title: Neil Strauss

text: Strauss has continued to be involved with pickup artistry through his dating coaching company Stylelife Academy, founded in 2007. Most of the coaching is done by employed coaches, rather than Strauss himself, though he does make appearances at yearly conferences and in some video products sold by the company.


title: Neil Strauss

text: In 2012, Strauss released a board game/party game as a follow up to "The Game" and "Rules of the Game" called "Who's Got Game? The Game with Benefits."


title: Neil Strauss

text: Strauss is credited with popularizing the pick-up artist community and making its existence widely known. In an October 2015 interview he said of that community "there are some really damaged people with hateful and distorted views of reality gathering other people who share those views", attracting people with "neurotic wounds" and with "character disorders", trying to find help and to change themselves.


title: Neil Strauss

text: On August 31, 2013, Strauss married the model Ingrid De La O, whom he met in 2010. Before the wedding, he held a funeral-themed bachelor's party, laying to rest his 'Style' persona.


title: Neil Strauss

text: In March 2015, Strauss had a child and shared the news on his website, along with information on his new book, "", which was released on October 13, 2015. "The Truth", a sequel to "The Game", covers his struggles to build and maintain a relationship with Ingrid after his years of immersion in the seduction community.


title: Neil Strauss

text: In February 2020, Strauss confirmed his divorce from Ingrid De La O on Gabrielle Reece's podcast and talked about his life after his divorce among other things.


title: Neil Strauss

text: On March 4, 2009, "The New York Times" wrote that Strauss (along with rock biographer Anthony Bozza) had started his own publishing company, Igniter, as an imprint of HarperCollins. Igniter's first title was "The Man Behind the Nose", published in 2010. It was followed by "Satan Is Real: The Ballad of the Louvin Brothers", published in 2012.


title: Neil Strauss

text: Strauss's book "" (Harper, 2009), for which he spent three years amongst survivalists, tax-dodgers, billionaire businessmen, and the government itself, was hailed by "Rolling Stone" as an "escape plan" for the current world crisis. It entered "The New York Times" bestseller list at No. 3.


title: Neil Strauss

text: He received the presidents Volunteer Service Award for his search-and-rescue work during the writing of "Emergency". The rights to the movie were picked up by Columbia Pictures, with Robert Downey Jr. attached as a producer and probable lead actor. In 2010, Strauss received the James Joyce Award from the Literary & Historical Society of University College Dublin.


title: Neil Strauss

text: Neil Strauss's 2011 release entitled "" was also a New York Times bestseller. Released March 15, 2011, the book is a compilation of 228 celebrity vignettes conducted throughout Strauss's career as a pop culture journalist.


title: Neil Strauss

text: Neil Strauss's 2015 release entitled "" was also a New York Times bestseller. Released in October, 2015, this autobiographical book covers his attempts to form and maintain a long-term relationship following his years in the seduction community. It made the November 1, 2015 NYTimes bestseller list. Several detailed reviews were published in Grantland and the Chicago Tribune


title: Neil Strauss

text: In June, 2017, "I Can't Make This Up: Life Lessons" was published with co-author Kevin Hart and immediately was a #1 NY Times Bestseller.


title: Neil Strauss

text: In 2019, Strauss launched "To Live and Die in LA.", a true crime podcast following the death of Adea Shabani. It hit No. 1 on the iTunes podcasts, and was in the top 10 for four months.


title: Neil Strauss

text: On December 5, 2021, Strauss became the first mainstream author to mint a book on Ethereum titled "".


title: Neil Strauss

text: Near the end of 2021 Strauss began working on a fictional "tell-all" book about the NFT collection The Bored Ape Yacht Club, entitled "Bored and Dangerous".


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: The dissolution of Russia is a hypothetical unraveling of the Russian Federation from a unified state to various potential independent successor states. The term is used in academic literature and journalism in discussions about Russian statehood and challenges that are perceived to threaten the unity and integrity of the Russian state.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: The current Russian Federation is considered the primary successor state of the Soviet Union. Various trends and problems which may challenge the permanence of the unified Russian Federation have been discussed publicly and in academia by figures such as Garry Kasparov, Mikhail Leontyev, Herman Gref, Maxim Kalashnikov, Sergey Kurginyan, Alexander Prokhanov, Natalya Narochnitskaya, and Dmitry Medvedev.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: British historian Geoffrey Hosking believes that the policy of the authorities of the Russian Empire included Russification, which contributed to the centralization of power and the elimination of local privileges. In his opinion, Russification was also aimed at giving all the peoples of the Russian Empire a sense of belonging to Russia, its past and traditions. The active Russification of the Western ethnic suburbs began in the first half of the 19th century and intensified in the 1860s after the latest Polish uprising. However, instead of a unifying factor, this policy, on the contrary, harmed the image of Russia. As a result, the loyalty of minorities (within the Russian Empire) fell even more, stimulating their national liberation movements, which did not contribute to either calmness or unity of the population within the empire. In fact it even antagonized previously friendly peoples towards the Tsarist government, which became one of the reasons for the future collapse of the Russian Empire.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: The ideologists of Siberian regionalism (mid-1850s – early 20th century) considered Siberians to be a separate people from ethnic Russians. Among scientists there are both opponents and supporters of this point of view. 1918 saw the short-term formation of the Siberian Republic as a formal state.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: The first disintegration of Russia occurred in 1917. After the February Revolution, active processes of disintegration began, taking place in the economic, social, and sociopolitical spheres, which eventually led to the termination of the existence of a single state. The Russian Civil War ended with the creation of the USSR, the loss of Moldova, which was annexed by Romania, and the recognition of the independence of the former Russian territories: Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Tuvan People's Republic.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: In the Soviet Union, on the one hand, the number of national-territorial entities grew, and their status increased, but on the other hand, the process of centralization took place. From the mid-1920s, in the national regions of the USSR, korenization was carried out, which meant the introduction of national-territorial languages and national cadres into state and social life in order to develop national identity. This process also contributed to the growth of regional nationalism struggling with "great power", which led to the development of centrifugal tendencies. At the end of the 1930s (particularly in 1932–1933), korenization was curtailed, and many of its active participants were repressed. The widespread introduction of the Russian language as the language of interethnic communication has largely supplanted local languages.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: In 1991, the USSR collapsed into 15 republics: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. These became independent states, and many further became the Commonwealth of Independent States.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: Chechnya and Tatarstan sought independence from the Russian Federation in 1994. Agreement with Tatarstan, resulting in a bilateral treaty, was reached and the republic remained part of the Russian Federation. Conflict with Chechnya escalated into the First Chechen War after Russian troops were deployed in the republic in December 1994.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: Pressures that could lead to the dissolution of Russia, and concerns for preserving the integrity of the state, provide evidence that the current Russian statehood may not be the optimal form of the Russian state. The discussion about the future of Russian statehood is centered around the transformation that the Russian state has been undergoing since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Whether Russia becomes a nation state, or a highly centralised imperial state, is the primary focus of this debate.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: Some scholars see Russia as being in the process of transforming from an imperial state towards a nation state, seeing it either as a desired path towards building a civil society (Yevgeny Yasin) or the inevitable and irreversible breaking up of an empire (Dmitri Trenin). Some proponents of this viewpoint, such as , oppose imperial ambitions, noting that the growth of xenophobia, traditionalism, and fear of the West, are indicative of the ongoing decay of the empire.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: Others, such as Vladimir Shevchenko, consider a centralised empire-like form of the state to be preferable. Shevchenko considers that there is a fundamental reason why Russia has been a self-regenerating empire for centuries, gravitating towards an imperial state, and morphing from the Russian Empire to the USSR's "Red Empire" most recently.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: The chief researcher of the Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladimir Shevchenko, when reviewing the article "The collapse of Russia in the early 21st century in the statements of contemporaries" by O. Yu. Maslova, noted that it contains a large collection of authors on the theme of Russian disintegration. These authors range from diehard supporters of the idea that the collapse of Russia is almost inevitable and has already begun, to supporters of the idea of artificial and deliberate attempts at making the country collapse.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: The main reason for the disintegration processes and the possible collapse of Russia, according to Shevchenko's review work, "The Future of Russia: Strategies for philosophical Understanding," is the lack of a national idea or project (such as Communism in the Soviet Union) that would unite all peoples of Russia. Russian statehood, as he sees it, is in a transitional state in which all processes have become more active: both integration and disintegration.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: In his article, he opposes the opinion that the disintegration had already begun, stressing that issues such as legal extraterritoriality, instances of discrimination of non-titular ethnicity in republican governments, and the radicalization of Islam exist.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Russian government forbade Tatarstan from switching from the Cyrillic script to the Latin alphabet, fearing that such a move would disrupt internal unity and result in dissolution. On the other hand, in the 2020s, Kazakhstan, an independent country formed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, began moving towards the Latin alphabet, and this is believed to be to distance itself from Russian influence. The Russian government strives to make all of the languages of Russia use Cyrillic to enforce unity.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: In a report to the conservative think tank Izborsky club, a group of analysts led by A. Kobyakov, listed the lines of division in modern Russian society that could potentially lead to the collapse of the state: socio-economic inequality, interethnic relations, alienation of elites from the people, and opposition of the "creative class" to the rest of society.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: The culturologist I. Yakovenko believes that the main reason for the disintegration processes is the uneven process of market modernization in different regions of Russia, which increases the economic isolation of these regions from one another. Yakovenko identifies the following regions into which in his opinion the Russian Federation may break up: North and South of Russia, Siberia, the North Caucasus and the intercontinental border.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: Widely criticized for being antisemitic and an extreme nationalist, Igor Shafarevich wrote the 1981 essay "Russophobia" in which he blamed "Jews seeking world rule". He alleged a "vast conspiracy against Russia and all mankind" and that they seek the destruction of Russia through adoption of a Western-style democracy.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: Peter Eltsov, professor at National Defense University (United States), argued that Russia cannot survive as a "true liberal democracy" and "would probably disintegrate" if it were to embrace Western values.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: As in any country with land borders, there are many ethnicities living in Russia related or identical to the titular ethnic groups of neighboring countries. In some of these border regions, irredentist ideas are expressed about the reunification of divided peoples.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: In Buryatia and two Buryat autonomous okrugs, one of which is the Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, ideas are being expressed of joining Mongolia as part of the idea of pan-Mongolism.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: Some Kazakh nationalists wish to recover Orenburg, the former capital of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, and now part of Russia in the Orenburg Oblast.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: The idea of uniting Finland and Karelia into a Greater Finland (the Karelian question) used to be popular among part of the population in Finland and Karelia.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: The post-WW2 sphere of influence (the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact) collapsed in 1991 with the aforementioned dissolution of the Soviet Union. The dissolution was largely non-violent, though it has been argued that the violence of Russia's invasion of Ukraine (February 2022) resulted from the Soviet dissolution. In 2022, within weeks of this invasion, some commentators predicted an eventual Russian collapse as a result, especially once it became obvious that Vladimir Putin's "special military operation" was not going to be a quick victory. Some have been more specific, and have stated such a collapse could happen by 2025–2027.


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: In May 2022, US journalist Casey Michel called for the "decolonization" of Russia. In his view, the dissolution of the former Soviet Union should be continued, to end the rule of Moscow over the republics of Russia. Weeks later the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe held an event discussing "the need to 'decolonize' Russia" because of "Russia's barbaric war on Ukraine", as they put it, calling for a conversation about Russia's "interior empire" and noting "Moscow's dominion over many indigenous non-Russian nations".


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: In an interview with the magazine "Expert" in April 2005, the head of the presidential administration, Dmitry Medvedev, said:


title: Dissolution of Russia

text: In 2011, during a meeting of the government commission for the development of the North Caucasian Federal District in Gudermes, Vladimir Putin said that if the Caucasus were to suddenly leave Russia:


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Devil in a Blue Dress is a 1995 American neo-noir mystery thriller film written and directed by Carl Franklin, based on Walter Mosley's 1990 novel of the same name and features Denzel Washington, Tom Sizemore, Jennifer Beals, and Don Cheadle. Set in the summer of 1948, the film follows World War II veteran Ezekiel "Easy" Rawlins who, desperate in need of a job, becomes drawn into a search for a mysterious woman.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: "Devil in a Blue Dress" received positive reviews, with many praising Cheadle's scene-stealing performance.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: In 1948 Los Angeles, Easy Rawlins is laid off from his job at Champion Aircraft and needs money to pay his mortgage. Easy's friend Joppy introduces him to DeWitt Albright, a white man looking for a missing white woman, Daphne Monet. Explaining that Monet's disappearance led her wealthy fiancé, Todd Carter, to drop out of the Los Angeles mayoral race, Albright pays Easy to find Daphne, who is known to frequent the juke joints along Central Avenue.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Easy begins his search at an illegal club where he sees the bouncer, Junior Fornay, eject a white man. Learning that his friend Dupree Brouchard's girlfriend, Coretta James, is a confidant of Daphne, Easy spends the night with Coretta and discovers Daphne is involved with gangster Frank Green. Albright arranges a meeting at the Malibu pier, where Easy is accosted by racist white youths before Albright viciously humiliates one of the boys at gunpoint. Easy tells him about Green, and is given another payment to continue his search.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Returning home, Easy is arrested by LAPD homicide detectives, who reveal that Coretta has been murdered. Interrogated and beaten before being released, he is approached by Matthew Terell, the remaining mayoral candidate. Terell is with a young boy, supposedly his adopted son, and inquires about Daphne, but Easy divulges nothing. After a nightmare about Coretta, he receives a call from Daphne herself. They meet at the Ambassador Hotel, and she asks him to drive her to meet Richard McGee, a White man from the club. They arrive to find McGee dead, with his house ransacked. Easy notices a pack of Mexican cigarettes, the same brand smoked by Junior. Traumatized after witnessing the grisly scene, Daphne panics and flees, driving off and stranding Easy.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Easy makes it home, but is threatened again by Albright and his partners, who demand that he track Daphne down a second time or face murder charges. Easy sends for his friend, Raymond 'Mouse' Alexander, and confronts Joppy for leading Daphne to him. He meets with Todd Carter, realizing that Albright actually works for Terell, and secures another payment to locate Daphne. Returning home, he is ambushed by Frank Green but rescued by Mouse. Frank escapes after the trigger-happy Mouse shoots him in the shoulder, and Easy misses a call from Daphne. Questioned again by the detectives, Easy is given until the following morning to clear his name.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Easy and Mouse confront Junior – the owner of the cigarettes – who admits to driving McGee home and being given a letter for Coretta to deliver to Daphne. They visit Dupree where, inside Coretta's Bible, Easy finds the contents of a letter and incriminating photographs of Terell with naked children. At home, Easy finds Daphne waiting, and she reveals that Frank is her half-brother: their mother was Creole, and Daphne's father was white while Frank's was Black. Terell learned of Daphne's heritage, and the potential scandal forced Carter to abandon his campaign, but Daphne bought the pictures from McGee to blackmail Terell into silence. Hunting for Daphne and the pictures, Albright murdered McGee. When Coretta threatened to sell the pictures to Terell, Daphne sent Joppy to intimidate her, but did not expect him to kill Coretta.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Albright and his men arrive, subduing Easy and kidnapping Daphne. Joined by Mouse, Easy abducts Joppy at gunpoint, forcing him to take them to Albright's cabin in Malibu. Easy and Mouse kill Albright and his men and rescue Daphne; returning to the car, Easy learns Mouse killed Joppy. Daphne pays Easy and Mouse $7,000 for the pictures, and Mouse returns home to Houston with his share. Daphne reveals that Carter's family paid her $30,000 to leave town, but she believes that the pictures will ensure Carter's victory and their marriage. Driving Daphne to meet Carter, who rejects her, Easy receives the rest of his payment in exchange for the pictures. Daphne and her brother leave town, while Carter's election is assured. No longer in trouble with the police, Easy considers starting his own business as a private investigator.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Carl Franklin wrote and directed the neo-noir because he liked the novel by Walter Mosley, who in turn served as an associate producer on the film. Franklin thought the work was more than a detective story; he said that Mosley was able to transform an everyday guy into a detective. In the editing process, Franklin had to cut a steamy love scene between Beals and Washington because he believed the scene was not needed to convey the story.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Don Cheadle originally did not want to audition for Mouse because he thought he was too young for the role.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: The film was shot mostly in Los Angeles, California. The pier shot where Easy Rawlins gets in trouble with local youths was filmed at the Malibu, California pier. Other locales in Los Angeles include the Griffith Park Observatory and the famed Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: "Devil in a Blue Dress" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 16, 1995. In the United States, it opened in wide release on September 29, 1995. In its widest release the film was featured in 1,432 theaters across the country.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: "Devil in a Blue Dress" was released on VHS on April 2, 1996, and then on laserdisc in June 1996. A DVD version was released on 9 March 1999. Twilight Time released on the film on Blu-ray on October 13, 2015.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Devil in a Blue Dress" has an approval rating of 92%, based on reviews from 118 critics, with an average score of 7.50/10. Its critical consensus reads: "Humor, interesting characters, and attention to details make the stylish "Devil in a Blue Dress" an above average noir." On Metacritic the film has a score of 78 out of 100, based on reviews from 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A− on scale of A to F.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: In a positive film review, critic James Berardinelli discussed "Devil in a Blue Dress" from a sociological viewpoint, especially one involving the 1990s. He concludes, "The most interesting element of "Devil in a Blue Dress" is not the whodunit, but the 'whydunit.' Finding the guilty parties isn't as involving as learning their motivation, which is buried in society's perception of racial interaction. By uncovering the truth behind this mystery, Franklin illustrates that some attitudes have indeed changed for the better over the last forty years."


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Roger Ebert, writing for the "Chicago Sun-Times", did not like the story much but enjoyed the look and tone of the film: "I liked the movie without quite being caught up in it: I liked the period, tone and look more than the story, which I never really cared much about. The explanation, when it comes, tidies all the loose ends, but you're aware it's arbitrary – an elegant solution to a chess problem, rather than a necessary outcome of guilt and passion."


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Kenneth Turan, film critic for the "Los Angeles Times" and NPR, liked the film, and wrote: "Hard-boiled fiction is a been-around genre about done-that individuals, so the pleasant air of newness and excitement that "Devil in a Blue Dress" gives off isn't due to its familiar find-the-girl plot. Rather it's the film's glowing visual qualities, a striking performance by Denzel Washington and the elegant control Carl Franklin has over it all that create the most exotic crime entertainment of the season."


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: Many critics applauded Don Cheadle's performance, for which he won multiple awards. Jerry Renshaw said, "Cheadle steals every scene where he appears as Mouse ..." but he was disappointed by Beals' performance. In "Variety", film critic Todd McCarthy wrote, "Entering the main flow of the story relatively late, Don Cheadle steals all his scenes as a live-wire, trigger-happy old buddy of Easy’s from Texas, while Sizemore and Mel Winkler, as colorful underworld figures, make strong impressions."


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: The first week's gross was $5,422,385 from 1,432 screens and the total receipts in the United States and Canada were $16,004,418. The film grossed $22 million worldwide against a budget of $27 million.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated "Devil in a Blue Dress" for its Top 10 Mystery Films list.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress (film)

text: The original score for the film was written and recorded by Elmer Bernstein. The original music soundtrack was released on September 12, 1995, by Sony. The CD included 14 tracks, three of them written by Bernstein (theme, etc.).


title: Disc brake

text: A disc brake is a type of brake that uses the calipers to squeeze pairs of pads against a disc or a "rotor" to create friction. This action slows the rotation of a shaft, such as a vehicle axle, either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it stationary. The energy of motion is converted into waste heat which must be dispersed.


title: Disc brake

text: Hydraulically actuated disc brakes are the most commonly used form of brake for motor vehicles, but the principles of a disc brake are applicable to almost any rotating shaft. The components include the disc, master cylinder, and caliper (which contains a cylinder and two brake pads) on both sides of the disc.


title: Disc brake

text: The development of disc-type brakes began in England in the 1890s. In 1902, the Lanchester Motor Company designed brakes that looked and operated in a similar way to a modern disc-brake system even though the disc was thin and a cable activated the brake pad. Other designs were not practical or widely available in cars for another 60 years. Successful application began in airplanes before World War II, and even the German Tiger tank was fitted with discs in 1942. After the war, technological progress began to arrive in 1949, with caliper-type four-wheel disc brakes on the Crosley line, and a Chrysler non-caliper type. In the 1950s, there was a critical demonstration of superiority at the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans race, which required braking from high speeds several times per lap. The Jaguar racing team won, using disc brake-equipped cars, with much of the credit being given to the brakes' superior performance over rivals equipped with drum brakes. Mass production began with the 1949–1950 inclusion in all Crosley production, with sustained mass production beginning in 1955 Citroën DS.


title: Disc brake

text: Compared to drum brakes, disc brakes offer better-stopping performance because the disc is more readily cooled. As a consequence discs are less prone to the brake fade caused when brake components overheat. Disc brakes also recover more quickly from immersion (wet brakes are less effective than dry ones).


title: Disc brake

text: Most drum brake designs have at least one leading shoe, which gives a servo-effect. By contrast, a disc brake has no self-servo effect and its braking force is always proportional to the pressure placed on the brake pad by the braking system via any brake servo, braking pedal, or lever. This tends to give the driver a better "feel" and helps to avoid impending lockup. Drums are also prone to "bell mouthing" and trap worn lining material within the assembly, both causes of various braking problems.


title: Disc brake

text: The disc is usually made of cast iron, but may in some cases be made of composites such as reinforced carbon–carbon or ceramic matrix composites. This is connected to the "wheel" and/or the "axle". To slow down the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads, mounted on the brake caliper, is forced mechanically, hydraulically, pneumatically, or electromagnetically against both sides of the disc. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow or stop.


title: Disc brake

text: The development of disc brakes began in England in the 1890s. The first caliper-type automobile disc brake was patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his Birmingham factory in 1902 and used successfully on Lanchester cars. However, the limited choice of metals in this period meant that he had to use copper as the braking medium acting on the disc. The poor state of the roads at this time, no more than dusty, rough tracks, meant that the copper wore quickly making the system impractical.


title: Disc brake

text: In 1921, the Douglas motorcycle company introduced a form of disc brake on the front wheel of their overhead-valve sports models. Patented by the British Motorcycle & Cycle-Car Research Association, Douglas described the device as a "novel wedge brake" working on a "bevelled hub flange", the brake was operated by a Bowden cable. Front and rear brakes of this type were fitted to the machine on which Tom Sheard rode to victory in the 1923 Senior TT.


title: Disc brake

text: Successful application began on railroad streamliner passenger trains and in airplanes and tanks before and during World War II. In the US, the Budd Company introduced disc brakes on the General Pershing Zephyr for the Burlington Railroad in 1938. By the early 1950s, disc brakes were being regularly applied to new passenger rolling stock. In Britain, the Daimler Company used disc brakes on its Daimler Armoured Car of 1939, the disc brakes, made by the Girling company, were necessary because in that four-wheel drive (4x4) vehicle the epicyclic final drive was in the wheel hubs and therefore left no room for conventional hub-mounted drum brakes.


title: Disc brake

text: At Germany's Argus Motoren, Hermann Klaue (1912-2001) had patented disc brakes in 1940. Argus supplied wheels fitted with disc brakes e.g. for the Arado Ar 96. The German Tiger I heavy tank, was introduced in 1942 with a 55 cm Argus-Werke disc on each drive shaft.


title: Disc brake

text: The American Crosley Hot Shot had four-wheel disc brakes in 1949 and 1950, but these quickly proved troublesome and were removed. Crosley returned to drum brakes, and drum brake conversions for Hot Shots were quite popular. Lack of sufficient research caused reliability problems, such as sticking and corrosion, especially in regions using salt on winter roads. Crosley four-wheel Disc Brakes made Crosleys and Crosley-based specials popular in SCCA H-Production and H-modified racing in the 1950s. Their superior braking made them difficult to beat. The Crosley disc was a Goodyear-Hawley design, a modern caliper "spot" type with a modern disc, derived from a design from aircraft applications.


title: Disc brake

text: Chrysler developed a unique braking system, offered from 1949 until 1953. Instead of the disc with caliper squeezing on it, this system used twin expanding discs that rubbed against the inner surface of a cast-iron brake drum, which doubled as the brake housing. The discs spread apart to create friction against the inner drum surface through the action of standard wheel cylinders. Because of the expense, the brakes were only standard on the Chrysler Crown and the Town and Country Newport in 1950. They were optional, however, on other Chryslers, priced around $400, at a time when an entire Crosley Hot Shot retailed for $935. This four-wheel disc brake system was built by Auto Specialties Manufacturing Company (Ausco) of St. Joseph, Michigan, under patents of inventor H.L. Lambert, and was first tested on a 1939 Plymouth. Chrysler discs were "self energizing," in that some of the braking energy itself contributed to the braking effort. This was accomplished by small balls set into oval holes leading to the braking surface. When the disc made initial contact with the friction surface, the balls would be forced up the holes forcing the discs further apart and augmenting the braking energy. This made for lighter braking pressure than with calipers, avoided brake fade, promoted cooler running, and provided one-third more friction surface than standard Chrysler twelve-inch drums. Today's owners consider the Ausco-Lambert very reliable and powerful, but admit its grabbiness and sensitivity.


title: Disc brake

text: In 1953, 50 aluminum-bodied Austin-Healey 100S (Sebring) models, built primarily for racing, were the first European cars sold to the public to have disc brakes, fitted to all 4 wheels.


title: Disc brake

text: The Jaguar C-Type racing car won the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans, the only vehicle in the race to use disc brakes, developed in the UK by Dunlop, and the first car at Le Mans ever to average over 100 mph. "Rivals' large drum brakes could match discs' ultimate stopping, but not their formidable staying power."


title: Disc brake

text: Before this, in 1950, a Crosley HotShot with stock four-wheel disc brakes won the Index of Performance in the first race at Sebring (six hours rather than 12) on New Year's Eve in 1950.


title: Disc brake

text: The Citroën DS was the first sustained mass production use of modern automotive disc brakes, in 1955. The car featured caliper-type front disc brakes among its many innovations. These discs were mounted inboard near the transmission and were powered by the vehicle's central hydraulic system. This model went on to sell 1.5 million units over 20 years with the same brake setup.


title: Disc brake

text: Despite early experiments in 1902, from British Lanchester Motor Company, and in 1949 from Americans Chrysler and Crosley, the costly, trouble-prone technology was not ready for mass production. Attempts were soon withdrawn.


title: Disc brake

text: The Jensen 541, with four-wheel disc brakes, followed in 1956. Triumph exhibited a 1956 TR3 with disc brakes to the public, but the first production cars with Girling front-disc brakes were made in September 1956.


title: Disc brake

text: Disc brakes were most popular on sports cars when they were first introduced since these vehicles are more demanding about brake performance. Discs have now become the more common form in most passenger vehicles, although many (particularly lightweight vehicles) use drum brakes on the rear wheels to keep costs and weight down as well as to simplify the provisions for a parking brake. As the front brakes perform most of the braking effort, this can be a reasonable compromise.


title: Disc brake

text: Many early implementations for automobiles located the brakes on the inboard side of the driveshaft, near the differential, while most brakes today are located inside the wheels. An inboard location reduces the unsprung weight and eliminates a source of heat transfer to the tires.


title: Disc brake

text: Historically, brake discs were manufactured throughout the world with a strong concentration in Europe and America. Between 1989 and 2005, the manufacturing of brake discs migrated predominantly to China.


title: Disc brake

text: In 1963 Studebaker Avanti was made with disc brakes. (the Bendix system was optional on some of the other Studebaker models). Front disc brakes became standard equipment in 1965 on the Rambler Marlin (the Bendix units were optional on all American Motors' Rambler Classic and Ambassador models), as well as on the Ford Thunderbird, and the Lincoln Continental. A four-wheel disc brake system was also introduced in 1965 on the Chevrolet Corvette Stingray. Most U.S. cars switched from front drum brakes to front disk brakes in the late 1970s and early 1980s.


title: Disc brake

text: The first motorcycles to use disc brakes were racing vehicles. MV Agusta was the first to offer a front disc brake motorcycle to the public on a small scale in 1965, on their relatively expensive 600 touring motorcycle, using a mechanical brake linkage. In 1969 Honda introduced the more affordable CB750, which had a single hydraulically actuated front disc brake (and a rear drum brake), and which sold in huge numbers. Disc brakes are now common on motorcycles, mopeds and even mountain bikes.


title: Disc brake

text: The brake disc is the rotating part of a wheel's disc brake assembly, against which the brake pads are applied. The material is typically gray iron, a form of cast iron. The design of the discs varies somewhat. Some are simply solid, but others are hollowed out with fins or vanes joining the disc's two contact surfaces (usually included as part of a casting process). The weight and power of the vehicle determine the need for ventilated discs. The "ventilated" disc design helps to dissipate the generated heat and is commonly used on the more-heavily loaded front discs.


title: Disc brake

text: Discs for motorcycles, bicycles, and many cars often have holes or slots cut through the disc. This is done for better heat dissipation, to aid surface-water dispersal, to reduce noise, to reduce mass, or for marketing cosmetics.


title: Disc brake

text: Slotted discs have shallow channels machined into the disc to aid in removing dust and gas. Slotting is the preferred method in most racing environments to remove gas and water and to deglaze brake pads. Some discs are both drilled and slotted. Slotted discs are generally not used on standard vehicles because they quickly wear down brake pads; however, this removal of material is beneficial to race vehicles since it keeps the pads soft and avoids vitrification of their surfaces. On the road, drilled or slotted discs still have a positive effect in wet conditions because the holes or slots prevent a film of water from building up between the disc and the pads.


title: Disc brake

text: Two-piece discs are a disc where the center mounting part of the disc is manufactured separately from the outer friction ring. The central section used for fitment is often referred to as the bell or hat and is commonly manufactured from an alloy such as a 7075 alloy and hard anodised for a lasting finish. The outer disc ring usually is manufactured from grey iron but in special applications can be from steel or carbon ceramic. Originating from Motorsport but now common in high-performance applications and aftermarket upgrades. Two-piece discs can be supplied as a fixed assembly with regular nuts, bolts, and washers or a more complicated floating system where drive bobbins allow the two parts of the brake disc to expand and contract at different rates, therefore, reducing the chance a disc will warp from overheating. Key advantages of a two-piece disc are a saving in critical un-sprung weight and the dissipation of heat from the disc surface through the alloy bell (hat). Both fixed and floating options have their drawbacks and advantages, floating discs are prone to rattle and collection of debris and are best suited to Motorsport whereas fixed is best for road use.


title: Disc brake

text: Lambretta introduced the first high-volume production use of a single, floating, front disc brake, enclosed in a ventilated cast alloy hub and actuated by cable, on the 1962 TV175. This was followed by the GT200 in 1964. The 1969 Honda CB750 introduced hydraulic disc brakes on a large scale following the 1965 MV Agusta 600, which had cable-operated mechanical actuation.


title: Disc brake

text: Unlike car disc brakes that are buried within the wheel, bike disc brakes are in the airstream and have optimum cooling. Although cast iron discs have a porous surface that provides superior braking performance, such discs rust in the rain and become unsightly. Accordingly, motorcycle discs are usually stainless steel, drilled, slotted, or wavy to disperse rainwater. Modern motorcycle discs tend to have a floating design whereby the disc "floats" on bobbins and can move slightly, allowing better disc centering with a fixed caliper. A floating disc also avoids disc warping and reduces heat transfer to the wheel hub. Calipers have evolved from simple single-piston units to two-, four- and even six-piston items. Compared to cars, motorcycles have a higher center of mass:wheelbase ratio, so they experience more weight transfer when braking. Front brakes absorb most of the braking forces, while the rear brake serves mainly to balance the motorcycle during braking. Modern sport bikes typically have twin large front discs, with a much smaller single rear disc. Bikes that are particularly fast or heavy may have vented discs.


title: Disc brake

text: Early disc brakes (such as on the early Honda fours and the Norton Commando) sited the calipers on top of the disc, ahead of the fork slider. Although this gave the brake pads better cooling, it is now almost universal practice to site the caliper behind the slider (to reduce the angular momentum of the fork assembly). Rear disc calipers may be mounted above (e.g. BMW R1100S) or below (e.g. Yamaha TRX850) the swinging arm: a low mount provides for a marginally lower center of gravity, while an upper siting keeps the caliper cleaner and better-protected from road obstacles.


title: Disc brake

text: One problem with motorcycle disc brakes is that when a bike gets into a violent tank-slapper (high-speed oscillation of the front wheel) the brake pads in the calipers are forced away from the discs, so when the rider applies the brake lever the caliper pistons push the pads towards the discs without actually making contact. The rider immediately brakes harder, which pushes the pads onto the disc much more aggressively than during normal braking. For example, The Michele Pirro incident at Mugello, Italy 1 June 2018. At least one manufacturer has developed a system to counter the pads being forced away.


title: Disc brake

text: A modern development, particularly on inverted ("upside down", or "USD") forks is the radially mounted caliper. Although these are fashionable, there is no evidence that they improve braking performance, nor do they add to the stiffness of the fork. (Lacking the option of a fork brace, USD forks may be best stiffened by an oversize front axle).


title: Disc brake

text: Mountain bike disc brakes may range from simple, mechanical (cable) systems, to expensive and powerful, multi-piston hydraulic disc systems, commonly used on downhill racing bikes. Improved technology has seen the creation of vented discs for use on mountain bikes, similar to those on cars, introduced to help avoid heat fade on fast alpine descents. Although less common, discs are also used on road bicycles for all-weather cycling with predictable braking, although drums are sometimes preferred as harder to damage in crowded parking, where discs are sometimes bent. Most bicycle brake discs are made of steel. Stainless steel is preferred due to its anti-rust properties. Discs are thin, often about 2 mm. Some use a two-piece floating disc style, others use a one-piece solid metal disc. Bicycle disc brakes use either a two-piston caliper that clamps the disc from both sides or a single-piston caliper with one moving pad that contacts the disc first, and then pushes the disc against the non-moving pad. Because energy efficiency is so important in bicycles, an uncommon feature of bicycle brakes is that the pads retract to eliminate residual drag when the brake is released. In contrast, most other brakes drag the pads lightly when released so as to minimize initial operational travel.


title: Disc brake

text: Disc brakes are increasingly used on very large and heavy road vehicles, where previously large drum brakes were nearly universal. One reason is that the disc's lack of self-assist makes brake force much more predictable, so peak brake force can be raised without more risk of braking-induced steering or jackknifing on articulated vehicles. Another is disc brakes fade less when hot, and in a heavy vehicle air and rolling drag and engine braking are small parts of total braking force, so brakes are used harder than on lighter vehicles, and drum brake fade can occur in a single stop. For these reasons, a heavy truck with disc brakes can stop in about 120% of the distance of a passenger car, but with drums, stopping takes about 150% of the distance. In Europe, stopping distance regulations essentially require disc brakes for heavy vehicles. In the U.S., drums are allowed and are typically preferred for their lower purchase price, despite higher total lifetime cost and more frequent service intervals.


title: Disc brake

text: Still-larger discs are used for railroad cars, trams and some airplanes. Passenger rail cars and light rail vehicles often use disc brakes outboard of the wheels, which helps ensure a free flow of cooling air. Some modern passenger rail cars, such as the Amfleet II cars, use inboard disc brakes. This reduces wear from debris, and provides protection from rain and snow, which would make the discs slippery and unreliable. However, there is still plenty of cooling for reliable operation. Some airplanes have the brake mounted with very little cooling, and the brake gets hot when stopping. This is acceptable as there is sufficient time for cooling, where the maximum braking energy is very predictable. Should the braking energy exceed the maximum, for example during an emergency occurring during take-off, aircraft wheels can be fitted with a fusible plug to prevent the tire bursting. This is a milestone test in aircraft development.


title: Disc brake

text: For automotive use, disc brake discs are commonly made of grey iron. The SAE maintains a specification for the manufacture of grey iron for various applications. For normal car and light-truck applications, SAE specification J431 G3000 (superseded to G10) dictates the correct range of hardness, chemical composition, tensile strength, and other properties necessary for the intended use. Some racing cars and airplanes use brakes with carbon fiber discs and carbon fiber pads to reduce weight. Wear rates tend to be high, and braking may be poor or grabby until the brake is hot.


title: Disc brake

text: In racing and high-performance road cars, other disc materials have been employed. Reinforced carbon discs and pads inspired by aircraft braking systems such as those used on Concorde were introduced in Formula One by Brabham in conjunction with Dunlop in 1976. Carbon–carbon braking is now used in most top-level motorsport worldwide, reducing unsprung weight, giving better frictional performance and improved structural properties at high temperatures, compared to cast iron. Carbon brakes have occasionally been applied to road cars, by the French Venturi sports car manufacturer in the mid-1990s for example, but need to reach a very high operating temperature before becoming truly effective and so are not well suited to road use. The extreme heat generated in these systems is visible during night racing, especially on shorter tracks. It is not uncommon to see the brake discs glowing red during use.


title: Disc brake

text: The first development of the modern ceramic brake was made by British engineers for TGV applications in 1988. The objective was to reduce weight, the number of brakes per axle, as well as provide stable friction from high speeds and all temperatures. The result was a carbon-fiber-reinforced ceramic process which is now used in various forms for automotive, railway, and aircraft brake applications.


title: Disc brake

text: Due to the high heat tolerance and mechanical strength of ceramic composite discs, they are often used on exotic vehicles where the cost is not prohibitive. They are also found in industrial applications where the ceramic disc's lightweight and low-maintenance properties justify the cost. Composite brakes can withstand temperatures that would damage steel discs.


title: Disc brake

text: Porsche's Composite Ceramic Brakes (PCCB) are siliconized carbon fiber, with high-temperature capability, a 50% weight reduction over iron discs (hence reducing the vehicle's unsprung weight), a significant reduction in dust generation, substantially extended maintenance intervals, and enhanced durability in corrosive environments. Found on some of their more expensive models, it is also an optional brake for all street Porsches at added expense. They can be recognized by the bright yellow paintwork on the aluminum six-piston calipers. The discs are internally vented much like cast-iron ones, and cross-drilled.


title: Disc brake

text: In automotive applications, the piston seal has a square cross-section, also known as a square-cut seal.


title: Disc brake

text: As the piston moves in and out, the seal drags and stretches on the piston, causing the seal to twist. The seal distorts approximately 1/10 of a millimeter. The piston is allowed to move out freely, but the slight amount of drag caused by the seal stops the piston from fully retracting to its previous position when the brakes are released, and so takes up the slack caused by the wear of the brake pads, eliminating the need for return springs.


title: Disc brake

text: In some rear disc calipers, the parking brake activates a mechanism inside the caliper that performs some of the same functions.


title: Disc brake

text: Discs are usually damaged in one of four ways: scarring, cracking, warping, or excessive rusting. Service shops will sometimes respond to any disc problem by changing out the discs entirely, This is done mainly where the cost of a new disc may actually be lower than the cost of labor to resurface the old disc. Mechanically this is unnecessary unless the discs have reached the manufacturer's minimum recommended thickness, which would make it unsafe to use them, or vane rusting is severe (ventilated discs only). Most leading vehicle manufacturers recommend brake disc skimming (US: turning) as a solution for lateral run-out, vibration issues, and brake noises. The machining process is performed in a brake lathe, which removes a very thin layer off the disc surface to clean off minor damage and restore uniform thickness. Machining the disc as necessary will maximize the mileage out of the current discs on the vehicle.


title: Disc brake

text: Run-out is measured using a dial indicator on a fixed rigid base, with the tip perpendicular to the brake disc's face. It is typically measured about from the outside diameter of the disc. The disc is spun. The difference between the minimum and maximum value on the dial is called lateral run-out. Typical hub/disc assembly run-out specifications for passenger vehicles are around . Runout can be caused either by deformation of the disc itself or by runout in the underlying wheel hub face or by contamination between the disc surface and the underlying hub mounting surface. Determining the root cause of the indicator displacement (lateral runout) requires the disassembly of the disc from the hub. Disc face runout due to hub face runout or contamination will typically have a period of 1 minimum and 1 maximum per revolution of the brake disc.


title: Disc brake

text: Discs can be machined to eliminate thickness variation and lateral run-out. Machining can be done in situ (on-car) or off-car (bench lathe). Both methods will eliminate the thickness variation. Machining on-car with the proper equipment can also eliminate lateral run-out due to hub-face non-perpendicularity.


title: Disc brake

text: Incorrect fitting can distort (warp) discs. The disc's retaining bolts (or the wheel/lug nuts, if the disc is sandwiched in place by the wheel) must be tightened progressively and evenly. The use of air tools to fasten lug nuts can be bad practice, unless a torque wrench is used for final tightening. The vehicle manual will indicate the proper pattern for tightening as well as a torque rating for the bolts. Lug nuts should never be tightened in a circle. Some vehicles are sensitive to the force the bolts apply and tightening should be done with a torque wrench.


title: Disc brake

text: Often uneven pad transfer is confused for disc warping. The majority of brake discs diagnosed as "warped" are actually the result of uneven transfer of pad material. Uneven pad transfer can lead to thickness variation of the disc. When the thicker section of the disc passes between the pads, the pads will move apart and the brake pedal will raise slightly; this is pedal pulsation. The thickness variation can be felt by the driver when it is approximately or greater (on automobile discs).


title: Disc brake

text: Thickness variation has many causes, but there are three primary mechanisms that contribute to the propagation of disc thickness variations. The first is the improper selection of brake pads. Pads that are effective at low temperatures, such as when braking for the first time in cold weather, often are made of materials that decompose unevenly at higher temperatures. This uneven decomposition results in the uneven deposition of material onto the brake disc. Another cause of uneven material transfer is the improper break-in of a pad/disc combination. For proper break-in, the disc surface should be refreshed (either by machining the contact surface or by replacing the disc) every time the pads are changed. Once this is done, the brakes are heavily applied multiple times in succession. This creates a smooth, even interface between the pad and the disc. When this is not done properly the brake pads will see an uneven distribution of stress and heat, resulting in an uneven, seemingly random, deposition of pad material. The third primary mechanism of uneven pad material transfer is "pad imprinting." This occurs when the brake pads are heated to the point that the material begins to break down and transfer to the disc. In a properly broken-in brake system (with properly selected pads), this transfer is natural and actually is a major contributor to the braking force generated by the brake pads. However, if the vehicle comes to a stop and the driver continues to apply the brakes, as is customary in cars with an automatic transmission, the pads will deposit a layer of material in the shape of the brake pad. This small thickness variation can begin the cycle of uneven pad transfer.


title: Disc brake

text: Once the disc has some level of variation in thickness, uneven pad deposition can accelerate, sometimes resulting in changes to the crystal structure of the metal that composes the disc. As the brakes are applied, the pads slide over the varying disc surface. As the pads pass by the thicker section of the disc, they are forced outwards. The foot of the driver applied to the brake pedal naturally resists this change, and thus more force is applied to the pads. The result is that the thicker sections see higher levels of stress. This causes uneven heating of the surface of the disc, which causes two major issues. As the brake disc heats unevenly it also expands unevenly. The thicker sections of the disc expand more than the thinner sections due to seeing more heat, and thus the difference in thickness is magnified. Also, the uneven distribution of heat results in the further uneven transfer of pad material. The result is that the thicker-hotter sections receive even more pad material than the thinner-cooler sections, contributing to a further increase in the variation in the disc's thickness. In extreme situations, this uneven heating can cause the crystal structure of the disc material to change. When the hotter sections of the discs reach extremely high temperatures ( ), the metal can undergo a phase transformation and the carbon which is dissolved in the steel can precipitate out to form carbon-heavy carbide regions known as cementite. This iron carbide is very different from the cast iron the rest of the disc is composed of. It is extremely hard, brittle, and does not absorb heat well. After cementite is formed, the integrity of the disc is compromised. Even if the disc surface is machined, the cementite within the disc will not wear or absorb heat at the same rate as the cast iron surrounding it, causing the uneven thickness and uneven heating characteristics of the disc to return.


title: Disc brake

text: Scarring (US: Scoring) can occur if brake pads are not changed promptly when they reach the end of their service life and are considered worn out. Once enough of the friction material has worn away, the pad's steel backing plate (for glued pads) or the pad retainer rivets (for riveted pads) will bear upon the disc's wear surface, reducing braking power and making scratches on the disc. Generally, a moderately scarred or scored disc, which operated satisfactorily with existing brake pads, will be equally usable with new pads. If the scarring is deeper but not excessive, it can be repaired by machining off a layer of the disc's surface. This can only be done a limited number of times as the disc has a minimum rated safe thickness. The minimum thickness value is typically cast into the disc during manufacturing on the hub or the edge of the disc. In Pennsylvania, which has one of the most rigorous auto safety inspection programs in North America, an automotive disc cannot pass a safety inspection if any scoring is deeper than , and must be replaced if machining will reduce the disc below its minimum safe thickness.


title: Disc brake

text: To prevent scarring, it is prudent to periodically inspect the brake pads for wear. A tire rotation is a logical time for inspection, since rotation must be performed regularly based on vehicle operation time and all wheels must be removed, allowing ready visual access to the brake pads. Some types of alloy wheels and brake arrangements will provide enough open space to view the pads without removing the wheel. When practical, pads that are near the wear-out point should be replaced immediately, as complete wear-out leads to scarring damage and unsafe braking. Many disc brake pads will include some sort of soft steel spring or drag tab as part of the pad assembly, which drags on the disc when the pad is nearly worn out. This produces a moderately loud squealing noise, alerting the driver that service is required. This will not normally scar the disc if the brakes are serviced promptly. A set of pads can be considered for replacement if the thickness of the pad material is the same or less than the thickness of the backing steel. In Pennsylvania, the standard is 1/32".


title: Disc brake

text: Cracking is limited mostly to drilled discs, which may develop small cracks around the edges of holes drilled near the edge of the disc due to the disc's uneven rate of expansion in severe-duty environments. Manufacturers that use drilled discs as OEM typically do so for two reasons: appearance, if they determine that the average owner of the vehicle model will prefer the look while not overly stressing the hardware; or as a function of reducing the unsprung weight of the brake assembly, with the engineering assumption that enough brake disc mass remains to absorb racing temperatures and stresses. A brake disc is a heat sink, but the loss of heat sink mass may be balanced by increased surface area to radiate away heat. Small hairline cracks may appear in any cross-drilled metal disc as a normal wear mechanism, but in severe cases, the disc will fail catastrophically. No repair is possible for the cracks, and if the cracking becomes severe, the disc must be replaced. These cracks occur due to the phenomenon of low cycle fatigue as a result of repeated hard braking.


title: Disc brake

text: The discs are commonly made from cast iron and a certain amount of surface rust is normal. The disc contact area for the brake pads will be kept clean by regular use, but a vehicle that is stored for an extended period can develop significant rust in the contact area that may reduce braking power for a time until the rusted layer is worn off again. Rusting can also lead to disc warping when brakes are re-activated after storage because of differential heating between unrusted areas left covered by pads and rust around the majority of the disc area surface. Over time, vented brake discs may develop severe rust corrosion inside the ventilation slots, compromising the strength of the structure and needing replacement.


title: Disc brake

text: The brake caliper is the assembly that houses the brake pads and pistons. The pistons are usually made of plastic, aluminium or chrome-plated steel.


title: Disc brake

text: Calipers are of two types, floating or fixed. A fixed caliper does not move relative to the disc and is thus less tolerant of disc imperfections. It uses one or more pairs of opposing pistons to clamp from each side of the disc, and is more complex and expensive than a floating caliper.


title: Disc brake

text: A floating caliper (also called a "sliding caliper") moves with respect to the disc, along a line parallel to the axis of rotation of the disc; a piston on one side of the disc pushes the inner brake pad until it makes contact with the braking surface, then pulls the caliper body with the outer brake pad so the pressure is applied to both sides of the disc. Floating caliper (single piston) designs are subject to sticking failure, caused by dirt or corrosion entering at least one mounting mechanism and stopping its normal movement. This can lead to the caliper's pads rubbing on the disc when the brake is not engaged or engaging it at an angle. Sticking can result from infrequent vehicle use, failure of a seal or rubber protection boot allowing debris entry, dry-out of the grease in the mounting mechanism, and subsequent moisture incursion leading to corrosion, or some combination of these factors. Consequences may include reduced fuel efficiency, extreme heating of the disc, or excessive wear on the affected pad. A sticking front caliper may also cause steering vibration.


title: Disc brake

text: Another type of floating caliper is a swinging caliper. Instead of a pair of horizontal bolts that allow the caliper to move straight in and out respective to the car body, a swinging caliper utilizes a single, vertical pivot bolt located somewhere behind the axle centerline. When the driver presses the brakes, the brake piston pushes on the inside piston and rotates the whole caliper inward, when viewed from the top. Because the swinging caliper's piston angle changes relative to the disc, this design uses wedge-shaped pads that are narrower in the rear on the outside and narrower in the front on the inside.


title: Disc brake

text: The most common caliper design uses a single hydraulically actuated piston within a cylinder, although high-performance brakes use as many as twelve. Modern cars use different hydraulic circuits to actuate the brakes on each set of wheels as a safety measure. The hydraulic design also helps multiply braking force. The number of pistons in a caliper is often referred to as the number of 'pots', so if a vehicle has 'six pot' calipers it means that each caliper houses six pistons.


title: Disc brake

text: Brake failure can result from the failure of the piston to retract, which is usually a consequence of not operating the vehicle during prolonged storage outdoors in adverse conditions. On high-mileage vehicles, the piston seals may leak, which must be promptly corrected.


title: Disc brake

text: Brake pads are designed for high friction with brake pad material embedded in the disc in the process of bedding while wearing evenly. Friction can be divided into two parts. They are: adhesive and abrasive.


title: Disc brake

text: Depending on the properties of the material of both the pad and the disc and the configuration and the usage, pad and disc wear rates will vary considerably. The properties that determine material wear involve trade-offs between performance and longevity.


title: Disc brake

text: The brake pads must usually be replaced regularly (depending on pad material and driving style), and some are equipped with a mechanism that alerts drivers that replacement is needed, such as a thin piece of soft metal that rubs against the disc when the pads are too thin causing the brakes to squeal, a soft metal tab embedded in the pad material that closes an electric circuit and lights a warning light when the brake pad gets thin, or an electronic sensor.


title: Disc brake

text: Generally, road-going vehicles have two brake pads per caliper, while up to six are installed on each racing caliper, with varying frictional properties in a staggered pattern for optimum performance.


title: Disc brake

text: Early brake pads (and linings) contained asbestos, producing dust that should not be inhaled. Although newer pads can be made of ceramics, Kevlar, and other plastics, inhalation of brake dust should still be avoided regardless of material.


title: Disc brake

text: Sometimes a loud noise or high-pitched squeal occurs when the brakes are applied. Most brake squeal is produced by vibration (resonance instability) of the brake components, especially the pads and discs (known as "force-coupled excitation"). This type of squeal should not negatively affect brake stopping performance. Techniques include adding chamfer pads to the contact points between the caliper pistons and the pads, the bonding insulators (damping material) to the pad backplate, the brake shims between the brake pad and pistons, etc. All should be coated with an extremely high temperature, high solids lubricant to help reduce squeal. This allows the metal-to-metal parts to move independently of each other and thereby eliminate the buildup of energy that can create a frequency that is heard as brake squeal, groan, or growl. It is inherent that some pads are going to squeal more given the type of the pad and its usage case. Pads typically rated to withstand very high temperatures for extended periods tend to produce high amounts of friction leading to more noise during brake application.


title: Disc brake

text: Cold weather combined with high early-morning humidity (dew) often worsens brake squeal, although the squeal generally stops when the lining reaches regular operating temperatures. This more strongly affects pads meant to be used at higher temperatures. Dust on the brakes may also cause squeal and commercial brake cleaning products are designed to remove dirt and other contaminants. Pads without a proper amount of transfer material could also squeal, this can be remedied by bedding or re-bedding the brake pads to brake discs.


title: Disc brake

text: Some lining wear indicators, located either as a semi-metallic layer within the brake pad material or with an external "sensor", are also designed to squeal when the lining is due for replacement. The typical external sensor is fundamentally different from the noises described above (when the brakes are applied) because the wear sensor noise typically occurs when the brakes are not used. The wear sensor may only create a squeal under braking when it first begins to indicate wear but is still a fundamentally different sound and pitch.


title: Disc brake

text: A brake judder is usually perceived by the driver as minor to severe vibrations transferred through the chassis during braking.


title: Disc brake

text: The judder phenomenon can be classified into two distinct subgroups: "hot" (or "thermal"), or "cold" judder.


title: Disc brake

text: Hot judder is usually produced as a result of longer, more moderate braking from high speed where the vehicle does not come to a complete stop. It commonly occurs when a motorist decelerates from speeds of around to about , which results in severe vibrations being transmitted to the driver. These vibrations are the result of uneven thermal distributions, or "hot spots". Hot spots are classified as concentrated thermal regions that alternate between both sides of a disc that distort it in such a way that produces a sinusoidal waviness around its edges. Once the brake pads (friction material/brake lining) come in contact with the sinusoidal surface during braking, severe vibrations are induced, and can produce hazardous conditions for the person driving the vehicle.


title: Disc brake

text: Cold judder, on the other hand, is the result of uneven disc wear patterns or disc thickness variation (DTV). These variations in the disc surface are usually the result of extensive vehicle road usage. DTV is usually attributed to the following causes: waviness and roughness of disc surface, misalignment of axis (runout), elastic deflection, wear and friction material transfers.


title: Disc brake

text: Either type could potentially be fixed by ensuring a clean mounting surface on either side of the brake disc between the wheel hub and brake disc hub before usage and paying attention to imprinting after extended usage by leaving the brake pedal heavily depressed at the end of heavy usage. Sometimes a bed in procedure can clean and minimize DTV and lay a new even transfer layer between the pad and brake disc. However, it will not eliminate hot spots or excessive runout.


title: Disc brake

text: When braking force is applied, the act of abrasive friction between the brake pad and the disc wears both the disc and pad away. The brake dust that is seen deposited on wheels, calipers, and other braking system components consists mostly of the disc material. Brake dust can damage the finish of most wheels if not washed off. Generally, a brake pad that aggressively abrades more disc material away, such as metallic pads, will create more brake dust. Some higher-performing pads for track use or towing use may wear away much quicker than a typical pad, thus causing more dust due to the increased brake disc and brake pad wear.


title: Disc brake

text: Brake fade is a phenomenon that decreases braking efficiency. It causes the braking power to reduce and you feel that the brakes are not being applied with the force they were being applied at the time of starting. This occurs due to the heating of brake pads. The heated brake pads emit some gaseous substances which cover the area between the disc and the brake pads. These gases disturb the contact between the brake pads and the disc and hence decrease the braking efficiency.


title: Lee Na-young

text: Lee Na-young (born February 22, 1979) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her leading roles in TV Series "Ruler of Your Own World" (2002), "Ireland" (2004) and "Romance Is a Bonus Book" (2019) and film "Someone Special" (2004) and "Maundy Thursday" (2006). Aside from acting, Lee is also known for appearing in numerous commercials.


title: Lee Na-young

text: Lee Na-young began her modeling career in a Jambangee Jeans TV commercial in 1998, then made her acting debut that same year. Following supporting roles in 1999 television dramas "Did We Really Love?", "KAIST", and "Queen", Lee starred in the tepidly received 2001 Hong Kong sci-fi action film "Dream of A Warrior" starring Leon Lai. She also appeared in the 2001 music video for "Catherine's Wheel" by Britpop band Rialto.


title: Lee Na-young

text: But Lee rose to fame in 2002 with the critically acclaimed series "Ruler of Your Own World". She played an indie rock musician who unexpectedly falls for a terminally ill grifter, and Lee and her fellow cast members were praised for their realistic, nuanced acting. She later reunited with "Ruler of Your Own World" screenwriter In Jung-ok for "Ireland", a 2004 drama about a Korean adoptee who journeys to her homeland, but its reception was less positive.


title: Lee Na-young

text: During this time, Lee had become one of the top-ranked and highest-paid commercial models, endorsing diverse products such as cosmetics (notably Laneige and Lancôme), electronics, clothing lines, beverages, food, telecommunications, and construction companies. She is considered to have one of the most beautiful and idealized faces in Korea. Lee later became the first Korean to appear on the cover of fashion magazine "W Korea", for its November 2009 issue.


title: Lee Na-young

text: But unlike her graceful and glamorous public persona in advertisements, her image in film has been the opposite, with Lee choosing to portray women who are awkward and eccentric. In 2002, she starred in the cyber romance "Who R. U.?" as an introverted character similar to her role in "Ruler of Your Own World". Lee then played a quirky, English-challenged civil servant in Kim Sung-su's comedy film "Please Teach Me English" (2003) and the harmless stalker of a struggling baseball player in Jang Jin's romantic comedy "Someone Special" (2004).


title: Lee Na-young

text: She won several Best Actress prizes for "Someone Special", notably from the prestigious Blue Dragon Film Awards.


title: Lee Na-young

text: Lee again drew praise in 2006, this time for her dramatic chops in "Maundy Thursday", Song Hae-sung's film adaptation of Gong Ji-young's novel "Our Happy Time" about a suicidal rape victim who develops a close bond with a death row inmate. She next played an emotionally tormented sleepwalker in Kim Ki-duk's "Dream" (2008), and nearly died while filming a scene where her character hangs herself.


title: Lee Na-young

text: In 2010, Lee headlined "Lady Daddy", playing a trans woman photographer whose life is disrupted with the sudden arrival of a young boy who claims that she's his biological father. To promote the film, she made a guest appearance in the sitcom "High Kick Through the Roof". Lee then returned to television with the big-budget action-mystery series "", in which she performed her own action scenes without a stunt double.


title: Lee Na-young

text: When Lee's contract with talent agency KeyEast expired in 2011 (she had signed with KeyEast in 2006, and with the William Morris Agency in 2009), she joined Eden 9 Entertainment. In 2012, she starred in Yoo Ha's suspense thriller "Howling", about a veteran detective (played by Song Kang-ho) who teams up with a female rookie (Lee) to solve a series of murders involving a mysterious wolfdog.


title: Lee Na-young

text: In 2013, Lee appeared in a minor role in the two-part Japanese film "". She then played an actress having a secret romance with a boom operator in "Sad Scene"; it was among the three short films in the omnibus "Woman, Man" commissioned by "W Korea" for its 10th anniversary in 2015.


title: Lee Na-young

text: In 2018, Lee returned to the silver screen with the North Korean refugee drama "Beautiful Days", which premiered at the 23rd Busan International Film Festival.


title: Lee Na-young

text: In 2019, Lee returned to the small screen after nine years by starring in the romance comedy drama "Romance Is a Bonus Book" alongside Lee Jong-suk. She played a main character named Kang Dan-yi who is a new temporary worker of book publishing company.


title: Lee Na-young

text: Lee married actor Won Bin on May 30, 2015, in a small, private ceremony in a wheat field near an inn in Won's hometown, Jeongseon County, Gangwon Province, South Korea. The couple belong to the same talent agency Eden 9, and reportedly began dating in August 2012 (though Eden 9 only confirmed the relationship in July 2013). A press release from Eden 9 on December 19, 2015, announced that Lee had given birth to the couple's first child, a son.


title: Isekai Quartet

text: One day, a magic button suddenly appears. The protagonists from "KonoSuba", "Overlord", "", and "Saga of Tanya the Evil" all press the button occasionally, unintentionally and move to a parallel world — another brand new isekai — where a new story featuring high school life begins. Soon, they are joined by protagonists from "The Rising of the Shield Hero" and "".


title: Isekai Quartet

text: The series is written and directed by Minoru Ashina, with character designs by Minoru Takehara, who also serves as chief animation director. The series is animated by Studio Puyukai. It aired from April 9 to June 25, 2019. The series ran 12 episodes. Funimation (now Crunchyroll, LLC) has licensed the series and is streaming it in both Japanese and English. On April 23, 2019, it was added to Crunchyroll's streaming library as well. Satoshi Hino, Jun Fukushima, Yūsuke Kobayashi and Aoi Yūki perform the opening theme song , while Yumi Hara, Sora Amamiya, Rie Takahashi and Aoi Yūki perform the ending theme song .


title: Isekai Quartet

text: A second season of the anime series was announced at the ending of Episode 12 and premiered on January 14, 2020. The main staff members returned to reprise their roles. The season includes guest appearances of characters from "The Rising of the Shield Hero". Hino, Fukushima, Kobayashi and Yūki perform the second season's opening theme song , while Sumire Uesaka, Rie Takahashi, Inori Minase, and Saori Hayami perform the second season's ending theme song, . The second season ran for 12 episodes. Funimation has licensed the series for a simuldub. Crunchyroll is also streaming the second season. Muse Communication is streaming the second season in Southeast Asia and South Asia on its Muse Asia YouTube channel.


title: Isekai Quartet

text: A sequel to the anime series was announced at the ending of the second season's final episode. A new anime film titled "Isekai Quartet The Movie -Another World-" has been announced, with the returning staff and cast. The film premiered on June 10, 2022. The film's theme song is "Melodic Road Movie" by Konomi Suzuki featuring Kashitarō Itō.


title: Isekai Quartet

text: A side-scrolling action game, "Pixel Game Maker Series Isekai Quartet: Adventure Action Game", has been released for Nintendo Switch and Steam on July 17th, 2021.


title: Prince Narula

text: Prince Narula (born 24 November 1990) is an Indian model and actor. Predominantly known for his performance in reality shows, he has also acted in fiction serials.


title: Prince Narula

text: Narula has won the reality TV shows "MTV Roadies 12" (2015), "MTV Splitsvilla 8" (2015), "Bigg Boss 9" (2015–2016) and "Nach Baliye 9" (2019). He also appeared as the wrestler Lakhan "Lucky" Singh Ahlawat in "Badho Bahu" (2016–2018) and as Shahnawaz "Shaan" Ali in "Naagin 3" (2018).


title: Prince Narula

text: Narula was born on 24 November 1990. He hails from Chandigarh, India. He met Yuvika Chaudhary when he participated in "Bigg Boss 9". They got married on 12 October 2018 in Mumbai.


title: Prince Narula

text: Narula started off in 2014 by participating in PTC Punjabi's "Mr. Punjab" where he finished as the second runner up. In 2015, he participated in MTV India's "Roadies X2" where he emerged as the winner. Next, he participated in "Splitsvilla 8" where he was declared the winner. In October 2015, Narula participated in Colors TV's "Bigg Boss 9" and emerged as the winner again, thus marking a hat-trick of back-to-back wins.


title: Prince Narula

text: From 2016 to 2018, he portrayed Lakhan "Lucky" Singh Ahlawat in &TV's "Badho Bahu". Since 2016, Narula has also been a Gang Leader in "MTV Roadies".


title: Prince Narula

text: In 2018, he played Aryan in "Laal Ishq" opposite Yuvika Chaudhary. Next, he portrayed Shahnawaz in Colors TV's "Naagin 3".


title: Prince Narula

text: In 2019, Narula made his digital debut with ZEE5's "Bombers" as Bali. Next, he participated in Star Plus's "Nach Baliye 9" with Yuvika Chaudhary, finishing as the winner thus winning four consecutive reality shows.


title: Chevrotain

text: Chevrotains, or mouse-deer, are small even-toed ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, the only extant members of the infraorder Tragulina. The 10 extant species are placed in three genera, but several species also are known only from fossils. The extant species are found in forests in South and Southeast Asia, with a single species, the water chevrotain, in the rainforests of Central and West Africa. They are solitary or live in pairs, and feed almost exclusively on plant material. Chevrotains are the smallest hoofed mammals in the world. The Asian species weigh between , while the African chevrotain is considerably larger at . With an average length of and an average height of , the Java mouse-deer is the smallest extant (living) ungulate or hoofed mammal, as well as the smallest extant even-toed ungulate.


title: Chevrotain

text: In November 2019, conservation scientists announced that they had photographed silver-backed chevrotains ("Tragulus versicolor") in a Vietnamese forest for the first time since the last confirmed sightings in 1990.


title: Chevrotain

text: The word "chevrotain" comes from the Middle French word "chevrot" (kid or fawn), derived from "chèvre" (goat).


title: Chevrotain

text: The single African species is consistently known as "chevrotain". The names "chevrotain" and "mouse-deer" have been used interchangeably among the Asian species, though recent authorities typically have preferred chevrotain for the species in the genus "Moschiola" and mouse-deer for the species in the genus "Tragulus". Consequently, all species with pale-spotted or -striped upper parts are known as "chevrotain" and without are known as "mouse-deer".


title: Chevrotain

text: The Telugu name for the Indian spotted chevrotain is "jarini pandi", which literally means "a deer and a pig". In Kannada, it is called "barka" (ಬರ್ಕ), in Malayalam, it is called "kūramān", and the Konkani name for it is "barinka". The Tamil term is "sarukumāṉ" "leaf-pile deer". The Sinhala name roughly translates to "mouse-like deer". This was used in the scientific name of the Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain, "M. meminna".


title: Chevrotain

text: The family was widespread and successful from the Oligocene (34 million years ago) through the Miocene (about 5 million years ago), but has remained almost unchanged over that time and remains as an example of primitive ruminant form. They have four-chambered stomachs to ferment tough plant foods, but the third chamber is poorly developed. Though most species feed exclusively on plant material, the water chevrotain occasionally takes insects and crabs or scavenges meat and fish. Like other ruminants, they lack upper incisors. They give birth to only a single young.


title: Chevrotain

text: In other respects, however, they have primitive features, closer to nonruminants such as pigs. All species in the family lack antlers and horns, but both sexes have elongated canine teeth. These are especially prominent in males, where they project out on either side of the lower jaw, and are used in fights. Their legs are short and thin, which leave them lacking in agility, but also helps to maintain a smaller profile to aid in running through the dense foliage of their environments. Other pig-like features include the presence of four toes on each foot, the absence of facial scent glands, premolars with sharp crowns, and the form of their sexual behaviour and copulation.


title: Chevrotain

text: They are solitary or live in pairs. The young are weaned at three months of age, and reach sexual maturity between 5 and 10 months, depending on species. Parental care is relatively limited. Although they lack the types of scent glands found in most other ruminants, they do possess a chin gland for marking each other as mates or antagonists, and, in the case of the water chevrotain, anal and preputial glands for marking territory. Their territories are relatively small, on the order of , but neighbors generally ignore each other, rather than compete aggressively.


title: Chevrotain

text: Some of the species show a remarkable affinity with water, often remaining submerged for prolonged periods to evade predators or other unwelcome intrusions. This has also lent support to the idea that whales evolved from water-loving creatures that looked like small deer.


title: Chevrotain

text: Traditionally, only four extant species were recognized in the family Tragulidae. In 2004, "T. nigricans" and "T. versicolor" were split from "T. napu", and "T. kanchil" and "T. williamsoni" were split from "T. javanicus". In 2005, "M. indica" and "M. kathygre" were split from "M. meminna". With these changes, the 10 extant species are:


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret is a middle-grade novel by Judy Blume, first published in 1970. Its protagonist, Margaret Simon, is a sixth-grader who grows up without a religious affiliation because of her parents' interfaith marriage. This contemporary realistic novel was popular with middle-grade readers for its relatable portrayal of a young girl confronting early-adolescent anxieties, such as bras, menstruation, and boys. The recipient of national honors and book awards, the novel has been challenged for its frank discussion of sexual and religious topics.


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: Blume said that she felt a connection with the character Margaret, which allowed the story to come "pouring out." Blume wrote that while the story wasn't autobiographical, "the character of Margaret, both physically and emotionally, is pretty close to the girl I was." Growing up, Blume said while her family was very different from the one portrayed in the book, she felt that, "like Margaret, I had a very personal relationship with God that had little to do with organized religion."


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: When she is eleven, Margaret Simon's family moved from New York City to the New Jersey suburbs. Her mother is Christian, and her father is Jewish, but Margaret was raised without an affiliation to either faith. She frequently prays to God, beginning her prayers with, "Are you there God? It's me, Margaret."


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: Margaret feels uncomfortable with her lack of religious affiliation. For a school assignment, she studies religious beliefs, hoping to resolve her faith-based issues. Her study includes attending different places of worship to learn about religious practices. Her Jewish grandmother, Sylvia Simon, takes Margaret to Rosh Hashanah services and hopes her granddaughter will embrace Judaism.


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: Margaret befriends Nancy, a neighbor who is the same age. Nancy seems confident and knowledgeable about many subjects, including sex. Nancy, Margaret, and their friends Gretchen and Janie form a secret club called the Pre-Teen Sensations. The Pre-Teen Sensations discuss boys, bras, and menstruation. The girls anxiously await their first period, preparing by buying belted sanitary napkins (changed to adhesive pads in later editions of the book). They also do exercises to increase their bust sizes: "I must-I must-I must increase my bust!"


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: Gretchen has her first period, which causes Margaret to worry that she is abnormal because she has not started menstruating. Margaret envies her classmate, Laura Danker, who started menstruating and wears a bra. According to Nancy, Laura dates an older boy. The Pre-Teen Sensations gossip about Laura letting boys touch her breasts. Margaret feels guilty when she learns that Laura is a devout Catholic and is hurt by the rumors. Margaret is attracted to a popular boy in her class named Philip Leroy. They kiss while playing "two minutes in the closet" during a party. Nancy tells the Pre-Teen Sensations that she started menstruating while on vacation. Margaret discovers the truth when Nancy gets her actual first period while at a restaurant with Margaret.


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: Margaret's family plans to spend the spring vacation with Sylvia in Florida. The day before the family's vacation, Margaret's conservative Christian grandparents, Mary and Paul Hutchins, visit. Because they disapprove of their daughter's interfaith marriage, Mary and Paul have been estranged from Margaret's mother for fourteen years. Margaret's mother cancels the Florida vacation, saying that "it's not the end of the world" and that they can always go to Florida another time. Margaret is upset but tries to be polite to her grandparents. When her grandparents mention religion, an argument begins. Margaret explodes, declaring that she doesn't need religion or God.


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: After the confrontation with her grandparents, Margaret stops talking to God. By the end of her school project, she still hasn't resolved her religious identity. However, she has learned about herself and has become more comfortable with her lack of affiliation. On the last day of school, Margaret gets her first period. Relieved, she resumes her relationship with God, saying, "I know you're there God. I know you wouldn't have missed this for anything! Thank you, God. Thanks an awful lot..."


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: In 1970, "The New York Times" selected "Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret" as the Outstanding Book of the Year.


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: In 2010, "Time" included "Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret" in its "All-Time 100 Novels" written in English since 1923. The magazine wrote, "Blume turned millions of pre-teens into readers. She did it by asking the right questions—and avoiding pat, easy answers."


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: Beginning in the 1970s, "Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret" has been frequently challenged because of its frank talk about menstruation and its negative portrayal of Christian characters. The American Library Association's (ALA) list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of the 1990s ranked the book at number sixty. The novel ranked 99 on ALA's list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of the 2000s. The book dropped from the ALA list for 2010 through 2020.


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: Blume's success with "Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret" inspired her to write "Then Again, Maybe I Won't," a novel focused on similar themes from a boy's perspective. The narrator of "Then Again, Maybe I Won't" is Tony Miglione, an eleven-year-old boy who is also dealing with puberty.


title: Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret.

text: In October 2018, a film adaptation of the book was in the early stages of development by James L. Brooks and Kelly Fremon Craig. In 2020, Lionsgate won the rights to adapt the film at auction, allocating it a budget of $30 million. In April 2021, Lionsgate started filming in Charlotte, North Carolina. Production concluded on July 1, 2021. Judy Blume was one of the film's producers.


title: Will Knightley

text: He has primarily worked on the stage, and is a founding member of London's Half Moon Theatre. In addition to acting, he has performed voice-over work. He has had TV stints in "The Bill", "A Touch of Frost", "Midsomer Murders" and various adverts. In 2009 he appeared in the BBC drama "A Short Stay in Switzerland".


title: Will Knightley

text: In 2004, he appeared on the British series "Rosemary & Thyme" in the episode "Orpheus in the Undergrowth" as character Jeremy Pearson. He is the father of composer Caleb Knightley (b. 1979) and Two-Time Academy Award-nominated actress Keira Knightley (b. 1985).


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: The Vamps are a British pop band consisting of Brad Simpson, James Brittain-McVey, Connor Ball and Tristan Evans. They formed in 2012 and signed to Mercury Records (now Virgin EMI Records) in the November of the same year.


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: In 2017, they had their first number 1 on the UK Albums Chart with "Night & Day (Night Edition)". Their first two albums, "Meet The Vamps" and "Wake Up" are both certified Gold in the UK. The Vamps have also launched their own record label, Steady Records, and they are working in partnership with EMI/Universal. The first act signed was American band The Tide.


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: In 2018, guitarist McVey participated in the eighteenth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" and finished in fifth place. They have continuously toured worldwide since their debut in 2012, and they are the first band to headline London's O2 Arena five years in a row.


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: James McVey was already managed by Richard Rashman and Joe O'Neill of Prestige Management. Deciding he wanted to form a band, McVey subsequently discovered Bradley Simpson in 2011 through YouTube. Together, the pair wrote songs towards the later months of 2011, with Simpson later becoming the lead singer. In 2012, Simpson and McVey met Tristan Evans through Facebook. The trio then met Connor Ball via a mutual friend. In mid-2012, the band started uploading cover songs to their YouTube channel. By October, they were being described as a new boy band, with special attention given to their YouTube performance of One Direction's song "Live While We're Young".


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: On 22 July 2013, the band uploaded their first original song, "Wildheart" (later re-titled "Wild Heart"), onto their YouTube account; the video received over 46,000 views within the first two days. On 6 August 2013, they released the music video for their debut single "Can We Dance", which received over 1 million views within two weeks. "Can We Dance" was released on 29 September 2013 and debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart on 6 October 2013; beaten to number one by OneRepublic's "Counting Stars", which sold 1,250 copies more. On 19 November 2013, the band announced that they would release their debut album around Easter. On 22 November 2013, the Vamps announced that their second single would be "Wild Heart". The song received its first airplay three days later and was released on 19 January 2014, peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart the following week.


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: On 13 March 2014, the Vamps announced that their debut album would be released on 14 April 2014. On 22 March, it was revealed that the album would be titled "Meet the Vamps". On 6 April, they released "Last Night" as the third single from the album, debuting at number two in the UK. On 17 April, "Meet the Vamps" debuted at number two on the Irish Albums Chart and the UK Albums Chart, kept off the top spot by Paolo Nutini's "Caustic Love".


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: In May 2014, it was announced that the Vamps would be making a cameo appearance in the soap opera "Hollyoaks" on 14 May 2014. "Hollyoaks" released a teaser clip about the Vamps' appearance on YouTube. They were seen getting a picture with Peri Lomax (Ruby O'Donnell) as she goes to their concert with Sienna Blake (Anna Passey).


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: On 18 May 2014, a new version of "Somebody to You", featuring American singer Demi Lovato, was released as the fourth single from "Meet the Vamps" as well as their debut single in the United States followed by an EP of the same title in August 2014. The collaboration also served as the lead single from the US version of the Vamps' debut album. Its accompanying music video has since accumulated over 108 million views on YouTube.


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: On 12 October 2014, a new version of "Oh Cecilia (Breaking My Heart)", featuring Canadian singer Shawn Mendes, was released as the fifth and last single from their album. It debuted and peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart, becoming their fifth consecutive top 10 single. It was released with the "b-side" track "Hurricane", from "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day" soundtrack. The music videos for both tracks were released one month earlier.


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: On 4 November 2014, "Meet the Vamps" was officially released in North America. On 1 December 2014, the album was re-released as "Meet the Vamps (Christmas Edition)", including eight Christmas bonus tracks and the single version of "Somebody to You", being available worldwide apart from the United States and Mexico.


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: In February 2015, The Vamps announced that they had launched their own record label along with Universal Music and EMI Records, having signed the American pop rock band The Tide as their first act, but the label didn't have a name yet. Only in October it was revealed it would be called Steady Records.


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: On 15 September 2015, the band announced their new single "Wake Up" which was released on 2 October 2015. Their second studio album, "Wake Up", was released on 27 November 2015. They performed at fanfests in Europe and embarked on a world tour called "Wake Up World Tour" which started in January 2016 to promote the album. The song debuted and peaked at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart and the album debuted at number 10 on the UK Albums Chart, selling over 27 thousand copies in the country in its first week. The second single off the album, "Rest Your Love", was released on the same day as the album.


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: In December 2015, The Vamps announced that they had signed the British band New Hope Club and that they would be one of the opening acts in the UK leg of their "Wake Up World Tour".


title: The Vamps (British band)

text: In January 2016, The Vamps released their version of "Kung Fu Fighting" for the animated film "Kung Fu Panda 3", which was accompanied by a music video. On 1 April 2016, a new version of "I Found a Girl", featuring Jamaican rapper Omi, was released as the third and last single off their second album. The song debuted at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart. On 16 August 2016, The Vamps were featured on Vishal Dadlani & Shekhar Ravjiani’s song "Beliya", a Bollywood-pop song.