Mertens's cross from the right flank saw Fellaini narrowly miss the target with a header. Axel Witsel's long-range drive was pushed away by Lloris as France secured their place into the final.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: With this match, it meant Didier Deschamps managed more games for France at the World Cup than any other previous France manager, overtaking Raymond Domenech and Michel Hidalgo. This was Belgium's first defeat of any kind since a friendly loss against Spain in September 2016. France reached their third World Cup final, also doing so in 1998 and 2006. Only Germany (8) and Italy (6) had reached more among European nations.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: The teams had faced each other in seven previous matches, which included two matches played in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification, England winning on both occasions (4–1 and 5–1).


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Luka Modrić stopped a Dele Alli run, by fouling him at the edge of the area. Kieran Trippier found the top right corner of the net from the resulting free kick with his right foot. Harry Kane nearly doubled England's lead, but his close range shot deflected off Danijel Subašić's foot and onto the post. After half-time, Ivan Perišić met Šime Vrsaljko's deep cross from the right at head height with a flying, left-footed finish to the left of the net. Soon after, Perišić shot against the right-hand post from the left before Ante Rebić put the rebound into Jordan Pickford's hands. In extra-time, John Stones had a header cleared off the line by Vrsaljko in the 98th minute. Pickford at the other end, denied Mario Mandžukić at point-blank range after the striker met Perišić's cross from the left. But Mandžukić came out on top soon after the break, latching on to Perišić's headed pass on the left and sending a left-footed effort across Pickford to find the bottom-right corner, securing Croatia's entrance into their first ever World Cup final.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

text: Croatia became the first team to avoid defeat after trailing in three knockout matches at a single World Cup. They became the 13th different nation to reach a World Cup final. Trippier became the first player to score a direct free-kick for England at the World Cup since David Beckham in 2006 against Ecuador. Trippier's goal after four minutes and 44 seconds was the fastest goal scored in a World Cup semi-final since 1958 (Vavá after two minutes for Brazil v France) and was England's 12th goal in Russia, their most in a single World Cup. Croatia became the first team to play extra time in three consecutive World Cup matches since England in 1990. England scored nine goals from set-pieces at the 2018 World Cup – the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966.